Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Racial segregation

2020-06-29T07:21:53Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Redirect2|Color bar|Segregationist|the TV test pattern|SMPTE color bars|the short story by [[Isaac Asimov]]|Segregationist (short story)}}
{{short description|Systemic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Segregation}}
{{Discrimination sidebar}}
[[File:"Colored"_drinking_fountain_from_mid-20th_century_with_african-american_drinking.jpg|thumb|right|260px|African-American man drinking from a "Colored" water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, mid-20th century]]

'''Racial segregation''' is the systemic separation of people into [[race (human classification)|racial]] or other [[Ethnicity|ethnic groups]] in daily life. Segregation can involve the [[wikt:spatial|spatial]] separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals by people of different races. Specifically, it may be applied to activities such as eating in restaurants, drinking from water fountains, using public toilets, attending schools, going to movies, riding buses, renting or purchasing homes or renting hotel rooms.<ref>''Principles to Guide Housing Policy at the Beginning of the Millennium'', Michael Schill & Susan Wachter, [[Cityscape]]</ref> In addition, segregation often allows close contact between members of different racial or ethnic groups in [[social hierarchy|hierarchical]] situations, such as allowing a person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race.

Segregation is defined by the [[European Commission against Racism and Intolerance]] as "the act by which a (natural or legal) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification, in conformity with the proposed definition of discrimination. As a result, the voluntary act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation".<ref>[http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/activities/GPR/EN/Recommendation_N7/Recommendation_7_en.asp ECRI General Policy Recommendation N°7: National legislation to combat racism and racial discrimination] — Explanatory memorandum, Para. 16</ref> According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues, "The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation, if the assignment to such classes and schools is of a voluntary nature".<ref>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/10session/A.HRC.10.11.Add.1.pdf Recommendations of the Forum on Minority Issues A/HRC/10/11/Add.1] — para. 27</ref>

Racial segregation has generally been outlawed worldwide. In the [[United States]], [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] was mandated by law in some states (see [[Jim Crow laws]]) and enforced along with [[anti-miscegenation laws]] (prohibitions against [[interracial marriage]]). President [[Woodrow Wilson]] openly promoted segregation in the army and in the federal administration. Ultimately the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] led by Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] struck down racial segregationist laws throughout the United States.<ref>E.g., Virginia [[Racial Integrity Act]], Virginia Code § 20–58 and § 20–59</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html|title=The Court's Decision - Separate Is Not Equal|website=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|title=The Warren Court: Completion of a Constitutional Revolution|last=|first=|date=|website=William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223936/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2019|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka|last=|first=|date=|website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|last=|first=|date=|website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref> However, racial segregation may exist ''[[de facto]]'' through social norms, even when there is no strong individual preference for it, as suggested by [[Thomas Schelling]]'s models of segregation and subsequent work.<ref>Thomas C. Schelling (1969) "Models of segregation", ''American Economic Review'', 1969, 59(2), [http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic185351.files/shelling1.pdf 488–493].</ref> Segregation may be maintained by means ranging from discrimination in hiring and in the rental and sale of housing to certain races to [[vigilante]] violence (such as [[lynching]]s). Generally, a situation that arises when members of different races mutually prefer to associate and do business with members of their own race would usually be described as ''separation'' or ''[[de facto]] separation'' of the races rather than ''segregation''.

==Historic cases from 10,000 BC to the 1960s==
Wherever multiracial communities have existed, racial segregation has also been practiced. Only areas with extensive [[miscegenation]], or mixing, such as [[Hawaii]] and [[Brazil]], seem to be exempt from it, despite some social stratification within them.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488135/racial-segregation Racial segregation]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref>

===Imperial China===
====Tang dynasty====
Several laws which enforced racial segregation of foreigners from Chinese were passed by the [[Han Chinese]] during the [[Tang dynasty]].{{cn|date=June 2020}} In 779 the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] to wear their ethnic dress, stopped them from marrying Chinese females, and banned them from pretending to be Chinese.{{cn|date=June 2020}} In 836, when Lu Chun was appointed as governor of Canton, he was disgusted to find Chinese living with foreigners and intermarriage between Chinese and foreigners. Lu enforced separation, banning interracial marriages, and made it illegal for foreigners to own property. Lu Chun believed his principles were just and upright.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&pg=PA22&dq=chinese+uighurs+779+edict+lure+canton+836+foreigners+and+chinese+lu+governor+forbade+marriages+forced+separate#v=onepage |title=The golden peaches of Samarkand: a study of Tʻang exotics |author=Edward H. Schafer |year=1963|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05462-2 |page=22 |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The 836 law specifically banned Chinese from forming relationships with "Dark peoples" or "People of colour", which was used to describe foreigners, such as "Iranians, Sogdians, Arabs, Indians, Malays, Sumatrans", among others.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpgVvAh2_EsC&pg=PA170&dq=836+law+tang+dynasty#v=onepage|title=China's cosmopolitan empire: the Tang dynasty |author=Mark Edward Lewis|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03306-1 |page=170 |accessdate=28 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern |url-access=registration |quote=836 decree chinese people of colour. |title=A history of Chinese civilization |author=Jacques Gernet |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-49781-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/294 294] |accessdate=28 October 2010}}</ref>

====Qing dynasty====
{{main|Eight Banners}}
The [[Qing Dynasty]] was founded not by the Han Chinese who form the majority of the Chinese population, but the Manchus, who are today an ethnic minority of China. The [[Manchu people|Manchus]] were keenly aware of their minority status, however, it was only later in the dynasty that they banned intermarriage.

Han defectors played a massive role in the Qing conquest of China. Han Chinese Generals who defected to the Manchu were often [[Heqin#Qing dynasty|given women from the Imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage]] while the ordinary soldiers who defected were given non-royal Manchu women as wives. The Manchu leader [[Nurhaci]] married one of his granddaughters to the Ming General [[Li Yongfang]] after he surrendered [[Fushun]] in [[Liaoning]] to the Manchu in 1618.<ref name="ed. Walthall 2008">[https://books.google.com/books?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&pg=PA148 ed. Walthall 2008], p. 148.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&pg=PA79 Wakeman 1977], p. 79.</ref> Jurchen (Manchu) women married most the Han Chinese defectors in Liaodong.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai1_5IHQ9vsC&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false Crossley, 2010], p. 95.</ref> Aisin Gioro women were married to the sons of the Han Chinese Generals [[Sun Sike]] (Sun Ssu-k'o), [[Geng Jimao]] (Keng Chi-mao), [[Shang Kexi]] (Shang K'o-hsi), and [[Wu Sangui]] (Wu San-kuei).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false eds. Watson, Ebrey 1991], pp. 179–180.</ref>

A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women numbering 1,000 couples was arranged by Prince Yoto and [[Hongtaiji]] in 1632 to promote harmony between the two ethnic groups.<ref name="ed. Walthall 2008"/>

Geng Zhongming, a Han bannerman, was awarded the title of Prince Jingnan, and his son Geng Jingmao managed to have both his sons Geng Jingzhong and Geng Zhaozhong become court attendants under Shunzhi and marry Aisin Gioro women, with Haoge's (a son of Hong Taiji) daughter marrying Geng Jingzhong and Prince Abatai's (Hong Taiji) granddaughter marrying Geng Zhaozhong.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA1017#v=onepage|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|first=FREDERIC WAKEMAN|last=JR|date=1 January 1985|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780520048041}}</ref>

The Qing differentiated between Han Bannermen and ordinary Han civilians. Han Bannermen were made out of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority within the Banners, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75%.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cpfgQNWXpyoC&pg=PA141 Naquin 1987], p. 141.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sZt0TgTAgPoC&pg=PA146 Fairbank, Goldman 2006], p. 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/inaasim/Mingqing04/Qing3.htm|title=Summing up Naquin/Rawski|website=pages.uoregon.edu}}</ref> It was this multi-ethnic force in which Manchus were only a minority, which conquered China for the Qing.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA175 eds. Watson, Ebrey 1991], p. 175.</ref>

It was Han Chinese Bannermen who were responsible for the successful Qing conquest of China, they made up the majority of governors in the early Qing and were the ones who governed and administered China after the conquest, stabilizing Qing rule.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1RRslLNSwC&pg=PA41 Spencer 1990], p. 41.</ref> Han Bannermen dominated the post of governor-general in the time of the Shunzhi and Kangxi Emperors, and also the post of governors, largely excluding ordinary Han civilians from the posts.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rXiSxh1oGe0C&pg=PA5 Spence 1988], pp. 4–5.</ref>

To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Manchu [[Shunzhi Emperor]] allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it was only later in the dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111230216/http://www.chss.iup.edu/chr/CHR-2004Fall-11-WANG-research%20notes-final.pdf Wang 2004, pp. 215–216 & 219–221.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&pg=PA140#v=onepage|title=Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History|first=Anne|last=Walthall|date=1 January 2008|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780520254442}}</ref>

The Qing implemented a policy of segregation between the Bannermen of the [[Eight Banners]] (Manchu Bannermen, Mongol Bannermen, Han Bannermen) and Han Chinese civilians{{when|date=July 2015}}. This ethnic segregation had cultural and economic reasons: intermarriage was forbidden to keep up the Manchu heritage and minimize [[sinicization]]. Han Chinese civilians and Mongol civilians [[Willow Palisade|were banned]] from settling in Manchuria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~inaasim/Mingqing04/Qing2.htm |title=From Ming to Qing |publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Han civilians and Mongol civilians were banned from crossing into each other's lands. Ordinary Mongol civilians in Inner Mongolia were banned from even crossing into other [[Banners of Inner Mongolia|Mongol Banners]]. (A banner in Inner Mongolia was an administrative division and not related to the Mongol Bannermen in the Eight Banners)

These restrictions did not apply [[Eight Banners|Han Bannermen]], who were settled in Manchuria by the Qing. Han bannermen were differentiated from Han civilians by the Qing and treated differently.

The Qing Dynasty started [[Chuang Guandong|colonizing Manchuria with Han Chinese]] later on in the dynasty's rule, but the Manchu area was still separated from modern-day Inner Mongolia by the [[Willow Palisade|Outer Willow Palisade]], which kept the Manchu and the Mongols in the area separate.

The policy of segregation applied directly to the [[Eight Banners|banner]] garrisons, most of which occupied a separate walled zone within the cities in which they were stationed. Manchu Bannermen, Han Bannermen, and Mongol Bannermen were separated from the Han civilian population. While the Manchus followed the governmental structure of the preceding [[Ming dynasty]], their ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han Chinese civilian officials who had passed the highest levels of the [[Imperial examinations|state examinations]], and because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials.

===Colonial societies===
====Latin America====
{{Main|Casta#"Purity of blood" and the evolution of racial classification|l1 = Racial classification in colonial Latin America}}
Spanish colonists created [[casta|caste systems]] in [[Latin American]] countries based on classification by race and race mixture. An extensive nomenclature developed, including the terms "[[mulatto]]", "[[mestizo]]", and "[[zambo]]" (the latter the origin of "[[sambo (racial term)|sambo]]"). The Spanish had practiced a form of caste system in [[Hispania]] before their expulsion of the Jews and Muslims. While many Latin American countries have long since rendered the system officially illegal through legislation, usually at the time of independence, [[prejudice]] based on degrees of perceived racial distance from European ancestry combined with one's socioeconomic status remain, an echo of the colonial caste system.<ref>Soong, Roland. [http://www.zonalatina.com/Zldata55.htm "Racial Classifications in Latin America"], 1999.</ref><ref>Cline, Howard F., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1870658 "Review"], ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 76, No. 5 (Dec. 1971), 1626–1628.</ref>

====Rhodesia====
[[File:Rhodesialand.png|thumb|Land apportionment in Rhodesia in 1965]]
{{further|Land reform in Zimbabwe#Creation of the Tribal Trust Lands|l1 = South Rhodesia Land Apportionment Act}}
The Land Apportionment Act of 1930 passed in [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now known as Zimbabwe) was a segregationist measure that governed land allocation and acquisition in rural areas, making distinctions between blacks and whites.<ref>A. C. JENNINGS, LAND APPORTIONMENT IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA, African Affairs, Volume XXXIV, Issue CXXXVI, July 1935, Pages 296–312, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100934</ref>

One highly publicized legal battle occurred in 1960 involving the opening of a new theatre that was to be open to all races; the proposed unsegregated [[public toilet]]s at the newly built [[Reps Theatre]] in 1959 caused an argument called [[Reps_Theatre#"The_Battle_of_the_Toilets"|"The Battle of the Toilets"]].

====French Algeria====
{{Main|French Algeria#Discrimination}}
{{See also|Indigénat|Assimilation (French colonialism)}}
Following its conquest of [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] controlled [[Algeria]] in 1830, for well over a century France maintained [[French colonial empires|colonial rule]] in the territory which has been described as "quasi-[[apartheid]]".<ref name=Bell>"Algeria was in fact a colony but constitutionally was a part of France and not thought of in the 1950s (even by many on the left) as a colony. It was a society of nine million or so 'Muslim' Algerians who were dominated by the million settlers of diverse origins (but fiercely French) who maintained a quasi-apartheid regime." Bell, David Scott. ''Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France'', Berg Publishers, 2000, p. 36.</ref> The colonial law of 1865 allowed Arab and Berber Algerians to apply for French [[citizenship]] only if they abandoned their Muslim identity; Azzedine Haddour argues that this established "the formal structures of a political apartheid".<ref>"[the] ''senatus-consulte'' of 1865 stipulated that all the colonised indigenous were under French jurisdiction, i.e., French nationals subjected to French laws, but it restricted citizenship only to those who renounced their Muslim religion and culture. There was an obvious split in French legal discourse: a split between nationality and citizenship which established the formal structures of a political apartheid encouraging the existence of 'French subjects' disenfranchised, without any rights to citizenship, treated as objects of French law and not citizens". Debra Kelly. ''Autobiography And Independence: Selfhood and Creativity in North African Postcolonial Writing in French'', Liverpool University Press, 2005, p. 43.</ref> Camille Bonora-Waisman writes that, "in contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates", this "colonial apartheid society" was unique to Algeria.<ref name=Bonora-Waisman>"In contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates, Algeria was made an integral part of France and became a colony of settlement for more than one million Europeans... under colonial rule, Algerians encountered France's 'civilising mission' only through the plundering of lands and colonial apartheid society..." Bonora-Waisman, Camille. ''France and the Algerian Conflict: Issues in Democracy and Political Stability, 1988–1995'', Ashgate Publishing, 2003, p. 3.</ref>

This "internal system of apartheid" met with considerable resistance from the Muslims affected by it, and is cited as one of the causes of the [[Algerian War|1954 insurrection]] and ensuing independence war.<ref name=Wall>"As a settler colony with an internal system of apartheid, administered under the fiction that it was part of metropolitan France, and endowed with a powerful colonial lobby that virtually determined the course of French politics with respect to its internal affairs, it experienced insurrection in 1954 on the part of its Muslim population." Wall, Irwin M. ''France, the United States, and the Algerian War'', University of California Press, 2001, p. 262.</ref>

====Belgian Congo====
{{Main|Belgian Congo#Social inequality and racial discrimination }}
Though there were no specific laws imposing racial segregation and barring blacks from establishments frequented by whites, ''de facto'' segregation operated in most areas. For example, initially, the [[inner city|city centers]] were reserved to the white population only, while the black population was organized in ''cités indigènes'' (indigenous neighbourhoods called 'le belge'). Hospitals, department stores and other facilities were often reserved for either whites or blacks.

The black population in the cities could not leave their houses from 9 pm to 4 am. This type of segregation began to disappear gradually only in the 1950s, but even then the Congolese remained or felt treated in many respects as second-rate citizens (for instance in political and legal terms).

From 1953, and even more so after the triumphant visit of [[Baudouin of Belgium|King Baudouin]] to the colony in 1955, Governor-General [[Léon Pétillon]] (1952–1958) worked to create a "Belgian-Congolese community", in which blacks and whites were to be treated as equals.<ref>
Pétillon, L. A. M. (1967), ''Témoignage et réflexions'', Brussels: Renaissance du Livre.
</ref> Regardless, [[anti-miscegenation laws]] remained in place, and between 1959 and 1962 thousands of mixed-race Congolese children were forcibly deported from the Congo by the Belgian government and the Catholic Church and taken to Belgium.<ref>{{cite news| last = Paravicini| first = Giulia| title = Belgium apologizes for colonial-era abduction of mixed-race children| work = [[Reuters]]| date = 4 April 2019| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belgium-congo/belgium-apologizes-for-colonial-era-abduction-of-mixed-race-children-idUSKCN1RG2NF| access-date = 10 July 2019}}</ref>

===Religious and racial antisemitism===
{{Main|Religious antisemitism|Antisemitism in Christianity|Jewish ghettos in Europe|Antisemitism in Islam|Mellah|Racial antisemitism}}
Jews in Europe were generally forced, by decree or informal pressure, to live in highly segregated [[ghetto]]s and [[shtetl]]s.<ref>[[Wirth, Louis]]. ''The Ghetto''. Transaction Publishers (1997), pp. 29–40. {{ISBN|1-56000-983-7}}.</ref> In 1204 the [[papacy]] required Jews to segregate themselves from Christians and wear distinctive clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/jew.htm |title=A Short History of the Jewish Tradition |publisher=.kenyon.edu |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Forced segregation of Jews spread throughout Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232679/ghetto Ghetto]. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> In the [[Russian Empire]], Jews were restricted to the so-called [[Pale of Settlement]], the Western frontier of the Russian Empire which roughly corresponds to the modern-day countries of [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]], [[Moldova]] and [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-215022/anti-Semitism |title=Anti-Semitism in modern Europe |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> By the early 20th century, the majority of Europe's Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement.

From the beginning of the 15th century, Jewish populations in [[Morocco]] were confined to [[mellah]]s. In cities, a ''mellah'' was surrounded by a wall with a fortified gateway. In contrast, rural ''mellahs'' were separate villages whose sole inhabitants were Jews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/017/morocco.html |title=The Jews of Morocco, by Ralph G. Bennettett |publisher=Sefarad.org |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref>

In the middle of the 19th century, [[J. J. Benjamin]] wrote about the lives of [[History of Jews in Iran|Persian Jews]]:
{{quote|…they are obliged to live in a separate part of town…; for they are considered as unclean creatures… Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with the greatest severity and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt… For the same reason, they are prohibited to go out when it rains; for it is said the rain would wash dirt off them, which would sully the feet of the Mussulmans… If a Jew is recognized as such in the streets, he is subjected to the greatest insults. The passers-by spit in his face, and sometimes beat him… unmercifully… If a Jew enters a shop for anything, he is forbidden to inspect the goods… Should his hand incautiously touch the goods, he must take them at any price the seller chooses to ask for them... Sometimes the Persians intrude into the dwellings of the Jews and take possession of whatever please them. Should the owner make the least opposition in defense of his property, he incurs the danger of atoning for it with his life... If... a Jew shows himself in the street during the three days of the Katel (Muharram)…, he is sure to be murdered.<ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 181–183</ref>}}

On 16 May 1940, the ''[[Administrasjonsrådet]]'' asked the [[Reichskommissariat Norwegen|Rikskommisariatet]] why radio receivers had been confiscated from Jews in Norway.<ref name="Folk, fører og frifinnelse">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftenposten.no/article/ap-aw0BO.html|title=Folk, fører og frifinnelse|first=Tor|last=Bomann-larsen|website=Aftenposten}}</ref> ''Administrasjonsrådet'' thereafter "quietly" accepted<ref name="Folk, fører og frifinnelse"/> racial segregation between Norwegian citizens, has been claimed by [[Tor Bomann-Larsen]]. Furthermore, he claimed that this segregation "created a [[precedent]]. 2 years later (with ''NS-styret'' in the ministries of Norway) Norwegian police [[Jewish deportees from Norway during World War II|arrested citizens at the addresses]] where radios had previously been confiscated from Jews.<ref name="Folk, fører og frifinnelse"/>

===Ultranationalism===
{{main|Ultranationalism}}

====Nazi Germany====
{{main|Nazism and race|Racial policy of Nazi Germany}}
{{see also|Nur für Deutsche}}
{{too many photos|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Nur fur deutsche.jpg|thumb|left|upright|"Nur für deutsche Fahrgäste" ("Only for German passengers") on the tram number 8 in German-occupied [[Kraków]], Poland.]]
[[File:No entrance for poles1.jpeg|thumb|upright|German warning in occupied Poland 1939 – "No entrance for Poles!"]]

German praise for America's system of [[institutional racism]], which was previously found in [[Adolf Hitler]]'s ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', was continuous throughout the early 1930s, and radical Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models.<ref name="Whitman"/> Race based U.S. citizenship laws and [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] directly inspired the two principal [[Nuremberg Laws]]—the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.<ref name="Whitman">{{cite book|last1=Q. Whitman|first1=James|title=Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law|date=2017|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=37–43}}</ref> The ban on interracial marriage (anti-miscegenation) prohibited sexual relations and marriages between people classified as "[[Aryan]]" and "non-Aryan". Such relationships were called ''[[Rassenschande]]'' (race defilement). At first the laws were aimed primarily at Jews but were later extended to "Gypsies, Negroes and their bastard offspring".<ref>{{cite book | author = S. H. Milton | chapter = "Gypsies" as social outsiders in Nazi Germany| title = Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany | editor = Robert Gellately and Nathan Stoltzfus | year = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 9780691086842 | pages = 216, 231}}</ref><ref name="Burleigh1991">{{cite book | author = Michael Burleigh | title = The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich | url-access = registration | date = 7 November 1991 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-39802-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich/page/49 49]}}</ref><ref>The Laws for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour (15 September 1935), section 1. "Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden. Marriages concluded in defiance of this law are void, even if, for the purpose of evading this law, they were concluded abroad."</ref> Aryans found guilty could face incarceration in a [[Nazi concentration camp]], while non-Aryans could face the death penalty.<ref>[[Leila J. Rupp]], ''Mobilizing Women for War'', p 125, {{ISBN|0-691-04649-2}}</ref> To preserve the so-called purity of the German blood, after the war began, the Nazis extended the race defilement law to include all foreigners (non-Germans).<ref name="Majer2003">{{cite book|author = Diemut Majer | title = "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 | year = 2003|publisher = JHU Press | isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3 | page = 180}}</ref>

Under the General Government of [[occupied Poland]] in 1940, the Nazis divided the population into different groups, each with different rights, food rations, allowed housing strips in the cities, public transportation, etc. In an effort to split Polish identity they attempted to establish ethnic divisions of [[Kashubians]] and [[Gorals]] ([[Goralenvolk]]), based on these groups' alleged "Germanic component".

During the 1930s and 1940s, Jews in Nazi-controlled states were made to wear something that identified them as Jewish, such as a [[yellow badge|yellow ribbon or star of David]], and were, along with [[Romani people|Romas]] (Gypsies), discriminated against by the racial laws. Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat Aryan patients nor were Jewish professors permitted to teach Aryan pupils. In addition, Jews were not allowed to use any public transportation, besides the ferry, and were able to shop only from 3–5 pm in Jewish stores. After ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' ("The Night of Broken Glass"), the Jews were fined 1,000,000 [[German reichsmark|marks]] for damages done by the Nazi troops and [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] members.

[[File:Lwow Ghetto (spring 1942).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Women behind the barbed wire fence of the [[Lvov Ghetto]] in occupied Poland. Spring 1942]]
[[File:Yellow_star_Jude_Jew.svg|thumb|left|200px|A Yellow Star, similar to the ones Jews were required to wear during the Holocaust.]]

Jews and Roma were subjected to [[genocide]] as "undesirable" racial groups in the [[Holocaust]]. The Nazis established [[Ghettos in occupied Europe 1939–1944|ghettos]] to confine Jews and sometimes Romas into tightly packed areas of the cities of Eastern Europe, turning them into ''[[de facto]]'' [[concentration camp]]s. The [[Warsaw Ghetto]] was the largest of these ghettos, with 400,000 people. The [[Łódź Ghetto]] was the second largest, holding about 160,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fcit.usf.edu/HOLOCAUST/timeline/ghettos.htm |title=Holocaust Timeline: The Ghettos |publisher=Fcit.usf.edu |date=23 November 1939 |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref>

Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million [[Poland|Polish]] citizens were transported to the Reich for [[forced labour]] (in all, about 12 million forced laborers were employed in the German war economy inside [[Nazi Germany]]).<ref>{{cite web |author=Michael Marek (nda) |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html |title=Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers |publisher=Dw-world.de |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://summeroftruth.org/enemy/barracks.html |title=Forced Labor at Ford Werke AG during the Second World War |publisher=Summeroftruth.org |accessdate=18 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014235036/http://summeroftruth.org/enemy/barracks.html |archivedate=14 October 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Although Nazi Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe, [[Poles]], along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm |title=Hitler's Plans |publisher=Dac.neu.edu |accessdate=5 April 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401234751/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm |archivedate=1 April 2010 }}</ref> were subject to deeper discriminatory measures. They were forced to wear a yellow with purple border and letter "[[P (Nazi symbol)|P]]" (for Polen/Polish) cloth identifying tag sewn to their clothing, subjected to a [[curfew]], and banned from [[public transportation]].

While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer, Polish laborers as a rule were compelled to work longer hours for lower wages than Western Europeans – in many cities, they were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Social relations with [[Germans]] outside work were forbidden, and sexual relations (''[[Rassenschande]]'' or "racial defilement") were punishable by death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaust-trc.org/poles.htm |title=Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era |publisher=Holocaust-trc.org |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref>

====Fascist Italy====
{{main|Italian Fascism and racism}}
In 1938, the [[Italian Fascism|fascist regime]] which was led by [[Benito Mussolini]], under pressure from the Nazis, introduced a series of [[Italian Racial Laws|racial laws]] which instituted an official segregationist policy in the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian Empire]], which was especially directed against [[Italian Jews]]. This policy enforced various segregationist norms, like the laws which banned Jews from teaching or studying in ordinary schools and universities, owning industries which were reputed to be very important to the nation, working as journalists, entering the military, and marrying non-Jews.
Some of the immediate consequences of the introduction of the 'provvedimenti per la difesa della razza' (norms for the defence of the race) included many of the best Italian scientists leaving their jobs, or even leaving Italy. Amongst these were the world-renowned physicists [[Emilio Segrè]], [[Enrico Fermi]] (whose wife was Jewish), [[Bruno Pontecorvo]], [[Bruno Rossi]], [[Tullio Levi-Civita]], mathematicians [[Federigo Enriques]] and [[Guido Fubini]] and even the fascist propaganda director, art critic and journalist [[Margherita Sarfatti]], who was one of Mussolini's mistresses. [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]], who would successively win the [[Nobel Prize for Medicine]], was forbidden to work at the university. [[Albert Einstein]], upon passage of the racial law, resigned from his honorary membership in the [[Accademia dei Lincei]].

After 1943, when Northern Italy was [[Kingdom of Italy#Civil war (1943–1945)|occupied by the Nazis]], Italian Jews were rounded up and became victims of the [[The Holocaust in Italy|Holocaust]].

===Other cases===
====Germany====
In fifteenth-century north-east Germany, people of [[Wends|Wend]]ish, i.e. [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]], origin were not allowed to join some [[guild]]s.<ref>"[http://www.ifl-leipzig.com/fileadmin/daten/downloads/DOWNLOADCENTER/Publikationen/internationale%20Zusammenfassungen%20Europa%20Regional/2002/Heft2/en.pdf The Situation with the Sorbs in the Past and Present] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003632/http://www.ifl-leipzig.com/fileadmin/daten/downloads/DOWNLOADCENTER/Publikationen/internationale%20Zusammenfassungen%20Europa%20Regional/2002/Heft2/en.pdf |date=13 July 2011 }}" (pdf).</ref> According to Wilhelm Raabe, "down into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend."<ref>Raabe, p. 189.</ref>

====United States====
{{Main|Racial segregation in the United States}}
{{Further|Racism in the United States}}
[[File:Handbill with engraving by Jack Smith- Back To the Slave Quarters! Vote No On Segregation Feb. 29, 1916 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Handbill regarding housing segregation referendum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handbill with engraving by Jack Smith: Back To the Slave Quarters! Vote No On Segregation Feb. 29, 1916 |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/resource:148270 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en |access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cooperman |first=Jeannette |date=2014-10-17 |title=The story of segregation in St. Louis |url=https://www.stlmag.com/api/content/296b6cf0-53bb-11e4-b9fe-22000a4f82a6/ |magazine=St. Louis Magazine |language=en-us |access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref> Although this type of city ordinance was struck down in ''[[Buchanan v. Warley]]'' (1917), local ordinances proliferated to uphold segregation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Finally Break 'the Backbone of Segregation' |url=https://www.citylab.com/equity/2017/11/breaking-the-backbone-of-segregation/544913/ |last=Capps |first=Kriston |date=2017-11-05 |website=CityLab |publisher=Bloomberg |language=en |access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref>]]

After the passage of [[Jim Crow]] [[Jim Crow laws|laws]] which segregated [[African Americans]] and [[White Americans|Whites]], the people who were negatively affected by those laws saw no progress in their quest for equality. Racial segregation was not a new phenomenon, as illustrated by the fact that almost four million blacks had been [[slavery in the United States|enslaved]] before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news|title=How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/16/slavery-starvation-civil-war|newspaper=The Guardian|date=August 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Leon Litwack 2004">Leon Litwack, ''Jim Crow Blues'', Magazine of History (OAH Publications, 2004)</ref> The laws passed segregated African Americans from Whites in order to enforce a system of white supremacy. Signs were used to show non whites where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat.<ref name="Leon Litwack 2004"/> For those places that were racially mixed, blacks had to wait until all White customers were dealt with.<ref name="Leon Litwack 2004"/> Rules were also enforced that restricted African Americans from entering white stores.<ref name="Leon Litwack 2004"/> Segregated facilities extended from white only schools to white only graveyards.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38536668 "Barack Obama legacy: Did he improve US race relations?"]. BBC. Retrieved August 9, 2017</ref>

After the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] abolished [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] in America, [[Racism in the United States|racial discrimination]] became regulated by the so-called [[Jim Crow laws]], which mandated strict segregation of the races. Though many such laws were instituted shortly after fighting ended, they only became formalized after the 1877 end of the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction period]]. The period that followed is known as the [[nadir of American race relations]]. The legislation (or in some states, such as Florida, the state constitutions) that mandated segregation lasted at least until a 1968 ruling by the Supreme Court outlawing all forms of segregation.

[[File:ColoredSailersRoomWWINOLA.jpg|thumb|left|Colored Sailors room in World War I]]
While the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] majority in the 1896 ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' case explicitly permitted "[[separate but equal]]" facilities (specifically, transportation facilities), Justice [[John Marshall Harlan]], in his [[dissenting opinion|dissent]], protested that the decision was an expression of [[white supremacy]]; he predicted that segregation would "stimulate aggressions … upon the admitted rights of colored citizens", "arouse race hate", and "perpetuate a feeling of distrust between [the] races. Feelings between whites and blacks were so tense, even the jails were segregated."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040503/fonerkennedy |title=Brown at 50 |publisher=Thenation.com |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref>

Elected in 1912, President [[Presidency of Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson]] tolerated the extension of segregation throughout the federal government that was already underway.<ref>August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, "The Rise of Segregation in the Federal Bureaucracy, 1900-1930" ''Phylon'' 28#2 (1967), pp. 178-184 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/273560 online]</ref> In World War I, blacks were drafted and served in the [[United States Army]] in segregated units. Black combat soldiers were often poorly trained and equipped, and new draftees were put on the front lines in dangerous missions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mjagkij|first=Nina|url=http://proxy.lib.wayne.edu/login?url=http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wayne/detail.action?docID=1021967|title=Loyalty in time of trial: the African American experience during World War I|date=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc|others=ProQuest (Firm)|year=|isbn=|series=African American history series|location=Lanham, Md|pages=106}}</ref> The U.S. military was still heavily segregated in World War II. The air force and the marines had no blacks enlisted in their ranks. There were blacks in the Navy Seabees. The army had only five African-American officers.<ref name=fonerblack/> In addition, no African-American would receive the [[Medal of Honor]] during the war, and their tasks in the war were largely reserved to noncombat units. Black soldiers had to sometimes give up their seats in trains to the Nazi prisoners of war.<ref name=fonerblack>{{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|title=Give Me Liberty!: An American History|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=978-0393935530|edition=3|page=696|date=1 February 2012}}</ref>

[[File:WhiteTradeOnlyLancasterOhio.jpg|thumb|"We Cater to White Trade Only" sign on a restaurant window in [[Lancaster, Ohio]], in 1938. In 1964 [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] was arrested and spent a night in jail for attempting to eat at a white-only restaurant in [[St. Augustine, Florida]]|alt=A sign reading "We Cater to White Trade Only.]]

A club central to the [[Harlem Renaissance]] in the 1920s, the [[Cotton Club]] in Harlem, New York City was a whites-only establishment, with blacks (such as [[Duke Ellington]]) allowed to perform, but to a white audience.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ella Fitzgerald |date=1989 |publisher=Holloway House Publishing |page=27}}</ref> In the reception to honor his 1936 Olympic success, [[Jesse Owens]] was not permitted to enter through the main doors of the [[Waldorf Astoria New York]] and instead forced to travel up to the event in a freight elevator.<ref name=schwartz>{{cite web | last = Schwartz | first = Larry | title=Owens pierced a myth|url=http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016393.html| year=2007}}</ref> The first black Oscar recipient [[Hattie McDaniel]] was not permitted to attend the premiere of ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' with Georgia being racially segregated, and at the Oscars ceremony at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles she was required to sit at a segregated table at the far wall of the room; the hotel had a no-blacks policy, but allowed McDaniel in as a favor.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/oscars-first-black-winner-accepted-774335|title=Oscar's First Black Winner Accepted Her Honor in a Segregated 'No Blacks' Hotel in L.A.|last=Abramovitch|first=Seth|date=19 February 2015|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=August 10, 2017}}</ref>

On September 11, 1964, [[John Lennon]] announced [[The Beatles]] would not play to a segregated audience in Jacksonville, Florida.<ref name="Concert"/> City officials relented following this announcement.<ref name="Concert">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14963752 "The Beatles banned segregated audiences, contract shows"]. BBC. Retrieved July 17, 2017</ref> A contract for a 1965 Beatles concert at the [[Cow Palace]] in California specifies that the band "not be required to perform in front of a segregated audience".<ref name="Concert"/>

American sports were racially segregated until the mid-twentieth century. In baseball, the "Negro leagues" were established by [[Rube Foster]] for non-white players, such as [[Negro league baseball]], which ran through the early 1950s.<ref>Lanctot|, Neil (2008) "Negro League Baseball: The Rise and Ruin of a Black Institution" p. 4. University of Pennsylvania Press</ref> In basketball, the [[Black Fives]] (all-black teams) were established in 1904, and emerged in New York City, Washington, D.C., Chicago, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and other cities. Racial segregation in basketball lasted until 1950, when the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] became racially integrated.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27215799 "How 'Black Fives' led to racial integration in basketball"]. BBC. Retrieved August 21, 2015</ref>

[[File:We want white tenants.jpg|thumb|left|White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the housing project erected this sign. [[Detroit]], 1942]]

Many U.S. states banned [[Interracial marriage in the United States|interracial marriage]]. While opposed to slavery in the U.S, in a speech in Charleston, Illinois in 1858, [[Abraham Lincoln]] stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races, that I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race".<ref>Abraham Lincoln, "Speeches and Writings 1832–1858: Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings : the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Volume 1". p. 638. Library of America, 1989</ref> In 1967, Mildred Loving, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, were sentenced to a year in prison in [[Virginia]] for marrying each other.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Dionne |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-06-10-loving_N.htm |date=2007-06-10 |title=Pioneer of interracial marriage looks back |newspaper=[[Associated Press]] | accessdate=2015-08-23 }}</ref> Their marriage violated the state's [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation]] statute, the [[Racial Integrity Act of 1924]], which prohibited marriage between people classified as white and people classified as "[[colored]]" (persons of non-white ancestry).<ref>Racial Integrity Act of 1924, [[s:Racial Integrity Act of 1924|Full Text]] at Wikisource.org</ref> In the ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' case in 1967, the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.charlielawing.com/modhist_lovingv.virginia.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704053526/http://www.charlielawing.com/modhist_lovingv.virginia.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-07-04 | title=''Loving v. Virginia'' and the Hegemony of "Race" | last=Lawing | first=Charles B. | accessdate=2015-08-23 }}</ref>

[[File:Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for refusing to give up her seat for a white passenger on a segregated municipal bus in Montgomery, Alabama.jpg|thumb|[[Rosa Parks]] being fingerprinted by Lieutenant D.H. Lackey after being arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus to a white person.]]
Institutionalized racial segregation was ended as an official practice during the [[civil rights movement]] by the efforts of such civil rights activists as [[Clarence M. Mitchell Jr.]], [[Rosa Parks]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[James Farmer]] working for social and political freedom during the period from the end of World War II through the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] desegregation order of 1961, the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] in 1964 and the [[Voting Rights Act]] in 1965 supported by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. Many of their efforts were acts of [[Nonviolence|non-violent]] [[civil disobedience]] aimed at disrupting the enforcement of racial segregation rules and laws, such as refusing to give up a seat in the black part of the bus to a white person (Rosa Parks), or holding [[sit-in]]s at all-white [[wikt:diner|diners]].

By 1968, all forms of segregation had been declared unconstitutional by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] under [[Chief Justice]] [[Earl Warren]], and by 1970 support for formal legal segregation had dissolved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html|title=The Court's Decision - Separate Is Not Equal|website=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0319.html|title=Earl Warren, 83, Who Led High Court In Time of Vast Social Change, Is Dead|website=archive.nytimes.com|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref> The [[Warren Court]]'s decision on landmark case ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' of [[Topeka, Kansas]] in 1954 outlawed segregation in public schools, and its decision on ''[[Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States]]'' in 1964 prohibits racial segregation and discrimination in public institutions and [[Public accommodations in the United States|public accommodations]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483|title=Brown v. Board of Education|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carter|first=Robert L.|date=1968|title=The Warren Court and Desegregation|journal=Michigan Law Review|volume=67|issue=2|pages=237–248|jstor=1287417|doi=10.2307/1287417}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|last=|first=|date=|website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref> The [[Fair Housing Act]] of 1968, administered and enforced by the [[Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity]], prohibited discrimination in the sale and rental of housing on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, and disability. Formal racial discrimination became illegal in school systems, businesses, the American military, other civil services and the government.

====South Africa====
{{Main|Apartheid}}
[[File:DurbanSign1989.jpg|thumb|upright|left|"[[Apartheid]]": sign on Durban beach in English, [[Afrikaans]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]]]]
The [[apartheid]] system carried out by [[Afrikaner]] minority rule enacted a nationwide social policy "separate development" with the National Party victory in 1948, following the "colour bar"-discriminatory legislation dating back to the beginning of the [[Union of South Africa]] and the Boer republics before which, while repressive to black South Africans along with other minorities, had not gone nearly so far.

Apartheid laws can be generally divided into following acts. Firstly, the Population Registration Act in 1950 classified residents in South Africa into four racial groups: "black", "white", "[[Coloured]]", and "Indian" and noted their racial identities on their identifications. Secondly, the [[Group Areas Act]] in 1950 assigned different regions according to different races. People were forced to live in their corresponding regions and the action of passing the boundaries without a permit was made illegal, extending pass laws that had already curtailed black movement. Thirdly, under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act in 1953, amenities in public areas, like hospitals, universities and parks, were labeled separately according to particular races. In addition, the Bantu Education Act in 1953 segregated national education in South Africa as well. Additionally, the government of the time enforced the [[pass laws]], which deprived black South Africans of their right to travel freely within their own country. Under this system black people were severely restricted from urban areas, requiring authorisation from a white employer to enter.

Uprisings and protests against apartheid appeared immediately when apartheid arose. As early as 1949, the youth wing of the African National Congress (ANC) advocated the ending of apartheid and suggested fighting against racial segregation by various methods. During the following decades, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred, including those of the Black Consciousness Movement, students' protests, labor strikes, and church group activism etc. In 1991, the [[Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991|Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act]] was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act.<ref>Reinhard Zimmermann (1996). "Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa". p. 90. Clarendon Press</ref> In 1994, Nelson Mandela won in the first multiracial democratic election in South Africa. His success fulfilled the ending of apartheid in South African history.

==Historic cases (1970s - present)==
===Bahrain===
{{See also|Human rights in Bahrain|Bandargate scandal}}
On 28 April 2007, the [[Council of Representatives of Bahrain|lower house]] of [[National Assembly of Bahrain|Bahraini Parliament]] passed a law banning unmarried migrant workers from living in residential areas. To justify the law MP Nasser Fadhala, a close ally of the government said "bachelors also use these houses to make alcohol, run prostitute rings or to rape children and housemaids".<ref name="migrantworkers3"/>

Sadiq Rahma, technical committee head, who is a member of [[Al Wefaq]] said: "The rules we are drawing up are designed to protect the rights of both the families and the Asian bachelors (..) these labourers often have habits which are difficult for families living nearby to tolerate (..) they come out of their homes half dressed, brew alcohol illegally in their homes, use prostitutes and make the neighbourhood dirty (..) these are poor people who often live in groups of 50 or more, crammed into one house or apartment," said Mr Rahma. "The rules also state that there must be at least one bathroom for every five people (..) there have also been cases in which young children have been sexually molested."<ref>{{cite news | author = Tariq Kkonji | url = http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=133367 | title = 'No go' rule for bachelor labourers | newspaper = [[Gulf Daily News]] | date=23 January 2006 | accessdate=2 January 2012|author-link = Tariq Kkonji}}</ref>

[[Bahrain Centre for Human Rights]] issued a press release condemning this decision as discriminatory and promoting negative racist attitudes towards migrant workers.<ref name="migrantworkers3">{{cite news | author = Staff writer | url = http://www.bahrainrights.org/node/1202 | title = Parliament's law to ban migrant workers who are unmarried from living in residential areas is discriminatory attitudes | publisher = Bahrain Centre for Human Rights | date=28 April 2007 | accessdate=11 July 2011| author-link = Staff writer }}</ref><ref name="migrantworkers2">{{cite news | author = Staff writer | url = http://www.migrant-rights.org/2007/04/28/bahraini-parliament-moves-to-segregate-migrants-from-citizens/ | title = Bahraini parliament moves to segregate migrants from citizens | publisher = Migrant rights | date=28 April 2007 | accessdate=11 July 2011| author-link = Staff writer }}</ref> [[Nabeel Rajab]], then BCHR vice president, said: "It is appalling that Bahrain is willing to rest on the benefits of these people's hard work, and often their suffering, but that they refuse to live with them in equality and dignity. The solution is not to force migrant workers into ghettos, but to urge companies to improve living conditions for workers – and not to accommodate large numbers of workers in inadequate space, and to improve the standard of living for them."<ref name="migrantworkers3" /><ref name="migrantworkers2" />

===Canada===
Since the 1970s, there has been a concern expressed by some academics that major Canadian cities are becoming more segregated on income and ethnic lines. Reports have indicated that the inner suburbs of post-merger Toronto<ref name=huffingtonpost1 /> and the southern bedroom communities of Greater Vancouver<ref name=huffingtonpost1>{{cite news|last=Mendelson|first=Rachel|title=Vancouver Income Inequality Study Shows City Segregating Along Racial, Income Lines|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/03/12/vancouver-income-inequality-study_n_1334796.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=12 March 2012|accessdate=22 February 2015}}</ref> have become steadily more immigrant and [[visible minority]] dominated communities and have lagged behind other neighbourhoods in average income. A CBC panel in Vancouver in 2012 discussed the growing public fear that the proliferation of [[ethnic enclaves]] in Greater Vancouver (such as Han Chinese in [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]] and Punjabis in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]) amounted to a type of [[self-segregation]]. In response to these fears, many minority activists have pointed out that most Canadian neighbourhoods remain predominately White, and yet Whites are never accused of "self-segregation".

The [[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] tribe of [[Kahnawake]] has been criticized for evicting non-Mohawks from the Mohawk reserve.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=2529314#ixzz0gEyxbZlC |title=Natives only, please: A look into the eviction of non-natives from the Kahnawake reserve |work=National Post |location=Canada |accessdate=15 February 2011 |date=2010-03-30 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mohawks who marry outside of their tribal nation lose their right to live in their homelands.<ref name="nationalpost.com">{{cite web |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/a9/3288607/story.html |title=Mohawk role model faces eviction over non-native fiancé |work=National Post |location=Canada |accessdate=15 February 2011 |date=2010-03-30 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="thestar.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/768952--evicting-26-non-natives-splits-reserve | location=Toronto | work=The Star | first=Richard | last=Brennan | title=Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve | date=21 February 2010}}</ref> The Mohawk government claims that its policy of nationally exclusive membership is for the preservation of its identity,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/native+Then+leave+reserve+Mohawks/2515716/story.html |title=Not native? Then leave reserve, Mohawks say |work=National Post |location=Canada |accessdate=15 February 2011 |date=2010-03-30 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> but there is no exemption for those who adopt Mohawk language or culture.<ref name="nationalpost.com"/> The policy is based on a 1981 moratorium which was made law in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvo.org/cfmx/tvoorg/theagenda/index.cfm?page_id=3&action=blog&subaction=viewpost&blog_id=445&post_id=11966 |title=The Agenda – The Agenda Blogs – Behind The Headlines |publisher=Tvo.org |accessdate=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134739/http://www.tvo.org/cfmx/tvoorg/theagenda/index.cfm?page_id=3&action=blog&subaction=viewpost&blog_id=445&post_id=11966 |archivedate=28 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> All interracial couples are sent eviction notices regardless of how long they have lived on the reserve.<ref name="thestar.com"/> The only exemption is for mixed national couples married before the 1981 moratorium.

Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the nationally exclusive membership policy, the [[Canadian Human Rights Tribunal]] ruled that the Mohawk government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

A long-standing practice of national segregation has also been imposed upon the commercial salmon fishery in British Columbia since 1992 when separate commercial fisheries were created for select aboriginal groups on three B.C. river systems. Canadians of other nations who fish in the separate fisheries have been arrested, jailed and prosecuted. Although the fishermen who were prosecuted were successful at trial (see the decision in R. v. Kapp),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.provincialcourt.bc.ca/judgments/pc/2003/02/p03_0279.htm |title=R. v. Kapp et al – Reasons for Judgment |publisher=Provincialcourt.bc.ca |accessdate=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001043749/http://www.provincialcourt.bc.ca/judgments/pc/2003/02/p03_0279.htm |archivedate=1 October 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the decision was overturned on appeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb-txt/sc/04/09/2004bcsc0958.htm |title=2004 BCSC 958 R. v. Kapp et al |publisher=Courts.gov.bc.ca |date=12 July 2004 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> On final appeal, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in favour of the program on the grounds that segregation of this workplace is a step towards equality in Canada.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Affirmative action programs in Canada are protected from equality rights challenges by s. 15(2) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Segregation continues today, but more than 35% of the fishermen in the BC commercial fishery are of aboriginal ancestry, yet Canadians of aboriginal ancestry comprise less than 4% of BC's population.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

===Fiji===
[[1987 Fijian coups d'état|Two military coups]] in Fiji in 1987 removed a democratically elected government led by an [[Indo-Fijians]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1300477.stm |title=Country profile: Fiji |work=BBC News |date=22 December 2009 |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> The coup was supported principally by the [[Fijians|ethnic Fijian]] population. A new constitution was promulgated in 1990, establishing Fiji as a republic, with the offices of [[President of Fiji|President]], [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]], two-thirds of the [[Senate of Fiji|Senate]], and a clear majority of the [[House of Representatives of Fiji|House of Representatives]] reserved for ethnic Fijians; ethnic Fijian ownership of the land was also entrenched in the constitution.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tom Cockrem |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/fiji/history |title=Fiji: History |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Most of these provisions were ended with the promulgation of the [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|1997 Constitution]], although the President, and 14 of the 32 Senators were still selected by the all-indigenous [[Great Council of Chiefs]]. The last of these distinctions were removed by the [[2013 Constitution of Fiji|2013 Constitution]].<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-06/fiji-constitution-assent/4941404 "President signs long-awaited Fiji constitution into law"] Australia Network News, August 25, 2015</ref>

Fiji's case is a situation of de facto ethnic segregation.<ref>{{cite web|author=on 9 April 2006 UTC |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=23319 |title=UN seminar highlights concern in Fiji over ethnic segregation |publisher=Rnzi.com |date=9 April 2006 |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Fiji has a long complex history with more than 3500 years as a divided tribal nation. Unification under the British rule as a colony for 96 years brought other racial groups, particularly immigrants from the Indian subcontinent.

===Israel===
{{see also|Racism in Israel}}
[[File:Barrier Gate at Bilin Palestine.jpg|thumb|right|A barrier gate at [[Bil'in]], [[West Bank]], 2006]]

[[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] proclaims equal rights to all citizens regardless of ethnicity, denomination or race. Israel has a substantial list of laws that demand racial equality (such as prohibition of [[Prohibition of Discrimination in Products, Services and Entry into Places of Entertainment and Public Places Law, 2000|discrimination]], [[Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law, 1988|equality in Employment]], libel based on race or ethnicity.<ref>[[:he:חוק איסור לשון הרע]]</ref>). There is however, in practice, significant institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41723.htm|title=Israel and the occupied territories|first=Bureau of Public Affairs|last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information|website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref>

In 2010, the Israeli supreme court sent a message against racial segregation in a case involving the [[Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)|Slonim]] Hassidic sect of the [[Ashkenazi Jews]], ruling that segregation between Ashkenazi and Sephardi students in a school is illegal.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1997685,00.html | work=Time | title=The Jewish Religious Conflict Tearing at Israel | date=2010-06-17}}</ref> They argue that they seek "to maintain an equal level of religiosity, not from racism".<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3926221,00.html Discrimination claimed in Modiin Illit haredi schools – Israel News, Ynetnews]. Ynetnews.com (1995-06-20). Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref> Responding to the charges, the Slonim [[Haredim]] invited Sephardi girls to school, and added in a statement: "All along, we said it's not about race, but the High Court went out against our rabbis, and therefore we went to prison."<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=182335 Hassidim invite Sephardi girls to school]. Jpost.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref>

Due to many cultural differences, and animosity towards a minority perceived to wish to annihilate Israel, a system of passively co-existing communities, segregated along ethnic lines has emerged in Israel, with Arab-Israeli minority communities being left "marooned outside the mainstream". This de facto segregation also exists between different Jewish ethnic groups ("''edot''") such as [[Sepharadim]], [[Ashkenazim]] and [[Beta Israel]] (Jews of Ethiopian descent),<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethiopian Jewish Immigrants in Israel: The Homeland Postponed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwgJDV8Ho0cC&pg=9#v=onepage|page=9|year=2001|first=Tanya|last=Schwartz|isbn=9780700712380}}</ref> which leads to de facto segregated schools, housing and public policy. The government has embarked on a program to shut down such schools, in order to force integration, but some in the Ethiopian community complained that not all such schools have been closed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/ethiopian-israelis-accuse-state-of-school-segregation-1.381933|title=Ethiopian Israelis Accuse State of School Segregation|publisher=|newspaper=Haaretz|date=September 2011}}</ref> In a 2007 poll commissioned by the Center Against Racism and conducted by the GeoCartographia Institute, 75% of Israeli Jews would not agree to live in a building with Arab residents, 60% would not accept any Arab visitors at their homes, 40% believed that Arabs should be stripped of their right to vote, and 59% believe that the culture of Arabs is primitive.<ref name="autogeneratedil">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3381836,00.html |title= יותר ממחצית היהודים: נישואים לערבי הם בגידה – חדשות היום |publisher=ynet.co.il |date=27 March 2007 |accessdate=12 March 2012|newspaper= Ynet |last1= נחמיאס |first1= רועי }}</ref> In 2012, a public opinion poll showed that 53% of the polled Israeli Jews said they would not object to an Arab living in their building, while 42% said they would. Asked whether they would object to Arab children being in their child's class in school, 49% said they would not, 42% said they would.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/culture/165231/israelis-should-avoid-using-term-apartheid/|title=Israelis Should Avoid Using Term 'Apartheid'|website=The Forward}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">Gabe Fisher. [http://www.timesofisrael.com/survey-highlights-anti-arab-attitudes-in-israel/ Controversial survey ostensibly highlights widespread anti-Arab attitudes in Israel]. Times of Israel, 2012</ref> The secular Israeli public was found to be the most tolerant, while the religious and [[Haredi]] respondents were the most discriminatory.

=== Kenya ===
The end of British colonial rule in Kenya in 1964 led to an inadvertent increase in ethnic segregation. Through private purchases and government schemes, farm land previously held by European farmers was transferred to African owners. These farms were further sub-divided into smaller localities, and, due to joint migration, many adjacent localities were occupied by members of different ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Undercurrents of Ethnic Conflicts in Kenya |last=Oucho |first=John |publisher=Brill |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12459-2 |location=Leiden |pages= }}</ref>{{pages needed|date=April 2017}} This separation along these boundaries persists today. Kimuli Kasara, in a study of recent ethnic violence in the wake of the disputed 2007/2008 Kenyan elections, used these post-colonial boundaries as an [[Instrumental variable|instrument]] for the degree of ethnic segregation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kasara|first=Kimuli|date=June 2016|title=Does Local Ethnic Segregation Lead to Violence?: Evidence from Kenya|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~kk2432/segviolence0616.pdf|journal=Columbia University Department of Political Science|volume=|pages=}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=It's not a journal paper, but looks like a thesis of some sort|date=April 2017}} Through a [[Instrumental variable#Interpretation as two-stage least squares|2 Stage Least Squares Regression analysis]], Kasara showed that increased ethnic segregation in Kenya's Rift Valley Province is associated with an increase in ethnic violence.<ref name=":0" />{{Unreliable source?|reason=It's not a journal paper, but looks like a thesis of some sort|date=April 2017}}

===Liberia===
[[Constitution of Liberia|Liberian Constitution]] limits Liberian nationality to [[Negro]] people<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Analysis of the Aliens and Nationality Law of the Republic of Liberia|ssrn = 1795122|date = 2009-05-01|location = Rochester, NY|first1 = Jessie|last1 = Tannenbaum|first2 = Anthony|last2 = Valcke|first3 = Andrew|last3 = McPherson}}</ref> (see also [[Liberian nationality law]]).

For example, Lebanese and Indian nationals are active in trading, as well as in the retail and service sectors. Europeans and Americans work in the mining and agricultural sectors. These minority groups have long tenured residence in the Republic, but many are precluded from becoming citizens as a result of their race.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/directories/roli/liberia/liberia_analysis_of_the_aliens_and_nationality_law.authcheckdam.pdf|title = ANALYSIS OF THE ALIENS AND NATIONALITY LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA|last = American Bar Association|date = May 2009|journal = ABA Rule of Law Initiative|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref>

===Malaysia===
{{Main|Bumiputra|Ketuanan Melayu}}
[[Malaysia]] has an [[Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia|article in its constitution]] which distinguishes the ethnic [[Malay people|Malaysians]] and the non-ethnic Malaysian people—i.e. [[bumiputra]]—from the non-Bumiputra such as ethnic [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Malaysian Indian|Indians]] under the [[social contract (Malaysia)|social contract]], of which by law would guarantee the former certain special rights and privileges. To question these rights and privileges however is strictly prohibited under the Internal Security Act, legalised by the 10th Article(IV) of the Constitution of Malaysia.<ref>[[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 10|Constitution of Malaysia, Article 10]]</ref> The privileges mentioned herein covers—few of which—the economical and education aspects of Malaysians, e.g. the [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]]; an economic policy recently criticised by [[Thierry Rommel]]—who headed a European Commission's delegation to Malaysia—as an excuse for "significant protectionism"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6237328.stm |title=Asia-Pacific |work=BBC News |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infernalramblings.com/articles/Malaysian_Politics/496/ |title=Infernal ramblings |publisher=Infernal ramblings |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> and a quota maintaining higher access of Malays into public universities.

While legal racial segregation in daily life is not practiced, [[auto-segregation|self-segregation]] does exist.

===Mauritania===
[[Slavery in Mauritania]] was finally criminalized in August 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Africa – Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law|publisher=|date=2007-08-09}}</ref> It was already abolished in 1980, although it was still affecting the black Africans. The number of slaves in the country was not known exactly, but it was estimated to be up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mauritania made slavery illegal last month|author=Corrigan, T.|url=http://www.saiia.org.za/governance-and-aprm-opinion/mauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month|newspaper=The East African|date=6 September 2007|accessdate=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml|title=BBC World Service | The Abolition season on BBC World Service|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

For centuries, the so-called [[Haratin]] lower class, mostly poor black Africans living in rural areas, have been considered natural slaves by white Moors of Arab/Berber ancestry. Many descendants of the [[Arab]] and [[Berber people|Berber]] tribes today still adhere to the [[supremacist]] ideology of their ancestors. This ideology has led to oppression, discrimination and even enslavement of other groups in the region of [[Sudan]] and Western [[Sahara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=70522 |title=Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance |publisher=Irinnews.org |accessdate=18 January 2010|date=2007-03-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iabolish.org/slavery_today/in_depth/sudan-genocide.html |title=War and Genocide in Sudan |publisher=Iabolish.org |accessdate=18 January 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031133/http://www.iabolish.org/slavery_today/in_depth/sudan-genocide.html |archivedate = 27 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75756 |title=Mauritania: The real beginning of the end of slavery? |publisher=Irinnews.org |accessdate=18 January 2010|date=2007-12-07 }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
The United Kingdom has no legally sanctioned system of racial segregation and has a substantial list of laws that demand racial equality.<ref name="gov.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1976/74/data.htm|title=Race Relations Act 1976 (Repealed)|website=www.legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> However, due to many cultural differences between the pre-existing system of passively co-existing communities, segregation along racial lines has emerged in parts of the United Kingdom, with minority communities being left "marooned outside the mainstream".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4273414.stm |work=BBC News | title=Britons warned over 'segregation' | date=22 September 2005}}</ref>

The affected and 'ghettoised' communities are often largely representative of [[Pakistanis]], [[Indian people|Indians]] and other Sub-Continentals, and has been thought to be the basis of ethnic tensions, and a deterioration of the standard of living and levels of education and employment among ethnic minorities in poorer areas. These factors are considered by some to have been a cause of the 2001 race riots in Bradford, Oldham and Burnley in the north of England which have large Asian communities.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1702799.stm |work=BBC News | title=Race 'segregation' caused riots | date=11 December 2001}}</ref><ref name="ccsr.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/staff/Ludi/documents/UrbS_41_3_2004.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-12-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609214608/http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/staff/Ludi/documents/UrbS_41_3_2004.pdf |archivedate=9 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

There may be some indication that such segregation, particularly in residential terms, seems to be the result of the unilateral 'steering' of ethnic groups into particular areas as well as a culture of vendor discrimination and distrust of ethnic minority clients by some estate agents and other property professionals.<ref>PHILLIPS, D. (2002) Movement to opportunity? South Asian relocation in northern cities. End of Award report, ESRC R000238038. School of Geography, University of Leeds. Pg.7.</ref> This may be indicative of a market preference amongst the more wealthy to reside in areas of less ethnic mixture; less ethnic mixture being perceived as increasing the value and desirability of a residential area. This is likely as other theories such as "ethnic [[Auto-segregation|self segregation]]" have sometimes been shown to be baseless, and a majority of ethnic respondents to a few surveys on the matter have been in favour of wider social and residential integration.<ref name="ccsr.ac.uk"/>

=== {{anchor|RS-US}} United States===
[[De facto#Segregation (during the Civil Rights Era in the United States)|De facto segregation]] in the United States has increased since the [[civil rights movement]].<ref name=Kozol2005>{{cite book|last=Kozol|first=Jonathan|title=The Shame of the Nation|year=2005|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4000-5245-5|url=https://archive.org/details/shameofnation00jona}}</ref> The Supreme Court ruled in [[Milliken v. Bradley]] (1974) that de facto racial segregation was acceptable, as long as schools were not actively making policies for racial exclusion; since then, schools have been segregated due to myriad indirect factors.<ref name=Kozol2005/>

[[Redlining]] is part of how white communities maintained racist segregation. It is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as mortgages, banking, insurance, access to jobs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.core.ucl.ac.be/services/psfiles/dp99/dp9913.pdf |title=Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities |accessdate=18 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513204845/http://www.core.ucl.ac.be/services/psfiles/dp99/dp9913.pdf |archivedate=13 May 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> access to health care,<ref>See: [[Race and health]]</ref> or even supermarkets<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015772503007 In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition], Elizabeth Eisenhauer, [[GeoJournal]] Volume 53, Number 2 / February 2001</ref> to residents in certain, often racially determined,<ref name="eastny">[https://books.google.com/books?id=TWo8OFJpFtAC How East New York Became a Ghetto] by Walter Thabit. {{ISBN|0-8147-8267-1}}. Page 42.</ref> areas. The most devastating form of redlining, and the most common use of the term, refers to [[Mortgage Discrimination|mortgage discrimination]]. Over the next twenty years, a succession of further court decisions and federal laws, including the ''[[Home Mortgage Disclosure Act]]'' and measure to end [[Mortgage Discrimination|mortgage discrimination]] in 1975, would completely invalidate ''[[de jure]]'' racial segregation and discrimination in the U.S., although ''de facto'' segregation and discrimination have proven more resilient. According to the Civil Rights Project at [[Harvard University]], the actual de facto desegregation of U.S. public schools peaked in the late 1980s; since that time, the schools have, in fact, become more segregated mainly due to the ethnic segregation of the nation with whites dominating the suburbs and minorities the urban centers. According to Rajiv Sethi, an economist at Columbia University, black-white segregation in housing is slowly declining for most metropolitan areas in the US.<ref>''Inequality and Segregation''
R Sethi, R Somanathan – Journal of Political Economy, 2004</ref> Racial segregation or separation can lead to social, economic and political tensions.<ref name="Keating">Keating William Dennis ''The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods'' (1994) Temple University Press. {{ISBN|1-56639-147-4}}</ref> Thirty years (the year 2000) after the civil rights era, the United States remained in many areas a residentially segregated society, in which blacks, whites and [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanics]] inhabit different neighborhoods of vastly different quality.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/meltingpot/melt0222.htm |title=Myth of the Melting Pot: America's Racial and Ethnic Divides |publisher= Washington post.com |date=22 February 1998 |accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref><ref>Massey Douglas S. ''Segregation and stratification: A bio-social perspective'' Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race (2004), 1: 7–25 Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>''Inequality and Segregation'' Rajiv Sethi and Rohini Somanathan ''Journal of Political Economy'', volume 112 (2004), pages 1296–1321</ref>

Dan Immergluck writes that in 2002 small businesses in black neighborhoods still received fewer loans, even after accounting for businesses density, businesses size, industrial mix, neighborhood income, and the credit quality of local businesses.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Redlining Redux |journal=Urban Affairs Review |volume=38 |issue=1|pages=22–41 |year=2002 |doi=10.1177/107808702401097781|last1=Immergluck |first1=D. }}</ref> Gregory D. Squires wrote in 2003 that it is clear that race has long affected and continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas |journal=Journal of Urban Affairs |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=391–410 |doi=10.1111/1467-9906.t01-1-00168 |year=2003 |author=Squires, Gregory D.}}</ref> Workers living in American [[inner city|inner cities]] have a harder time finding jobs than suburban workers.<ref>Zenou Yves, Boccard Nicolas ''Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities'' (1999)</ref>

The desire of many whites to avoid having their children attend integrated schools has been a factor in [[white flight]] to the suburbs.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580651_3/Segregation_in_the_United_States.html#s15 |title=VI De Facto Segregation |accessdate=9 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430211002/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580651_3/Segregation_in_the_United_States.html#s15 |archivedate=30 April 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A 2007 study in San Francisco showed that groups of homeowners of all races tended to self-segregate in order to be with people of the same education level and race.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bayer|first=Patrick|author2=Fernando Ferreira|author3=Robert McMillan|title=A Unified Framework for Measuring Preferences for Schools and Neighborhoods|journal=Journal of Political Economy|date=August 2007|volume=115|issue=4|pages=588–638|doi=10.1086/522381|ssrn=466280|url=http://real.wharton.upenn.edu/~fferreir/documents/522381.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.499.9191|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808103933/http://real.wharton.upenn.edu/%7Efferreir/documents/522381.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> By 1990, the legal barriers enforcing segregation had been mostly replaced by decentralized racism, where white people pay more than black people to live in predominantly white areas.<ref name="vigdor">{{cite journal|last=Cutler|first=David M.|author2=Edward L. Glaeser |author3=Jacob L. Vigdor |title=The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto|journal=Journal of Political Economy|date=June 1999|volume=107|issue=3|pages=455–506|doi=10.1086/250069|url=http://www.econ.wayne.edu/agoodman/7500/functions/Seg_JPE.pdf}}</ref> Today, many whites are willing to pay a premium to live in a predominantly white neighborhood. Equivalent housing in white areas commands a higher rent.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kiel K.A., Zabel J.E. |title=Housing Price Differentials in U.S. Cities: Household and Neighborhood Racial Effects |journal=Journal of Housing Economics |volume=5 |year=1996 |page=143 |doi=10.1006/jhec.1996.0008 |issue=2}}</ref> These higher rents are largely attributable to [[exclusionary zoning]] policies that restrict the supply of housing. Regulations ensure that all housing units are expensive enough to prevent access by undesirable groups. By bidding up the price of housing, many white neighborhoods effectively shut out black people, because they may be unwilling, or unable, to pay the premium to buy entry into these expensive neighborhoods. Conversely, equivalent housing in black neighborhoods is far more affordable to those who are unable or unwilling to pay a premium to live in white neighborhoods. Through the 1990s, residential segregation remained at its extreme and has been called "[[hypersegregation]]" by some sociologists or "American Apartheid".<ref>{{cite book |author=Massey D.S., Denton N. A. |title=American Apartheid. |place=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1993}}</ref>

In February 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ''Johnson v. California'' {{ussc|543|499|2005}} that the [[California Department of Corrections]]' unwritten practice of racially segregating prisoners in its prison reception centers—which California claimed was for inmate safety (gangs in California, as throughout the U.S., usually organize on racial lines)—is to be subject to [[strict scrutiny]], the highest level of constitutional review.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/499/|title=Johnson v. California, 543 U.S. 499 (2005)|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref>

===Yemen===
{{See also|Caste#Yemen{{!}}Castes in Yemen}}
In [[Yemen]], the [[Arab]] elite practices a form of discrimination against the lower class [[Al-Akhdam]] people based on their racial characteristics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yemen: Akhdam people suffer history of discrimination |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=25634|publisher=[[IRIN]] |date=1 November 2005 |accessdate=9 January 2008 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Amity-Enmity Complex]]
* [[Caste]]
* [[Discrimination]]
* [[Discrimination based on skin color]]
* [[In-group and out-group]]
* [[Racial discrimination]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Dobratz, Betty A. and Shanks-Meile, Stephanie L, ''White Power, White Pride: The White Separatist Movement in the United States'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 384 pages, {{ISBN|0-8018-6537-9}}.
* ''Rural Face of White Supremacy: Beyond Jim Crow'', by Mark Schultz. University of Illinois Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-252-02960-7}}.
* Yin, L. 2009. "The Dynamics of Residential Segregation in Buffalo: An Agent-Based Simulation" Urban Studies 46(13), pp2749–2770.

==Further reading==
* Grigoryeva, Angelina and Ruef, Martin, "The Historical Demography of Racial Segregation," ''American Sociological Review'' 80 (Aug. 2015), 814–42.
* {{cite book |title=Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy v. Ferguson |last=Elliott |first=Mark |year=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-518139-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/colorblindjustic00elli }}
* {{cite book |title=I dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases |last=Tushnet |first=Mark |year=2008 |publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-8070-0036-6 |pages=69–80 }}
* {{cite book |title=Plessy v. Ferguson: A Brief History with Documents |last=Brook |first=Thomas |year=1997 |publisher=Bedford Books |location=Boston |isbn= }}
* {{cite book |title=Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism |last=Fireside |first=Harvey |year=2004 |publisher=Carroll & Graf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7867-1293-9 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation. |last=Lofgren |first=Charles A. |year=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn= }}
* {{cite book |title=We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson |last=Medley |first=Keith Weldon |year=2003 |publisher=Pelican |location=Gretna, LA |isbn=978-1-58980-120-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/weasfreemenpless00medl }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808091642/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/Medley1003.htm Review]
* {{cite journal | last = Chin | first = Gabriel J. | year = 1996 | title = The ''Plessy'' Myth: Justice Harlan and the Chinese Cases | journal = Iowa Law Review | volume = 82 | page = 151 | ssrn = 1121505 | quote =| doi = 10.17077/0021-065X.4551 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite book |title=Segregation: A Global History of Divided Cities |last=Nightengale|first=Carl H. |year=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, London|isbn=978-0-226-58074-6 }}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488135/racial-segregation Encyclopædia Britannica: Article on Racial Segregation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041114125050/http://www.skidmore.edu/~dkarp/Social%20Issues/E/history.html A study of segregation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170903090730/http://www.districtsix.co.za/index.php South Africa's District Six Museum which examines forced segregation]

{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Segregation by type}}
{{Discrimination}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Racial segregation| ]]
[[Category:Jewish ghettos]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Politics and race]]
[[Category:Urban decay]]
[[Category:Social inequality]]

Ambrose (bandleader)

2020-06-18T19:10:20Z

83.83.44.43:

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Ambrose
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Benjamin Baruch Ambrose
| alias = Bert Ambrose
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|9|11}}
| birth_place = [[Warsaw]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1971|6|11|1896|9|15}}
| death_place = [[Leeds]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], England
| instrument = Violin
| genre = [[Big band]]
| occupation = Musician [[Bandleader]]
| years_active = 1916–1971
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}

'''Benjamin Baruch Ambrose''' (11 September 1896 – 11 June 1971), known professionally as '''Ambrose''' or '''Bert Ambrose''', was an English [[bandleader]] and violinist. Ambrose became the leader of a highly acclaimed [[British dance band]], ''Bert Ambrose & His Orchestra'', in the 1930s.

==Early life==
Ambrose was born in [[Warsaw]] in 1896, when it was part of the [[Russian Empire]]. After a time the family moved to London. They were [[Jews|Jewish]], his father being registered as a "Dealer in rags" in the 1911 UK census, where Ambrose was named as "Barnett' (a "Violin musician student"). He began playing the violin while young, and travelled to [[New York City|New York]] with his aunt. He began playing professionally, first for Emil Coleman at New York's Reisenweber's restaurant, then in the Palais Royal's [[big band]]. After making a success of a stint as [[bandleader]], at the age of 20 he was asked to put together and lead his own fifteen-piece band. After a dispute with his employer, he moved his band to another venue, where they enjoyed considerable popularity.

While at the Palais Royal, on 5 June 1918, he registered for the [[The Draft|draft]] (Local Board Division 169, City of NY NY, 144 St Nicholas Ave; Registration 232). He gave as his date of birth 11 September 1896; place of birth Warsaw, Russia; nationality Russian; father's birthplace Grietza, Russia; place of employment Palais Royal, 48th Street & Broadway; nearest relative Mrs Becky Ambrose, mother, 56 "Blaksley" Street, London, England. He signed as "Bert Ambrose". The registrar recorded medium height, medium build, brown hair, brown eyes and no physical disability that would render him exempt from the draft.

In 1922, Ambrose returned to London, where he was engaged by the Embassy Club to form a seven-piece band.<ref name="Larkin">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1997|edition=Concise|isbn=1-85227-745-9|page=37}}</ref> He stayed at the Embassy for two years, before walking out on his employer to take up a much more lucrative job at the Clover Gardens in New York.<ref name="Larkin"/> After a year there, besieged by continual pleas to return from his ex-employer in London, in 1925 he was finally persuaded to go back by a [[Telegraphy|cable]] from the [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]]: "The Embassy needs you. Come back—Edward".{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

This time Ambrose stayed at the Embassy Club until 1927.<ref name="Larkin"/> The club had a policy of not allowing radio broadcasts from its premises, however, and this was a major drawback for an ambitious bandleader, largely because the fame gained by radio work helped a band to gain recording contracts (Ambrose's band had been recorded by [[Columbia Records]] in 1923, but nothing had come of this). He therefore accepted an offer by [[the May Fair Hotel]], with a contract that included broadcasting. His annual salary from this establishment alone was £10,000.<ref name="Larkin"/>

During his time at the Embassy, he married "Kathryn Lucille otherwise Kitty Brady", a 24-year-old Irish-American from [[New Jersey]], on 20 January 1924. Oddly, he is named and signed as "Bernard Ambrose", a 27-year-old "Musical Director", on the marriage certificate. They had two daughters, Patricia S (b. 1931) and Monica J (b. 1933).

Ambrose stayed at the May Fair for six years, during which time the band made recordings for [[Brunswick Records]], [[HMV]] and [[Decca Records|Decca]].<ref name="Larkin"/> He teamed up with [[Richard Rodgers]] and [[Lorenz Hart]], along with an American harmony song trio, the Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce (aka [[Three X Sisters]]), to record songs including "My Heart Stood Still" among others. This period also saw the musical development of the band, partly as a result of Ambrose's hiring of first-class musicians, including [[Sylvester Ahola]], [[Ted Heath (bandleader)|Ted Heath]], [[Joe Crossman]], [[Joe Jeannette]], [[Bert Read]], [[Joe Brannelly]], [[Dick Escott]] and trumpeter [[Max Goldberg (trumpeter)|Max Goldberg]].<ref name="Larkin"/>

==1930s and 1940s ==
[[File:Ambrose at the Embassy Club.jpg|thumb|Gramophone record of Ambrose at the Embassy Club in 1934]]
In 1933, Ambrose was asked to accept a cut in pay at the May Fair; refusing, he went back to the Embassy Club, and after three years there (and a national tour), he rejected American offers and returned to the May Fair in 1936.<ref name="Larkin"/> He then went into partnership with [[Jack Harris (bandleader)|Jack Harris]], an American bandleader, and in 1937 they bought a club together, Ciro's Club. For a period of three months, they employed [[Art Tatum]].<ref>{{cite web|quotation='Much to his dismay, Tatum's American club audiences were often noisy, whereas those in Britain behaved like concert listeners, a reception the pianist tried to cultivate wherever he went'|url=http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608000093/Art-Tatum.html|title=Art Tatum|website=Musicianguide.com|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> Ambrose and Harris alternated performances at Ciro's until a disagreement led to the rupture of their partnership. Ambrose then worked at the [[Café de Paris (London)|Café de Paris]] until the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], when he again went on tour.<ref name="Larkin"/>

His major discovery in the years leading up to the war was the singer [[Vera Lynn]], who sang with his band from 1937 to 1940 and, during the war, became known as the "Forces' Sweetheart". Lynn married [[Harry Lewis (musician)|Harry Lewis]], a clarinettist in the band, in 1939. Other singers with the Ambrose band included [[Sam Browne (musician)|Sam Browne]], [[Elsie Carlisle]], [[Denny Dennis]], who recorded a number of duets with Vera Lynn, [[Max Bacon]] (also the band's drummer), [[Evelyn Dall]] and [[Anne Shelton (singer)|Anne Shelton]], with whom "When That Man is Dead and Gone", a jibe at [[Adolf Hitler]], written by [[Irving Berlin]], was recorded in 1941. Ambrose's signature tune was "When Day is Done".<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Ades | first1 = David
| first2 = Percy | last2 = Bickerdyke
| first3 = Eric | last3 = Holmes
| title = This England's Book of British Dance Bands
| location = Cheltenham
| publisher = This England Books
|date=July 1999
| pages = 18–20
| isbn = 0-906324-25-4 }}
</ref>

After a short period back at the May Fair Hotel, Ambrose retired from performing in 1940, although he and his orchestra continued to make records for Decca until 1947. Several members of his band became part of the [[Royal Air Force]] band, [[the Squadronaires]], during the war. Ambrose's retirement was not permanent, however, and he formed and toured with the Ambrose Octet, and dabbled in management.

==1950s and 1960s==
[[File:Ambrose MayFairHotel London wiki.JPG|thumb|Tribute to Bert Ambrose at [[the May Fair]] hotel in London]]
In the mid-1950s, despite appearances in London's [[West End of London|West End]] and a number of recordings for [[MGM]], Ambrose, in common with other [[bandleader]]s, was struggling because [[rock and roll]] had arrived. He was forced to start performing in small clubs with casual musicians, and his financial position deteriorated catastrophically. His situation was saved, however, by his discovery of the singer [[Kathy Kirby]], whom he heard singing at the age of 16 at the [[Ilford|Ilford Palais]]. He started a long personal relationship with Kirby and promoted her career.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/tv-radio-obituaries/8526908/Kathy-Kirby.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Kathy Kirby | date=20 May 2011}}</ref>

It was during the recording of one of Kirby's television programmes (at the [[Yorkshire Television]] studios) that Ambrose collapsed, dying later the same night in [[Leeds General Infirmary]].<ref name="Larkin"/> His music was kept alive after his death by, among others, [[BBC Radio 2|Radio 2]] broadcasters [[Alan Dell]] and [[Malcolm Laycock]], the latter continuing to play his records into the 21st century.

Specialist dance band radio stations, such as Radio Dismuke and Swing Street Radio, continue to play his records. Ambrose also features regularly on the [[Manx Radio]] programme [[Sweet and Swing|''Sweet & Swing'']], presented by Howard Caine.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

Ambrose was commemorated in 2005 by a [[blue plaque]] unveiled on the May Fair Hotel.<ref name='EngHet'>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/ambrose-bert|title=AMBROSE, BERT (C. 1896–1971)|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web
| title = Internet Archive Search: Bert Ambrose – archive.org (multimedia content in the public domain)
| url =https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22bert%20ambrose%22
| accessdate =29 April 2012}}
*[http://www.mgthomas.co.uk/dancebands/Musicians/MusicianPages/Ambrose.htm Ambrose] – from the Dance Band Encyclopaedia
*[http://www.jabw.demon.co.uk/ambrose.htm jabw vintage report No 6]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambrose}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:British bandleaders]]
[[Category:English bandleaders]]
[[Category:English violinists]]
[[Category:British male violinists]]
[[Category:20th-century conductors (music)]]
[[Category:20th-century violinists]]
[[Category:20th-century English musicians]]
[[Category:Brunswick Records artists]]
[[Category:Decca Records artists]]
[[Category:20th-century British male musicians]]

Christopher Steele

2020-05-13T10:03:32Z

83.83.44.43:

{{short description|British intelligence officer, author of Donald Trump-Russia dossier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{otherpeople5|Christopher Steel (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Christopher Steele
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|6|24|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Aden]], [[Federation of South Arabia|South Arabia]] (now [[Yemen]])
|death_date =
|death_place =
|education = [[Girton College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|occupation = [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (1987–2009) Private intelligence consultant
}}

'''Christopher David Steele''' (born 24 June 1964) is a British former [[intelligence officer]] with the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] MI6 from 1987 until his retirement in 2009. He ran the Russia desk at MI6 headquarters in London between 2006 and 2009. In 2009, he co-founded Orbis Business Intelligence, a [[London]]-based [[Private intelligence agency|private intelligence firm]].

Steele authored [[Trump–Russia dossier|a dossier]] using anonymous sources that claims Russia collected a file of [[Kompromat|compromising information]] on [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]].<ref name="Guardian_Staff_2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/12/christopher-steele-ex-mi6-officer-named-as-author-of-trump-dossier|title=Trump dossier: Christopher Steele, ex-MI6 officer, named as author|date=12 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="WSJ_Hope_2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/christopher-steele-ex-british-intelligence-officer-said-to-have-prepared-dossier-on-trump-1484162553|title=Christopher Steele, Ex-British Intelligence Officer, Said to Have Prepared Dossier on Trump|last=Bradley|first=Hope|date=11 January 2017|last2=Rothfeld|first2=Michael|last3=Cullison|first3=Alan|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Trump and his supporters have claimed<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Lori |title=Dossier Not What 'Started All of This' |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2019/03/dossier-not-what-started-all-of-this/ |website=factcheck.org |date=27 March 2019|accessdate=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kiely |first1=Eugene |title=Trump's Spin on Democratic Memo |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2018/02/trumps-spin-democratic-memo/ |website=factcheck.org |accessdate=2 April 2019|date=27 February 2018}}</ref> that U.S. intelligence community probes into Russian interference in the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 election]] were launched due to Steele's dossier.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ken|last=Dilanian|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/why-team-trump-wrong-about-carter-page-dossier-secret-warrant-n893666|title=Why Trump is wrong about Carter Page, the dossier and the FISA warrant|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en|date=July 23, 2018|access-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref> The [[House Intelligence Committee]], then in Republican control, concluded in an April 2018 report that the probe had been triggered based on information on Trump adviser [[George Papadopoulos]]; meanwhile the February 2018 [[Nunes memo]] written by staff members for that committee reached the same conclusion.<ref name="Yen_Woodward_Tucker_4/1/2019"/><ref name="Qiu_5/21/2019"/>

== Early life ==

Christopher David Steele was born in the [[Yemen]]i city of [[Aden]] (then part of the [[Federation of South Arabia]]), on 24 June 1964.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name="Dip1996" >{{cite book |title=The Diplomatic Service List |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1996 |page=235 |quote=Steele, Christopher David; Second later First Secretary FCO since April 1993; born 24.6.64; FCO 1987; Second Secretary (Chancery) Moscow 1990; FCO 1987; m 1990 Laura Katharine Hunt.}}</ref> His parents, Perris and Janet, had met while working at the [[Met Office]], the United Kingdom's national weather service. His paternal grandfather was a coal miner from [[Pontypridd]] in [[Wales]].<ref name="web"/> Steele spent time growing up in Aden, the [[Shetland Islands]], and Cyprus, as well as at [[Wellington College, Berkshire]].<ref name="web"/>

Steele matriculated at [[Girton College, Cambridge]] in 1982. While at the [[University of Cambridge]], he wrote for the [[student newspaper]], ''[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]''.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name="web">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |title=How Trump walked into Putin's web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/15/how-trump-walked-into-putins-web-luke |date=15 November 2017 |first=Luke |last=Harding |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116164744/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/15/how-trump-walked-into-putins-web-luke}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2017/01/13/everything-know-christopher-steele-cambridge-mi6-spy-86612 |publisher=[[The Tab]] |title=Everything we know about Christopher Steele, the Cambridge MI6 spy |first=Hannah |last=Dawson |date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113192708/http://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2017/01/13/everything-know-christopher-steele-cambridge-mi6-spy-86612 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the Easter term of 1986, Steele was [[List of Presidents of The Cambridge Union|President]] of the [[Cambridge Union]] debating society.<ref name="Arena">{{cite book |title=Arena of Ambition: A History of the Cambridge Union |first=Stephen |last=Parkinson |year=2009 |page=368 |isbn=978-1848310612 |publisher=Icon}}</ref><ref name="VF" /> He graduated with a degree in [[Faculty of Human, Social, and Political Science, University of Cambridge|Social and Political Sciences]] in 1986.<ref>The Cambridge University List of Members</ref>

== Career ==

Steele was recruited by [[MI6]] directly following his graduation from Cambridge<ref name="Dip1996" /> and worked for MI6 for 22 years.<ref name="Harding_Sabbagh_11/1/2019"/> He worked in London at the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] (FCO) from 1987 to 1989.<ref name="Dip1996" /> From 1990 to 1993, Steele worked under diplomatic cover as an [[MI6]] officer in Moscow, serving at the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom in Moscow]].<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name="VF" /><ref name="tg-who-is">{{cite web|last1=Rayner|first1=Gordon|title=Who is Christopher Steele, the former British spy who created the Donald Trump Russia dossier?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/12/christopher-steelethe-former-british-spy-created-donald-trump/|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Steele was an "internal traveller", visiting newly-accessible cities such as [[Samara]] and [[Kazan]].<ref name="web"/><ref name="dsma">{{cite news |url=http://motherboard.vice.com/en_au/read/uk-asks-journalists-to-not-name-ex-agent-allegedly-behind-trump-report-d-notice |publisher=[[Vice News]] |title=UK Asks Journalists to Not Name Ex-Agent Allegedly Behind Trump Report |first=Joseph |last=Cox |date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113162731/http://motherboard.vice.com/en_au/read/uk-asks-journalists-to-not-name-ex-agent-allegedly-behind-trump-report-d-notice |archive-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://cryptome.org/mi6-list.htm |publisher=[[Cryptome]] |archive-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106222014/http://cryptome.org/mi6-list.htm |title=List of MI6 Officers |quote=Christopher David Steele: 90 Moscow; dob 1964. |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He returned to London in 1993, working again at the FCO until his posting with the British Embassy in Paris in 1998, where he served [[under cover|under diplomatic cover]] until 2002. But Steele's identity as an MI6 officer and a hundred and sixteen other British spies had their cover blown by an anonymously [[Richard Tomlinson#List of MI6 agents|published list]] that [[Her Majesty's Government]] attempted to suppress through a [[DSMA-Notice]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/13/richardnortontaylor1|title=MI6: The nightmare scenario as a rogue agent goes public|last=Norton-Taylor|first=By Richard|date=1999-05-13|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-06-12|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name=tg-who-is /><ref name="Forbes" >{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Forbes]] |quote=A diplomatic service list published by the British government shows that Steele, 52, was posted to the U.K.'s Moscow embassy in 1990 with the title of "Second Secretary (Chancery)." |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardbehar/2017/01/11/could-this-be-the-british-mi6-agent-behind-the-trump-fbi-memos/#1d043c7c37da |first=Richard |last=Behar |title=Could This Be The British Ex-MI6 Agent Behind The Trump FBI Memos? |access-date=12 January 2017 |date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Ex-MI6 officer Christopher Steele in hiding after Trump dossier |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-38591382 |date=12 January 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112170641/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-38591382 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Dip1999" >{{cite book |page=297 |title=The Diplomatic Service List |author=Diplomatic Service Administration Office |year=1999 |quote=Steele, Christopher David; First Secretary (Financial) Paris since September 1998; born 24.6.64; FCO 1987; Second Secretary (Chancery) Moscow 1990; Second later First Secretary FCO 1993; First Secretary Bangkok 1998; m 1990 Laura Katharine Hunt (2s 1996, 1998).}}</ref>

In 2003, Steele was sent to [[Bagram Airfield]] in Afghanistan as part of an MI6 team, briefing [[Special Forces]] on "kill or capture" missions for [[Taliban]] targets, and also spent time teaching new MI6 recruits.<ref name=tg-who-is /> Steele returned to London and between 2006 and 2009 he headed the Russia Desk at MI6.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name="web"/><ref name="VF" /><ref name="vouch">{{cite news|author=Nick Hopkins & Luke Harding|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/12/intelligence-sources-vouch-credibility-donald-trump-russia-dossier-author|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Donald Trump dossier: intelligence sources vouch for author's credibility|date=12 January 2017|quote=Over a career that spanned more than 20 years, Steele performed a series of roles, but always appeared to be drawn back to Russia; he was, sources say, head of MI6's Russia desk.}}</ref>

Steele's expertise on Russia remained valued, and he served as a senior officer under [[John Scarlett]], Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), from 2004 to 2009.<ref name="vouch" /> Steele was a [[counterintelligence]] specialist<ref name="Harding_Sabbagh_11/1/2019">{{cite web | last=Harding | first=Luke | last2=Sabbagh | first2=Dan | title=Trump-Russia dossier author gave evidence to UK intrusion inquiry | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 1, 2019 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/01/trump-russia-dossier-author-gave-evidence-to-uk-intrusion-inquiry | access-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref> and was selected as [[case officer]] for [[Alexander Litvinenko]] and participated in the investigation of the [[poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko|Litvinenko poisoning]] in 2006.<ref name=tg-who-is /> It was Steele who quickly realised that Litvinenko's death "was a Russian state 'hit{{' "}}.<ref name="vouch" /> Twelve years later he allegedly was included himself into a hit list of the Russian [[Federal Security Service]], along with [[Sergei Skripal]] who was [[Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal|poisoned in 2018]] by a binary chemical weapon [[Novichok]] in Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russian-ex-spy-says-he-was-kremlin-hit-list-along-n860641|title=Russian ex-spy says he was on Kremlin 'hit list' along with poisoned Skripal|publisher=}}</ref>

Since 2009 Steele has not been to Russia, or visited any former Soviet states and in 2012, an Orbis informant quoted an FSB-agent describing him as an "enemy of Mother Russia".<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/> Steele has refrained from travelling to the United States since his identity became public, citing the political and legal situation.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Sky News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011172925/https://news.sky.com/story/trump-dossier-author-christopher-steele-breaks-18-month-silence-11522468 |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |title=Ex-MI6 spy's veiled swipe at Donald Trump revealed |date=October 10, 2018 |first=Deborah |last=Haynes |url=https://news.sky.com/story/trump-dossier-author-christopher-steele-breaks-18-month-silence-11522468 |quote=The former intelligence officer indicated he is unable to travel to the US at a time of deep divisions between Republicans and Democrats over the Russia probe.}}</ref>

In 2012, Orbis was sub-contracted by a law firm representing [[Oleg Deripaska]],<ref name="Mayer_11/25/2019">{{cite web | last=Mayer | first=Jane | title=The Inside Story of Christopher Steele's Trump Dossier | website=[[The New Yorker]] | date=November 25, 2019 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-inside-story-of-christopher-steeles-trump-dossier | access-date=November 27, 2019}}</ref> who was also a 'person of interest' to the Senate Intelligence Committee's investigation into Russia’s election interference.<ref name="Bertrand_6/5/2019">{{cite web | last=Bertrand | first=Natasha | title=Senate Intelligence Committee summons mysterious British security consultant | website=[[Politico]] | date=June 5, 2019 | url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/05/senate-intelligence-committee-british-security-consultant-1353675 | access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2016, together with [[Bruce Ohr]], Steele cooperated with the FBI's and Justice Department's unsuccessful efforts to [[Turn state's evidence|flip]] Deripaska into an [[informant]].<ref name="Vogel_Rosenberg_9/1/2018">{{cite web | last1=Vogel | first1=Kenneth P. | last2=Rosenberg | first2=Matthew | title=Agents Tried to Flip Russian Oligarchs. The Fallout Spread to Trump. | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=September 1, 2018 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/01/us/politics/deripaska-ohr-steele-fbi.html | access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>

== Private sector ==

In March 2009, Steele with his fellow MI6-retiree Chris Burrows co-founded the [[private intelligence agency]] Orbis Business Intelligence, Ltd., based in [[Grosvenor Square|Grosvenor Square Gardens]].<ref name="hose">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-steele-idUSKBN14W0HN |quote=After he left the spy service, Steele supplied the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with information on corruption at FIFA, international soccer's governing body. |title=Former MI-6 spy known to U.S. agencies is author of reports on Trump in Russia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112171056/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-steele-idUSKBN14W0HN |archive-date=12 January 2017 |first=Mark |last=Hosenball |agency=Reuters |date=12 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="VF" >{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=3 April 2017 |first=Howard |last=Blum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403115858/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/how-the-explosive-russian-dossier-was-compiled-christopher-steele |archive-date=3 April 2017 |date=April 2017 |title=How Ex-Spy Christopher Steele Compiled His Explosive Trump-Russia Dossier |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/how-the-explosive-russian-dossier-was-compiled-christopher-steele}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2016, Steele created over 100 reports on Russian and Ukrainian issues, which were read within the [[United States Department of State]], and he was viewed as credible by the [[United States intelligence community]].<ref name="web"/> The business was commercially successful, grossing approximately $20,000,000 in the first nine years of operation.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/>

Steele ran an investigation dubbed "Project Charlemagne", which noted Russian interference in the domestic politics of [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[Turkey]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/> Steele concluded in April 2016 that Russia was engaged in an [[information warfare]] campaign with the goal of destroying the [[European Union]].<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/>

In 2017, Steele established a new company called Chawton Holdings, again with Christopher Burrows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/british-spy-behind-donald-trump-dossier-creates-new-company-jane-austen-link-1628084 |website=[[International Business Times]] |title=British spy behind Donald Trump dossier creates new company with a Jane Austen link |first=Ian |last=Silvera |date=28 June 2017 |quote=Public records show that Steele has set up Chawton Holdings with his business partner and fellow former intelligence officer, Christopher Burrows.}}</ref> In November 2018, Steele sued the German industrial group [[Bilfinger]], alleging that the company owed €150,000 for an investigation into Bilfinger's activities in [[Nigeria]] and [[Sakhalin]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump dossier author suing engineering firm for alleged unpaid work |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/08/trump-dossier-author-christopher-steele-suing-engineering-firm |date=November 8, 2018 |first=Luke |last=Harding |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

=== FIFA research ===

In 2010, [[The Football Association]] (FA), England's domestic football governing body, organized a [[England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid|committee]] in hopes of hosting the 2018 or 2022 World Cups.<ref name="fifa">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/07/opinion/sunday/world-cup-fifa-corruption-russia.html |title=Did Russia Steal the World Cup? |date=6 June 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Ken |last=Bensinger |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> The FA hired Steele's company to investigate [[FIFA]] (International Federation of Association Football). In advance of the FBI launching its [[2015 FIFA corruption case]], members of the FBI's Eurasian Organized Crime Task Force met with Steele in London to discuss allegations of possible corruption in FIFA.<ref name="hose" /><ref name="yahooIsikoff">{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/the-man-behind-the-trump-dossier-was-former-british-spy-004221154.html |publisher=[[Yahoo News]] |title=The British ex-spy behind the Trump dossier was an FBI asset |first=Michael |last=Isikoff |date=11 January 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112171719/https://www.yahoo.com/news/the-man-behind-the-trump-dossier-was-former-british-spy-004221154.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Steele's research indicated that Russian [[Deputy Prime Minister of Russia|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Igor Sechin]] had rigged [[2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids|the bidding of the 2018 World Cups]] by employing bribery.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/>

== Steele dossier ==

{{Main|Steele dossier}}

=== Background and information gathering ===

In September 2015, the ''[[Washington Free Beacon]]'', a conservative publication, retained the services of [[Fusion GPS]], a private Washington D.C. political [[research]] firm, to conduct research on several primary Republican Party candidates including Trump. The research was not primarily related to Russia and was ended once Trump was determined to be the presidential nominee.

The firm was subsequently hired by the [[Hillary Clinton]] campaign and the [[Democratic National Committee]] through their shared attorney at Perkins Coie, [[Marc Elias]]. Fusion GPS then hired Steele<ref name="tg-terrified">{{cite news|last1=Rayner|first1=Gordon|title=Former MI6 officer Christopher Steele, who produced Donald Trump Russian dossier, 'terrified for his safety' and went to ground before name released|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/11/former-mi6-officer-produced-donald-trump-russian-dossier-terrified/|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> to investigate Trump's Russia-related activities,<ref name="hose" /> and it was this investigation that produced what became known as the Steele dossier.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Krieg|first1=Gregory|title=Clinton, the DNC and the making of the 'Trump dossier'—what we know|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/26/politics/trump-clinton-podesta-steele-dossier-fusion-gps/|website=[[CNN]]|accessdate=28 October 2017|date=28 October 2017}}</ref>

In July 2016, Steele supplied a report he had written to an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent in Rome.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/12/lurid-donald-trump-dossier-casts-shadow-mi6-christopher-steele/ |title=Donald Trump dossier casts a shadow over MI6 and Christopher Steele, the man it trusted in Moscow |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=12 January 2017 |accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> His contact at the FBI was the same senior agent with whom he had worked when investigating the FIFA scandal.<ref name="tg-who-is" /><ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/>

In September 2016, Steele held a series of [[Source (journalism)#Using confidential information|off the record]] meetings with journalists from ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[Yahoo! News]], ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and [[CNN]].<ref name="web"/> In October 2016, Steele spoke about his discoveries to [[David Corn]] of the progressive American political magazine ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]''. Steele said he decided to pass his dossier to both British and American intelligence officials after concluding that the material should not just be in the hands of political opponents of Trump, but was a matter of national security for both countries.<ref name="MJ31Oct">{{cite magazine|first=David|last=Corn|authorlink=David Corn|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/veteran-spy-gave-fbi-info-alleging-russian-operation-cultivate-donald-trump|title=A Veteran Spy Has Given the FBI Information Alleging a Russian Operation to Cultivate Donald Trump|magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> Corn's resulting 31 October article in ''Mother Jones'' was the first to publicly mention some information which became part of the dossier, although the article did not disclose Steele's identity.<ref name="MJ31Oct" /> The magazine did not publish the dossier itself, however, or detail its allegations, since they could not be verified.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Matt|last=Taibbi|authorlink=Matt Taibbi|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/the-russia-story-reaches-a-crisis-point-w460806|title=The Russia Story Reaches a Crisis Point|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>

=== Whistleblower ===

Steele's reaction to the revelations from his sources has been described as that of a [[whistleblower]]. Steele has stated that he soon found "troubling information indicating connections between Trump and the Russian government". According to his sources, "there was an established exchange of information between the Trump campaign and the Kremlin of mutual benefit".<ref name="Corn_10/31/2016">{{cite web | last=Corn | first=David |authorlink=David Corn| date=October 31, 2016 | title=A Veteran Spy Has Given the FBI Information Alleging a Russian Operation to Cultivate Donald Trump | website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] | url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/veteran-spy-gave-fbi-info-alleging-russian-operation-cultivate-donald-trump/ | access-date=December 24, 2017 }}</ref> According to Harding, "Steele was shocked by the extent of collusion his sources were reporting", and told his friends: "For anyone who reads it, this is a life-changing experience."<ref name="Borger_11/15/2017">{{cite web | last=Borger | first=Julian | title=Christopher Steele believes his dossier on Trump-Russia is 70-90% accurate | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 15, 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/15/christopher-steele-trump-russia-dossier-accurate | access-date=January 22, 2018}}</ref> Steele felt that what he had unearthed "was something of huge significance, way above party politics."<ref name="Blum_3/30/2017">{{cite web | last=Blum | first=Howard | title=How Ex-Spy Christopher Steele Compiled His Explosive Trump-Russia Dossier | website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | date=March 30, 2017 | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/how-the-explosive-russian-dossier-was-compiled-christopher-steele | access-date=December 24, 2017}}</ref> American reporter [[Howard Blum]] described Steele's rationale for becoming a [[whistleblower]]: "The greater good trumps all other concerns."<ref name="Blum_3/30/2017"/>

On his own initiative, Steele decided to also pass the information to British and American intelligence services because he believed the findings were a matter of [[national security]] for both countries.<ref name="Levine_1/12/2018">{{cite web |last=Levine |first=Mike |title=FBI vets: What many are missing about the infamous 'dossier' amid Russia probe |website=[[ABC News]] |date=January 12, 2018 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/fbi-vets-missing-infamous-dossier-amid-russia-probe/story?id=52309501 |access-date=February 26, 2018 |quote="Chris said he was very concerned about whether this represented a national security threat and said{{nbsp}}... he thought we were obligated to tell someone in government, in our government about this information," Glenn Simpson, the man who hired Steele to conduct opposition research on Trump, told Senate staffers in a transcript released Tuesday. "He said he was professionally obligated to do it." }}</ref><ref name="Sengupta_1/13/2017">{{cite web | last=Sengupta | first=Kim | title=Ex-MI6 agent so worried by his Donald Trump discoveries he started working without pay | website=[[The Independent]] | date=January 13, 2017 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-dossier-file-investigation-hacking-christopher-steele-mi6-a7526901.html | access-date=March 3, 2018}}</ref> According to Simpson's testimony, Steele, who enjoyed a good working reputation "for the knowledge he had developed over nearly 20 years working on Russia-related issues for [[British intelligence]],<ref name="Hamburger_2/28/2017">{{cite web |last1=Hamburger |first1=Tom |last2=Helderman |first2=Rosalind S. |title=FBI once planned to pay former British spy who authored controversial Trump dossier |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fbi-once-planned-to-pay-former-british-spy-who-authored-controversial-trump-dossier/2017/02/28/896ab470-facc-11e6-9845-576c69081518_story.html |date=February 28, 2017 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=March 1, 2017}}</ref> approached the [[FBI]] because he was concerned that Trump, then a candidate, was being [[blackmail]]ed by Russia,<ref name="Herb_Raju_Cohen_1/10/2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/09/politics/feinstein-releases-glenn-simpson-transcript/index.html|title=Fusion co-founder: Dossier author feared Trump was being blackmailed|last=Herb|first=Jeremy|last2=Raju|first2=Manu|date=January 10, 2018|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 21, 2018|quote=Chris said he was very concerned about whether this represented a national security threat and said he wanted to -- he said he thought we were obligated to tell someone in government, in our government about this information," Simpson said. "He thought from his perspective there was an issue -- a security issue about whether a presidential candidate was being blackmailed."|last3=Cohen|first3=Marshall}}</ref> and he became "very concerned about whether this represented a national security threat".<ref name="Levine_1/12/2018"/>

In relation to a defamation lawsuit filed by Aleksej Gubarev against [[BuzzFeed]], regarding their publication of the dossier, [[Master (judiciary)|Senior Master]] Barbara Fontaine said Steele was "in many respects in the same position as a whistle-blower" because of his actions "in sending part of the dossier to Senator [[John McCain]] and a senior government national security official, and in briefing sections of the US media."<ref name="Express_3/21/2018">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Former British spy to provide evidence for BuzzFeed libel trial in US | website=[[Media of Jersey|Bailiwick Express]] | date=March 21, 2018 | url=https://gsy.bailiwickexpress.com/gsy/uk/former-british-spy-provide-evidence-buzzfeed-libel-trial-us/ | access-date=June 2, 2018}}</ref>

=== Post-election work on the dossier ===

Steele continued to work for Fusion GPS on the dossier without a client to pay him.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|last1=Confessore|first1=Scott Shane, Nicholas|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Matthew|title=How a Sensational, Unverified Dossier Became a Crisis for Donald Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/politics/donald-trump-russia-intelligence.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> After the election, Steele's dossier "became one of Washington's worst-kept secrets, and journalists worked to verify the allegations.<ref name="nytimes" /> On 18 November 2016, [[Andrew Wood (diplomat)|Sir Andrew Wood]], British ambassador to Moscow from 1995 to 2000, met with U.S. Senator [[John McCain]] at the [[Halifax International Security Forum]] in Canada, and told McCain about the existence of the collected materials about Trump.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Jim|title=Timeline: That Russian Trump blackmail dossier has been making the rounds for months—here is how it finally came to light|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/timeline-russia-trump-sex-blackmail-golden-shower-dossier-2017-1?r=UK&IR=T|website=Business Insider|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> Wood vouched for Steele's professionalism and integrity.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Kim|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-dossier-leak-sir-andrew-wood-john-mccain-british-ambassador-spy-a7524931.html|title=Revealed: former British ambassador Sir Andrew Wood's key role in Trump investigation|work=The Independent|date=12 January 2017|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref> In early December, McCain obtained a copy of the dossier from [[David J. Kramer]], a former U.S. State Department official working at [[Arizona State University]].<ref name="nytimes" /> On 9 December 2016, McCain met personally with FBI Director [[James Comey]] to pass on the information.<ref name="timeline" />

In a second memo Steele wrote in November 2016, after the termination of his contract with Fusion, he reported that Russian officials had claimed that Russia had blocked Donald Trump from nominating [[Mitt Romney]] to be his [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], due to Romney's hawkishness on Russia.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref>{{cite news |quote=According to the report, Mr. Steele created another, previously unreleased memo in late November 2016, which said the Kremlin "intervened to block" Mr. Trump's choice of Mr. Romney for secretary of state. The memo is attributed to a single source described as "a senior Russian official." |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-trolls-tried-to-torpedo-mitt-romneys-shot-at-secretary-of-state-1520505000 |date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20180308134349/https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-trolls-tried-to-torpedo-mitt-romneys-shot-at-secretary-of-state-1520505000 |first=Rob |last=Barry |first2=Shelby |last2=Holliday |title=Russian Trolls Tried to Torpedo Mitt Romney's Shot at Secretary of State}}</ref>

=== Revealed identity ===

On 11 January 2017, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' revealed that Steele was the author of the dossier about Trump, citing "people familiar with the matter".<ref name="WSJ_Hope_2017"/> Although the dossier's existence had been "common knowledge" among journalists for months at that point and had become public knowledge during the previous week, Steele's name had not been revealed. ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' asserted that Steele's anonymity had been "fatally compromised" after [[CNN]] published his nationality.<ref name="tg-terrified" />

''[[The Independent]]'' reported that Steele left his home in England several hours before his name was published as the author of the dossier, as he was fearful of retaliation by Russian authorities.<ref name="tg-terrified" /> In contrast, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that he left after he had been identified earlier in the day by the initial ''Wall Street Journal'' report.<ref name="WashingtonPost_Dossier1_2017">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/01/12/this-former-british-spy-was-identified-as-the-trump-dossier-source-now-he-is-in-hiding/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=This former British spy was identified as the Trump dossier source. Now he is in hiding. |first=Karla |last=Adam |date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Christopher Burrows, director of Orbis Business Intelligence, Ltd., said he would not "confirm or deny" that Orbis had produced the dossier.<ref name="NBC_Memo_2017">{{cite web|last=Nichols |first=Hans |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/former-british-spy-christopher-steele-prepared-explosive-trump-memo-n705891 |title=Former British Spy Christopher Steele Prepared Explosive Trump Memo |publisher=[[NBC News]] |accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Steele's relationship with the FBI ended, variously associated with either the public revelation of Steele's identity, or Steele's release of information to the press, or Steele's denial to the FBI of having spoken to the press.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fbi-once-planned-to-pay-former-british-spy-who-authored-controversial-trump-dossier/2017/02/28/896ab470-facc-11e6-9845-576c69081518_story.html|title=FBI once planned to pay former British spy who authored controversial Trump dossier|last=Hamburger|first=Tom|date=28 February 2017|work=Washington Post|access-date=2 February 2018|last2=Helderman|first2=Rosalind S.|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/read-the-fisa-memo_us_5a731280e4b0bf6e6e2236d9|title=Read The GOP's Controversial Secret FISA Memo|last=Lavender|first=Paige|date=2 February 2018|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> One source dates this event to late October 2016.<ref>Andrew C. McCarthy. [https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/02/grassley-graham-memo-affirms-nunes-memo-fisa-steele-dossier/ Grassley–Graham Memo Affirms Nunes Memo—Media Yawns]. ''National Review''. 10 February 2018.</ref>

On 7 March 2017, as some members of the United States Congress were expressing interest in meeting with or hearing testimony from Steele, he reemerged after weeks in hiding, appearing publicly on camera and stating, "I'm really pleased to be back here working again at the Orbis's offices in London today".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/donald-trump-russia-dossier-christopher-steele-ex-spy-british-a7616326.html|title=Ex-British spy Christopher Steele breaks silence over Trump Russia dossier|date=7 March 2017|work=The Independent|access-date=11 March 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Disclosure and reactions ===

In early January 2017, a two-page summary of the dossier was presented to President [[Barack Obama]] and incoming President Donald Trump in meetings with Director of National Intelligence [[James Clapper]], FBI Director [[James Comey]], CIA Director [[John O. Brennan|John Brennan]], and NSA Director Admiral [[Michael S. Rogers|Mike Rogers]].<ref>{{cite web|first1=Steve|last1=Robson|first2=Christopher|last2=Bucktin|first3=Louise|last3=Sassoon|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/cia-believes-russia-more-one-9607370|title=CIA 'believes Russia has more than one Donald Trump sex tape and second source claims it DOES exist'|website=[[Daily Mirror|Mirror Online]]|date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

On 10 January 2017, [[BuzzFeed]] was the first media outlet to publish the full 35-page dossier. In publishing the Trump dossier, BuzzFeed said it had been unable to verify or corroborate the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|first=Masha|last=Gessen|authorlink=Masha Gessen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/opinion/sunday/lessons-from-russia-verify-everything-dont-publish-rumors.html|title=Lessons From Russia: Verify Everything, Don't Publish Rumors|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 14, 2017}}</ref> The UK issued a DSMA notice on 10 January 2017, requesting that the media not release Steele's identity,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Register on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/TheRegister/status/819281049985257472|website=Twitter|accessdate=26 January 2017|date=11 January 2017|quote=US media names ex-MI6 agent as source of the CNN/BuzzFeed dossier on Trump. UK media gets a D-Notice{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> although the BBC and other UK news media released the information in news stories the same day.<ref name=dsma /> Trump vigorously denied the dossier's allegations, calling it “[[fake news]]” during a press conference.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jamieson|first1=Amber|title='You are fake news': Trump attacks CNN and BuzzFeed at press conference|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/11/trump-attacks-cnn-buzzfeed-at-press-conference|accessdate=7 July 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> [[Vladimir Putin]] also dismissed the claims.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chaplain|first1=Chloe|title=Vladimir Putin: Russian prostitutes are the best in the world|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/vladimir-putin-russian-prostitutes-are-the-best-in-the-world-a3443261.html|accessdate=7 July 2017|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=18 January 2017}}</ref>

[[Ynet]], an Israeli online news site, reported that American intelligence advised Israeli intelligence officers to be cautious about sharing information with the incoming Trump administration, until the possibility of Russian influence over Trump, suggested by Steele's report, has been fully investigated.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ronen|last=Bergman|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4906642,00.html|title=US intel sources warn Israel against sharing secrets with Trump administration|website=[[Ynet]]|date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Former British ambassador to Russia, Sir [[Tony Brenton]], read Steele's report. Speaking on [[Sky News]] he said, "I've seen quite a lot of intelligence on Russia, and there are some things in it which look pretty shaky". Brenton expressed some doubts due to discrepancies in how the dossier described aspects of the hacking activities, as well as Steele's ability to penetrate the Kremlin and Russian security agencies, given that he is an outsider.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trump dossier 'shaky'—former British envoy|url=http://news.sky.com/story/trump-dossier-shaky-ex-british-envoy-to-russia-says-10726703|website=[[Sky News]]|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=13 January 2017}}</ref>

On 15 March 2017, former Acting CIA Director [[Michael Morell]] raised questions about the dossier. He was concerned about the accuracy of the information, due to the approach taken by Steele to gather it. Steele gave money to intermediaries and the intermediaries paid the sources. Morell said, "Unless you know the sources, and unless you know how a particular source acquired a particular piece of information, you can't judge the information—you just can't." Morell continues to believe that Russia attempted to influence the 2016 U.S. presidential election.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dilanian|first1=Ken|title=Clinton Ally Michael Morell says no evidence of Trump–Russia collusion|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/clinton-ally-says-smoke-no-fire-no-russia-trump-collusion-n734176|website=[[NBC News]]|accessdate=28 March 2017|language=en|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>

==== Role in the origins of the FBI's Russia investigation ====

Although the dossier later became one factor among many in the [[Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)|Russia investigation]], it had no role in the start of the investigation. This fact has been the subject of intense discussion and controversy, largely fueled by false claims made by Trump and his supporters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/3/22/18277089/fox-news-steele-dossier-lie-trump-witch-hunt|title=Fox News has normalized a lie about the origins of the Russia investigation|first=Aaron|last=Rupar|date=March 22, 2019|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref><ref name="Cassidy_2/2/2018">{{cite web | last=Cassidy | first=John | title=The Nunes Memo Undermines the Right's Trump-Russia Conspiracy Theory | newspaper=[[The New Yorker]] | date=February 2, 2018 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-nunes-memo-undermines-the-rights-trump-russia-conspiracy-theory | access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref>

In early February 2018, the [[Nunes memo]], written by aides of Republican [[U.S. Representative]] [[Devin Nunes]] (who was at the time the Chair of the [[House Intelligence Committee]]), described that the information on George Papadopoulos "triggered the opening of" the original FBI investigation in late July 2016 into links between the Trump campaign and Russia.<ref>Multiple sources:
# {{cite web |title=We annotated the full Nunes memo on the Russia probe |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/we-annotated-the-full-nunes-memo-on-the-russia-probe |publisher=[[PBS]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=The memo underscores the intensifying partisan debate over special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into the Trump campaign's possible ties to Russia.{{nbsp}}... The Papadopoulos information triggered the opening of an FBI counterintelligence investigation in late July 2016 by FBI agent Pete Strzok.}}
# {{cite web |last1=Emmons |first1=Alex |last2=Aaronson |first2=Trevor |title=Nunes memo accidentally confirms the legitimacy of the FBI's investigation |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/02/02/nunes-memo-fisa-trump-russia/ |work=[[The Intercept]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=Despite rhetoric that could help to undermine Mueller's investigation, the Nunes memo specifically says that George Papadopoulos sparked the counterintelligence investigation that ultimately led to the resignation of National Security Adviser Michael Flynn, the firing of FBI Director James Comey, and the appointment of Mueller as special counsel.|date=2 February 2018 }}
# {{cite web |last1=French |first1=David |title=The Big Flaw in the Memo |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/02/nunes-memo-big-flaw-confirms-new-york-times-story/ |work=[[National Review]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=Well, if the newly released Nunes memo is correct, House Republicans and the Trump administration just confirmed the Times' scoop{{nbsp}}... Ironically enough, the memo in fact confirms the necessity of the Special Counsel Robert Mueller.|date=2 February 2018 }}
# {{cite news |last1=Yuhas |first1=Alex |title=What is the Devin Nunes memo about and how does it affect Trump? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/03/what-is-the-nunes-memo-and-why-important |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=The four-page document released on Friday is at the heart of a firestorm over Donald Trump, Russia and special counsel Robert Mueller. What's in it?{{nbsp}}... the memo acknowledges that Papadopoulos, not Page, "triggered the opening of an FBI counterintelligence investigation in late July 2016".}}
# {{cite news |last1=Easley |first1=Jonathan |title=Memo: Papadopoulos info triggered FBI's Russia investigation |url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/372043-memo-papadopoulos-info-triggered-fbis-russia-investigation |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=according to the memo released Friday by House Intelligence Committee Republicans{{nbsp}}... Russia investigation itself—and by extension, special counsel Robert Mueller's probe—was launched from{{nbsp}}... 'information' about Papadapoulos, rather than the dossier.}}
# {{cite web |last1=Levitz |first1=Eric |title=6 Quick Takeaways From the Nunes Memo |url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/02/5-quick-takeaways-from-the-nunes-memo.html |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=But the memo doesn't just fail to discredit the investigation into the Trump campaign—it actually confirms its validity. The core of the GOP's argument against the Mueller probe has been that it was based on unsubstantiated allegations gathered by a Clinton operative. The memo suggests this might be true of the Carter Page warrant—but not of the broader investigation.}}
# {{cite web |last1=Tucker |first1=Eric |last2=Jalonick |first2=Mary |last3=Day |first3=Chad |title=Trump claims memo 'totally vindicates' him in Russia probe |url=https://apnews.com/7fb0980b01e44421af41e6ef530c20b7 |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |quote=Even as Democrats described it as inaccurate, some Republicans quickly cited the memo—released over the objections of the FBI and Justice Department—in their arguments that Mueller's investigation is politically tainted. A closer read presents a far more nuanced picture{{nbsp}}... the memo confirms the FBI's counterintelligence investigation into the Trump campaign began in July 2016, months before the surveillance warrant was sought, and was "triggered" by information concerning campaign aide George Papadopoulos. }}
</ref> In late February 2018, a [[Nunes memo#Rebuttal_memo|rebuttal memo]] by Democrats in the House Intelligence Committee stated that "Christopher Steele's reporting{{nbsp}}... played no role in launching the counterintelligence investigation{{nbsp}}... In fact, Steele's reporting did not reach the counterintelligence team investigating Russia at FBI headquarters until mid-September 2016, more than seven weeks after the FBI opened its investigation, because the probe's existence was so closely held within the FBI."<ref name="Philips_2/24/2018">{{cite web |last1=Philips |first1=Amber |title=Read the Democratic rebuttal to the Nunes memo, annotated |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/02/24/read-the-democratic-rebuttal-to-the-nunes-memo-annotated/ |date=February 24, 2018 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=April 3, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Prokop_2/24/2018">{{cite web |last1=Prokop |first1=Andrew |title=Read: Democrats' response to the Nunes memo was just released |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/2/24/17048764/schiff-memo-nunes-read-full-text-pdf |date=February 24, 2018 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |accessdate=April 3, 2019}}</ref>

In April 2018, the House Intelligence Committee, then under Republican control, released a final report on Russian interference in the 2016 election; the report said the House Intelligence Committee had found that "in late July 2016, the FBI opened an enterprise CI [counterintelligence] investigation into the Trump campaign following the receipt of derogatory information about foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos".<ref name="Yen_Woodward_Tucker_4/1/2019">{{cite web |last1=Yen |first1=Hope |last2=Woodward |first2=Calvin |last3=Tucker |first3=Eric |title=AP Fact Check: Trump's exaggerations about the Russia probe |date=April 1, 2019 |url=https://apnews.com/9ecab02f44654d3c8ee80e8b172926f2 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=April 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Qiu_5/21/2019">{{cite web |last=Qiu |first=Linda |title=Trump Falsely Claims Russia Investigation Started Because of Steele Dossier |date=May 21, 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/us/politics/fact-check-trump-russia-investigation-steele-dossier.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=April 2, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="HRPT-115-1_3/22/2018">{{cite web |title=Report on Active Russian Measures |url=https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG00/20180322/108023/HRPT-115-1.pdf |date=March 22, 2018 |publisher=[[House Intelligence Committee]] |accessdate=April 3, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502222750/https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG00/20180322/108023/HRPT-115-1.pdf |archivedate=May 2, 2018 |page=47 |quote=Finding #17}}</ref>

==== Role in subsequent investigations ====

In the summer of 2017, two Republican staffers for the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] travelled to London to investigate the dossier, visiting the office of Steele's lawyer but not meeting with Steele.<ref name="PoliticoGOP">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/08/04/trump-steele-dossier-russia-241299 |publisher=[[Politico]] |title=Hunt for Trump dossier author inflames Russia probe |first=Ali |last=Watkins |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> In August 2018, [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Devin Nunes]], Chair of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]], travelled to London in an attempt to meet with the heads of [[MI5]], [[MI6]], and [[GCHQ]] for information about Steele, but was rebuffed by the three agencies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/08/devin-nuness-curious-trip-to-london/568699/ |publisher=[[The Atlantic (magazine)|The Atlantic]] |title=Devin Nunes's Curious Trip to London |first=Natasha |last=Bertrand |date=August 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170544/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/08/devin-nuness-curious-trip-to-london/568699/ |archive-date=August 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-nunes/congressman-nunes-sought-meeting-with-uk-spy-chiefs-in-london-idUSKCN1LD1VX |work=[[Reuters]] |date=August 28, 2018 |title=Congressman Nunes sought meeting with UK spy chiefs in London |first=Mark |last=Hosenball |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Graff}}</ref>

Steele reportedly revealed the identities of the sources used in the dossier to the [[FBI]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |title=Trump-Russia dossier sources revealed to the FBI by Christopher Steele |quote=The 35-page document contained several unsubstantiated allegations about Mr Trump, specifically a 2013 trip to Moscow and Mr Steele provided names of the sources of those claims, ABC News reported. |first=Mythili |last=Sampathkumar |date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829132009/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/trump-russia-dossier-sources-christopher-steele-fbi-senate-judiciary-robert-mueller-a7908946.html |archive-date=29 August 2017 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/trump-russia-dossier-sources-christopher-steele-fbi-senate-judiciary-robert-mueller-a7908946.html}}</ref> Investigators from [[Robert Mueller|Robert Mueller's]] [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)|Special Counsel]] [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)#Mueller and investigation team|investigation team]] met with Steele in September 2017 to interview him about the dossier's claims.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |url=http://www.newsweek.com/robert-muellers-team-interview-trump-dossiers-christopher-steele-679435 |first=Graham |last=Lanktree |date=6 October 2017 |title=Robert Mueller's Team Interview Trump Dossier's Christopher Steele}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/05/politics/special-counsel-russia-dossier-christopher-steele/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |quote=Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigators met this past summer with the former British spy whose dossier on alleged Russian efforts to aid the Trump campaign spawned months of investigations that have hobbled the Trump administration, according to two people familiar with the matter. |date=5 October 2017 |first=Evan |last=Perez |first2=Shimon |last2=Prokupecz |first3=Pamela |last3=Brown |title=Exclusive: Mueller's team met with Russia dossier author |archive-url=https://archive.is/20171005221628/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/05/politics/special-counsel-russia-dossier-christopher-steele/index.html |archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> The [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] is in continued contact with lawyers representing Steele.<ref name="buzz1">{{cite web |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/emmaloop/senate-intel-christopher-steele-dossier-interview |title=The Senate Intel Committee Is In Regular Contact With The Trump–Russia Dossier Author |first=Emma |last=Loop |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702221636/https://www.buzzfeed.com/emmaloop/senate-intel-christopher-steele-dossier-interview?utm_term=.as5DG3YN6x#.yt8Dq1xweW |archive-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

Over the course of two days in June 2019, Steele was interviewed in London by investigators from the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General]] regarding the [[Trump–Russia dossier]]. They found his testimony surprising<ref name="PoliticoJuly9">{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/09/christopher-steele-trump-dossier-doj-1403318 |website=[[Politico]] |first=Natasha |last=Bertrand |date=July 9, 2019 |title=Trump dossier author Steele gets 16-hour DOJ grilling}}</ref> and his "information sufficiently credible to have to extend the investigation".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Trump 'dossier' author grilled by Justice Department watchdogs: sources |date=July 9, 2019 |first=Mark |last=Hosenball |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia/trump-dossier-author-grilled-by-justice-department-watchdogs-sources-idUSKCN1U410I |editor-first=Kevin |editor-last=Drawbaugh |editor-first2=Dan |editor-last2=Grebler |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709103309/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia/trump-dossier-author-grilled-by-justice-department-watchdogs-sources-idUSKCN1U410I |archive-date=July 9, 2019}}</ref>

==== Legal action ====

In February 2017, lawyers for Russian internet entrepreneur [[Aleksej Gubarev]] filed a libel suit against Steele in London. Gubarev claimed he was defamed by allegations in the dossier.<ref name=BuzzFeedSuedMcClatchDC20180203>{{cite web|title=BuzzFeed sued over its publication of uncorroborated Trump dossier|url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article130659399.html|website=[[McClatchyDC]]|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=August 21, 2018|last1=Hall|first1=Kevin G.|last2=Goldstein|first2=David|last3=Gordon|first3=Greg}}</ref>

In August 2017, lawyers for Gubarev demanded Steele give a deposition regarding the dossier, as part of a [[libel]] lawsuit against [[BuzzFeed News]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2017/08/10/legal-fight-trump-dossier-christopher-steele-241503 |website=[[Politico]] |title=Legal fight breaks out over deposition of Trump dossier author Christopher Steele |first=Josh |last=Gerstein |date=10 August 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite court |date=10 August 2017 |url=http://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000015d-ce23-d020-a1df-ce37d9510002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811044702/http://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000015d-ce23-d020-a1df-ce37d9510002 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |litigants=Aleksej Gubarev, XBT Holdings S.A., and Webzilla, Inc. v. BuzzFeed, Inc, and Ben Smith |court=[[United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida|United States District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division]]}}</ref> filed in February.<ref name=GubrevBuzzFeedRequestForInternationalJudicialAssistance20170810>{{cite web|title=Aleksej Gubarev, XBT Hodings S.A., and Webzilla, Inc. v. BuzzFeed, Inc. and Ben Smith - Request for International Judicial Assistance|url=https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000015d-ce23-d020-a1df-ce37d9510002|format=PDF|via=[[Politico]]|last=Ungaro|first=Ursula|date=August 10, 2017|access-date=August 21, 2018|author-link=Ursula Mancusi Ungaro}}</ref> Steele objected to testifying but his objections were rejected by U.S. District Court Judge [[Ursula Mancusi Ungaro]], who allowed the deposition to proceed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2017/08/15/judge-denies-trump-spy-libel-241667 |publisher=[[Politico]] |first=Josh |last=Gerstein |date=15 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |title=Judge denies Trump dossier author's bid to scuttle deposition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Law360]] |title=UK Man Tied To Trump Dossier Must Testify In BuzzFeed Row |first=Carolina |last=Bolado |date=15 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/954590/uk-man-tied-to-trump-dossier-must-testify-in-buzzfeed-row |quote=A Florida federal judge declined Tuesday to allow a British security company director who is widely believed to have compiled a dossier alleging Russia has compromising information on President Donald Trump to intervene in a Russian technology executive's [[defamation]] suit against BuzzFeed over the publication of his name in the dossier.}}</ref><ref name=GubrevBuzzFeedRequestForInternationalJudicialAssistance20170810 />

In April 2018, [[Mikhail Fridman]], [[Petr Aven]], and [[German Khan]]—the owners of [[Alfa-Bank|Alfa Bank]]—filed a libel suit against Steele, who mentioned the bank in the [[Trump–Russia dossier]]. The lawsuit is filed in Washington D.C.<ref name=oligarchs>{{cite news|last1=Polantz|first1=Katelyn|title=3 Russian oligarchs sue Christopher Steele|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/20/politics/oligarchs-lawsuit-christopher-steele/index.html|accessdate=22 April 2018|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=20 April 2018}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed by Judge Anthony C. Epstein on August 20, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/21/author-of-trump-russia-dossier-wins-libel-case-in-us-court-christopher-steele |date=August 21, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |title=Author of Trump-Russia dossier wins libel case in US court |first=Luke |last=Harding |quote=On Monday, a judge in the District of Columbia, Anthony C Epstein, upheld a motion by Steele to have the oligarchs' case thrown out.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4779088/Khan-v-Orbis-Order-082018.pdf |title=Khan v Orbis - Order 082018 |date=August 20, 2018 |access-date=August 21, 2018 |first=Anthony C. |last=Epstein |publisher=[[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]]}}</ref>

==== Senate Republicans' referral for a criminal investigation ====

{{Wikisource|Senate Judiciary Committee Interview of Glenn Simpson}}
{{Wikisource|House Intelligence Committee Interview of Glenn Simpson}}

On 5 January 2018, [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] Chairman [[Chuck Grassley]], joined by senior Republican member [[Lindsey Graham]], issued a [[criminal referral]] regarding Steele to the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] for it to investigate whether Steele had lied to the FBI about his interactions with the media.<ref name="DOJRef">{{cite news |first=Charles E. |last=Grassley |first2=Lindsey O. |last2=Graham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205174818/https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2018-02-02%20CEG%20LG%20to%20DOJ%20FBI%20(Unclassified%20Steele%20Referral).pdf |archive-date=5 February 2018 |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2018-02-02%20CEG%20LG%20to%20DOJ%20FBI%20(Unclassified%20Steele%20Referral).pdf |title=Referral of Christopher Steele for Potential Violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001 |publisher=[[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary]] |date=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/grassley-graham-refer-dossier-author-christopher-steele-for-criminal-investigation |publisher=[[Reuters]] |title=Grassley, Graham Refer Dossier Author Christopher Steele for Criminal Investigation |first=Aaron P. |last=Bernstein |quote=In a shocking move Friday afternoon, GOP Senators Chuck Grassley and Lindsey Graham referred the so-called "Trump dossier" writer Christopher Steele for criminal investigation. They are referring him to the Justice Department for what they say are potential violations regarding inconsistencies Steele made in statements provided to authorities. |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="wapo">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/senior-republican-refers-trump-dossier-author-for-possible-charges/2018/01/05/ead4585e-f0af-11e7-b390-a36dc3fa2842_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018 |first=Devlin |last=Barrett |first2=Tom |last2=Hamburger |quote=Their letter makes what's called a criminal referral to the Justice Department, suggesting they investigate the dossier author, former British spy Christopher Steele, for possibly lying to the FBI. |title=Senior Republican refers Trump dossier author for possible charges}}</ref><ref name="NYT referrals">{{cite web|last1=Fandos|first1=Nicholas|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Matthew|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/us/politics/christopher-steele-dossier-judiciary-committee.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur|title=Republican Senators Raise Possible Charges Against Author of Trump Dossier|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 January 2018|accessdate=5 January 2018}}</ref> Because the referral is based on classified FBI documents, the context in which the Republican senators allege Steele to have lied is limited to references that he discussed the dossier with media outlets.<ref name="NYT referrals" /> Both Grassley and Graham declared that they were not alleging Steele "had committed any crime. Rather, they had passed on the information for 'further investigation only'".<ref name="BBC_News_1/5/2018">{{cite web | title=Senators urge Trump dossier author probe | website=BBC News | date=5 January 2018 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42586855 | access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>

The referral was met with skepticism from legal experts, as well as members of both parties on the Judiciary Committee.<ref name=wapo/> Fusion GPS lawyer Joshua A. Levy said the referral was just another effort to discredit the investigation into Russian interference in the election and that: "After a year of investigations into Donald Trump's ties to Russia, the only person Republicans seek to accuse of wrongdoing is one who reported on these matters to law enforcement in the first place".<ref name=wapo/> Veteran prosecutor [[Peter Zeidenberg]] called the referral "nonsense" because "the FBI doesn't need any prompting from politicians to prosecute people who have lied to them."<ref name=wapo/> Another former federal prosecutor, Justin Dillon, said that "it was too early to assume the letter was simply a political attack". The senior Democrat on the Committee, [[Dianne Feinstein]], said that the referral was made without consultation of any Democrats on the committee and released a five-page rebuttal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/0/9/09710d10-8885-4c05-9dee-d587fe0b7c0d/4E7F2E9D9626E9A02A76AC28640D0A01.steele-criminal-referral-analysis.pdf |title=Analysis Refutes Criminal Referral of Christopher Steele |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |date=9 February 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209191017/https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/0/9/09710d10-8885-4c05-9dee-d587fe0b7c0d/4E7F2E9D9626E9A02A76AC28640D0A01.steele-criminal-referral-analysis.pdf}}</ref> A Republican aide said Grassley and Graham were "carrying water for the White House"; that their actions did not reflect the views of the committee as a whole; and that other members were upset with Grassley over the matter.<ref name=wapo/>

In an opinion-editorial for ''Politico'', former CIA official John Sipher said the attacks on Steele, a private citizen who provided information to the FBI that alarmed him, will make future tipsters less likely to approach American law enforcement with information that bears on national security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/02/05/christopher-steele-dossier-smearing-216940|title=The Smearing of Christopher Steele|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref>

==== U.S. Inspector General findings ====

On December 9, 2019, [[Office of Inspector General (United States)|U.S. Inspector General]] [[Michael E. Horowitz|Michael Horowitz]] testified to the House Judiciary Committee that despite making 17 mistakes in their applications to the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] (FISA), the FBI showed no political bias during the investigation of Trump and the Russian government.<ref name=horowitz1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/read-full-text-doj-ig-michael-horowitz-s-report-origins-n1098431|title=Read the full text: Justice Department watchdog report into origins of Russia probe|website=NBC News}}</ref><ref name=horowitz2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/inspector-general-report-trump-russia-investigation/2019/12/09/d5940d88-184c-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html|title=FBI was justified in opening Trump campaign probe, but case plagued by 'serious failures,' inspector general finds|first1=Devlin|last1=Barrett|first2=closeDevlin BarrettReporter focusing on national|last2=security|first3=law enforcementEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollowMatt|last3=Zapotosky|first4=closeMatt ZapotoskyNational security reporter covering the Justice DepartmentEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollowKaroun|last4=Demirjian|first5=closeKaroun DemirjianCongressional reporter focusing on national securityEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollowEllen Nakashima closeEllen NakashimaNational security|last5=reporterEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollow|website=Washington Post}}</ref><ref name=horowitz3>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/09/fbi-russia-probe-report-released-by-justice-department-watchdog.html|title=Justice Department watchdog finds Trump-Russia probe was not tainted by political bias|first=Kevin|last=Breuninger|date=9 December 2019|website=CNBC}}</ref><ref name=reuterspecific>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia/no-political-bias-but-fbi-made-mistakes-in-probe-of-trump-2016-campaign-watchdog-idUSKBN1YD11L|title=Mistakes, but no political bias in FBI probe of Trump campaign: watchdog|first1=Sarah N.|last1=Lynch|first2=Andy|last2=Sullivan|first3=Mark|last3=Hosenball|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=December 9, 2019|accessdate=December 9, 2019}}</ref> A redacted version of his report was released the same day.<ref name="OIG_12/9/2019"/>

Steele had been a paid [[confidential human source]] for the FBI before preparing the Steele dossier, and the FBI found "Steele's information to be valuable and that it warranted compensation", with Steele receiving $95,000 from the FBI between 2014 and 2016 for information on previous matters unrelated to Trump.<ref name=sky-20191210>{{cite news |url=https://news.sky.com/story/trump-hater-ex-mi6-officer-who-helped-compile-russia-dossier-was-a-friend-of-ivanka-11882732 |title='Trump hater' ex-MI6 officer who compiled Russia dossier was a friend of Ivanka |last=Haynes |first=Deborah |work=Sky News |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> From information in the report, ''ABC News'' determined that Steele and [[Ivanka Trump]] had had a business and personal relationship from 2007 for a number of years.<ref name=abc-20191209>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/dossier-author-chris-steele-met-ivanka-trump-years/story?id=67597270 |title='Dossier' author Chris Steele met Ivanka Trump years before Russia scandal, source says |last=Macfarlane |first=Julia |publisher=ABC News |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=guardian-20191209>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/dec/09/christopher-steele-ivanka-trump-personal-relationship |title=Steele had 'personal' relationship with Ivanka Trump, DoJ report reveals |last=Harding |first=Luke |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>

One of the report's findings related to conflicting accounts of sourced content in the dossier. When one of Steele's sources was later interviewed by the FBI about the allegations sourced to them, they gave accounts which conflicted with Steele's renderings in the dossier. They indicated that Steele "misstated or exaggerated" the source's statements.<ref name="OIG_12/9/2019">{{cite web | author=Office of the Inspector General U.S. Department of Justice | date=December 9, 2019 | title=Review of Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI's Crossfire Hurricane Investigation | website= | url=https://www.justice.gov/storage/120919-examination.pdf | accessdate=December 9, 2019 | author-link=United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General }}</ref><ref name=reuterspecific />

The IG found it difficult to discern the causes for the discrepancies between some dossier allegations and explanations later provided to the FBI by the sources for those allegations. The IG attributed the discrepancies to three possible factors: miscommunication between Steele and the sources, "exaggerations or misrepresentations" by Steele, or misrepresentations by the sources when questioned by the FBI.<ref name="OIG_12/9/2019"/>

Another factor was described by the Supervisory Intel Analyst, who believed that someone described as "one of the key sources" for the dossier "may have been attempting to minimize his/her role in the election reporting following its release to the public." That person had been the source for "the alleged meeting between Carter Page and Igor Divyekin" and the "allegations concerning Michael Cohen and events in Prague".<ref name="OIG_12/9/2019"/>

== Personal life ==

His first wife, Laura, with whom he had three children, died in 2009 after a long illness. He remarried in 2012; he and his second wife Katherine had one child and are raising all four children together.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/> He currently lives in [[Farnham, Surrey]].<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018">{{cite web |last=Mayer |first=Jane |title=Christopher Steele, the Man Behind the Trump Dossier |website=[[The New Yorker]] |date=March 12, 2018 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/12/christopher-steele-the-man-behind-the-trump-dossier |accessdate=March 6, 2018}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Sipher, John (5 February 2018). "[https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/02/05/christopher-steele-dossier-smearing-216940?lo=ap_f1 The Smearing of Christopher Steele]." ''[[Politico magazine|Politico]]''.
* Hamburger, Tom; Helderman, Rosalind S. (6 February 2018). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/hero-or-hired-gun-how-a-british-former-spy-became-a-flash-point-in-the-russia-investigation/2018/02/06/94ea5158-0795-11e8-8777-2a059f168dd2_story.html Hero or hired gun? How a British former spy became a flash point in the Russia investigation]." ''[[The Washington Post]].''
* {{cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Jane|authorlink=Jane Mayer|date=12 March 2018|title=Christopher Steele, the Man Behind the Trump Dossier|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/12/christopher-steele-the-man-behind-the-trump-dossier|journal=[[The New Yorker]]}}
* Bensinger, Ken (2018): ''Red Card: How the U.S. Blew the Whistle on the World's Biggest Sports Scandal'', Simon and Schuster.

== External links ==

* [https://orbisbi.com/ Home page for Orbis Business Intelligence]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Steele, Christopher}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aden]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union]]
[[Category:Russia–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]]
[[Category:Secret Intelligence Service personnel]]
[[Category:United Kingdom–United States relations]]

Christopher Steele

2020-05-13T03:25:13Z

83.83.44.43:

{{short description|British intelligence officer, author of the Russia file on Donald Trump}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{otherpeople5|Christopher Steel (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Christopher Steele
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|6|24|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Aden]], [[Federation of South Arabia|South Arabia]] (now [[Yemen]])
|death_date =
|death_place =
|education = [[Girton College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|occupation = [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (1987–2009) Private intelligence consultant
}}

'''Christopher David Steele''' (born 24 June 1964) is a British former [[intelligence officer]] with the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] MI6 from 1987 until his retirement in 2009. He ran the Russia desk at MI6 headquarters in London between 2006 and 2009. In 2009, he co-founded Orbis Business Intelligence, a [[London]]-based [[Private intelligence agency|private intelligence firm]].

Steele authored [[Trump–Russia dossier|a dossier]] using anonymous sources that claims Russia collected a file of [[Kompromat|compromising information]] on [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]].<ref name="Guardian_Staff_2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/12/christopher-steele-ex-mi6-officer-named-as-author-of-trump-dossier|title=Trump dossier: Christopher Steele, ex-MI6 officer, named as author|date=12 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="WSJ_Hope_2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/christopher-steele-ex-british-intelligence-officer-said-to-have-prepared-dossier-on-trump-1484162553|title=Christopher Steele, Ex-British Intelligence Officer, Said to Have Prepared Dossier on Trump|last=Bradley|first=Hope|date=11 January 2017|last2=Rothfeld|first2=Michael|last3=Cullison|first3=Alan|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Trump and his supporters have claimed<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Lori |title=Dossier Not What 'Started All of This' |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2019/03/dossier-not-what-started-all-of-this/ |website=factcheck.org |date=27 March 2019|accessdate=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kiely |first1=Eugene |title=Trump's Spin on Democratic Memo |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2018/02/trumps-spin-democratic-memo/ |website=factcheck.org |accessdate=2 April 2019|date=27 February 2018}}</ref> that U.S. intelligence community probes into Russian interference in the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 election]] were launched due to Steele's dossier.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ken|last=Dilanian|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/why-team-trump-wrong-about-carter-page-dossier-secret-warrant-n893666|title=Why Trump is wrong about Carter Page, the dossier and the FISA warrant|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en|date=July 23, 2018|access-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref> The [[House Intelligence Committee]], then in Republican control, concluded in an April 2018 report that the probe had been triggered based on information on Trump adviser [[George Papadopoulos]]; meanwhile the February 2018 [[Nunes memo]] written by staff members for that committee reached the same conclusion.<ref name="Yen_Woodward_Tucker_4/1/2019"/><ref name="Qiu_5/21/2019"/>

== Early life ==

Christopher David Steele was born in the [[Yemen]]i city of [[Aden]] (then part of the [[Federation of South Arabia]]), on 24 June 1964.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name="Dip1996" >{{cite book |title=The Diplomatic Service List |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1996 |page=235 |quote=Steele, Christopher David; Second later First Secretary FCO since April 1993; born 24.6.64; FCO 1987; Second Secretary (Chancery) Moscow 1990; FCO 1987; m 1990 Laura Katharine Hunt.}}</ref> His parents, Perris and Janet, had met while working at the [[Met Office]], the United Kingdom's national weather service. His paternal grandfather was a coal miner from [[Pontypridd]] in [[Wales]].<ref name="web"/> Steele spent time growing up in Aden, the [[Shetland Islands]], and Cyprus, as well as at [[Wellington College, Berkshire]].<ref name="web"/>

Steele matriculated at [[Girton College, Cambridge]] in 1982. While at the [[University of Cambridge]], he wrote for the [[student newspaper]], ''[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]''.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name="web">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |title=How Trump walked into Putin's web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/15/how-trump-walked-into-putins-web-luke |date=15 November 2017 |first=Luke |last=Harding |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116164744/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/15/how-trump-walked-into-putins-web-luke}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2017/01/13/everything-know-christopher-steele-cambridge-mi6-spy-86612 |publisher=[[The Tab]] |title=Everything we know about Christopher Steele, the Cambridge MI6 spy |first=Hannah |last=Dawson |date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113192708/http://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2017/01/13/everything-know-christopher-steele-cambridge-mi6-spy-86612 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the Easter term of 1986, Steele was [[List of Presidents of The Cambridge Union|President]] of the [[Cambridge Union]] debating society.<ref name="Arena">{{cite book |title=Arena of Ambition: A History of the Cambridge Union |first=Stephen |last=Parkinson |year=2009 |page=368 |isbn=978-1848310612 |publisher=Icon}}</ref><ref name="VF" /> He graduated with a degree in [[Faculty of Human, Social, and Political Science, University of Cambridge|Social and Political Sciences]] in 1986.<ref>The Cambridge University List of Members</ref>

== Career ==

Steele was recruited by [[MI6]] directly following his graduation from Cambridge<ref name="Dip1996" /> and worked for MI6 for 22 years.<ref name="Harding_Sabbagh_11/1/2019"/> He worked in London at the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] (FCO) from 1987 to 1989.<ref name="Dip1996" /> From 1990 to 1993, Steele worked under diplomatic cover as an [[MI6]] officer in Moscow, serving at the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom in Moscow]].<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name="VF" /><ref name="tg-who-is">{{cite web|last1=Rayner|first1=Gordon|title=Who is Christopher Steele, the former British spy who created the Donald Trump Russia dossier?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/12/christopher-steelethe-former-british-spy-created-donald-trump/|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Steele was an "internal traveller", visiting newly-accessible cities such as [[Samara]] and [[Kazan]].<ref name="web"/><ref name="dsma">{{cite news |url=http://motherboard.vice.com/en_au/read/uk-asks-journalists-to-not-name-ex-agent-allegedly-behind-trump-report-d-notice |publisher=[[Vice News]] |title=UK Asks Journalists to Not Name Ex-Agent Allegedly Behind Trump Report |first=Joseph |last=Cox |date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113162731/http://motherboard.vice.com/en_au/read/uk-asks-journalists-to-not-name-ex-agent-allegedly-behind-trump-report-d-notice |archive-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://cryptome.org/mi6-list.htm |publisher=[[Cryptome]] |archive-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106222014/http://cryptome.org/mi6-list.htm |title=List of MI6 Officers |quote=Christopher David Steele: 90 Moscow; dob 1964. |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He returned to London in 1993, working again at the FCO until his posting with the British Embassy in Paris in 1998, where he served [[under cover|under diplomatic cover]] until 2002. But Steele's identity as an MI6 officer and a hundred and sixteen other British spies had their cover blown by an anonymously [[Richard Tomlinson#List of MI6 agents|published list]] that [[Her Majesty's Government]] attempted to suppress through a [[DSMA-Notice]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/13/richardnortontaylor1|title=MI6: The nightmare scenario as a rogue agent goes public|last=Norton-Taylor|first=By Richard|date=1999-05-13|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-06-12|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name=tg-who-is /><ref name="Forbes" >{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Forbes]] |quote=A diplomatic service list published by the British government shows that Steele, 52, was posted to the U.K.'s Moscow embassy in 1990 with the title of "Second Secretary (Chancery)." |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardbehar/2017/01/11/could-this-be-the-british-mi6-agent-behind-the-trump-fbi-memos/#1d043c7c37da |first=Richard |last=Behar |title=Could This Be The British Ex-MI6 Agent Behind The Trump FBI Memos? |access-date=12 January 2017 |date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Ex-MI6 officer Christopher Steele in hiding after Trump dossier |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-38591382 |date=12 January 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112170641/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-38591382 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Dip1999" >{{cite book |page=297 |title=The Diplomatic Service List |author=Diplomatic Service Administration Office |year=1999 |quote=Steele, Christopher David; First Secretary (Financial) Paris since September 1998; born 24.6.64; FCO 1987; Second Secretary (Chancery) Moscow 1990; Second later First Secretary FCO 1993; First Secretary Bangkok 1998; m 1990 Laura Katharine Hunt (2s 1996, 1998).}}</ref>

In 2003, Steele was sent to [[Bagram Airfield]] in Afghanistan as part of an MI6 team, briefing [[Special Forces]] on "kill or capture" missions for [[Taliban]] targets, and also spent time teaching new MI6 recruits.<ref name=tg-who-is /> Steele returned to London and between 2006 and 2009 he headed the Russia Desk at MI6.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref name="web"/><ref name="VF" /><ref name="vouch">{{cite news|author=Nick Hopkins & Luke Harding|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/12/intelligence-sources-vouch-credibility-donald-trump-russia-dossier-author|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Donald Trump dossier: intelligence sources vouch for author's credibility|date=12 January 2017|quote=Over a career that spanned more than 20 years, Steele performed a series of roles, but always appeared to be drawn back to Russia; he was, sources say, head of MI6's Russia desk.}}</ref>

Steele's expertise on Russia remained valued, and he served as a senior officer under [[John Scarlett]], Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), from 2004 to 2009.<ref name="vouch" /> Steele was a [[counterintelligence]] specialist<ref name="Harding_Sabbagh_11/1/2019">{{cite web | last=Harding | first=Luke | last2=Sabbagh | first2=Dan | title=Trump-Russia dossier author gave evidence to UK intrusion inquiry | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 1, 2019 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/01/trump-russia-dossier-author-gave-evidence-to-uk-intrusion-inquiry | access-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref> and was selected as [[case officer]] for [[Alexander Litvinenko]] and participated in the investigation of the [[poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko|Litvinenko poisoning]] in 2006.<ref name=tg-who-is /> It was Steele who quickly realised that Litvinenko's death "was a Russian state 'hit{{' "}}.<ref name="vouch" /> Twelve years later he allegedly was included himself into a hit list of the Russian [[Federal Security Service]], along with [[Sergei Skripal]] who was [[Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal|poisoned in 2018]] by a binary chemical weapon [[Novichok]] in Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russian-ex-spy-says-he-was-kremlin-hit-list-along-n860641|title=Russian ex-spy says he was on Kremlin 'hit list' along with poisoned Skripal|publisher=}}</ref>

Since 2009 Steele has not been to Russia, or visited any former Soviet states and in 2012, an Orbis informant quoted an FSB-agent describing him as an "enemy of Mother Russia".<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/> Steele has refrained from travelling to the United States since his identity became public, citing the political and legal situation.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Sky News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011172925/https://news.sky.com/story/trump-dossier-author-christopher-steele-breaks-18-month-silence-11522468 |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |title=Ex-MI6 spy's veiled swipe at Donald Trump revealed |date=October 10, 2018 |first=Deborah |last=Haynes |url=https://news.sky.com/story/trump-dossier-author-christopher-steele-breaks-18-month-silence-11522468 |quote=The former intelligence officer indicated he is unable to travel to the US at a time of deep divisions between Republicans and Democrats over the Russia probe.}}</ref>

In 2012, Orbis was sub-contracted by a law firm representing [[Oleg Deripaska]],<ref name="Mayer_11/25/2019">{{cite web | last=Mayer | first=Jane | title=The Inside Story of Christopher Steele's Trump Dossier | website=[[The New Yorker]] | date=November 25, 2019 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-inside-story-of-christopher-steeles-trump-dossier | access-date=November 27, 2019}}</ref> who was also a 'person of interest' to the Senate Intelligence Committee's investigation into Russia’s election interference.<ref name="Bertrand_6/5/2019">{{cite web | last=Bertrand | first=Natasha | title=Senate Intelligence Committee summons mysterious British security consultant | website=[[Politico]] | date=June 5, 2019 | url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/05/senate-intelligence-committee-british-security-consultant-1353675 | access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2016, together with [[Bruce Ohr]], Steele cooperated with the FBI's and Justice Department's unsuccessful efforts to [[Turn state's evidence|flip]] Deripaska into an [[informant]].<ref name="Vogel_Rosenberg_9/1/2018">{{cite web | last1=Vogel | first1=Kenneth P. | last2=Rosenberg | first2=Matthew | title=Agents Tried to Flip Russian Oligarchs. The Fallout Spread to Trump. | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=September 1, 2018 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/01/us/politics/deripaska-ohr-steele-fbi.html | access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>

== Private sector ==

In March 2009, Steele with his fellow MI6-retiree Chris Burrows co-founded the [[private intelligence agency]] Orbis Business Intelligence, Ltd., based in [[Grosvenor Square|Grosvenor Square Gardens]].<ref name="hose">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-steele-idUSKBN14W0HN |quote=After he left the spy service, Steele supplied the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with information on corruption at FIFA, international soccer's governing body. |title=Former MI-6 spy known to U.S. agencies is author of reports on Trump in Russia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112171056/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-steele-idUSKBN14W0HN |archive-date=12 January 2017 |first=Mark |last=Hosenball |agency=Reuters |date=12 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="VF" >{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=3 April 2017 |first=Howard |last=Blum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403115858/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/how-the-explosive-russian-dossier-was-compiled-christopher-steele |archive-date=3 April 2017 |date=April 2017 |title=How Ex-Spy Christopher Steele Compiled His Explosive Trump-Russia Dossier |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/how-the-explosive-russian-dossier-was-compiled-christopher-steele}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2016, Steele created over 100 reports on Russian and Ukrainian issues, which were read within the [[United States Department of State]], and he was viewed as credible by the [[United States intelligence community]].<ref name="web"/> The business was commercially successful, grossing approximately $20,000,000 in the first nine years of operation.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/>

Steele ran an investigation dubbed "Project Charlemagne", which noted Russian interference in the domestic politics of [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[Turkey]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/> Steele concluded in April 2016 that Russia was engaged in an [[information warfare]] campaign with the goal of destroying the [[European Union]].<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/>

In 2017, Steele established a new company called Chawton Holdings, again with Christopher Burrows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/british-spy-behind-donald-trump-dossier-creates-new-company-jane-austen-link-1628084 |website=[[International Business Times]] |title=British spy behind Donald Trump dossier creates new company with a Jane Austen link |first=Ian |last=Silvera |date=28 June 2017 |quote=Public records show that Steele has set up Chawton Holdings with his business partner and fellow former intelligence officer, Christopher Burrows.}}</ref> In November 2018, Steele sued the German industrial group [[Bilfinger]], alleging that the company owed €150,000 for an investigation into Bilfinger's activities in [[Nigeria]] and [[Sakhalin]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump dossier author suing engineering firm for alleged unpaid work |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/08/trump-dossier-author-christopher-steele-suing-engineering-firm |date=November 8, 2018 |first=Luke |last=Harding |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

=== FIFA research ===

In 2010, [[The Football Association]] (FA), England's domestic football governing body, organized a [[England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid|committee]] in hopes of hosting the 2018 or 2022 World Cups.<ref name="fifa">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/07/opinion/sunday/world-cup-fifa-corruption-russia.html |title=Did Russia Steal the World Cup? |date=6 June 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Ken |last=Bensinger |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> The FA hired Steele's company to investigate [[FIFA]] (International Federation of Association Football). In advance of the FBI launching its [[2015 FIFA corruption case]], members of the FBI's Eurasian Organized Crime Task Force met with Steele in London to discuss allegations of possible corruption in FIFA.<ref name="hose" /><ref name="yahooIsikoff">{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/the-man-behind-the-trump-dossier-was-former-british-spy-004221154.html |publisher=[[Yahoo News]] |title=The British ex-spy behind the Trump dossier was an FBI asset |first=Michael |last=Isikoff |date=11 January 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112171719/https://www.yahoo.com/news/the-man-behind-the-trump-dossier-was-former-british-spy-004221154.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Steele's research indicated that Russian [[Deputy Prime Minister of Russia|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Igor Sechin]] had rigged [[2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids|the bidding of the 2018 World Cups]] by employing bribery.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/>

== Steele dossier ==

{{Main|Steele dossier}}

=== Background and information gathering ===

In September 2015, the ''[[Washington Free Beacon]]'', a conservative publication, retained the services of [[Fusion GPS]], a private Washington D.C. political [[research]] firm, to conduct research on several primary Republican Party candidates including Trump. The research was not primarily related to Russia and was ended once Trump was determined to be the presidential nominee.

The firm was subsequently hired by the [[Hillary Clinton]] campaign and the [[Democratic National Committee]] through their shared attorney at Perkins Coie, [[Marc Elias]]. Fusion GPS then hired Steele<ref name="tg-terrified">{{cite news|last1=Rayner|first1=Gordon|title=Former MI6 officer Christopher Steele, who produced Donald Trump Russian dossier, 'terrified for his safety' and went to ground before name released|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/11/former-mi6-officer-produced-donald-trump-russian-dossier-terrified/|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> to investigate Trump's Russia-related activities,<ref name="hose" /> and it was this investigation that produced what became known as the Steele dossier.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Krieg|first1=Gregory|title=Clinton, the DNC and the making of the 'Trump dossier'—what we know|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/26/politics/trump-clinton-podesta-steele-dossier-fusion-gps/|website=[[CNN]]|accessdate=28 October 2017|date=28 October 2017}}</ref>

In July 2016, Steele supplied a report he had written to an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent in Rome.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/12/lurid-donald-trump-dossier-casts-shadow-mi6-christopher-steele/ |title=Donald Trump dossier casts a shadow over MI6 and Christopher Steele, the man it trusted in Moscow |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=12 January 2017 |accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> His contact at the FBI was the same senior agent with whom he had worked when investigating the FIFA scandal.<ref name="tg-who-is" /><ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/>

In September 2016, Steele held a series of [[Source (journalism)#Using confidential information|off the record]] meetings with journalists from ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[Yahoo! News]], ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and [[CNN]].<ref name="web"/> In October 2016, Steele spoke about his discoveries to [[David Corn]] of the progressive American political magazine ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]''. Steele said he decided to pass his dossier to both British and American intelligence officials after concluding that the material should not just be in the hands of political opponents of Trump, but was a matter of national security for both countries.<ref name="MJ31Oct">{{cite magazine|first=David|last=Corn|authorlink=David Corn|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/veteran-spy-gave-fbi-info-alleging-russian-operation-cultivate-donald-trump|title=A Veteran Spy Has Given the FBI Information Alleging a Russian Operation to Cultivate Donald Trump|magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> Corn's resulting 31 October article in ''Mother Jones'' was the first to publicly mention some information which became part of the dossier, although the article did not disclose Steele's identity.<ref name="MJ31Oct" /> The magazine did not publish the dossier itself, however, or detail its allegations, since they could not be verified.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Matt|last=Taibbi|authorlink=Matt Taibbi|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/the-russia-story-reaches-a-crisis-point-w460806|title=The Russia Story Reaches a Crisis Point|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>

=== Whistleblower ===

Steele's reaction to the revelations from his sources has been described as that of a [[whistleblower]]. Steele has stated that he soon found "troubling information indicating connections between Trump and the Russian government". According to his sources, "there was an established exchange of information between the Trump campaign and the Kremlin of mutual benefit".<ref name="Corn_10/31/2016">{{cite web | last=Corn | first=David |authorlink=David Corn| date=October 31, 2016 | title=A Veteran Spy Has Given the FBI Information Alleging a Russian Operation to Cultivate Donald Trump | website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] | url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/veteran-spy-gave-fbi-info-alleging-russian-operation-cultivate-donald-trump/ | access-date=December 24, 2017 }}</ref> According to Harding, "Steele was shocked by the extent of collusion his sources were reporting", and told his friends: "For anyone who reads it, this is a life-changing experience."<ref name="Borger_11/15/2017">{{cite web | last=Borger | first=Julian | title=Christopher Steele believes his dossier on Trump-Russia is 70-90% accurate | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 15, 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/15/christopher-steele-trump-russia-dossier-accurate | access-date=January 22, 2018}}</ref> Steele felt that what he had unearthed "was something of huge significance, way above party politics."<ref name="Blum_3/30/2017">{{cite web | last=Blum | first=Howard | title=How Ex-Spy Christopher Steele Compiled His Explosive Trump-Russia Dossier | website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | date=March 30, 2017 | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/how-the-explosive-russian-dossier-was-compiled-christopher-steele | access-date=December 24, 2017}}</ref> American reporter [[Howard Blum]] described Steele's rationale for becoming a [[whistleblower]]: "The greater good trumps all other concerns."<ref name="Blum_3/30/2017"/>

On his own initiative, Steele decided to also pass the information to British and American intelligence services because he believed the findings were a matter of [[national security]] for both countries.<ref name="Levine_1/12/2018">{{cite web |last=Levine |first=Mike |title=FBI vets: What many are missing about the infamous 'dossier' amid Russia probe |website=[[ABC News]] |date=January 12, 2018 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/fbi-vets-missing-infamous-dossier-amid-russia-probe/story?id=52309501 |access-date=February 26, 2018 |quote="Chris said he was very concerned about whether this represented a national security threat and said{{nbsp}}... he thought we were obligated to tell someone in government, in our government about this information," Glenn Simpson, the man who hired Steele to conduct opposition research on Trump, told Senate staffers in a transcript released Tuesday. "He said he was professionally obligated to do it." }}</ref><ref name="Sengupta_1/13/2017">{{cite web | last=Sengupta | first=Kim | title=Ex-MI6 agent so worried by his Donald Trump discoveries he started working without pay | website=[[The Independent]] | date=January 13, 2017 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-dossier-file-investigation-hacking-christopher-steele-mi6-a7526901.html | access-date=March 3, 2018}}</ref> According to Simpson's testimony, Steele, who enjoyed a good working reputation "for the knowledge he had developed over nearly 20 years working on Russia-related issues for [[British intelligence]],<ref name="Hamburger_2/28/2017">{{cite web |last1=Hamburger |first1=Tom |last2=Helderman |first2=Rosalind S. |title=FBI once planned to pay former British spy who authored controversial Trump dossier |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fbi-once-planned-to-pay-former-british-spy-who-authored-controversial-trump-dossier/2017/02/28/896ab470-facc-11e6-9845-576c69081518_story.html |date=February 28, 2017 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=March 1, 2017}}</ref> approached the [[FBI]] because he was concerned that Trump, then a candidate, was being [[blackmail]]ed by Russia,<ref name="Herb_Raju_Cohen_1/10/2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/09/politics/feinstein-releases-glenn-simpson-transcript/index.html|title=Fusion co-founder: Dossier author feared Trump was being blackmailed|last=Herb|first=Jeremy|last2=Raju|first2=Manu|date=January 10, 2018|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 21, 2018|quote=Chris said he was very concerned about whether this represented a national security threat and said he wanted to -- he said he thought we were obligated to tell someone in government, in our government about this information," Simpson said. "He thought from his perspective there was an issue -- a security issue about whether a presidential candidate was being blackmailed."|last3=Cohen|first3=Marshall}}</ref> and he became "very concerned about whether this represented a national security threat".<ref name="Levine_1/12/2018"/>

In relation to a defamation lawsuit filed by Aleksej Gubarev against [[BuzzFeed]], regarding their publication of the dossier, [[Master (judiciary)|Senior Master]] Barbara Fontaine said Steele was "in many respects in the same position as a whistle-blower" because of his actions "in sending part of the dossier to Senator [[John McCain]] and a senior government national security official, and in briefing sections of the US media."<ref name="Express_3/21/2018">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Former British spy to provide evidence for BuzzFeed libel trial in US | website=[[Media of Jersey|Bailiwick Express]] | date=March 21, 2018 | url=https://gsy.bailiwickexpress.com/gsy/uk/former-british-spy-provide-evidence-buzzfeed-libel-trial-us/ | access-date=June 2, 2018}}</ref>

=== Post-election work on the dossier ===

Steele continued to work for Fusion GPS on the dossier without a client to pay him.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|last1=Confessore|first1=Scott Shane, Nicholas|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Matthew|title=How a Sensational, Unverified Dossier Became a Crisis for Donald Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/politics/donald-trump-russia-intelligence.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> After the election, Steele's dossier "became one of Washington's worst-kept secrets, and journalists worked to verify the allegations.<ref name="nytimes" /> On 18 November 2016, [[Andrew Wood (diplomat)|Sir Andrew Wood]], British ambassador to Moscow from 1995 to 2000, met with U.S. Senator [[John McCain]] at the [[Halifax International Security Forum]] in Canada, and told McCain about the existence of the collected materials about Trump.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Jim|title=Timeline: That Russian Trump blackmail dossier has been making the rounds for months—here is how it finally came to light|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/timeline-russia-trump-sex-blackmail-golden-shower-dossier-2017-1?r=UK&IR=T|website=Business Insider|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> Wood vouched for Steele's professionalism and integrity.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Kim|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-dossier-leak-sir-andrew-wood-john-mccain-british-ambassador-spy-a7524931.html|title=Revealed: former British ambassador Sir Andrew Wood's key role in Trump investigation|work=The Independent|date=12 January 2017|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref> In early December, McCain obtained a copy of the dossier from [[David J. Kramer]], a former U.S. State Department official working at [[Arizona State University]].<ref name="nytimes" /> On 9 December 2016, McCain met personally with FBI Director [[James Comey]] to pass on the information.<ref name="timeline" />

In a second memo Steele wrote in November 2016, after the termination of his contract with Fusion, he reported that Russian officials had claimed that Russia had blocked Donald Trump from nominating [[Mitt Romney]] to be his [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], due to Romney's hawkishness on Russia.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/><ref>{{cite news |quote=According to the report, Mr. Steele created another, previously unreleased memo in late November 2016, which said the Kremlin "intervened to block" Mr. Trump's choice of Mr. Romney for secretary of state. The memo is attributed to a single source described as "a senior Russian official." |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-trolls-tried-to-torpedo-mitt-romneys-shot-at-secretary-of-state-1520505000 |date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20180308134349/https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-trolls-tried-to-torpedo-mitt-romneys-shot-at-secretary-of-state-1520505000 |first=Rob |last=Barry |first2=Shelby |last2=Holliday |title=Russian Trolls Tried to Torpedo Mitt Romney's Shot at Secretary of State}}</ref>

=== Revealed identity ===

On 11 January 2017, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' revealed that Steele was the author of the dossier about Trump, citing "people familiar with the matter".<ref name="WSJ_Hope_2017"/> Although the dossier's existence had been "common knowledge" among journalists for months at that point and had become public knowledge during the previous week, Steele's name had not been revealed. ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' asserted that Steele's anonymity had been "fatally compromised" after [[CNN]] published his nationality.<ref name="tg-terrified" />

''[[The Independent]]'' reported that Steele left his home in England several hours before his name was published as the author of the dossier, as he was fearful of retaliation by Russian authorities.<ref name="tg-terrified" /> In contrast, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that he left after he had been identified earlier in the day by the initial ''Wall Street Journal'' report.<ref name="WashingtonPost_Dossier1_2017">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/01/12/this-former-british-spy-was-identified-as-the-trump-dossier-source-now-he-is-in-hiding/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=This former British spy was identified as the Trump dossier source. Now he is in hiding. |first=Karla |last=Adam |date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Christopher Burrows, director of Orbis Business Intelligence, Ltd., said he would not "confirm or deny" that Orbis had produced the dossier.<ref name="NBC_Memo_2017">{{cite web|last=Nichols |first=Hans |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/former-british-spy-christopher-steele-prepared-explosive-trump-memo-n705891 |title=Former British Spy Christopher Steele Prepared Explosive Trump Memo |publisher=[[NBC News]] |accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Steele's relationship with the FBI ended, variously associated with either the public revelation of Steele's identity, or Steele's release of information to the press, or Steele's denial to the FBI of having spoken to the press.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fbi-once-planned-to-pay-former-british-spy-who-authored-controversial-trump-dossier/2017/02/28/896ab470-facc-11e6-9845-576c69081518_story.html|title=FBI once planned to pay former British spy who authored controversial Trump dossier|last=Hamburger|first=Tom|date=28 February 2017|work=Washington Post|access-date=2 February 2018|last2=Helderman|first2=Rosalind S.|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/read-the-fisa-memo_us_5a731280e4b0bf6e6e2236d9|title=Read The GOP's Controversial Secret FISA Memo|last=Lavender|first=Paige|date=2 February 2018|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> One source dates this event to late October 2016.<ref>Andrew C. McCarthy. [https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/02/grassley-graham-memo-affirms-nunes-memo-fisa-steele-dossier/ Grassley–Graham Memo Affirms Nunes Memo—Media Yawns]. ''National Review''. 10 February 2018.</ref>

On 7 March 2017, as some members of the United States Congress were expressing interest in meeting with or hearing testimony from Steele, he reemerged after weeks in hiding, appearing publicly on camera and stating, "I'm really pleased to be back here working again at the Orbis's offices in London today".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/donald-trump-russia-dossier-christopher-steele-ex-spy-british-a7616326.html|title=Ex-British spy Christopher Steele breaks silence over Trump Russia dossier|date=7 March 2017|work=The Independent|access-date=11 March 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Disclosure and reactions ===

In early January 2017, a two-page summary of the dossier was presented to President [[Barack Obama]] and incoming President Donald Trump in meetings with Director of National Intelligence [[James Clapper]], FBI Director [[James Comey]], CIA Director [[John O. Brennan|John Brennan]], and NSA Director Admiral [[Michael S. Rogers|Mike Rogers]].<ref>{{cite web|first1=Steve|last1=Robson|first2=Christopher|last2=Bucktin|first3=Louise|last3=Sassoon|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/cia-believes-russia-more-one-9607370|title=CIA 'believes Russia has more than one Donald Trump sex tape and second source claims it DOES exist'|website=[[Daily Mirror|Mirror Online]]|date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

On 10 January 2017, [[BuzzFeed]] was the first media outlet to publish the full 35-page dossier. In publishing the Trump dossier, BuzzFeed said it had been unable to verify or corroborate the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|first=Masha|last=Gessen|authorlink=Masha Gessen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/opinion/sunday/lessons-from-russia-verify-everything-dont-publish-rumors.html|title=Lessons From Russia: Verify Everything, Don't Publish Rumors|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 14, 2017}}</ref> The UK issued a DSMA notice on 10 January 2017, requesting that the media not release Steele's identity,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Register on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/TheRegister/status/819281049985257472|website=Twitter|accessdate=26 January 2017|date=11 January 2017|quote=US media names ex-MI6 agent as source of the CNN/BuzzFeed dossier on Trump. UK media gets a D-Notice{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> although the BBC and other UK news media released the information in news stories the same day.<ref name=dsma /> Trump vigorously denied the dossier's allegations, calling it “[[fake news]]” during a press conference.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jamieson|first1=Amber|title='You are fake news': Trump attacks CNN and BuzzFeed at press conference|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/11/trump-attacks-cnn-buzzfeed-at-press-conference|accessdate=7 July 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> [[Vladimir Putin]] also dismissed the claims.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chaplain|first1=Chloe|title=Vladimir Putin: Russian prostitutes are the best in the world|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/vladimir-putin-russian-prostitutes-are-the-best-in-the-world-a3443261.html|accessdate=7 July 2017|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=18 January 2017}}</ref>

[[Ynet]], an Israeli online news site, reported that American intelligence advised Israeli intelligence officers to be cautious about sharing information with the incoming Trump administration, until the possibility of Russian influence over Trump, suggested by Steele's report, has been fully investigated.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ronen|last=Bergman|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4906642,00.html|title=US intel sources warn Israel against sharing secrets with Trump administration|website=[[Ynet]]|date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Former British ambassador to Russia, Sir [[Tony Brenton]], read Steele's report. Speaking on [[Sky News]] he said, "I've seen quite a lot of intelligence on Russia, and there are some things in it which look pretty shaky". Brenton expressed some doubts due to discrepancies in how the dossier described aspects of the hacking activities, as well as Steele's ability to penetrate the Kremlin and Russian security agencies, given that he is an outsider.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trump dossier 'shaky'—former British envoy|url=http://news.sky.com/story/trump-dossier-shaky-ex-british-envoy-to-russia-says-10726703|website=[[Sky News]]|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=13 January 2017}}</ref>

On 15 March 2017, former Acting CIA Director [[Michael Morell]] raised questions about the dossier. He was concerned about the accuracy of the information, due to the approach taken by Steele to gather it. Steele gave money to intermediaries and the intermediaries paid the sources. Morell said, "Unless you know the sources, and unless you know how a particular source acquired a particular piece of information, you can't judge the information—you just can't." Morell continues to believe that Russia attempted to influence the 2016 U.S. presidential election.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dilanian|first1=Ken|title=Clinton Ally Michael Morell says no evidence of Trump–Russia collusion|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/clinton-ally-says-smoke-no-fire-no-russia-trump-collusion-n734176|website=[[NBC News]]|accessdate=28 March 2017|language=en|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>

==== Role in the origins of the FBI's Russia investigation ====

Although the dossier later became one factor among many in the [[Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)|Russia investigation]], it had no role in the start of the investigation. This fact has been the subject of intense discussion and controversy, largely fueled by false claims made by Trump and his supporters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/3/22/18277089/fox-news-steele-dossier-lie-trump-witch-hunt|title=Fox News has normalized a lie about the origins of the Russia investigation|first=Aaron|last=Rupar|date=March 22, 2019|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref><ref name="Cassidy_2/2/2018">{{cite web | last=Cassidy | first=John | title=The Nunes Memo Undermines the Right's Trump-Russia Conspiracy Theory | newspaper=[[The New Yorker]] | date=February 2, 2018 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-nunes-memo-undermines-the-rights-trump-russia-conspiracy-theory | access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref>

In early February 2018, the [[Nunes memo]], written by aides of Republican [[U.S. Representative]] [[Devin Nunes]] (who was at the time the Chair of the [[House Intelligence Committee]]), described that the information on George Papadopoulos "triggered the opening of" the original FBI investigation in late July 2016 into links between the Trump campaign and Russia.<ref>Multiple sources:
# {{cite web |title=We annotated the full Nunes memo on the Russia probe |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/we-annotated-the-full-nunes-memo-on-the-russia-probe |publisher=[[PBS]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=The memo underscores the intensifying partisan debate over special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into the Trump campaign's possible ties to Russia.{{nbsp}}... The Papadopoulos information triggered the opening of an FBI counterintelligence investigation in late July 2016 by FBI agent Pete Strzok.}}
# {{cite web |last1=Emmons |first1=Alex |last2=Aaronson |first2=Trevor |title=Nunes memo accidentally confirms the legitimacy of the FBI's investigation |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/02/02/nunes-memo-fisa-trump-russia/ |work=[[The Intercept]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=Despite rhetoric that could help to undermine Mueller's investigation, the Nunes memo specifically says that George Papadopoulos sparked the counterintelligence investigation that ultimately led to the resignation of National Security Adviser Michael Flynn, the firing of FBI Director James Comey, and the appointment of Mueller as special counsel.|date=2 February 2018 }}
# {{cite web |last1=French |first1=David |title=The Big Flaw in the Memo |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/02/nunes-memo-big-flaw-confirms-new-york-times-story/ |work=[[National Review]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=Well, if the newly released Nunes memo is correct, House Republicans and the Trump administration just confirmed the Times' scoop{{nbsp}}... Ironically enough, the memo in fact confirms the necessity of the Special Counsel Robert Mueller.|date=2 February 2018 }}
# {{cite news |last1=Yuhas |first1=Alex |title=What is the Devin Nunes memo about and how does it affect Trump? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/03/what-is-the-nunes-memo-and-why-important |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=The four-page document released on Friday is at the heart of a firestorm over Donald Trump, Russia and special counsel Robert Mueller. What's in it?{{nbsp}}... the memo acknowledges that Papadopoulos, not Page, "triggered the opening of an FBI counterintelligence investigation in late July 2016".}}
# {{cite news |last1=Easley |first1=Jonathan |title=Memo: Papadopoulos info triggered FBI's Russia investigation |url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/372043-memo-papadopoulos-info-triggered-fbis-russia-investigation |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=according to the memo released Friday by House Intelligence Committee Republicans{{nbsp}}... Russia investigation itself—and by extension, special counsel Robert Mueller's probe—was launched from{{nbsp}}... 'information' about Papadapoulos, rather than the dossier.}}
# {{cite web |last1=Levitz |first1=Eric |title=6 Quick Takeaways From the Nunes Memo |url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/02/5-quick-takeaways-from-the-nunes-memo.html |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |quote=But the memo doesn't just fail to discredit the investigation into the Trump campaign—it actually confirms its validity. The core of the GOP's argument against the Mueller probe has been that it was based on unsubstantiated allegations gathered by a Clinton operative. The memo suggests this might be true of the Carter Page warrant—but not of the broader investigation.}}
# {{cite web |last1=Tucker |first1=Eric |last2=Jalonick |first2=Mary |last3=Day |first3=Chad |title=Trump claims memo 'totally vindicates' him in Russia probe |url=https://apnews.com/7fb0980b01e44421af41e6ef530c20b7 |accessdate=March 27, 2019 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |quote=Even as Democrats described it as inaccurate, some Republicans quickly cited the memo—released over the objections of the FBI and Justice Department—in their arguments that Mueller's investigation is politically tainted. A closer read presents a far more nuanced picture{{nbsp}}... the memo confirms the FBI's counterintelligence investigation into the Trump campaign began in July 2016, months before the surveillance warrant was sought, and was "triggered" by information concerning campaign aide George Papadopoulos. }}
</ref> In late February 2018, a [[Nunes memo#Rebuttal_memo|rebuttal memo]] by Democrats in the House Intelligence Committee stated that "Christopher Steele's reporting{{nbsp}}... played no role in launching the counterintelligence investigation{{nbsp}}... In fact, Steele's reporting did not reach the counterintelligence team investigating Russia at FBI headquarters until mid-September 2016, more than seven weeks after the FBI opened its investigation, because the probe's existence was so closely held within the FBI."<ref name="Philips_2/24/2018">{{cite web |last1=Philips |first1=Amber |title=Read the Democratic rebuttal to the Nunes memo, annotated |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/02/24/read-the-democratic-rebuttal-to-the-nunes-memo-annotated/ |date=February 24, 2018 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=April 3, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Prokop_2/24/2018">{{cite web |last1=Prokop |first1=Andrew |title=Read: Democrats' response to the Nunes memo was just released |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/2/24/17048764/schiff-memo-nunes-read-full-text-pdf |date=February 24, 2018 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |accessdate=April 3, 2019}}</ref>

In April 2018, the House Intelligence Committee, then under Republican control, released a final report on Russian interference in the 2016 election; the report said the House Intelligence Committee had found that "in late July 2016, the FBI opened an enterprise CI [counterintelligence] investigation into the Trump campaign following the receipt of derogatory information about foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos".<ref name="Yen_Woodward_Tucker_4/1/2019">{{cite web |last1=Yen |first1=Hope |last2=Woodward |first2=Calvin |last3=Tucker |first3=Eric |title=AP Fact Check: Trump's exaggerations about the Russia probe |date=April 1, 2019 |url=https://apnews.com/9ecab02f44654d3c8ee80e8b172926f2 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=April 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Qiu_5/21/2019">{{cite web |last=Qiu |first=Linda |title=Trump Falsely Claims Russia Investigation Started Because of Steele Dossier |date=May 21, 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/us/politics/fact-check-trump-russia-investigation-steele-dossier.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=April 2, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="HRPT-115-1_3/22/2018">{{cite web |title=Report on Active Russian Measures |url=https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG00/20180322/108023/HRPT-115-1.pdf |date=March 22, 2018 |publisher=[[House Intelligence Committee]] |accessdate=April 3, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502222750/https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG00/20180322/108023/HRPT-115-1.pdf |archivedate=May 2, 2018 |page=47 |quote=Finding #17}}</ref>

==== Role in subsequent investigations ====

In the summer of 2017, two Republican staffers for the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] travelled to London to investigate the dossier, visiting the office of Steele's lawyer but not meeting with Steele.<ref name="PoliticoGOP">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/08/04/trump-steele-dossier-russia-241299 |publisher=[[Politico]] |title=Hunt for Trump dossier author inflames Russia probe |first=Ali |last=Watkins |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> In August 2018, [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Devin Nunes]], Chair of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]], travelled to London in an attempt to meet with the heads of [[MI5]], [[MI6]], and [[GCHQ]] for information about Steele, but was rebuffed by the three agencies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/08/devin-nuness-curious-trip-to-london/568699/ |publisher=[[The Atlantic (magazine)|The Atlantic]] |title=Devin Nunes's Curious Trip to London |first=Natasha |last=Bertrand |date=August 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170544/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/08/devin-nuness-curious-trip-to-london/568699/ |archive-date=August 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-nunes/congressman-nunes-sought-meeting-with-uk-spy-chiefs-in-london-idUSKCN1LD1VX |work=[[Reuters]] |date=August 28, 2018 |title=Congressman Nunes sought meeting with UK spy chiefs in London |first=Mark |last=Hosenball |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Graff}}</ref>

Steele reportedly revealed the identities of the sources used in the dossier to the [[FBI]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |title=Trump-Russia dossier sources revealed to the FBI by Christopher Steele |quote=The 35-page document contained several unsubstantiated allegations about Mr Trump, specifically a 2013 trip to Moscow and Mr Steele provided names of the sources of those claims, ABC News reported. |first=Mythili |last=Sampathkumar |date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829132009/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/trump-russia-dossier-sources-christopher-steele-fbi-senate-judiciary-robert-mueller-a7908946.html |archive-date=29 August 2017 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/trump-russia-dossier-sources-christopher-steele-fbi-senate-judiciary-robert-mueller-a7908946.html}}</ref> Investigators from [[Robert Mueller|Robert Mueller's]] [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)|Special Counsel]] [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)#Mueller and investigation team|investigation team]] met with Steele in September 2017 to interview him about the dossier's claims.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |url=http://www.newsweek.com/robert-muellers-team-interview-trump-dossiers-christopher-steele-679435 |first=Graham |last=Lanktree |date=6 October 2017 |title=Robert Mueller's Team Interview Trump Dossier's Christopher Steele}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/05/politics/special-counsel-russia-dossier-christopher-steele/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |quote=Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigators met this past summer with the former British spy whose dossier on alleged Russian efforts to aid the Trump campaign spawned months of investigations that have hobbled the Trump administration, according to two people familiar with the matter. |date=5 October 2017 |first=Evan |last=Perez |first2=Shimon |last2=Prokupecz |first3=Pamela |last3=Brown |title=Exclusive: Mueller's team met with Russia dossier author |archive-url=https://archive.is/20171005221628/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/05/politics/special-counsel-russia-dossier-christopher-steele/index.html |archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> The [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] is in continued contact with lawyers representing Steele.<ref name="buzz1">{{cite web |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/emmaloop/senate-intel-christopher-steele-dossier-interview |title=The Senate Intel Committee Is In Regular Contact With The Trump–Russia Dossier Author |first=Emma |last=Loop |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702221636/https://www.buzzfeed.com/emmaloop/senate-intel-christopher-steele-dossier-interview?utm_term=.as5DG3YN6x#.yt8Dq1xweW |archive-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

Over the course of two days in June 2019, Steele was interviewed in London by investigators from the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General]] regarding the [[Trump–Russia dossier]]. They found his testimony surprising<ref name="PoliticoJuly9">{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/09/christopher-steele-trump-dossier-doj-1403318 |website=[[Politico]] |first=Natasha |last=Bertrand |date=July 9, 2019 |title=Trump dossier author Steele gets 16-hour DOJ grilling}}</ref> and his "information sufficiently credible to have to extend the investigation".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Trump 'dossier' author grilled by Justice Department watchdogs: sources |date=July 9, 2019 |first=Mark |last=Hosenball |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia/trump-dossier-author-grilled-by-justice-department-watchdogs-sources-idUSKCN1U410I |editor-first=Kevin |editor-last=Drawbaugh |editor-first2=Dan |editor-last2=Grebler |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709103309/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia/trump-dossier-author-grilled-by-justice-department-watchdogs-sources-idUSKCN1U410I |archive-date=July 9, 2019}}</ref>

==== Legal action ====

In February 2017, lawyers for Russian internet entrepreneur [[Aleksej Gubarev]] filed a libel suit against Steele in London. Gubarev claimed he was defamed by allegations in the dossier.<ref name=BuzzFeedSuedMcClatchDC20180203>{{cite web|title=BuzzFeed sued over its publication of uncorroborated Trump dossier|url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article130659399.html|website=[[McClatchyDC]]|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=August 21, 2018|last1=Hall|first1=Kevin G.|last2=Goldstein|first2=David|last3=Gordon|first3=Greg}}</ref>

In August 2017, lawyers for Gubarev demanded Steele give a deposition regarding the dossier, as part of a [[libel]] lawsuit against [[BuzzFeed News]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2017/08/10/legal-fight-trump-dossier-christopher-steele-241503 |website=[[Politico]] |title=Legal fight breaks out over deposition of Trump dossier author Christopher Steele |first=Josh |last=Gerstein |date=10 August 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite court |date=10 August 2017 |url=http://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000015d-ce23-d020-a1df-ce37d9510002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811044702/http://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000015d-ce23-d020-a1df-ce37d9510002 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |litigants=Aleksej Gubarev, XBT Holdings S.A., and Webzilla, Inc. v. BuzzFeed, Inc, and Ben Smith |court=[[United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida|United States District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division]]}}</ref> filed in February.<ref name=GubrevBuzzFeedRequestForInternationalJudicialAssistance20170810>{{cite web|title=Aleksej Gubarev, XBT Hodings S.A., and Webzilla, Inc. v. BuzzFeed, Inc. and Ben Smith - Request for International Judicial Assistance|url=https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000015d-ce23-d020-a1df-ce37d9510002|format=PDF|via=[[Politico]]|last=Ungaro|first=Ursula|date=August 10, 2017|access-date=August 21, 2018|author-link=Ursula Mancusi Ungaro}}</ref> Steele objected to testifying but his objections were rejected by U.S. District Court Judge [[Ursula Mancusi Ungaro]], who allowed the deposition to proceed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2017/08/15/judge-denies-trump-spy-libel-241667 |publisher=[[Politico]] |first=Josh |last=Gerstein |date=15 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |title=Judge denies Trump dossier author's bid to scuttle deposition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Law360]] |title=UK Man Tied To Trump Dossier Must Testify In BuzzFeed Row |first=Carolina |last=Bolado |date=15 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/954590/uk-man-tied-to-trump-dossier-must-testify-in-buzzfeed-row |quote=A Florida federal judge declined Tuesday to allow a British security company director who is widely believed to have compiled a dossier alleging Russia has compromising information on President Donald Trump to intervene in a Russian technology executive's [[defamation]] suit against BuzzFeed over the publication of his name in the dossier.}}</ref><ref name=GubrevBuzzFeedRequestForInternationalJudicialAssistance20170810 />

In April 2018, [[Mikhail Fridman]], [[Petr Aven]], and [[German Khan]]—the owners of [[Alfa-Bank|Alfa Bank]]—filed a libel suit against Steele, who mentioned the bank in the [[Trump–Russia dossier]]. The lawsuit is filed in Washington D.C.<ref name=oligarchs>{{cite news|last1=Polantz|first1=Katelyn|title=3 Russian oligarchs sue Christopher Steele|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/20/politics/oligarchs-lawsuit-christopher-steele/index.html|accessdate=22 April 2018|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=20 April 2018}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed by Judge Anthony C. Epstein on August 20, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/21/author-of-trump-russia-dossier-wins-libel-case-in-us-court-christopher-steele |date=August 21, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |title=Author of Trump-Russia dossier wins libel case in US court |first=Luke |last=Harding |quote=On Monday, a judge in the District of Columbia, Anthony C Epstein, upheld a motion by Steele to have the oligarchs' case thrown out.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4779088/Khan-v-Orbis-Order-082018.pdf |title=Khan v Orbis - Order 082018 |date=August 20, 2018 |access-date=August 21, 2018 |first=Anthony C. |last=Epstein |publisher=[[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]]}}</ref>

==== Senate Republicans' referral for a criminal investigation ====

{{Wikisource|Senate Judiciary Committee Interview of Glenn Simpson}}
{{Wikisource|House Intelligence Committee Interview of Glenn Simpson}}

On 5 January 2018, [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] Chairman [[Chuck Grassley]], joined by senior Republican member [[Lindsey Graham]], issued a [[criminal referral]] regarding Steele to the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] for it to investigate whether Steele had lied to the FBI about his interactions with the media.<ref name="DOJRef">{{cite news |first=Charles E. |last=Grassley |first2=Lindsey O. |last2=Graham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205174818/https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2018-02-02%20CEG%20LG%20to%20DOJ%20FBI%20(Unclassified%20Steele%20Referral).pdf |archive-date=5 February 2018 |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2018-02-02%20CEG%20LG%20to%20DOJ%20FBI%20(Unclassified%20Steele%20Referral).pdf |title=Referral of Christopher Steele for Potential Violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001 |publisher=[[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary]] |date=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/grassley-graham-refer-dossier-author-christopher-steele-for-criminal-investigation |publisher=[[Reuters]] |title=Grassley, Graham Refer Dossier Author Christopher Steele for Criminal Investigation |first=Aaron P. |last=Bernstein |quote=In a shocking move Friday afternoon, GOP Senators Chuck Grassley and Lindsey Graham referred the so-called "Trump dossier" writer Christopher Steele for criminal investigation. They are referring him to the Justice Department for what they say are potential violations regarding inconsistencies Steele made in statements provided to authorities. |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="wapo">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/senior-republican-refers-trump-dossier-author-for-possible-charges/2018/01/05/ead4585e-f0af-11e7-b390-a36dc3fa2842_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018 |first=Devlin |last=Barrett |first2=Tom |last2=Hamburger |quote=Their letter makes what's called a criminal referral to the Justice Department, suggesting they investigate the dossier author, former British spy Christopher Steele, for possibly lying to the FBI. |title=Senior Republican refers Trump dossier author for possible charges}}</ref><ref name="NYT referrals">{{cite web|last1=Fandos|first1=Nicholas|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Matthew|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/us/politics/christopher-steele-dossier-judiciary-committee.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur|title=Republican Senators Raise Possible Charges Against Author of Trump Dossier|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 January 2018|accessdate=5 January 2018}}</ref> Because the referral is based on classified FBI documents, the context in which the Republican senators allege Steele to have lied is limited to references that he discussed the dossier with media outlets.<ref name="NYT referrals" /> Both Grassley and Graham declared that they were not alleging Steele "had committed any crime. Rather, they had passed on the information for 'further investigation only'".<ref name="BBC_News_1/5/2018">{{cite web | title=Senators urge Trump dossier author probe | website=BBC News | date=5 January 2018 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42586855 | access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>

The referral was met with skepticism from legal experts, as well as members of both parties on the Judiciary Committee.<ref name=wapo/> Fusion GPS lawyer Joshua A. Levy said the referral was just another effort to discredit the investigation into Russian interference in the election and that: "After a year of investigations into Donald Trump's ties to Russia, the only person Republicans seek to accuse of wrongdoing is one who reported on these matters to law enforcement in the first place".<ref name=wapo/> Veteran prosecutor [[Peter Zeidenberg]] called the referral "nonsense" because "the FBI doesn't need any prompting from politicians to prosecute people who have lied to them."<ref name=wapo/> Another former federal prosecutor, Justin Dillon, said that "it was too early to assume the letter was simply a political attack". The senior Democrat on the Committee, [[Dianne Feinstein]], said that the referral was made without consultation of any Democrats on the committee and released a five-page rebuttal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/0/9/09710d10-8885-4c05-9dee-d587fe0b7c0d/4E7F2E9D9626E9A02A76AC28640D0A01.steele-criminal-referral-analysis.pdf |title=Analysis Refutes Criminal Referral of Christopher Steele |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |date=9 February 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209191017/https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/0/9/09710d10-8885-4c05-9dee-d587fe0b7c0d/4E7F2E9D9626E9A02A76AC28640D0A01.steele-criminal-referral-analysis.pdf}}</ref> A Republican aide said Grassley and Graham were "carrying water for the White House"; that their actions did not reflect the views of the committee as a whole; and that other members were upset with Grassley over the matter.<ref name=wapo/>

In an opinion-editorial for ''Politico'', former CIA official John Sipher said the attacks on Steele, a private citizen who provided information to the FBI that alarmed him, will make future tipsters less likely to approach American law enforcement with information that bears on national security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/02/05/christopher-steele-dossier-smearing-216940|title=The Smearing of Christopher Steele|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref>

==== U.S. Inspector General findings ====

On December 9, 2019, [[Office of Inspector General (United States)|U.S. Inspector General]] [[Michael E. Horowitz|Michael Horowitz]] testified to the House Judiciary Committee that despite making 17 mistakes in their applications to the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] (FISA), the FBI showed no political bias during the investigation of Trump and the Russian government.<ref name=horowitz1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/read-full-text-doj-ig-michael-horowitz-s-report-origins-n1098431|title=Read the full text: Justice Department watchdog report into origins of Russia probe|website=NBC News}}</ref><ref name=horowitz2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/inspector-general-report-trump-russia-investigation/2019/12/09/d5940d88-184c-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html|title=FBI was justified in opening Trump campaign probe, but case plagued by 'serious failures,' inspector general finds|first1=Devlin|last1=Barrett|first2=closeDevlin BarrettReporter focusing on national|last2=security|first3=law enforcementEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollowMatt|last3=Zapotosky|first4=closeMatt ZapotoskyNational security reporter covering the Justice DepartmentEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollowKaroun|last4=Demirjian|first5=closeKaroun DemirjianCongressional reporter focusing on national securityEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollowEllen Nakashima closeEllen NakashimaNational security|last5=reporterEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollow|website=Washington Post}}</ref><ref name=horowitz3>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/09/fbi-russia-probe-report-released-by-justice-department-watchdog.html|title=Justice Department watchdog finds Trump-Russia probe was not tainted by political bias|first=Kevin|last=Breuninger|date=9 December 2019|website=CNBC}}</ref><ref name=reuterspecific>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia/no-political-bias-but-fbi-made-mistakes-in-probe-of-trump-2016-campaign-watchdog-idUSKBN1YD11L|title=Mistakes, but no political bias in FBI probe of Trump campaign: watchdog|first1=Sarah N.|last1=Lynch|first2=Andy|last2=Sullivan|first3=Mark|last3=Hosenball|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=December 9, 2019|accessdate=December 9, 2019}}</ref> A redacted version of his report was released the same day.<ref name="OIG_12/9/2019"/>

Steele had been a paid [[confidential human source]] for the FBI before preparing the Steele dossier, and the FBI found "Steele's information to be valuable and that it warranted compensation", with Steele receiving $95,000 from the FBI between 2014 and 2016 for information on previous matters unrelated to Trump.<ref name=sky-20191210>{{cite news |url=https://news.sky.com/story/trump-hater-ex-mi6-officer-who-helped-compile-russia-dossier-was-a-friend-of-ivanka-11882732 |title='Trump hater' ex-MI6 officer who compiled Russia dossier was a friend of Ivanka |last=Haynes |first=Deborah |work=Sky News |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> From information in the report, ''ABC News'' determined that Steele and [[Ivanka Trump]] had had a business and personal relationship from 2007 for a number of years.<ref name=abc-20191209>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/dossier-author-chris-steele-met-ivanka-trump-years/story?id=67597270 |title='Dossier' author Chris Steele met Ivanka Trump years before Russia scandal, source says |last=Macfarlane |first=Julia |publisher=ABC News |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=guardian-20191209>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/dec/09/christopher-steele-ivanka-trump-personal-relationship |title=Steele had 'personal' relationship with Ivanka Trump, DoJ report reveals |last=Harding |first=Luke |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>

One of the report's findings related to conflicting accounts of sourced content in the dossier. When one of Steele's sources was later interviewed by the FBI about the allegations sourced to them, they gave accounts which conflicted with Steele's renderings in the dossier. They indicated that Steele "misstated or exaggerated" the source's statements.<ref name="OIG_12/9/2019">{{cite web | author=Office of the Inspector General U.S. Department of Justice | date=December 9, 2019 | title=Review of Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI's Crossfire Hurricane Investigation | website= | url=https://www.justice.gov/storage/120919-examination.pdf | accessdate=December 9, 2019 | author-link=United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General }}</ref><ref name=reuterspecific />

The IG found it difficult to discern the causes for the discrepancies between some dossier allegations and explanations later provided to the FBI by the sources for those allegations. The IG attributed the discrepancies to three possible factors: miscommunication between Steele and the sources, "exaggerations or misrepresentations" by Steele, or misrepresentations by the sources when questioned by the FBI.<ref name="OIG_12/9/2019"/>

Another factor was described by the Supervisory Intel Analyst, who believed that someone described as "one of the key sources" for the dossier "may have been attempting to minimize his/her role in the election reporting following its release to the public." That person had been the source for "the alleged meeting between Carter Page and Igor Divyekin" and the "allegations concerning Michael Cohen and events in Prague".<ref name="OIG_12/9/2019"/>

== Personal life ==

His first wife, Laura, with whom he had three children, died in 2009 after a long illness. He remarried in 2012; he and his second wife Katherine had one child and are raising all four children together.<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018"/> He currently lives in [[Farnham, Surrey]].<ref name="Mayer_3/12/2018">{{cite web |last=Mayer |first=Jane |title=Christopher Steele, the Man Behind the Trump Dossier |website=[[The New Yorker]] |date=March 12, 2018 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/12/christopher-steele-the-man-behind-the-trump-dossier |accessdate=March 6, 2018}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Sipher, John (5 February 2018). "[https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/02/05/christopher-steele-dossier-smearing-216940?lo=ap_f1 The Smearing of Christopher Steele]." ''[[Politico magazine|Politico]]''.
* Hamburger, Tom; Helderman, Rosalind S. (6 February 2018). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/hero-or-hired-gun-how-a-british-former-spy-became-a-flash-point-in-the-russia-investigation/2018/02/06/94ea5158-0795-11e8-8777-2a059f168dd2_story.html Hero or hired gun? How a British former spy became a flash point in the Russia investigation]." ''[[The Washington Post]].''
* {{cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Jane|authorlink=Jane Mayer|date=12 March 2018|title=Christopher Steele, the Man Behind the Trump Dossier|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/12/christopher-steele-the-man-behind-the-trump-dossier|journal=[[The New Yorker]]}}
* Bensinger, Ken (2018): ''Red Card: How the U.S. Blew the Whistle on the World's Biggest Sports Scandal'', Simon and Schuster.

== External links ==

* [https://orbisbi.com/ Home page for Orbis Business Intelligence]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Steele, Christopher}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aden]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union]]
[[Category:Russia–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]]
[[Category:Secret Intelligence Service personnel]]
[[Category:United Kingdom–United States relations]]

Ulla Schmidt

2020-04-02T23:46:38Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ulla Schmidt
| image = Ulla Schmidt (2018).jpg
| caption =

| office = [[Presidium of the Bundestag|Vice President of the Bundestag]] (on proposal of the SPD group)
| term_start = 22 October 2013
| term_end = 24 October 2017
| predecessor = none (second VP post for the SPD-group was created after the [[2013 German federal election|2013 election]])
| successor = none (the SPD group was not allowed to propose a second VP after the [[2017 German federal election|2017 election]])

| office1 = [[Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)|Federal Minister of Health]]
| term_start1 = 22 November 2005
| term_end1 = 27 October 2009
| predecessor1 = Herself (Health and Social Security)
| successor1 = [[Philipp Rösler]]
| chancellor1 = [[Angela Merkel]]
| term_start2 = 12 January 2001
| term_end2 = 22 October 2002
| successor2 = Herself (Health and Social Security)
| predecessor2 = [[Andrea Fischer]]
| chancellor2 = [[Gerhard Schröder]]

| office3 = [[Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)|Federal Minister of Health and Social Security]]
| term_start3 = 22 October 2002
| term_end3 = 22 November 2005
| predecessor3 = [[Walter Riester]] (Social Affairs) Herself (Health)
| successor3 = [[Franz Müntefering]] (Social Affairs) Herself (Health)
| chancellor3 = [[Gerhard Schröder]]

| office4 = Member of the [[Bundestag]] for [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]
| term_start4 = 27 September 2009
| term_end4 =
| constituency4 = [[Electoral system of Germany|SPD List]]
| term_start5 = 2 December 1990
| term_end5 = 27 September 1998
| constituency5 = [[Electoral system of Germany|SPD List]]

| office6 = Member of the [[Bundestag]] for [[Aachen I]]
| term_start6 = 27 September 1998
| term_end6 = 27 September 2009
| predecessor6 = [[Armin Laschet]]
| successor6 = [[Rudolf Henke]]

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|6|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]]
| nationality = German
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD)
| relations =
| residence =
| alma_mater = Teaching College of Aachen
| profession = [[Teacher]] for Primary and [[Hauptschule|General]] Schools
| religion =
| signature =
| website = [http://www.ulla-schmidt.de/ ulla-schmidt.de]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ursula "Ulla" Schmidt''' (born 13 June 1949) is a [[Germany|German]] politician of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD). From 2001 to 2009 she was [[Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)|Federal Minister of Health]] in the German Government. Between 2013 and 2017, she served as [[President of the Bundestag|Vice-President of the German Bundestag]].

==Early life and education==
Schmidt studied at [[RWTH Aachen University]] and [[FernUniversität Hagen]] before working as a teacher specialising in [[Special education|special needs education]] and the rehabilitation of children with [[learning disability|learning difficulties]] and behavioural issues.<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref>

==Political career==

===Early beginnings===
In 1976 Schmidt was a candidate of the [[Maoism|Maoist]] "Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland" (KBW) ''([[Communist League of West Germany]])'' for the Federal Assembly of Germany ([[Bundestag]]) in [[Aachen]]. The KBW dissolved completely in 1985.

In 1983, Schmidt changed to the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD). There she is a member of the local ([[Aachen]]) leadership and of the "[[Seeheimer Kreis]]". She was elected to the German Bundestag in the first elections in reunified Germany on 2 December 1990, representing the Aachen I constituency.<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref>

===Member of the Federal Government===
As deputy leader of the Social Democratic parliamentary group between 1998 and 2001,<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref> Schmidt first gained respect in Parliament for her strong defense of pension reforms proposed by Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] government in 2000.<ref>[[Roger Cohen]] (January 11, 2001), [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/world/11BERL.html Two Named to New German Agency in Shuffle Over Beef Disease] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

After the resignation of incumbent [[Andrea Fischer]], who took the blame for the government's chaotic response to the discovery of 10 cases of [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy]], Schmidt became [[Federal Minister for Health (Germany)|Federal Minister for Health]] under Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] in 2001.<ref>[[Roger Cohen]] (January 11, 2001), [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/world/11BERL.html Two Named to New German Agency in Shuffle Over Beef Disease] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> A year later, the responsibility for social security was added to her portfolio and she was appointed [[Federal Minister for Health and Social Security (Germany)|Federal Minister for Health and Social Security]].

During her tenure as Germany’s long-serving minister of health, Schmidt oversaw major system reforms, balancing social solidarity with fiscal responsibility.<ref>Tsung-Mei Cheng and Uwe E. Reinhardt, [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/27/3/w204.full?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Tsung-Mei+Cheng&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Shepherding Major Health System Reforms: A Conversation With German Health Minister Ulla Schmidt] ''Health Affairs'', May 2008.</ref> In September 2003, Schmidt worked to tighten the regulations allowing welfare benefits to German expatriates. Under the new rules, the only people to receive benefits are Germans who are receiving long-term medical treatment outside the country or who are in foreign jails.<ref>Mark Landler (October 17, 2003), [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/17/world/a-german-banker-on-welfare-among-miami-s-palms.html A German Banker on Welfare Among Miami's Palms] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

In November 2005, Schmidt again became [[Federal Minister for Health (Germany)|Federal Minister for Health]] in the [[grand coalition]] of [[Angela Merkel]]. Social security was reunited with the portfolio of labour, which in 2002 had been added to that of the [[Federal Minister for Economics (Germany)|Federal Minister for Economics]]. By 2006, Schmidt led negotiations for an agreement on changes to Germany’s healthcare financing.<ref>Hugh Williamson (June 9, 2006), [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/cf60a71e-f7d6-11da-9481-0000779e2340.html Germany on course for health financing reform] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

In July 2009, the Social Democrats’ candidate to challenge incumbent Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]], [[Frank Walter Steinmeier]], dropped Schmidt from his campaign team for the [[2009 German federal election|federal elections]], after she embarrassed the party by taking her official [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] and chauffeur on a vacation to Spain.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05EEDE1538F933A05754C0A96F9C8B63&module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3As%2C{%222%22%3A%22RI%3A15%22} Germany: Setback For Official In Stolen-Car Case] ''[[Financial Times]]'', July 30, 2009.</ref> The SPD subsequently lost the elections.

===Member of the German Bundestag===
From February 2010, Schmidt was a member of the [[NATO Parliamentary Assembly]] and deputy chairwoman of the German delegation to that assembly. She also served as a member of the Subcommittee on Cultural and Education Policy Abroad of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and as a member of the Committee on Cultural and Media Affairs.<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref>

In 2010, Schmidt became chairwoman of Lebenshilfe, the association for people with mental disability, their families, experts and friends.<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref>

In her capacity as Vice President of the German Parliament, Schmidt also was a member of the parliament’s [[Council of Elders of the Bundestag (Germany)|Council of Elders]], which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigns committee chairpersons based on party representation.

==Other activities==
===Corporate boards===
* K & S Unternehmensgruppe, Member of the Advisory Board
* [[Philips|Philips Germany]], Member of the Supervisory Board
* Siegfried Holding, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2016)<ref>[http://www.siegfried.ch/investor-relations-media/media-releases-news/article/article/siegfried-ulla-schmidt-and-martin-schmid-recommended-for-nomination-to-the-board-of-directors/ Siegfried: Ulla Schmidt and Martin Schmid recommended for nomination to the Board of Directors] Siegfried Holding, press release of March 9, 2016.</ref>
* [[Charité]], Member of the Supervisory Board (-2020)<ref>[https://www.charite.de/en/the_charite/organisation/management/supervisory_board/ Supervisory Board] [[Charité]].</ref><ref>Hannes Heine (February 23, 2020), [https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berliner-senat-entscheidet-ueber-charite-mehr-forschungsexpertise-im-aufsichtsrat/25574752.html Berliner Senat entscheidet über Charité: Mehr Forschungsexpertise im Aufsichtsrat] ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]''.</ref>
===Non-profits===
* Aktion Mensch, Member of the Supervisory Board<ref>[https://www.aktion-mensch.de/ueber-uns/organisation/gremien/aufsichtsrat.html Supervisory Board] Aktion Mensch.</ref>
* [[Atlantik-Brücke]], Member
* [[German Commission for UNESCO]], Member
* German Federal Film Board (FFA), Alternate Member of the Supervisory Board (-2014)
* [[German Red Cross]], Member
* [[Goethe-Institut]], Delegate to the General Meeting
* [[Haus der Geschichte]], Member of the Board of Trustees (2009-2013)
* [[IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie]] (IG BCE), Member
* Tarabya Academy, Member of the Advisory Board
* [[Terre des Femmes]], Member

==Controversies==
Amid discussions on whether [[Iraq]] possesses the [[smallpox virus]] and that the [[Saddam Hussein]] regime has mobile factories capable of producing chemical and biological weapons, Schmidt recommended in 2003 that Germany stockpile [[smallpox vaccine]] to guard against a possible terrorist attack. In response, members of the conservative opposition accused Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's government of withholding a true picture of the threat from Iraq.<ref>[[Richard Bernstein]] (February 4, 2003), [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/04/international/europe/04BERL.html Schröder's Team Not Telling Full Story on Iraq, Foes Say] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

In 2009, Schmidt criticized statements made by Pope [[Benedict XVI]], who claimed that condom usage promoted [[AIDS]].<ref>[http://www.faz.net/s/RubFC06D389EE76479E9E76425072B196C3/Doc~EFDB8778F7D2F4AA8BADA3EEA536C4368~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html Empörte Reaktionen auf Papst-Äußerung]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ulla-schmidt.de/ Official Site of Ulla Schmidt]
* [[:de:Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland|Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland]] (German Wikipedia)

{{Cabinet Merkel I}}{{Current members of the Bundestag}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schmidt, Ursula}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aachen]]
[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Germany]]
[[Category:Social Affairs ministers of Germany]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:Communist League of West Germany politicians]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians]]
[[Category:RWTH Aachen University alumni]]
[[Category:Female members of the Bundestag]]
[[Category:University of Hagen alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century German politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century German women politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009]]

Ulla Schmidt

2020-04-02T23:44:49Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ulla Schmidt
| image = Ulla Schmidt (2018).jpg
| caption =

| office = [[Presidium of the Bundestag|Vice President of the Bundestag]] (on proposal of the SPD group)
| term_start = 22 October 2013
| term_end = 24 October 2017
| predecessor = none (second VP post for the SPD-group was created after the [[2013 German federal election|2013 election]])
| successor = none (the SPD group was not allowed to propose a second VP after the [[2017 German federal election|2017 election]])

| office1 = [[Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)|Federal Minister of Health]]
| term_start1 = 22 November 2005
| term_end1 = 27 October 2009
| predecessor1 = Herself (Health and Social Security)
| successor1 = [[Philipp Rösler]]
| chancellor1 = [[Angela Merkel]]
| term_start2 = 12 January 2001
| term_end2 = 22 October 2002
| successor2 = Herself (Health and Social Security)
| predecessor2 = [[Andrea Fischer]]
| chancellor2 = [[Gerhard Schröder]]

| office3 = [[Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)|Federal Minister of Health and Social Security]]
| term_start3 = 22 October 2002
| term_end3 = 22 November 2005
| predecessor3 = [[Walter Riester]] (Social Affairs) Herself (Health)
| successor3 = [[Franz Müntefering]] (Social Affairs) Herself (Health)
| chancellor3 = [[Gerhard Schröder]]

| office4 = Member of the [[Bundestag]] for [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]
| term_start4 = 27 September 2009
| term_end4 =
| constituency4 = [[Electoral system of Germany|SPD List]]
| term_start5 = 2 December 1990
| term_end5 = 27 September 1998
| constituency5 = [[Electoral system of Germany|SPD List]]

| office6 = Member of the [[Bundestag]] for [[Aachen I]]
| term_start6 = 27 September 1998
| term_end6 = 27 September 2009
| predecessor6 = [[Armin Laschet]]
| successor6 = [[Rudolf Henke]]

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|6|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]]
| nationality = German
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD)
| relations =
| residence =
| alma_mater = Teaching College of Aachen
| profession = [[Teacher]] for Primary and [[Hauptschule|General]] Schools
| religion =
| signature =
| website = [http://www.ulla-schmidt.de/ ulla-schmidt.de]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ursula "Ulla" Schmidt''' (born 13 June 1949) is a [[Germany|German]] politician of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD). From 2001 to 2009 she was [[Federal Ministry of Health|Federal Minister of Health]] in the German Government. Between 2013 and 2017, she served as [[President of the Bundestag|Vice-President of the German Bundestag]].

==Early life and education==
Schmidt studied at [[RWTH Aachen University]] and [[FernUniversität Hagen]] before working as a teacher specialising in [[Special education|special needs education]] and the rehabilitation of children with [[learning disability|learning difficulties]] and behavioural issues.<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref>

==Political career==

===Early beginnings===
In 1976 Schmidt was a candidate of the [[Maoism|Maoist]] "Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland" (KBW) ''([[Communist League of West Germany]])'' for the Federal Assembly of Germany ([[Bundestag]]) in [[Aachen]]. The KBW dissolved completely in 1985.

In 1983, Schmidt changed to the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD). There she is a member of the local ([[Aachen]]) leadership and of the "[[Seeheimer Kreis]]". She was elected to the German Bundestag in the first elections in reunified Germany on 2 December 1990, representing the Aachen I constituency.<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref>

===Member of the Federal Government===
As deputy leader of the Social Democratic parliamentary group between 1998 and 2001,<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref> Schmidt first gained respect in Parliament for her strong defense of pension reforms proposed by Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] government in 2000.<ref>[[Roger Cohen]] (January 11, 2001), [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/world/11BERL.html Two Named to New German Agency in Shuffle Over Beef Disease] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

After the resignation of incumbent [[Andrea Fischer]], who took the blame for the government's chaotic response to the discovery of 10 cases of [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy]], Schmidt became [[Federal Minister for Health (Germany)|Federal Minister for Health]] under Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] in 2001.<ref>[[Roger Cohen]] (January 11, 2001), [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/world/11BERL.html Two Named to New German Agency in Shuffle Over Beef Disease] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> A year later, the responsibility for social security was added to her portfolio and she was appointed [[Federal Minister for Health and Social Security (Germany)|Federal Minister for Health and Social Security]].

During her tenure as Germany’s long-serving minister of health, Schmidt oversaw major system reforms, balancing social solidarity with fiscal responsibility.<ref>Tsung-Mei Cheng and Uwe E. Reinhardt, [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/27/3/w204.full?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Tsung-Mei+Cheng&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Shepherding Major Health System Reforms: A Conversation With German Health Minister Ulla Schmidt] ''Health Affairs'', May 2008.</ref> In September 2003, Schmidt worked to tighten the regulations allowing welfare benefits to German expatriates. Under the new rules, the only people to receive benefits are Germans who are receiving long-term medical treatment outside the country or who are in foreign jails.<ref>Mark Landler (October 17, 2003), [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/17/world/a-german-banker-on-welfare-among-miami-s-palms.html A German Banker on Welfare Among Miami's Palms] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

In November 2005, Schmidt again became [[Federal Minister for Health (Germany)|Federal Minister for Health]] in the [[grand coalition]] of [[Angela Merkel]]. Social security was reunited with the portfolio of labour, which in 2002 had been added to that of the [[Federal Minister for Economics (Germany)|Federal Minister for Economics]]. By 2006, Schmidt led negotiations for an agreement on changes to Germany’s healthcare financing.<ref>Hugh Williamson (June 9, 2006), [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/cf60a71e-f7d6-11da-9481-0000779e2340.html Germany on course for health financing reform] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

In July 2009, the Social Democrats’ candidate to challenge incumbent Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]], [[Frank Walter Steinmeier]], dropped Schmidt from his campaign team for the [[2009 German federal election|federal elections]], after she embarrassed the party by taking her official [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] and chauffeur on a vacation to Spain.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05EEDE1538F933A05754C0A96F9C8B63&module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3As%2C{%222%22%3A%22RI%3A15%22} Germany: Setback For Official In Stolen-Car Case] ''[[Financial Times]]'', July 30, 2009.</ref> The SPD subsequently lost the elections.

===Member of the German Bundestag===
From February 2010, Schmidt was a member of the [[NATO Parliamentary Assembly]] and deputy chairwoman of the German delegation to that assembly. She also served as a member of the Subcommittee on Cultural and Education Policy Abroad of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and as a member of the Committee on Cultural and Media Affairs.<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref>

In 2010, Schmidt became chairwoman of Lebenshilfe, the association for people with mental disability, their families, experts and friends.<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 Ulla Schmidt, Vice-President of the Bundestag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101194615/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/presidium/schmidt/260032 |date=2014-11-01 }} Deutscher Bundestag.</ref>

In her capacity as Vice President of the German Parliament, Schmidt also was a member of the parliament’s [[Council of Elders of the Bundestag (Germany)|Council of Elders]], which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigns committee chairpersons based on party representation.

==Other activities==
===Corporate boards===
* K & S Unternehmensgruppe, Member of the Advisory Board
* [[Philips|Philips Germany]], Member of the Supervisory Board
* Siegfried Holding, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2016)<ref>[http://www.siegfried.ch/investor-relations-media/media-releases-news/article/article/siegfried-ulla-schmidt-and-martin-schmid-recommended-for-nomination-to-the-board-of-directors/ Siegfried: Ulla Schmidt and Martin Schmid recommended for nomination to the Board of Directors] Siegfried Holding, press release of March 9, 2016.</ref>
* [[Charité]], Member of the Supervisory Board (-2020)<ref>[https://www.charite.de/en/the_charite/organisation/management/supervisory_board/ Supervisory Board] [[Charité]].</ref><ref>Hannes Heine (February 23, 2020), [https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berliner-senat-entscheidet-ueber-charite-mehr-forschungsexpertise-im-aufsichtsrat/25574752.html Berliner Senat entscheidet über Charité: Mehr Forschungsexpertise im Aufsichtsrat] ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]''.</ref>
===Non-profits===
* Aktion Mensch, Member of the Supervisory Board<ref>[https://www.aktion-mensch.de/ueber-uns/organisation/gremien/aufsichtsrat.html Supervisory Board] Aktion Mensch.</ref>
* [[Atlantik-Brücke]], Member
* [[German Commission for UNESCO]], Member
* German Federal Film Board (FFA), Alternate Member of the Supervisory Board (-2014)
* [[German Red Cross]], Member
* [[Goethe-Institut]], Delegate to the General Meeting
* [[Haus der Geschichte]], Member of the Board of Trustees (2009-2013)
* [[IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie]] (IG BCE), Member
* Tarabya Academy, Member of the Advisory Board
* [[Terre des Femmes]], Member

==Controversies==
Amid discussions on whether [[Iraq]] possesses the [[smallpox virus]] and that the [[Saddam Hussein]] regime has mobile factories capable of producing chemical and biological weapons, Schmidt recommended in 2003 that Germany stockpile [[smallpox vaccine]] to guard against a possible terrorist attack. In response, members of the conservative opposition accused Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's government of withholding a true picture of the threat from Iraq.<ref>[[Richard Bernstein]] (February 4, 2003), [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/04/international/europe/04BERL.html Schröder's Team Not Telling Full Story on Iraq, Foes Say] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

In 2009, Schmidt criticized statements made by Pope [[Benedict XVI]], who claimed that condom usage promoted [[AIDS]].<ref>[http://www.faz.net/s/RubFC06D389EE76479E9E76425072B196C3/Doc~EFDB8778F7D2F4AA8BADA3EEA536C4368~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html Empörte Reaktionen auf Papst-Äußerung]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ulla-schmidt.de/ Official Site of Ulla Schmidt]
* [[:de:Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland|Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland]] (German Wikipedia)

{{Cabinet Merkel I}}{{Current members of the Bundestag}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schmidt, Ursula}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aachen]]
[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Germany]]
[[Category:Social Affairs ministers of Germany]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:Communist League of West Germany politicians]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians]]
[[Category:RWTH Aachen University alumni]]
[[Category:Female members of the Bundestag]]
[[Category:University of Hagen alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century German politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century German women politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013]]
[[Category:Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009]]

Michala Petri

2020-03-01T23:39:09Z

83.83.44.43:

{{infobox musician
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|7|7}}
|birth_place = Hobro, Denmark
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|image = Michala Petri at the Other Minds festival in 2013.JPG
|caption = Michala Petri at the Other Minds festival in 2013
|years_active = 1969-present
|instrument = Recorder
|occupation = Solo musician
|genre = Baroque, contemporary
}}
'''Michala Petri''' (born July 7, 1958) is a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]] player. Her debut as a soloist was in 1969. She is the step-granddaughter of Danish actress [[Ingeborg Brams]].

==Biography==
Petri, who began playing the recorder at the age of three, is noted for her virtuosity and versatility across a wide range of styles, from the [[Baroque music|baroque]] repertoire of the height of the instrument's popularity to contemporary works written particularly for her. She first played on Danish Radio at the age of five, and her debut performance as a soloist was at Copenhagen's Tivoli concert hall in 1969 when she was eleven. She has premiered dozens of works, by composers [[Malcolm Arnold]], [[Gordon Jacob]] and [[Richard Harvey]], as well as [[Daniel Börtz]], [[Erik Haumann]], [[Hans Kunstovny]], [[Erling Bjerno]], [[Thomas Koppel]], [[Ove Benzen]], [[Vagn Holmboe]], [[Piers Hellawell]], [[Gary Kulesha]], [[Asger Lund Christiansen]], [[Egil Harder]], [[Michael Berkeley]], [[Butch Lacy]], [[Miklos Maros]], [[Ezra Laderman]], [[Jens Bjerre Jacobsen|Jens Bjerre]], [[Henning Christiansen]], [[Niels Viggo Bentzon]], [[Axel Borup Jørgensen]], and [[Gunnar Berg (composer)|Gunnar Berg]]. With comedian-pianist [[Victor Borge]] at his eigthiest birthday she performed [[Vittorio Monti]]'s [[Csárdás (Monti)|Csardas]]. She called that by far the hardest challenge of her professional carreer.

She frequently collaborates with her former husband (they divorced in 2010<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nockin |first1=Maria |title=Michala Petri Plays Very Old and Very New Music |url=http://www.fanfaremag.com/content/view/47527/10253 |website=[[Fanfare (magazine)|Fanfare]] |accessdate=21 March 2016 |date=4 February 2012 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529051100/http://www.fanfaremag.com/content/view/47527/10253 |archivedate=May 29, 2012 }}</ref>), [[guitar]]ist and [[lute]]nist [[Lars Hannibal]], with whom she has made several recordings. Petri has taken a particular interest in the combination of recorder and guitar, collaborating with guitarists including [[Göran Söllscher]], [[Kazuhito Yamashita]] and [[Manuel Barrueco]]. One notable collaboration of hers was two albums of sonatas by [[J. S. Bach]] and [[G. F. Handel]], with [[Keith Jarrett]] on harpsichord; she has also recorded with the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[English Chamber Orchestra]], and [[Pinchas Zukerman]], among many others.

Petri studied with Prof. [[Ferdinand Conrad]] at the Staatliche Hochschule für Musik und Theater in [[Hannover]], partly because she was still too young to become a full-time student in Denmark. She gave a debut recital for BBC radio in March 1976, and the BBC released a recorded recital in 1977. Leo Black's sleeve note for this recording remarks, "one realises what can happen when a mighty talent starts young enough." Her mother is Hanne Petri, who studied at the [[Royal Danish Academy of Music]], and her brother, David Petri, won the Danish "Young Musician of the Year Award" in 1978. He is a cellist. Both have recorded with Michala as The Petri Trio (or Michala Trio).
In 1979 she began an exclusive recording contract with [[Philips Records]] that lasted until 1987; she is currently recording on the RCA Red Seal label.

In a 1990 interview with Petri, the [[award]]-winning radio music broadcaster from [[Chicago]] Bruce Duffie presented her as a ''[[Recorder (musical instrument)|Recorder]] [[Virtuoso]]''.<ref>.[http://www.bruceduffie.com/petri2.html Bruce Duffie Interview With Petri, Chicago WNIB, Classical 97]</ref>

==Partial discography==

*''Michala Petri Recorder Recital,'' BBC Records (1977). Works by van Eyck, Castello, Telemann, Heberle and Berio.
*''Los Angeles Street Concerto'' - Petri plays Koppel<ref>[http://www.dacapo-records.dk/en/recording-los-angeles-street-concerto---petri-plays-koppel.aspx ''Los Angeles Street Concerto'' - Petri plays Koppel] Dacapo Records Denmark, released April 2006</ref>
* ''Souvenir ''with Lars Hannibal
* ''Moonchild's Dream'' with the English Chamber Orchestra
* ''Scandinavian Moods ''with the London Philharmonic Orchestra
* ''The Ultimate Recorder Collection ''with Those above, The [[Westminster Abbey Choir]], Keith Jarrett, and Moscow Virtuoso (on separate tracks)
* [[Grieg]] ''[[Holberg Suite]]'', ''Melody & Dances ''with the English Chamber Orchestra
* ''[[Greensleeves]]'' with Hanne and David Petri

==Awards==
* [[Tagea Brandt Rejselegat]] (1981)
* Knight - [[Order of the Dannebrog]] 1995
* [[Deutscher Schallplattenpreis]] 1997
* H. C. Lumbye Prize 1998
* Wilhelm Hansen Music Prize 1998<ref>[http://www.danskmusik.com/dmfbook/klassisk/html/michala_petri.html Petri Winning Wilhelm Hansen Music Prize 1998] Edition Wilhelm Hansen, a leading-Danish music publisher.</ref>
* [[Léonie Sonning Music Prize]] 2000, she was the third Dane to win this prize, after [[Mogens Wöldike]] (1976) and [[Per Nørgård]] (1996)<ref>[[Léonie Sonning Music Prize|Petri Winning ''Léonie Sonning Music Prize'' 2000]] Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates</ref>

==References==
<references/>

* Program notes from various CDs, Including Philips CD #420 897-2 "Greensleeves"

==External links==
*[http://www.michalapetri.com Michala Petri's official site]
{{Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petri, Michala}}
[[Category:Danish performers of early music]]
[[Category:Classical flautists]]
[[Category:Recorder players]]
[[Category:Danish classical musicians]]
[[Category:Danish flautists]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize]]
[[Category:Women flautists]]
[[Category:Women performers of early music]]
[[Category:Women recorder players]]

Michala Petri

2020-03-01T23:36:14Z

83.83.44.43:

{{infobox musician
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|7|7}}
|birth_place = Hobro, Denmark
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|image = Michala Petri at the Other Minds festival in 2013.JPG
|caption = Michala Petri at the Other Minds festival in 2013
|years_active = 1969-present
|instrument = Recorder
|occupation = Solo musician
|genre = Baroque, contemporary
}}
'''Michala Petri''' (born July 7, 1958) is a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]] player. Her debut as a soloist was in 1969. She is the step-granddaughter of Danish actress [[Ingeborg Brams]].

==Biography==
Petri, who began playing the recorder at the age of three, is noted for her virtuosity and versatility across a wide range of styles, from the [[Baroque music|baroque]] repertoire of the height of the instrument's popularity to contemporary works written particularly for her. She first played on Danish Radio at the age of five, and her debut performance as a soloist was at Copenhagen's Tivoli concert hall in 1969 when she was eleven. She has premiered dozens of works, by composers [[Malcolm Arnold]], [[Gordon Jacob]] and [[Richard Harvey]], as well as [[Daniel Börtz]], [[Erik Haumann]], [[Hans Kunstovny]], [[Erling Bjerno]], [[Thomas Koppel]], [[Ove Benzen]], [[Vagn Holmboe]], [[Piers Hellawell]], [[Gary Kulesha]], [[Asger Lund Christiansen]], [[Egil Harder]], [[Michael Berkeley]], [[Butch Lacy]], [[Miklos Maros]], [[Ezra Laderman]], [[Jens Bjerre Jacobsen|Jens Bjerre]], [[Henning Christiansen]], [[Niels Viggo Bentzon]], [[Axel Borup Jørgensen]], and [[Gunnar Berg (composer)|Gunnar Berg]]. With comedian-pianist [[Victor Borge]] at his eigthiest birthday she performed [[Vittorio Monti]]'s [[Csardas]]. She called that by far the hardest challenge of her professional carreer.

She frequently collaborates with her former husband (they divorced in 2010<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nockin |first1=Maria |title=Michala Petri Plays Very Old and Very New Music |url=http://www.fanfaremag.com/content/view/47527/10253 |website=[[Fanfare (magazine)|Fanfare]] |accessdate=21 March 2016 |date=4 February 2012 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529051100/http://www.fanfaremag.com/content/view/47527/10253 |archivedate=May 29, 2012 }}</ref>), [[guitar]]ist and [[lute]]nist [[Lars Hannibal]], with whom she has made several recordings. Petri has taken a particular interest in the combination of recorder and guitar, collaborating with guitarists including [[Göran Söllscher]], [[Kazuhito Yamashita]] and [[Manuel Barrueco]]. One notable collaboration of hers was two albums of sonatas by [[J. S. Bach]] and [[G. F. Handel]], with [[Keith Jarrett]] on harpsichord; she has also recorded with the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[English Chamber Orchestra]], and [[Pinchas Zukerman]], among many others.

Petri studied with Prof. [[Ferdinand Conrad]] at the Staatliche Hochschule für Musik und Theater in [[Hannover]], partly because she was still too young to become a full-time student in Denmark. She gave a debut recital for BBC radio in March 1976, and the BBC released a recorded recital in 1977. Leo Black's sleeve note for this recording remarks, "one realises what can happen when a mighty talent starts young enough." Her mother is Hanne Petri, who studied at the [[Royal Danish Academy of Music]], and her brother, David Petri, won the Danish "Young Musician of the Year Award" in 1978. He is a cellist. Both have recorded with Michala as The Petri Trio (or Michala Trio).
In 1979 she began an exclusive recording contract with [[Philips Records]] that lasted until 1987; she is currently recording on the RCA Red Seal label.

In a 1990 interview with Petri, the [[award]]-winning radio music broadcaster from [[Chicago]] Bruce Duffie presented her as a ''[[Recorder (musical instrument)|Recorder]] [[Virtuoso]]''.<ref>.[http://www.bruceduffie.com/petri2.html Bruce Duffie Interview With Petri, Chicago WNIB, Classical 97]</ref>

==Partial discography==

*''Michala Petri Recorder Recital,'' BBC Records (1977). Works by van Eyck, Castello, Telemann, Heberle and Berio.
*''Los Angeles Street Concerto'' - Petri plays Koppel<ref>[http://www.dacapo-records.dk/en/recording-los-angeles-street-concerto---petri-plays-koppel.aspx ''Los Angeles Street Concerto'' - Petri plays Koppel] Dacapo Records Denmark, released April 2006</ref>
* ''Souvenir ''with Lars Hannibal
* ''Moonchild's Dream'' with the English Chamber Orchestra
* ''Scandinavian Moods ''with the London Philharmonic Orchestra
* ''The Ultimate Recorder Collection ''with Those above, The [[Westminster Abbey Choir]], Keith Jarrett, and Moscow Virtuoso (on separate tracks)
* [[Grieg]] ''[[Holberg Suite]]'', ''Melody & Dances ''with the English Chamber Orchestra
* ''[[Greensleeves]]'' with Hanne and David Petri

==Awards==
* [[Tagea Brandt Rejselegat]] (1981)
* Knight - [[Order of the Dannebrog]] 1995
* [[Deutscher Schallplattenpreis]] 1997
* H. C. Lumbye Prize 1998
* Wilhelm Hansen Music Prize 1998<ref>[http://www.danskmusik.com/dmfbook/klassisk/html/michala_petri.html Petri Winning Wilhelm Hansen Music Prize 1998] Edition Wilhelm Hansen, a leading-Danish music publisher.</ref>
* [[Léonie Sonning Music Prize]] 2000, she was the third Dane to win this prize, after [[Mogens Wöldike]] (1976) and [[Per Nørgård]] (1996)<ref>[[Léonie Sonning Music Prize|Petri Winning ''Léonie Sonning Music Prize'' 2000]] Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates</ref>

==References==
<references/>

* Program notes from various CDs, Including Philips CD #420 897-2 "Greensleeves"

==External links==
*[http://www.michalapetri.com Michala Petri's official site]
{{Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petri, Michala}}
[[Category:Danish performers of early music]]
[[Category:Classical flautists]]
[[Category:Recorder players]]
[[Category:Danish classical musicians]]
[[Category:Danish flautists]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize]]
[[Category:Women flautists]]
[[Category:Women performers of early music]]
[[Category:Women recorder players]]

Michala Petri

2020-03-01T23:23:04Z

83.83.44.43:

{{infobox musician
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|7|7}}
|birth_place = Hobro, Denmark
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|image = Michala Petri at the Other Minds festival in 2013.JPG
|caption = Michala Petri at the Other Minds festival in 2013
|years_active = 1969-present
|instrument = Recorder
|occupation = Solo musician
|genre = Baroque, contemporary
}}
'''Michala Petri''' (born July 7, 1958) is a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]] player. Her debut as a soloist was in 1969. She is the step-granddaughter of Danish actress [[Ingeborg Brams]].

==Biography==
Petri, who began playing the recorder at the age of three, is noted for her virtuosity and versatility across a wide range of styles, from the [[Baroque music|baroque]] repertoire of the height of the instrument's popularity to contemporary works written particularly for her. She first played on Danish Radio at the age of five, and her debut performance as a soloist was at Copenhagen's Tivoli concert hall in 1969 when she was eleven. She has premiered dozens of works, by composers [[Malcolm Arnold]], [[Gordon Jacob]] and [[Richard Harvey]], as well as [[Daniel Börtz]], [[Erik Haumann]], [[Hans Kunstovny]], [[Erling Bjerno]], [[Thomas Koppel]], [[Ove Benzen]], [[Vagn Holmboe]], [[Piers Hellawell]], [[Gary Kulesha]], [[Asger Lund Christiansen]], [[Egil Harder]], [[Michael Berkeley]], [[Butch Lacy]], [[Miklos Maros]], [[Ezra Laderman]], [[Jens Bjerre Jacobsen|Jens Bjerre]], [[Henning Christiansen]], [[Niels Viggo Bentzon]], [[Axel Borup Jørgensen]], and [[Gunnar Berg (composer)|Gunnar Berg]]. With comedian-pianist [[Victor Borge]] she performed [[Vittorio Monti]]'s [[Csardas]]. She called that by far the hardest challenge of her professional carreer.

She frequently collaborates with her former husband (they divorced in 2010<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nockin |first1=Maria |title=Michala Petri Plays Very Old and Very New Music |url=http://www.fanfaremag.com/content/view/47527/10253 |website=[[Fanfare (magazine)|Fanfare]] |accessdate=21 March 2016 |date=4 February 2012 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529051100/http://www.fanfaremag.com/content/view/47527/10253 |archivedate=May 29, 2012 }}</ref>), [[guitar]]ist and [[lute]]nist [[Lars Hannibal]], with whom she has made several recordings. Petri has taken a particular interest in the combination of recorder and guitar, collaborating with guitarists including [[Göran Söllscher]], [[Kazuhito Yamashita]] and [[Manuel Barrueco]]. One notable collaboration of hers was two albums of sonatas by [[J. S. Bach]] and [[G. F. Handel]], with [[Keith Jarrett]] on harpsichord; she has also recorded with the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[English Chamber Orchestra]], and [[Pinchas Zukerman]], among many others.

Petri studied with Prof. [[Ferdinand Conrad]] at the Staatliche Hochschule für Musik und Theater in [[Hannover]], partly because she was still too young to become a full-time student in Denmark. She gave a debut recital for BBC radio in March 1976, and the BBC released a recorded recital in 1977. Leo Black's sleeve note for this recording remarks, "one realises what can happen when a mighty talent starts young enough." Her mother is Hanne Petri, who studied at the [[Royal Danish Academy of Music]], and her brother, David Petri, won the Danish "Young Musician of the Year Award" in 1978. He is a cellist. Both have recorded with Michala as The Petri Trio (or Michala Trio).
In 1979 she began an exclusive recording contract with [[Philips Records]] that lasted until 1987; she is currently recording on the RCA Red Seal label.

In a 1990 interview with Petri, the [[award]]-winning radio music broadcaster from [[Chicago]] Bruce Duffie presented her as a ''[[Recorder (musical instrument)|Recorder]] [[Virtuoso]]''.<ref>.[http://www.bruceduffie.com/petri2.html Bruce Duffie Interview With Petri, Chicago WNIB, Classical 97]</ref>

==Partial discography==

*''Michala Petri Recorder Recital,'' BBC Records (1977). Works by van Eyck, Castello, Telemann, Heberle and Berio.
*''Los Angeles Street Concerto'' - Petri plays Koppel<ref>[http://www.dacapo-records.dk/en/recording-los-angeles-street-concerto---petri-plays-koppel.aspx ''Los Angeles Street Concerto'' - Petri plays Koppel] Dacapo Records Denmark, released April 2006</ref>
* ''Souvenir ''with Lars Hannibal
* ''Moonchild's Dream'' with the English Chamber Orchestra
* ''Scandinavian Moods ''with the London Philharmonic Orchestra
* ''The Ultimate Recorder Collection ''with Those above, The [[Westminster Abbey Choir]], Keith Jarrett, and Moscow Virtuoso (on separate tracks)
* [[Grieg]] ''[[Holberg Suite]]'', ''Melody & Dances ''with the English Chamber Orchestra
* ''[[Greensleeves]]'' with Hanne and David Petri

==Awards==
* [[Tagea Brandt Rejselegat]] (1981)
* Knight - [[Order of the Dannebrog]] 1995
* [[Deutscher Schallplattenpreis]] 1997
* H. C. Lumbye Prize 1998
* Wilhelm Hansen Music Prize 1998<ref>[http://www.danskmusik.com/dmfbook/klassisk/html/michala_petri.html Petri Winning Wilhelm Hansen Music Prize 1998] Edition Wilhelm Hansen, a leading-Danish music publisher.</ref>
* [[Léonie Sonning Music Prize]] 2000, she was the third Dane to win this prize, after [[Mogens Wöldike]] (1976) and [[Per Nørgård]] (1996)<ref>[[Léonie Sonning Music Prize|Petri Winning ''Léonie Sonning Music Prize'' 2000]] Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates</ref>

==References==
<references/>

* Program notes from various CDs, Including Philips CD #420 897-2 "Greensleeves"

==External links==
*[http://www.michalapetri.com Michala Petri's official site]
{{Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petri, Michala}}
[[Category:Danish performers of early music]]
[[Category:Classical flautists]]
[[Category:Recorder players]]
[[Category:Danish classical musicians]]
[[Category:Danish flautists]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize]]
[[Category:Women flautists]]
[[Category:Women performers of early music]]
[[Category:Women recorder players]]

Michala Petri

2020-03-01T23:21:30Z

83.83.44.43:

{{infobox musician
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|7|7}}
|birth_place = Hobro, Denmark
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|image = Michala Petri at the Other Minds festival in 2013.JPG
|caption = Michala Petri at the Other Minds festival in 2013
|years_active = 1969-present
|instrument = Recorder
|occupation = Solo musician
|genre = Baroque, contemporary
}}
'''Michala Petri''' (born July 7, 1958) is a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]] player. Her debut as a soloist was in 1969. She is the step-granddaughter of Danish actress [[Ingeborg Brams]].

==Biography==
Petri, who began playing the recorder at the age of three, is noted for her virtuosity and versatility across a wide range of styles, from the [[Baroque music|baroque]] repertoire of the height of the instrument's popularity to contemporary works written particularly for her. She first played on Danish Radio at the age of five, and her debut performance as a soloist was at Copenhagen's Tivoli concert hall in 1969 when she was eleven. She has premiered dozens of works, by composers [[Malcolm Arnold]], [[Gordon Jacob]] and [[Richard Harvey]], as well as [[Daniel Börtz]], [[Erik Haumann]], [[Hans Kunstovny]], [[Erling Bjerno]], [[Thomas Koppel]], [[Ove Benzen]], [[Vagn Holmboe]], [[Piers Hellawell]], [[Gary Kulesha]], [[Asger Lund Christiansen]], [[Egil Harder]], [[Michael Berkeley]], [[Butch Lacy]], [[Miklos Maros]], [[Ezra Laderman]], [[Jens Bjerre Jacobsen|Jens Bjerre]], [[Henning Christiansen]], [[Niels Viggo Bentzon]], [[Axel Borup Jørgensen]], and [[Gunnar Berg (composer)|Gunnar Berg]]. With comedian-pianist [[Victor Borge]] she performed Monti's [[Csardas]]. She called that by far the hardest challenge of her professional carreer.

She frequently collaborates with her former husband (they divorced in 2010<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nockin |first1=Maria |title=Michala Petri Plays Very Old and Very New Music |url=http://www.fanfaremag.com/content/view/47527/10253 |website=[[Fanfare (magazine)|Fanfare]] |accessdate=21 March 2016 |date=4 February 2012 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529051100/http://www.fanfaremag.com/content/view/47527/10253 |archivedate=May 29, 2012 }}</ref>), [[guitar]]ist and [[lute]]nist [[Lars Hannibal]], with whom she has made several recordings. Petri has taken a particular interest in the combination of recorder and guitar, collaborating with guitarists including [[Göran Söllscher]], [[Kazuhito Yamashita]] and [[Manuel Barrueco]]. One notable collaboration of hers was two albums of sonatas by [[J. S. Bach]] and [[G. F. Handel]], with [[Keith Jarrett]] on harpsichord; she has also recorded with the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[English Chamber Orchestra]], and [[Pinchas Zukerman]], among many others.

Petri studied with Prof. [[Ferdinand Conrad]] at the Staatliche Hochschule für Musik und Theater in [[Hannover]], partly because she was still too young to become a full-time student in Denmark. She gave a debut recital for BBC radio in March 1976, and the BBC released a recorded recital in 1977. Leo Black's sleeve note for this recording remarks, "one realises what can happen when a mighty talent starts young enough." Her mother is Hanne Petri, who studied at the [[Royal Danish Academy of Music]], and her brother, David Petri, won the Danish "Young Musician of the Year Award" in 1978. He is a cellist. Both have recorded with Michala as The Petri Trio (or Michala Trio).
In 1979 she began an exclusive recording contract with [[Philips Records]] that lasted until 1987; she is currently recording on the RCA Red Seal label.

In a 1990 interview with Petri, the [[award]]-winning radio music broadcaster from [[Chicago]] Bruce Duffie presented her as a ''[[Recorder (musical instrument)|Recorder]] [[Virtuoso]]''.<ref>.[http://www.bruceduffie.com/petri2.html Bruce Duffie Interview With Petri, Chicago WNIB, Classical 97]</ref>

==Partial discography==

*''Michala Petri Recorder Recital,'' BBC Records (1977). Works by van Eyck, Castello, Telemann, Heberle and Berio.
*''Los Angeles Street Concerto'' - Petri plays Koppel<ref>[http://www.dacapo-records.dk/en/recording-los-angeles-street-concerto---petri-plays-koppel.aspx ''Los Angeles Street Concerto'' - Petri plays Koppel] Dacapo Records Denmark, released April 2006</ref>
* ''Souvenir ''with Lars Hannibal
* ''Moonchild's Dream'' with the English Chamber Orchestra
* ''Scandinavian Moods ''with the London Philharmonic Orchestra
* ''The Ultimate Recorder Collection ''with Those above, The [[Westminster Abbey Choir]], Keith Jarrett, and Moscow Virtuoso (on separate tracks)
* [[Grieg]] ''[[Holberg Suite]]'', ''Melody & Dances ''with the English Chamber Orchestra
* ''[[Greensleeves]]'' with Hanne and David Petri

==Awards==
* [[Tagea Brandt Rejselegat]] (1981)
* Knight - [[Order of the Dannebrog]] 1995
* [[Deutscher Schallplattenpreis]] 1997
* H. C. Lumbye Prize 1998
* Wilhelm Hansen Music Prize 1998<ref>[http://www.danskmusik.com/dmfbook/klassisk/html/michala_petri.html Petri Winning Wilhelm Hansen Music Prize 1998] Edition Wilhelm Hansen, a leading-Danish music publisher.</ref>
* [[Léonie Sonning Music Prize]] 2000, she was the third Dane to win this prize, after [[Mogens Wöldike]] (1976) and [[Per Nørgård]] (1996)<ref>[[Léonie Sonning Music Prize|Petri Winning ''Léonie Sonning Music Prize'' 2000]] Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates</ref>

==References==
<references/>

* Program notes from various CDs, Including Philips CD #420 897-2 "Greensleeves"

==External links==
*[http://www.michalapetri.com Michala Petri's official site]
{{Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petri, Michala}}
[[Category:Danish performers of early music]]
[[Category:Classical flautists]]
[[Category:Recorder players]]
[[Category:Danish classical musicians]]
[[Category:Danish flautists]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize]]
[[Category:Women flautists]]
[[Category:Women performers of early music]]
[[Category:Women recorder players]]

Anthony Atamanuik

2020-02-16T14:01:16Z

83.83.44.43:

{{short description|American writer, actor, and comedian|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anthony Atamanuik
| image = Anthony Atamanuik by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| caption = [[Politicon]] 2016<ref name="politicon.com">{{cite web|url=https://politicon.com/speaker/anthony-atamanuik/|title=» Anthony Atamanuik|website=politicon.com|accessdate=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818014123/https://politicon.com/speaker/anthony-atamanuik/|archive-date=August 18, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|6|15}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Writer, actor, comedian
| years_active = 1997–present
| alma_mater = [[Emerson College]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://ucbtourco.com/talent/1603|title=Cast Member - Anthony Atamanuik|last=Upright Citizens Brigade|website=UCB TourCo|accessdate=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818010000/http://ucbtourco.com/talent/1603|archive-date=August 18, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Anthony Atamanuik''' {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|t|æ|m|ə|n|ɪ|k}}<ref>Name pronounced by person himself, {{cite web|url=https://veggiekarma.com/anthony-atamanuik-auditions-for-countess-luann-in-real-housewives-the-movie-wwhl/|title=Anthony Atamanuik Auditions for Countess LuAnn in 'Real Housewives the Movie|date=September 4, 2015|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818045051/https://veggiekarma.com/anthony-atamanuik-auditions-for-countess-luann-in-real-housewives-the-movie-wwhl/|archive-date=August 18, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> (born June 15, 1974) is an American writer, actor, and comedian. He is known primarily for his impersonation of U.S. President [[Donald Trump]], during the campaign and his presidency, first on the [[Trump vs. Bernie]] debate tour and then on ''[[The President Show]]''.

==Early life==
Atamanuik was born to Marlene J. Yannetti,<ref>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K4F8-PQN</ref><ref>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FLD4-8H5</ref> an actress, choreographer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emerson.edu/academics/faculty-guide/profile/marlena-yannetti/369|title=Marlena Yannetti - Faculty |publisher=Emerson College}}</ref> and dancer of Italian<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/11/29/567215478/stars-of-the-president-show-present-an-off-the-rails-version-of-trump|title=Stars Of 'The President Show' Present An 'Off The Rails' Version Of Trump}}</ref> and [[Ashkenazi]] ancestry, with credits including ''[[How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (musical)|How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying]]'' and Lawrence Peter Atamanuik, a drummer of Ukrainian ancestry, with credits including Canadian legends [[Crowbar (Canadian band)|Crowbar]], [[Seatrain (band)|Seatrain]] and [[Alison Krauss]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pearldrum.com/artists/drumset-artists/larry-atamanuik|title=Larry Atamanuik - Pearl Drums|website=pearldrum.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Bs-oTyKFlRgJ:https://ontarioancestors.org/ogspi_pages/2003/03fra001.htm|title=FRA Surnames 2003 Obituary|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.com/photos/larry-atamanuik|title=Larry Atamanuik Stock Photos and Pictures - Getty Images|website=gettyimages.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/465813-Larry-Atamanuik|title=Larry Atamanuik|publisher=discogs}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1997, Atamanuik graduated with a [[bachelor of science]] in film theory from [[Emerson College]]. He moved to Los Angeles and worked for [[Jim Henson Interactive]], ''[[Mr. Show]]'', and [[Suzanne Somers]]. He moved to New York in 2000. In 2002 he began training and performing at the [[Upright Citizens Brigade]].<ref name="auto"/> Atamanuik appeared in the shorts ''My Wife,'' ''The Ghost'', and ''The Incredible Drunk.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howardstern.com/show/2017/5/17/master-trump-impressionist-anthony-atamanuik-talks-new-tv-show-and-huge-tip-howard-left-him-during-his-table-waiting-days/|title=Master Trump Impressionist Anthony Atamanuik Talks New TV Show and the Huge Tip Howard Left Him During His Table-Waiting Days|website=Howard Stern|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/youmadeitweird/anthony-atamanuik|title=Anthony Atamanuik|website=soundcloud.com|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nerdist.com/you-made-it-weird-374-anthony-atamanuik/|title=You Made It Weird #374: Anthony Atamanuik|date=July 12, 2017|website=Nerdist.com|accessdate=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818012018/http://nerdist.com/you-made-it-weird-374-anthony-atamanuik/|archive-date=August 18, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://youmadeitweird.nerdistind.libsynpro.com/anthony-atamanuik|title=You Made It Weird with Pete Holmes #374: Anthony Atamanuik|website=libsynpro.com|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref> He is a member of the improv team Death by Roo Roo and as a co-host on ASSSSCAT3000 and The Tony Show With Anthony Atamanuik<ref>{{cite web|url=https://east.ucbtheatre.com/show/3355|title=The Tony Show With Anthony Atamanuik|website=UCB Theatre|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref> and wrote for Time Traveling Bong.<ref name="politicon.com"/>

On television, he appeared in Brett Gelman's ''[[Dinner with Friends with Brett Gelman and Friends#Sequels|Dinner in America]]'' (2016), ''[[30 Rock]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/the-president-show-donald-trump-anthony-atamanuik-interview|title='The President Show' Host on Trying to Make Trump Funny & Alec Baldwin's 'SNL' Take|first=Sean|last=Fitz-Gerald|date=August 14, 2017|website=thrillist.com|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/26/trump-impersonator-anthony-atamanuik-i-don-t-know-why-alec-baldwin-hates-me|title=Trump Impersonator Anthony Atamanuik: I Don't Know Why Alec Baldwin HateTs Me|first=Matt|last=Wilstein|date=April 26, 2017|website=The Daily Beast|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/anthony-atamanuik-alec-baldwin-donald-trump-feud-2017-5|title=Trump impersonator Anthony Atamanuik opens up about his 'harsh' feud with Alec Baldwin|website=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref> ''[[Broad City]]'', [[Hulu]]'s ''[[Difficult People]]'', MTV's ''Teachers' Lounge'', and, as himself, bartending on ''[[Watch What Happens Live]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817164820/https://sfsketchfest2017.sched.com/event/8wOr/trump-dump-with-anthony-atamanuik-and-guest-john-gemberling|title=SF Sketchfest 2017: Trump Dump with Anthony Atamanuik and gu...|date=August 17, 2017|website=archive.org|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref>

Atamanuik created and starred in ''[[The President Show]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/president-show-anthony-atamanuik-mario-cantone-scaramucci-1202514133/|title=On 'The President Show,' Fake Donald Trump Builds a White House Staff|first=Brian|last=Steinberg|date=August 2, 2017|website=Variety|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref> which ran for one season on [[Comedy Central]], with 20 episodes, from April to November 2017. On the show, he impersonated [[Donald Trump]] in both sketches and interviews with real guests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bravotv.com/watch-what-happens-live-with-andy-cohen/season-14/episode-85/videos/anthony-atamanuik-on-his-feud|title=Anthony Atamanuik on His Feud with Alec Baldwin|date=May 11, 2017|website=bravotv.com|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/01/politics/donald-trump-the-president-show-comedy-central-anthony-atamanuik/index.html|title=If Donald Trump had a talk show|author=Chris Moody; Video by Alexander Rosen|publisher=CNN|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/arts/television/trump-talk-show-comedy-central-anthony-atamanuik-the-president-show.html|title=A Trump Talk Show, Courtesy of Comedy Central|first=Dave|last=Itzkoff|date=April 3, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/04/donald-trump-impression-gets-a-comedy-central-show/521718/|title='Donald Trump' Gets a Comedy Central Series|first=Megan|last=Garber|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=April 4, 2017}}</ref> He also co-starred in this role with [[Tracy Ullman]] as [[Angela Merkel]] and [[Theresa May]].

== Trump impersonations outside of ''The President Show'' ==
*''Trump Dump'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/news/donald-trump-impersonator-to-host-new-comedy-central-show-w474691|title=Donald Trump Impersonator to Host New Comedy Central Show|website=Rolling Stone |accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref> [[Upright Citizens Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucbtheatre.com/performance/41533|title=Umconfortable + Trump Dump: President Luxury|website=UCB Theatre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://schedule.sxsw.com/2016/events/event_CE00106|title=Upright Citizens Brigade presents Trump Dump|website=SXSW Schedule 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/donaldtrumpdump/|title=Trump Dump|website=facebook.com}}{{Primary source inline|date=September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wiseguyscomedy.com/events/V2lzZUd1eXNDb21lZHk6Mjk3NjMw|title=Trump Dump - Mar 8 - Salt Lake - Wiseguys Comedy Club|website=wiseguyscomedy.com|access-date=November 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043217/https://www.wiseguyscomedy.com/events/V2lzZUd1eXNDb21lZHk6Mjk3NjMw|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://acdh.arlingtondrafthouse.com/event.cfm?id=462217|title=Trump Dump - Starring Anthony Atamanuik from Trump vs Bernie Live|last=CrowdTorch|website=acdh.arlingtondrafthouse.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestnewyorkcomedy.com/2015/11/|title=November - 2015 - Best New York Comedy|website=bestnewyorkcomedy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/elections-best-trump-impersonator-reveals-his-secrets-w448704|title=Election's Best Trump Impersonator Reveals His Secrets}}</ref>
*''Trump vs. Bernie Debate!'' (17 October 2015)(July 22, 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B06XDZ3YW9|title=Trump vs. Bernie: Live from Brooklyn|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2016/07/06/how_anthony_atamanuik_vic_berger_and_tim_heidecker_use_unconventional_comedy.html|title=How a Few Weird, Surrealist Comedians Are Proving That Trump Is Not Actually Immune to Satire|first=Andrew|last=Kahn|date=July 6, 2016|work=Slate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://trumpvsbernie.com/|title=Home - Trump vs Bernie|website=Trump vs Bernie}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamesadomian.com/category/donaldtrump/|title=donaldtrump - James Adomian|website=jamesadomian.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/06/18/where-bernie-sanders-finally-gets-his-trump-debate|title=Where Bernie Sanders Finally Gets His Trump Debate|first=Jesse|last=Rifkin|date=June 18, 2016|via=thedailybeast.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5705380/|title=Trump vs. Bernie Debate!|date=October 17, 2015|publisher=IMDb}}</ref>
*''Trump vs. Bernie 2016 Debate [[Trump vs. Bernie|Tour]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.groupon.com/deals/gl-trump-vs-bernie-the-debate|title=Trump vs Bernie: The Debate! Starring James Adomian and Anthony Atamanuik on May 25 at 8 p.m.|website=Groupon|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/11/politics/donald-trump-bernie-sanders-debate/index.html|title=Comedians with scary-perfect Trump and Sanders impressions |publisher=CNN Politics|first=Chris |last=Moody |others=Video by Alexander Rosen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-ca-st-trump-sanders-show-20160501-story.html|title=Anthony Atamanuik and James Adomian have turned 'Trump vs Bernie' into a comedy hit – LA Times|first=Josh|last=Rottenberg}}</ref>
*Trump vs. Bernie in the First Ever @midnight Presidential Debate (March 24, 2016) [[Comedy Central]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Poi5x0E2CM|title=Trump vs. Bernie in the First Ever @midnight Presidential Debate|last=Comedy Central|date=March 24, 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
*''[[Trump vs. Bernie|Trump vs. Bernie: Debate for America]]'' (April 27, 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfXdmHseiFA|title=Trump vs. Bernie • Debate for America (Full Special)|last=Fusion|date=April 27, 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5664904/|title=Trump vs. Bernie: Debate for America|date=April 27, 2016|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> [[Fusion TV]]
* ''[[The Chris Gethard Show]]'': episode "The Truth Might Be Out There" (May 4, 2016)
*''[[Tracey Breaks the News (pilot)|Tracey Breaks the News]]'' : ''One-Off Special'' (June 23, 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08w658t|title=One-Off Special, Tracey Breaks the News - BBC One|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6941630/|title=Tracey Breaks the News|date=November 30, 2017|publisher=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7396134/episodes|title=Tracey Breaks the News (TV Series 2017– )|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> [[BBC One]]
*''[[Tracey Breaks the News]]'' : Series 1 and 2 (November 10, 2017; June 1, 2018)
*''[[I Love You, America with Sarah Silverman]]'' (September 13, 2018)
*''[[Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt]]'': episode "Sliding Van Doors" (January 25, 2019)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atamanuik, Anthony}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers]]
[[Category:Emerson College alumni]]
[[Category:American male comedians]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:American satirists]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male actors]]

Park Seo-joon

2020-02-13T03:57:33Z

83.83.44.43:

{{short description|South Korean actor}}
{{Korean name|Park}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Park Seo-joon

| image = 170807 박서준 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Park Seo-joon in 2017
| birth_name = Park Yong-kyu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|12|16|}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| alma_mater = [[Seoul Institute of the Arts]]<ref name=int />
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011–present
| agent = Awesome ENT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1004839241|title=Park Seo Jun Joins a New Agency Established by His Long-time Work Partner|date=9 July 2018|website=SBS News}}</ref>
| module = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes|color=transparent
| hangul = {{linktext|박|서|준}}
| hanja = {{linktext|朴|敘|俊}}
| rr = Bak Seo-jun
| mr = Pak Sŏchun
}}
}}

'''Park Seo-joon''' (born '''Park Yong-kyu'''; December 16, 1988) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in the television dramas ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'' (2015), ''[[She Was Pretty]]'' (2015), ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]'' (2016–2017), ''[[Fight for My Way]]'' (2017), ''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]'' (2018), and ''[[Itaewon Class]]'' (2020), and the films ''[[Chronicles of Evil]]'' (2015), ''[[Midnight Runners]]'' (2017) , ''[[The Divine Fury]]'' (2019) and ''[[Parasite (2019 film)]]''.

==Early life==
Park was born in Seoul. He began his [[Conscription|mandatory military service]] in 2008, when he was 19 years old, and was discharged in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1= Riddhiman|title=Fight My Way: Park Seo Joon reveals the similarity between him and his character|url=http://www.ibtimes.sg/fight-my-way-park-seo-joon-reveals-similarity-between-him-his-character-11376|website=International Business Times|accessdate=2017-07-17|date=14 June 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Park Seo-joon at "The Chronicles of Evil" stage greeting in Busan, 23 May 2015 01.jpg|thumb|220px|At ''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]'' stage greeting in [[Busan]], 2015]]

Park made his entertainment debut in 2011 by appearing in the [[music video]] of [[Bang Yong-guk]]'s [[single (music)|single]] "I Remember."<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Ji-yeon|title=Park Seo Joon Says 'Happy New Year'|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2918/park-seo-joon-says-happy-new-year|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2014-01-30|date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122142/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2918/park-seo-joon-says-happy-new-year|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then appeared in [[Korean drama|television dramas]] ''[[Dream High 2]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Jessica|title=Official poster for ''Dream High 2'' revealed|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012011312045491981|work=10Asia|accessdate=2013-05-11|date=13 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=dream>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Ji-yeon|title=''Dream High 2'' Park Seo Joon the Next Kim Soo Hyun?|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2795/dream-high-2-park-seo-joon-the-next-kim-soo-hyun|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2014-01-30|date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122137/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2795/dream-high-2-park-seo-joon-the-next-kim-soo-hyun|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Pots of Gold]]'' (2013),<ref name=int /> ''[[One Warm Word]]'' (2013),<ref name=warm>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Cory|title=Park Seo-joon Joins Han Hye-jin's New Drama|url=http://www.tenasia.com/park-seo-joon-joins-han-hye-jins-new-drama/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003536/http://www.tenasia.com/park-seo-joon-joins-han-hye-jins-new-drama/|work=TenAsia|archivedate=2014-06-07|date=30 October 2013}}</ref> and ''[[A Witch's Love]]'' (2014).<ref name=int>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170730000152&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=[Herald Interview] Park Seo-joon, from shy teen to lively boy next door|date=30 July 2017|work=The Korea Herald}}</ref> From October 2013 to April 2015, he was the host of ''[[Music Bank (TV series)|Music Bank]]''.<ref name=mb>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|title=SISTAR's Bora and Park Seo Joon to MC ''Music Bank''|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/48372/music-bank-gets-new-hosts|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2014-01-30|date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122139/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/48372/music-bank-gets-new-hosts|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Cory|title=SISTAR Bora, Park Seo-joon to Host KBS's Weekly Music Show|url=http://www.tenasia.com/sistar-bora-park-seo-joon-to-host-kbss-weekly-music-show/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003941/http://www.tenasia.com/sistar-bora-park-seo-joon-to-host-kbss-weekly-music-show/|work=TenAsia|archivedate=2014-06-07|date=18 October 2013}}</ref>

His breakout roles came in 2015 with two hit dramas ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'' and ''[[She Was Pretty]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/88434/park-seo-joons-fans-gift-kill-me-heal-me-set-with-snack-truck|title=Park Seo Joon's Fans Gift 'Kill Me Heal Me' Set with Snack Truck|website=enewsWorld|date=4 March 2015|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729214910/http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/88434/park-seo-joons-fans-gift-kill-me-heal-me-set-with-snack-truck|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/103563/park-seo-jun-holds-his-first-fan-meeting-in-japan|title=Park Seo Jun Holds His First Fan Meeting in Japan|website=enewsWorld|date=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=pretty>{{cite web|url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/07/398_183818.html|title=Hwang Jung-eum, Park Seo-joon to star in 'She Was Pretty'|website=The Korea Times|date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201510211427043676495_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=Park Seo-joon's popularity soars in China|website=Kpop Herald|date=21 October 2015}}</ref> The same year, Park featured in thriller film ''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]''.<ref name=evil>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201505131720556966734_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=New thriller 'Chronicles of Evil' a study of moral boundaries|website=Kpop Herald|date=13 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, Park starred in youth historical drama ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]'' alongside [[Go Ara]].<ref name=hwarang>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2017/05/688_194659.html |title=Park Seo-joon, Park Hyung-sik and Go Ara to star in 'Hwarang' |work=The Korea Times|date=5 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20161216009100315|title=Beautiful men come of age in new KBS period drama|date=16 December 2016|website=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref>

In 2017, Park starred in youth romance drama, ''[[Fight for My Way]]'' alongside [[Kim Ji-won (actress)|Kim Ji-won]].<ref name=fight>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3030266|title='Ssam My Way' to star actors Park and Kim|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|date=25 February 2017}}</ref> The television series was a major hit in South Korea and topped ratings in its time slot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2017/08/689_234034.html|title=[INTERVIEW] Actor finds worries increase along with popularity|date=2 August 2017|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>
The same year, he played his first big-screen leading role in action comedy ''[[Midnight Runners]]'' with [[Kang Ha-neul]].<ref name=midnight>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170717000756|title=Park Seo-joon, Kang Ha-neul play opposites in upcoming buddy movie 'Midnight Runners'|website=The Korea Herald|date=11 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Conran|first=Pierce|title=KANG Ha-neul and PARK Seo-jun Wrap Lotte Thriller|url=http://koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4203&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|work=Korean Film Biz Zone|accessdate=|date=6 March 2017}}</ref> Park won the Best New Actor award at major film award ceremonies such as the [[Grand Bell Awards]] and [[Korean Association of Film Critics Awards]].<ref name=grand /><ref name=critics />

In 2018, Park starred in tvN's romantic comedy drama ''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]'' alongside [[Park Min-young]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3047715&cloc=joongangdaily
|title=Park Seo-jun, Park Min-young cast in drama|date=4 May 2018|website=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref><ref name=kim>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201805301517367213283_2|title=Park Seo-joon on why he chose 'What's Wrong with Secretary Kim'|date=30 May 2018|website=Kpop Herald}}</ref> The series was a hit and Park received positive reviews by critics for his performance, being dubbed the "master of romantic comedy" by Korean press.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2018/07/688_252480.html|title=Master of romantic comedy|date=18 July 2018|website=The Korea Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/kwave/2018/08/01/3001000000AEN20180801001400315.html|title=(Yonhap Interview) Park Seo-joon aiming higher than 'king of romance'|date=1 August 2018|website=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/08/10/2018081001505.html|title=Park Seo-joon Proves He Is a Rom-Com Magnet with Latest Series|date=10 August 2018|website=The Chosun Ilbo}}</ref>

In 2019, Park starred in the occult film ''[[The Divine Fury]]''.<ref name=lion>{{cite web|url=http://koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4951&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=MIDNIGHT RUNNERS Duo Step into the Ring for THE DIVINE FURY|date=31 August 2018|website=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/arthttp://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3066058|title=Park Seo-jun's infernal hopes for 'Divine Fury': With career riding high, leading man plays boxer with extraordinary powers|date=July 29, 2019|website=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref> The same year Park served as the special juror for the Asiana International Short Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/09/26/2019092601042.html|title=Park Seo-joon Named Special Juror for Asiana Int'l Short Film Fest|date=September 26, 2019|website=The Chosun Ilbo}}</ref>

In 2020, Park starred in [[JTBC]]'s drama ''[[Itaewon Class]]'' as a restaurant owner, based on the webtoon of the same name.<ref name=itaewon>{{cite web|first=Hwi-seon|last=Yeon|url=http://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1111188338|title=박서준X김다미X유재명, JTBC '이태원 클라쓰' 출연 확정 [공식]|date=July 18, 2019|accessdate=July 20, 2019|website=OSEN|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200130000935&np=1&mp=1|title=Park Seo-joon to show perfect sync with original webcomic in 'Itaewon Class'|date=January 3, 2020|website=The Korea Herald}}</ref> He is also set to star in the sports film ''Dream'' as a soccer player, directed by [[Lee Byeong-heon (filmmaker)|Lee Byeong-heon]].<ref name=dream1>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2019/10/689_276575.html|title='Dream': Park Seo-joon trains homeless footballers in new movie|date=October 3, 2019|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Perfect Game (2011 film)|Perfect Game]]'' || Chil-goo || || <ref name=perf>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvreport.co.kr/cindex.php?c=news&m=newsview&idx=189549|title='드림하이2' 박서준, 알고보니 '퍼펙트 게임' 방용국 뮤비 출연|date=16 January 2012|website=TV Report|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]'' || Cha Dong-jae || || <ref name=evil />
|-
| ''[[The Beauty Inside (2015 film)|The Beauty Inside]]'' || Woo-jin || Cameo||<ref>{{cite web|last1=Doo|first1=Rumy|title=External beauty in ''Beauty Inside?''|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150804000919|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=2015-08-05|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Midnight Runners]]''||Park Ki-joon || || <ref name=midnight />
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Be with You (2018 film)|Be with You]]'' || Ji-ho || Cameo||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1004655021|title=[SBS Star] Park Seo Jun & Kong Hyo-jin to Appear in a New Movie!|date=7 March 2018|website=SBS News}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[The Divine Fury]]'' ||Yong-hoo|| ||<ref name=lion/>
|-
| ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'' || Min-hyuk|| Cameo || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=213&aid=0001082865|title=[단독] 박서준, 봉준호 '기생충' 특별출연..스크린 대세 잇는다|date=17 January 2019|website=TV Report|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Dream'' || Yoon Hong-dae || ||<ref name=dream1 />
|}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || ''[[Dream High 2]]'' || Si-woo || rowspan="2" | [[KBS2]]
|<ref name=dream />
|-
| ''[[Family (2012 TV series)|Shut Up Family]]'' || Cha Seo-joon
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1001278781|title=박서준, '닥치고 패밀리'서 일편단심 '다솜앓이'로 매력발산|date=17 July 2012|website=SBS News|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2013 || ''[[Pots of Gold]]'' || Park Hyun-tae || rowspan="2" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0007613316|title='금 나와라 뚝딱!' 깜짝 스타로 떠오른 박서준 "현태 연기하며 많이 성장한 느낌" [출처] - 국민일보 |date=2 October 2013|website=Kukmin Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''Drama Festival "Sleeping Witch"'' || Kim Him-chan
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/170184|title=박서준-황우슬혜, MBC 단막극 '잠자는 숲속의 마녀' 출연|date=23 September 2013|website=TenAsia|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[One Warm Word]]'' || Song Min-soo || [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
|<ref name=warm />
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[A Witch's Love]]'' || Yoon Dong-ha || [[TVN (South Korea)|tvN]]
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Choi|first=Jin-sil|script-title=ko:'마녀의 연애' 엄정화 박서준 한재석 출연 확정, 삼각 로맨스 그린다|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/222140|work=TenAsia|language=Korean|accessdate=2014-04-11|date=3 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mama (2014 TV series)|Mama]]'' || older Han Geu-roo (Cameo) || rowspan="3" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.joins.com/article/16169142|title='마마' 박서준, 성장한 한그루 연기…'나 어때? 죽이지?' 뭉클 재회|date=20 October 2014|website=JoongAng Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'' || Oh Ri-on
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bntnews.co.uk/app/news.php?nid=15672|title=Leading Roles Of Drama 'Kill Me, Heal Me' Are Confirmed|date=5 December 2014|website=BNT News}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[She Was Pretty]]'' || Ji Sung-joon
|<ref name=pretty />
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]'' || Moo Myung / Kim Sun-woo || rowspan=2|[[KBS2]]
|<ref name=hwarang />
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Fight for My Way]]'' || Go Dong-man
|<ref name=fight />
|-
| 2018 || ''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]'' || Lee Young-joon || [[TVN (South Korea)|tvN]]
|<ref name=kim />
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Itaewon Class]]'' || Park Sae-roy || [[JTBC]]
|<ref name=itaewon />
|}

===Variety show===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Network
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2013–2015 || ''[[Music Bank (TV series)|Music Bank]]'' || [[KBS2]] || Host
|<ref name=mb />
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Youn's Kitchen]] Season 2'' || [[tvN]]|| Cast member
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201711171657417259325_2|title=Park Seo-joon to join 'Youn's Kitchen'|date=17 November 2017|work=Kpop Herald}}</ref>
|
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song title
! Artist
! Ref.
|-
| 2011 || "I Remember" || [[Bang Yong-guk]] feat. [[Yang Yo-seob]]
| <ref name=perf />
|-
| 2014 || "One Two Three Four" || [[The One (singer)|The One]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hankookilbo.com/v/eb406cbe935443f0b51cd4b523013313|title=박서준, 더원 뮤비 <하나 둘 셋 넷> '눈빛연기가 다했네'|date=19 March 2014|website=Hanook Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|"Dream All Day"
|Kim Ji-soo
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.joins.com/article/21335041|title=박서준X볼빨간사춘기 주연 김지수 '드림올데이' MV 공개|date=3 March 2017|website=JoongAng Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 2012 || "New Dreaming" || from [[Dream High 2#Soundtrack|''Dream High 2 OST'']]; duet with [[JB (Im Jae-bum)|JB]]
|-
| 2014 || "Come into My Heart" || from [[A Witch's Love#Original soundtrack|''A Witch's Love OST'']]
|-
| 2015 || "Letting You Go" || from [[Kill Me, Heal Me#Original soundtrack|''Kill Me, Heal Me OST'']]
|-
| 2015 || "Long Way" || from [[She Was Pretty#Original soundtrack|''She Was Pretty OST'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/99607/park-seo-joon-releases-she-was-pretty-ost|title=Park Seo Joon Releases ′She Was Pretty′ OST|website=enewsWorld|date=6 November 2015|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729231000/http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/99607/park-seo-joon-releases-she-was-pretty-ost|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || "Our Tears" || from [[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth#Original soundtrack|''Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth OST'']]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class=wikitable sortable
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013
| [[6th Korea Drama Awards]]
| rowspan="3"|Best New Actor
| rowspan="3"|''[[Pots of Gold]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/alsons-acquires-thai-partner-stake-000500394.html|title=Winners at the 2013 Korea Drama Awards|publisher=Yahoo News|date=3 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd APAN Star Awards]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[2013 MBC Drama Awards|32nd MBC Drama Awards]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014
| [[50th Baeksang Arts Awards]]
| Best New Actor (TV)
| ''[[One Warm Word]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 7th Herald Donga Lifestyle Awards
| Best Style of the Year
| {{NA}}
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Woo-young|title=Jang Hyuk, Cha Ye-ryun named best dressed at Herald Donga awards|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20141210000926|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=2014-12-16|date=10 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 SBS Drama Awards|22nd SBS Drama Awards]]
| New Star Award
| ''[[One Warm Word]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/sbs-drama-awards-2014-winners-77103.html|title=SBS Drama Awards 2014 Winners|date=31 December 2014|website=Hancinema}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9"|2015
| [[52nd Grand Bell Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|Best New Actor
| rowspan="3"|''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[36th Blue Dragon Film Awards]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Popular Star Award
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode=VIEW&seq=3674|title=ASSASSINATION Tops Blue Dragon Awards|date=27 November 2015|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
|-
| [[4th APAN Star Awards]]
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
| ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'', ''[[She Was Pretty]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1st Fashionista Awards
| Best Fashion in TV
| ''[[She Was Pretty]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/12/07/2015120702112.html|title=[패셔니스타 어워즈] TV 패션 1위 박서준 "손이 예쁜 여자가 좋아요"|date=7 December 2015|website=The Chosun Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[2015 MBC Drama Awards|34th MBC Drama Awards]]
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
| rowspan="3"|''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'', ''[[She Was Pretty]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name=mbc>{{cite web|last1=Ko|first1=Ji-seon|title=2015 MBC Drama Awards roundup|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201512311539308120461_2|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=|date=31 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Top 10 Stars Award
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|title=MBC Drama Awards 2015 Winners|url=http://www.hancinema.net/mbc-drama-awards-2015-winners-89938.html|website=[[Hancinema]]|accessdate=2015-12-31|date=30 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Popularity Award, Actor
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Couple with [[Ji Sung]]
| ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name=mbc />
|-
| rowspan="5"|2016
| InStyle Star Icon
| Best Actor (Drama)
| ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'', ''[[She Was Pretty]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 11th Max Movie Awards
| rowspan="2"|Best New Actor
| rowspan="3"|''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 21st [[Chunsa Film Art Awards]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[52nd Baeksang Arts Awards]]
| Best New Actor (Film)
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1st [[tvN10 Awards]]
| Romantic-Comedy King
| ''[[A Witch's Love]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2017
| [[26th Buil Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"|Best New Actor
| rowspan="4" |''[[Midnight Runners]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[54th Grand Bell Awards]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=grand>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd=601006&seq=4522&mode=VIEW|title=A TAXI DRIVER Triumphs at 54th Daejong Film Awards|date=30 October 2017|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
|-
| 37th [[Korean Association of Film Critics Awards]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=critics>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4523&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=THE FORTRESS Dominates 37th Korean Film Critics Association Awards|date=30 October 2017|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
|-
| 1st [[The Seoul Awards]]
| Best New Actor (Film)
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Jung|first=Da-hoon|title='제1회 더 서울어워즈' 노미네이트 공개, 이보영 지성 김희선 조승우 등 화려한 라인업 공개|url=http://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/1OL7AMFZOF|website=SE Daily|accessdate=2017-10-03|date=28 September 2017|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2nd [[Asia Artist Awards]]
| Fabulous Award
| rowspan="2"|''[[Fight for My Way]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kbsworld.kbs.co.kr/news/news_view.php?no=17859&sec=kpop&lang=eng&page=1&search_tag=EXO&writer=|title=Kim Hee Sun & EXO win Grand Prize Awards at the 2017 Asia Artist Awards|date=16 November 2017|work=KBS World}}</ref>
|-
| Best Star Award
| {{won}}
|-
|6th Korea Film Actors Association Awards
| Popular Star Award
| ''[[Midnight Runners]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4636&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=Top Star Awards for NA Moon-hee, LEE Jung-hyun, CHOI Min-shik and Hyun-bin|date=8 January 2018|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"|[[2017 KBS Drama Awards|31st KBS Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| ''[[Fight for My Way]]'' ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kbs-drama-awards-2017-kim-young-chul-chun-ho-jin-share-grand-prize-complete-winners-list-755160|title=KBS Drama Awards 2017: Kim Young Chul, Chun Ho Jin share grand prize; complete winners list|date=1 January 2018|work=International Business Times}}</ref>
|-
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Mid-length Drama
| ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
| rowspan="6"|''[[Fight for My Way]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Netizen Award – Male
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Couple Award with [[Kim Ji-won (actress)|Kim Ji-won]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="10"|2018
| [[54th Baeksang Arts Awards]]
| Best Actor (TV)
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.jtbc.joins.com/html/136/NB11615136.html|title=제54회 백상예술대상, TV·영화 각 부문별 수상 후보자 공개|date=6 April 2018|website=JTBC|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| [[KBS World (TV channel)|KBS WORLD]] Global Fan Awards
| Best Couple with [[Kim Ji-won (actress)|Kim Ji-won]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kbsworld.kbs.co.kr/event/event_view.php?event_seq=81#evt_content|title=2018 KBS WORLD GLOBAL FAN AWARDS|date=2 July 2018|work=KBS WORLD|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|13th [[Seoul International Drama Awards]]
|Outstanding Korean Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2018/09/688_255026.html|title=Lee Bo-young wins best actress at drama awards|date=4 September 2018|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>
|-
| 9th Korea Film Reporters Association Film Awards (KOFRA)
| Best New Actor
| rowspan=2|''[[Midnight Runners]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/kwave/2018/01/30/3001000000AEN20180130011300315.html|title='1987' chosen by film reporters as the best film of 2017|date=30 January 2018|work=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref>
|-
| 23rd [[Chunsa Film Art Awards]]
| Best New Actor
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201805031234186710|title=제23회 춘사영화제 5월18일 개최..홍상수·김민희 참석하나|date=3 May 2018|website=Newsen|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th Korea Drama Awards]]
|Top Excellence Award, Actor
|rowspan=3|''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=489671|title=2018 코리아드라마어워즈(KDA) 수상후보 및 작품 공개…10월 2일 경남 진주 경남문화예술회관 개최|date=28 September 2018|website=TopStarNews|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[6th APAN Star Awards]]
|Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0003882028|title=이병헌, '미스터 션샤인' 대상 수상..정해인 2관왕(종합)[2018 APAN]|date=13 October 2018|website=Osen|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|K-Star Award
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0002730227|title=이병헌·손예진·아이유 APAN스타어워즈 노미네이트|date=27 September 2018|website=Star News|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|2018 Cosmo Beauty Awards
| Annual Shining Beauty Idol
|{{NA}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201811301317412951904_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=Korean stars awarded in China despite THAAD hurdle|date=30 November 2018|website=Kpop Herald}}</ref>
|-
| 8th Korea Tourism Awards
|Special Merit Award
|{{NA}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/12/12/2018121201267.html|title=Actor Park Seo-joon Honored for Promoting Korean Tourism|date=12 December 2018|website=The Chosun Ilbo}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2019
|13th [[Asian Film Awards]]
| AFA Rising Star Award
|{{NA}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2019/03/732_265595.html|title=Park Seo-joon shows off Rising Star Award|date=18 March 2019|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |14th Annual [[Soompi]] Awards
|Best Actor of the Year
|rowspan="2" |''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/awards|title=14th Annual Soompi Awards|website=Soompi|language=en|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref>
|-
|Best Couple with [[Park Min-young]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Park Seo-joon}}
* {{HanCinema person}}
* {{IMDb name|6124994|Park Seo-joon}}
* {{kmdb person|00188029|Park Seo-joon}}

{{Grand Bell Awards for Best New Actor}}
{{Korean Association of Film Critics Awards for Best New Actor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Park, Seo-joon}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean male television actors]]
[[Category:South Korean male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Seoul]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean male actors]]

Park Seo-joon

2020-02-13T03:53:51Z

83.83.44.43:

{{short description|South Korean actor}}
{{Korean name|Park}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Park Seo-joon

| image = 170807 박서준 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Park Seo-joon in 2017
| birth_name = Park Yong-kyu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|12|16|}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| alma_mater = [[Seoul Institute of the Arts]]<ref name=int />
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011–present
| agent = Awesome ENT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1004839241|title=Park Seo Jun Joins a New Agency Established by His Long-time Work Partner|date=9 July 2018|website=SBS News}}</ref>
| module = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes|color=transparent
| hangul = {{linktext|박|서|준}}
| hanja = {{linktext|朴|敘|俊}}
| rr = Bak Seo-jun
| mr = Pak Sŏchun
}}
}}

'''Park Seo-joon''' (born '''Park Yong-kyu'''; December 16, 1988) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in the television dramas ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'' (2015), ''[[She Was Pretty]]'' (2015), ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]'' (2016–2017), ''[[Fight for My Way]]'' (2017), ''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]'' (2018), and ''[[Itaewon Class]]'' (2020), and the films ''[[Chronicles of Evil]]'' (2015), ''[[Midnight Runners]]'' (2017) , ''[[The Divine Fury]]'' (2019) and Parasite (2019 film).

==Early life==
Park was born in Seoul. He began his [[Conscription|mandatory military service]] in 2008, when he was 19 years old, and was discharged in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1= Riddhiman|title=Fight My Way: Park Seo Joon reveals the similarity between him and his character|url=http://www.ibtimes.sg/fight-my-way-park-seo-joon-reveals-similarity-between-him-his-character-11376|website=International Business Times|accessdate=2017-07-17|date=14 June 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Park Seo-joon at "The Chronicles of Evil" stage greeting in Busan, 23 May 2015 01.jpg|thumb|220px|At ''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]'' stage greeting in [[Busan]], 2015]]

Park made his entertainment debut in 2011 by appearing in the [[music video]] of [[Bang Yong-guk]]'s [[single (music)|single]] "I Remember."<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Ji-yeon|title=Park Seo Joon Says 'Happy New Year'|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2918/park-seo-joon-says-happy-new-year|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2014-01-30|date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122142/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2918/park-seo-joon-says-happy-new-year|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then appeared in [[Korean drama|television dramas]] ''[[Dream High 2]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Jessica|title=Official poster for ''Dream High 2'' revealed|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012011312045491981|work=10Asia|accessdate=2013-05-11|date=13 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=dream>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Ji-yeon|title=''Dream High 2'' Park Seo Joon the Next Kim Soo Hyun?|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2795/dream-high-2-park-seo-joon-the-next-kim-soo-hyun|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2014-01-30|date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122137/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2795/dream-high-2-park-seo-joon-the-next-kim-soo-hyun|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Pots of Gold]]'' (2013),<ref name=int /> ''[[One Warm Word]]'' (2013),<ref name=warm>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Cory|title=Park Seo-joon Joins Han Hye-jin's New Drama|url=http://www.tenasia.com/park-seo-joon-joins-han-hye-jins-new-drama/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003536/http://www.tenasia.com/park-seo-joon-joins-han-hye-jins-new-drama/|work=TenAsia|archivedate=2014-06-07|date=30 October 2013}}</ref> and ''[[A Witch's Love]]'' (2014).<ref name=int>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170730000152&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=[Herald Interview] Park Seo-joon, from shy teen to lively boy next door|date=30 July 2017|work=The Korea Herald}}</ref> From October 2013 to April 2015, he was the host of ''[[Music Bank (TV series)|Music Bank]]''.<ref name=mb>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|title=SISTAR's Bora and Park Seo Joon to MC ''Music Bank''|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/48372/music-bank-gets-new-hosts|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2014-01-30|date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122139/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/48372/music-bank-gets-new-hosts|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Cory|title=SISTAR Bora, Park Seo-joon to Host KBS's Weekly Music Show|url=http://www.tenasia.com/sistar-bora-park-seo-joon-to-host-kbss-weekly-music-show/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003941/http://www.tenasia.com/sistar-bora-park-seo-joon-to-host-kbss-weekly-music-show/|work=TenAsia|archivedate=2014-06-07|date=18 October 2013}}</ref>

His breakout roles came in 2015 with two hit dramas ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'' and ''[[She Was Pretty]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/88434/park-seo-joons-fans-gift-kill-me-heal-me-set-with-snack-truck|title=Park Seo Joon's Fans Gift 'Kill Me Heal Me' Set with Snack Truck|website=enewsWorld|date=4 March 2015|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729214910/http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/88434/park-seo-joons-fans-gift-kill-me-heal-me-set-with-snack-truck|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/103563/park-seo-jun-holds-his-first-fan-meeting-in-japan|title=Park Seo Jun Holds His First Fan Meeting in Japan|website=enewsWorld|date=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=pretty>{{cite web|url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/07/398_183818.html|title=Hwang Jung-eum, Park Seo-joon to star in 'She Was Pretty'|website=The Korea Times|date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201510211427043676495_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=Park Seo-joon's popularity soars in China|website=Kpop Herald|date=21 October 2015}}</ref> The same year, Park featured in thriller film ''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]''.<ref name=evil>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201505131720556966734_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=New thriller 'Chronicles of Evil' a study of moral boundaries|website=Kpop Herald|date=13 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, Park starred in youth historical drama ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]'' alongside [[Go Ara]].<ref name=hwarang>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2017/05/688_194659.html |title=Park Seo-joon, Park Hyung-sik and Go Ara to star in 'Hwarang' |work=The Korea Times|date=5 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20161216009100315|title=Beautiful men come of age in new KBS period drama|date=16 December 2016|website=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref>

In 2017, Park starred in youth romance drama, ''[[Fight for My Way]]'' alongside [[Kim Ji-won (actress)|Kim Ji-won]].<ref name=fight>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3030266|title='Ssam My Way' to star actors Park and Kim|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|date=25 February 2017}}</ref> The television series was a major hit in South Korea and topped ratings in its time slot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2017/08/689_234034.html|title=[INTERVIEW] Actor finds worries increase along with popularity|date=2 August 2017|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>
The same year, he played his first big-screen leading role in action comedy ''[[Midnight Runners]]'' with [[Kang Ha-neul]].<ref name=midnight>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170717000756|title=Park Seo-joon, Kang Ha-neul play opposites in upcoming buddy movie 'Midnight Runners'|website=The Korea Herald|date=11 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Conran|first=Pierce|title=KANG Ha-neul and PARK Seo-jun Wrap Lotte Thriller|url=http://koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4203&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|work=Korean Film Biz Zone|accessdate=|date=6 March 2017}}</ref> Park won the Best New Actor award at major film award ceremonies such as the [[Grand Bell Awards]] and [[Korean Association of Film Critics Awards]].<ref name=grand /><ref name=critics />

In 2018, Park starred in tvN's romantic comedy drama ''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]'' alongside [[Park Min-young]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3047715&cloc=joongangdaily
|title=Park Seo-jun, Park Min-young cast in drama|date=4 May 2018|website=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref><ref name=kim>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201805301517367213283_2|title=Park Seo-joon on why he chose 'What's Wrong with Secretary Kim'|date=30 May 2018|website=Kpop Herald}}</ref> The series was a hit and Park received positive reviews by critics for his performance, being dubbed the "master of romantic comedy" by Korean press.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2018/07/688_252480.html|title=Master of romantic comedy|date=18 July 2018|website=The Korea Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/kwave/2018/08/01/3001000000AEN20180801001400315.html|title=(Yonhap Interview) Park Seo-joon aiming higher than 'king of romance'|date=1 August 2018|website=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/08/10/2018081001505.html|title=Park Seo-joon Proves He Is a Rom-Com Magnet with Latest Series|date=10 August 2018|website=The Chosun Ilbo}}</ref>

In 2019, Park starred in the occult film ''[[The Divine Fury]]''.<ref name=lion>{{cite web|url=http://koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4951&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=MIDNIGHT RUNNERS Duo Step into the Ring for THE DIVINE FURY|date=31 August 2018|website=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/arthttp://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3066058|title=Park Seo-jun's infernal hopes for 'Divine Fury': With career riding high, leading man plays boxer with extraordinary powers|date=July 29, 2019|website=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref> The same year Park served as the special juror for the Asiana International Short Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/09/26/2019092601042.html|title=Park Seo-joon Named Special Juror for Asiana Int'l Short Film Fest|date=September 26, 2019|website=The Chosun Ilbo}}</ref>

In 2020, Park starred in [[JTBC]]'s drama ''[[Itaewon Class]]'' as a restaurant owner, based on the webtoon of the same name.<ref name=itaewon>{{cite web|first=Hwi-seon|last=Yeon|url=http://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1111188338|title=박서준X김다미X유재명, JTBC '이태원 클라쓰' 출연 확정 [공식]|date=July 18, 2019|accessdate=July 20, 2019|website=OSEN|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200130000935&np=1&mp=1|title=Park Seo-joon to show perfect sync with original webcomic in 'Itaewon Class'|date=January 3, 2020|website=The Korea Herald}}</ref> He is also set to star in the sports film ''Dream'' as a soccer player, directed by [[Lee Byeong-heon (filmmaker)|Lee Byeong-heon]].<ref name=dream1>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2019/10/689_276575.html|title='Dream': Park Seo-joon trains homeless footballers in new movie|date=October 3, 2019|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Perfect Game (2011 film)|Perfect Game]]'' || Chil-goo || || <ref name=perf>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvreport.co.kr/cindex.php?c=news&m=newsview&idx=189549|title='드림하이2' 박서준, 알고보니 '퍼펙트 게임' 방용국 뮤비 출연|date=16 January 2012|website=TV Report|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]'' || Cha Dong-jae || || <ref name=evil />
|-
| ''[[The Beauty Inside (2015 film)|The Beauty Inside]]'' || Woo-jin || Cameo||<ref>{{cite web|last1=Doo|first1=Rumy|title=External beauty in ''Beauty Inside?''|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150804000919|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=2015-08-05|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Midnight Runners]]''||Park Ki-joon || || <ref name=midnight />
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Be with You (2018 film)|Be with You]]'' || Ji-ho || Cameo||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1004655021|title=[SBS Star] Park Seo Jun & Kong Hyo-jin to Appear in a New Movie!|date=7 March 2018|website=SBS News}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[The Divine Fury]]'' ||Yong-hoo|| ||<ref name=lion/>
|-
| ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'' || Min-hyuk|| Cameo || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=213&aid=0001082865|title=[단독] 박서준, 봉준호 '기생충' 특별출연..스크린 대세 잇는다|date=17 January 2019|website=TV Report|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Dream'' || Yoon Hong-dae || ||<ref name=dream1 />
|}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || ''[[Dream High 2]]'' || Si-woo || rowspan="2" | [[KBS2]]
|<ref name=dream />
|-
| ''[[Family (2012 TV series)|Shut Up Family]]'' || Cha Seo-joon
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1001278781|title=박서준, '닥치고 패밀리'서 일편단심 '다솜앓이'로 매력발산|date=17 July 2012|website=SBS News|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2013 || ''[[Pots of Gold]]'' || Park Hyun-tae || rowspan="2" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0007613316|title='금 나와라 뚝딱!' 깜짝 스타로 떠오른 박서준 "현태 연기하며 많이 성장한 느낌" [출처] - 국민일보 |date=2 October 2013|website=Kukmin Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''Drama Festival "Sleeping Witch"'' || Kim Him-chan
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/170184|title=박서준-황우슬혜, MBC 단막극 '잠자는 숲속의 마녀' 출연|date=23 September 2013|website=TenAsia|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[One Warm Word]]'' || Song Min-soo || [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
|<ref name=warm />
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[A Witch's Love]]'' || Yoon Dong-ha || [[TVN (South Korea)|tvN]]
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Choi|first=Jin-sil|script-title=ko:'마녀의 연애' 엄정화 박서준 한재석 출연 확정, 삼각 로맨스 그린다|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/222140|work=TenAsia|language=Korean|accessdate=2014-04-11|date=3 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mama (2014 TV series)|Mama]]'' || older Han Geu-roo (Cameo) || rowspan="3" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.joins.com/article/16169142|title='마마' 박서준, 성장한 한그루 연기…'나 어때? 죽이지?' 뭉클 재회|date=20 October 2014|website=JoongAng Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'' || Oh Ri-on
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bntnews.co.uk/app/news.php?nid=15672|title=Leading Roles Of Drama 'Kill Me, Heal Me' Are Confirmed|date=5 December 2014|website=BNT News}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[She Was Pretty]]'' || Ji Sung-joon
|<ref name=pretty />
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]'' || Moo Myung / Kim Sun-woo || rowspan=2|[[KBS2]]
|<ref name=hwarang />
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Fight for My Way]]'' || Go Dong-man
|<ref name=fight />
|-
| 2018 || ''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]'' || Lee Young-joon || [[TVN (South Korea)|tvN]]
|<ref name=kim />
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Itaewon Class]]'' || Park Sae-roy || [[JTBC]]
|<ref name=itaewon />
|}

===Variety show===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Network
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2013–2015 || ''[[Music Bank (TV series)|Music Bank]]'' || [[KBS2]] || Host
|<ref name=mb />
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Youn's Kitchen]] Season 2'' || [[tvN]]|| Cast member
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201711171657417259325_2|title=Park Seo-joon to join 'Youn's Kitchen'|date=17 November 2017|work=Kpop Herald}}</ref>
|
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song title
! Artist
! Ref.
|-
| 2011 || "I Remember" || [[Bang Yong-guk]] feat. [[Yang Yo-seob]]
| <ref name=perf />
|-
| 2014 || "One Two Three Four" || [[The One (singer)|The One]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hankookilbo.com/v/eb406cbe935443f0b51cd4b523013313|title=박서준, 더원 뮤비 <하나 둘 셋 넷> '눈빛연기가 다했네'|date=19 March 2014|website=Hanook Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|"Dream All Day"
|Kim Ji-soo
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.joins.com/article/21335041|title=박서준X볼빨간사춘기 주연 김지수 '드림올데이' MV 공개|date=3 March 2017|website=JoongAng Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 2012 || "New Dreaming" || from [[Dream High 2#Soundtrack|''Dream High 2 OST'']]; duet with [[JB (Im Jae-bum)|JB]]
|-
| 2014 || "Come into My Heart" || from [[A Witch's Love#Original soundtrack|''A Witch's Love OST'']]
|-
| 2015 || "Letting You Go" || from [[Kill Me, Heal Me#Original soundtrack|''Kill Me, Heal Me OST'']]
|-
| 2015 || "Long Way" || from [[She Was Pretty#Original soundtrack|''She Was Pretty OST'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/99607/park-seo-joon-releases-she-was-pretty-ost|title=Park Seo Joon Releases ′She Was Pretty′ OST|website=enewsWorld|date=6 November 2015|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729231000/http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/99607/park-seo-joon-releases-she-was-pretty-ost|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || "Our Tears" || from [[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth#Original soundtrack|''Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth OST'']]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class=wikitable sortable
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013
| [[6th Korea Drama Awards]]
| rowspan="3"|Best New Actor
| rowspan="3"|''[[Pots of Gold]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/alsons-acquires-thai-partner-stake-000500394.html|title=Winners at the 2013 Korea Drama Awards|publisher=Yahoo News|date=3 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd APAN Star Awards]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[2013 MBC Drama Awards|32nd MBC Drama Awards]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014
| [[50th Baeksang Arts Awards]]
| Best New Actor (TV)
| ''[[One Warm Word]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 7th Herald Donga Lifestyle Awards
| Best Style of the Year
| {{NA}}
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Woo-young|title=Jang Hyuk, Cha Ye-ryun named best dressed at Herald Donga awards|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20141210000926|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=2014-12-16|date=10 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 SBS Drama Awards|22nd SBS Drama Awards]]
| New Star Award
| ''[[One Warm Word]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/sbs-drama-awards-2014-winners-77103.html|title=SBS Drama Awards 2014 Winners|date=31 December 2014|website=Hancinema}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9"|2015
| [[52nd Grand Bell Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|Best New Actor
| rowspan="3"|''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[36th Blue Dragon Film Awards]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Popular Star Award
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode=VIEW&seq=3674|title=ASSASSINATION Tops Blue Dragon Awards|date=27 November 2015|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
|-
| [[4th APAN Star Awards]]
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
| ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'', ''[[She Was Pretty]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1st Fashionista Awards
| Best Fashion in TV
| ''[[She Was Pretty]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/12/07/2015120702112.html|title=[패셔니스타 어워즈] TV 패션 1위 박서준 "손이 예쁜 여자가 좋아요"|date=7 December 2015|website=The Chosun Ilbo|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[2015 MBC Drama Awards|34th MBC Drama Awards]]
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
| rowspan="3"|''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'', ''[[She Was Pretty]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name=mbc>{{cite web|last1=Ko|first1=Ji-seon|title=2015 MBC Drama Awards roundup|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201512311539308120461_2|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=|date=31 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Top 10 Stars Award
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|title=MBC Drama Awards 2015 Winners|url=http://www.hancinema.net/mbc-drama-awards-2015-winners-89938.html|website=[[Hancinema]]|accessdate=2015-12-31|date=30 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Popularity Award, Actor
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Couple with [[Ji Sung]]
| ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name=mbc />
|-
| rowspan="5"|2016
| InStyle Star Icon
| Best Actor (Drama)
| ''[[Kill Me, Heal Me]]'', ''[[She Was Pretty]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 11th Max Movie Awards
| rowspan="2"|Best New Actor
| rowspan="3"|''[[The Chronicles of Evil]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 21st [[Chunsa Film Art Awards]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[52nd Baeksang Arts Awards]]
| Best New Actor (Film)
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1st [[tvN10 Awards]]
| Romantic-Comedy King
| ''[[A Witch's Love]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2017
| [[26th Buil Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"|Best New Actor
| rowspan="4" |''[[Midnight Runners]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[54th Grand Bell Awards]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=grand>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd=601006&seq=4522&mode=VIEW|title=A TAXI DRIVER Triumphs at 54th Daejong Film Awards|date=30 October 2017|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
|-
| 37th [[Korean Association of Film Critics Awards]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=critics>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4523&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=THE FORTRESS Dominates 37th Korean Film Critics Association Awards|date=30 October 2017|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
|-
| 1st [[The Seoul Awards]]
| Best New Actor (Film)
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Jung|first=Da-hoon|title='제1회 더 서울어워즈' 노미네이트 공개, 이보영 지성 김희선 조승우 등 화려한 라인업 공개|url=http://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/1OL7AMFZOF|website=SE Daily|accessdate=2017-10-03|date=28 September 2017|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2nd [[Asia Artist Awards]]
| Fabulous Award
| rowspan="2"|''[[Fight for My Way]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kbsworld.kbs.co.kr/news/news_view.php?no=17859&sec=kpop&lang=eng&page=1&search_tag=EXO&writer=|title=Kim Hee Sun & EXO win Grand Prize Awards at the 2017 Asia Artist Awards|date=16 November 2017|work=KBS World}}</ref>
|-
| Best Star Award
| {{won}}
|-
|6th Korea Film Actors Association Awards
| Popular Star Award
| ''[[Midnight Runners]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4636&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=Top Star Awards for NA Moon-hee, LEE Jung-hyun, CHOI Min-shik and Hyun-bin|date=8 January 2018|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"|[[2017 KBS Drama Awards|31st KBS Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| ''[[Fight for My Way]]'' ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kbs-drama-awards-2017-kim-young-chul-chun-ho-jin-share-grand-prize-complete-winners-list-755160|title=KBS Drama Awards 2017: Kim Young Chul, Chun Ho Jin share grand prize; complete winners list|date=1 January 2018|work=International Business Times}}</ref>
|-
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Mid-length Drama
| ''[[Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
| rowspan="6"|''[[Fight for My Way]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Netizen Award – Male
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Couple Award with [[Kim Ji-won (actress)|Kim Ji-won]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="10"|2018
| [[54th Baeksang Arts Awards]]
| Best Actor (TV)
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.jtbc.joins.com/html/136/NB11615136.html|title=제54회 백상예술대상, TV·영화 각 부문별 수상 후보자 공개|date=6 April 2018|website=JTBC|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| [[KBS World (TV channel)|KBS WORLD]] Global Fan Awards
| Best Couple with [[Kim Ji-won (actress)|Kim Ji-won]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kbsworld.kbs.co.kr/event/event_view.php?event_seq=81#evt_content|title=2018 KBS WORLD GLOBAL FAN AWARDS|date=2 July 2018|work=KBS WORLD|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|13th [[Seoul International Drama Awards]]
|Outstanding Korean Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2018/09/688_255026.html|title=Lee Bo-young wins best actress at drama awards|date=4 September 2018|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>
|-
| 9th Korea Film Reporters Association Film Awards (KOFRA)
| Best New Actor
| rowspan=2|''[[Midnight Runners]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/kwave/2018/01/30/3001000000AEN20180130011300315.html|title='1987' chosen by film reporters as the best film of 2017|date=30 January 2018|work=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref>
|-
| 23rd [[Chunsa Film Art Awards]]
| Best New Actor
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201805031234186710|title=제23회 춘사영화제 5월18일 개최..홍상수·김민희 참석하나|date=3 May 2018|website=Newsen|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th Korea Drama Awards]]
|Top Excellence Award, Actor
|rowspan=3|''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=489671|title=2018 코리아드라마어워즈(KDA) 수상후보 및 작품 공개…10월 2일 경남 진주 경남문화예술회관 개최|date=28 September 2018|website=TopStarNews|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[6th APAN Star Awards]]
|Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0003882028|title=이병헌, '미스터 션샤인' 대상 수상..정해인 2관왕(종합)[2018 APAN]|date=13 October 2018|website=Osen|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|K-Star Award
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0002730227|title=이병헌·손예진·아이유 APAN스타어워즈 노미네이트|date=27 September 2018|website=Star News|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|2018 Cosmo Beauty Awards
| Annual Shining Beauty Idol
|{{NA}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201811301317412951904_2&ACE_SEARCH=1|title=Korean stars awarded in China despite THAAD hurdle|date=30 November 2018|website=Kpop Herald}}</ref>
|-
| 8th Korea Tourism Awards
|Special Merit Award
|{{NA}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/12/12/2018121201267.html|title=Actor Park Seo-joon Honored for Promoting Korean Tourism|date=12 December 2018|website=The Chosun Ilbo}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2019
|13th [[Asian Film Awards]]
| AFA Rising Star Award
|{{NA}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2019/03/732_265595.html|title=Park Seo-joon shows off Rising Star Award|date=18 March 2019|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |14th Annual [[Soompi]] Awards
|Best Actor of the Year
|rowspan="2" |''[[What's Wrong with Secretary Kim]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/awards|title=14th Annual Soompi Awards|website=Soompi|language=en|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref>
|-
|Best Couple with [[Park Min-young]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Park Seo-joon}}
* {{HanCinema person}}
* {{IMDb name|6124994|Park Seo-joon}}
* {{kmdb person|00188029|Park Seo-joon}}

{{Grand Bell Awards for Best New Actor}}
{{Korean Association of Film Critics Awards for Best New Actor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Park, Seo-joon}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean male television actors]]
[[Category:South Korean male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Seoul]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean male actors]]

Annabelle Wallis

2019-12-23T22:14:25Z

83.83.44.43:

{{short description|British Actress}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Annabelle Wallis
| image = Annabelle Wallis (34027166033).jpg
| caption = Wallis in May 2017
| birth_name = Annabelle Frances Wallis
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|9|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Oxford]], [[Oxfordshire]], England
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names = Annabelle Wallace
| known_for = ''[[The Tudors]]'' ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'' ''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]'' ''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]'' ''[[The Loudest Voice]]''
| height =
| years_active = 2005–present
| partner(s) =
| children =
| occupation = Actress
| relatives = [[Richard Harris]] (great-uncle) [[Jared Harris]] (cousin)
}}
'''Annabelle Frances Wallis''' (born 5 September 1984) is an English actress who has played [[Jane Seymour]] in [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]'s period drama ''[[The Tudors]]'' (2009–2010), [[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Grace Burgess]] in the [[BBC]] drama ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'' (2013–2019), Mia in the supernatural horror film ''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]'' (2014), and Jenny Halsey in the supernatural adventure film ''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]'' (2017).

== Early life ==
Wallis was born in Oxford, England. She was raised in Cascais, Portugal, where her family emigrated when she was eighteen months old.<ref name=":0" /> Her maternal great-uncle is actor [[Richard Harris]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/curse-mummy-star-annabelle-wallis-10630581|title=The Mummy star Annabelle Wallis and the 'cursed' family dogged by tragedy|last=Pietras|first=Emma|date=15 June 2017|website=mirror|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> On her father's side, she is a descendant of English singer [[Marie Lloyd]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
In Portugal, Annabelle Wallis did several short films before she moved to London to pursue a career in film. In London, she did some advertisements and looked into drama schools before ultimately deciding to find an agent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-annabelle-wallis|title=Discovery: Annabelle Wallis|date=3 November 2014|website=Interview Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>

In 2005 she landed a lead role in the Bollywood film ''Dil Jo bhi Kahey'', though the film did not fare well at box office. In 2009, Wallis starred as [[Queen Jane Seymour|Jane Seymour]] in season three of the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] drama series ''[[The Tudors]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/tudors/characters.do|title=The Tudors - Characters|website=|publisher=[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628235856/http%3A//www%2Esho%2Ecom/site/tudors/characters%2Edo|archivedate=28 June 2009|url-status=dead|accessdate=1 April 2009|df=dmy}}</ref> She replaced [[Anita Briem]] in the third season due to conflicting dates with New Line Cinema over Anita's previous commitment to the movie [[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 Hollywood film)|''Journey to the Center of the Earth'']]. She returned as Jane Seymour in a dream sequence to ''The Tudors'' for the fourth (and final) season in mid-2010.

In 2010, Wallis was cast in the film ''[[W.E (film)|W.E]].'', and in 2011 had a minor role in the film, ''[[X-Men: First Class]]''. She starred as Grace Burgess in the BBC drama ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'', from 2013 to 2016. She returned as Grace in the fifth season of the show, in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Five minutes with Annabelle Wallis|url=http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/five-minutes-with-annabelle-wallis-peaky-blinders-bbc-cillian-murphy#image=1|journal=Elle UK|access-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024125631/http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/five-minutes-with-annabelle-wallis-peaky-blinders-bbc-cillian-murphy#image=1|archive-date=24 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Peaky Blinders|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/peakyblinders/annabelle-wallis.html|publisher=BBC Media Centre}}</ref> In 2014, she starred in the horror film ''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]'', a spin-off of 2013's ''[[The Conjuring]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/the-conjuring-spinoff-annabelle-moves-ahead-with-new-stars-and-a-start-date/|title='The Conjuring' Spinoff 'Annabelle' Moves Ahead With New Stars and a Start Date|website=Slashfilm.com|date=16 January 2014}}</ref>

In 2017, She starred as Jenny Halsey, an archaeologist in her highest-grossing film [[The Mummy (2017 film)|''The Mummy'']].

In April 2018, she was announced to be [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]]'s ambassador for jewelry and the new face of the Panthère de Cartier watch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.worldtempus.com/article/industry-news/people-and-interviews/cartier-annabelle-wallis-embodies-the-panthere-woman-for-cartier-25834.html|title=Cartier - Annabelle Wallis embodies the Panthère woman for Cartier|website=WorldTempus|language=en|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
As a result of attending international schools, Wallis speaks fluent English, Portuguese, French, and Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-annabelle-wallis/|title=Five Things You Need to Know About Annabelle Wallis|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>

=== Relationships ===
Wallis was in an on-off relationship with singer [[Chris Martin]] from August 2015 to August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity/chris-martin-back-annabelle-wallis-1080955.html|title=Chris Martin back with Annabelle Wallis?|date=10 August 2017|website=www.femalefirst.co.uk|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

In April 2018 it was revealed that she has been dating American actor [[Chris Pine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a19682819/chris-pine-annabelle-wallis-dating/|title=Chris Pine Annabelle Wallis Dating Relationship Confirmation|last=Decker|first=Megan|date=4 April 2018|website=Harper's Bazaar|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2005
|''[[Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...]]''
|Sophie Besson / Savirti Pradhan
|[[Bollywood]] film
|-
|2006
|''[[True True Lie]]''
|Paige
|
|-
|2007
|''Steel Trap''
|Melanie
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Body of Lies (film)|Body of Lies]]''
|Hani's Girlfriend in Bar
|
|-
|2009
|''Right Hand Drive''
|Ruth
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[W.E.]]''
|Arabella Green
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[X-Men: First Class]]''
|Amy
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Snow White and the Huntsman]]''
|Sara
| Not credited
|-
|2013
|''[[Hello Carter]]''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]''
|Mia Form
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Sword of Vengeance (film)|Sword of Vengeance]]''
|Annabelle
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Grimsby (film)|Grimsby]]''
|Lina Smit
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Come and Find Me]]''
|Claire
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Mine (2016 film)|Mine]]''
|Jenny
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[King Arthur: Legend of the Sword]]''
|Maid Maggie
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]''
|Jenny Halsey
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Annabelle: Creation]]''
|Mia Form
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Tag (2018 film)|Tag]]''
|Rebecca Crosby
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Boss Level]]''
|Alice
|Post-production
|-
| 2020
| ''The Silencing''
| Sheriff Alice Gustafson
| Post-production
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Malignant (2020 film)|Malignant]]''
|
| Post-production
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2005
|''[[Jericho (UK TV series)|Jericho]]''
|Lizzie Way
|Episode: "The Killing of Johnny Swan"
|-
|2007
|''[[Diana: Last Days of a Princess]]''
|Kelly Fisher
|Television film
|-
|2009
|''Ghost Town''
|Serena
|Television film
|-
|2009–2010
|''{{sortname|The|Tudors}}''
|[[Jane Seymour]]
|5 episodes
|-
|2010
|''{{sortname|The|Lost Future}}''
|Dorel
|Television film
|-
| 2011
|''[[Strike Back: Project Dawn]]''
|Dana Van Rijn
|2 episodes
|-
| 2011
|''[[Pan Am (TV series)|Pan Am]]''
|Bridget Pierce
|4 episodes
|-
|2013–2016, 2019
|''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]''
|Grace Burgess/Shelby
|15 episodes
|-
| 2014
|''[[Fleming: The Man Who Would Be Bond]]''
|Muriel Wright
|2 episodes
|-
| 2014
|''[[The Musketeers]]''
|Ninon de Larroque
|Episode: "A Rebellious Woman"
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Star Trek: Short Treks]]''
| Zora
| Voice; Episode: "Calypso"
|-
| 2019
| ''[[The Loudest Voice]]''
| Laurie Luhn
| 6 episodes
|}

===Videoclip===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Artist
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2014
|Divine Love
|Victoria+Jean
|Direction: Anita Fontaine
|-
|}

==Discography==
* [[A Head Full of Dreams]], vocals in song ''Up&Up''.

==Awards and nominations==

{{Expand list|date=May 2018}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%" width="98%"
|-
! style="width:2%;" scope="col"| Year
! style="width:33%;" scope="col"| Association
! style="width:41%;" scope="col"| Category
! style="width:33%;" scope="col"| Work
! style="width:2%;" scope="col" | Result
! style="width:1%;" scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015
| [[MTV Movie & TV Awards]]
| [[2015 MTV Movie Awards#Awards|Best Scared-As-S**t Performance]]
| ''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2017
| [[Alliance of Women Film Journalists]]
| Most Egregious Age Difference between the Lead and the Love Interest Award
| ''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]''
| {{nom}} {{ref label|AWFJ|1a}}
|
|-
|}

;Notes
:1. {{note label|AWFJ|1a}} – with Tom Cruise and Sarah Wright

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Annabelle Wallis}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|1834115}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080620141048/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6413.html Interview with Annabelle Wallis – leading lady of Dil Jo Bhi Kahey] on 21 September 2005
* [https://archive.is/20130202090750/http://www.sho.com/site/video/brightcove/series/title.do?bcpid=14034154001&bclid=14868756001&bctid=22535701001 A Sit-Down with Annabelle Wallis: Annabelle Wallis discusses Jane Seymour's relationship with Henry VIII.] ''[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wallis, Annabelle}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from London]]
[[Category:Actresses from Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:British expatriate actresses in the United States]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Portugal]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:Robin Fox family]]
[[Category:People from Cascais]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]

Annabelle Wallis

2019-12-23T22:12:25Z

83.83.44.43:

{{short description|British Actress}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Annabelle Wallis
| image = Annabelle Wallis (34027166033).jpg
| caption = Wallis in May 2017
| birth_name = Annabelle Frances Wallis
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|9|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Oxford]], [[Oxfordshire]], England
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names = Annabelle Wallace
| known_for = ''[[The Tudors]]'' ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'' ''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]'' ''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]'' ''[[The Loudest Voice]]''
| height =
| years_active = 2005–present
| partner(s) =
| children =
| occupation = Actress
| relatives = [[Richard Harris]] (great-uncle) [[Jared Harris]] (cousin)
}}
'''Annabelle Frances Wallis''' (born 5 September 1984) is an English actress who has played [[Jane Seymour]] in [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]'s period drama ''[[The Tudors]]'' (2009–2010), [[Grace Burgess]] in the [[BBC]] drama ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'' (2013–2019), Mia in the supernatural horror film ''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]'' (2014), and Jenny Halsey in the supernatural adventure film ''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]'' (2017).

== Early life ==
Wallis was born in Oxford, England. She was raised in Cascais, Portugal, where her family emigrated when she was eighteen months old.<ref name=":0" /> Her maternal great-uncle is actor [[Richard Harris]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/curse-mummy-star-annabelle-wallis-10630581|title=The Mummy star Annabelle Wallis and the 'cursed' family dogged by tragedy|last=Pietras|first=Emma|date=15 June 2017|website=mirror|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> On her father's side, she is a descendant of English singer [[Marie Lloyd]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
In Portugal, Annabelle Wallis did several short films before she moved to London to pursue a career in film. In London, she did some advertisements and looked into drama schools before ultimately deciding to find an agent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-annabelle-wallis|title=Discovery: Annabelle Wallis|date=3 November 2014|website=Interview Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>

In 2005 she landed a lead role in the Bollywood film ''Dil Jo bhi Kahey'', though the film did not fare well at box office. In 2009, Wallis starred as [[Queen Jane Seymour|Jane Seymour]] in season three of the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] drama series ''[[The Tudors]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/tudors/characters.do|title=The Tudors - Characters|website=|publisher=[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628235856/http%3A//www%2Esho%2Ecom/site/tudors/characters%2Edo|archivedate=28 June 2009|url-status=dead|accessdate=1 April 2009|df=dmy}}</ref> She replaced [[Anita Briem]] in the third season due to conflicting dates with New Line Cinema over Anita's previous commitment to the movie [[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 Hollywood film)|''Journey to the Center of the Earth'']]. She returned as Jane Seymour in a dream sequence to ''The Tudors'' for the fourth (and final) season in mid-2010.

In 2010, Wallis was cast in the film ''[[W.E (film)|W.E]].'', and in 2011 had a minor role in the film, ''[[X-Men: First Class]]''. She starred as Grace Burgess in the BBC drama ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'', from 2013 to 2016. She returned as Grace in the fifth season of the show, in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Five minutes with Annabelle Wallis|url=http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/five-minutes-with-annabelle-wallis-peaky-blinders-bbc-cillian-murphy#image=1|journal=Elle UK|access-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024125631/http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/five-minutes-with-annabelle-wallis-peaky-blinders-bbc-cillian-murphy#image=1|archive-date=24 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Peaky Blinders|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/peakyblinders/annabelle-wallis.html|publisher=BBC Media Centre}}</ref> In 2014, she starred in the horror film ''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]'', a spin-off of 2013's ''[[The Conjuring]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/the-conjuring-spinoff-annabelle-moves-ahead-with-new-stars-and-a-start-date/|title='The Conjuring' Spinoff 'Annabelle' Moves Ahead With New Stars and a Start Date|website=Slashfilm.com|date=16 January 2014}}</ref>

In 2017, She starred as Jenny Halsey, an archaeologist in her highest-grossing film [[The Mummy (2017 film)|''The Mummy'']].

In April 2018, she was announced to be [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]]'s ambassador for jewelry and the new face of the Panthère de Cartier watch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.worldtempus.com/article/industry-news/people-and-interviews/cartier-annabelle-wallis-embodies-the-panthere-woman-for-cartier-25834.html|title=Cartier - Annabelle Wallis embodies the Panthère woman for Cartier|website=WorldTempus|language=en|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
As a result of attending international schools, Wallis speaks fluent English, Portuguese, French, and Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-annabelle-wallis/|title=Five Things You Need to Know About Annabelle Wallis|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>

=== Relationships ===
Wallis was in an on-off relationship with singer [[Chris Martin]] from August 2015 to August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity/chris-martin-back-annabelle-wallis-1080955.html|title=Chris Martin back with Annabelle Wallis?|date=10 August 2017|website=www.femalefirst.co.uk|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

In April 2018 it was revealed that she has been dating American actor [[Chris Pine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a19682819/chris-pine-annabelle-wallis-dating/|title=Chris Pine Annabelle Wallis Dating Relationship Confirmation|last=Decker|first=Megan|date=4 April 2018|website=Harper's Bazaar|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2005
|''[[Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...]]''
|Sophie Besson / Savirti Pradhan
|[[Bollywood]] film
|-
|2006
|''[[True True Lie]]''
|Paige
|
|-
|2007
|''Steel Trap''
|Melanie
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Body of Lies (film)|Body of Lies]]''
|Hani's Girlfriend in Bar
|
|-
|2009
|''Right Hand Drive''
|Ruth
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[W.E.]]''
|Arabella Green
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[X-Men: First Class]]''
|Amy
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Snow White and the Huntsman]]''
|Sara
| Not credited
|-
|2013
|''[[Hello Carter]]''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]''
|Mia Form
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Sword of Vengeance (film)|Sword of Vengeance]]''
|Annabelle
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Grimsby (film)|Grimsby]]''
|Lina Smit
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Come and Find Me]]''
|Claire
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Mine (2016 film)|Mine]]''
|Jenny
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[King Arthur: Legend of the Sword]]''
|Maid Maggie
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]''
|Jenny Halsey
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Annabelle: Creation]]''
|Mia Form
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Tag (2018 film)|Tag]]''
|Rebecca Crosby
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Boss Level]]''
|Alice
|Post-production
|-
| 2020
| ''The Silencing''
| Sheriff Alice Gustafson
| Post-production
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Malignant (2020 film)|Malignant]]''
|
| Post-production
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2005
|''[[Jericho (UK TV series)|Jericho]]''
|Lizzie Way
|Episode: "The Killing of Johnny Swan"
|-
|2007
|''[[Diana: Last Days of a Princess]]''
|Kelly Fisher
|Television film
|-
|2009
|''Ghost Town''
|Serena
|Television film
|-
|2009–2010
|''{{sortname|The|Tudors}}''
|[[Jane Seymour]]
|5 episodes
|-
|2010
|''{{sortname|The|Lost Future}}''
|Dorel
|Television film
|-
| 2011
|''[[Strike Back: Project Dawn]]''
|Dana Van Rijn
|2 episodes
|-
| 2011
|''[[Pan Am (TV series)|Pan Am]]''
|Bridget Pierce
|4 episodes
|-
|2013–2016, 2019
|''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]''
|Grace Burgess/Shelby
|15 episodes
|-
| 2014
|''[[Fleming: The Man Who Would Be Bond]]''
|Muriel Wright
|2 episodes
|-
| 2014
|''[[The Musketeers]]''
|Ninon de Larroque
|Episode: "A Rebellious Woman"
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Star Trek: Short Treks]]''
| Zora
| Voice; Episode: "Calypso"
|-
| 2019
| ''[[The Loudest Voice]]''
| Laurie Luhn
| 6 episodes
|}

===Videoclip===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Artist
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2014
|Divine Love
|Victoria+Jean
|Direction: Anita Fontaine
|-
|}

==Discography==
* [[A Head Full of Dreams]], vocals in song ''Up&Up''.

==Awards and nominations==

{{Expand list|date=May 2018}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%" width="98%"
|-
! style="width:2%;" scope="col"| Year
! style="width:33%;" scope="col"| Association
! style="width:41%;" scope="col"| Category
! style="width:33%;" scope="col"| Work
! style="width:2%;" scope="col" | Result
! style="width:1%;" scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015
| [[MTV Movie & TV Awards]]
| [[2015 MTV Movie Awards#Awards|Best Scared-As-S**t Performance]]
| ''[[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2017
| [[Alliance of Women Film Journalists]]
| Most Egregious Age Difference between the Lead and the Love Interest Award
| ''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]''
| {{nom}} {{ref label|AWFJ|1a}}
|
|-
|}

;Notes
:1. {{note label|AWFJ|1a}} – with Tom Cruise and Sarah Wright

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Annabelle Wallis}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|1834115}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080620141048/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6413.html Interview with Annabelle Wallis – leading lady of Dil Jo Bhi Kahey] on 21 September 2005
* [https://archive.is/20130202090750/http://www.sho.com/site/video/brightcove/series/title.do?bcpid=14034154001&bclid=14868756001&bctid=22535701001 A Sit-Down with Annabelle Wallis: Annabelle Wallis discusses Jane Seymour's relationship with Henry VIII.] ''[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wallis, Annabelle}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from London]]
[[Category:Actresses from Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:British expatriate actresses in the United States]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Portugal]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:Robin Fox family]]
[[Category:People from Cascais]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]

Cillian Murphy

2019-12-22T16:32:57Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Cillian Murphy
| image = Cillian Murphy Press Conference The Party Berlinale 2017 02cr.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Murphy at the [[67th Berlin International Film Festival|2017 Berlin Film Festival]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|5|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[County Cork]], Ireland
| nationality = Irish
| alma_mater = [[Presentation Brothers College, Cork]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1996–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Yvonne McGuinness]]|2004}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Cillian Murphy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|I|l|i|ə|n}}; born 25 May 1976) is an Irish actor. He began his career performing as a rock musician. After turning down a record deal, he began his acting career in theatre, and in [[short films|short]] and [[independent films|independent]] films in the late 1990s.

His first notable roles were in films such as ''[[28 Days Later]]'' (2002), ''[[Cold Mountain (film)|Cold Mountain]]'' (2003), ''[[Intermission (film)|Intermission]]'' (2003), ''[[Red Eye (2005 American film)|Red Eye]]'' (2005) and ''[[Breakfast on Pluto (film)|Breakfast on Pluto]]'' (2005), for which he was nominated for a [[Golden Globe]] award for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy]] and won an [[Irish Film and Television Award]] for Best Actor. Murphy played the character of [[Scarecrow (DC Comics)|Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow]] in the [[Batman in film|Batman films]] of ''[[The Dark Knight Trilogy]]'' (2005–2012). In the mid-late 2000s, he starred in films such as ''[[The Wind That Shakes the Barley (film)|The Wind That Shakes the Barley]]'' (2006), ''[[Sunshine (2007 film)|Sunshine]]'' (2007), ''[[The Edge of Love]]'' (2008), ''[[Inception]]'' (2010) and ''[[Peacock (2010 film)|Peacock]]'' (2010).

In 2011, Murphy won the [[Irish Times Theatre Award]] for [[Best Actor]] and the [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance]] for ''Misterman''. He also became patron of the [[UNESCO#Institutes and centres|UNESCO Child and Family Research Centre]] at the [[National University of Ireland Galway]]. He is closely associated with the work of Professor Pat Dolan, Director UCFRC and UNESCO Chair in Children, Youth and Civic Engagement. In the early 2010s, he appeared in the films ''[[In Time]]'' (2011), ''[[Retreat (film)|Retreat]]'' (2011) and ''[[Red Lights (2012 film)|Red Lights]]'' (2012).

Since 2013, Murphy has portrayed [[Peaky Blinders (TV series)#Cast|Thomas Shelby]], the lead of the [[BBC]] gangster series ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'', for which he has won two [[Irish Film and Television Awards]] for Best Actor – Drama, in 2017 and 2018 respectively. More recently, he has appeared in the films ''[[Transcendence (2014 film)|Transcendence]]'' (2014), ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]'' (2015), ''[[Anthropoid (film)|Anthropoid]]'' (2016), ''[[Dunkirk (2017 film)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017), [[The Delinquent Season|Delinquent Season]] (2018) and [[Anna (2019 film)|Anna]] (2019).

==Early life==
[[File:Introduction to University Programme (IUP) career workshop c.1992 (9423657442).jpg|thumb|right|Murphy (centre), with Dr. Tim Smyth, [[Size2shoes|Eoin Ó Súilleabháin]] and Maria-Theresa Grandfield, {{circa}} 1992]]

Murphy was born in [[Douglas, County Cork]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and was raised in [[Ballintemple, Cork]]. His father Brendan worked for the [[Department of Education and Skills (Ireland)|Irish Department of Education]], and his mother was a French teacher.<ref name="Independent action hero">{{cite news|author=Walsh, John|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/murphys-lore-meet-the-action-hero-who-looks-on-the-verge-of-tears-442417.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420045449/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/murphys-lore-meet-the-action-hero-who-looks-on-the-verge-of-tears-442417.html|archivedate=20 April 2008|title=Murphy's lore: Meet the action hero who looks on the verge of tears|work= The Independent|date=31 March 2007|accessdate= 18 July 2007}}</ref> His grandfather, aunts and uncles were also teachers. Murphy started playing music and writing songs at the age of 10.<ref name="RTE Guide 2004">{{cite journal|author=O'Donoghue, Donal|title=Western Hero|journal=RTÉ Guide|date= 6 February 2004}}</ref> He has a younger brother, Páidi Murphy, and two younger sisters, Sile Murphy and Orla Murphy.<ref name="Sun Times 2004">{{cite news |author=O'Sullivan, Gemma|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article1006185.ece|title=Ireland: Sane Boy of the Western World|work=The Sunday Times|date= 1 February 2004|accessdate= 11 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Premiere 2005 best">{{cite web|author=Lytal, Cristy|url= http://www.premiere.com/features/2487/the-24-finest-performances-of-2005-page24.html |title=The 24 Finest Performances of 2005: Cillian Murphy|publisher= Premiere|date= February 2006|accessdate=19 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015457/http://www.premiere.com/features/2487/the-24-finest-performances-of-2005-page24.html |archivedate=5 December 2008 }}</ref>

He was raised [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], and attended the Catholic secondary school [[Presentation Brothers College, Cork|Presentation Brothers College]]; there he did well academically but got into trouble often, sometimes being suspended, until he decided in his fourth year that misbehaving was not worth the hassle.<ref name="Independent action hero" /> Not keen on sports, a major part of the school's life, Murphy found that creative pursuits were not fully nurtured at the school.<ref name="Sun Times 2004" /> However, it was in secondary school that he got his first taste of performing, when he participated in a drama module presented by Pat Kiernan, the director of the [[Corcadorca Theatre Company]]; Murphy later described the experience as a "huge high" and a "fully alive" feeling that he set out to chase.<ref name="From Cork to Gotham">{{cite news|author=Jackson, Joe|title=From Cork to Gotham|newspaper=Sunday Independent Life Magazine|date=8 February 2004}}</ref> His English teacher, the poet and novelist [[William Wall (writer)|William Wall]], encouraged him to pursue acting; however, to Murphy, performing meant becoming a rock star.<ref name="TONY 2005">{{cite web|author=Kaufman, Anthony|url=http://www.timeout.com/newyork/things-to-do/blue-streak|title=Blue Streak|publisher=Time Out New York|date= 10 November 2005|accessdate=19 July 2007}}</ref>

In his late teens and early twenties, Murphy pursued a career as a musician, singing and playing guitar in several bands alongside his brother, Páidi; the [[The Beatles|Beatles]]-obsessed pair named their most successful band 'The Sons of Mr. Greengenes', after a [[Hot Rats|1969 song]] by another idol, [[Frank Zappa]], which he said "specialised in wacky lyrics and endless guitar solos". They were offered a five-album record deal by [[Acid Jazz Records]], but did not sign the contract; this was owing to Páidi still being in secondary school, and to the small recompense involved in ceding the rights to Murphy's compositions to the record label.<ref name="From Cork to Gotham" /><ref name="Observer O'Hagan">{{cite news |author=O'Hagan, Sean|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/jun/11/features.review1|title=I just want to challenge myself with each role|work= The Observer|date= 11 June 2006|accessdate= 8 August 2007}}</ref> Murphy later confessed: "I'm very glad in retrospect that we didn't sign because you kind of sign away your life to a label and the whole of your music."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-193361405.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073343/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-193361405.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|title=Hollywood star Cillian Murphy has swapped his movie script to spin the disks this week. |newspaper=Evening Herald |location=Dublin |date=10 February 2009 |accessdate=3 March 2014}}{{subscription}}</ref>

He began studying law at [[University College Cork]] (UCC) in 1996, but he failed his first-year exams because, as he put it, he had "no ambitions to do it".<ref name="From Cork to Gotham" /> Not only was he busy with his band,<ref name="RTE Guide 2004" /> but he has said that he knew within days after starting at UCC that law was not what he wanted to do. After seeing Corcadorca's stage production of ''[[A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music|A Clockwork Orange]]'', directed by Kiernan, acting had begun to pique his interest.<ref name="From Cork to Gotham" /> His first major role was in the UCC Drama Society's amateur production of ''[[Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme]]'', which also starred Irish-American comedian [[Des Bishop]]. Murphy also played the lead in a UCC Drama production of ''[[Little Shop of Horrors (musical)|Little Shop of Horrors]]'', which was performed in the [[Cork Opera House]]. According to Murphy, his primary motivation then was to party and meet women, not to begin an acting career.<ref name="RTE Guide 2004" />

==Career==
===1996–2001: Early work===
Murphy pressured Pat Kiernan until he got an audition at [[Corcadorca Theatre Company]], and in September 1996, he made his professional acting debut on the stage, playing the part of a volatile Cork teenager in [[Enda Walsh]]'s ''Disco Pigs''.<ref name="From Cork to Gotham" /> Walsh recalled meeting and discovering Murphy: "There was something about him – he was incredibly enigmatic and he would walk into a room with real presence and you'd go, "My God". It had nothing to do with those bloody eyes that everyone's going on about all the time."<ref name="IHT11"/> Murphy observed, "I was unbelievably cocky and had nothing to lose, and it suited the part, I suppose."<ref name="LAT pale blue eyes">{{cite news |author=Abramowitz, Rachel |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/11/entertainment/ca-cillian11|title=Cillian Murphy: More to offer than pale blue eyes|work=Los Angeles Times|date=8 March 2007|accessdate=10 March 2007}}</ref> Originally intended to run for three weeks in Cork,<ref name="From Cork to Gotham" /> ''Disco Pigs'' ended up touring throughout Europe, Canada and Australia for two years, and Murphy left both university<ref name="Independent action hero" /> and his band.<ref name="TONY 2005" /> Though he had intended to go back to playing music, he secured representation after his first agent caught a performance of ''Disco Pigs'', and his acting career began to take off.<ref name="Back Stage 2005">{{cite news|author=Riley, Jenelle|url=http://www.backstage.com/news/luck-of-the-irish_2/|title=Luck of the Irish|newspaper=Back Stage'|date=18 November 2005|accessdate=9 August 2007}}</ref>

He starred in many other theatre productions, including [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' (1998), ''[[The Country Boy (play)|The Country Boy]]'' (1999) and ''[[Juno and the Paycock]]'' (also 1999).<ref name="WillisBlum2002">{{cite book|last1=Willis|first1=John A.|last2=Blum|first2=Daniel C.|title=Screen World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NVkAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Crown Publishers}}</ref> He began appearing in [[independent film]]s such as ''[[On the Edge (2001 film)|On the Edge]]'' (2001), and in [[short film]]s, including ''Filleann an Feall'' (2000) and ''Watchmen'' (2001).<ref>[http://directory.irishfilmboard.ie/films/36-filleann-an-feall Filleann an Feall]. Irish Film Board. Retrieved 2 March 2014.</ref> He also reprised his role for the film adaption of ''[[Disco Pigs]]'' (2001) and appeared in the [[BBC]] television mini-series adaptation of ''[[The Way We Live Now (2001 TV serial)|The Way We Live Now]]''.<ref name="Back Stage 2005" /><ref name="Shape of Things">{{cite web|url=http://www.gate-theatre.ie/theshapeofthings.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208220438/http://www.gate-theatre.ie/theshapeofthings.html|archivedate=8 February 2005|title=The Shape of Things|publisher= Gate-Theatre.ie|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Will|title=Cillian Murphy interview|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/cillian-murphy-64107|newspaper=A.V. Club|accessdate=2 March 2014|date=28 August 2011}}</ref>

During this period, he moved from Cork, relocating first to [[Dublin]] for a few years, then to London in 2001.<ref name="Boston Globe 2006">{{cite news |author=Heller, Scott|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2006/01/01/murphys_lawseek_diversity/ |title=Murphy's law: seek diversity|work=The Boston Globe|date= 1 January 2006|accessdate= 22 August 2007}}</ref>

===2002–2004: Move to Hollywood===
In 2002, Murphy starred as Adam in a theatre production of [[Neil LaBute]]'s ''[[The Shape of Things]]'' at the [[Gate Theatre]] in Dublin.

He was cast in the lead role in [[Danny Boyle]]'s horror film ''[[28 Days Later]]'' (2002). He portrayed pandemic survivor Jim, who is "perplexed to find himself alone in the desolate, post-apocalyptic world" after waking from a coma in a London hospital.{{sfn|Dendle|2012|p=200}} Casting director [[Gail Stevens]] suggested that Boyle audition Murphy for the role, having been impressed with his performance in ''Disco Pigs''. Stevens stated that it was only after seeing his slender physique during filming that they decided to feature him fully nude at the beginning of the film.{{sfn|Raphael|2011|p=124}}{{sfn|Derry|2009|p=263}} She recalled that Murphy was shy on set with the tendency to look slightly away from the camera, but enthused that he had a "dreamy, slightly de-energised, floating quality that is fantastic for the film." Released in the UK in late 2002, by the following July ''28 Days Later'' had become a sleeper hit in [[North America]] and a major success worldwide, putting Murphy in front of a mass audience for the first time.<ref name="Variety Diorio">{{cite news |author=Diorio, Carl |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/news/summer-summary-a-fish-tale-1117890252/ |title=Summer summary: A fish tale |work=Variety |date= 3 August 2003 |accessdate=17 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="Variety03">{{cite news |last = DiOrio |first = Carl |url = https://variety.com/2003/film/news/summer-of-love-for-specialty-labels-1117890915/ |title = Summer of love for specialty labels |work = Variety |date = 18 August 2003 |accessdate = 19 October 2007}}</ref> His performance earned him a nomination for Best Newcomer at the [[8th Empire Awards]] and Breakthrough Male Performance at the [[2004 MTV Movie Awards]].<ref name="2004 MTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/archive/year.jhtml?year=2004 |title= 2004 MTV Movie Awards|publisher=MTV|accessdate= 21 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="2003 Empire">{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/awards2003/report.asp|title=The Eighth Annual Empire Awards|work=Empire|accessdate=21 October 2007}}</ref> Murphy professed that he considered the film to be much deeper than a zombie or horror film, expressing surprise at the film's success and that American audiences responded well to its content and violence.<ref name="IT803" />

In 2003, he played the role of Konstantine in a stage production of [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov]]'s ''[[The Seagull]]'' at the [[Edinburgh International Festival]].

He starred as a lovelorn, hapless supermarket stocker who plots a bank heist with [[Colin Farrell]] in ''[[Intermission (film)|Intermission]]'' (2003), which became the highest-grossing Irish independent film in Irish box office history (until ''[[The Wind That Shakes the Barley (film)|The Wind That Shakes the Barley]]'' broke the record in 2006).<ref name="RTE press watch">{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2006/0808/79103-presswatch/|title=Loach Film Sets New Money Mark|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|date=8 August 2006|accessdate=18 July 2007}}</ref> Reflecting on his roles in ''28 Days Later'' and the "sad-sack Dublin shelf-stacker" in ''Intermission'', Sarah Lyall of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' stated that Murphy brought "fluent ease to the roles he takes on, a graceful and wholly believable intensity. His delicate good looks have, as much as his acting prowess, caused people to mark him as Ireland's next [[Colin Farrell]], albeit one who seems less likely to be caught tomcatting around or brawling drunkenly at premieres".<ref name="IHT03">{{cite news | last =Lyall | first = Sarah | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-88356853.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073341/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-88356853.html | url-status=dead | archive-date = 11 June 2014 | title = Cillian Murphy vies to remain unspoiled | newspaper = International Herald Tribune | date = 11 December 2013 | accessdate = 3 March 2014 }}{{subscription}}</ref> He had a minor supporting role in the successful Hollywood period drama ''[[Cold Mountain (film)|Cold Mountain]]'' (2003). He portrayed a deserting soldier who shares a grim scene with [[Jude Law]]'s character, and was only on location in Romania for a week. Murphy stated that it was a "massive production", remarking that director [[Anthony Minghella]] was the calmest director he'd ever met.<ref name="IT803">{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24687909.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073357/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24687909.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|title=Just trying to mix it up ; With 'The Seagull' in Edinburgh, 'Intermission' set to open and '28 Days Later' a US hit, Cillian Murphy is on a roll, writes Michael Dwyer|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=9 August 2003|accessdate=3 March 2014}}{{subscription}}</ref> Murphy also had a role as a butcher in ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring (film)|Girl with a Pearl Earring]]'' (2003) with [[Scarlett Johansson]] and [[Colin Firth]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-194199818.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611074931/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-194199818.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|title=SPOTLIGHT ON|newspaper=The Western Mail|date=21 February 2009|accessdate=4 March 2014}}{{subscription}}</ref>

In 2004, he toured [[Ireland]] with the [[Druid Theatre Company]], in ''[[The Playboy of the Western World]]'' (playing the character of Christy Mahon) under the direction of [[Garry Hynes]]—who had previously directed Murphy back in 1999 in the theatre productions of ''Juno and the Paycock''—and also in ''The Country Boy''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24726352.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073350/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24726352.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|title=The Playboy of the Western World ; Town Hall Theatre, Galway|newspaper=The Irish Times |date=12 February 2004|accessdate=3 March 2014}}{{subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-178119682.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073352/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-178119682.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|title=Juno |newspaper=Variety |date=31 March 2008|accessdate=3 March 2014}}{{subscription}}</ref>

===2005–2006: Critical success===
Murphy starred as [[Scarecrow (DC Comics)|Dr. Jonathan Crane]] in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[Batman Begins]]'' (2005). Originally asked to audition for the role of [[Batman|Bruce Wayne/Batman]], Murphy never saw himself as having the right physique for the superhero, but leapt at the chance to connect with director Nolan.<ref name="Boston Globe 2006" /> Though the lead went to [[Christian Bale]], Nolan was so impressed with Murphy that he gave him the supporting role of Dr. Crane, whose alter ego is [[supervillain]] [[Scarecrow (DC Comics)|Scarecrow]].<ref name="Back Stage 2005" /> Nolan told ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', "He has the most extraordinary eyes, and I kept trying to invent excuses for him to take his glasses off in close-ups."<ref name="Spin 2005">{{cite journal| last = Itzkoff | first = Dave | title = Cillian's Irish Dread | work = Spin | date = June 2005}}</ref>

He starred as Jackson Rippner, who terrorises [[Rachel McAdams]] on an overnight flight in [[Wes Craven]]'s thriller, ''[[Red Eye (American film)|Red Eye]]'' (2005). ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' film critic [[Manohla Dargis]] asserted that Murphy made "a picture-perfect villain" and that his "baby blues look cold enough to freeze water and his wolfish leer suggests its own terrors."<ref name="Dargis">Dargis, Manohla. {{cite news |url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/2005/08/19/movies/19crav.html|title=Sticking Out a Tense Flight With a Terrorist as Seatmate|work= The New York Times|date= 19 August 2005|accessdate=18 July 2007}}</ref> The film was favourably reviewed and earned almost $100 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Eye (2005) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1149496-1149496-red_eye |accessdate=11 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Red Eye (2005) |website=Box Office Mojo |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=redeye.htm |accessdate=11 March 2014 }}</ref>

Murphy received several awards nominations for his 2005 bad guy turns, among them a nomination as Best Villain at the [[MTV Movie Awards 2006|2006 MTV Movie Awards]] for ''Batman Begins''.<ref name="MTV 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/archive/year.jhtml?year=2006|title=2006 MTV Movie Awards|publisher=MTV|accessdate= 28 July 2007}}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' ranked him among its 2005 "Summer [[Most valuable player|MVPs]]", a cover story list of 10 entertainers with outstanding breakthrough performances.<ref name="EW Summer 2005">{{cite news|last=Jensen |first=Jeff |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1094413_4,00.html |title=Summer's MVPs |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=26 August 2005 |accessdate=19 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009043456/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C1094413_4%2C00.html |archivedate= 9 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]''<nowiki/>'s [[David Denby (film critic)|David Denby]] wrote: "Cillian Murphy, who has angelic looks that can turn sinister, is one of the most elegantly seductive monsters in recent movies."<ref name="Denby on Red Eye">{{cite magazine | last = Denby | first= David | url = http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/09/12/partners-7?currentPage=1 | title = Partners | work=[[The New Yorker]] | date = 12 September 2005 | accessdate = 9 September 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Cillianmurphy.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Murphy arriving at the [[New York Film Festival]] premiere of ''[[Breakfast on Pluto (film)|Breakfast on Pluto]]'' in 2005]]

Murphy starred as Patrick/"Kitten" Braden, a [[transgender]] Irish woman in search of her mother, in [[Neil Jordan]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Breakfast on Pluto (film)|Breakfast on Pluto]]'' (2005), based on the novel of the same title by [[Patrick McCabe (novelist)|Patrick McCabe]]. Seen against the film's kaleidoscopic backdrop of 1970s [[glitter rock]] fashion, magic shows, [[red-light district]]s and [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] violence, Murphy transforms from [[androgynous]] teen to high [[drag (clothing)|drag]] blond bombshell. He had auditioned for the role in 2001, and though Jordan liked him for the part, the director of ''[[The Crying Game]]'' was hesitant to revisit transgender and IRA issues. The actor lobbied Jordan for several years in a bid to get the film made before Murphy became too old to play the part; in 2004, he prepared for the role by meeting a [[transvestite]] who dressed him and took him clubbing with other transvestites.<ref name="TONY 2005" /> The role required "serious primping" with eyebrow plucking and chest and leg hair removal,<ref name="Publishing2005">{{cite book|title=The Advocate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA73|date=22 November 2005|publisher=Here Publishing|page=73|issn=0001-8996}}</ref> and [[Roger Ebert]] noted the way that Murphy played the character with a "bemused and hopeful voice".{{sfn|Ebert|2013|p=76}}<ref name="Stein">{{cite news | last = Stein | first = Ruthe | url = http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Walking-on-thin-gender-line-in-search-of-love-2586631.php | title = Walking on thin gender line in search of love | newspaper = San Francisco Chronicle | date = 23 December 2005 | accessdate = 18 July 2007}}</ref> While even lukewarm reviews of ''Breakfast on Pluto'' still tended to praise Murphy's performance highly,<ref name="Metacritic BoP">{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/breakfast-on-pluto|title=Breakfast on Pluto|website= Metacritic|accessdate= 20 October 2007}}</ref> a few critics dissented: ''[[The Village Voice]]'', which panned the film, found him "unconvincing" and overly cute.<ref name="Voice BoP">{{cite news |author=Atkinson, Michael|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/film/men-are-from-mars-bad-transvestite-movies-are-from-pluto-6399556|title=Men Are From Mars, Bad Transvestite Movies Are From ''Pluto''|work= The Village Voice|date=15 November 2005|accessdate= 21 August 2007}}</ref>
Murphy was nominated for a [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy for ''Breakfast on Pluto''<ref name="2006 Globes news">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/13/goldenglobes.list/index.html|title=63rd Golden Globe Awards Nominations|publisher= CNN|date=13 December 2005|accessdate= 26 February 2014}}</ref> and won the fourth [[IFTA Award|Irish Film and Television Academy]] Best Actor Award.<ref name="4th IFTA">[http://www.ifta.ie/winners/iftawinners2007.html "The 4th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards Winners"], IFTA.ie. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</ref> ''[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]]'' cited his performance as Kitten in their "The 24 Finest Performances of 2005" feature.<ref name="Premiere 2005 best" />

Murphy starred in ''[[The Wind That Shakes the Barley (film)|The Wind That Shakes the Barley]]'' (2006), a film about the [[Irish War of Independence]] and the [[Irish Civil War]], which won the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[2006 Cannes Film Festival]] and became the most successful Irish independent film at the Irish box office.<ref name="BBC d'Or">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5025812.stm|title=Loach film wins top Cannes prize|work= BBC News|date=29 May 2006|accessdate=25 September 2007}}</ref> Murphy was especially keen on appearing in the film due to his intimate connections to [[Cork (city)|Cork, Ireland]], where the film was shot. Murphy had to audition six times for the role of Damien O'Donovan, a young doctor turned revolutionary, before winning the part. Murphy considered it a very special privilege to have been given the role and stated that he was "tremendously proud" of the film, remarking that the "memories run very, very deep – the politics, the divisions and everybody has stories of family members who were caught up in the struggle."<ref>{{cite news |author=Quigley, Maeve |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-146366167|title=Star Cillian Will Shake Film World. Murphy Tells of His Joy as Irish Movie Blows Critics Away |newspaper=The Mirror |date=30 May 2006|accessdate=3 March 2014}}{{subscription}}</ref> Critic Denby noted Murphy's moments of deep stillness and idiosyncrasies in portraying the character.<ref name="Denby Barley">{{cite magazine |author=Denby, David|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/03/19/taking-sides |title=Taking Sides|work=The New Yorker|date= 19 March 2007|accessdate=18 July 2007}}</ref> [[Kenneth Turan]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote that "Murphy is especially good at playing the zealotry as well as the soul-searching and the regret, at showing us a man who is eaten up alive because he's forced to act in ways that are contrary to his background and his training."<ref name="Turan on Barley">{{cite news |author=Turan, Kenneth|url=http://www.latimes.com/cl-et-wind16mar16-story.html |title=''The Wind That Shakes the Barley'' Goes Beyond Zealotry|work= Los Angeles Times|date= 16 March 2007|accessdate= 7 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618171413/http://www.latimes.com/cl-et-wind16mar16-story.html|archivedate=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[GQ (magazine)|GQ UK]]'' presented Murphy with its 2006 Actor of the Year award for his work in ''The Wind That Shakes the Barley''.<ref name="BBC GQ 2006">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5319176.stm|title=McCartney is ''GQ'''s Man of the Year|work= BBC News|date= 6 September 2006|accessdate= 8 September 2006}}</ref>

===2006–2010: Mainstream career===
Murphy returned to the stage opposite [[Neve Campbell]] at the [[Ambassadors Theatre (London)|New Ambassadors Theatre]] in London's West End from November 2006 to February 2007, playing the lead role of John Kolvenbach's play ''Love Song''. ''Theatre Record'' described his character of Beane as a "winsomely cranky" mentally unstable "sentimentalised lonely hero", noting how he magnetically, with "all blue eyes and twitching hands", moves "comically from painfully shy "wallpaper" to garrulous, amorous male."<ref>{{cite book|title=Theatre Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJgrAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=I. Herbert|page=1462}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' considered his performance to be "as magnetic onstage as onscreen", remarking that his "unhurried puzzlement pulls the slight preciousness in the character's idiot-savant naivete back from the brink".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2006/legit/reviews/love-song-2-1200511666/|title=Love Song|work=Variety|date=5 December 2006|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref>

He starred in the science fiction film ''[[Sunshine (2007 film)|Sunshine]]'' (2007) as a physicist-astronaut charged with re-igniting the sun, which teamed him up again with director [[Danny Boyle]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |title=Sunshine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/apr/06/actionandadventure.sciencefictionandfantasy |accessdate=2 March 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=6 April 2007}}</ref> He starred opposite [[Lucy Liu]] in [[Paul Soter]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Watching the Detectives (film)|Watching the Detectives]]'' (2007); the [[independent film|indie film]] premiered at the 2007 [[Tribeca Film Festival]] and was then released straight to DVD.<ref name="Tribeca">{{cite magazine|author=Hill, Logan|url=http://www.vulture.com/2007/04/lucy_liu.html|title= Lucy Liu: Lesbian Vampire, Party Girl|magazine= New York|date= 30 April 2007|accessdate=19 October 2007}}</ref> Murphy had starred as [[Richard Neville (writer)|Richard Neville]], editor of the psychedelic radical underground magazine ''[[Oz (magazine)|Oz]]'' in the film ''[[Hippie Hippie Shake]]'', which was shot in 2007, but the project, much delayed, was eventually shelved in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fleming|first1=Michael |last2=Dawtrey |first2=Adam|url= https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/hippie-grooves-for-universal-2-1117964175/ |title=''Hippie'' grooves for Universal|work= Variety|date=2 May 2007|accessdate= 2 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Maddox, Garry |author2=Meacham, Steve|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/hippies-tossed-aside-in-corporate-decision-20110213-1as55.html |title=Hippies tossed aside in corporate decision|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date= 14 February 2011|accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

Murphy made a brief re-appearance as the Scarecrow in Nolan's ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]'' (2008), the sequel to ''Batman Begins'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Cillian Murphy teases 'Dark Knight Rises' Scarecrow return?|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a387509/cillian-murphy-teases-dark-knight-rises-scarecrow-return-video.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref> before starring in ''[[The Edge of Love]]''—about a love quadrangle involving the poet [[Dylan Thomas]]—with [[Keira Knightley]], [[Sienna Miller]] and [[Matthew Rhys]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Thomas, Archie|url= https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/maybury-s-love-to-open-edinburgh-1117983757/ |title=Maybury's ''Love'' to open Edinburgh|work=Variety|date= 9 April 2008|accessdate=14 April 2008}}</ref> Murphy also made a debut appearance in another medium—on a postage stamp: in July 2008, the Irish Post Office, [[An Post]], released a series of four stamps paying homage to the creativity of films recently produced in Ireland, including one featuring Murphy in a still from ''The Wind That Shakes the Barley''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.anpost.ie/AnPost/News+and+Information/Filmed+in+Ireland.htm|title= Filmed in Ireland|work=An Post|date= 8 July 2008|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2009, Murphy starred opposite rock singer [[Feist (singer)|Feist]] and actor [[David Fox (actor)|David Fox]] in ''[[The Water (short film)|The Water]]'', directed by [[Kevin Drew]] of [[Broken Social Scene]]. The 15-minute Canadian short film, released online in April 2009, is nearly silent until the Feist song of the same title plays close to the end. Murphy was attracted to the role as a fan of Broken Social Scene and the prospect of making a silent movie, which he considered to be the "hardest test for any actor".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifc.com/fix/2009/04/cillian-murphy-the-water|title=Cillian Murphy Takes to 'The Water'|publisher=Ifc.com|date=8 April 2009|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref> Murphy also starred in ''[[Perrier's Bounty]]'', a crime dramedy from the makers of ''Intermission'', in which he portrayed a petty criminal on the run from a gangster played by [[Brendan Gleeson]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Wesley |title=Perrier's Bounty: Gangster dramedy swears by standard road trip formula |work=Movie Reviews |publisher=The Boston Globe |date=9 July 2010 |url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2010/07/09/perriers_bounty_movie_review____perriers_bounty_showtimes |accessdate=19 June 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:InceptionCastPremiereJuly10.jpg|thumb|Cillian Murphy (first on the left) with the cast of ''[[Inception]]'' at the premiere in July 2010.]]

In 2010, he also made a return to theatre in ''From Galway to Broadway and back again'', which was a stage show that celebrated the [[Druid Theatre Company]]'s 35th birthday.<ref>{{cite web|title=From Galway to Broadway and back again 2010 – Galway|url=http://www.druid.ie/productions/from-galway-to-broadway-and-back-again#about|publisher=Druid Theatre Company}}</ref>

The direct-to-video psychological thriller ''[[Peacock (2010 film)|Peacock]]'' (2010), co-starring [[Ellen Page]], [[Susan Sarandon]] and [[Bill Pullman]], starred Murphy as a man with a split personality who fools people into believing he is also his own wife. Christian Toto of ''[[The Washington Times]]'' referred to the film as "a handsomely mounted psychological drama with an arresting lead turn by Cillian Murphy", and noted that although Murphy wasn't a stranger to playing in drag, his work in the film set a "new standard for gender-bending performances".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/movies-toto/2010/apr/21/dvd-review-peacock/|title=DVD review: 'Peacock'|publisher=The Washinginton Times |date=21 April 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428075456/http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/movies-toto/2010/apr/21/dvd-review-peacock/ |archivedate=28 April 2010 }}</ref>

Murphy next starred in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[Inception]]'' (2010), playing entrepreneur Robert Fischer, whose mind is infiltrated by DiCaprio's character Cobb to convince him to dissolve his business.<ref name="Hawk-Eye">{{cite book|title=The Hawk-Eye -September issue-|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKPvO9PtAF0C&pg=PA8|publisher=The Hawk-Eye|page=8}}</ref> That year, Murphy also made an uncredited cameo appearance as programmer Edward Dillinger Jr., son of original ''[[Tron]]'' antagonist Ed Dillinger ([[David Warner (actor)|David Warner]]) in ''[[Tron: Legacy]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jagernauth|first1=Kevin|title=Which Actor Makes A Surprise Cameo In 'Tron: Legacy' (And Is Maybe Set Up As A Future Villain)?|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2010/12/which-actor-makes-a-surprise-cameo-in-tron-legacy-and-is-maybe-set-up-as-a-future-villain-121443/|website=[[IndieWire]]|accessdate=24 November 2017|date=7 December 2010}}</ref>

===2011–present: ''Peaky Blinders''===
In 2011, Murphy performed in the stage [[monodrama]] ''Misterman'', written and directed by [[Enda Walsh]], whom Murphy previously worked with on ''Disco Pigs''. The production was initially put on in [[Galway]] and
was then taken to [[St. Ann's Warehouse]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York City. Murphy commented of the role, "The live nature of it makes it so dangerous. You're only there because of the good will of the audience, and that's compounded by its being a one-man show".<ref name="IHT11"/> His performance earned critical acclaim, garnering [[Irish Times Theatre Awards|Irish Times Theatre Award]] and a [[Drama Desk Award]].<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/culture/entertainment/inception-actor-cillian-murphy-wins-theatre-award-for-misterman-140860913-237432721.html|title= ''Inception'' actor Cillian Murphy wins theatre award for ''Misterman''|publisher=Irishcentral.com|date= 29 February 2012|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="cultureireland.ie">{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureireland.ie/news/article/cillian-murphy-wins-drama-desk-award-for-misterman|title= Cillian Murphy wins Drama Desk Award for ''Misterman''|publisher=Cultureireland.ie|date=7 June 2012|accessdate=10 June 2012}}</ref> Sarak Lyall of the ''International Herald Tribune'' described Murphy's character Thomas Magill to be a "complicated mixture of sympathetic and not nice at all – deeply wounded, but with a dangerous, skewed moral code", praising his ability to mimic wickedly. Lyall noted Murphy's "unusual ability to create and inhabit creepy yet fascinating characters from the big screen to the small stage in the intense one-man show ''Misterman''", and documented that on one evening the "theater was flooded, not with applause but with silence", eventually culminating in a standing ovation at his powerful performance.<ref name="IHT11">{{cite news |author=Lyall, Sarah|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-200584111.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073331/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-200584111.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|title=One stage can barely contain him ; Cillian Murphy packs lots of emotion and energy into one-man show|newspaper=International Herald Tribune |date=26 September 2011 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} {{subscription}}</ref> He played the lead in the British horror film ''[[Retreat (film)|Retreat]]'' (2011), which had a [[limited release]]. He also appeared in the science fiction film ''[[In Time]]'' (2011), starring [[Justin Timberlake]] and [[Amanda Seyfried]], which was poorly reviewed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/in_time/|title=In Time|work=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Cillian Murphy Promotes 'Aloft' in Berlin.jpg|thumb|left|Murphy in Berlin in 2014]]

Murphy starred in ''[[Red Lights (2012 film)|Red Lights]]'' (2012) with [[Robert De Niro]] and [[Sigourney Weaver]]. He played Tom Buckley, the assistant to Weaver's character who is a paranormal investigator. Murphy considered working with De Niro to have been one of the most intimidating moments in his career. He remarked: "My first scene when I come to visit him my character is supposed to be terrified and intimidated. There was no acting involved. The man has presence. You can't act presence. I'll never have that. Watching him use it...when you put a camera on it, it just becomes something else."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-293032412|title=There Was No Acting in My De Niro Terror! Interview: Cillian Murphy |newspaper=The Birmingham Post |date=14 June 2012|accessdate=3 March 2014}}{{subscription}}</ref>
The film was panned by critics and did not make its budget back at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/red_lights_2012/|title= Red Lights|website= Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate= 2 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=redlights2012.htm|title= Red Lights (2012) |website=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref> Murphy then went on to reprise his role as the Scarecrow for the third time in ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite web|title='Batman Begins' actor back for 'The Dark Knight Rises'|url=http://www.nme.com/filmandtv/news/batman-begins-actor-back-for-the-dark-knight-ris/247870|work=NME|publisher=IPC Media Entertainment Network|accessdate=21 September 2012|date=30 September 2011}}</ref> and had a supporting role as Mike, the favourite teacher of the main character Skunk, in the British independent film ''[[Broken (2012 film)|Broken]]'' (2012). His performance earned him a [[BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] nomination.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/nov/06/broken-british-independent-film-award-nominations|author=Child, Ben|title=Broken fixed up with nine British independent film award nominations|newspaper=The Guardian |date=6 November 2012|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref>

Since 2013, Murphy has played the lead role in the BBC television series ''[[Peaky Blinders (UK TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'', a series about a criminal gang in post-First World War Birmingham.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2012/peakyblinders.html |title=BBC Two announces drama series Peaky Blinders|publisher=BBC|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref> He explained his enthusiasm for the show in an interview with ''The Independent'': "[the scripts] were so compelling and confident, and the character was so rich and complex, layered and contradictory. I was like, 'I have to do this.'"<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Holly|title=Cillian Murphy: 'My foot's in the door... I hang out with musicians|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/cillian-murphy-my-foots-in-the-door-i-hang-out-with-musicians-8803226.html|accessdate=11 March 2014|newspaper=The Independent|date=8 September 2013}}</ref> ''Peaky Blinders'' was critically praised and a ratings success. A second series began broadcasting on the BBC in October 2014. Also in 2013, Murphy made his directorial debut with a music video for the band Money's single ''Hold Me Forever''. The video features dancers from the [[English National Ballet]] and was filmed at [[The Old Vic Theatre]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch: 'Inception' Star Cillian Murphy's Directorial Debut, a 'Meh'-Worthy Ballet Music Video|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/watch-inception-star-cillian-murphys-directorial-debut-a-meh-worthy-ballet-music-video|publisher=Indiewire.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, he co-starred in the film ''[[Aloft (film)|Aloft]]'', with [[Jennifer Connelly]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-3170561021|title=10 4 14|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press |date=2 January 2014|accessdate=4 March 2014}}{{subscription}}</ref> and [[Wally Pfister]]'s ''[[Transcendence (2014 film)|Transcendence]]'', which also starred [[Johnny Depp]] and [[Rebecca Hall]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3163970211.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611074933/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3163970211.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|title=Essence – (24-12-2013)|newspaper=Daily News |location=Colombo |date=24 December 2013|accessdate=4 March 2014}} {{subscription}}</ref> Murphy also reunited with Enda Walsh for the play ''[[Ballyturk]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Clapp |first=Susannah |title=Ballyturk review – frenzied, incessant, sententious |work=Stage reviews |publisher=The Guardian |date=21 September 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/sep/21/ballyturk-lyttelton-review-enda-walsh-frenzied-incessant-sententious |accessdate=7 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Premiere: 'I thought we knew everything there was to know.' |publisher=Galway International Arts Festival |date=16 July 2014 |url=http://www.giaf.ie/events/view/ballyturk |accessdate=7 October 2014 }}</ref> He starred in [[Ron Howard]]'s 2015 film, ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]'', which also features [[Benjamin Walker (actor)|Benjamin Walker]] and [[Chris Hemsworth]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cillian Murphy Headed To The Heart Of The Sea|url=http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=37880|work=Empire|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> Cillian contributed spoken vocals to the tracks "8:58" and "The Clock" from [[Paul Hartnoll]]'s album ''[[8:58]]'' (2015). The two previously met whilst Hartnoll was scoring the second season of ''Peaky Blinders''.<ref>{{cite web|author1=''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] Editors''|title=Cillian Murphy Stars in "The Clock" Video From Paul Hartnoll (Ex-Orbital)|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/58664-cillian-murphy-stars-in-the-clock-video-from-paul-hartnoll-ex-orbital/|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|accessdate=23 November 2017|date=2 March 2015}}</ref> Murphy portrayed [[Czechoslovak]] [[World War II]] army soldier [[Jozef Gabčík]], who was involved in [[Operation Anthropoid]], the assassination of [[Reinhard Heydrich]] in ''[[Anthropoid (film)|Anthropoid]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hawksley|first1=Rupert|title=Nazi nail-biter Anthropoid shows Jamie Dornan has many more than 50 shades – review|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/09/08/nazi-nail-biter-anthropoid-shows-jamie-dornan-has-many-more-than/|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=24 November 2017|date=8 September 2016}}</ref>

Murphy played a [[Shell shock|shell-shocked]] army officer who is recovered from a wrecked ship in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s war film, ''[[Dunkirk (2017 film)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017). Murphy felt his character, who is nameless and was credited simply as "Shivering Soldier", was "representative of something experienced by thousands of soldiers, which is the profound emotional and psychological toll that war can have".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brightmore|first1=Dan|title=Cillian Murphy talks 'Dunkirk' and working with Christopher Nolan|url=http://www.nme.com/blogs/the-movies-blog/cillian-murphy-dunkirk-interview-christopher-nolan-2112789|website=[[NME]]|accessdate=23 November 2017|date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Family===
In mid-2004, Murphy married his long-time girlfriend, [[Yvonne McGuinness]], whom he had met in 1996 at one of his rock band's shows.<ref name="TeleMag">{{cite news|author=McLean, Craig|title=A Close Shave|newspaper=Telegraph Magazine|date=24 December 2005}}</ref> The couple live in [[Dublin, Ireland]] (where they moved back in 2015 after previously living for 14 years in [[London, England|London]]) and have two sons, Malachy, born in December 2005, and Aran, born in July 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cillian Murphy: If you're an actor, it's essential to live like a normal person |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] |date=24 September 2014 |url=http://www.independent.ie/style/celebrity/celebrity-features/cillian-murphy-if-youre-an-actor-its-essential-to-live-like-a-normal-person-30611547.html |accessdate=18 June 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Irishtimes">{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/persevere-and-keep-having-a-laugh-actor-cillian-murphy-tells-youth-groups-in-galway-1.1676965 |title='Persevere...and keep having a laugh,' actor Cillian Murphy tells youth groups in Galway |newspaper=Irish Times|date=3 February 2014 |author=Lorna Siggins |accessdate= 30 November 2016}}</ref>

===Lifestyle===
Music is still an important part of Murphy's life. In 2004, he said, "The only extravagant thing about my lifestyle is my stereo system, buying music and going to gigs."<ref name="From Cork to Gotham" /> He no longer plays in a rock band, but regularly plays music with friends and on his own,<ref name="Declan Cashin Independent" /> and still writes songs.<ref name="Sun Times 2004" /> Murphy does not plan to start another band, and said, "Even if I was good, the very notion of being an actor with a rock band on the side would mean I'd never be taken seriously."<ref name="Observer O'Hagan" />

He was a [[vegetarian]] for many years, not due to any moral objection to the killing of animals, but because of qualms about unhealthy [[agribusiness]] practices.<ref name="Wonderland">{{cite news|author=Wallick, Lee|title=A, B, Cillian–Z|newspaper=Wonderland|date=April–May 2007}}</ref> He began eating meat again for his role in ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Connor|first1=Roisin|title=Cillian Murphy gave up vegetarianism after 15 years for Peaky Blinders|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/cillian-murphy-vegetarian-peaky-blinders-season-four-release-date-adrien-brody-a7655286.html|work=Independent|date=29 March 2017}}</ref> He is a dedicated [[running|runner]].<ref name="Elle UK">{{cite news|author=Odell, Michael|title=The Cult of Cillian|newspaper=Elle UK|date=March 2007}}</ref>

He often works in or near the city, and has expressed no desire to move to [[Hollywood]].<ref name="Metro 60 Sec">{{cite news|author=Tenorman, Scott|url=http://metro.co.uk/2009/10/27/cillian-murphy-241075/|title=60 Second Interview: Cillian Murphy|newspaper=Metro|date=12 January 2006|accessdate=22 August 2007}}</ref> He prefers not to speak about his personal life, and did not appear on any live TV chat shows until 2010, when he was a guest on ''The Late Late Show'' on Ireland's RTÉ to promote ''Perrier's Bounty'', yet still remained reserved.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eyre|first=Hermione|title=Cillian Murphy is shaking up theatre this spring|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/cillian-murphy-is-shaking-up-theatre-this-spring-7643078.html|accessdate=11 March 2014|newspaper=Evening Standard|date=13 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/tv/latelate/20100319.html|title=Late Late Show: Friday, 19 March 2010|accessdate=26 February 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028052808/http://www.rte.ie/tv/latelate/20100319.html|archivedate=28 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He does not have a stylist<ref name="Metro 60 Sec" /> or a personal publicist, travels without an entourage,<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|author=Lyall, Sarah|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/07/movies/film-the-heartthrob-in-the-walk-up.html|title=Film; The Heartthrob in the Walk-Up|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 December 2003|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref> and often attends premieres alone. Reserved and private, Murphy professes a lack of interest in the celebrity scene, finding the red carpet experience "a challenge... and not one I want to overcome".<ref name="Hot Press">{{cite news|author=Brady, Tara|url=http://www.hotpress.com/features/interviews/2918769.html|title=Here Comes the Sun|newspaper=Hot Press|date=19 April 2007|accessdate=18 July 2007}}</ref> He intentionally practises a lifestyle that will not interest the tabloids: "I haven't created any controversy, I don't sleep around, I don't go and fall down drunk".<ref name="Sun Times 2004" /> In 2005, Murphy stated he was friends with fellow Irish actors [[Colin Farrell]],<ref name="Sunday Herald 2005">{{cite news|author=Didcock, Barry|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/the-man-behind-the-mask-the-scarecrow-speaks-1.51612|title=The Man Behind the Mask: The Scarecrow Speaks|newspaper=The Sunday Herald|date=12 June 2005|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref> [[Jonathan Rhys Meyers]] and [[Liam Neeson]], looking up to the latter like a "surrogate movie dad".<ref name="Cinema Confidential">{{cite web|author=Halper, Jenny|url=http://www.cinecon.com/news.php?id=0511153|title=Interview: Cillian Murphy on ''Breakfast on Pluto''|publisher=Cinema Confidential|date=15 November 2005|accessdate=20 July 2007}}</ref> But primarily, Murphy's close friendships are those he made before becoming a star.<ref name="GQ UK">{{cite news|author=Naughton, John|title=Actor of the Year – Cillian Murphy|newspaper=GQ UK|date=October 2006}}</ref><ref name="Declan Cashin Independent">{{cite news|author=Cashin, Declan|url=http://declancashin.com/2007/04/reluctant-hero/|title=Reluctant Hero |newspaper=Irish Independent |date=6 April 2007 |accessdate=15 May 2012 |archivedate=9 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309152749/http://declancashin.com/2007/04/reluctant-hero/}}</ref>

In 2015, he was named one of [[GQ]]'s 50 best dressed men.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Robert |last=Johnson |title=50 Best Dressed Men |url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/gallery/best-dressed-men-2015 |magazine=[[GQ]] |date=5 January 2015 |accessdate=7 February 2015}}</ref>

===Religious beliefs and social causes===
Regarding religion, Murphy had previously been verging on [[Agnosticism|agnostic]], but confirmed his [[atheism]] after researching his role as a nuclear physicist/astronaut in the science fiction film ''[[Sunshine (2007 film)|Sunshine]]'' (2007).<ref name="Daily Record Golden Boy">{{cite news|author=Fulton, Rick|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/DANNY'S+NEW+GOLDEN+BOY%3B+Exclusive+the+BIG+razz+interview+Cillian...-a0161223207|title=Danny's New Golden Boy|newspaper=Daily Record|location=Scotland|date=30 March 2007|accessdate=18 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/killing-time-with-cillian-murphy/|title=Killing time with Cillian Murphy|last=|first=|date=20 July 2017|website=GamesRadar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720133443/https://www.gamesradar.com/killing-time-with-cillian-murphy/|archive-date=20 July 2017|access-date=|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

His political activity includes participating in the 2007 [[Rock the Vote]] Ireland campaign, targeting young voters for the general election,<ref name="Declan Cashin Independent" /> and campaigning for the rights of the [[homeless]] with the organisation [[Focus Ireland]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Cunningham, Grainne|title=Plea From ''Playboy'' Star Puts Problems of Young Homeless People Into the Spotlight|newspaper=Irish Independent|date=24 February 2004}}</ref> In 2011, he became a patron of the [http://www.childandfamilyresearch.ie/ UNESCO Child and Family Research Centre] at the [[National University of Ireland Galway]]. He is closely associated with the work of Professor Pat Dolan Director UCFRC and UNESCO Chair in Children, Youth and Civic Engagement. In February 2012, he wrote a message of support to the [[Vita Cortex sit-in|former Vita Cortex workers involved in a sit-in at their plant]], congratulating them for "highlighting [what] is hugely important to us all as a nation".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/hollywood-star-cillian-murphy-joins-list-of-celebs-supporting-vita-cortex-workers-26824742.html|title=Hollywood star Cillian Murphy joins list of celebs supporting Vita Cortex workers|date=23 February 2012|accessdate=23 February 2012|work=Irish Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/cillian-murphy-supports-vita-cortex-workers-184976.html|title=Cillian Murphy supports Vita Cortex workers|date=24 February 2012|accessdate=24 February 2012|work=Irish Examiner|publisher=Thomas Crosbie Holdings}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Cillian Murphy on stage and screen}}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Award
!Category
!Result
|-
|2002
|''[[Disco Pigs]]''
|Ourense Independent Film Festival Award
|Best Actor
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2003
|''[[28 Days Later]]''
|[[Empire Award]]
|[[Empire Award for Best Newcomer|Best Newcomer]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Disco Pigs]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Irish Film & Television Awards|Irish Film & Television Award]]
|rowspan=2|Best Actor in a Lead Role – Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[28 Days Later]]''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090325125328/http://www.ifta.ie/awards/winnersdocs/IFTAWinners2003.pdf "The 1st Annual Irish Film & Television Awards Winners"], ''IFTA.ie''. Retrieved 21 October 2007.</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|2004
|[[MTV Movie Award]]
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance|Best Breakthrough Performance]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2005
|''[[Batman Begins]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Irish Film & Television Awards|Irish Film & Television Award]]
|Actor in a Supporting Role – Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Red Eye (2005 American film)|Red Eye]]''
|Best Actor in a Lead Role – Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Breakfast on Pluto (film)|Breakfast on Pluto]]''
|[[Satellite Award]]
|[[Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture|Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111111091323/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/index.html "10th Annual Satellite Awards Nominations Announcement"], ''PressAcademy.com'', 17 December 2005. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=7|2006
|''[[Batman Begins]]''
|[[London Film Critics' Circle|London Film Critics' Circle Award]]
|[[London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Supporting Actor of the Year|British Supporting Actor of the Year]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Breakfast on Pluto (film)|Breakfast on Pluto]]''
|[[Golden Globe Award]]
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Red Eye (2005 American film)|Red Eye]]''
|[[Saturn Award]]
|[[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060627021617/http://www.saturnawards.org/32SaturnAwardsNom.doc "''Star Wars:Episode III – Revenge of the Sith'' leads the nomination list for The 32nd Annual Saturn Awards"], ''SaturnAwards.org'', 15 February 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2007.</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Breakfast on Pluto (film)|Breakfast on Pluto]]'', ''[[The Wind That Shakes the Barley (film)|The Wind That Shakes the Barley]]''
|[[European Film Award]]
|[[European Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=5|''[[The Wind That Shakes the Barley (film)|The Wind That Shakes the Barley]]''
|[[British Independent Film Award]]
|[[BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film|Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film]]
|{{nom}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006193618/http://www.bifa.org.uk/awards/nominations/2006.html "2006 Nominations"], ''BIFA.org.uk''. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</ref>
|-
|[[Dublin Film Critics' Circle|Dublin Film Critics' Circle Award]]
|Best Actor
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[GQ|GQ UK Award]]''
|Actor of the Year<ref name="BBC GQ 2006"/>
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=4|2007
|[[BAFTA Award]]
|[[Rising Star Award, BAFTA|Rising Star]]<ref name="Rising Star Award">[http://www.bafta.org/film/awards/orange-rising-star-2007,2292,BA.html "The Orange Rising Star Award 2007"], ''BAFTA.org''. Date 9 February 2007, Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Irish Film & Television Awards|Irish Film & Television Award]]
|Best Actor in a Lead Role – Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Breakfast on Pluto (film)|Breakfast on Pluto]]''
|Best Actor in a Lead Role – Film
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Sunshine (2007 film)|Sunshine]]''
|[[British Independent Film Award]]
|[[BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film|Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film]]<ref>Kemp, Stuart. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025060956/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/awards_festivals/news/e3i1b5eaa9788e54461e77d2a5a233d7256 "Brit indie film noms favor ''Control''"], ''The Hollywood Reporter''. Retrieved 23 October 2007.</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|2008
|[[Irish Film & Television Awards|Irish Film & Television Award]]
|Best Actor in a Lead Role – Film<ref>
[http://www.ifta.ie/nominees0708/index.htm "Nominees of the 5th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208020314/http://www.ifta.ie/nominees0708/index.htm |date=8 December 2013 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208020314/http://www.ifta.ie/nominees0708/index.htm |date= 8 December 2013 }}, ''IFTA.ie''. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
</ref> 
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2010
|rowspan=2|''[[Inception]]''
|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award]]
|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble|Best Ensemble]]<ref>[http://www.dcfilmcritics.com/awards/ "The 2010 WAFCA Award Winners"], ''dcfilmcritics.com'', 6 December 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2011.</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Irish Film & Television Awards|Irish Film & Television Award]]
|Actor in a Supporting Role – Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Perrier's Bounty]]''
|Actor in a Leading Role – Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2012
|''Misterman''
|[[Irish Times Theatre Awards|Irish Times Theatre Award]]
|Best Actor<ref name="irishcentral.com"/>
|{{won}}
|-
|''Misterman''
|[[Drama Desk Award]]
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show|Outstanding One-Person Show]]<ref name="cultureireland.ie"/>
|{{won}}
|-
|''[[Broken (2012 film)|Broken]]''
|[[British Independent Film Award]]
|[[BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|2015
|rowspan=2|''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]''
|[[Irish Film & Television Academy|Irish Film & Television Award]]
|Best Actor in a Lead Role in Drama
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2017
|[[National Television Award]]
|Best Drama Performance
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Anthropoid (film)|Anthropoid]]''
|[[Czech Lion Award]]
|Best Actor in Leading Role
|{{nom}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]''
|[[Irish Film & Television Academy|Irish Film & Television Award]]
|Best Actor in a Lead Role in Drama
|{{win}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Dendle|first=Peter|title=The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia: 2000–2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMFGJbVpumQC&pg=PA200|date=September 2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-6163-9|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Derry|first=Charles|title=Dark Dreams 2.0: A Psychological History of the Modern Horror Film from the 1950s to the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loUaJC9VBMUC&pg=PA263|date=29 October 2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5695-6|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbAEim_dVQkC&pg=PA76|date=5 February 2013|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|isbn=978-0-7407-9219-9|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=David Kyle|title=Inception and Philosophy: Because It's Never Just a Dream|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jg7tjnN0ygC&pg=PA360|date=31 October 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-16891-2|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Raphael|first=Amy|title=Danny Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbqEJ-RtJ54C&pg=PT124|date=6 January 2011|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-25537-5|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Cillian Murphy}}
* {{IMDb name|0614165}}

{{DramaDesk One-PersonShow 2001–2025}}

{{featured article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murphy, Cillian}}
[[Category:Alumni of University College Cork]]
[[Category:Irish male voice actors]]
[[Category:Irish male film actors]]
[[Category:Irish male stage actors]]
[[Category:Irish male television actors]]
[[Category:People from County Cork]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Irish male actors]]
[[Category:People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork]]

Lene Siel

2019-08-17T11:01:30Z

83.83.44.43:

'''Lene Siel''' (born 21 August 1968) is a Danish singer. She was born in [[Sæby]]. Siel studied at both [[Aalborg University]] and [[Copenhagen Business School]].

As a child she started to perform with her parents. Her father was Kurt Siel, a guitarist, and her mother Svanhild was a singer. She has recorded duets with among others [[John Denver]] (''Perhaps love''), [[Helmut Lotti]], [[Roger Whittaker]], [[David Garrett (musician)]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w97_IGEIl-U] Retrieved 2014-09-25</ref> and [[Paul Potts]].<ref>[http://www.tinghallen.dk/?cid=1339 PAUL POTTS & LENE SIEL CHRISTMAS CONCERT, Tinghallen] Retrieved 2012-06-23</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Lene Siel'' (1991)
* ''Mod vinden'' (1993)
* ''Nu tændes tusind julelys'' (1994)
* ''Før mig til havet'' (1995)
* ''Mine favoritter'' (1996)
* ''I Danmark er jeg født'' (1998)
* ''Salte tårer - Søde kys'' (1999)
* ''Aftenstemning'' (2000)
* ''Som en bro over mørke vande'' (2002)
* ''Gospel'' (2004)
* ''De stille timer'' (2005)
* ''Great Moments'' (2007)
* ''Himlen i min favn'' (2009)
* ''Forelsket'' (2013)
{{div col end}}

==References==

<references />

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.siel.dk}}
*{{IMDb name|1320124}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siel, Lene}}
[[Category:Danish female singers]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Denmark-singer-stub}}

David Lidington

2019-03-24T10:10:55Z

83.83.44.43: /* Since the 2010 general election */

{{short description|British politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = David Lidington
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|MP}}
| image = Official portrait of Mr David Lidington crop 2.jpg

| office = [[Minister for the Cabinet Office]] [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
| primeminister = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start = 8 January 2018
| predecessor = [[Damian Green]] (''Cabinet Office'') [[Patrick McLoughlin]] (''Duchy of Lancaster'')
| office1 = [[Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party]]
| leader1 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start1 = 8 January 2018
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Damian Green]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Secretary of State for Justice]] [[Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain]]
| primeminister2 = [[Theresa May]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Jeremy Wright]]
| term_start2 = 11 June 2017
| term_end2 = 8 January 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Elizabeth Truss]]
| successor2 = [[David Gauke]]
| office3 = [[Leader of the House of Commons]] [[Lord President of the Council]]
| primeminister3 = [[Theresa May]]
| 1blankname3 = Deputy
| 1namedata3 = [[Michael Ellis (British politician)|Michael Ellis]]
| term_start3 = 14 July 2016
| term_end3 = 11 June 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Chris Grayling]]
| successor3 = [[Andrea Leadsom]]
| office4 = [[Minister of State for Europe]]
| primeminister4 = [[David Cameron]]
| 1blankname4 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Secretary of State]]
| 1namedata4 = [[William Hague]] [[Philip Hammond]] [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start4 = 12 May 2010
| term_end4 = 14 July 2016
| predecessor4 = [[Chris Bryant]]
| successor4 = [[Alan Duncan]] (Europe and the Americas)
| office5 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland|Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]
| leader5 = [[Michael Howard]] [[David Cameron]]
| 1blankname5 = Shadowing
| 1namedata5 = [[Paul Murphy, Baron Murphy of Torfaen|Paul Murphy]] [[Peter Hain]]
| term_start5 = 11 November 2003
| term_end5 = 2 July 2007
| predecessor5 = [[Quentin Davies]]
| successor5 = [[Owen Paterson]]
| office6 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]
| leader6 = [[Iain Duncan Smith]]
| 1blankname6 = Shadowing
| 1namedata6 = [[Margaret Beckett]]
| term_start6 = 23 July 2002
| term_end6 = 11 November 2003
| predecessor6 = [[Peter Ainsworth]]
| successor6 = [[Caroline Spelman]] (Environment)
| office7 = [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = [[William Hague]]
| term_start7 = 19 June 1997
| term_end7 = 17 June 1999
| predecessor7 = [[Bruce Grocott, Baron Grocott|Bruce Grocott]]
| successor7 = [[John Whittingdale]]
| office8 = [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to the [[Home Secretary]]
| primeminister8 = [[John Major]]
| 1blankname8 = [[Home Secretary|Sec. of State]]
| 1namedata8 = [[Michael Howard]]
| term_start8 = 5 August 1994
| term_end8 = 2 May 1997
| predecessor8 = [[Liam Fox]]
| successor8 = [[Paddy Tipping]]
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]]
| term_start9 = 9 April 1992
| term_end9 =
| predecessor9 = [[Timothy Raison]]
| successor9 =
| majority9 = 14,696 (25.0%)
| birth_name = David Roy Lidington
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lambeth]], London, England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| signature =
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Helen Parry|1989}}
| children = 4
| alma_mater = [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
| website = {{url|davidlidington.com|Official website}}
}}

'''David Roy Lidington''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} (born 30 June 1956) is a British politician who has been the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]] since the [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992 election]]. A member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], he assumed the roles of [[Minister for the Cabinet Office]] and [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] on 8 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2018 |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-politics-lidington/may-appoints-david-lidington-as-cabinet-office-minister-mays-office-idUKKBN1EX1D5 |title=May appoints David Lidington as cabinet office minister – May's office |publisher=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref> He has frequently been described as [[Theresa May]]'s ''de facto'' Deputy Prime Minister, also currently serving as [[Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party]].<ref name="ex-sturg" /><ref name="ex-NI" />

Between 2010 and 2016, he served as [[Minister of State for Europe]] holding the position for the entirety of [[David Cameron]]'s premiership, a longer period than all his predecessors. [[Theresa May]] appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016, where he has held a number of roles including [[Leader of the House of Commons]], [[Lord Chancellor]] and [[Secretary of State for Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |title=Her Majesty’s Government |date=13 May 2010|accessdate=13 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515034600/http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |archivedate=15 May 2010 }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Lambeth]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=1vJF0gDk0g6mxHhfKzTtWA&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=1 February 2018|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> Lidington was educated at [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood#Merchant Taylors' Prep School|Merchant Taylors' Prep School]] then [[Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]] in [[Hertfordshire]], followed by [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/david-lidington|title=The Rt Hon David Lidington MP – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref> where he took a degree in History and a PhD entitled ‘The enforcement of the penal statutes at the [[court of the Exchequer]] c.1558-c.1576’<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_Enforcement_of_the_Penal_Statutes_at.html?id=SpkHGwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=The Enforcement of the Penal Statutes at the Court of the Exchequer C.1558-c.1576|last=Lidington|first=David Roy|date=1988|publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> on [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan history]].
While at Cambridge, he was chairman of [[Cambridge University Conservative Association]] and Deputy President of the [[Cambridge University Students' Union]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/a-new-home-for-cambridge-university-students-union|title=A new home for Cambridge University Students' Union|date=1 October 2007|work=University of Cambridge|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref> He was the Captain of the [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]] team that won the 1979 series of ''[[University Challenge]].'' The team also won the 2002 ''University Challenge – Reunited'' ‘champion of champions’ series for the show's 40th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/08_august/13/university_challenge_reunited.shtml|title=BBC – Press Office – University Challenge Reunited final|publisher=BBC|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref>

Lidington's early employment included posts with [[BP]] and the [[Rio Tinto Group]] before being appointed in 1987 as [[Special advisers in the United Kingdom|special adviser]] to the then Home Secretary [[Douglas Hurd]]. He moved to the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary.<ref name="auto" />

In the [[United Kingdom general election, 1987|1987 general election]], Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the [[Vauxhall (UK Parliament constituency)|Vauxhall constituency]].

==Parliamentary career==
===From 1992 to 2010===
Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]] in December 1990. He became the constituency's member of parliament at the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/david-lidington/15|title=Rt Hon David Lidington MP|website=UK Parliament|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref>

At Westminster, Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee. In 1994, he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994.

Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994, when he became [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to Home Secretary [[Michael Howard]]. In June 1997, with the Conservatives in opposition, he became [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to Leader of the Opposition [[William Hague]]. Two years later, in June 1999, he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister (deputy to [[Ann Widdecombe]]). In September 2001, Lidington was promoted to become Shadow [[Financial Secretary to the Treasury]].<ref name="ACCA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aylesburyconservatives.com/person/rt-hon-david-lidington|title=Rt Hon David Lidington|website=Aylesbury Constituency Conservative Association|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref>

Lidington became a member of the [[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)|Shadow Cabinet]] in May 2002, replacing [[Ann Winterton]] as [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food|Shadow Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]] (later [[Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]) after she resigned. When [[Michael Howard]] [[Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2003|was elected]] Conservative Party leader in November 2003, Lidington became [[Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]], but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet.<ref name="ACCA"/>

In May 2005, Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet, granting Lidington the right to attend it again. He was one of the few Shadow Cabinet ministers left in his old post by [[David Cameron]] when the latter became leader in December 2005. But on 2 July 2007, Lidington was demoted to be a junior Foreign Affairs spokesman.<ref name="ACCA"/>

====Expenses (2009)====
In May 2009, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste, shower gel, body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5364110/MPs-expenses-David-Lidington-is-Mr-Clean-but-you-pay-for-his-soap.html |title=MPs' expenses: David Lidington is Mr Clean (but you pay for his soap) |first=Caroline |last=Gammell |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 May 2009 |accessdate=7 June 2009 |deadurl=no |archivedate=25 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525073142/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5364110/MPs-expenses-David-Lidington-is-Mr-Clean-but-you-pay-for-his-soap.html }}</ref> Lidington decided to repay the claims for the toiletries, saying: "I accept that many people would see them as over-generous."{{cn|date=December 2018}}

Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the ''[[Bucks Herald]]'' for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year, almost double his salary.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/MPs-Expenses-The-price-of.5271666.jp |title=MPs Expenses: The price of democracy in Aylesbury Vale |work=[[The Bucks Herald]] |accessdate=9 April 2010 |deadurl=no |archivedate=25 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525073142/http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/mps_expenses_the_price_of_democracy_in_aylesbury_vale_1_613622 }}</ref>

===Since the 2010 general election===
Following the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]], Lidington was appointed [[Minister for Europe]].<ref name="ACCA"/> In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron, Lidington was appointed a CBE in the [[2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours]] for his services to the government as European minister.

In November 2013, Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the ''[[Bucks Herald]]'' after he abstained on votes on the [[HS2]] rail project which is set to affect large areas of his constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/more-news/editor-s-comment-time-fast-approaching-for-mr-lidington-to-stand-up-and-be-counted-over-hs2-1-5655994 |title=Editor’s comment: Time fast approaching for Mr Lidington to stand up and be counted over HS2 |work=The Bucks Herald |accessdate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=no |archivedate=9 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109125345/http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/more-news/editor-s-comment-time-fast-approaching-for-mr-lidington-to-stand-up-and-be-counted-over-hs2-1-5655994 }}</ref>

On 25 November 2016, when he was serving as [[Leader of the House of Commons]], Lidington deputised for Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] at [[Prime Minister's Questions|PMQs]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/nov/25/commons-leader-david-lidington-to-take-on-pmqs-for-the-first-time|title=Commons leader David Lidington to take on PMQs for the first time|first=Peter|last=Walker|date=25 November 2016|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=The Guardian}}</ref> questioned first-hand by the shadow foreign secretary, [[Emily Thornberry]] who also deputised, as per custom, for [[Jeremy Corbyn]] on the day.

Under prime minister Theresa May, Lidington was appointed [[Leader of the House of Commons]] and [[Lord President of the Council]]. This was a position he held till 11 June 2017, when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor.<ref name="auto"/> His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights, having opposed scrapping the ban on 'promotion of homosexuality' in schools, as well as civil partnerships.<ref name="Independent 12 June 2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-lidington-lgbt-rights-gay-marriage-theresa-may-justice-secretary-a7786751.html|title=Theresa May appoints Justice Secretary opposed to LGBT rights who said 'marriage is for procreation of children'|work=The Independent|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that "marriage was for the procreation of children" and that the "definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so". He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/aylesbury-mp-david-lidington-explains-why-he-voted-against-gay-marriage-but-admits-he-was-wrong-about-civil-partnerships-in-the-past-1-4764699|title=Aylesbury MP David Lidington explains why he voted against gay marriage|accessdate=24 October 2018|work=Bucks Herald}}</ref>

On 8 January 2018, during a [[2018 British cabinet reshuffle|Cabinet reshuffle]], Lidington became the [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] and Minister for the [[Cabinet Office]]. Several media outlets have since referred to Lidington as Theresa May's de facto deputy Prime Minister and a serious candidate for her succession.<ref name="ex-sturg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1046659/brexit-news-david-Lidington-nicola-sturgeon-back-up-deal-scotland|title=David Lidington urges Sturgeon to back Brexit deal for good of Scotland|author= |date=17 November 2018|website=Express.co.uk|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="ex-NI">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/11/29/david-lidington-pledges-britain-would-follow-northern-ireland/|title=David Lidington pledges Britain would follow Northern Ireland single market rules for backstop duration|last=Johnson|first=Simon|date=29 November 2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=12 December 2018|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>[https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/news/102752/theresa-may-facing-cabinet-plot-replace-her Theresa May facing cabinet plot replace her], PoliticsHome, 24 March 2019.</ref>

==Personal life==
Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons.<ref name="auto" /> He was raised as a [[Congregationalist]] but is now an [[Anglican]].<ref name="Independent 12 June 2017"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|David Lidington}}
*[http://www.davidlidington.co.uk/ David Lidington MP] ''official constituency website''
*{{UK MP links|parliament=david-lidington/15|hansard=mr-david-lidington|hansardcurr=1496|guardian=3124/david-lidington|publicwhip=David_Lidington|theywork=david_lidington|record=David-Lidington/Aylesbury/328|bbc=25473.stm|journalisted=}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120908181804/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/l/17051/David+LIDINGTON.aspx ''Debrett's People of Today'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110911095051/http://www.buckstv.co.uk/buckstv/politics/day_in_the_life_with_an_mp_in_westminster.html Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Timothy Raison]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]]|years=[[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Peter Ainsworth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]|years=2002–2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Caroline Spelman]]|as=Shadow Secretary of State for Environment}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Quentin Davies]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]|years=2003–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Owen Paterson]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Chris Bryant]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of State for Europe]]|years=2010–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alan Duncan]]|as=Minister of State for Europe and the Americas}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Chris Grayling]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the House of Commons]]|years=2016–2017}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Andrea Leadsom]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord President of the Council]]|years=2016–2017}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Elizabeth Truss]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for Justice]]|years=2017–2018}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[David Gauke]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Chancellor]]|years=2017–2018}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Patrick McLoughlin|Sir Patrick McLoughlin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Damian Green]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for the Cabinet Office]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-end}}

{{Lord Chancellor}}
{{JusticeSecretary}}
{{British special advisers}}
{{Ministers for Europe}}
{{First May Cabinet}}
{{Second May Cabinet}}
{{Leader of the House of Commons}}
{{South East Conservative Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lidington, David}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:British special advisers]]
[[Category:Contestants on University Challenge]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lord Presidents of the Council]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1992–97]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2001–05]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2005–10]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–15]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–17]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–]]
[[Category:People from Lambeth]]

David Lidington

2019-03-24T10:09:35Z

83.83.44.43: /* Since the 2010 general election */

{{short description|British politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = David Lidington
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|MP}}
| image = Official portrait of Mr David Lidington crop 2.jpg

| office = [[Minister for the Cabinet Office]] [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
| primeminister = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start = 8 January 2018
| predecessor = [[Damian Green]] (''Cabinet Office'') [[Patrick McLoughlin]] (''Duchy of Lancaster'')
| office1 = [[Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party]]
| leader1 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start1 = 8 January 2018
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Damian Green]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Secretary of State for Justice]] [[Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain]]
| primeminister2 = [[Theresa May]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Jeremy Wright]]
| term_start2 = 11 June 2017
| term_end2 = 8 January 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Elizabeth Truss]]
| successor2 = [[David Gauke]]
| office3 = [[Leader of the House of Commons]] [[Lord President of the Council]]
| primeminister3 = [[Theresa May]]
| 1blankname3 = Deputy
| 1namedata3 = [[Michael Ellis (British politician)|Michael Ellis]]
| term_start3 = 14 July 2016
| term_end3 = 11 June 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Chris Grayling]]
| successor3 = [[Andrea Leadsom]]
| office4 = [[Minister of State for Europe]]
| primeminister4 = [[David Cameron]]
| 1blankname4 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Secretary of State]]
| 1namedata4 = [[William Hague]] [[Philip Hammond]] [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start4 = 12 May 2010
| term_end4 = 14 July 2016
| predecessor4 = [[Chris Bryant]]
| successor4 = [[Alan Duncan]] (Europe and the Americas)
| office5 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland|Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]
| leader5 = [[Michael Howard]] [[David Cameron]]
| 1blankname5 = Shadowing
| 1namedata5 = [[Paul Murphy, Baron Murphy of Torfaen|Paul Murphy]] [[Peter Hain]]
| term_start5 = 11 November 2003
| term_end5 = 2 July 2007
| predecessor5 = [[Quentin Davies]]
| successor5 = [[Owen Paterson]]
| office6 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]
| leader6 = [[Iain Duncan Smith]]
| 1blankname6 = Shadowing
| 1namedata6 = [[Margaret Beckett]]
| term_start6 = 23 July 2002
| term_end6 = 11 November 2003
| predecessor6 = [[Peter Ainsworth]]
| successor6 = [[Caroline Spelman]] (Environment)
| office7 = [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = [[William Hague]]
| term_start7 = 19 June 1997
| term_end7 = 17 June 1999
| predecessor7 = [[Bruce Grocott, Baron Grocott|Bruce Grocott]]
| successor7 = [[John Whittingdale]]
| office8 = [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to the [[Home Secretary]]
| primeminister8 = [[John Major]]
| 1blankname8 = [[Home Secretary|Sec. of State]]
| 1namedata8 = [[Michael Howard]]
| term_start8 = 5 August 1994
| term_end8 = 2 May 1997
| predecessor8 = [[Liam Fox]]
| successor8 = [[Paddy Tipping]]
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]]
| term_start9 = 9 April 1992
| term_end9 =
| predecessor9 = [[Timothy Raison]]
| successor9 =
| majority9 = 14,696 (25.0%)
| birth_name = David Roy Lidington
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lambeth]], London, England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| signature =
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Helen Parry|1989}}
| children = 4
| alma_mater = [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
| website = {{url|davidlidington.com|Official website}}
}}

'''David Roy Lidington''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} (born 30 June 1956) is a British politician who has been the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]] since the [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992 election]]. A member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], he assumed the roles of [[Minister for the Cabinet Office]] and [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] on 8 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2018 |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-politics-lidington/may-appoints-david-lidington-as-cabinet-office-minister-mays-office-idUKKBN1EX1D5 |title=May appoints David Lidington as cabinet office minister – May's office |publisher=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref> He has frequently been described as [[Theresa May]]'s ''de facto'' Deputy Prime Minister, also currently serving as [[Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party]].<ref name="ex-sturg" /><ref name="ex-NI" />

Between 2010 and 2016, he served as [[Minister of State for Europe]] holding the position for the entirety of [[David Cameron]]'s premiership, a longer period than all his predecessors. [[Theresa May]] appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016, where he has held a number of roles including [[Leader of the House of Commons]], [[Lord Chancellor]] and [[Secretary of State for Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |title=Her Majesty’s Government |date=13 May 2010|accessdate=13 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515034600/http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |archivedate=15 May 2010 }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Lambeth]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=1vJF0gDk0g6mxHhfKzTtWA&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=1 February 2018|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> Lidington was educated at [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood#Merchant Taylors' Prep School|Merchant Taylors' Prep School]] then [[Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]] in [[Hertfordshire]], followed by [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/david-lidington|title=The Rt Hon David Lidington MP – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref> where he took a degree in History and a PhD entitled ‘The enforcement of the penal statutes at the [[court of the Exchequer]] c.1558-c.1576’<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_Enforcement_of_the_Penal_Statutes_at.html?id=SpkHGwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=The Enforcement of the Penal Statutes at the Court of the Exchequer C.1558-c.1576|last=Lidington|first=David Roy|date=1988|publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> on [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan history]].
While at Cambridge, he was chairman of [[Cambridge University Conservative Association]] and Deputy President of the [[Cambridge University Students' Union]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/a-new-home-for-cambridge-university-students-union|title=A new home for Cambridge University Students' Union|date=1 October 2007|work=University of Cambridge|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref> He was the Captain of the [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]] team that won the 1979 series of ''[[University Challenge]].'' The team also won the 2002 ''University Challenge – Reunited'' ‘champion of champions’ series for the show's 40th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/08_august/13/university_challenge_reunited.shtml|title=BBC – Press Office – University Challenge Reunited final|publisher=BBC|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref>

Lidington's early employment included posts with [[BP]] and the [[Rio Tinto Group]] before being appointed in 1987 as [[Special advisers in the United Kingdom|special adviser]] to the then Home Secretary [[Douglas Hurd]]. He moved to the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary.<ref name="auto" />

In the [[United Kingdom general election, 1987|1987 general election]], Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the [[Vauxhall (UK Parliament constituency)|Vauxhall constituency]].

==Parliamentary career==
===From 1992 to 2010===
Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]] in December 1990. He became the constituency's member of parliament at the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/david-lidington/15|title=Rt Hon David Lidington MP|website=UK Parliament|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref>

At Westminster, Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee. In 1994, he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994.

Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994, when he became [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to Home Secretary [[Michael Howard]]. In June 1997, with the Conservatives in opposition, he became [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to Leader of the Opposition [[William Hague]]. Two years later, in June 1999, he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister (deputy to [[Ann Widdecombe]]). In September 2001, Lidington was promoted to become Shadow [[Financial Secretary to the Treasury]].<ref name="ACCA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aylesburyconservatives.com/person/rt-hon-david-lidington|title=Rt Hon David Lidington|website=Aylesbury Constituency Conservative Association|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref>

Lidington became a member of the [[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)|Shadow Cabinet]] in May 2002, replacing [[Ann Winterton]] as [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food|Shadow Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]] (later [[Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]) after she resigned. When [[Michael Howard]] [[Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2003|was elected]] Conservative Party leader in November 2003, Lidington became [[Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]], but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet.<ref name="ACCA"/>

In May 2005, Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet, granting Lidington the right to attend it again. He was one of the few Shadow Cabinet ministers left in his old post by [[David Cameron]] when the latter became leader in December 2005. But on 2 July 2007, Lidington was demoted to be a junior Foreign Affairs spokesman.<ref name="ACCA"/>

====Expenses (2009)====
In May 2009, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste, shower gel, body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5364110/MPs-expenses-David-Lidington-is-Mr-Clean-but-you-pay-for-his-soap.html |title=MPs' expenses: David Lidington is Mr Clean (but you pay for his soap) |first=Caroline |last=Gammell |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 May 2009 |accessdate=7 June 2009 |deadurl=no |archivedate=25 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525073142/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5364110/MPs-expenses-David-Lidington-is-Mr-Clean-but-you-pay-for-his-soap.html }}</ref> Lidington decided to repay the claims for the toiletries, saying: "I accept that many people would see them as over-generous."{{cn|date=December 2018}}

Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the ''[[Bucks Herald]]'' for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year, almost double his salary.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/MPs-Expenses-The-price-of.5271666.jp |title=MPs Expenses: The price of democracy in Aylesbury Vale |work=[[The Bucks Herald]] |accessdate=9 April 2010 |deadurl=no |archivedate=25 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525073142/http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/mps_expenses_the_price_of_democracy_in_aylesbury_vale_1_613622 }}</ref>

===Since the 2010 general election===
Following the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]], Lidington was appointed [[Minister for Europe]].<ref name="ACCA"/> In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron, Lidington was appointed a CBE in the [[2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours]] for his services to the government as European minister.

In November 2013, Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the ''[[Bucks Herald]]'' after he abstained on votes on the [[HS2]] rail project which is set to affect large areas of his constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/more-news/editor-s-comment-time-fast-approaching-for-mr-lidington-to-stand-up-and-be-counted-over-hs2-1-5655994 |title=Editor’s comment: Time fast approaching for Mr Lidington to stand up and be counted over HS2 |work=The Bucks Herald |accessdate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=no |archivedate=9 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109125345/http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/more-news/editor-s-comment-time-fast-approaching-for-mr-lidington-to-stand-up-and-be-counted-over-hs2-1-5655994 }}</ref>

On 25 November 2016, when he was serving as [[Leader of the House of Commons]], Lidington deputised for Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] at [[Prime Minister's Questions|PMQs]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/nov/25/commons-leader-david-lidington-to-take-on-pmqs-for-the-first-time|title=Commons leader David Lidington to take on PMQs for the first time|first=Peter|last=Walker|date=25 November 2016|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=The Guardian}}</ref> questioned first-hand by the shadow foreign secretary, [[Emily Thornberry]] who also deputised, as per custom, for [[Jeremy Corbyn]] on the day.

Under prime minister Theresa May, Lidington was appointed [[Leader of the House of Commons]] and [[Lord President of the Council]]. This was a position he held till 11 June 2017, when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor.<ref name="auto"/> His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights, having opposed scrapping the ban on 'promotion of homosexuality' in schools, as well as civil partnerships.<ref name="Independent 12 June 2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-lidington-lgbt-rights-gay-marriage-theresa-may-justice-secretary-a7786751.html|title=Theresa May appoints Justice Secretary opposed to LGBT rights who said 'marriage is for procreation of children'|work=The Independent|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that "marriage was for the procreation of children" and that the "definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so". He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/aylesbury-mp-david-lidington-explains-why-he-voted-against-gay-marriage-but-admits-he-was-wrong-about-civil-partnerships-in-the-past-1-4764699|title=Aylesbury MP David Lidington explains why he voted against gay marriage|accessdate=24 October 2018|work=Bucks Herald}}</ref>

On 8 January 2018, during a [[2018 British cabinet reshuffle|Cabinet reshuffle]], Lidington became the [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] and Minister for the [[Cabinet Office]]. Several media outlets have since referred to Lidington as Theresa May's de facto deputy Prime Minister and a serious candidate for her succession.<ref name="ex-sturg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1046659/brexit-news-david-Lidington-nicola-sturgeon-back-up-deal-scotland|title=David Lidington urges Sturgeon to back Brexit deal for good of Scotland|author= |date=17 November 2018|website=Express.co.uk|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="ex-NI">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/11/29/david-lidington-pledges-britain-would-follow-northern-ireland/|title=David Lidington pledges Britain would follow Northern Ireland single market rules for backstop duration|last=Johnson|first=Simon|date=29 November 2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=12 December 2018|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>[https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/news/102752/theresa-may-facing-cabinet-plot-replace-her Theresa May facing cabinet plot replace her]</ref>

==Personal life==
Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons.<ref name="auto" /> He was raised as a [[Congregationalist]] but is now an [[Anglican]].<ref name="Independent 12 June 2017"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|David Lidington}}
*[http://www.davidlidington.co.uk/ David Lidington MP] ''official constituency website''
*{{UK MP links|parliament=david-lidington/15|hansard=mr-david-lidington|hansardcurr=1496|guardian=3124/david-lidington|publicwhip=David_Lidington|theywork=david_lidington|record=David-Lidington/Aylesbury/328|bbc=25473.stm|journalisted=}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120908181804/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/l/17051/David+LIDINGTON.aspx ''Debrett's People of Today'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110911095051/http://www.buckstv.co.uk/buckstv/politics/day_in_the_life_with_an_mp_in_westminster.html Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Timothy Raison]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]]|years=[[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Peter Ainsworth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]|years=2002–2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Caroline Spelman]]|as=Shadow Secretary of State for Environment}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Quentin Davies]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]|years=2003–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Owen Paterson]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Chris Bryant]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of State for Europe]]|years=2010–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alan Duncan]]|as=Minister of State for Europe and the Americas}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Chris Grayling]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the House of Commons]]|years=2016–2017}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Andrea Leadsom]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord President of the Council]]|years=2016–2017}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Elizabeth Truss]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for Justice]]|years=2017–2018}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[David Gauke]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Chancellor]]|years=2017–2018}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Patrick McLoughlin|Sir Patrick McLoughlin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Damian Green]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for the Cabinet Office]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-end}}

{{Lord Chancellor}}
{{JusticeSecretary}}
{{British special advisers}}
{{Ministers for Europe}}
{{First May Cabinet}}
{{Second May Cabinet}}
{{Leader of the House of Commons}}
{{South East Conservative Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lidington, David}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:British special advisers]]
[[Category:Contestants on University Challenge]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lord Presidents of the Council]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1992–97]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2001–05]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2005–10]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–15]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–17]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–]]
[[Category:People from Lambeth]]

David Lidington

2019-03-24T10:04:58Z

83.83.44.43: /* Since the 2010 general election */Addition

{{short description|British politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = David Lidington
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|MP}}
| image = Official portrait of Mr David Lidington crop 2.jpg

| office = [[Minister for the Cabinet Office]] [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
| primeminister = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start = 8 January 2018
| predecessor = [[Damian Green]] (''Cabinet Office'') [[Patrick McLoughlin]] (''Duchy of Lancaster'')
| office1 = [[Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party]]
| leader1 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start1 = 8 January 2018
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Damian Green]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Secretary of State for Justice]] [[Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain]]
| primeminister2 = [[Theresa May]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Jeremy Wright]]
| term_start2 = 11 June 2017
| term_end2 = 8 January 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Elizabeth Truss]]
| successor2 = [[David Gauke]]
| office3 = [[Leader of the House of Commons]] [[Lord President of the Council]]
| primeminister3 = [[Theresa May]]
| 1blankname3 = Deputy
| 1namedata3 = [[Michael Ellis (British politician)|Michael Ellis]]
| term_start3 = 14 July 2016
| term_end3 = 11 June 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Chris Grayling]]
| successor3 = [[Andrea Leadsom]]
| office4 = [[Minister of State for Europe]]
| primeminister4 = [[David Cameron]]
| 1blankname4 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Secretary of State]]
| 1namedata4 = [[William Hague]] [[Philip Hammond]] [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start4 = 12 May 2010
| term_end4 = 14 July 2016
| predecessor4 = [[Chris Bryant]]
| successor4 = [[Alan Duncan]] (Europe and the Americas)
| office5 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland|Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]
| leader5 = [[Michael Howard]] [[David Cameron]]
| 1blankname5 = Shadowing
| 1namedata5 = [[Paul Murphy, Baron Murphy of Torfaen|Paul Murphy]] [[Peter Hain]]
| term_start5 = 11 November 2003
| term_end5 = 2 July 2007
| predecessor5 = [[Quentin Davies]]
| successor5 = [[Owen Paterson]]
| office6 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]
| leader6 = [[Iain Duncan Smith]]
| 1blankname6 = Shadowing
| 1namedata6 = [[Margaret Beckett]]
| term_start6 = 23 July 2002
| term_end6 = 11 November 2003
| predecessor6 = [[Peter Ainsworth]]
| successor6 = [[Caroline Spelman]] (Environment)
| office7 = [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = [[William Hague]]
| term_start7 = 19 June 1997
| term_end7 = 17 June 1999
| predecessor7 = [[Bruce Grocott, Baron Grocott|Bruce Grocott]]
| successor7 = [[John Whittingdale]]
| office8 = [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to the [[Home Secretary]]
| primeminister8 = [[John Major]]
| 1blankname8 = [[Home Secretary|Sec. of State]]
| 1namedata8 = [[Michael Howard]]
| term_start8 = 5 August 1994
| term_end8 = 2 May 1997
| predecessor8 = [[Liam Fox]]
| successor8 = [[Paddy Tipping]]
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]]
| term_start9 = 9 April 1992
| term_end9 =
| predecessor9 = [[Timothy Raison]]
| successor9 =
| majority9 = 14,696 (25.0%)
| birth_name = David Roy Lidington
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lambeth]], London, England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| signature =
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Helen Parry|1989}}
| children = 4
| alma_mater = [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
| website = {{url|davidlidington.com|Official website}}
}}

'''David Roy Lidington''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} (born 30 June 1956) is a British politician who has been the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]] since the [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992 election]]. A member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], he assumed the roles of [[Minister for the Cabinet Office]] and [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] on 8 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2018 |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-politics-lidington/may-appoints-david-lidington-as-cabinet-office-minister-mays-office-idUKKBN1EX1D5 |title=May appoints David Lidington as cabinet office minister – May's office |publisher=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref> He has frequently been described as [[Theresa May]]'s ''de facto'' Deputy Prime Minister, also currently serving as [[Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party]].<ref name="ex-sturg" /><ref name="ex-NI" />

Between 2010 and 2016, he served as [[Minister of State for Europe]] holding the position for the entirety of [[David Cameron]]'s premiership, a longer period than all his predecessors. [[Theresa May]] appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016, where he has held a number of roles including [[Leader of the House of Commons]], [[Lord Chancellor]] and [[Secretary of State for Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |title=Her Majesty’s Government |date=13 May 2010|accessdate=13 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515034600/http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |archivedate=15 May 2010 }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Lambeth]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=1vJF0gDk0g6mxHhfKzTtWA&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=1 February 2018|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> Lidington was educated at [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood#Merchant Taylors' Prep School|Merchant Taylors' Prep School]] then [[Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]] in [[Hertfordshire]], followed by [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/david-lidington|title=The Rt Hon David Lidington MP – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref> where he took a degree in History and a PhD entitled ‘The enforcement of the penal statutes at the [[court of the Exchequer]] c.1558-c.1576’<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_Enforcement_of_the_Penal_Statutes_at.html?id=SpkHGwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=The Enforcement of the Penal Statutes at the Court of the Exchequer C.1558-c.1576|last=Lidington|first=David Roy|date=1988|publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> on [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan history]].
While at Cambridge, he was chairman of [[Cambridge University Conservative Association]] and Deputy President of the [[Cambridge University Students' Union]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/a-new-home-for-cambridge-university-students-union|title=A new home for Cambridge University Students' Union|date=1 October 2007|work=University of Cambridge|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref> He was the Captain of the [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]] team that won the 1979 series of ''[[University Challenge]].'' The team also won the 2002 ''University Challenge – Reunited'' ‘champion of champions’ series for the show's 40th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/08_august/13/university_challenge_reunited.shtml|title=BBC – Press Office – University Challenge Reunited final|publisher=BBC|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref>

Lidington's early employment included posts with [[BP]] and the [[Rio Tinto Group]] before being appointed in 1987 as [[Special advisers in the United Kingdom|special adviser]] to the then Home Secretary [[Douglas Hurd]]. He moved to the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary.<ref name="auto" />

In the [[United Kingdom general election, 1987|1987 general election]], Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the [[Vauxhall (UK Parliament constituency)|Vauxhall constituency]].

==Parliamentary career==
===From 1992 to 2010===
Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]] in December 1990. He became the constituency's member of parliament at the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/david-lidington/15|title=Rt Hon David Lidington MP|website=UK Parliament|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref>

At Westminster, Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee. In 1994, he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994.

Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994, when he became [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to Home Secretary [[Michael Howard]]. In June 1997, with the Conservatives in opposition, he became [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to Leader of the Opposition [[William Hague]]. Two years later, in June 1999, he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister (deputy to [[Ann Widdecombe]]). In September 2001, Lidington was promoted to become Shadow [[Financial Secretary to the Treasury]].<ref name="ACCA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aylesburyconservatives.com/person/rt-hon-david-lidington|title=Rt Hon David Lidington|website=Aylesbury Constituency Conservative Association|accessdate=22 June 2017}}</ref>

Lidington became a member of the [[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)|Shadow Cabinet]] in May 2002, replacing [[Ann Winterton]] as [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food|Shadow Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]] (later [[Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]) after she resigned. When [[Michael Howard]] [[Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2003|was elected]] Conservative Party leader in November 2003, Lidington became [[Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]], but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet.<ref name="ACCA"/>

In May 2005, Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet, granting Lidington the right to attend it again. He was one of the few Shadow Cabinet ministers left in his old post by [[David Cameron]] when the latter became leader in December 2005. But on 2 July 2007, Lidington was demoted to be a junior Foreign Affairs spokesman.<ref name="ACCA"/>

====Expenses (2009)====
In May 2009, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste, shower gel, body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5364110/MPs-expenses-David-Lidington-is-Mr-Clean-but-you-pay-for-his-soap.html |title=MPs' expenses: David Lidington is Mr Clean (but you pay for his soap) |first=Caroline |last=Gammell |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 May 2009 |accessdate=7 June 2009 |deadurl=no |archivedate=25 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525073142/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5364110/MPs-expenses-David-Lidington-is-Mr-Clean-but-you-pay-for-his-soap.html }}</ref> Lidington decided to repay the claims for the toiletries, saying: "I accept that many people would see them as over-generous."{{cn|date=December 2018}}

Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the ''[[Bucks Herald]]'' for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year, almost double his salary.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/MPs-Expenses-The-price-of.5271666.jp |title=MPs Expenses: The price of democracy in Aylesbury Vale |work=[[The Bucks Herald]] |accessdate=9 April 2010 |deadurl=no |archivedate=25 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525073142/http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/mps_expenses_the_price_of_democracy_in_aylesbury_vale_1_613622 }}</ref>

===Since the 2010 general election===
Following the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]], Lidington was appointed [[Minister for Europe]].<ref name="ACCA"/> In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron, Lidington was appointed a CBE in the [[2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours]] for his services to the government as European minister.

In November 2013, Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the ''[[Bucks Herald]]'' after he abstained on votes on the [[HS2]] rail project which is set to affect large areas of his constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/more-news/editor-s-comment-time-fast-approaching-for-mr-lidington-to-stand-up-and-be-counted-over-hs2-1-5655994 |title=Editor’s comment: Time fast approaching for Mr Lidington to stand up and be counted over HS2 |work=The Bucks Herald |accessdate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=no |archivedate=9 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109125345/http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/more-news/editor-s-comment-time-fast-approaching-for-mr-lidington-to-stand-up-and-be-counted-over-hs2-1-5655994 }}</ref>

On 25 November 2016, when he was serving as [[Leader of the House of Commons]], Lidington deputised for Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] at [[Prime Minister's Questions|PMQs]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/nov/25/commons-leader-david-lidington-to-take-on-pmqs-for-the-first-time|title=Commons leader David Lidington to take on PMQs for the first time|first=Peter|last=Walker|date=25 November 2016|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=The Guardian}}</ref> questioned first-hand by the shadow foreign secretary, [[Emily Thornberry]] who also deputised, as per custom, for [[Jeremy Corbyn]] on the day.

Under prime minister Theresa May, Lidington was appointed [[Leader of the House of Commons]] and [[Lord President of the Council]]. This was a position he held till 11 June 2017, when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor.<ref name="auto"/> His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights, having opposed scrapping the ban on 'promotion of homosexuality' in schools, as well as civil partnerships.<ref name="Independent 12 June 2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-lidington-lgbt-rights-gay-marriage-theresa-may-justice-secretary-a7786751.html|title=Theresa May appoints Justice Secretary opposed to LGBT rights who said 'marriage is for procreation of children'|work=The Independent|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that "marriage was for the procreation of children" and that the "definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so". He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/aylesbury-mp-david-lidington-explains-why-he-voted-against-gay-marriage-but-admits-he-was-wrong-about-civil-partnerships-in-the-past-1-4764699|title=Aylesbury MP David Lidington explains why he voted against gay marriage|accessdate=24 October 2018|work=Bucks Herald}}</ref>

On 8 January 2018, during a [[2018 British cabinet reshuffle|Cabinet reshuffle]], Lidington became the [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] and Minister for the [[Cabinet Office]]. Several media outlets have since referred to Lidington as Theresa May's de facto deputy Prime Minister and a serious candidate for her succession.<ref name="ex-sturg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1046659/brexit-news-david-Lidington-nicola-sturgeon-back-up-deal-scotland|title=David Lidington urges Sturgeon to back Brexit deal for good of Scotland|author= |date=17 November 2018|website=Express.co.uk|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="ex-NI">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/11/29/david-lidington-pledges-britain-would-follow-northern-ireland/|title=David Lidington pledges Britain would follow Northern Ireland single market rules for backstop duration|last=Johnson|first=Simon|date=29 November 2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=12 December 2018|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons.<ref name="auto" /> He was raised as a [[Congregationalist]] but is now an [[Anglican]].<ref name="Independent 12 June 2017"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|David Lidington}}
*[http://www.davidlidington.co.uk/ David Lidington MP] ''official constituency website''
*{{UK MP links|parliament=david-lidington/15|hansard=mr-david-lidington|hansardcurr=1496|guardian=3124/david-lidington|publicwhip=David_Lidington|theywork=david_lidington|record=David-Lidington/Aylesbury/328|bbc=25473.stm|journalisted=}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120908181804/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/l/17051/David+LIDINGTON.aspx ''Debrett's People of Today'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110911095051/http://www.buckstv.co.uk/buckstv/politics/day_in_the_life_with_an_mp_in_westminster.html Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Timothy Raison]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]]|years=[[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Peter Ainsworth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]|years=2002–2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Caroline Spelman]]|as=Shadow Secretary of State for Environment}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Quentin Davies]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]|years=2003–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Owen Paterson]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Chris Bryant]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of State for Europe]]|years=2010–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alan Duncan]]|as=Minister of State for Europe and the Americas}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Chris Grayling]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the House of Commons]]|years=2016–2017}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Andrea Leadsom]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord President of the Council]]|years=2016–2017}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Elizabeth Truss]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for Justice]]|years=2017–2018}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[David Gauke]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Chancellor]]|years=2017–2018}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Patrick McLoughlin|Sir Patrick McLoughlin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Damian Green]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for the Cabinet Office]]|years=2018–present}}
{{s-end}}

{{Lord Chancellor}}
{{JusticeSecretary}}
{{British special advisers}}
{{Ministers for Europe}}
{{First May Cabinet}}
{{Second May Cabinet}}
{{Leader of the House of Commons}}
{{South East Conservative Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lidington, David}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:British special advisers]]
[[Category:Contestants on University Challenge]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lord Presidents of the Council]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1992–97]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2001–05]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2005–10]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–15]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–17]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–]]
[[Category:People from Lambeth]]

Tarcisio Bertone

2019-03-02T10:27:53Z

83.83.44.43: /* Retirement */

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Tarcisio Bertone
| honorific-suffix = [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]]
| title= [[Cardinal Secretary of State|Cardinal Secretary of State emeritus]]
| image = Tarcisio Bertone.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church =
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see =
| elected =
| appointed = 15 September 2006
| term =
| term_start =
| quashed =
| term_end = 15 October 2013
| predecessor = [[Angelo Sodano]]
| opposed =
| successor = [[Pietro Parolin]]
| other_post = [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati|Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati]] (2008–present) [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] (2007–2014)

| ordination = 1 July 1960
| ordained_by = [[Albino Mensa]]
| consecration = 1 August 1991
| consecrated_by = Albino Mensa
| cardinal = 21 October 2003
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]
| rank = Cardinal-Bishop

| birth_name = Tarcisio Pietro Evasio Bertone
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1934|12|2}}
| birth_place = [[Romano Canavese]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[Italians|Italian]]
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vercelli|Archbishop of Vercelli]] (1991–1995)|[[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|Secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] (1995–2002)|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Genoa|Archbishop of Genoa]] (2002–2006)|Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria Auxiliatrice in via Tuscolana (2003–2008)|[[Cardinal Secretary of State]] (2006–2013)|[[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] (2007–2014)}}
| alma_mater =
| motto = ''Fidem custodire, concordiam servare'' (Protect faith, preserve unity)
| signature = Tarcisio Bertone Signature 2.svg
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Tarcisio Bertone.svg
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| other =
}}{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by = [[Albino Mensa]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vercelli|Vercelli]])
| date of priestly ordination = 1 July 1960
| place of priestly ordination =
| consecrated by = Albino Mensa (Vercelli emer.)
| co-consecrators =
| date of consecration = 1 August 1991
| place of consecration =
| elevated by = [[Pope John Paul II]]
| date of elevation = 21 October 2003
| bishop 1 = [[Mauro Piacenza]]
| consecration date 1 = 15 November 2003
| bishop 2 = [[Luigi Palletti]]
| consecration date 2 = 16 January 2005
| bishop 3 = [[Raffaele Farina]] SDB
| consecration date 3 = 16 December 2006
| bishop 4 = [[Gianfranco Girotti]] OFM Conv
| consecration date 4 = 16 December 2006
| bishop 5 = [[Antoni Stankiewicz]]
| consecration date 5 = 16 December 2006
| sources =
| bishop 6 = [[Carlo Chenis]] SDB
| consecration date 6 = 10 February 2007
| bishop 7 = [[Leo Boccardi]]
| consecration date 7 = 18 March 2007
| bishop 8 = [[Vincenzo Bertolone]] SdP
| consecration date 8 = 3 May 2007
| bishop 9 = [[Michele Di Ruberto]]
| consecration date 9 = 30 June 2007
| bishop 10 = [[Gaetano Galbusera Fumagalli]] SDB
| consecration date 10 = 26 August 2007
| bishop 11 = [[Vito Rallo]]
| consecration date 11 = 28 October 2007
| bishop 12 = [[Gianni Ambrosio]]
| consecration date 12 = 16 February 2008
| bishop 13 = [[Luciano Suriani]]
| consecration date 13 = 26 April 2008
| bishop 14 = [[Léon Kalenga Badikebele]]
| consecration date 14 = 1 May 2008
| bishop 15 = [[Frans Daneels]] OPraem
| consecration date 15 = 1 May 2008
| bishop 16 = [[Juan Ignacio Arrieta Ochoa de Chinchetru]]
| consecration date 16 = 1 May 2008
| bishop 17 = [[Miguel Maury Buendía]]
| consecration date 17 = 12 June 2008
| bishop 18 = [[Paolo De Nicolò]]
| consecration date 18 = 12 June 2008
| bishop 19 = [[Bernardito Auza]]
| consecration date 19 = 3 July 2008
| bishop 20 = [[Piergiuseppe Vacchelli]]
| consecration date 20 = 3 July 2008
| bishop 21 = [[Luis Ladaria Ferrer]] SJ
| consecration date 21 = 26 July 2008
| bishop 22 = [[Ambrogio Spreafico]]
| consecration date 22 = 26 July 2008
| bishop 23 = [[Martin Krebs]]
| consecration date 23 = 16 November 2008
| bishop 24 = [[Luigi Bianco]]
| consecration date 24 = 25 April 2009
| bishop 25 = [[Jan Pawłowski]]
| consecration date 25 = 30 April 2009
| bishop 26 = [[Joseph Spiteri]]
| consecration date 26 = 24 May 2009
| bishop 27 = [[Mario Toso]] SDB
| consecration date 27 = 12 December 2009
| bishop 28 = [[Jean Laffitte]]
| consecration date 28 = 12 December 2009
| bishop 29 = [[Giovanni D’Ercole]] FDP
| consecration date 29 = 12 December 2009
| bishop 30 = [[Petar Rajič]]
| consecration date 30 = 23 January 2010
| bishop 31 = [[Piero Pioppo]]
| consecration date 31 = 18 March 2010
| bishop 32 = [[Novatus Rugambwa]]
| consecration date 32 = 18 March 2010
| bishop 33 = [[Eugene Nugent]]
| consecration date 33 = 18 March 2010
| bishop 34 = [[Valentino Di Cerbo]]
| consecration date 34 = 1 May 2010
| bishop 35 = [[Giorgio Lingua]]
| consecration date 35 = 9 October 2010
| bishop 36 = [[Barthélemy Adoukonou]]
| consecration date 36 = 8 October 2011
}}
{{Infobox cardinal styles
| cardinal name = Tarcisio Bertone
| dipstyle = [[His Eminence]]
| offstyle = Your Eminence
| relstyle = [[Monsignor]]
| see = Frascati ([[Suburbicarian]])
| deathstyle =
| image = Coat of arms of Tarcisio Bertone.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

'''Tarcisio Pietro Evasio Bertone''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]]}} (born 2 December 1934) is an Italian [[prelate]] and a Vatican diplomat. A [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] of the Catholic Church, he served as [[Archbishop of Vercelli]] from 1991 to 1995, as Secretary of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later [[Pope Benedict XVI]]) was Prefect, [[Archbishop of Genoa]] from 2002 to 2006, and as [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] from 2006 to 2013. Bertone was elevated to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]] in 2003. On 10 May 2008, he was named [[Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati]].

Bertone served as [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church|Camerlengo]] from 2007 to 2014. In the period between Pope Benedict XVI's [[Resignation of Benedict XVI|resignation]] on 28 February 2013 and the [[Conclave of 2013|election]] of [[Pope Francis]] on 13 March 2013, he served temporarily as the administrator of the Holy See and acting head of state of the [[Vatican City State]]. He was considered a contender to succeed Benedict XVI.<ref name="Staking a Wager">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/28/world/europe/vatican-pope-odds/index.html |title=Staking a wager on the next pope |publisher=CNN }}</ref>

Besides his native Italian, Bertone speaks fluent French, Spanish, German and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. He has some knowledge of English, although he is not fluent, and he can read [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].

==Early life==
Bertone was born in [[Romano Canavese]], Piedmont, the fifth of eight children. Bertone has stated that his mother was a determined anti-fascist militant of the [[Italian People's Party (1919)|Italian People's Party]], and later a [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democrat]].

He professed his vows as a member of the [[Salesians of Don Bosco|Salesians]] on 3 December 1950 and was ordained a priest by Archbishop Albino Mensa on 1 July 1960. He holds a doctorate in [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]]. His dissertation was entitled ''The Governance of the Church in the Thought of [[Pope Benedict XIV]] (1740–1758)''.<ref>Zenit. [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130305210953/http://www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=94924 Cardinal Bertone Prefers Activity to Study] 15 September 2006</ref> He served as Professor of Special [[Moral Theology]] at the [[Pontifical Salesian University]] from 1967 until his appointment as Professor of Canon Law in 1976, a post he held until 1991. He was a visiting professor of Public Ecclesiastical Law at the Institute Utriusque Iuris of the [[Pontifical Lateran University]] in 1978. He was commissioned by Pope John Paul II to assist [[Emmanuel Milingo]], Archbishop Emeritus of [[Lusaka]], Zambia, in returning to the Catholic Church in 2001. Milingo had left the Church to marry Maria Sung of Sun Myung Moon's [[Unification Church]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zenit.org/article-2171?l=english |title=Archbishop Milingo Criticizes Moon Sect |publisher=ZENIT |date=27 August 2001 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319073218/http://www.zenit.org/article-2171?l=english |archivedate=19 March 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Archbishop and Cardinal==
On 4 July 1991, Bertone was appointed [[Archbishop of Vercelli]] by [[Pope John Paul II]]. He was consecrated bishop one month later by Archbishop Mensa, who had also ordained him priest. He held this post until his resignation in 1995 upon being named Secretary of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] under Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who later became [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. Appointed [[Archdiocese of Genoa|Archbishop of Genoa]] on 10 December 2002 and installed on 2 February 2003, Bertone was elevated to the [[College of Cardinals]] in the consistory of 21 October 2003, as [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome|Santa Maria Ausiliatrice in Via Tuscolana]].

According to Bertone's secretary, "Bertone once decided to take a public bus to the [[Apostolic Palace]]. As the Cardinal in his long black cassock and red fascia strode on to the bus, the people, especially a group of young people, stared in silence. Bertone immediately broke the ice with his 'characteristic' smile. By the time he reached his destination the prelate had engaged the youth in a deep conversation on love, sex, virginity, and chastity".<ref name="The Faithful Secretary">Whispers in the Loggia. [http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2006/08/faithful-secretary.html The Faithful Secretary] 18 August 2006</ref>

He later specialized in the relationship between social morality, faith and politics. He also assisted with the revision of the 1983 [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Code of Canon Law]] and undertook pastoral work in parishes. In the [[Jubilee (Christian)|Jubilee Year]] 2000, Bertone was entrusted by John Paul II with the publication of the third [[Three Secrets of Fatima|secret of Fatima]].

Bertone was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2005|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2005|2005 papal conclave]] that selected [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. He also participated as a [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal elector]] in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that elected [[Pope Francis]]. Having passed 80, he will not be an elector of the next pope.

==Cardinal Secretary of State==
[[File:Coat of arms of Tarcisio Bertone (Camerlengo).svg|thumbnail|left|Coat of arms of cardinal Bertone as camerlengo]]
On 22 June 2006, Benedict XVI appointed Cardinal Bertone to replace [[Angelo Sodano]] as the [[Cardinal Secretary of State]]. He assumed the office on 15 September. On 26 June 2006 Bertone was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=195691 |title=Presidenza della Repubblica |publisher=Quirinale.it |date=26 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108071025/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=195691 |archivedate=8 November 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Complaints about Bertone's performance as secretary of state began early in his tenure. He had no prior experience in the Vatican’s diplomatic corps.<ref name=nyrb/>

Two weeks before entering office, asked about reforms of the [[Roman Curia]], Bertone remarked, "After almost two decades, an evaluation of how the [[dicastery|dicasteries]] are organised is more than comprehensible, in order to reflect on how to make the existing structures more efficient for the mission of the Church and eventually to consider whether all of them should be maintained".<ref>CathNews. [http://www.cathnews.com/news/608/181.php Cardinal Bertone Wants to be Secretary of Church Not State] 31 August 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831230653/http://www.cathnews.com/news/608/181.php |date=31 August 2006 }}</ref>

On 4 April 2007, Benedict XVI appointed Bertone as [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] (or Chamberlain). The duties of the Camerlengo are largely confined to administration during the [[Sede vacante|vacancy]] of the Holy See.<ref>[http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/19982.php?index=19982&po_date=04.04.2007&lang=fr Press Office of the Holy See RINUNCE E NOMINE, 04.04.2007]{{dead link|date=November 2015}}</ref> On 10 May 2008 he was promoted to the rank of Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/22113.php?index=22113&lang=en |title=Archived copy |accessdate=10 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520052545/http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/22113.php?index=22113&lang=en |archivedate=20 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

After he was named Archbishop of Vercelli he "locked himself in his room all night and studied the life of [[Eusebius of Vercelli|Saint Eusebius]], who was bishop of the city back in 345 AD".<ref name="The Faithful Secretary" />

When [[Pope Benedict XVI]] resigned on 28 February 2013, Bertone as Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church was the acting sovereign for [[Vatican City]] State and administrator for the Holy See until the election of a new pope.

On 13 February 2013, at the last public Mass of [[Pope Benedict XVI]] before his resignation took effect on 28 February, Bertone praised Pope Benedict, "We would not be honest, Your Holiness, if we said that this evening there is not a hint of sadness in our hearts. In recent years, your teaching has been a window open onto the Church and the world, which let in the rays of truth and love of God, to enlighten and warm our journey, even and especially at times when clouds gathered in the sky". Bertone continued: "All of us have realized that it is precisely the deep love that Your Holiness has for God and the Church that prompted you to make this act, revealing that purity of mind, that strong and demanding faith, that strength of humility and meekness, along with great courage, that have marked every step of your life and your ministry".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/cardinal-bertone-s-farewell-address-to-the-holy-father |title=Farewell address to the Holy Father |publisher=Zenit.org |date=13 February 2013}}</ref>

He was the second most senior cardinal-elector in order of precedence among the cardinal-electors who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 conclave]] that elected [[Pope Francis]], after the presiding cardinal [[Giovanni Battista Re]].<ref name="list">{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/electors-a-z.htm |title=Cardinal electors – Conclave of March 2013 – Arranged in alphabetical order |publisher=Salvador Miranda |accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Salvador Miranda">{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xxi.htm#2013 |title=Conclave of March 2013 |publisher=Salvador Miranda |accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref> Cardinal Bertone himself was seen as a contender to succeed to the papacy,<ref name="Staking a Wager"/><ref name="businessinsider">{{cite web |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/meet-the-man-who-will-be-the-next-pope-2012-4?op=1 |title=One Of These Men Will Be The Next Pope |date=11 February 2013 |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> although his chances as a ''papabile'' were thought diminished by the perception that he was a "potential scandal in the making".<ref name="businessinsider"/> At Pope Francis' [[papal inauguration of Pope Francis|inauguration]], Bertone was one of the six cardinals who made the public act of obedience on behalf of the [[College of Cardinals]].{{efn|The other five cardinals were [[Giovanni Battista Re]], [[Joachim Meisner]], [[Jozef Tomko]], [[Renato Martino|Renato Raffaele Martino]] and [[Francesco Marchisano]]. Bertone and Re (the presiding cardinal at the conclave) represented the cardinal-bishops; Meisner and Tomko represented the cardinal priests; and Martino and Marchisano represented the cardinal-deacons.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lastampa.it/2013/03/19/esteri/vatican-insider/it/il-giorno-di-papa-francesco-vfk0DkkHRblxoHmyjsM92K/pagina.html|title=Il giorno di Papa Francesco: La messa di inizio pontificato in Piazza San Pietro|language=Italian |date=19 March 2013|accessdate=15 October 2013|first=Luca|last=Rolandi}}</ref><ref name="Inauguration video">{{YouTube|id=L8UkpJI-6hM|title=Inaugural Mass of the Pontificate (Vatican video of Pope Francis' papal inauguration)}}</ref>

He was a member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], [[Congregation for the Clergy]], [[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]], [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]], [[Congregation for Bishops]] and [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]] until his 80th birthday on 2 December 2014.

==Controversies==

===''The Da Vinci Code''===

On 15 March 2005, Bertone was in the news for "breaking the Church's silence" and criticizing [[Dan Brown]]'s 2003 novel ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'', saying the book was "shameful and full of unfounded lies", and that believers should boycott the book. Both Bertone and official Vatican spokespeople insisted that Bertone was not speaking as an official representative of the Church, but it was also noted that Bertone's high placement within the [[Catholic Church hierarchy|Church hierarchy]] and the fact that he was often named as a [[Papabile|potential candidate]] for the papacy gave his words considerable weight, such that his comments were often reported by various media as an official statement from the Vatican.<ref>BBC News. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4350625.stm Church Fights Da Vinci Code Novel] 15 March 2006</ref> In 2006, the [[National Broadcasting Corporation|NBC]] news program ''[[Dateline NBC|Dateline]]'' described his statement as "a high-ranking Vatican Cardinal called for a boycott of the film."{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

===Church and sports===
Bertone suggested in December 2006 that the [[Holy See]] "could, in future, field a team that plays at the top level, with Roma, [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]], Genoa and Sampdoria." He continued: "If we just take the Brazilian students from our Pontifical universities we could have a magnificent squad".<ref>Telegraph. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/19/wvatican19.xml Vatican Wants to Play Priests in Serie A] 20 December 2006</ref> Hours later he said "I've got much more to do than cultivating a football squad for the Vatican" and explained that his earlier remark was not intended to be taken seriously.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_6195000/6195077.stm |title=Vatican plays down soccer 'joke' |date=19 December 2006|accessdate=19 March 2009 |publisher=BBC News |author=David Willey}}</ref>

===Defense of Pius XII===
On 5 June 2007, at a conference announcing the release of a new biography of [[Pope Pius XII]], Bertone defended Pius against claims of indifference toward the Jews during [[the Holocaust]]. The cardinal condemned this accusation as a "black legend" and "an attack on good sense and on rationality", which has "become so firmly established that even to scratch it is an arduous task". Although he admitted that Pius XII had been "cautious" in condemning [[Nazi Germany]], Bertone stated that Nazi forces would have intensified its program of [[genocide]] had the Pope been more outspoken.<ref>Catholic World News. [http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=51612 Strong Defense of Pius XII by Cardinal Bertone] 6 June 2007</ref>

===Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy===
{{See also|Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy}}
On 16 September 2006, Bertone, after one day as [[Cardinal Secretary of State]], released a declaration explaining that the "position of the Pope concerning Islam is unequivocally that expressed by the conciliar document ''[[Nostra aetate]]''" and that "the Pope's option in favour of inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue is equally unequivocal."<ref>Libreria Editrice Vaticana, [http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/18815.php?index=18815&lang=en#TRADUZIONE%20IN%20LINGUA%20INGLESE "Traduzione In Lingua Inglesse"] 16 September 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004143825/http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/18815.php?index=18815&lang=en#TRADUZIONE%20IN%20LINGUA%20INGLESE |date=4 October 2009 }}</ref> He said:<ref>Reuters. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/09/16/upope.xml "Pope apologises to Muslims"], 16 September 2006</ref><ref>Associated Press. [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/14861689/ "Pope 'sincerely regrets' he offended Muslims"] 16 September 2006</ref>
{{quote|As for the opinion of the Byzantine emperor [[Manuel II Paleologus]] which he quoted during his Regensburg talk, the Holy Father did not mean, nor does he mean, to make that opinion his own in any way. He simply used it as a means to undertake—in an academic context, and as is evident from a complete and attentive reading of the text—certain reflections on the theme of the relationship between religion and violence in general, and to conclude with a clear and radical rejection of the religious motivation for violence, from whatever side it may come. [The Pope] sincerely regrets that certain passages of his address could have sounded offensive to the sensitivities of the Muslim faithful and should have been interpreted in a manner that in no way corresponds to his intentions.}}

===Comments by Patriarch Alexius II===
On 5 December 2006, [[Patriarch Alexius II]] accused the [[Holy See]] of an "extremely unfriendly policy" when he said that the Catholic Church was poaching converts in Orthodox lands in [[Russia]] and other ex-[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] republics. Bertone said in response: "We do not want to engage in proselytism in Russia".<ref>Zenit. [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130306113030/http://www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=99421 Cardinal Bertone: We Don't Proselytize] 5 December 2006</ref>

===Media===
In 2007, Bertone "blasted the media for highlighting the Vatican's views on sex while maintaining a 'deafening silence' about charity work done by thousands of Catholic organisations around the world."<ref>Moora. [http://moora.yourguide.com.au/detail.asp?class=international%20news&subclass=general&story_id=571516&category=general Pope's Aide Blasts Church Media Coverage] 1 April 2007 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He continued: "I see a fixation by some journalists on moral topics, such as abortion and homosexual unions, which are certainly important issues but absolutely do not constitute the thinking and work of the Church."

===Proposed excommunication of drug dealers===
On 14 January 2009, Bertone suggested that the Church would consider taking much stronger action against drug dealers. This action might possibly include [[excommunication]]. He made a statement about the Church's alarm at the "disaster" of drug-fuelled violence on the eve of a trip to [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/01/14/2465339.htm |title=Cardinal flags excommunication for drug traffickers |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=14 January 2009}}</ref>

===Support for universal and free access to anti-HIV drugs===
On 22 June 2012, in an online news story article by Cindy Wooden of [[Catholic News Service]] (CNS), it was reported that, in a conference in Rome on the prevention of the transmission of HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) from mothers to children sponsored by the lay [[Community of Sant'Egidio]] (which runs the DREAM project, a free HIV prevention/treatment program in 10 African countries), the Cardinal Secretary of State urged that full and easy access to antiretroviral drugs be made free worldwide (these are drugs, such as [[AZT]], that can treat, and in some cases, can prevent people from getting, HIV; they do not presently cure HIV once it has infected someone). Bertone acknowledged that the only way this would be remotely feasible, especially in Africa – where the efforts would be most needed and focused – would be through a collaborative effort involving aid groups, governments, donors, medical groups, pharmaceutical companies, and churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1202664.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121205205236/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1202664.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=5 December 2012 |title=Top Vatican official calls for free universal access to AIDS therapy |publisher=Catholicnews.com }}</ref>

===Our Lady of Fatima===
{{See also|Three Secrets of Fátima#Third Secret controversy}}
Bertone came under fire by [[Antonio Socci]], [[Christopher Ferrara]], and others for allegedly manipulating the "third secret" of [[Our Lady of Fatima]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/Archives/archive-2007-05310-bertone_vs.htm|title=Bertone vs|work=remnantnewspaper.com}}</ref> In a 2007 address on the release of his book (''The Last Secret of Fatima''), he emphasized the more private nature of apparitions, urged caution in accepting them, and said "the fullness of [Fatima's] message...touches the hearts of human beings, inviting them to conversion and to co-responsibility for the world's salvation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/card-bertone/2007/documents/rc_seg-st_20070921_univ-urbaniana_en.html|title=Presentation of the book entitled "L'ultima veggente di Fatima. I miei colloqui con Suor Lucia"|author=|date=|website=www.Vatican.va|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>

===Homosexuality to blame for child abuse by priests===
On a visit to Chile in April 2010, Bertone commented on the psychology of child abusers, suggesting a predisposition between those that are homosexual to engage in child abuse:<ref>{{cite news | publisher = BBC | access-date = 4 November 2015 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8620135.stm | date= 14 April 2010 | title = Vatican 'clarifies' cardinal's homosexuality abuse link}}</ref>
{{quote|Many psychologists, many psychiatrists have demonstrated that there is no relationship between celibacy and paedophilia but many others have demonstrated, I was told recently, that there is a relationship between homosexuality and paedophilia.}}
Gay rights groups condemned his remarks. The head of one gay rights organization said that for someone of Bertone's stature "to dump the blame on homosexuals ... says a lot about the current state of desperation in the Vatican".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/13/vatican-homosexuality-paedophilia-claim-condemned |title=Vatican attacked over cardinal's claim of homosexuality and paedophilia link |work=The Guardian |date=13 April 2010 |accessdate = 4 November 2015}}</ref>

===Holocaust denying bishop===
In 1988 Bertone was appointed to a group of experts that assisted [[Pope Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]] in negotiations with the excommunicated [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]]. In January 2009, Pope Benedict lifted the excommunication pronounced on four bishops created by Lefebvre as a gesture towards reconciliation. The same day, an interview on Swedish television was broadcast in which one of the bishops, [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Richard Williamson]], supported ideas denying the Holocaust. An ensuing media uproar questioned why the Pope would welcome a Holocaust denier who had previously been accused of [[antisemitism]]. Both Cardinal [[Giovanni Battista Re]], prefect of the congregation for bishops, who signed the decree and Cardinal [[Darío Castrillón Hoyos]], president of the pontifical commission "Ecclesia Dei," which dealt with the followers of Lefebvre said that they were taken by surprise, and were never aware that Williamson was a Holocaust denier. As the Secretary of State has direct access to the pope, and oversees the implementation and coordination of his decisions, many in the media questioned why Bertone didn't insure that an adequate background review was conducted, particularly as it would only have required an internet search. This gave the appearance of a disorganized curia.<ref>[http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/214368?eng=y&refresh_ce Sandro, Magister. "Double Disaster at the Vatican: Of Governance, and of Communication", ''Chiesa'', 4 February 2009]</ref>

===Vatileaks===
{{See also|Vatileaks}}

Bertone figured prominently in documents leaked to the media in which Bertone appears to have reproved the general secretary of the Vatican governorate, Archbishop [[Carlo Maria Viganò]], for reporting detailed evidence of nepotism, cronyism, and general mismanagement. Viganò was subsequently transferred from the Vatican to Washington D.C. as Apostolic Nuncio.<ref name=nyrb>[http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/jun/16/fall-vice-pope-bertone/ Rowland, Ingrid D. "The Fall of the Vice-Pope", ''The New York Review of Books'', 16 June 2014]</ref>

Bertone blamed the scandal over leaked Vatican documents on unethical journalists and a spirit of hostility toward the Catholic Church. "Many journalists play at imitating [[Dan Brown]]", said Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, in an interview with the Italian magazine Famiglia Cristiana. "They continue to invent fables or repeat legends." Bertone made his remarks as Vatican judges were investigating leaks to Italian journalists of dozens of documents, including letters to the pope and encrypted cables from Vatican embassies around the world, several of which hint at power struggles among officials of the Holy See. "The truth is that there is a malicious will to produce division" among the collaborators of Pope Benedict XVI, he said.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1202566.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121205205256/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1202566.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=5 December 2012 |title=Denouncing leaks, top Vatican official likens journalists to Dan Brown |publisher=Catholicnews.com }}</ref>

During and after the [[Vatican leaks scandal]], Bertone was widely blamed for [[cronyism]], failing to address [[corruption]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/vatileaks-vatican-bank-tarcisio-bertone-2012-6|title=This Growing Scandal Could Bring Down The Second Most Important Person In The Vatican|date=20 June 2012|work=Business Insider}}</ref> and failing to prevent many financial and ethical scandals under [[Benedict XVI]].<ref name="Reuters1/10/2013">[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/15/us-vatican-bertone-idUSBRE99E0L220131015 Vatican official blamed for spate of scandals leaves office]</ref>

===Financial irregularities===

During an inflight news conference on his return to Rome from the Holy Land in May 2014, Pope Francis confirmed reports the Vatican is investigating charges against its former secretary of state misappropriated $20 million from the Vatican bank. The pope also was asked about reports that Bertone mishandled 15 million euro (about $20.5 million) in funds held by the [[Institute for the Works of Religion]], commonly known as the Vatican bank. "It's something being studied, it's not clear," the pope said. "Maybe it's the truth, but at this moment it's not definitive."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1402173.htm|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150109105252/http%3A//www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1402173.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=9 January 2015|title=Catholic News Service|work=catholicnews.com}}</ref> This money was transferred from to a private company, Lux Vide when Bertone was in charge under Benedict XVI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guardianlv.com/2014/05/pope-francis-contemplates-retirement/|title=Pope Francis Contemplates Retirement|author=Jerry Nelson|work=Guardian Liberty Voice}}</ref>

===Apartment renovation===
Between November 2013 and May 2014, Bertone combined and renovated two apartments in the San Carlo Palace in Vatican City to create a single residence for himself, a secretary, and three nuns, reportedly a total of {{convert|6500|sqft|m2|0|adj=mid|order=flip}} and a roof terrace. Bertone said he was renovating the apartment at his own expense, that it is half the size reported, and that Pope Francis telephoned him to express support when he was attacked in the press for expenditure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/cardinal-bertone-defends-himself-against-accusations-of-luxury/|title=Cardinal Bertone defends himself against accusations of luxury|work=Catholic News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10777482/Cardinals-vast-luxury-apartment-in-Vatican-angers-Pope.html|title=Cardinal's vast luxury apartment in Vatican angers Pope|date=20 April 2014|work=The Telegraph| accessdate=13 July 2017}}</ref> Bertone responded to reports that monies belong to [[Bambino Gesù Hospital]] had been used for the construction work, he donated 150,000 euros to the hospital.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Horowitz|first1=Jason|title=Two Ex-Officials of Vatican-Run Hospital Charged With Misusing Money|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/world/europe/vatican-cardinal-bertone-hospital.html|accessdate=13 July 2017|work=New York Times|date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

On 13 July 2017, the Tribunal of the Vatican City State charged Giuseppe Profiti, former president of the hospital, and Massimo Spina, its former treasurer, with illicitly using 422,000 euros belonging to the hospital's foundation to renovate the apartment.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/07/13/vatican-charges-former-bambino-gesu-hospital-officials-misusing-funds-refurbish | accessdate = 13 July 2017 | date= 13 July 2017 | work = America | title = Vatican charges former Bambino Gesu Hospital officials with misusing funds to refurbish Cardinal Bertone residence | first= Gerard | last = O'Connell}}</ref> Profiti said the monies were an investment that would enable the foundation to hold fundraising events at the property.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vatican charges two former hospital officials with stealing money to furnish cardinal’s apartment|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/07/13/vatican-charges-two-former-hospital-officials-with-stealing-money-to-furnish-cardinals-apartment/|accessdate=13 July 2017|work=Catholic Herald|date=13 July 2017 | quote=Profiti resigned as president of Bambino Gesu in January 2015, nine months into a new three-year term.}}</ref> No charges have been filed against either Bertone, the Castelli Re construction company or its owner, Gianantonio Bandera, a longtime Bertone associate who pocketed nearly a quarter-million euros for the whole project.<ref>https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-07-17/a-cardinal-a-terrace-and-another-scandal-for-pope-francis</ref> After the trial's first hearing on 18 July, it was announced that the trial was adjourned until 7 September<ref name="usnewstrial "/> and that court officials were open to the possibility that Bertone could be summoned as a witness when the trial resumes.<ref name="usnewstrial">https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-07-18/vatican-hospital-corruption-trial-starts-with-setbacks-for-defense</ref>

On 7 September, the trial began and went into recess after one day when it was announced that new evidence emerged<ref name=trialresumes1>{{cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/news-analysis/2017/09/07/day-one-vatican-trial-ends-whimper-case-hold-sept-19/|title=Day One of Vatican trial ends with a whimper, as case on hold until Sept. 19|author=|date=7 September 2017|website=CruxNow.com|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> and the defense and the prosecution requested more time to study a memorandum from Bambino Gesu Hospital’s current head given to the tribunal a day earlier emerged.<ref name="trialresumes2">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/the-latest-young-colombians-serenade-pope-as-his-day-ends/2017/09/06/e7d4ff98-9360-11e7-8482-8dc9a7af29f9_story.html|title=- The Washington Post|author=|date=|website=Washington Post|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> Dates were set for the court to be in session again on 19, 20, 21 and 22 September, first to hear from the defendants themselves, and then from roughly 7 projected witnesses, four called by prosecutors and three by the two defense teams<ref name="trialresumes1" /> between 21 and 22 September.<ref name="trialresumes2" /> No details have emerged on whether or not Bertone will testify.

On 19 September, Profiti testified that hospital funds were used for the renovation with the idea that Cardinal Bertone could host intimate dinners for eight to ten wealthy potential donors at a time at least six times a year,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20170920/cardinals-luxury-penthouse-probed-in-vatican-corruption-trial|title=Vatican corruption trial: Charity directors 'revamped cardinal's flat with hospital money'|author=|date=20 September 2017|website=TheLocal.it|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="sept19">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article174169061.html|title=Ex-head of Vatican hospital justifies apartment renovations|author=|date=|website=MiamiHerald.com|access-date=30 September 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922050542/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article174169061.html|archivedate=22 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> though no meetings were ever reported to have been held in Bertone's apartment.<ref name=sept19 /> On 22 September, an official of the Government of the Vatican City State testified that the remodeling project for Bertone's apartment bypassed the normal competitive bidding process and was "singular " and "anomalous."<ref>https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/09/22/vatican-trial-witness-calls-spending-cardinals-apartment-anomalous/</ref> The same day, Spina testified that his immediate superior “told me there were no problems because Cardinal Bertone had clarified the situation with the Holy Father in person.”<ref>https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=32996</ref>

On 3 October 2017, [[Gianantonio Bandera]], an Italian businessman whose now-bankrupt contracting firm renovated the apartment,<ref name=oct3>https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/10/03/testimony-vatican-trial-shows-cardinal-directly-involved/</ref> said that Bertone personally oversaw the renovation and contacted him directly without taking bids, as would ordinarily be required.<ref name=oct3 />

The three-judge tribunal overseeing the trial later acquitted Spina and convicted Profiti of a lesser offense of abuse of office after the defense argued that the money was intended as an investment to benefit the hospital rather than Bertone's apartment.<ref>http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/10/15/vatican-court-convicts-ex-hospital-president-of-diverting-donations/</ref>

===Vatican response to lavish lifestyle===
On 15 February 2018, Pope Francis ordering Vatican officials and bishops to lead simple lives and renounce any desire for power after they retire from senior positions. A number of Vatican officials and bishops, including Bertone, had come under fire in recent years for holding on to luxuries, such as large apartments and in some cases even police escorts, after they leave office. Aside from the controversy surrounding his apartment, Bertone was also seen using escorts of Vatican and Italian police to move around Rome even after he retired.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-bishops/pope-orders-retired-prelates-to-live-austerely-shun-power-idUSKCN1FZ1Q1</ref>

==Retirement==
Bertone's retirement as Secretary of State was announced on 31 August 2013 and became effective on 15 October.<ref>[https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2014/06/16/fall-vice-pope-bertone/ The fall of the vicepope], NYBooks, 16 June 2014.</ref> Pope Francis designated [[Pietro Parolin]] as his successor.<ref name="Reuters1/10/2013"/>

A few weeks after Bertone turned 80, Pope Francis named Cardinal [[Jean-Louis Tauran]] to replace him as [[Camerlengo]] of the Holy Roman Church on 20 December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McElwee|first1=Joshua J.|title=Francis names new Camerlengo, interim leader of Vatican at pope's death|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-names-new-camerlengo-interim-leader-church-popes-death|access-date=20 December 2014|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

In an interview in 2015 Bertone said that he was not surprised by the [[resignation of Pope Benedict XVI|resignation of Pope Benedict]]: "I had guessed it, but put it out my thoughts. I knew long in advance, at least seven months before. And I had many doubts. We debated the topic at length after it seemed already decided. I told him: Holy Father, you must bestow upon us the third volume on Jesus of Nazareth and the encyclopedia of faith, before you sign things over to Pope Francis".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/18/cardinal-tarcisio-bertone-pope_n_6699464.html| first=Andrea |last=Purgatori |title=Meet Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Pope Francis' Former Secretary Of State|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

==Distinctions==
In February 2010, President [[Lech Kaczyński]] of Poland conferred on the cardinal the country's highest decoration for foreign nationals, the Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of Poland]], "for the lofty merits acquired in the development of the collaboration between the Republic of Poland and the Holy See and for the work carried out in favor of the Church in Poland."

Bertone also received the Gaudium et Spes Award at the [[Knights of Columbus]] Supreme Convention in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cardinal Bertone receives Gaudium et Spes award from Knights|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/cardinal_bertone_receives_gaudium_et_spes_award_from_knights/|publisher=catholicnewsagency|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{cite web| accessdate = 26 November 2017| title= Bertone Card. Tarcisio, S.D.B. |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_bertone_t.html | dead-url=no | archive-date= 19 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919140319/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_bertone_t.html }}
* [http://www.catholic-pages.com/hierarchy/cardinals_bio.asp?ref=218 Biography at catholic-pages.com]
* [https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/hashanayobel/cardinals/profile1.htm%23Bertone&date=2009-10-25+23:43:47 Tarcisio Bertone, Salesian Cardinal]
* {{YouTube|x7UpxrG4Nm4|Salt+Light TV Interview: Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, SDB – Witness}}
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1584774,00.html Bertone interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101127050219/http://richardsipe.com/Doyle/1993-2007/2007-11-22-letter_to_cardinal_bertone.htm Thomas P. Doyle – Letter to Cardinal Bertone]
* [http://www.economist.com/node/21558249 God's bankers – Economist]
* [http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2014/06/16/fall-vice-pope-bertone/ Fall of the Vice-Pope - New York Review of Books]

{{Clear}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Roberto Giannatelli]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Salesian Pontifical University|Rector Magnificus of Salesian Pontifical University]]|years=1 June 1989 – 4 June 1991}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Raffaele Farina]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Albino Mensa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vercelli|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Vercelli]]|years=4 June 1991 – 13 June 1995}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Enrico Masseroni]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alberto Bovone]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Secretary of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]|years=13 June 1995 – 10 December 2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Angelo Amato]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dionigi Tettamanzi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Genoa|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Genoa]]|years=10 December 2002 – 15 September 2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Angelo Bagnasco]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pio Laghi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria Ausiliatrice in Via Tuscolana ''pro hac vice'' Title]]|years=21 October 2003 – 10 May 2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Paolo Sardi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Angelo Sodano]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cardinal Secretary of State]]|years=15 September 2006 – 15 October 2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pietro Parolin]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Eduardo Martínez Somalo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]]|years=4 April 2007 – 20 December 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jean-Louis Tauran]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alfonso López Trujillo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati]]|years=10 May 2008 – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bertone, Tarcisio}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Turin]]
[[Category:Italian cardinals]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Frascati]]
[[Category:Cardinal Secretaries of State]]
[[Category:Salesians of Don Bosco]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Genoa]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Clergy]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for Bishops]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]]
[[Category:Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Salesian Pontifical University alumni]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]

Catholic Church and homosexuality

2019-02-26T17:00:35Z

83.83.44.43: /* Bibliography */

{{For|a wider perspective|Christianity and homosexuality|Catholic theology of sexuality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Roman Catholicism}}
{{Christianity and sexual orientation}}

The [[Catholic Church]] prohibits sexual activity between members of the same sex while also teaching that LGBT people must be treated with respect. This teaching has developed through a number of ecumenical councils and the influence of theologians, including the [[Church Fathers]]. Historically, the [[Catholic Church]] has resisted the acceptance of [[homosexuality]] within Christian society and has on occasions punished those who have transgressed.

While varying from diocese to diocese, the Church also [[Pastoral care for gay Catholics|provides pastoral care for LGBT Catholics]] through a variety of official and unofficial channels. In many parts of the world, the Church is [[Political activity of the Catholic Church on LGBT issues|active politically]] against LGBT rights. The opinion of lay Catholics tends to be more supportive of gay marriage than the hierarchy. There have been a number of [[List of LGBT Catholics|notable Catholics who have been gay or bisexual]], including [[Homosexuality and Roman Catholic priests|priests]] and [[Gay bishops#Roman Catholic Church|bishops]]. There are groups, individuals, and ministries who support the Church's teaching, although LGBT activists and supporters around the world have protested against Church teaching and policy.

==Church teaching==

{{main|Catholic teaching on homosexuality}}

The Church teaches that, as one does not choose to be either homo- or heterosexual, being gay is not sinful in and of itself.<ref name=handbook/> However, just as it would be a sin for two unmarried people of different genders to engage in sexual activity, so too is it sinful for two people of the same gender.<ref name=handbook/> It therefore holds that being homosexual makes one inclined towards this particular sin.<ref name=Linacre/> The Church also teaches that LGBT people "must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity," and "every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided."<ref>{{CCC|pp=2357|end=2358}}</ref><ref name="Allen2013"/>

== History ==
{{main|History of the Catholic Church and homosexuality}}
{{see also|History of Christianity and homosexuality}}

The Christian tradition has generally prohibited any and all noncoital genital activities, whether engaged in by couples or individuals, regardless of whether they were of the same or different sex.<ref name="Siker"/>{{rp|193}} The Catholic Church's position specifically on homosexuality developed from the teachings of the [[Church Fathers]], which was in stark contrast to Greek and Roman attitudes towards same-sex relations including the "(usually erotic) homosexual relationship between an adult male and a pubescent or adolescent male" that is called [[pederasty]].<ref name="SacksMurray2014"/><ref name="Gagarin2010"/><ref name="Crompton2009"/>

Canon law regarding same-sex sexual activity has mainly been shaped through the decrees issued by a number of ecclesiastical councils.<ref>Derrick S. Bailey, ''Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition'', London, Longmans, Green, 1955, p185</ref> Initially, canons against sodomy were aimed at ensuring clerical or monastic discipline, and were only widened in the medieval period to include laymen.<ref>Derrick S. Bailey, ''Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition'', London, Longmans, Green, 1955, cited in [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/lgbcathbib1.asp Paul Halsall, "Homosexuality and Catholicism Bibliography"]</ref>

In the ''[[Summa Theologica]]'', [[Saint Thomas Aquinas]] stated that "the unnatural vice" is the greatest of the sins of lust.<ref name=summa/> In January 1976, [[Pope Paul VI]] published a homily, ''Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics'', that outlawed extra-marital sex, including gay sex,<ref name=statesman/> but homosexuality received no mention in papal [[encyclicals]] until [[Pope John Paul II]]'s ''[[Veritatis Splendor]]'' of 1993. In John Paul II's teaching, homosexual intercourse is performed by a choice of the will, unlike homosexual orientation, which he acknowledged is usually not a matter of free choice.<ref name="CurranCurran1998"/>

==Pastoral care for gay Catholics==
{{main|Pastoral care for gay Catholics}}

In response to the push within the United States for greater recognition within the Church for gay men and lesbian women, [[Courage International]] was established in New York City in September 1980. Chapters have subsequently been established around the world. Courage also has a ministry geared towards the relatives and friends of gay people called Encourage.<ref name=Encourage/>

Beginning in the 1970s, the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] have taught that gays "should have an active role in the Christian community" and have called on "all Christians and citizens of good will to confront their own fears about homosexuality and to curb the humor and discrimination that offend homosexual persons. We understand that having a homosexual orientation brings with it enough anxiety, pain and issues related to self-acceptance without society bringing additional prejudicial treatment."<ref name=Lifelong/>

A number of individual bishops around the world have held diocesan events with the goal of reaching out to gay Catholics and ministering to them, and more have spoken publicly about the need to love and welcome them into the church. Several assemblies of the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] have struck similar themes while maintaining that same-sex sexual activity is sinful. [[Pope Francis]] has also [[Pope Francis and homosexuality|spoken out]] about the need for pastoral care for gay and transgender Catholics, and has said that God made LGBT people that way.<ref name=Gallagher/>

In 2018, the Vatican used the acronym LGBT for the first time ever in an official document, in a paper which stated, “some LGBT youth” wanted to “benefit from greater closeness and experience greater care by the church.”<ref name=Barnes/> This move was regarded as intending a sign of respect to the community.<ref name=Gehring/>

On 26 August 2018, [[Pope Francis's visit to Ireland|while in Ireland]], [[Pope Francis]] said that homosexual people existed in the whole history of humankind. He also said Catholic parents should talk with their homosexual children, that they shouldn't be "thrown out" of the family, and clarified his belief that homosexuality is not an illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2018/08/don-t-throw-gay-children-out-of-home-pope-francis-urges-catholic-parents.html|title=Don't throw gay children out of home, Pope Francis urges Catholic parents|date=28 August 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>Jon Sharman, 28 August 2018: "Vatican clarifies Pope Francis comments on psychiatric help for gay children" in ''The Independent''</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Dissent from Church teaching==
{{main|Dissent from Catholic teaching on homosexuality}}
[[File:Flying rainbow flag at Taiwan Pride 20041106.jpg|thumb|A rainbow flag of the LGBT movement]]

There have a number of practical and ministerial disagreements within the clergy and hierarchy of the Catholic Church concerning the Church's position on homosexuality. A number of Catholics and Catholic groups have sought to adopt an approach they consider to be more inclusive.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/pope-denounces-gay-marriage-annual-xmas-message-article-1.1225960 |work=NY Daily News |date=22 December 2012 |title=Pope Benedict denounces gay marriage during his annual Christmas message |first=Carol |last=Kuruvilla |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/26/us/around-the-nation-catholic-group-provokes-debate-on-homosexuals.html | work=The New York Times | title=AROUND THE NATION; Catholic Group Provokes Debate on Homosexuals | date=26 September 1982 | accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boulderdailycamera.com/livingarts/religion/25pgay.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040105055504/http://www.boulderdailycamera.com/livingarts/religion/25pgay.html |archivedate=5 January 2004 |title=Boulder DailyCamera.com: Colorado, News, Business, Sports, Homes, Jobs, Cars & Information |publisher=Boulder Daily Camera |accessdate=5 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2008/07/08/wyd-site-limits-gay-debate/533 |title=WYD site limits gay debate | Star Online |publisher=Starobserver.com.au |accessdate=5 December 2011}}</ref>

Such individuals and groups make the general argument that the Catholic Church's line on homosexuality emphasises the physical dimension of the act at the expense of higher moral, personal and spiritual goals.<ref>John J. Allen, ''The Catholic Church: What everyone needs to know'', USA, 2013, p.125</ref> Many gay and lesbian Catholics also feel that the practice of total, lifelong sexual denial risks personal isolation.<ref name="Siker"/>{{rp|194}} [[John J. McNeill]] writes that since gay people experience their sexual orientation as innately created, to believe that it is therefore a tendency towards evil would require believing in a sadistic God; and that it is preferable to believe that this element of Church teaching is mistaken in arguing that God would behave in such a way.<ref name="McNeill4"/>

In several cases, clergy or laypeople have been fired from jobs at Catholic schools or universities because of their support for LGBT rights campaigns<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/religion/2015/07/21/fired-priest-pope-listen-lgbt-catholics-concerns|title=Fired Priest to Pope: Listen to LGBT Catholics' Concerns|date=21 July 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/warren-hall-pope-francis_55ad6324e4b0caf721b39e2c | work=Huffington Post | title=Gay Priest Fired From Chaplain Job Asks Pope To Meet LGBT Catholics In U.S | date=20 July 2015}}</ref> or their marriages to partners of the same sex.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/education/20150717_Deja_vu__Gay_Catholic_teacher_recalls_his_firing.html#kX1iYHG86vV2GuY1.99|title=Déjà vu: Gay Catholic teacher recalls his firing|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2015-07-16/news/64454387_1_pope-francis-chaput-catholic-church|title=Archives - Philly.com|website=articles.philly.com}}</ref> In the United States, more than 50 people have reported losing their jobs at Catholic institutions since 2010 over their sexual orientation or identity, according to New Ways Ministries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/catholics-wrestle-with-teachings-as-gay-employees-dismissed/321174451/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2 September 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813003114/http://www.startribune.com/catholics-wrestle-with-teachings-as-gay-employees-dismissed/321174451/ |archivedate=13 August 2015 |df= }}</ref>

In response to Church policy in the area of safe-sex education, AIDS, and gay rights, some gay rights activists have protested both inside and outside of Catholic churches in the United States, sometimes disrupting masses. This includes at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception|National Shrine]] in Washington,<ref name=arrested/><ref name=sash/> and during mass at [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] in New York<ref name=sash/><ref name=arrested/><ref name=pilot/> where they [[Host desecration|desecrated a communion wafer]].<ref name=keane/><ref name="ACTUPNY"/><ref name=Wages/><ref name=rude/> They have also held a protest outside an ordination of priests at the [[Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)|Cathedral of the Holy Cross]] in Boston.<ref name=pilot/><ref name=law/><ref name=crimson/> Others have splattered paint on four churches in Los Angeles.<ref name=soble/> Outside of the United States, a number of activists for gay rights and women's rights drenched an archbishop with water.<ref name=femen/> In 1998, [[Alfredo Ormando]] died after setting himself on fire to protest the church's position on homosexuality.<ref name=fire/>

==Defense of Church teaching==
The [[Knights of Columbus]], a Catholic fraternal organisation, have also been active in political campaigns across the United States to oppose the legal introduction of [[same-sex marriage]]. The Order contributed over $14 million, one of the largest amounts nationwide, to help maintain the legal definition of marriage as one man and one woman in Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, and Washington.<ref name=pro/><ref name=darrin /> The [[Catholic Medical Association]] of North America claims that [[science]] "counters the [[myth]] that same-sex attraction is genetically predetermined and unchangeable, and offers hope for prevention and treatment."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/homosexuality-cure-masters-johnson/ |title=Can Psychiatrists Really "Cure" Homosexuality? |author=Thomas Maier|date=22 April 2009|accessdate=23 July 2014}}</ref>

The [[Catholic League (US)|Catholic League]], a Catholic anti-defamation and civil rights organization, has frequently opposed LGBT policies and positive depictions of gay men and women. Its president, [[Bill Donohue]] has described the Church child sex abuse crisis as a "homosexual" problem rather than a "pedophilia" problem since most of the incidents involved sex between men and boys rather than girls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2010/04/02/expert-donohues-claim-that-most-abusive-priests/162640|title=Expert: Donohue's claim that most abusive priests are gay is "unwarranted"|date=2 April 2010|publisher=}}</ref> Donohue has repeatedly opposed the inclusion of LGBT groups in St Patrick's Day Marches across the US. After organizers of the NYC St. Patrick's Day parade announced in 2015 that they were ending the ban and allowing a gay group to march under its own banner for the first time, Donohue announced that the League would not march in the parade. He also indicated his belief that 'Corporate America' was lined up with the gay rights movement: "It's not a secret. And they've done the same thing here."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/09/11/catholic-league-says-it-will-not-march-in-2015-st-patricks-day-parade/|title=Catholic League Says It Will Not March In 2015 St. Patrick's Day Parade|publisher=}}</ref> In 2016 the Catholic League publicly supported the cancellation of the gay-themed sitcom, [[The Real O'Neals]], which had been loosely based on the life of columnist [[Dan Savage]] and dealt with his conservative Catholic mother's reaction to his sexuality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2017/05/12/gay-catholic-sitcom-the-real-oneals-got-cancelled-and-homophobes-are-overjoyed/|title=Gay sitcom The Real O'Neals got cancelled and homophobes are overjoyed|publisher=}}</ref>

The Youth Ministry organization [[Life Teen]] has a series of blog posts written on the topic of the love God has for LGBT people, explaining the Church's teaching, and offering advice on how LGBT people can live in harmony with the Church's teaching.<ref name=lt/> It also features a number of entries written by gay and transgender Catholics.<ref name=lt/>

==Gay clergy==
{{Main|Homosexual clergy in the Catholic Church|Gay bishops#Roman Catholic Church}}

Homosexual clergy, and homosexual activity by clergy, are not exclusively modern phenomena, but rather date back centuries.<ref name=halsall>Paul Halsall: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/homo-damian1.html Peter Damian: Liber Gomorrhianus] Medieval Sourcebook. April 2006.</ref> Estimates presented in Donald B. Cozzens' book ''The Changing Face of the Priesthood'' of the percentage of contemporary gay priests range from 23–58%, suggesting a higher than average numbers of homosexual men (active and non-active) within the Catholic priesthood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=2297 |title=The Church and the Homosexual Priest |first=James |last=Martin |date=4 November 2000 |work=[[America (Jesuit magazine)|America]]}}</ref> Instructions from Vatican bodies on admitting gay men to the priesthood have varied over time. In the 1960s chaste gay men were allowed but, by 2005 a new directive banned gay men "while profoundly respecting the persons in question."<ref name="Richard Scorer 2014, p20"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html|title=Criteria for the Discernment of Vocation for Persons with Homosexual Tendencies|website=www.vatican.va|accessdate=20 July 2018}}</ref>

The existence of gay [[bishop]]s is a matter of historical record.<ref>''Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality'', by John Boswell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 211 f.</ref> Homosexual activity was engaged in secretly. When it was made public, official response ranged from inaction to expulsion from [[Holy Orders]].<ref name="Boswell, 214-15">Boswell, 214-15</ref> Although homosexual sexual acts have been consistently condemned by the Catholic Church, a number of senior members of the clergy have been found or alleged to have had homosexual relationships - including [[Rembert Weakland]], [[Juan Carlos Maccarone]], [[Francisco Domingo Barbosa Da Silveira]], and [[Keith O'Brien]].<ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/dreher/dreher052402.asp NationalReview] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515135544/http://www.nationalreview.com/dreher/dreher052402.asp |date=15 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=3332 |title=Queer:Bischof zurückgetreten (german) |publisher=Queer.de |date=25 August 2005 |accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=derStandard.at |url=http://derstandard.at/fs/1245820599221/Bischof-trat-nach-schweren-Vorwuerfen-zurueck |title=Der Standard:Bischof trat nach schweren Vorwürfen zurück (German) |publisher=Derstandard.at |accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/23/cardinal-keith-o-brien-accused-inappropriate Catherine Deveney, "UK's top cardinal accused of 'inappropriate acts' by priests" in ''The Guardian'', 23 February 2013]</ref> A number of Popes were thought to have been [[homosexual]] or to have had male sexual partners - including [[Pope Benedict IX]], [[Pope Paul II]], Pope [[Sixtus IV]], Pope [[Leo X]], Pope [[Julius II]] and Pope [[Julius III]].<ref>C. Falconi, ''Leone X'', Milan, 1987</ref><ref>Burkle-Young, Francis A., and Michael Leopoldo Doerrer. ''The Life of Cardinal Innocenzo del Monte: A Scandal in Scarlet'', Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1997</ref>

==Political activity==
{{main|Political activity of the Catholic Church on LGBT issues}}
The Church supports legislation that conforms with [[Catholic moral theology]] and [[Catholic Social Teaching]] surrounding issues of importance to LGBT peoples. The Church condemns all forms of violence against LGBT people and all criminal penalties against them, and also supports legally defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman. The Church is active in local, national, and international forums.

In various countries, members of the Catholic Church have intervened on occasions both to both support efforts to decriminalize homosexuality, and also to ensure it remains an offence under criminal law. The Catholic Church has been described as sending "mixed signals" regarding discrimination based on sexual orientation. It holds that because of "moral concern," sexual orientation is different from qualities such as race, ethnicity, sex, or age, and therefore it actively opposes the extension of at least some aspects of civil rights legislation, such as nondiscrimination in public housing, educational or athletic employment, adoption, or military recruitment, to gay men and lesbians.<ref name="Siker"/>{{rp|194}} It said that such a limitation of rights is permissible, and sometimes even obligatory, to "protect the common good,"<ref name="Homosexual Persons - July 1992"/> and does not constitute unjust discrimination.<ref name="Siker"/>{{rp|193}}<ref name=everyone/>

==Notable lesbian, gay and bisexual Catholics==
{{See also|List of LGBT Catholics}}

There have been a number of notable gay Catholics throughout history. Writers such as [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]], [[Lord Alfred Douglas]], [[Marc-André Raffalovich]], [[Robert Hugh Benson]], [[Frederick Rolfe]], and [[John Gray (poet)|John Gray]], and artists such as [[Robert Mapplethorpe]], were influenced by both their Catholicism and their homosexuality, via the physicality and eroticism of the image of Christ and the idea of a relationship with him. Gay Catholic academics such as [[John J. McNeill]] and [[John Boswell]] have produced work on the history and theological issues at the intersection of Christianity and homosexuality. Some notable LGBT Catholics are or were priests or nuns, such as McNeill or [[Jean O'Leary]], who was a Roman Catholic [[Religious Sister]] before becoming a [[gay liberation|lesbian and gay rights activist]].

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books
|1=Criticism of the Catholic Church
}}
{{Portal|Catholicism|LGBT}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders]]
* [[List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality]]
* [[Ministry to Persons with a Homosexual Inclination]]
* [[On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons]]
* [[Ordination of LGBT Christian clergy]]
{{div col end}}


==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Linacre>{{cite book|last=Dempsey|first=Robert J. |title=The Linacre Quarterly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmshAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77|volume=75|year=2008|publisher=Catholic Medical Association|page=77|id=IND:30000125071534}}</ref>

<ref name="CurranCurran1998">{{cite book|last1=Curran|first1=Charles E. |last2=Curran|first2=Charles A.|last3=McCormick|first3=Richard A. |title=John Paul II and Moral Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjGwZ_38gSAC&pg=PA178|accessdate=January 29, 2019|year=1998|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-3797-8|page=178}}</ref>

<ref name=statesman>{{cite news |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |title=Christopher Hitchens on the death of Pope Paul VI |work=New Statesman |date=28 February 2013 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/religion/2013/02/christopher-hitchens-death-pope-paul-vi}}</ref>

<ref name=summa>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3154.htm#article3|title=SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The parts of Lust (Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 154)|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>

<ref name="Crompton2009">{{cite book|last=Crompton|first=Louis |title=Homosexuality and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfBYd9xVaXcC&pg=PA118|accessdate=January 29, 2019|date=July 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03006-0|page=118}}</ref>

<ref name="Gagarin2010">{{cite book|last=Gagarin|first=Michael |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA2-PA110|accessdate=January 29, 2019|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|page=2}}</ref>

<ref name="SacksMurray2014">{{cite book|last1=Sacks|first1=David |last2=Murray|first2=Oswyn |last3=Brody|first3=Lisa R. |title=Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrao0dadqAC&pg=PA160|accessdate=January 29, 2019|date=May 14, 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1020-2|page=160}}</ref>

<ref name="Allen2013">{{cite book|last=Allen|first=John L.|authorlink=John L. Allen Jr.|title=The Catholic Church: What Everyone Needs to Know|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6i-VaE8aD6MC|accessdate=January 29, 2019|date=May 30, 2013|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-997510-5|page=180}}</ref>

<ref name=handbook>{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Chuck |title=Gay and Lesbian Issues: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sdKvt-GoidYC&pg=PA262|accessdate=January 29, 2019|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-372-4|page=184}}</ref>

<ref name="ACTUPNY">{{cite web | url = http://www.actupny.org/documents/cron-89.html | title = ACTUP Capsule History 1989 | publisher = [[ACT UP]] | accessdate = July 27, 2018 }}</ref>





<ref name=arrested>{{cite web | url = https://www.dignityusa.org/article/104-activists-arrested-roman-catholicism’s-national-shrine | title = 104 Activists Arrested at Roman Catholicism’s National Shrine | accessdate = 12 March 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name=Barnes>{{cite web|last=Barnes |first=Tom|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/vatican-lgbt-gay-religious-acceptance-pope-francis-trans-lesbian-a8408286.html |title=Vatican officially uses term ‘LGBT’ for first time in its history |publisher=The Independent |date= |accessdate=2018-06-23}}</ref>















<ref name=crimson>{{cite news | url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1990/11/30/catholic-students-protest-tactics-of-gay/ | title = Catholic Students Protest Tactics of Gay Activists | first = Ivan | last = Oransky | date = 30 November 1990 | newspaper = The Harvard Crimson | accessdate = 12 March 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name=darrin>{{cite web |last=Kurwitz |first=Darrin |date=12 March 2013 |title=Knights of Columbus: Standing on the Wrong Side of History, for a Change |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/darrin-hurwitz/knights-of-columbus-stand_b_2854800.html |website=The Huffington Post |accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref>





<ref name=Encourage>{{cite web|url=http://www.couragerc.org/Encourage.html |title=Encourage |accessdate=10 October 2008 |work= |publisher=Courage |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119111810/http://www.couragerc.org/Encourage.html |archivedate=19 January 2009 |df= }}</ref>

<ref name=everyone>John J. Allen, ''The Catholic Church: What everyone needs to know'', USA, 2013, p.179</ref>

<ref name=femen>{{cite news | url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/24/topless-femen-protest-andre-jozef-leonard_n_3146609.html | date = 24 April 2013 | title = Topless FEMEN Protesters Drench Belgian Archbishop André-Jozef Léonard, Protest Homophobia In Catholic Church | accessdate = 12 March 2018 }}</ref>



<ref name=fire>{{cite web | title=Man sets himself on fire in Vatican | publisher=BBC News | date=December 19, 2013 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25453307 | access-date=July 25, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=Gallagher>{{cite web|last=Gallagher |first=Delia |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/21/europe/pope-francis-gay-comments-intl/index.html |title=Pope Francis tells gay man: 'God made you like that' |publisher=CNN |date=2018-05-21 |accessdate=2018-06-12}}</ref>

<ref name=Gehring>{{cite news | title = Can the Catholic Church ‘Evolve’ on L.G.B.T. Rights? | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/opinion/pope-francis-catholic-church-lgbt.html | first = John | last = Gehring | date = July 5, 2018 | accessdate = July 5, 2018 }}</ref>





<ref name="Homosexual Persons - July 1992">[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19920724_homosexual-persons_en.html "Some Considerations Concerning the Catholic Response to Legislative Proposals on the Non-Discrimination of Homosexual Persons"], Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. July 1992.</ref>





<ref name=keane>{{cite web | url = http://www.actuporalhistory.org/interviews/images/keane.pdf | title = ACTUP Oral History Project, Interviewee: Tom Keane, Interview Number: 176 | date = February 24, 2015 | accessdate = August 3, 2018 | publisher = The New York Lesbian & Gay Experimental Film Festival, Inc | format = pdf | pages = 20–21 | quote = "I put my hands out, and suddenly I have the Communion wafer in my hands, and the priest says, “This is the body of Christ,” and I say, “Opposing safe-sex education is murder.” Then I sort of—I didn’t really know what to do, and I think in some sense, some part of me was sort of saying, “Well, fine. You guys think you can tell us that you reject us, that we don’t belong, so I’m going to reject you.” So I took it and I crushed it and dropped it."}}</ref>

<ref name=law>{{cite news | title = Hundreds protest Cardinal Law at ordination | newspaper = The Boston Sunday Globe | page = 25 | first = Irene | last = Sege | date = June 17, 1990 }}</ref>



<ref name=Lifelong >Human Sexuality: A Catholic Perspective for Education and Lifelong Learning, 1991, p. 55</ref>

<ref name=lt>{{cite web | url = https://lifeteen.com/blog/category/relationships/sex-chastity/homosexuality/ | title = Life Teen blog | accessdate = June 23, 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name="McNeill4">McNeill, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UD-5Gnn87W8C&pg=PR14 The Church and the Homosexual], 4th ed.</ref>





<ref name=pilot>{{cite news | url = https://www.thebostonpilot.com/articleprint.asp?id=177277 | title = Bishop Mark O'Connell: 'I plan on being a happy bishop' | date = 26 August 2016 | first = Doris | last = Tracy | newspaper = The Pilot | accessdate = 12 March 2018 }}</ref>



<ref name=pro>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Peter J. |date=6 July 2007 |title=Knights of Columbus Calls Pro-Gay 'Marriage' Knights 'Embarrassing' |url=https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/knights-of-columbus-calls-pro-gay-marriage-knights-embarrassing |website=LifeSite |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>





<ref name="Richard Scorer 2014, p20">Richard Scorer, "Betrayed: The English Catholic Church and the sex abuse crisis," Biteback, 2014, p20</ref>



<ref name=rude>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/03/nyregion/rude-rash-effective-act-up-shifts-aids-policy.html | title = Rude, Rash, Effective, Act-Up Shifts AIDS Policy | first = Jason | last = DeParle | date = January 3, 1990 | newspaper = New York Times | page = B1 | accessdate = August 7, 2018 }}</ref>



<ref name=sash>{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/11/14/gay-activists-interrupt-catholic-bishops-conference/1d9993e2-39ce-4ce9-b045-e76a60198c41/ | title = Gay Activists Interrupt Catholic Bishops' Conference | first = Hanna | last = Rosin | date = 14 November 2000 | newspaper = The Washington Post | accessdate = 12 March 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name=Siker>Jeffrey Siker, ''Homosexuality and Religion''</ref>

<ref name=soble>{{cite news | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1989-12-04/local/me-106_1_roman-catholic | title = 4 Catholic Churches Defaced in AIDS Protest : Vandalism: Caller says gay activists were angered by Archbishop Roger Mahony's condemnation of the use of condoms to fight the deadly disease. | date= 4 December 1989 | first = Ronald L. | last = Soble | newspaper = LA Times | accessdate = 12 March 2018 }}</ref>













<ref name=Wages>{{citation|last=Allen|first=Peter L. |title=The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpL5WGCNMwAC|accessdate=July 27, 2018|date=June 2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-01461-6|page=143}}</ref>



}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| author = [[Frédéric Martel]]| title = In the Closet of the Vatican|url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/feb/21/in-the-closet-of-the-vatican-by-frederic-martel-review| year = 2019| isbn = 978 94 638 2015 8}}
* {{cite book| author = David Berger| title = Der heilige Schein| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TcPOcQAACAAJ| date = November 2010| isbn = 978-3-550-08855-1 }}
* {{cite book| author = Atila Sinke Guimara̋es| title = The Catholic Church and homosexuality| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DYn_AAAACAAJ| date = December 1999| publisher = TAN Books| isbn = 978-0-89555-651-6 }}
* {{cite book| author = Kate Saunders|author2=Peter Stanford| title = Catholics and sex| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hRovAAAAYAAJ| date = 6 April 1992| publisher = Vintage| isbn = 978-0-434-67246-2 }}
* {{cite book| author = Elizabeth Stuart| title = Chosen: Gay Catholic Priests Tell Their Stories| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fCqJAAAAMAAJ| date = July 1993| publisher = Geoffrey Chapman| isbn = 978-0-225-66682-3 }}
* {{cite book| author = [[Eve Tushnet]]| title = Gay and Catholic: Accepting My Sexuality, Finding Community, Living My Faith | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B1sEoQEACAAJ| year = 2014| isbn = 978-1594715426}}
* {{cite book| editor = Barbara Zanotti| title = A Faith of One's Own: Explorations by Catholic Lesbians | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8lPZAAAAMAAJ&dq=catholic+lesbians&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VYcMVaOQBo3EgwT154MQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA| year = 1986| isbn = 978-0895942098}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Cameli | first=L.J. | title=Catholic Teaching on Homosexuality: New Paths to Understanding | publisher=Ave Maria Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-59471-348-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5xUDwAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
* [http://www.catholicbishops.ie/wp-content/uploads/images/stories/features/Marriage_Matters/why_marriage_matters_eng.pdf ''Why Marriage Matters: A Statement of the Irish Bishops' Conference on the Civil Partnership Bill'']
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/humanity/homo.htm Christian Anthropology and Homosexuality]

{{Religion and LGBT people|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Homosexuality And Roman Catholicism}}
[[Category:Homosexuality and Catholicism| ]]
[[Category:Catholic theology and doctrine]]
[[Category:Catholic theology of the body]]
[[Category:Catholicism-related controversies]]
[[Category:LGBT topics and Christianity]]

Francesco Coccopalmerio

2019-02-17T07:24:09Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Francesco Coccopalmerio
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts|President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts]]
| image = Inaugurazione sacrario mauriziano.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The then-bishop Coccopalmerio (left) on 4 August 2002.
| church = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see =
| elected =
| appointed = 15 February 2007
| term =
| term_start =
| quashed =
| term_end = 7 April 2018
| predecessor = [[Julián Herranz Casado]]
| opposed =
| successor = [[Filippo Iannone]]
| other_post = {{unbulleted list|[[San Giuseppe dei Falegnami|Cardinal-Deacon of San Giuseppe dei Falegnami]] (2012-)}}

| ordination = 28 June 1962
| ordained_by = [[Pope Paul VI]]
| consecration = 22 May 1993
| consecrated_by = [[Carlo Maria Martini]]
| cardinal = 18 February 2012
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
| rank = [[Cardinal-Deacon]]

| birth_name = Francesco Coccopalmerio
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|03|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = San Giuliano Milanese, [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality =
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Bishop of Milan|Auxiliary Bishop of Milan]] (1993–2007)|Titular Bishop of Coeliana (1993–2007)|Titular Archbishop of Coeliana (2007-12)}}
| alma_mater =
| motto = ''Justus Ut Palma Florebit''
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Francesco Coccopalmerio.svg
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| other =
}}
{{Infobox cardinal styles|
name=Francesco Coccopalmerio|
dipstyle=[[His Eminence]] |
offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Emience]] |
relstyle=[[Monsignor]] |
deathstyle=not applicable |image=Coat of arms of Francesco Coccopalmerio.svg|
image_size=200px
}}
'''Francesco Coccopalmerio''' (6 March 1938) is a prelate of the Catholic Church who was president of the [[Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts]] from his appointment by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] on 15 February 2007 until his resignation was accepted by [[Pope Francis]] on 7 April 2018. He spent his early years in the Archdiocese of Milan and became an auxiliary bishop in 1993. He moved to the [[Roman Curia]] in 2000.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Coccopalmerio was born in [[San Giuliano Milanese]], Italy, where his parents were living during World War II, on 6 March 1938 and raised in [[Sernio]], his mother's home town. He was ordained a priest on 28 June 1962 by [[Giovanni Montini]] (later Pope Paul VI), then the archbishop of Milan. He received a [[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]] in [[theology]] in 1963. He received a doctorate in [[canon law]] from the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in 1968. In 1976 he obtained a doctorate in law at the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]] in Milan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profiles of the New Cardinals|url=http://insidethevatican.com/news/lead-story/profiles-of-the-new-cardinals|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=Inside the Vatican|date=1 February 2012}}</ref>

===Archdiocese of Milan===
He held positions in the [[archdiocese of Milan]] until 1994. He was professor of canon law at the Faculty of Theology in northern Italy from 1966 to 1999. Since 1981, he has been a professor of canon law at the Pontifical Gregorian University.

On 10 April 1993, [[Pope John Paul II]] appointed Coccopalmerio an [[auxiliary bishop]] of Milan with the [[titular see]] of [[Aïn Tine|Coeliana]]. He was consecrated bishop on 22 May of that year. Within the [[Italian Episcopal Conference]], he is one of the leading voices on legal issues and ecumenical and [[inter-religious dialogue]]. Since 2000, Coccopalmerio has been a member of the [[Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura]].

===Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts===
On 15 February 2007, he was given the personal title of archbishop and appointed president of the [[Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Opus Dei down to one top Vatican official; Benedict's ties to Communion and Liberation deepen|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/opus-dei-down-one-top-vatican-official-benedicts-ties-communion-and-liberation-deepen|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=16 February 2007}}</ref> Since 2008, at the direction of Pope Benedict,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Elise|title=Pope receives briefing on activities at Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-receives-briefing-on-activities-at-pontifical-council-for-legislative-texts-35670/|accessdate=16 February 2017|agency=Catholic News Agency|date=10 June 2015}}</ref> one of his principal responsibilities has been the revision to procedures for handling clergy sex abuse and the applicable punishments. In 2014, he explained: "We want to make this delicate material more accessible, more understandable and easier for bishops to apply." At issue is "[[1983 Code of Canon Law#Book VI. Sanctions in the Church (Cann. 1311–1399)|Book VI: Sanctions in the Church]]".<ref>{{cite news | accessdate = 7 February 2017 | date = 24 July 2014 | title = Vatican revising canon law on abuse penalties, cardinal says | first = Cindy | last = Wooden | url = https://www.ncronline.org/news/accountability/vatican-revising-canon-law-abuse-penalties-cardinal-says | work = National Catholic Reporter | agency = Catholic News Service}}</ref>

Coccopalmerio was reported to have been one of the senior cardinals who, in preparing to announce the lifting of the excommunications of four leaders of the [[Society of Saint Pius X]] in January 2009, failed to take account of recent reports that one of them, Bishop [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Richard Williamson]], was a [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust denier]].<ref>{{cite news| last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title='Attack on Ratzinger': Italian book assesses Benedict's papacy| url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/all-things-catholic/attack-ratzinger-italian-book-assesses-benedicts-papacy|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=27 August 2010}}</ref>

He was appointed a five-year renewable term as a member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] on 23 December 2010.<ref>{{cite news | accessdate = 16 February 2017 | date = 23 December 2010 | work = Zenit | url = https://zenit.org/articles/chinese-salesian-named-to-evangelization-dicastery/ | title = Chinese Salesian Named to Evangelization Dicastery}}</ref>

On 18 February 2012, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] created him [[cardinal-deacon]] of [[San Giuseppe dei Falegnami]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Pope names 22 new cardinals, including Dolan and O'Brien|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-names-22-new-cardinals-including-dolan-and-obrien|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=6 January 2012}}</ref> On 21 April 2012, Cardinal Coccopalmerio was named a member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], the [[Apostolic Signatura]], and the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]].<ref>{{cite news | accessdate = 16 February 2017 | date= 23 April 2012 | url = https://zenit.org/articles/assignments-given-to-new-cardinals/ | work = Zenit | title = Assignments Given to New Cardinals}}</ref> On 22 December 2012, he was appointed a member of the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]]. He can hold these memberships until his 80th birthday.

At the Synod of Bishops on New Evangelization in October 2012, Coccopalmerio argued that ecumenical efforts to further unify Christians across sectarian lines could play a pivotal role in countering the ongoing "de-Christianization" of Europe by presenting "an extraordinary sign to Islam" of Christian solidarity.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Synod Notebook: Islam, Africa, and where are the deacons?|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/synod-notebook-islam-africa-and-where-are-deacons|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=16 October 2012}}</ref>

===2013 Papal Conclave===
In the meetings of cardinals that preceded the papal conclave of March 2013,<ref name=inside20130501>{{cite news|last1=Gagliarducci|first1=Andrea|title=Is It Time to Reform the Roman Curia?|url=http://insidethevatican.com/news/lead-story/is-it-time-to-reform-the-roman-curia|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=Inside the Vatican|date=1 May 2013}}</ref> Cardinal Coccopalmerio proposed to create a [[moderator of the Curia]], a prelate who would identify inconsistencies and devise methods of ensuring consistency among departments of the [[Roman Curia]] that sometimes contradict one another.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Proposals abound for a 'Franciscan reform' of the Vatican|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/proposals-abound-franciscan-reform-vatican|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=9 May 2013}}</ref> The idea was widely appreciated by some cardinals but some were wary that such an appointment would act as a "vice-pope" that would effectively set Vatican and Curial policy<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title =Cardinals' summit shapes up as potential turning point|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/cardinals-summit-shapes-potential-turning-point|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=24 September 2013}}</ref> or duplicate the already considerable authority of the Substitute in the Secretariate of State, who already fills the role of the Pope's "chief of staff".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Francis and the risk of overheated expectations|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/all-things-catholic/francis-and-risk-overheated-expectations|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=26 April 2013}}</ref>

In advance of that conclave, he said: "It's time to look outside Italy and Europe, in particular considering Latin America."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Running the numbers behind Pope Francis' election|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/running-numbers-behind-pope-francis-election|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=14 March 2013}}</ref> He was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that elected [[Pope Francis]], and was mentioned in the Italian press as a possible pope.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Cardinal Electors – By Country|url=http://insidethevatican.com/magazine/culture/the-cardinals-electors|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=Inside the Vatican|date=1 March 2013}}</ref> According to one report, he received more votes in the conclave than any other Italian cardinal because of his proposal for reform of the Roman Curia.<ref name=inside20130501/>

===Synod on the Family===
On 27 August 2014, Pope Francis named him to a working group tasked with speeding up the process for assessing the [[Declaration of nullity|nullity of a marriage]]. Its work resulted in changes implemented by Francis in September 2015, which eliminated obligatory appeals, eased the dismissal of appeals in certain instances, and instituted a shorter process in some cases.<ref name=america20150908>{{cite news|last1=O'Connell|first1=Gerard|title=Pope Francis on annulments: further clarification from Vatican|url=http://www.americamagazine.org/content/dispatches/cardinal-coccopalmerio-reform-process-declaring-nullity-marriage|accessdate=16 February 2017|work=[[America (magazine)|America]]|date=8 September 2015}}</ref>{{efn|At a press conference discussing the question of nullity, Coccopalmerio mentioned other issues that remained to be addressed: "Take one case, among the more simple ones: In legislations where homosexual couples can adopt, how should one proceed if a homosexual couple wants a child baptized? How does one, for example, register the baptism?"<ref name=america20150908/>}}

Following the first session of the [[Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|Synod on the Family]] held in October 2014, he expressed disappointment that not all the participants addressed the pastoral needs of those "who are suffering through problems connected to their relationships" and instead "showed that they simply wanted to reaffirm the doctrine". He provided an example:<ref name=inside20141101>{{cite news|last1=Rusconi|first1=Giuseppe|title=Cardinal Coccopalmerio: 'I was expecting more'|url=http://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/cardinal-coccopalmerio-expecting|accessdate=15 February 2017|work=Inside the Vatican|date=1 November 2014}}</ref>
{{Quote|We have both doctrine and people to consider. Let's consider a very problematic topic, extremely current: the topic of homosexual couples. If I meet a same-sex couple, I observe right away that their relationship is illicit: That is what the doctrine says, and I reaffirm that with absolute certainty. Nevertheless, if I stop at doctrine, I don't see the people anymore. But if I observe that two people really do love each other, say they practice charity towards the needy...then I can also say that, while their relation remains illicit, in those two people there emerge positive elements. Instead of closing my eyes to those positive aspects, I want to underline them. It is a matter of being objective and recognizing, objectively, the positive points in a given relationship, that is illicit in itself.}}

He also endorsed the idea of access to the [[Eucharist]] for some Catholics in irregular marital situations. He offered the example of a woman who lives with a man who has three small children by a wife who abandoned him. He imagined her coming to Communion "during her father’s funeral Mass, or the day of one of the children’s confirmation". Fearing the consequences of asking her to abandon the man and the children, he asked: "So would it really be totally impossible to admit her to communion? In admitting her to communion, would I be going against the doctrine of the indissolubility of marriage? I really don’t think so: In fact, this has to do with a case of exception."<ref name=inside20141101/>

===Roman Curia work under Pope Francis===
In January 2015, Pope Francis named Coccopalmerio to a new board of review within the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] that reviews appeals from clergy found guilty of sexual abuse of minors.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glatz|first1=Carol|title=Pope names former top prosecutor to head board for clergy abuse appeals|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/pope-names-former-top-prosecutor-head-board-clergy-abuse-appeals|accessdate=14 February 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|agency=Catholic News Service|date=21 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, Cardinal Coccopalmerio questioned the scope of the authority given to the Secretariat for the Economy and its prefect [[Cardinal Pell]]. These questions involved not the demand for transparency in all financial operations, but the consolidation of management under the [[Secretariat for the Economy]].<ref>{{cite news|work=La Stampa|accessdate=14 February 2017|url= http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/39198/ | title=Vatican: Doubts grow over Pell's excessive powers| date= 16 February 2015 | first= Andrea | last=Tornielli}}</ref>

In 2017, he said provisions of ''[[Amoris Laetitia]]'' allow people in irregular marriage access to the sacraments only if they recognize their situation is sinful and desire to change it. The fact that such a couple also believes changing the situation immediately by splitting would cause more harm and forgoing sexual relations would threaten their current relationship does not rule out the possibility of receiving sacramental absolution and Communion.<ref>{{cite news|work=Catholic News Service|accessdate=29 November 2017|url= https://cnstopstories.com/2017/02/14/vatican-canon-law-official-explains-provisions-of-amoris-laetitia/| title=Vatican canon law official explains provisions of ‘Amoris Laetitia’| date= 14 February 2017 | first= Cindy | last=Wooden}}</ref>

===Resignation===
A month after Coccopalmerio's 80th birthday, Pope Francis accepted his resignation and named [[Filippo Iannone]] to succeed him.<ref>{{cite press release | accessdate = 7 April 2018 | date = 7 April 2018 | title = Resignations and Appointments, 07.04.2018 | url= http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/04/07/180407d.html }}</ref>

==Affairs and allegations==
===The Capozzi affair===
In July 2017, news surfaced<ref>{{cite news | url = https://heavy.com/news/2017/07/luigi-capozzi-gay-orgy-drugs-vatican-coccopalmerio-monsignor/ | title = Luigi Capozzi: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know | accessdate = 10 October 2018 | date = 5 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Vatican gay orgy: 12 facts you need to know | date = 6 July 2017 | accessdate = 10 October 2018 | url = https://www.lifesitenews.com/blogs/vatican-gay-sex-orgy-12-facts-you-need-to-know}}</ref> that about a month before Msgr. Luigi Capozzi, the private secretary to Cardinal Francesco Coccopalmerio, had been arrested by police when caught hosting a drug-fueled homosexual orgy in a Vatican apartment provided for him by pope Francis.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pope knowingly gave Vatican apartment to gay priest later caught in cocaine-fuelled orgy | date = 28 August 2018 | accessdate = 10 October 2018 | url = https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/breaking-pope-knowingly-gave-vatican-apartment-to-gay-priest-later-caught-i}}</ref> On 10 October 2018, the conservative [https://www.lifesitenews.com/ LifeSiteNews] server reported<ref>{{cite news| accessdate = 10 October 2018 | title = Source: Vatican cardinal was at drug-fueled homosexual party, and Pope knows it | url = https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/source-vatican-cardinal-was-at-drug-fueled-homosexual-party-and-pope-knows | date = 10 October 2018}}</ref> a witness that cardinal Coccopalmerio was himself present at that orgy, with pope Francis's knowledge.

===The Inzoli affair===
In the [https://www.herder-korrespondenz.de/heftarchiv/72-jahrgang-2018/heft-10-2018/franziskus-und-der-missbrauch-paepstliches-geheimnis October 2018 issue] of the German Catholic journal [https://www.herder-korrespondenz.de/ Herder Korrespondenz], [https://www.herder-korrespondenz.de/autoren-und-interviewpartner/l/benjamin-leven Benjamin Leven], a German theologian and editor of the said journal reported that, according to his own sources, it was Cardinal Coccopalmerio who approached the Pope in favor of the child abuser Don [[Pope Francis#Mercy|Mauro Inzoli]] in order to have him partially reinstated as priest. Leven also alleged that Coccopalmerio is known in Rome for generally opposing the removal of culprit priests from the priesthood, which for him is a sort of “death penalty”.

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | accessdate= 6 December 2017 | title= Coccopalmerio Card. Francesco | publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_coccopalmerio_f.html | dead-url= no | archive-date= 6 March 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170306163427/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_coccopalmerio_f.html }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Julián Herranz Casado]] |
title=[[Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts|President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts]]|
after=[[Filippo Iannone]] |
years=15 February 2007 – 7 April 2018}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=38340947}}
{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coccopalmerio, Francesco}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Italian titular archbishops]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Apostolic Signatura]]
[[Category:Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Italian cardinals]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints]]

Princess Delphine of Belgium

2019-02-02T02:41:29Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox person
| image = Delphine Boël.jpg
| caption = Delphine and her daughter at a book signing in 2008
| name = Delphine Boël
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|2|22}}
| birth_place = [[Uccle]], [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
| partner(s) = James O'Hare
| children = Joséphine O'Hare Oscar O'Hare
}}
'''Delphine Michèle Anne Marie Ghislaine, [[Jonkheer|Jonkvrouw]] Boël''' (born 22 February 1968) is a [[Belgium|Belgian]] artist who makes multi-media artworks. She is alleged to be the illegitimate daughter of [[Albert II of Belgium|King Albert II]]. She belongs to the Belgian titled nobility and is legally [[Jonkheer|Jonkvrouw]] Boël.

==Biography==
Delphine is the daughter of [[Sybille de Selys Longchamps|Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps]] (born 1941), whose husband was [[Jonkheer]] Jacques Boël (born 1929), scion of a noble family of industrialists. {{cn|date=March 2018}} They divorced in 1978 and her mother married again in 1982 with the Honorable Michael-Anthony Rathmore Cayzer (of the Barons Rotherwick of Tylney) (1929–1990). Mother and daughter moved to London and to the large estate of the new husband, in Rotherwick. Jacques Boël remarried in 2001 with the divorcee Diane de Woot de Trixhe de Jannée (born 1943).{{cn|date=March 2018}}

Delphine attended boarding school in England, Switzerland, and studied at the [[Chelsea School of Art and Design]] in [[London]], where she earned a B.A. fine arts (with honours) in 1990. {{cn|date=March 2018}}

Delphine and her [[Irish-American]] partner, James O'Hare, have a daughter, Joséphine (born in 2003),<ref>van de Pas, Leo [http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00422085&tree=LEO Joséphine's entry in Genealogics]</ref> and a son, Oscar (born in 2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00532830&tree=LEO |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120801033825/http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00532830&tree=LEO |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-08-01 |title=van de Pas, Leo Oscar's entry in Genealogics |publisher=Genealogics.org |date= |accessdate=2012-12-29 }}</ref>

==Paternity allegations==
On 19 October 1999, an 18-year-old Flemish schoolboy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/482456.stm |title=Lungescu, Oana 27 October 1999 Belgium's royal sex scandal BBC, retrieved 27 April 2010 |publisher=BBC News |date=1999-10-27 |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link multi|Mario Danneels|nl}}, published his unauthorised biography of [[Queen Paola of Belgium|Queen Paola]], ''Paola, van 'la dolce vita' tot koningin'' (''Paola, from 'la dolce vita' to Queen''). The book contained a statement referring to the existence of a daughter born out of wedlock to King Albert. The Belgian press seized upon this statement and made investigations into the identity of this daughter, tracing Delphine. At first, both Delphine and her mother refused to comment on the matter, and the Palace dismissed Danneels' book as [[gossip]] and [[rumor|rumours]].

[[File:Blason Boël.svg|thumb|upright|Coat of arms of Boël.]]
The main element considered by the Belgian press as acknowledgment that Delphine is the King's daughter is a short extract from the King's 1999 [[Christmas speech]]:

<blockquote>This Christmas feast is also the occasion for each of us to think to one's own family, to one's happy periods but also to one's difficult moments. The Queen and I have remembered very happy periods but also the crisis that our couple have experienced more than 30 years ago. Together we could, very longtime ago already, surpass those difficulties and find back a deep understanding and love. This period has been recalled to us short ago. We don't wish to dwell ''("nous [[wiktionary:appesantir|appesantir]]" in French)'' on that subject which belongs to our private lives. But, if certain people who meet today similar problems could get some reasons to hope from our lived experience, we would be so happy.</blockquote>
The press interpret this to refer to the King's affair with Sybille de Sélys Longchamps.

Delphine gave an interview on 15 May 2005, to the [[France 3]] presenter [[Marc-Olivier Fogiel]] in the broadcast "On ne peut pas plaire à tout le monde" (''You Can't Please Everyone'') in which she said that she is indeed the daughter of the King. She said she made a telephone call to King Albert II in order to receive help for her mother who was being harassed by journalists. According to her statement, the King replied "Leave me alone with that story. You are not my daughter." which she said was hurtful. She said she felt the absence of contact from him, especially since she is a mother herself. In the same interview, she alleged that when she and her mother moved to England when she was 9, the then Prince Albert wished to divorce Princess Paola and join them. Her mother apparently opposed this because of the political consequences for Prince Albert. Delphine added that her "parents" kept in touch by telephone for some years, but that this stopped some time before she was 16 (in 1984). She said her mother told her "the truth" about her parentage when she turned 18, in 1986.

In June 2013, Delphine summoned the King and two of his children, the [[Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant|Duke of Brabant]] and the [[Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Archduchess of Austria-Este]], to appear in court. She hoped to use DNA tests to prove that she is the King's daughter. As the King enjoyed complete immunity under the law, Delphine decided to summon the Duke and Archduchess as well.<ref name="Stroobants">{{cite news|title=En Belgique, la fille adultérine d'Albert II exige une reconnaissance officielle|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2013/06/17/en-belgique-la-fille-adulterine-d-albert-ii-exige-une-reconnaissance-officielle_3431584_3214.html|last=Stroobants|first=Jean-Pierre|publisher=Le Monde|date=17 June 2013|accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bacchi">{{cite news|title=Belgium: King Albert’s ‘Disowned Natural Daughter’ Delphine Boel Seeks Recognition in Court |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/480189/20130618/belgium-king-albert-daughter-delphine-boel-sues.htm|last=Bacchi|first=Umberto|publisher=International Business Times|date=18 June 2013|accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref> After the King abdicated on 21 July 2013 and no longer enjoyed immunity, Delphine relaunched proceedings against him. In March 2017, the Court ruled that her claim was unfounded, and her lawyers said she would take the claim to appeal.<ref>''Het Niewsblad'' 28 March 2017 http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20170328_02804662 Retrieved 3 August 2017 {{nl icon}}</ref>

On 5 November 2018, a court ruling was made public which instructed former king Albert II to submit to a DNA test to determine whether he is the biological father of Delphine Boël. Such DNA testing is not obligatory in Belgium, but not submitting to it is considered evidence of paternity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schreuer |first1=Milan |title=Former Belgian King Ordered to Give DNA for Paternity Test |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/world/europe/belgium-king-paternity.html |accessdate=6 November 2018 |work=New York Times |date=5 November 2018}}</ref> In January 2019 king Albert II appealed in cassation against the verdict which suspended his obligation to submit to a DNA test.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211084611/http://michelbouffioux.skynetblogs.be/post/1263329/delphine-boel-190504 Fogiel's interview] {{Fr icon}} reported on 19 May 2005 by Michel Bouffioux.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211084621/http://michelbouffioux.skynetblogs.be/post/1282958/delphine-boel-300605 Interview with Sybille de Selys Longchamps] {{Fr icon}} by Michel Bouffioux, June 2005.

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boel, Delphine}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Institut Le Rosey]]
[[Category:Belgian nobility]]
[[Category:Belgian sculptors]]
[[Category:Illegitimate children of Belgian monarchs]]
[[Category:Belgian women artists]]

Princess Delphine of Belgium

2019-02-02T02:39:50Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox person
| image = Delphine Boël.jpg
| caption = Delphine and her daughter at a book signing in 2008
| name = Delphine Boël
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|2|22}}
| birth_place = [[Uccle]], [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
| partner(s) = James O'Hare
| children = Joséphine O'Hare Oscar O'Hare
}}
'''Delphine Michèle Anne Marie Ghislaine, [[Jonkheer|Jonkvrouw]] Boël''' (born 22 February 1968) is a [[Belgium|Belgian]] artist who makes multi-media artworks. She is alleged to be the illegitimate daughter of [[Albert II of Belgium|King Albert II]]. She belongs to the Belgian titled nobility and is legally [[Jonkheer|Jonkvrouw]] Boël.

==Biography==
Delphine is the daughter of [[Sybille de Selys Longchamps|Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps]] (born 1941), whose husband was [[Jonkheer]] Jacques Boël (born 1929), scion of a noble family of industrialists. {{cn|date=March 2018}} They divorced in 1978 and her mother married again in 1982 with the Honorable Michael-Anthony Rathmore Cayzer (of the Barons Rotherwick of Tylney) (1929–1990). Mother and daughter moved to London and to the large estate of the new husband, in Rotherwick. Jacques Boël remarried in 2001 with the divorcee Diane de Woot de Trixhe de Jannée (born 1943).{{cn|date=March 2018}}

Delphine attended boarding school in England, Switzerland, and studied at the [[Chelsea School of Art and Design]] in [[London]], where she earned a B.A. fine arts (with honours) in 1990. {{cn|date=March 2018}}

Delphine and her [[Irish-American]] partner, James O'Hare, have a daughter, Joséphine (born in 2003),<ref>van de Pas, Leo [http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00422085&tree=LEO Joséphine's entry in Genealogics]</ref> and a son, Oscar (born in 2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00532830&tree=LEO |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120801033825/http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00532830&tree=LEO |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-08-01 |title=van de Pas, Leo Oscar's entry in Genealogics |publisher=Genealogics.org |date= |accessdate=2012-12-29 }}</ref>

==Paternity allegations==
On 19 October 1999, an 18-year-old Flemish schoolboy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/482456.stm |title=Lungescu, Oana 27 October 1999 Belgium's royal sex scandal BBC, retrieved 27 April 2010 |publisher=BBC News |date=1999-10-27 |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link multi|Mario Danneels|nl}}, published his unauthorised biography of [[Queen Paola of Belgium|Queen Paola]], ''Paola, van 'la dolce vita' tot koningin'' (''Paola, from 'la dolce vita' to Queen''). The book contained a statement referring to the existence of a daughter born out of wedlock to King Albert. The Belgian press seized upon this statement and made investigations into the identity of this daughter, tracing Delphine. At first, both Delphine and her mother refused to comment on the matter, and the Palace dismissed Danneels' book as [[gossip]] and [[rumor|rumours]].

[[File:Blason Boël.svg|thumb|upright|Coat of arms of Boël.]]
The main element considered by the Belgian press as acknowledgment that Delphine is the King's daughter is a short extract from the King's 1999 [[Christmas speech]]:

<blockquote>This Christmas feast is also the occasion for each of us to think to one's own family, to one's happy periods but also to one's difficult moments. The Queen and I have remembered very happy periods but also the crisis that our couple have experienced more than 30 years ago. Together we could, very longtime ago already, surpass those difficulties and find back a deep understanding and love. This period has been recalled to us short ago. We don't wish to dwell ''("nous [[wiktionary:appesantir|appesantir]]" in French)'' on that subject which belongs to our private lives. But, if certain people who meet today similar problems could get some reasons to hope from our lived experience, we would be so happy.</blockquote>
The press interpret this to refer to the King's affair with Sybille de Sélys Longchamps.

Delphine gave an interview on 15 May 2005, to the [[France 3]] presenter [[Marc-Olivier Fogiel]] in the broadcast "On ne peut pas plaire à tout le monde" (''You Can't Please Everyone'') in which she said that she is indeed the daughter of the King. She said she made a telephone call to King Albert II in order to receive help for her mother who was being harassed by journalists. According to her statement, the King replied "Leave me alone with that story. You are not my daughter." which she said was hurtful. She said she felt the absence of contact from him, especially since she is a mother herself. In the same interview, she alleged that when she and her mother moved to England when she was 9, the then Prince Albert wished to divorce Princess Paola and join them. Her mother apparently opposed this because of the political consequences for Prince Albert. Delphine added that her "parents" kept in touch by telephone for some years, but that this stopped some time before she was 16 (in 1984). She said her mother told her "the truth" about her parentage when she turned 18, in 1986.

In June 2013, Delphine summoned the King and two of his children, the [[Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant|Duke of Brabant]] and the [[Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Archduchess of Austria-Este]], to appear in court. She hoped to use DNA tests to prove that she is the King's daughter. As the King enjoyed complete immunity under the law, Delphine decided to summon the Duke and Archduchess as well.<ref name="Stroobants">{{cite news|title=En Belgique, la fille adultérine d'Albert II exige une reconnaissance officielle|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2013/06/17/en-belgique-la-fille-adulterine-d-albert-ii-exige-une-reconnaissance-officielle_3431584_3214.html|last=Stroobants|first=Jean-Pierre|publisher=Le Monde|date=17 June 2013|accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bacchi">{{cite news|title=Belgium: King Albert’s ‘Disowned Natural Daughter’ Delphine Boel Seeks Recognition in Court |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/480189/20130618/belgium-king-albert-daughter-delphine-boel-sues.htm|last=Bacchi|first=Umberto|publisher=International Business Times|date=18 June 2013|accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref> After the King abdicated on 21 July 2013 and no longer enjoyed immunity, Delphine relaunched proceedings against him. In March 2017, the Court ruled that her claim was unfounded, and her lawyers said she would take the claim to appeal.<ref>''Het Niewsblad'' 28 March 2017 http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20170328_02804662 Retrieved 3 August 2017 {{nl icon}}</ref>

On 5 November 2018, a court ruling was made public which instructed former king Albert II to submit to a DNA test to determine whether he is the biological father of Delphine Boël. Such DNA testing is not obligatory in Belgium, but not submitting to it is considered evidence of paternity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schreuer |first1=Milan |title=Former Belgian King Ordered to Give DNA for Paternity Test |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/world/europe/belgium-king-paternity.html |accessdate=6 November 2018 |work=New York Times |date=5 November 2018}}</ref> In January 2019 king Albert II appealed in cassation against the verdict which suspended his obligation to give DNA.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211084611/http://michelbouffioux.skynetblogs.be/post/1263329/delphine-boel-190504 Fogiel's interview] {{Fr icon}} reported on 19 May 2005 by Michel Bouffioux.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211084621/http://michelbouffioux.skynetblogs.be/post/1282958/delphine-boel-300605 Interview with Sybille de Selys Longchamps] {{Fr icon}} by Michel Bouffioux, June 2005.

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boel, Delphine}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Institut Le Rosey]]
[[Category:Belgian nobility]]
[[Category:Belgian sculptors]]
[[Category:Illegitimate children of Belgian monarchs]]
[[Category:Belgian women artists]]

Leonid Hambro

2019-01-20T04:20:10Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox person
| name = Leonid Hambro
| image = Victor Borge Sergio Franchi Leonid Hambro Carnegie Hall 1963.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Victor Borge]], [[Sergio Franchi]] and Leonid Hambro.
| other_names =
| occupation = American concert pianist and composer
| birth_place = Chicago
| death_place = New York City
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|6|26}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|10|23|1920|6|26}}
}}


'''Leonid Hambro''' (June 26, 1920 – October 23, 2006) was an American concert [[pianist]] and [[composer]].

==Life==
Hambro was born in [[Chicago]], the son of immigrant [[Lithuanian Jews]]; his father was a pianist accompanying [[silent films]].

He studied at the [[Juilliard School]], and won First Prize at the National Naumburg Competition in 1946. He was the musical sidekick of pianist and humorist [[Victor Borge]] for ten years, from 1961 to 1970, and occasionally performed with Borge throughout the remainder of Borge's career. In 1970 he became the Head of the Piano Department of the [[California Institute of the Arts]], at [[Valencia, California]], and Assistant Dean of the School of Music, holding these posts until 1992.

Hambro was Artist in Residence of the [[Aspen Institute]] and the official pianist of radio [[WQXR-FM|WQXR]], New York. He played with the [[P. D. Q. Bach]] performances and the ''Hoffnung Musical Spoof Concerts''. He published with [[Jascha Zayde]] ''The Complete Pianist'' (Ludlow Music Inc., New York). He also composed the piano piece ''Happy Birthday Dear [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Ludwig]]'', a set of five [[Theme and variations|variations]] on "[[Happy Birthday to You]]" in the style of many famous Beethoven pieces such as [[Minuet in G (Beethoven)|Minuet in G]], [[Sonata Pathétique]], [[Moonlight Sonata]], [[Für Elise]], and the [[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)|Fifth Symphony]].

Hambro released two albums on [[Cook Records]], currently operated by [[Smithsonian Folkways]]. They were entitled ''A Perspective of Beethoven-Pianoforte'' and ''Cook's Tour of High Fidelity'', and released in 1953 and 1965, respectively.<ref>[http://www.folkways.si.edu/searchresults.aspx?sPhrase=Leonid%20Hambro&sType='phrase'/ Hambro Discography on Folkways]</ref> He also recorded "Switched-On Gershwin", a duo album of Hambro's classical piano, blended with the Moog syntheszier of [[Gershon Kingsley]], for AVCO Records in 1970. With Victor Borge Hambro played persiflages on wellknown pianopieces like [[Chopin]]s [[Minute Waltz]].

On December 22, 2003, he entertained the members of the New York Atheists Inc. at their first annual ''NYC Atheists Solstice Dinner and Party'' at the ''Hunan 5th Avenue Restaurant''. He claimed to have been born an [[atheist]] and to have never belonged to any congregation throughout his life.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040708184300/http://www.nyc-atheists.org/newsletters/2004/Newsletter-0104.pdf New York City Atheists Newsletter] 1, 2004.</ref> He died in [[New York City]], aged 86.

==References==
<references/>
*Obituary, [[Jewish Chronicle]]. January 19, 2007, p. 45.

==External links==
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=4MGIMS4TWDHPLQFIQMGSFFWAVCBQWIV0?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2006/11/15/db1503.xml/ Daily Telegraph obituary.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hambro, Leonid}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:American male composers]]
[[Category:Jewish classical musicians]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:Jewish classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]

Leonid Hambro

2019-01-20T04:17:28Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox person
| name = Leonid Hambro
| image = Victor Borge Sergio Franchi Leonid Hambro Carnegie Hall 1963.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Victor Borge]], [[Sergio Franchi]] and Leonid Hambro.
| other_names =
| occupation = American concert pianist and composer
| birth_place = Chicago
| death_place = New York City
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|6|26}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|10|23|1920|6|26}}
}}


'''Leonid Hambro''' (June 26, 1920 – October 23, 2006) was an American concert [[pianist]] and [[composer]].

==Life==
Hambro was born in [[Chicago]], the son of immigrant [[Lithuanian Jews]]; his father was a pianist accompanying [[silent films]].

He studied at the [[Juilliard School]], and won First Prize at the National Naumburg Competition in 1946. He was the musical sidekick of [[Victor Borge]] for ten years, from 1961 to 1970, and occasionally performed with Borge throughout the remainder of Borge's career. In 1970 he became the Head of the Piano Department of the [[California Institute of the Arts]], at [[Valencia, California]], and Assistant Dean of the School of Music, holding these posts until 1992.

Hambro was Artist in Residence of the [[Aspen Institute]] and the official pianist of radio [[WQXR-FM|WQXR]], New York. He played with the [[P. D. Q. Bach]] performances and the ''Hoffnung Musical Spoof Concerts''. He published with [[Jascha Zayde]] ''The Complete Pianist'' (Ludlow Music Inc., New York). He also composed the piano piece ''Happy Birthday Dear [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Ludwig]]'', a set of five [[Theme and variations|variations]] on "[[Happy Birthday to You]]" in the style of many famous Beethoven pieces such as [[Minuet in G (Beethoven)|Minuet in G]], [[Sonata Pathétique]], [[Moonlight Sonata]], [[Für Elise]], and the [[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)|Fifth Symphony]].

Hambro released two albums on [[Cook Records]], currently operated by [[Smithsonian Folkways]]. They were entitled ''A Perspective of Beethoven-Pianoforte'' and ''Cook's Tour of High Fidelity'', and released in 1953 and 1965, respectively.<ref>[http://www.folkways.si.edu/searchresults.aspx?sPhrase=Leonid%20Hambro&sType='phrase'/ Hambro Discography on Folkways]</ref> He also recorded "Switched-On Gershwin", a duo album of Hambro's classical piano, blended with the Moog syntheszier of [[Gershon Kingsley]], for AVCO Records in 1970. With pianist and humorist [[Victor Borge]] Hambro played persiflages on wellknown pianopieces like [[Chopin]]s [[Minute Waltz]].

On December 22, 2003, he entertained the members of the New York Atheists Inc. at their first annual ''NYC Atheists Solstice Dinner and Party'' at the ''Hunan 5th Avenue Restaurant''. He claimed to have been born an [[atheist]] and to have never belonged to any congregation throughout his life.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040708184300/http://www.nyc-atheists.org/newsletters/2004/Newsletter-0104.pdf New York City Atheists Newsletter] 1, 2004.</ref> He died in [[New York City]], aged 86.

==References==
<references/>
*Obituary, [[Jewish Chronicle]]. January 19, 2007, p. 45.

==External links==
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=4MGIMS4TWDHPLQFIQMGSFFWAVCBQWIV0?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2006/11/15/db1503.xml/ Daily Telegraph obituary.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hambro, Leonid}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:American male composers]]
[[Category:Jewish classical musicians]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:Jewish classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]

Leonid Hambro

2019-01-20T04:15:21Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox person
| name = Leonid Hambro
| image = Victor Borge Sergio Franchi Leonid Hambro Carnegie Hall 1963.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Victor Borge]], [[Sergio Franchi]] and Leonid Hambro.
| other_names =
| occupation = American concert pianist and composer
| birth_place = Chicago
| death_place = New York City
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|6|26}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|10|23|1920|6|26}}
}}


'''Leonid Hambro''' (June 26, 1920 – October 23, 2006) was an American concert [[pianist]] and [[composer]].

==Life==
Hambro was born in [[Chicago]], the son of immigrant [[Lithuanian Jews]]; his father was a pianist accompanying [[silent films]].

He studied at the [[Juilliard School]], and won First Prize at the National Naumburg Competition in 1946. He was the musical sidekick of [[Victor Borge]] for ten years, from 1961 to 1970, and occasionally performed with Borge throughout the remainder of Borge's career. In 1970 he became the Head of the Piano Department of the [[California Institute of the Arts]], at [[Valencia, California]], and Assistant Dean of the School of Music, holding these posts until 1992.

Hambro was Artist in Residence of the [[Aspen Institute]] and the official pianist of radio [[WQXR-FM|WQXR]], New York. He played with the [[P. D. Q. Bach]] performances and the ''Hoffnung Musical Spoof Concerts''. He published with [[Jascha Zayde]] ''The Complete Pianist'' (Ludlow Music Inc., New York). He also composed the piano piece ''Happy Birthday Dear [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Ludwig]]'', a set of five [[Theme and variations|variations]] on "[[Happy Birthday to You]]" in the style of many famous Beethoven pieces such as [[Minuet in G (Beethoven)|Minuet in G]], [[Sonata Pathétique]], [[Moonlight Sonata]], [[Für Elise]], and the [[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)|Fifth Symphony]].

Hambro released two albums on [[Cook Records]], currently operated by [[Smithsonian Folkways]]. They were entitled ''A Perspective of Beethoven-Pianoforte'' and ''Cook's Tour of High Fidelity'', and released in 1953 and 1965, respectively.<ref>[http://www.folkways.si.edu/searchresults.aspx?sPhrase=Leonid%20Hambro&sType='phrase'/ Hambro Discography on Folkways]</ref> He also recorded "Switched-On Gershwin", a duo album of Hambro's classical piano, blended with the Moog syntheszier of [[Gershon Kingsley]], for AVCO Records in 1970. With pianist and humorist [[Victor Borge]] Hambro played persiflages on wellknown pianopieces like [[Chopin]]s [[Minutes Waltz]].

On December 22, 2003, he entertained the members of the New York Atheists Inc. at their first annual ''NYC Atheists Solstice Dinner and Party'' at the ''Hunan 5th Avenue Restaurant''. He claimed to have been born an [[atheist]] and to have never belonged to any congregation throughout his life.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040708184300/http://www.nyc-atheists.org/newsletters/2004/Newsletter-0104.pdf New York City Atheists Newsletter] 1, 2004.</ref> He died in [[New York City]], aged 86.

==References==
<references/>
*Obituary, [[Jewish Chronicle]]. January 19, 2007, p. 45.

==External links==
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=4MGIMS4TWDHPLQFIQMGSFFWAVCBQWIV0?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2006/11/15/db1503.xml/ Daily Telegraph obituary.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hambro, Leonid}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:American male composers]]
[[Category:Jewish classical musicians]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:Jewish classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]

Saint Jerome Writing (Caravaggio, Valletta)

2018-12-30T11:22:07Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox Artwork
| image_file=CaravaggioJeromeValletta.jpg
| title=Saint Jerome Writing
| other_language_1 = Italian
| other_title_1 = San Girolamo scrivente
| artist=Caravaggio
| year=c. 1607–1608
| medium=Oil on canvas
| height_metric=117
| width_metric=157
| metric_unit=cm
| imperial_unit=in
| city=Valletta
| museum=St John's Co-Cathedral
}}
'''''Saint Jerome Writing''''' is a painting by the [[Italy|Italian]] master Michelangelo Merisi da [[Caravaggio]] in 1607 or 1608, housed in the Oratory of [[St John's Co-Cathedral]], [[Valletta]], [[Malta]]. It can be compared with Caravaggio's [[Saint Jerome Writing (Borghese) (Caravaggio)|earlier version]] of the same subject in the [[Borghese Gallery]] in [[Rome]].

Caravaggio arrived in Malta on 12 July 1607. He had spent the previous months in [[Naples]], where he had sought refuge with his powerful protectors the Colonna family after killing a man in a brawl in Rome the previous year. In Naples he had been an instant success, achieving ten commissions, including a number or large and very prestigious altarpieces, in less than a year, and inspiring a following of [[Caravaggisti]] among the city's artists. In short, in Naples he had found professional success, the esteem of fellow-artists, and the support of important patrons. Why then leave all this for a speck of rock inhabited by warrior-monks noted more for their fighting ([[Peter Robb (author)|Peter Robb]] compares them to the French Foreign Legion) than for their support of the arts? The following summarises the speculation of recent biographers such as Robb and Helen Langdon: In 1607 Caravaggio was still an outlaw, at risk of being tracked down by his enemies - the family of the man he had killed - and Naples, close to Rome, may have seemed comparatively exposed. His patrons and protectors - the Colonna, the Giustiniani, the banker Ottavio Costa, - had strong links with Malta and the [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights]], and it may have been felt that joining the Order would give Carvaggio immediate protection and aid in procuring a Papal pardon for his eventual return to Rome. The Grand Master of the Knights, [[Alof de Wignacourt]], was keen to enhance the prestige of his Order and his capital, and the prospect of having one of the leading artists in Rome and Naples as ''de facto'' court painter must have been an appealing one. And so Caravaggio went to Malta.

The coat of arms in the bottom right corner of the painting is that of Ippolito Malaspina, Prior of the Order of the Knights of Saint John (the Knights of Malta) in Naples. Malaspina was a relative by marriage of Caravaggio's patron Ottavio Costa, a friend of his other patrons the Giustiniani brothers, and a cousin of Giovanni Andrea Doria, Prince of Genoa, who two years before had sheltered the artist after an earlier flight from Rome. It's possible that he may have had himself represented as the saint. ''[[Saint Jerome]]'' was thus a very important painting for the artist.

The subject seems oddly unmartial for a commission by a man whose ''raison d'etre'' was to fight the Turks - [[Jerome|St Jerome]] was venerated as the translator of the Bible, which he is seen doing here. But Malaspina was not only a famous warrior, he was also a commissioner for the poor, orphans and widows, and the painting may have been intended to emphasise both this aspect of his work and also the asceticism of the Order.

Ippolito Malaspina arrived in Malta at the end of the Great Siege of 1565. He landed with the 'Grande Soccorso' and was present in the final onslought on the invading Ottoman forces. Therefore, this knight indeed witnessed the final stages of the Great Siege. He was also a relative, if not the brother or cousin, of Vespasianus Malaspina who died a martyr's death whilst courageously fighting the Ottoman soldiery in Fort Saint Elmo. A depiction of Vespasianus Malaspina is found within the Co-Cathedral of Saint John on the right hand side of a window just above the chapel dedicated to the Langue of Italy. Therefore, Ippolito must have reached the Island to aid his brethren however his relative, amongst others, died a Catholic martyrs death. Previously to his Maltese residence, Ippolito Malaspina was Admiral of the Papal Fleet. The Catholic martyrs are unfortunately not much remembered by the Maltese, however a collective remembrace day referred to as [[Victory Day (Malta)|Victory Day]] is celebrated on September 8, Feast dedicated to the Nativity of Our Lady, also known as Our Lady of Victory on the Islands.

In 1984 the painting was stolen from the St. John's Co-Cathedral. The canvas was cut out of the frame. Two years later the painting was recovered when a ransom had been asked. The masterpiece was damaged and needed restauration before it was put on display again.

==References==

*{{cite book|first=John |last=Gash|title=Caravaggio|year=2003|isbn=1-904449-22-0}}
*{{cite book|first= Helen |last=Langdon|title=Caravaggio: A Life|year=1998|isbn=0-374-11894-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Peter |last=Robb|title=[[M (Peter Robb book)|M]]|authorlink=Peter Robb (author)|year=1998|isbn=0-312-27474-2 |id={{ISBN|0-7475-4858-7}}}}

{{Caravaggio}}

[[Category:1600s paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings by Caravaggio]]
[[Category:Paintings of Saint Jerome|Caravaggio, Valletta]]
[[Category:Paintings in Malta]]
[[Category:Books in art]]
[[Category:Skulls in art]]

Money Heist

2018-12-26T17:36:49Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Use British English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = Money Heist
| image = La casa de papel intertitle.png
| caption =
| native_name = La casa de papel
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Crime drama]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
* [[Heist film|Heist]]
}}
| creator = Álex Pina
| starring = {{Plainlist|

* [[Úrsula Corberó]]
* [[Itziar Ituño]]
* Álvaro Morte
* [[Paco Tous]]
* Pedro Alonso
* [[Alba Flores]]
* Miguel Herrán
* Jaime Lorente
* Esther Acebo
* [[Enrique Arce]]
* María Pedraza
* Darko Peric
* [[Kiti Mánver]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = Manel Santisteban
| opentheme = "My Life Is Going On" by Cecilia Krull
| composer = {{Plainlist|
* Manel Santisteban
* Iván Martínez Lacámara
}}
| country = Spain
| language = Spanish
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 15
| list_episodes = #Episodes
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Álex Pina
* Sonia Martínez
* Jesús Colmenar
* Esther Martínez Lobato
* Nacho Manubens
}}
| location = [[Madrid]], Spain
| cinematography = Migue Amoedo
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* David Pelegrín
* Luis Miguel González Bedmar
* Verónica Callón
* Raúl Mora
* Regino Hernández
* Raquel Marraco
* Patricia Rubio
}}
| camera =
| runtime = 70 minutes
| company = {{Plainlist|
* Vancouver Media
* [[Atresmedia]]
}}
| distributor =
| picture_format =
| audio_format =
| channel = {{Plainlist|
* [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]] (2017)
* [[Netflix]] (2019)
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|5|2|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| website = https://www.antena3.com/series/casa-de-papel/
}}

'''''Money Heist''''' ({{lang-es|'''La casa de papel'''}}; literally ''The Paper House'') is a Spanish [[Heist film|heist]] television series created by Álex Pina. It revolves about a long-prepared, multiple-day assault on the [[Royal Mint of Spain]]. The series was initially intended as a [[Limited series (television)|limited series]] and premiered on 2 May 2017, on Spanish network [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]]. Antena 3 distributed the first two parts of the series in Spain, before the series was acquired by [[Netflix]] in late 2017, who edited and re-released the two parts worldwide, and will release a new, third part in 2019. ''Money Heist'' stars [[Úrsula Corberó]], [[Itziar Ituño]], Álvaro Morte, [[Paco Tous]], Pedro Alonso, and [[Alba Flores]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosado |first=Juan Carlos |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/tele/20170501/la-casa-de-papel-serie-estreno-antena-3-6005338 |title=Antena 3 convierte un robo en una serie en 'La casa de papel'|trans-title=Antena 3 turns a robbery into a series in 'La casa de papel' |website=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]] |language=Spanish |date=1 May 2017 |accessdate=2 May 2017}}</ref>

==Premise==
In ''Money Heist'', a mysterious man, known as "The Professor", is planning the biggest bank heist in history. To carry out the ambitious plan, he recruits a team of eight people with certain abilities who have nothing to lose. The goal is to enter the [[Royal Mint (Spain)|Royal Mint of Spain]] in [[Madrid]], the capital of Spain, and print [[Euro sign|€]]2.4 billion. To do this, the team requires eleven days of seclusion, during which they have to deal with elite police forces and 67 hostages.

==Cast and characters==
===Main===

* [[Úrsula Corberó]] as Silene Oliveira (Tokyo): The protagonist and narrator; she was a runaway robber until scouted by the Professor to participate in his plan.
* [[Itziar Ituño]] as Raquel Murillo: An inspector of the [[National Police Corps]] who is put in charge of the case.
* [[Álvaro Morte]] as Sergio Marquina (The Professor / Salvador "Salva" Martín): The mastermind of the heist who assembled the group.
* [[Paco Tous]] as Agustín Ramos dos Hermanas (Moscow): A former miner turned criminal and Denver's father.
* Pedro Alonso as Andrés de Fonollosa (Berlin): A jewel thief and the Professor's second-in-command.
* [[Alba Flores]] as Ágata Jiménez (Nairobi): An expert in forgery in charge of printing the money for the group.
* Miguel Herrán as Aníbal Cortés (Rio): A young hacker and Tokyo's boyfriend.
* Jaime Lorente as Daniel Ramos (Denver): Moscow's son who joins him in the heist.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.antena3.com/series/casa-de-papel/noticias/conoce-los-verdaderos-nombres-de-la-banda-de-atracadores-de-la-casa-de-papel_201711255a1940100cf2f56e3ec268dd.html |title=Conoce los verdaderos nombres de la banda de atracadores de 'La casa de papel' |publisher=}}</ref>
* Esther Acebo as Mónica Gaztambide: One of the hostages who is Arturo Román's secretary and mistress.
* [[Enrique Arce]] as Arturo Román: A hostage and the Director of the Royal Mint of Spain.
* María Pedraza as Alison Parker: A hostage and daughter of the British ambassador to Spain.
* Darko Peric as Yashin Dasáyev (Helsinki): A veteran Serbian soldier and Oslo's cousin.
* [[Kiti Mánver]] as Mariví Fuentes: Raquel's mother.

===Recurring===
* Roberto Garcia Ruiz as Radko Dragic (Oslo / Dimitri Mostovói): A veteran Serbian soldier and Helsinki's cousin.
* Anna Gras as Mercedes Colmenar: Alison's teacher and one of the hostages.
* Fran Morcillo as Pablo Ruiz: Alison's schoolmate and one of the hostages.
* Clara Alvarado as Ariadna Cascales: One of the hostages who work on the Mint.
* [[Fernando Soto (Spanish actor)|Fernando Soto]] as Ángel Rubio: A deputy inspector and Raquel's second-in-command.
* Juan Fernández as Coronel Prieto: A member of the Spanish Intelligence who oversees Raquel's work on the case.
* Mario de la Rosa as Suárez: The chief of the [[Grupo Especial de Operaciones]].
* Miquel García Borda as Alberto Vicuña: Raquel's ex-husband and forensic examiner.
* Naia Guz as Paula Vicuña Murillo: Raquel and Miguel's daughter.
* Antonio Cuéllar Rodríguez as Francisco Torres: A hostage and a Mint worker in charge of printing the money.

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| seasonT = Season
| link1 = #Season 1 (2017)
| episodes1 = 15
| color1A = #A90712
| episodes1A = 9
| start1A = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|5|2}}
| end1A = {{End date|df=yes|2017|6|27}}
| color1B = #594022
| episodes1B = 6
| start1B = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|10|16}}
| end1B = {{End date|df=yes|2017|11|23}}
}}

==Episodes==

===Season 1 (2017)===
{{Episode table |background=#A90712 |overall= |title= |aux1= |aux1T=English title translation |director= |writer= |airdate= |viewers= |country=Spain |episodes=
{{Episode table/part|p=1|c=#A90712}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Efectuar lo acordado
| Aux1 = "Do as Planned"
| DirectedBy = Jesús Colmenar
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina and Esther Martínez Lobato
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|5|2|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 4.09<ref name="Premiere">{{cite web |title=AUDIENCIAS LA CASA DE PAPEL |url=https://www.formulatv.com/series/la-casa-de-papel/audiencias/ |website=formulatv.com |accessdate=27 April 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427032300/http://www.formulatv.com/series/la-casa-de-papel/audiencias/ |archivedate=27 April 2018 |language=Spanish}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Under the guidance of a mysterious man called "The Professor", a group of robbers, Tokyo, Rio, Berlin, Nairobi, Denver, Moscow, Oslo, and Helsinki, invade the Royal Mint of Spain and take hold of 67 hostages as part of their plan to print, and escape with, €2.4 billion. Raquel Murillo, a police investigator is put in charge of the case, unaware that the mastermind is closer than she could ever imagine.
| LineColor = A90712
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Imprudencias letales
| Aux1 = "Lethal Negligence"
| DirectedBy = Miguel Ángel Vivas
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal and David Barrocal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|5|9|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 3.04<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = The robbers begin to print the money while Arturo Román, one of the hostages, starts making plans for escaping, assisted by his secretary and [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]] Mónica Gaztambide, who is carrying his child. Mónica is caught with a cell phone while planning the escape, and is ordered, by Berlin, to be killed by Denver. Meanwhile, Rio makes a mistake that leads to his and Tokyo's identities being discovered by the police.
| LineColor = A90712
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Errar al disparar
| Aux1 = "Missing Fire"
| DirectedBy = Álex Rodrigo
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato and David Barrocal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|5|16|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 2.64<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = Believing that Denver executed Mónica under Berlin's orders, Moscow, Denver's father, is devastated and considers turning himself in. Meanwhile, Raquel becomes more intimately involved with her new friend Salva, oblivious to the fact that it is a [[pseudonym]] assumed by the Professor.
| LineColor = A90712
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Caballo de Troya
| Aux1 = "Trojan Horse"
| DirectedBy = Alejandro Bazzano
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal and David Barrocal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|5|23|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 2.65<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = Raquel sends her police partner Ángel Rubio undercover with a medic team that is allowed inside the Mint to treat Arturo, who was mistaken for one of the robbers and shot by the police. However, the Professor sees through her move, and comes with his own plan to gain an advantage on her by inserting a [[Covert listening device|bug]] into Ángel's glasses.
| LineColor = A90712
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = El día de la marmota
| Aux1 = "The Day of the Mole"
| DirectedBy = Jesús Colmenar
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal and David Barrocal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|5|30|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 2.36<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = The Professor runs ahead of the police to get rid of an important piece of evidence that can endanger his plans, their finger prints in a car at a [[scrap yard]] that Helsinki neglected to be destroyed. Meanwhile, Denver treats Mónica in a secret location after he shot her leg to forge her execution, and they end up becoming closer.
| LineColor = A90712
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = La cálida Guerra Fría
| Aux1 = "The Hot Cold War"
| DirectedBy = Miguel Ángel Vivas
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander and Fernando Sancristóbal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|6|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 2.47<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = As the Professor rushes out of the scrap yard, a man sees him. The Professor threatens to kill the man's family if the [[facial composite]] of his description looks like him. Berlin discovers that Denver did not kill Mónica as ordered and believing that his identity was exposed because of him, comes close to executing him for his disobedience.
| LineColor = A90712
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Refrigerada inestabilidad
| Aux1 = "Cool Instability"
| DirectedBy = Álex Rodrigo
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Pablo Roa and Esther Morales
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|13|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 2.42<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = The robbers initiate a plan to use the hostages to stall the police and gain more time, but Raquel takes the chance to reveal a secret that Berlin has kept from the others—he only has a few months left to live due to a terminal illness—increasing the mistrust among them and makes an attempt to convince Rio to surrender.
| LineColor = A90712
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Tú lo has buscado
| Aux1 = "You Asked for It"
| DirectedBy = Alejandro Bazzano
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa and Fernando Sancristóbal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|20|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 2.07<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = Raquel loses her trust in Ángel, who is unaware of the bug the robbers planted in his glasses, while Arturo prepares another plan to escape, but becomes devastated upon discovering Mónica and Denver's affair. Ángel, who is taken off the case, is in a [[coma]] after a car accident while drunk, discovered the Professor's identity through fingerprints taken from his cider factory—a front for his hideout.
| LineColor = A90712
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = El que la sigue la consigue
| Aux1 = "Whoever Keeps Trying It, Gets It"
| DirectedBy = Jesús Colmenar
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal and Esther Morales
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|27|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 2.19<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = Thanks to Arturo's plan, 16 hostages manage to escape and Oslo is on the brink of death after he is beat by some of the hostages. Before Ángel's accident, he had left several voice mails on Raquel's mobile phone, as well as one on her landline, exclaiming that Salva was the one behind the heist. Raquel's mother, who has [[Alzheimer's disease]], listens to Ángel's message, writes it down, and tries calling Raquel's phone. When Raquel does not answer, she calls Salva for him to pass along the message. The Professor realises that he must kill Raquel's mother. He goes to her home and poisons her coffee, but cannot go through with it and slaps the cup out of her hand. When she thinks it was her fault, he realises that she has Alzheimer's disease and simply deletes the messages and her note. Later, Raquel brings Salva along to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] and finds the robbers' villa, where they planned the heist.
| LineColor = A90712
}}
{{Episode table/part|p=2|c=#594022}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Se acabaron las máscaras
| Aux1 = "Masked No Longer"
| DirectedBy = Álex Rodrigo
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal and Esther Morales
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|10|16|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 1.99<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = A team of police are brought to the discovered villa and search through "evidence" planted by the Professor earlier. Raquel's ex-husband Alberto is called in to lead the forensics examination, and finds burned evidence on the Professor in the chimney. Salva gets a ride back to Madrid with Alberto, and purposely causes a fight with Alberto, leaving him unconscious for a short period of time, enough time to erase that piece of evidence that can compromise him. When Alberto awakes, he arrests the Professor and brings him to jail. The Professor uses the bathroom at the prison and beats himself up to make it look like it was done by Alberto. He calls Raquel who helps release him. Meanwhile, the robbers start losing hope after many hours without news from the Professor, and Tokyo begins a mutiny after becoming restless. Berlin ties Tokyo to a table and rolls her out of the Mint, where she is captured by the police.
| LineColor = 594022
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = La cabeza del plan
| Aux1 = "The Head of the Plan"
| DirectedBy = Alejandro Bazzano
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal, Esther Morales and David Barrocal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|10|23|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 1.73<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = After Berlin turns Tokyo to the police for threatening him, Rio wants revenge. Now as one of the hostages, Rio joins forces with Arturo in another escape plan with Mónica's help. Berlin comes close to killing Rio.
| LineColor = 594022
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Cuestión de eficacia
| Aux1 = "A Matter of Efficiency"
| DirectedBy = Javier Quintas
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal, Esther Morales and David Barrocal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|11|2|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 1.57<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = By the Professor's promise that he will free Tokyo from the police, Rio rejoins the robbers and helps them stop Arturo's latest escape plan. Meanwhile, Raquel sets a trap for the Professor by creating a hoax that Ángel has awakened from his coma, in hopes it would lure him to the hospital to finish him off before he can identify the Professor. The Professor, sceptical of the announcement, casts dozens of clowns at the hospital and dresses up like one, blending in with the crowd while confirming the hoax. Later, while Salva meets with Raquel at a cafe, an orange hair from his clown wig was left on his jacket, which catches the eye of Raquel, finally realising that Salva is the Professor.
| LineColor = 594022
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = ¿Qué hemos hecho?
| Aux1 = "What Have We Done?"
| DirectedBy = Jesús Colmenar and Alex Rodrigo
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal and David Barrocal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|11|9|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 1.53<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = Realising that Salva is the Professor, Raquel takes him into custody and interrogates him at the villa. The Professor admits that he has fallen in love with her, and she performs a [[polygraph]] test on him. Meanwhile, Arturo is punished for his multiple attempts to escape and Moscow reveals a secret to Denver that he left his mother when he was young because she was a drug addict, which creates a divide between father and son. While Tokyo is transported to prison, she is freed by men sent by the Professor. She rides a motorcycle directly into the Mint, avoiding being shot by police as Moscow opens the door.
| LineColor = 594022
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = A contrarreloj
| Aux1 = "Against the Clock"
| DirectedBy = Alejandro Bazzano
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal and David Barrocal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|11|16|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 1.48<ref name="Premiere" />
| ShortSummary = Moscow is gravely injured by a police gunshot after helping Tokyo return to the Mint and the police refuse to send aid. The robbers then rush to finish their escape tunnel. The Professor walks out of the villa at gunpoint by Raquel, but she is emotionally unable and unwilling to stop him from escaping. Coronel Prieto, Suárez, and Alberto confront Raquel and remove her from the case after they identify the Professor as Salva (Sergio), who they believe Raquel is co-operating with due to signals made from local cell towers by calls from the Professor to Raquel. With her gun and badge taken away, she takes Ángel's [[badge]] and starts to conduct her own investigation by looking through surveillance footage of restaurants to determine the route the Professor had taken from his hideout. As she leaves, Ángel awakens.
| LineColor = 594022
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = Bella ciao
| Aux1 = "Bye Beautiful"
| DirectedBy = Jesús Colmenar and Alex Rodrigo
| WrittenBy = Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, Javier Gómez Santander, Pablo Roa, Fernando Sancristóbal, Esther Morales and David Barrocal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|11|23|df=yes}}
| Viewers = 1.80<ref>{{cite web |title="La casa de papel": La serie española que arrasa en el mundo |url=https://www.24horas.cl/tendencias/espectaculosycultura/la-casa-de-papel-la-serie-espanola-que-arrasa-en-el-mundo--2654256 |website=24horas.c |accessdate=27 April 2018 |language=Spanish}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = As the police, led by Suárez, launch an attack on the Mint to liberate the hostages and capture the robbers, the robbers run to escape with the money they printed since the 125 hours inside the Mint, about half of their planned time in the Mint of 11 days. As a result, the total money printed was also less than the planned €2.4 billion, having printed €984 million. Raquel finds the Professor's hideout and she is tied up. While she is there, Ángel calls her phone, asking to speak with her in person. Raquel and the Professor kiss passionately and he lets her go. The police arrest her at the hospital moments after she tells Ángel that she knows where the Professor's hideout is, but will not tell them because she "does not know who the good guys are". Ángel is asked by Coronel Prieto where the Professor's hideout is, but he withholds the information. When Coronel Prieto threatens Raquel with several charges that would ensure her daughter taken from her, she finally gives him the address of the hideout in order to have the charges dropped. The police race to the hideout. With the police inside the Mint, Berlin fights them off so the rest of the robbers can escape in time, although the Professor urges him to come. Berlin continues and is finally shot multiple times to death by the police. The robbers, with the addition of Mónica, escape successfully from the Mint, excluding the deceased Oslo, Moscow, and Berlin, through the tunnel, leading to the Professor's hideout minutes before the police show up. One year after the heist, it is reported that Raquel left the force, the robbers got away with over €1 billion and their whereabouts are still unknown. Raquel looks at some postcards given to her earlier by the Professor, which she notices has coordinates on them, and when pieced together give a location in [[Palawan]]. She travels there and finds the Professor and smiles.
| LineColor = 594022
}}
}}

==Production==
===Location===
[[File:Edificio central del CSIC (Madrid) 02.jpg|thumb|right|240px|The headquarters of the [[Spanish National Research Council]], ''Money Heist''{{'s}} principal filming location]]
Although the storyline is set at the [[Royal Mint (Spain)|Royal Mint of Spain]], the series was filmed at the [[Spanish National Research Council]] (CSIC) headquarters, which bears a passing resemblance to the mint in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lugaresdepelicula.com/la-casa-papel-se-rueda-csic/ |title="La casa de papel" se rueda en el CSIC – Lugares de película |date=17 May 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>

===Music===
The Italian [[anti-fascist]] song "[[Bella ciao]]" is sung multiple times throughout the series.<ref name="bellaciao">{{cite web |url=https://www.vix.com/pt/series/555595/bella-ciao-musica-em-la-casa-de-papel-e-antiga-mas-tem-tudo-a-ver-com-a-serie |title="Bella Ciao": música em "La Casa de Papel" é antiga, mas tem TUDO a ver com a série |date=19 February 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> The character Tokyo recounts in one of her narrations, "The life of the Professor revolved around a single idea: Resistance. His grandfather, who had fought against the fascists in Italy, taught him the song and he taught us."<ref name="bellaciao" /> The song is also played in other emblematic moments, such as when the thieves succeed in their escape out of the Mint—a metaphor for freedom.<ref name="bellaciao" />

Because of the popularity of the series, a version of "Bella ciao" interpreted by El Profesor and Berlin (two of the main characters in the series) charted in France, debuting at number five in May 2018 on the [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] (SNEP), the official French singles chart.<ref>[http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=El+Profesor+%26+Berlin&titel=Bella+ciao&cat=s LesCharts.com El Profesor & Berlin – "Bella Ciao"]</ref> A remixed version of the same song by Hugel had peaked on the SNEP at number 16 in April 2018, as well as reaching number two on the German [[GfK Entertainment Charts]].<ref>[http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=El+Profesor&titel=Bella+ciao+%28Hugel+Remix%29&cat=s LesCharts.com El Profesor – Bella Ciao (Hugel Remix)]</ref> Other versions chartin in France include one by The Bear, whiched reached number 45,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAeu1qrVe8M |title=Bella Ciao – La Casa De Papel |first= |last=The Bear |date=15 March 2018 |publisher= |accessdate=12 August 2018 |via=YouTube}}</ref> a version by Sound of Legend that reached number 34,<ref>[http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sound+Of+Legend&titel=Bella+ciao&cat=s LesCharts: Sound of Legend – "Bella ciao"]</ref> and one by Manu Pilas that reached number 27.<ref>[http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Manu+Pilas&titel=Bella+ciao&cat=s LesCharts: Manu Pilas – "Bella ciao"].</ref> The rapper Rémy sampled on the song adding French rapping verses. This version reached number 66 on the French chart.<ref>[http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=R%E9my&titel=Bella+ciao&cat=s LesCharts.com: Rémy – "Bella ciao"].</ref> A revamped version with new lyrics in French, only keeping a few lines in Italian, was released by [[Maître Gims]], [[Vitaa]], [[Dadju]], [[Slimane Nebchi|Slimane]] and Naestro in May 2018.<ref>[http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Maitre-Gims/news-106913.html Charts in France: "Bella Ciao" : Maître Gims, Slimane, Vitaa et Dadju surfent sur la vague "La Casa de Papel"] {{fr icon}}</ref><ref>[https://www.public.fr/News/Maitre-Gims-Decouvrez-la-celebre-chanson-qu-il-va-reprendre-avec-plusieurs-stars-de-la-musique-francaise-1471192 Public: Quand Maître Gims reprend "Bella Ciao" (La Casa de Papel) avec Vitaa, Dadju et Slimane] {{fr icon}}</ref>

==Release==
===Original broadcast===
''Money Heist'' debuted on [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]] on 2 May 2017, with the first part running in nine episodes, until 27 June. A second part of six episodes aired between 16 October and 23 November.

===Netflix acquisition===
[[Netflix]] acquired the rights to stream the series and distributed the first part through their [[streaming service]] worldwide, starting on 25 December 2017.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} However, instead of retaining the original number of nine episodes and the 70 minute runtime of each episode in the season, it was cut into thirteen different untitled episodes, each being 41–55 minutes in length.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} Netflix released the second part worldwide on 6 April 2018, with the same edits made to the episodes as in the first part.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

On 18 April 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third part, which is expected to be released in 2019. The third part will be exclusive to Netflix and released worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/money-heist-la-casa-de-papel-netflix-season-3-date-alvaro-morte-1202366840/ |title='Money Heist': Netflix Confirms Season 3 Of Spanish-Language Phenomenon |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=18 April 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/netflix-atresmedia-vancouver-media-third-part-la-casa-de-papel-1202756975/ |title=Netflix, Atresmedia Close Deal for New Third Part of 'La Casa de Papel' |last=Hopewell |first=John |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=18 April 2018 |accessdate=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://decider.com/2018/04/18/la-casa-de-papel-season-3-netflix/ |title=Netflix Renews 'La Casa de Papel' For Season 3 |publisher=Decider.com |date=18 April 2018 |accessdate=19 April 2018}}</ref> The [[YouTube]] channel of Netflix' Latin American branch uploaded a video on 18 April 2018 titled "Este es un mensaje para resistencia. #LaCasaDePapel".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=374d35T_r60 |title=Este es un mensaje para resistencia. #LaCasaDePapel |website=[[Youtube]] |date=18 April 2018 |accessdate=19 April 2018}}</ref> In the video, a few cast members appear, talking about how they knew the audience was waiting for more and stating that "the biggest robbery is not over yet."<ref name=":3" />

==Reception==
Netflix announced in its first quarterly report of 2018 that ''Money Heist'' was the most-watched non-English language series ever on their streaming service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://s22.q4cdn.com/959853165/files/doc_financials/quarterly_reports/2018/q1/FINAL-Q1-18-Shareholder-Letter.pdf |title=Netflix Q1 2018 Letter to Shareholders |date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Netflix]] Investor Relations |page=2–3 |format=PDF |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20180626162529/https://ir.netflix.com/static-files/419958ac-5fd7-4bcd-9fb1-ebca445a9016 |archivedate=26 June 2018 |deadurl=no |accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Nomination !! Result
|-
| 2018|| [[46th International Emmy Awards]] || Best Drama Series || ''Money Heist''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/international-emmy-awards-winners-list-nevsu-money-heist-man-in-an-orange-shirt-1202505247/ |title='International Emmy Awards: ‘Money Heist’, ‘Nevsu’ Among Honorees – Complete Winners List |last=LopezMartinez |first=Julio |date=20 November 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=20 November 2018}}</ref> || {{Won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.antena3.com/series/casa-de-papel/}}
* {{IMDb title|6468322}}

{{Netflix original upcoming series}}
{{InternationalEmmyAward DramaSeries}}

[[Category:2010s crime drama television series]]
[[Category:2010s Spanish television series]]
[[Category:2017 Spanish television series debuts]]
[[Category:Antena 3 (Spain) network series]]
[[Category:Crime thriller television series]]
[[Category:Spanish crime television series]]
[[Category:Spanish drama television series]]
[[Category:Spanish-language television programs]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series winners]]

Princess Astrid of Belgium

2018-11-16T23:45:47Z

83.83.44.43: /* Marriage and issue */

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Princess Astrid of Belgium
| title = [[Archduke of Austria-Este|Archduchess of Austria-Este]]
| image = Princess Astrid at the World Investment Forum 2018 (cropped).jpg
| full name = Astrid Joséphine-Charlotte Fabrizia Elisabeth Paola Marie
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este]]|22 September 1984}}
| issue = [[Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Prince Amedeo]] [[Princess Maria Laura of Belgium|Princess Maria Laura]] [[Prince Joachim of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Prince Joachim]] [[Princess Luisa Maria of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Princess Luisa Maria]] [[Princess Laetitia Maria of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Princess Laetitia Maria]]
| house = [[House of Belgium|Belgium]] 
| father = [[Albert II of Belgium]]
| mother = [[Paola Ruffo di Calabria]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|06|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Belvédère Castle]], [[Laeken]], [[Brussels]], Belgium
| signature =
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
}}
{{Belgian Royal Family}}
{{Austrian Imperial Family}}

'''Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este''' (born 5 June 1962), is the second child and only daughter of [[Albert II of the Belgians|King Albert II]] and [[Queen Paola of Belgium|Queen Paola]], and younger sister to the current Belgian monarch, [[Philippe of the Belgians|King Philippe]]. She is married to [[Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Prince Lorenz of Belgium]], head of the [[Austria-Este]] branch of the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]], and is fifth in line of succession to the Belgian throne.

==Biography==
Princess Astrid was born one day before her father's 28th birthday at the [[Belvédère Castle|Château de Belvédère]], near [[Laeken]], and was named after her late paternal grandmother, [[Astrid of Sweden]], the popular first wife of [[Leopold III of the Belgians|King Leopold III]]. Her godparents were her uncle [[Fulco Ruffo di Calabria|Fabrizio]], Prince Ruffo di Calabria-Santapau, 7th Duke di Guardia Lombarda, and her aunt [[Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium|Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg]].

===Marriage and issue===
Princess Astrid married [[Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este]], subsequently head of the [[House of Austria-Este|Archducal House of Austria-Este]], on 22 September 1984 at [[Brussels]].<ref name=enache>Enache, Nicolas. ''La Descendance de Marie-Therese de Habsburg''. ICC, Paris, 1996. pp. 44-45,50. French</ref><ref name=ghda1>Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Furstlicher Hauser Bande XVI, C.A. Starke Verlag, ''Haus Osterreich'', Limburg, 2001, pp. 91–92. German</ref> Lorenz is the eldest son of [[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este]] (1915–1996), and his wife [[Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta]] (born in 1930).<ref name=ghda1/> Her husband was also created Prince of Belgium by Royal Decree on 27 November 1995.<ref name=ghda1/>

Princess Astrid and Prince Lorenz have five children, who bear the title "Prince/Princess of Belgium" (in each of the three official languages) as members of the [[Belgian monarchy|Belgian royal family]] and Archduke/Archduchess of Austria:<ref name=enache/><ref name=ghda1/>
* [[Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este]] (born 21 February 1986 at Saint Luc University Hospital in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert)
* [[Princess Maria Laura of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este]] (born 26 August 1988 at Saint Luc University Hospital in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert )
* [[Prince Joachim of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este]] (9 December 1991 at Saint Luc University Hospital in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert)
* [[Princess Luisa Maria of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este]] (born 11 October 1995 at Saint Jean Hospital in Brussels)
* [[Princess Laetitia Maria of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este]] (born 23 April 2003 at Saint Jean Hospital in Brussels)

In 2016 Astrid's first grandchild, Princess Anna Astrid, was born, daughter of Prince Amedeo.

Astrid is also godmother to [[Archduchess Marie Astrid of Austria|Archduchess Marie-Christine of Austria]], [[Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg]] and [[Prince Gaston of Orléans (2009–)|Prince Gaston of Orléans]].

==Royal role==
Astrid was formerly President of the [[Belgian Red Cross]],<ref name = "ghda1"/> a position which ended on 31 December 2007. She declined to stand again for election to the role in light of internal struggles in the organisation in reconciling its French-speaking and Flemish branches, each of which seeks greater autonomy. The princess is also a colonel in the [[Belgian Medical Component|Medical Component]] of the [[Military of Belgium|Belgian Armed Forces]]. Her official residence is the [[Royal Castle of Laeken]] on the edge of Brussels.<ref name=ghda1/>

She is a member of the Honorary Board of the [[International Paralympic Committee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary Board|url=http://www.paralympic.org/TheIPC/HWA/HonoraryBoard|publisher=IPC}}</ref>

Princess Astrid has been for many years a fierce advocate for landmine survivors rights, participating actively in the work of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, also known as the [[Ottawa Treaty]], since Belgium joined in 1998. In 2013, the Princess was named Special Envoy of the Convention,<ref name="apminebanconvention.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.apminebanconvention.org/newsroom/press-release-archives/archives-2014/detail/article/1400501763-special-envoy-princess-astrid-of-belgium-welcomes-omans-decision-to-join-the-anti-pe/|title=AP Mine Ban Convention: Special envoy Princess Astrid of Belgium welcomes Oman’s decision to join the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention|website=www.apminebanconvention.org}}</ref> and has promoted the acceptance of a global ban on landmines and promoted the rights of survivors in various UN meetings.<ref name="apminebanconvention.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apminebanconvention.org/newsroom/press-release-archives/archives-2015/detail/article/1448959503-princess-astrid-of-belgium-calls-for-greater-assistance-to-landmine-survivors/|title=AP Mine Ban Convention: Princess Astrid of Belgium calls for greater assistance to landmine survivors|website=www.apminebanconvention.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maputoreviewconference.org/|title=Maputo Summit: 3rd Review Conference|website=www.maputoreviewconference.org}}</ref>

==Titles, styles and honours==
{{Infobox hrhstyles
|royal name=Princess Astrid, Archduchess of Austria-Este
|image=[[Image:Royal Monogram of Princess Astrid of Belgium.svg|75px]]
|dipstyle=[[Her Imperial and Royal Highness]]
|offstyle=Your Imperial and Royal Highness
}}

===Titles===
* 5 June 1962 – 22 September 1984: ''Her Royal Highness'' Princess Astrid of Belgium
* 22 September 1984 – present: ''Her Imperial and Royal Highness'' Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este<ref group="note" name="Title">She has held the title "Princess of Belgium" from birth under Belgian law. By marriage to an archduke of the house of Austria-Este, she gained, in addition to her native title, the style "[[Imperial and Royal Highness]]" and the title "Archduchess of Austria-Este". Upon her husband's succeeding to the headship of his house in 1996, as wife of the Archduke of Austria-Este, internationally or depending on the situation, she is also accorded the traditional title "[[Archduke of Austria-Este|Her Imperial and Royal Highness The Archduchess of Austria-Este]]" or, more formally, reflecting both her native and marital titles, is addressed as '''HI&RH Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este'''. Her children by Archduke Lorenz bear the titles "Prince(ss) of Belgium" by Belgian decree of 2 December 1991, in addition to their Austrian titles borne by tradition, "Archduke/Archduchess of Austria".</ref>

===Honours===
{{See also|List of honours of the Belgian Royal Family by country}}

====National Honours====
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold I]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://c7.alamy.com/comp/D5AXJW/r-lprincess-astrid-of-belgium-prince-lorenz-of-belgium-and-prince-D5AXJW.jpg|title=Photo |website=c7.alamy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/royal-wedding-of-prince-frederik-and-mary-donaldson-news-photo/115141028|title=Royal Wedding Of Prince Frederik And Mary Donaldson, Arrivals At The Cathedral In Copenhagen, Denmark On May 14, 2004.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/princess-astrid-and-prince-lorenz-of-belgium-attend-the-te-news-photo/452473600|title=Princess Astrid and Prince Lorenz of Belgium attend the Te Deum mass, on Belgian National Day, at the Sint-Salvator Cathedral in Brugge, on July 21, 2014.|publisher=}}</ref>

====Foreign Honours====
* {{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross 1st Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/attachment.php?attachmentid=51886&d=1098964666 |title=Photo |website=www.theroyalforums.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-82553011/princess-astrid|title=Stock Photography, Royalty-Free Photos & The Latest News Pictures - Getty Images|website=www.corbisimages.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-82552914/princess-astrid-and-prince-lorenz|title=Stock Photography, Royalty-Free Photos & The Latest News Pictures - Getty Images|website=www.corbisimages.com}}</ref>
* {{flag|Hungary}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/princess-astrid-from-belgium-poses-for-a-photo-before-a-news-photo/80724448|title=Hungary?s President Laszlo Solyom on State Visit to Belgium Day 1|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/prince-lorentz-princess-astrid-prince-philippe-from-belgium-news-photo/80685347|title=Hungary?s President Laszlo Solyom on State Visit to Belgium Day 1|publisher=}}</ref>
* {{flag|Luxembourg}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Adolphe of Nassau]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://3.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:6345423:preview:watermark|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425124037/http://3.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:6345423:preview:watermark|archivedate=2012-04-25|title=Wayback Machine|date=25 April 2012|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/prince-nikolaus-princess-margaretha-prince-lorentz-princess-news-photo/73644825|title=Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembou|publisher=}}</ref>
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Netherlands)|Order of the Crown]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://0.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:23475634:preview:watermark|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425123911/http://0.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:23475634:preview:watermark|archivedate=2012-04-25|title=Wayback Machine|date=25 April 2012|publisher=}}</ref>
* {{flag|Norway}}: Grand Cross of the [[Royal Norwegian Order of Merit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kongehuset.no/tildelinger.html?tid=28028&sek=27995&q=Astrid+&type=&aarstall=|title=Tildelinger av ordener og medaljer|website=www.kongehuset.no}}</ref>
* {{flag|Portugal}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Prince Henry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modenaducale.altervista.org/index_file/image17871.png |title=Photo |website=modenaducale.altervista.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/prince-laurent-princess-claire-prince-lorentz-princess-news-photo/55950746|title=Portuguese State Visit To Belgium|publisher=}}</ref>
* {{flag|Spain}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Civil Merit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2000/05/13/pdfs/A17722-17722.pdf |title=Photo |website=www.boe.es}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sweden}}: Member Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of the Polar Star]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belgaimage.be/#/image/20852742|title=Belga Image|website=www.belgaimage.be}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/0000378959-031/royal-couple-of-sweden-on-state-visit|title=Stock Photography, Royalty-Free Photos & The Latest News Pictures - Getty Images|website=www.corbisimages.com}}</ref>

===Awards===
* {{flag|Peru}}: [[Freedom of the City]] of [[Lima]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-63461225/belgian-princess-astrid-visits-lima|title=Stock Photography, Royalty-Free Photos & The Latest News Pictures - Getty Images|website=www.corbisimages.com}}</ref>

==== Other ====
'''2016''' : honorary mayor and The Hidalgo Award of [[San Antonio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://therivardreport.com/city-welcomes-princess-astrid-of-belgium-to-san-antonio/|title=City Welcomes Princess Astrid of Belgium to San Antonio|publisher=}}</ref>

===Arms===
{{Infobox COA wide
|image =Crowned_Arms_of_a_Princess_of_Belgium.svg
|imagesize = 150
|notes = Gustaaf Janssens, Archivist of the Royal Palace, confirms that HRH Princess Astrid's coat of arms as Princess of Belgium consist of the gold lion on a black background on a lozenge ensigned with the royal crown.
|escutcheon = Sable a lion rampant Or armed and langued Gules. ''French :'' De sable au lion d'or armé et lampassé de gueules
}}

==Ranks==
{| style="width:90%;"
|-
| style="width:90%;" rowspan="2"|
* [[File:Logo Composante Medicale (Armee Belge).svg|25px]] '''23 May 1997{{spaced ndash}} 26 December 2003''': [[Belgian Medical Component]], [[Lieutenant-colonel]]<ref>[[Le Soir]], [http://archives.lesoir.be/la-princesse-astrid-est-lieutenant-colonel-_t-19970523-Z0DR48.html Article] (''French'') announcing the rank</ref><ref>Belgian Defense Website, [http://www.mil.be/vox/subject/index.asp?LAN=fr&ID=400&MENU=269&PAGE=13 Article] evoking Princess Astrid & Prince Laurent</ref>
* [[File:Logo Composante Medicale (Armee Belge).svg|25px]] ''' 26 December 2003{{spaced ndash}}''': [[Belgian Medical Component]], [[Colonel]]<ref>Belgian Defense Website, [http://www.mil.be/vox/subject/index.asp?LAN=fr&ID=522&MENU=716&PAGE=5 Article] evoking Princess Astrid, last section ''"Mon colonel !"'' {{Dead link|date=December 2015}}</ref>
| [[File:OF-4 BEL Med comp Luitenant-kolonel.gif|40px]] || [[File:OF-5 BEL Med comp Kolonel.gif|40px]]
|-
! 1997 !! 2003
|}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1=1. '''Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este'''
|2=2. [[Albert II of Belgium]]
|3=3. [[Queen Paola of Belgium|Donna Paola dei Principi Ruffo di Calabria]]
|4=4. [[Leopold III of Belgium]]
|5=5. [[Astrid of Sweden|Princess Astrid of Sweden]]
|6=6. [[Fulco Ruffo di Calabria|Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria]]
|7=7. [[:nl:Luisa Gazelli di Rossana e di Sebastiano|Luisa Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana]]
|8=8. [[Albert I of Belgium]]
|9=9. [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium|Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria]]
|10=10. [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland]]
|11=11. [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]]
|12=12. Fulco VII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria
|13=13. [[:nl:Laura Mosselman du Chenoy|Laura Mosselman du Chenoy]]
|14=14. Augusto Gazelli, Conte di Rossana e di Sebastiano
|15=15. Maria Cristina dei Conti Rignon
|16=16. [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders]]
|17=17. [[Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]
|18=18. [[Karl Theodor, Duke in Bavaria]]
|19=19. [[Infanta Maria Josepha of Portugal]]
|20=20. [[Oscar II of Sweden]]
|21=21. [[Sophia of Nassau|Princess Sophia of Nassau]]
|22=22. [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]]
|23=23. [[Louise of Sweden|Princess Louise of Sweden]]
|24=24. Fulco VI, Prince Ruffo di Calabria
|25=25. Eleonora Galletti dei Marchesi di San Cataldo
|26=26. [[:nl:Théodore Mosselman du Chenoy|Théodore Mosselman du Chenoy]]
|27=27. Isabelle Coghen
|28=28. Calisto Gazelli, Conte di Rossana e di Sebastiano
|29=29. Francesca Cotti dei Conti di Ceres
|30=30. [[:it:Felice Rignon|Félix, Conte Rignon]]
|31=31. Luisa Perrone dei Conti di San Martino
}}

==Note==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.monarchie.be/royal-family/princess-astrid Official Belgian Monarchy Website – Princess Astrid]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]|5 June|1962}}
{{S-roy|be}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Line of succession to the Belgian throne]]|before=[[Princess Eléonore of Belgium]]|after=[[Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Prince Amedeo of Belgium]]|years=5th position}}
{{S-end}}
{{Belgian princesses}}
{{Austrian archduchesses by marriage}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astrid Of Belgium}}
[[Category:Belgian princesses]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate (Belgium)]]
[[Category:House of Belgium]]
[[Category:Austrian princesses]]
[[Category:House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]
[[Category:People from Brussels]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (military)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star]]

Princess Astrid of Belgium

2018-11-16T23:45:10Z

83.83.44.43: /* Marriage and issue */

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Princess Astrid of Belgium
| title = [[Archduke of Austria-Este|Archduchess of Austria-Este]]
| image = Princess Astrid at the World Investment Forum 2018 (cropped).jpg
| full name = Astrid Joséphine-Charlotte Fabrizia Elisabeth Paola Marie
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este]]|22 September 1984}}
| issue = [[Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Prince Amedeo]] [[Princess Maria Laura of Belgium|Princess Maria Laura]] [[Prince Joachim of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Prince Joachim]] [[Princess Luisa Maria of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Princess Luisa Maria]] [[Princess Laetitia Maria of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Princess Laetitia Maria]]
| house = [[House of Belgium|Belgium]] 
| father = [[Albert II of Belgium]]
| mother = [[Paola Ruffo di Calabria]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|06|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Belvédère Castle]], [[Laeken]], [[Brussels]], Belgium
| signature =
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
}}
{{Belgian Royal Family}}
{{Austrian Imperial Family}}

'''Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este''' (born 5 June 1962), is the second child and only daughter of [[Albert II of the Belgians|King Albert II]] and [[Queen Paola of Belgium|Queen Paola]], and younger sister to the current Belgian monarch, [[Philippe of the Belgians|King Philippe]]. She is married to [[Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Prince Lorenz of Belgium]], head of the [[Austria-Este]] branch of the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]], and is fifth in line of succession to the Belgian throne.

==Biography==
Princess Astrid was born one day before her father's 28th birthday at the [[Belvédère Castle|Château de Belvédère]], near [[Laeken]], and was named after her late paternal grandmother, [[Astrid of Sweden]], the popular first wife of [[Leopold III of the Belgians|King Leopold III]]. Her godparents were her uncle [[Fulco Ruffo di Calabria|Fabrizio]], Prince Ruffo di Calabria-Santapau, 7th Duke di Guardia Lombarda, and her aunt [[Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium|Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg]].

===Marriage and issue===
Princess Astrid married [[Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este]], subsequently head of the [[House of Austria-Este|Archducal House of Austria-Este]], on 22 September 1984 at [[Brussels]].<ref name=enache>Enache, Nicolas. ''La Descendance de Marie-Therese de Habsburg''. ICC, Paris, 1996. pp. 44-45,50. French</ref><ref name=ghda1>Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Furstlicher Hauser Bande XVI, C.A. Starke Verlag, ''Haus Osterreich'', Limburg, 2001, pp. 91–92. German</ref> Lorenz is the eldest son of [[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este]] (1915–1996), and his wife [[Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta]] (born in 1930).<ref name=ghda1/> Her husband was also created Prince of Belgium by Royal Decree on 27 November 1995.<ref name=ghda1/>

Princess Astrid and Prince Lorenz have five children, who bear the title "Prince/Princess of Belgium" (in each of the three official languages) as members of the [[Belgian monarchy|Belgian royal family]] and Archduke/Archduchess of Austria:<ref name=enache/><ref name=ghda1/>
* [[Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este]] (born 21 February 1986 at Saint Luc University Hospital in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert)
* [[Princess Maria Laura of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este]] (born 26 August 1988 at Saint Luc University Hospital in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert )
* [[Prince Joachim of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este]] (9 December 1991 at Saint Luc University Hospital in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert)
* [[Princess Luisa Maria of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este]] (born 11 October 1995 at Saint Jean Hospital in Brussels)
* [[Princess Laetitia Maria of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este]] (born 23 April 2003 at Saint Jean Hospital in Brussels)

In 2016 Astrid's first grandchild, Princess Anne Astrid, was born, daughter of Prince Amedeo.

Astrid is also godmother to [[Archduchess Marie Astrid of Austria|Archduchess Marie-Christine of Austria]], [[Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg]] and [[Prince Gaston of Orléans (2009–)|Prince Gaston of Orléans]].

==Royal role==
Astrid was formerly President of the [[Belgian Red Cross]],<ref name = "ghda1"/> a position which ended on 31 December 2007. She declined to stand again for election to the role in light of internal struggles in the organisation in reconciling its French-speaking and Flemish branches, each of which seeks greater autonomy. The princess is also a colonel in the [[Belgian Medical Component|Medical Component]] of the [[Military of Belgium|Belgian Armed Forces]]. Her official residence is the [[Royal Castle of Laeken]] on the edge of Brussels.<ref name=ghda1/>

She is a member of the Honorary Board of the [[International Paralympic Committee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary Board|url=http://www.paralympic.org/TheIPC/HWA/HonoraryBoard|publisher=IPC}}</ref>

Princess Astrid has been for many years a fierce advocate for landmine survivors rights, participating actively in the work of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, also known as the [[Ottawa Treaty]], since Belgium joined in 1998. In 2013, the Princess was named Special Envoy of the Convention,<ref name="apminebanconvention.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.apminebanconvention.org/newsroom/press-release-archives/archives-2014/detail/article/1400501763-special-envoy-princess-astrid-of-belgium-welcomes-omans-decision-to-join-the-anti-pe/|title=AP Mine Ban Convention: Special envoy Princess Astrid of Belgium welcomes Oman’s decision to join the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention|website=www.apminebanconvention.org}}</ref> and has promoted the acceptance of a global ban on landmines and promoted the rights of survivors in various UN meetings.<ref name="apminebanconvention.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apminebanconvention.org/newsroom/press-release-archives/archives-2015/detail/article/1448959503-princess-astrid-of-belgium-calls-for-greater-assistance-to-landmine-survivors/|title=AP Mine Ban Convention: Princess Astrid of Belgium calls for greater assistance to landmine survivors|website=www.apminebanconvention.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maputoreviewconference.org/|title=Maputo Summit: 3rd Review Conference|website=www.maputoreviewconference.org}}</ref>

==Titles, styles and honours==
{{Infobox hrhstyles
|royal name=Princess Astrid, Archduchess of Austria-Este
|image=[[Image:Royal Monogram of Princess Astrid of Belgium.svg|75px]]
|dipstyle=[[Her Imperial and Royal Highness]]
|offstyle=Your Imperial and Royal Highness
}}

===Titles===
* 5 June 1962 – 22 September 1984: ''Her Royal Highness'' Princess Astrid of Belgium
* 22 September 1984 – present: ''Her Imperial and Royal Highness'' Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este<ref group="note" name="Title">She has held the title "Princess of Belgium" from birth under Belgian law. By marriage to an archduke of the house of Austria-Este, she gained, in addition to her native title, the style "[[Imperial and Royal Highness]]" and the title "Archduchess of Austria-Este". Upon her husband's succeeding to the headship of his house in 1996, as wife of the Archduke of Austria-Este, internationally or depending on the situation, she is also accorded the traditional title "[[Archduke of Austria-Este|Her Imperial and Royal Highness The Archduchess of Austria-Este]]" or, more formally, reflecting both her native and marital titles, is addressed as '''HI&RH Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este'''. Her children by Archduke Lorenz bear the titles "Prince(ss) of Belgium" by Belgian decree of 2 December 1991, in addition to their Austrian titles borne by tradition, "Archduke/Archduchess of Austria".</ref>

===Honours===
{{See also|List of honours of the Belgian Royal Family by country}}

====National Honours====
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold I]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://c7.alamy.com/comp/D5AXJW/r-lprincess-astrid-of-belgium-prince-lorenz-of-belgium-and-prince-D5AXJW.jpg|title=Photo |website=c7.alamy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/royal-wedding-of-prince-frederik-and-mary-donaldson-news-photo/115141028|title=Royal Wedding Of Prince Frederik And Mary Donaldson, Arrivals At The Cathedral In Copenhagen, Denmark On May 14, 2004.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/princess-astrid-and-prince-lorenz-of-belgium-attend-the-te-news-photo/452473600|title=Princess Astrid and Prince Lorenz of Belgium attend the Te Deum mass, on Belgian National Day, at the Sint-Salvator Cathedral in Brugge, on July 21, 2014.|publisher=}}</ref>

====Foreign Honours====
* {{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross 1st Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/attachment.php?attachmentid=51886&d=1098964666 |title=Photo |website=www.theroyalforums.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-82553011/princess-astrid|title=Stock Photography, Royalty-Free Photos & The Latest News Pictures - Getty Images|website=www.corbisimages.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-82552914/princess-astrid-and-prince-lorenz|title=Stock Photography, Royalty-Free Photos & The Latest News Pictures - Getty Images|website=www.corbisimages.com}}</ref>
* {{flag|Hungary}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/princess-astrid-from-belgium-poses-for-a-photo-before-a-news-photo/80724448|title=Hungary?s President Laszlo Solyom on State Visit to Belgium Day 1|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/prince-lorentz-princess-astrid-prince-philippe-from-belgium-news-photo/80685347|title=Hungary?s President Laszlo Solyom on State Visit to Belgium Day 1|publisher=}}</ref>
* {{flag|Luxembourg}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Adolphe of Nassau]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://3.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:6345423:preview:watermark|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425124037/http://3.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:6345423:preview:watermark|archivedate=2012-04-25|title=Wayback Machine|date=25 April 2012|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/prince-nikolaus-princess-margaretha-prince-lorentz-princess-news-photo/73644825|title=Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembou|publisher=}}</ref>
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Netherlands)|Order of the Crown]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://0.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:23475634:preview:watermark|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425123911/http://0.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:23475634:preview:watermark|archivedate=2012-04-25|title=Wayback Machine|date=25 April 2012|publisher=}}</ref>
* {{flag|Norway}}: Grand Cross of the [[Royal Norwegian Order of Merit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kongehuset.no/tildelinger.html?tid=28028&sek=27995&q=Astrid+&type=&aarstall=|title=Tildelinger av ordener og medaljer|website=www.kongehuset.no}}</ref>
* {{flag|Portugal}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Prince Henry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modenaducale.altervista.org/index_file/image17871.png |title=Photo |website=modenaducale.altervista.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/prince-laurent-princess-claire-prince-lorentz-princess-news-photo/55950746|title=Portuguese State Visit To Belgium|publisher=}}</ref>
* {{flag|Spain}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Civil Merit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2000/05/13/pdfs/A17722-17722.pdf |title=Photo |website=www.boe.es}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sweden}}: Member Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of the Polar Star]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belgaimage.be/#/image/20852742|title=Belga Image|website=www.belgaimage.be}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/0000378959-031/royal-couple-of-sweden-on-state-visit|title=Stock Photography, Royalty-Free Photos & The Latest News Pictures - Getty Images|website=www.corbisimages.com}}</ref>

===Awards===
* {{flag|Peru}}: [[Freedom of the City]] of [[Lima]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-63461225/belgian-princess-astrid-visits-lima|title=Stock Photography, Royalty-Free Photos & The Latest News Pictures - Getty Images|website=www.corbisimages.com}}</ref>

==== Other ====
'''2016''' : honorary mayor and The Hidalgo Award of [[San Antonio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://therivardreport.com/city-welcomes-princess-astrid-of-belgium-to-san-antonio/|title=City Welcomes Princess Astrid of Belgium to San Antonio|publisher=}}</ref>

===Arms===
{{Infobox COA wide
|image =Crowned_Arms_of_a_Princess_of_Belgium.svg
|imagesize = 150
|notes = Gustaaf Janssens, Archivist of the Royal Palace, confirms that HRH Princess Astrid's coat of arms as Princess of Belgium consist of the gold lion on a black background on a lozenge ensigned with the royal crown.
|escutcheon = Sable a lion rampant Or armed and langued Gules. ''French :'' De sable au lion d'or armé et lampassé de gueules
}}

==Ranks==
{| style="width:90%;"
|-
| style="width:90%;" rowspan="2"|
* [[File:Logo Composante Medicale (Armee Belge).svg|25px]] '''23 May 1997{{spaced ndash}} 26 December 2003''': [[Belgian Medical Component]], [[Lieutenant-colonel]]<ref>[[Le Soir]], [http://archives.lesoir.be/la-princesse-astrid-est-lieutenant-colonel-_t-19970523-Z0DR48.html Article] (''French'') announcing the rank</ref><ref>Belgian Defense Website, [http://www.mil.be/vox/subject/index.asp?LAN=fr&ID=400&MENU=269&PAGE=13 Article] evoking Princess Astrid & Prince Laurent</ref>
* [[File:Logo Composante Medicale (Armee Belge).svg|25px]] ''' 26 December 2003{{spaced ndash}}''': [[Belgian Medical Component]], [[Colonel]]<ref>Belgian Defense Website, [http://www.mil.be/vox/subject/index.asp?LAN=fr&ID=522&MENU=716&PAGE=5 Article] evoking Princess Astrid, last section ''"Mon colonel !"'' {{Dead link|date=December 2015}}</ref>
| [[File:OF-4 BEL Med comp Luitenant-kolonel.gif|40px]] || [[File:OF-5 BEL Med comp Kolonel.gif|40px]]
|-
! 1997 !! 2003
|}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1=1. '''Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este'''
|2=2. [[Albert II of Belgium]]
|3=3. [[Queen Paola of Belgium|Donna Paola dei Principi Ruffo di Calabria]]
|4=4. [[Leopold III of Belgium]]
|5=5. [[Astrid of Sweden|Princess Astrid of Sweden]]
|6=6. [[Fulco Ruffo di Calabria|Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria]]
|7=7. [[:nl:Luisa Gazelli di Rossana e di Sebastiano|Luisa Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana]]
|8=8. [[Albert I of Belgium]]
|9=9. [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium|Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria]]
|10=10. [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland]]
|11=11. [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]]
|12=12. Fulco VII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria
|13=13. [[:nl:Laura Mosselman du Chenoy|Laura Mosselman du Chenoy]]
|14=14. Augusto Gazelli, Conte di Rossana e di Sebastiano
|15=15. Maria Cristina dei Conti Rignon
|16=16. [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders]]
|17=17. [[Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]
|18=18. [[Karl Theodor, Duke in Bavaria]]
|19=19. [[Infanta Maria Josepha of Portugal]]
|20=20. [[Oscar II of Sweden]]
|21=21. [[Sophia of Nassau|Princess Sophia of Nassau]]
|22=22. [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]]
|23=23. [[Louise of Sweden|Princess Louise of Sweden]]
|24=24. Fulco VI, Prince Ruffo di Calabria
|25=25. Eleonora Galletti dei Marchesi di San Cataldo
|26=26. [[:nl:Théodore Mosselman du Chenoy|Théodore Mosselman du Chenoy]]
|27=27. Isabelle Coghen
|28=28. Calisto Gazelli, Conte di Rossana e di Sebastiano
|29=29. Francesca Cotti dei Conti di Ceres
|30=30. [[:it:Felice Rignon|Félix, Conte Rignon]]
|31=31. Luisa Perrone dei Conti di San Martino
}}

==Note==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.monarchie.be/royal-family/princess-astrid Official Belgian Monarchy Website – Princess Astrid]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]|5 June|1962}}
{{S-roy|be}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Line of succession to the Belgian throne]]|before=[[Princess Eléonore of Belgium]]|after=[[Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Prince Amedeo of Belgium]]|years=5th position}}
{{S-end}}
{{Belgian princesses}}
{{Austrian archduchesses by marriage}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astrid Of Belgium}}
[[Category:Belgian princesses]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate (Belgium)]]
[[Category:House of Belgium]]
[[Category:Austrian princesses]]
[[Category:House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]
[[Category:People from Brussels]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (military)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star]]

Pope John XXIII

2018-10-26T03:08:02Z

83.83.44.43:

{{For|the 15th-century antipope|Antipope John XXIII}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox Christian Leader
|type = Pope
|honorific-prefix = Pope Saint
|name = John XXIII
|title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
|image = Pope John XXIII - 1959 (cropped).jpg
|caption = John XXIII in 1959
|coat_of_arms = John 23 coa.svg
|motto = {{lang|la|Oboedientia et Pax}} (Obedience and Peace)
|signature = FirmaGiovanniXXIII.PNG
|birth_name = Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
|term_start = 28 October 1958
|term_end = 3 June 1963
|predecessor = [[Pius XII]]
|successor = [[Paul VI]]
|ordination = 10 August 1904
|ordained_by = [[Giuseppe Ceppetelli]]
|consecration = 19 March 1925
|consecrated_by = [[Giovanni Tacci Porcelli]]
|cardinal = 12 January 1953
|created_cardinal_by = [[Pius XII]]
|rank =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1881|11|25|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Sotto il Monte]], [[Bergamo]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|06|03|1881|11|25|df =y}}
|death_place = [[Apostolic Palace]], [[Vatican City]]
|previous_post = {{unbulleted list|Titular Archbishop of [[Rabba|Areopolis]] (1925–34)|Official to [[Bulgaria]] (1925–31)|Apostolic Delegate to Bulgaria (1931–34) |Titular Archbishop of [[Mesembria (Pontus)|Mesembria]] (1934–53)|Apostolic Delegate to [[Turkey]] (1934–44)|Apostolic Delegate to [[Greece]] (1934–44)|[[Apostolic Nuncio to France]] (1944–53)|[[Santa Prisca|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca]] (1953–58)|[[Patriarch of Venice]] (1953–58)}}
|feast_day = {{unbulleted list|11 October ([[Catholic Church]])|3 June ([[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]])|4 June ([[Anglican Church of Canada]] and [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]])}}
|venerated = {{unbulleted list|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]]|[[Anglican Church of Canada]]|[[Episcopal Church of the United States]]}}
|saint_title =
|beatified_date = 3 September 2000
|beatified_place = [[Saint Peter's Square]], [[Vatican City]]
|beatified_by = [[Pope John Paul II]]
|canonized_date = 27 April 2014
|canonized_place = [[Saint Peter's Square]], [[Vatican City]]
|canonized_by = [[Pope Francis]]
|attributes = {{unbulleted list|Papal vestments|[[Papal tiara]]|[[Camauro]]}}
|patronage = {{Unbulleted list|[[Nuncio|Papal delegates]]<ref>{{Citation | contribution-url = http://saints.sqpn.com/patrons-of-papal-delegates/ | publisher = SQPN | title = Saints | contribution = Patrons of Papal Delegates}}</ref>|[[Patriarch of Venice|Patriarchy of Venice]]|[[Second Vatican Council]]|[[Ecumenism|Christian unity]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/reviews/detail/articolo/giovanni-xxiii-juan-xxiii-john-xxiii-falasca-32938/|title=St. John XXIII, patron saint of Christian unity?|publisher=Vatican Insider|date=24 March 2014|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>|[[Diocese of Bergamo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diocesibg.it/home_page/notizie/00002649_Il_12_ottobre_nella_memoria_di_S._Giovanni_XXIII_dedicazione_della_chiesa_all_ospedale..html|title=On October 12, in memory of St. John XXIII dedication of the church hospital|publisher=Diocese of Bergamo|date=2014|accessdate=26 May 2015}}</ref>|[[Sotto il Monte]]|[[Valsamoggia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/papa-buono.aspx|title=Saint John XXIII for the first time becomes the patron|publisher=|date=|accessdate=4 January 2016}}</ref>|[[Italian Army]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2017/09/06/vaticaninsider/ita/news/san-giovanni-xxiii-sar-patrono-dellesercito-LCfCqLz5bD5RtxZiJXEDvL/pagina.html|title=San Giovanni XXIII sarà patron dell'Esercito|publisher=La Stampa|date=6 September 2017|author=Marco Roncalli|accessdate=7 September 2017}}</ref>}}
|other = John}}

'''Pope Saint John XXIII''' ({{lang-la|Ioannes}}; {{lang-it|Giovanni}}; born '''Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli''', {{IPA-it|ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli}}; 25 November 1881{{spaced ndash}}3 June 1963) was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and sovereign of the [[Vatican City State]] from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was [[canonized]] on 27 April 2014.<ref>United States Conference of Bishops, ''The Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II'':[http://www.usccb.org/about/leadership/holy-see/canonizations-john-xxiii-john-paul-ii.cfm]</ref> Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of [[sharecropping|sharecroppers]] who lived in a village in [[Lombardy]].<ref>{{cite web|place=[[Italy|IT]] |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |title=Pope John XXIII |publisher=Vatican |accessdate=23 June 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050817/http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |archivedate=5 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was ordained to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, as [[nuncio]] in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a [[Papal consistory|consistory]] on 12 January 1953 [[Pope Pius XII]] made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of [[Santa Prisca]] in addition to naming him as the [[Patriarch of Venice]].

Roncalli was unexpectedly{{citation needed|reason=William Doino source below claims the opposite|date=August 2018}} elected [[pope]] on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. He was the first pope to take the [[pontifical name]] of "John" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of [[Pope John (numbering)|official numbering]] attached to this papal name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike."<ref>{{Citation
|date=4 July 2013
|url=http://nationalcatholic.org.uk/2013/07/05/canonisation-of-blessed-john-paul-ii-and-blessed-john-xxiii/
|title=Canonisation of Blessed John Paul II and Blessed John XXIII
|publisher=The National Catholic Church of the United Kingdom and Ireland
|newspaper=
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075746/http://nationalcatholic.org.uk/2013/07/05/canonisation-of-blessed-john-paul-ii-and-blessed-john-xxiii/
|archivedate=7 April 2014
|df=
}}</ref>

John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the night of the day that opened the Second Vatican Council (11 of October, 1962), where he spoke to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: "Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!".<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=John XXIII: the speech to the moon above ...|publisher=Vatican Radio|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/john-xxiii-the-speech-to-the-moon-above|accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref> This was known as the "Speech of the Moon".

Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final [[encyclical]], {{lang|la|[[Pacem in terris]]}}. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for [[canonization]] was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, [[Pope Paul VI]], who declared him a [[Servant of God]]. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was [[Beatification|beatified]] on 3 September 2000 by [[Pope John Paul II]] alongside [[Pope Pius IX]] and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, [[Pope Francis]] – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope John Paul II on 27 April 2014.<ref>{{Citation | date = 30 September 2013 | url = http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/30/popes-john-paul-ii-john-xxiii-to-be-declared-saints-in-april/ | title = Popes John Paul II, John XXIII to be declared saints in April | publisher = Fox | newspaper = World News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG0DDhiskh0|title=Pope Francis declares Popes John Paul II and John XXIII Saints|first=Rajamanickam|last=Antonimuthu|format=YouTube|date=27 April 2014|accessdate=27 April 2014}}</ref> John XXIII today is affectionately known as the "Good Pope" and in Italian, "il Papa buono".

The [[Catholic Church]] celebrates his [[feast day]] not on the date of his death (3 June), as is usual, nor his birth, or even on the day of his [[papal coronation]] (as is the case with several canonised popes, such as [[John Paul II]]) but on 11 October – the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council. This is understandable, since the Council was his idea and it was he that had convened it. On Thursday, 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added his [[Memorial (liturgy)#Obligatory and optional memorials|optional memorial]] to the worldwide [[General Roman Calendar]] of saints' feast days, in response to global requests. He is, however, commemorated on the date of his death, 3 June, by the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] and on the following day, 4 June, by the [[Anglican Church of Canada]] and the [[Episcopal Church (United States)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1403773.htm |title=Catholic News Service |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913032749/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1403773.htm|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life and ordination===
[[File:Young Pope John XXIII.jpg|thumb|right|160px|The young Roncalli]]
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born on 25 November 1881 in [[Sotto il Monte]], a small country village in the [[Province of Bergamo|Bergamo]] province of the [[Lombardy]] region of [[Italy]]. He was the eldest son of Giovanni Battista Roncalli (1854 – July 1935) and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzolla (1855 – 20 February 1939), and fourth in a family of 13. His siblings were:

*Maria Caterina (1877–1883)
*Teresa (1879–1954)
*Ancilla (1880 – 11 November 1953)
*Francesco Zaverio (1883–1976)
*Maria Elisa (1884–1955)
*Assunta Casilda (Marchesi) (1886 – 23 March 1980)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19800326&id=CFdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L_kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2999,2948285|title=Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search|publisher=}}</ref>
*Domenico Giuseppe (22 February 1888 – 14 March 1888)
*Alfredo (1889–1972)
*Giovanni Francesco (1891–1956)
*Enrica (1893–1918)
*Giuseppe Luigi (1894–1981)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19800326&id=CFdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L_kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2999,2948285|title=Findagrave.com}}</ref>
*Luigi (1896–1898)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |title=Pope John XXIII |place=[[Rome]], [[Italy|IT]] |publisher=Vatican |accessdate=12 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232501/http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |archivedate=4 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=EGymkVOEJIsC&pg=PA337 |title=Jean XXIII | publisher = Google | work = Books |accessdate=12 September 2010|isbn=978-2-7010-0404-4|year=1970}}</ref>

His family worked as [[Sharecropping|sharecropper]]s, as did most of the people of Sotto il Monte – a striking contrast to that of his predecessor, [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli]] (Pope Pius XII), who came from an ancient [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] family long connected to the papacy. Roncalli was nonetheless a descendant of an Italian noble family, albeit from a secondary and impoverished branch.<ref>{{Citation | title = Armas e Troféus | trans-title = Arms & trophies | language = Portuguese | place = [[Portugal|PT]] | publisher = Instituto Português de Heráldica | year = 1990s}}</ref> In 1889, Roncalli received both his [[First Communion]] and [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|Confirmation]] at the age of 8.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vatican.va/special/canonizzazione-27042014/documents/biografia_gxxiii_canonizzazione_en.html|title=Biography of John XXIII|publisher=Holy See|accessdate= 28 April 2014}}</ref>

On 1 March 1896, Luigi Isacchi, the spiritual director of his seminary, enrolled him into the [[Secular Franciscan Order]]. He professed his vows as a member of that order on 23 May 1897.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/libretti/2014/20140427-libretto-canonizzazione.pdf|title=Rito della Canonizzazione e Celebrazione Eucaristica|trans-title=Rite of Canonization and Eucharistic Celebration|language=Italian|publisher=Holy See|accessdate= 25 April 2014}}</ref>

In 1904, Roncalli completed his [[Doctor of Canon Law|doctorate in Canon Law]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/johnxxiii/biography.html | type = biography | title =– Pope John XXIII | work =– The Papal Library |publisher=Saint Mike | accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref> and was [[ordination|ordained]] a [[Presbyter|priest]] in the Catholic Church of Santa Maria in Monte Santo in Piazza del Popolo in Rome on 10 August. Shortly after that, while still in Rome, Roncalli was taken to Saint Peter's Basilica to meet Pope Pius X. After this, he would return to his town to celebrate mass for the Assumption.<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | page =46 }}</ref>

===Priesthood===
In 1905, [[Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi]], the new [[Bishop of Bergamo]], appointed Roncalli as his secretary. Roncalli worked for Radini-Tedeschi until the bishop's death on 22 August 1914, two days after the death of Pope Pius X. Radini-Tedeschi's last words to Roncalli were ''"Angelo, pray for peace"''. The death of Radini-Tedeschi had a deep effect on Roncalli.
<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | pages = 76–77}}</ref> During this period Roncalli was also a lecturer in the diocesan [[seminary]] in [[Bergamo]].

During [[World War I]], Roncalli was drafted into the [[Royal Italian Army]] as a [[sergeant]], serving in the medical corps as a stretcher-bearer and as a [[Military Chaplain|chaplain]]. After being discharged from the army in early 1919, he was named [[Spiritual direction|spiritual director]] of the seminary.<ref>{{cite web|work=Liturgy |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |type=news |title=Pope John XXIII |publisher=Vatican |place=Rome, IT |date=3 September 2000 |accessdate=23 June 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050817/http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |archivedate=5 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 6 November 1921, Roncalli travelled to Rome where he was scheduled to meet the Pope. After their meeting, [[Pope Benedict XV]] appointed him as the Italian president of the [[Society for the Propagation of the Faith]]. Roncalli would recall Benedict XV as being the most sympathetic of the popes he had met.<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | page = 96}}</ref>

==Episcopate==
In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State [[Pietro Gasparri]] summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of [[Pope Pius XI]]'s decision to appoint him as the [[apostolic visitor|Apostolic Visitor]] to [[Bulgaria]] (1925–1935). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for [[consecration]] as [[titular bishop|titular archbishop]] of [[Rabba|Areopolis]],<ref>{{Citation | title = Provisio ecclesiarum | trans-title = Ecclesiastical provision | publisher = Vatican | journal = [[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2017%20%5B1925%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf | volume = 17 | year = 1925 | page = 140 | language = Latin | place = Rome, IT | format = PDF}}</ref> [[Jordan]].<ref>{{Catholic|no-icon=1|prescript=| wstitle = Areopolis}}</ref> Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he would soon relent. His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March.<ref>{{Citation | trans-title = Congregation for the Oriental Churches: nominations | title = Sacra congregatio pro ecclesia orientali: Nominationes | language = Latin | publisher = Vatican | place = Rome, IT | journal = [[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2017%20%5B1925%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf | format = PDF | volume = 17 | year = 1925 | page = 204}}</ref> Roncalli was consecrated by [[Giovanni Tacci Porcelli]] in the church of San Carlo alla Corso in Rome. After he was consecrated, he introduced his family to Pope Pius XI. He chose as his episcopal [[motto]] {{lang |la|Obedientia et Pax}} ("Obedience and Peace"), which became his guiding motto. While he was in Bulgaria, an earthquake struck in a town not too far from where he was. Unaffected, he wrote to his sisters Ancilla and Maria and told them both that he was fine.

On 30 November 1934, he was appointed [[Nuncio|Apostolic Delegate]] to [[Turkey]] and Greece and titular archbishop of [[Nesebar|Mesembria]], Bulgaria.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Vatican | place = Rome, IT | title = Provisio ecclesiarum | journal = [[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2027%20%5B1935%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf | volume = 27 | year = 1935 | language = Latin | trans-title = Ecclesiastical provision | format = PDF | page = 10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Doino |first=William |url=http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2012/07/pope-john-xxiii-conserver-of-tradition |title=Pope John XXIII: Conserver of Tradition | Web Exclusives | Daily Writings From Our Top Writers |publisher=First Things |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}</ref> Thus, he is known as "the Turcophile Pope," by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/27668954.asp|title=Papa Françesko'nun Türkiye ziyaretinin programı|date=28 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref> Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a [[Righteous Among the Nations|Righteous Gentile]] (see [[Pope John XXIII and Judaism]]). In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to [[Pope Pius XI]] on 14 October.<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | page = 121}}</ref>

In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as [[Pope Pius XII]] on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff.
<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | pages = 156–159}}</ref>

Roncalli remained in Bulgaria at the time that World War II commenced, optimistically writing in his journal in April 1939, "I don't believe we will have a war". At the time that the war did in fact commence, he was in Rome, meeting with Pope Pius XII on 5 September 1939. In 1940, Roncalli was asked by the Vatican to devote more of his time to Greece; therefore, he made several visits there in January and May that year.<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | pages = 159–162}}</ref>

===Nuncio===
On 22 December 1944, during [[World War II]], [[Pope Pius XII]] named him to be the new [[Apostolic Nuncio to France|Apostolic Nuncio to recently liberated France]].<ref>{{Citation | place = Rome, IT | publisher = Vatican | title = Segretaria di stato: Nomina | trans-title = State secretary: names | journal = [[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] | language = Italian | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2036%20%5B1944%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf | format = PDF | volume = 36 | year = 1944 | page = 342}}</ref> In this capacity he had to negotiate the retirement of [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]] who had collaborated with the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupying power]].

Roncalli was chosen among several other candidates, one of whom was Archbishop Joseph Fietta. Roncalli met with [[Domenico Tardini]] to discuss his new appointment, and their conversation suggested that Tardini did not approve of it. One curial prelate referred to Roncalli as an "old fogey" while speaking with a journalist.<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | pages = 200–201}}</ref>

Roncalli appointed a thirty-third degree Freemason the Baron Yves Marsaudon,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Destruction of the Christian Tradition|last=Coomaraswamy|first=Rama P.|publisher=World Wisdom|year=2006|isbn=0941532984|edition= Updated|location=|pages=128}}</ref> as head of the French branch of the Knights of Malta, a Catholic lay order.<ref>{{Cite book|title=La Popessa|last=R. Rene, Paul I|first=Arlington, Murphy|publisher=Warner Books|year=1983|isbn=0446512583|location=|pages=332–333}}</ref>

Roncalli left Ankara on 27 December 1944 on a series of short-haul flights that took him to several places, such as [[Beirut]], [[Cairo]] and Naples. He ventured to Rome on 28 December and met with both Tardini and his friend [[Pope Paul VI|Giovanni Battista Montini]]. He left for France the next day to commence his newest role.<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | page = 200}}</ref>

===Efforts during the Holocaust===
As nuncio, Roncalli made various efforts during the [[Holocaust]] in [[World War II]] to save refugees, mostly Jewish people, from the [[Nazis]]. Among his efforts were:
* Delivery of "immigration certificates" to Palestine through the Nunciature diplomatic courier.<ref name=Raoul>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/general/humanitarian-actions-monsignor/ |title="Humanitarian actions of Monsignor Angelo Roncalli", The International Raoul Wallenburg Foundation |publisher=Raoulwallenberg.net |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}</ref>
* Rescue of Jews by means of certificates of "baptism of convenience" sent by Monsignor Roncalli to priests in Europe.<ref name=Raoul/>
* [[Slovakia]]n children managed to leave the country due to his interventions.<ref>{{cite web| last= Klinghoffer |first= David |url = http://www.jewishjournal.com/arts/article/hitlers_pope_story_a_myth_rabbi_finds_20051104 | title= Hitler’s Pope Story a Myth, Rabbi Finds – Arts |publisher= Jewish Journal |date= 3 November 2005 | accessdate = 23 June 2013}}</ref>
* Jewish refugees whose names were included on a list submitted by Rabbi Markus of Istanbul to Nuncio Roncalli.
* Jews held at [[Jasenovac concentration camp]], near [[Stara Gradiška]], were liberated as a result of his intervention. {{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
* Bulgarian Jews who left [[Bulgaria]], a result of his request to [[Boris III of Bulgaria|King Boris III]] of Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hume |first=Brit |url=http://spectator.org/archives/2006/08/18/hitlers-pope/print |work=The American Spectator |title=Hitler's Pope? |date=18 August 2006 |accessdate=23 June 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211203429/http://spectator.org/archives/2006/08/18/hitlers-pope/print |archivedate=11 February 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Romania]]n Jews from [[Transnistria]] left Romania as a result of his intervention.<ref name=Raoul/>
* Italian Jews helped by the Vatican as a result of his interventions.<ref name=Raoul/>
* Orphaned children of [[Transnistria]] on board a refugee ship that weighed anchor from [[Constanța]] to Istanbul, and later arriving in Palestine as a result of his interventions. {{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
* Jews held at the [[Sereď]] concentration camp who were spared from being deported to German death camps as a result of his intervention. {{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
* [[Hungary|Hungarian]] Jews who saved themselves through their conversions to Christianity through the baptismal certificates sent by Nuncio Roncalli to the Hungarian Nuncio, Monsignor Angelo Rota.<ref name=Raoul/>

In 1965, the [[Catholic Herald]] newspaper quoted Pope John XXIII as saying:
{{Quote | We are conscious today that many, many centuries of blindness have cloaked our eyes so that we can no longer see the beauty of Thy chosen people nor recognise in their faces the features of our privileged brethren. We realize that the mark of Cain stands upon our foreheads. Across the centuries our brother Abel has lain in blood which we drew, or shed tears we caused by forgetting Thy love. Forgive us for the curse we falsely attached to their name as Jews. Forgive us for crucifying Thee a second time in their flesh. For we know not what we did.<ref>{{cite news|title=`OUR EYES HAVE BEEN CLOAKED'|url=http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/14th-may-1965/1/our-eyes-have-been-cloaked|accessdate=2 March 2014|newspaper=Catholic Herald|date=14 May 1965 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302203528/http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/14th-may-1965/1/our-eyes-have-been-cloaked |archivedate=2 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Three Popes and the Jews | first = Pinchas | last = Lapide | author-link = Pinchas Lapide | year = 1967 | publisher = Hawthorn}}</ref>}}

On 7 September 2000, the [[International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation]] launched the International Campaign for the Acknowledgement of the humanitarian actions undertaken by Vatican Nuncio Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli for people, most of whom were Jewish, persecuted by the Nazi regime. The launching took place at the Permanent Observation Mission of the Vatican to the United Nations, in the presence of [[Vatican Secretary of State|Vatican State Secretary]] Cardinal [[Angelo Sodano]].

[[File:Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli Patriarch of Venezia (1953-1958).JPG|thumb|170px|Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, [[Patriarch of Venice]] (1953–1958)]]
The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation has carried out exhaustive historical research related to different events connected with interventions of Nuncio Roncalli in favour of Jewish refugees during the Holocaust. Until now,{{when|date=September 2015}} three reports have been published compiling different studies and materials of historical research about the humanitarian actions carried out by Roncalli when he was nuncio.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/roncalli/research/summary/introduction.10218.htm | title = Summary of the research work of the International Angelo Roncalli Committee | publisher = The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/roncalli/research/summary/introduction.10218.htm | title = Synopsis of the Angelo Roncalli Dossier | publisher = The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation | date = 1 February 2011}}, submitted to [[Yad Vashem]].</ref>

In 2011, the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation submitted a massive file (the Roncalli Dossier) to Yad Vashem, with a strong petition and recommendation to bestow upon him the title of [[Righteous among the Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Eurnekian |first=Eduardo |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/good-pope-joseph/ |title=Good Pope 'Joseph' |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=3 June 2013 |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref>

==Cardinal==
{{refimprove section|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|thumb|left|150px|[[Legion of Honour|Commander of the Legion of Honour]] received in 1953]]
Roncalli received a message from Mgr. Montini on 14 November 1952 asking him if he would want to become the new Patriarch of Venice in light of the nearing death of [[Carlo Agostini]]. Furthermore, Montini said to him via letter on 29 November 1952 that Pius XII had decided to raise him to the cardinalate. Roncalli knew that he would be appointed to lead the patriarchy of Venice due to the death of Agostini, who was to have been raised to the rank of cardinal.<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | pages = 232–233}}</ref>

On 12 January 1953, he was appointed [[Patriarch of Venice]] and raised to the rank of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Santa Prisca]] by [[Pope Pius XII]]. Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign of his esteem, the [[President of France]], [[Vincent Auriol]], claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the [[Élysée Palace]]. It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor [[Bruno Heim]], formed his coat of arms with a lion of Saint Mark on a white ground. Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of [[Legion of Honour|Commander of the Legion of Honour]].

Roncalli decided to live on the second floor of the residence reserved for the patriarch, choosing not to live in the first floor room once resided in by Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, who later became [[Pope Pius X]]. On 29 May 1954, the late Pius X was canonized and Roncalli ensured that the late pontiff's patriarchal room was remodelled into a 1903 (the year of the new saint's papal election) look in his honor. With Pius X's few surviving relatives, Roncalli celebrated a mass in his honor.

His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.

==Papacy==
{{Infobox popestyles
| image = John 23 coa.svg
| dipstyle=[[His Holiness]]
| offstyle=Your Holiness
| relstyle=Holy Father
| deathstyle=[[Canonization|Saint]]}}
{{Ordination
|ordained deacon by =
|date of diaconal ordination =
|place of diaconal ordination =
|ordained priest by = [[Giuseppe Ceppetelli]]
|date of priestly ordination = 10 August 1904
|place of priestly ordination = Santa Maria in Monte Santo in Piazza del Popolo, [[Rome]], Italy
|consecrated by = [[Giovanni Tacci Porcelli|Giovanni Tacci Card. Porcelli]]
|co-consecrators = [[Giuseppe Palica]] [[Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani]]
|date of consecration = 19 March 1925
|place of consecration = San Carlo alla Corso, [[Rome]], Italy
|elevated by = [[Pope Pius XII]]
|date of elevation = 12 January 1953
|bishop 1 = [[Antonio Gregorio Vuccino]]
|consecration date 1 = 25 July 1937
|bishop 2 = [[Alfredo Pacini]]
|consecration date 2 = 11 June 1946
|bishop 3 = [[Silvio Oddi|Silvio Angelo Pio Oddi]]
|consecration date 3 = 27 September 1953
| sources =
|bishop 4 = [[Angelo Dell'Acqua]]
|consecration date 4 = 27 December 1958
|bishop 5 = [[Pope John Paul I]]
|consecration date 5 = 27 December 1958
|bishop 6 = [[Domenico Tardini]]
|consecration date 6 = 27 December 1958
|bishop 7 = James Hagan
|consecration date 7 = 8 May 1960
|bishop 8 = [[Pericle Felici]]
|consecration date 8 = 28 October 1960
|bishop 9 = [[Alfredo Ottaviani]]
|consecration date 9 = 19 April 1962
|bishop 10 = [[Alberto di Jorio]]
|consecration date 10 = 19 April 1962
|bishop 11 = [[Augustin Bea]]
|consecration date 11 = 19 April 1962
|bishop 12 = [[Enrico Dante]]
|consecration date 12 = 21 September 1962
|bishop 13 = [[Pietro Palazzini]]
|consecration date 13 = 21 September 1962
|bishop 14 = [[Paul-Pierre Philippe]]
|consecration date 14 = 21 September 1962
}}

===Papal election===
{{Main |Papal conclave, 1958}}
Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in [[Venice]] on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was ''papabile'',{{efn|William Doino is one of the commentators who claim that Roncalli was ''papabile'' and argue that "[b]y the time of Pius XII’s death, in 1958, Cardinal Roncalli 'contrary to the idea he came out of nowhere to become pope' was actually one of those favored to be elected. He was well known, well liked and trusted."<ref name=FirstThings>{{cite web|journal=First Things|url=http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2012/07/pope-john-xxiii-conserver-of-tradition|title=Pope John XXIII: Conserver of Tradition|last=Doino|first=William Jr.|date=2 July 2012|accessdate=28 April 2014}}</ref>}} and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Many had considered [[Pope Paul VI|Giovanni Battista Montini]], the [[Archbishop of Milan]], a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent [[Episcopal see|sees]] in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html | title = Pope Paul VI: 1963–1978 | type = biography | place = Rome, IT | publisher = Vatican | accessdate = 28 February 2006}}</ref> Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon Law]] any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the [[College of Cardinals]] usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to contemporary practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals,{{efn|At the 1958 conclave, the two Eastern Catholic cardinal-electors were [[Gregorio Pietro Agagianian]], Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenian Catholic Church and [[Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni]], Patriarch of Antioch of the Syrian Catholic Church}} and some Cardinals were just priests at the time of their elevation.{{efn|At the 1958 conclave, [[Nicola Canali]] the Cardinal protodeacon was only an ordained priest and [[Alfredo Ottaviani]], the Cardinal-Deacon of ''Santa Maria in Domnica'' had not yet been consecrated as a bishop.}}

Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal [[Eugène Tisserant]] asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his [[regnal name]]. Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the [[Antipope John XXIII]] during the [[Western Schism]] several centuries before.

On the choice of his papal name, Pope John XXIII said to the cardinals:
{{Quote | I choose John... a name sweet to us because it is the name of our father, dear to me because it is the name of the humble parish church where I was baptized, the solemn name of numberless cathedrals scattered throughout the world, including our own basilica [St. John Lateran]. [[Pope John (numbering)|Twenty-two Johns]] of [[Antipope|indisputable legitimacy]] have [been Pope], and almost all had a brief pontificate. We have preferred to hide the smallness of our name behind this magnificent succession of Roman Popes.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938062-3,00.html | title = I Choose John... | newspaper = [[Time Magazine|Time]] | date=10 November 1958}}</ref>}}

Upon his choosing the name, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV; in response, he declared that he was John XXIII, thus affirming the antipapal status of [[antipope John XXIII]].

Before this antipope, the most recent popes called John were [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] (1316–34) and [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]] (1276–77). However, there was no [[Pope John XX]], owing to confusion caused by medieval historians misreading the [[Liber Pontificalis]] to refer to another Pope John between [[Pope John XIV|John XIV]] and [[Pope John XV|John XV]].

After his election, he confided in Cardinal [[Maurice Feltin]] that he had chosen the name "in memory of France and in the memory of John XXII who continued the history of the papacy in France".<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | page = 220}}</ref>

After he answered the two ritual questions, the traditional [[Habemus Papam]] announcement was delivered by Cardinal [[Nicola Canali]] to the people at 6:08 pm, an exact hour after the white smoke appeared. A short while later, he appeared on the balcony and gave his first [[Urbi et Orbi]] blessing to the crowds of the faithful below in [[Saint Peter's Square]]. That same night, he appointed [[Domenico Tardini]] as his Secretary of State. Of the three cassocks prepared for whomever the new pope was, even the largest was not enough to fit his five-foot-two, 200-plus-pound frame, which had to be let out in certain places and only to be held together with great effort by bobby pins. When he first saw himself in the mirror in his new vestments, he said with an apprising and critical look that "this man will be a disaster on television!", while later saying he felt his first appearance before the globe was as if he were a "newborn babe in swaddling clothes".<ref name=ALL>https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-and-president-john-xxiii-and-dwight-d-eisenhower-era-di-belli-was-beaut</ref>

His coronation took place on 4 November 1958, on the feast of Saint [[Charles Borromeo]], and it occurred on the central loggia of the Vatican. He was crowned with the 1877 [[Palatine Tiara]]. His coronation ran for the traditional five hours.

In John XXIII's first [[Papal consistory|consistory]] on 15 December of that same year, Montini was created a cardinal and would become John XXIII's successor in 1963, taking the name of [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]].
[[File:Johnxxiii-color-tiara-sm.jpg|thumb|left|Pope John XXIII's coronation on 4 November 1958. He was crowned wearing the 1877 [[Palatine Tiara]].]]

Following his election the new pope told the tale of how in his first weeks he was walking when he heard a woman exclaim in a loud voice: "My God, he's so fat!" The new pope casually remarked: "Madame, the holy conclave isn't exactly a beauty contest!"<ref name=ALL/>

===Visits around Rome===
[[File:Pope John XXIII - Porto Viro - Rovigo.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Monument to Pope John XXIII in [[Porto Viro]] ([[Rovigo]])]]
On 25 December 1958, he became the first pope since 1870 to make pastoral visits in his [[Diocese of Rome]], when he visited children infected with [[polio]] at the [[Bambino Gesù Hospital]] and then visited Santo Spirito Hospital. The following day, he visited Rome's [[Regina Coeli prison]], where he told the inmates: "You could not come to me, so I came to you." These acts created a sensation, and he wrote in his diary: “...great astonishment in the Roman, Italian and international press. I was hemmed in on all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, wardens...”<ref>{{Cite journal|first = Peter |last=Hebblethwaite|title=Pope John XXIII: Shepherd of the Modern World|publisher=Image Books |year=1987|page= 303}}</ref>

During these visits, John XXIII put aside the normal papal use of the [[Majestic plural|formal "we"]] when referring to himself, such as when he visited a reformatory school for juvenile delinquents in Rome telling them "I have wanted to come here for some time". The media noticed this and reported that "He talked to the youths in their own language".<ref>{{cite news | title =Look Ahead, Pontiff Advises Young Inmates|agency=Associated Press|work=St Petersburg Times|date=12 November 1962|url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0Z4oAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J1IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2896,1214486&dq=ottaviani}}</ref>

===Relations with Jews===
{{Main| Pope John XXIII and Judaism}}
One of the first acts of Pope John XXIII, in 1960, was to eliminate the description of Jews as ''perfidius'' (Latin for "perfidious" or "faithless") in the prayer for the [[conversion of the Jews]] in the [[Good Friday prayer for the Jews|Good Friday liturgy]]. He interrupted the first Good Friday liturgy in his pontificate to address this issue when he first heard a celebrant refer to the Jews with that word. He also made a confession for the Church of the sin of [[anti-semitism]] through the centuries.<ref>{{cite web | last = Schulweis | first = Harold | authorlink = Harold M. Schulweis | title = Catholic-Jewish Relations: Post-Holocaust Yom Kippur, 1999 | url = http://www.vbs.org/page.cfm?p=497 | publisher = VBS | accessdate =23 October 2012}}</ref>

While Vatican II was being held, John XXIII tasked Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]] with the creation of several important documents that pertained to reconciliation with Jewish people.

===Calling the Council===
[[File:Pope John XXIII and Sami as-Solh.png|thumb|John XXIII with Prime Minister of Lebanon [[Sami as-Solh]], 1959]]
Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an [[ecumenical council]] fewer than ninety years after the [[First Vatican Council]] (Vatican I's predecessor, the [[Council of Trent]], had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 25 January 1959 at the [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]]. [[Pope Paul VI|Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini]], who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to [[Giulio Bevilacqua]] that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up".<ref>{{Citation|first=George |last=Weigel |url=http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/thinking-through-vatican-ii |title=Thinking Through Vatican II |newspaper=First Things |date=June–July 2001 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609185705/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/thinking-through-vatican-ii |archivedate=9 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> From the [[Second Vatican Council]] came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a [[Mass of Paul VI|comprehensively revised liturgy]], a stronger emphasis on [[ecumenism]], and a new approach to the world.

Prior to the first session of the council, John XXIII visited [[Assisi]] and [[Loreto, Marche|Loreto]] on 4 October 1962 to pray for the new upcoming council as well as to mark the feast day of [[Saint Francis of Assisi|St. Francis of Assisi]]. He was the first pope to travel outside of Rome since [[Pope Pius IX]]. Along the way, there were several halts at Orte, Narni, Terni, [[Spoleto]], Foligno, Fabriano, [[Iesi]], Falconara and [[Ancona]] where the crowds greeted him.<ref>{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | page = 425}}</ref>

===Moral theology===
{{Main| Moral theology of John XXIII}}

====Contraception====
[[File:Anefo 911-5390 Olympische.jpg|thumb|235px|left|John XXIII greets sportsmen for the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] on 28 August 1960.]]
In 1963, John XXIII established a [[Pontifical Commission on Birth Control|commission]] of six non-theologians to investigate questions of birth control.<ref name=shannon>{{cite book |last=Shannon |first=William Henry |title=The lively debate: response to Humanae vitae |year=1970 |publisher=Sheed & Ward |location=New York |isbn=0-8362-0374-7 |pages=76–104 |chapter=VII. The Papal Commission on Birth Control}}</ref><ref name=mcclory>{{cite book |last=McClory |first=Robert |title=Turning point: the inside story of the Papal Birth Control Commission, and how Humanae vitae changed the life of Patty Crowley and the future of the church |year=1995 |publisher=Crossroad |location=New York |isbn=0-8245-1458-0}}</ref>

====Human rights====
John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his ''Pacem in terris''. He wrote, "Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem_en.html |title=Encyclical ''Pacem in terris'' of John XXIII, 11 April 1963 |publisher=Vatican.va |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928182928/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem_en.html |archivedate=28 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

====Divorce====
In regards to the topic of [[divorce]], John XXIII said that human life is transmitted through the family which is founded on the sacrament of marriage and is both one and indissoluble as a union in God, therefore, it is against the teachings of the church for a married couple to divorce.<ref name="Mater et magistra, 193">''Mater et magistra'', 193</ref>

===Pope John XXIII and papal ceremonial===
{{Main |Ceremonial of John XXIII}}
Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use full papal ceremony, some of which was abolished after [[Vatican II]], while the rest fell into disuse. His [[papal coronation]] ran for the traditional five hours (Pope Paul VI, by contrast, opted for a shorter ceremony, while later popes declined to be crowned). Pope John XXIII, like his predecessor Pius XII, chose to have the coronation itself take place on the balcony of [[St. Peter's Basilica|Saint Peter's Basilica]], in view of the crowds assembled in [[Saint Peter's Square]] below.

He wore a number of papal tiaras during his papacy. On the most formal of occasions would he don the 1877 Palatine tiara he received at his coronation, but on other occasions, he used the 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI, which was used so often that it was associated with him quite strongly. Like those before him, he was bestowed with an expensive silver [[Tiara of Pope John XXIII|tiara]] by the people of Bergamo. John XXIII requested that the number of jewels used be halved and that the money be given to the poor.

===Liturgical reform===
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the [[1962 Roman Missal]], the last typical edition containing the [[Tridentine Mass]] established in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] at the request of the [[Council of Trent]].

===Beatifications and canonization ceremonies===
{{Main|List of saints canonized by Pope John XXIII}}
John XXIII beatified four individuals in his reign: [[Elena Guerra]] (26 April 1959), [[Innocenzo da Berzo]] (12 November 1961), [[Elizabeth Ann Seton]] (17 March 1963) and [[Luigi Maria Palazzolo]] (19 March 1963).

He also canonized a small number of individuals: he canonized [[Charles of Sezze]] and [[Joaquina Vedruna de Mas]] on 12 April 1959, [[Gregorio Barbarigo]] on 26 May 1960, [[Juan de Ribera]] on 12 June 1960, [[Maria Bertilla Boscardin]] on 11 May 1961, [[Martin de Porres]] on 6 May 1962, and [[Antonio Maria Pucci]], [[Francis Mary of Camporosso]] and [[Peter Julian Eymard]] on 9 December 1962. His final canonization was that of [[Vincent Pallotti]] on 20 January 1963.

====Doctor of the Church====
John XXIII proclaimed [[Lawrence of Brindisi|Saint Lawrence of Brindisi]] as a [[Doctor of the Church]] on 19 March 1959.

===Vatican II: The first session===
On 11 October 1962, the first session of the [[Second Vatican Council]] was held in the Vatican. He gave the [[Gaudet Mater Ecclesia]] speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council.<ref name="S1-1">{{cite book | last = Bokenkotter | first = Thomas | title = A Concise History of the Catholic Church | publisher = Image | location = New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-385-51613-4 | page = 413}}</ref> On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them.

Pope John XXIII did indeed appear at the window and delivered a speech to the people below, and told them to return home and hug their children, telling them that it came from the pope. This speech would later become known as the so-called 'Speech of the Moon'.<ref name="auto"/>

The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization".

===Final months and death===
On 23 September 1962, Pope John XXIII was diagnosed with [[stomach cancer]]. The diagnosis, which was kept from the public, followed nearly eight months of occasional stomach hemorrhages, and reduced the pontiff's appearances. Looking pale and drawn during these events, he gave a hint to his ultimate fate in April 1963, when he said to visitors, "That which happens to all men perhaps will happen soon to the Pope who speaks to you today."

Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via [[Norman Cousins]] and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to [[New York City]] and ensured that John would become [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine's]] '[[Time Person of the Year|Man of the Year]]'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] in 1994 and [[Pope Francis|Francis]] in 2013.

On 10 February 1963, John XXIII officially opened the process of beatification for the late Cardinal [[Andrea Carlo Ferrari]], [[Archbishop of Milan]] from 1894 to 1921. This conferred upon him the title of [[Servant of God]].

On 7 March 1963, the feast of the University's patron Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]], Pope John XXIII visited the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'']] and with the ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''Dominicanus Ordo'',<ref>{{Citation | journal = [[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] | volume = 55 | year = 1963 | place = [[Rome]], [[Italy|IT]] | publisher = [[Holy See|Vatican]], Litteræ apostolicæ motu proprio datæ | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2055%20%5B1963%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf | title = Acta Ioannis Pp. XXIII | format = PDF | pages = 205–8 | accessdate = 9 September 2012}}</ref> raised the ''Angelicum'' to the rank of [[Pontifical University]]. Thereafter it would be known as the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in the City.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.vatican.va/news_services/or/or_quo/interviste/2008/083q04c1.html | publisher = Vatican | place = Rome, IT | language = Italian | title = Interviste | trans-title = Interviews | year = 2008 | volume = 83 | number = 4 | at = c. 1 | accessdate = 5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://toninomeneghetti.iobloggo.com/tag/ontospychology | title = Io bloggo | work = Ontospychology | first = Antonio ‘Tonino’ | last = Meneghetti | accessdate = 5 February 2013 | quote = On 8 March 1963, Pope Giovanni XXIII came to the Angelicum to celebrate the passage from Ateneo Angelicum to University: Pontificia Universitas Studiorum Sancti Tomae Aquinatis in Urbe.}}</ref>

On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the [[Balzan Prize]] in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, [[Pope Leo XIII]] to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President [[Antonio Segni]] officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the [[Quirinal Palace]], refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified [[Saint Peter]].<ref name="Hebblethwaite 1994 502">{{Citation | first = Peter | last = Hebblethwaite | title = John XXIII, Pope of the Council | edition= rev | publisher = Harper Collins | place = Glasgow | year = 1994 | page = 502}}</ref> It was the pope's last public appearance.

On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and [[peritonitis]] soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F. Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him. Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII – it had left him confined to his bed.

"At 11 am [[Petrus Canisius Van Lierde]] as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|anoint]] him. The pope began to speak for the very last time: ''"I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, [[That they all may be one|ut omnes unum sint]]."''{{Efn | ‘...that all may be one.’}} Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet. Overcome by emotion, Van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.<ref name="Hebblethwaite 1994 502"/>

John XXIII died of [[peritonitis]] caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by [[Luigi Traglia]]. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos. Two [[wreath]]s, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor [[Pope Paul VI]] was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb.

On 3 December 1963, US President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] posthumously awarded him the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. In his speech on 6 December 1963, Johnson said: "I have also determined to confer the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously on another noble man whose death we mourned 6 months ago: His Holiness, Pope John XXIII. He was a man of simple origins, of simple faith, of simple charity. In this exalted office he was still the gentle pastor. He believed in discussion and persuasion. He profoundly respected the dignity of man.
He gave the world immortal statements of the rights of man, of the obligations of men to each other, of their duty to strive for a world community in which all can live in peace and fraternal friendship. His goodness reached across temporal boundaries to warm the hearts of men of all nations and of all faiths".

The citation for the medal reads:
''His Holiness Pope John XXIII, dedicated servant of God. He brought to all citizens of the planet a heightened sense of the dignity of the individual, of the brotherhood of man, and of the common duty to build an environment of peace for all human kind.''{{Clear}}

==Beatification and canonization==
{{Main|Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II}}
[[File:Reliquienschrein Papst Johannes XXIII. - Petersdom 1.JPG|thumb|left|215px|The body of John XXIII in the altar of Saint Jerome]]
[[File:Canonization 2014- The Canonization of Saint John XXIII and Saint John Paul II (14036819834).jpg|thumb|left|215px|The canonization ceremony of John XXIII and John Paul II]]
He was known affectionately as "Good Pope John".<ref>{{cite news| url = https://news.yahoo.com/popes-john-paul-ii-john-xxiii-canonized-april-083140672.html | agency = Associated Press | title=Popes John Paul II, John XXIII canonized April 27 | date=30 September 2013 | accessdate=6 December 2013 | first = Nicole | last = Weinfeld}}</ref> His cause for canonization was opened under [[Pope Paul VI]] during the final session of the [[Second Vatican Council]] on 18 November 1965,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_19651118_penultima-sessione-concilio_it.html|title=Penultima sessione generale del Concilio|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref> along with the cause of [[Pope Pius XII]]. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside [[Pope Pius IX]] by [[Pope John Paul II]], the penultimate step on the road to [[saint]]hood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since [[Pope Pius X]] to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the [[St Peter's Basilica|Vatican]] to the altar of [[St. Jerome]] and displayed for the [[veneration]] of the faithful.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

At the time, the body was observed to be extremely well preserved—a condition which the Church ascribes to embalming<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2001/0603/15691-vatican/ |title="Pope John XXIII's exhumed remains at St Peter's", RTE News|publisher=Rte.ie |date=3 June 2001 |accessdate=28 April 2014}}</ref> and the lack of air flow in his sealed triple coffin rather than a [[miracle]]. When John XXIII's body was moved in 2001, it was once again treated to prevent deterioration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomov |first1=Nikola |title=Preserving the Pontiff: an Account of the Body Preservation Methods Used by the Roman Catholic Church |journal=Acta Morphologica et Anthropologica |volume=25 |issue=1-2 |pages=117–121 |url=http://www.iempam.bas.bg/journals/acta/acta25a/117-121.pdf}}</ref> The original vault above the floor was removed and a new one built beneath the ground; it was here that the body of [[Pope John Paul II]] was entombed from 9 April 2005 to April 2011, before being moved for his beatification on 1 May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/juneweb-only/6-11-13.0.html/|title=Blessed John XXIII's Remains Are Now On View At St Peter's|publisher=Christianity Today|date=1 June 2001}}</ref>

The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by [[Pope Francis]], who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with [[Pope John Paul II]] without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/vatican-announces-canonisation-of-popes-john-paul-ii-and-john-xxiii-1.1454474 | title = Vatican announces canonisation of popes John Paul II and John XXIII | newspaper = Irish Times | date = 6 July 2013}}</ref> On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday.<ref>{{Citation | url =https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27172118 | title = Vatican declares Popes John Paul II and John XXIII saints | newspaper = News | publisher = BBC | place = UK}}</ref>

The date assigned for the liturgical celebration of John XXIII is not 3 June, the anniversary of his death as would be usual, but 11 October, the anniversary of his opening of the Second Vatican Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintOfDay/default.asp?id=1165 |title=Saint of the Day |publisher=American Catholic |accessdate=12 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050422221459/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintOfDay/default.asp?id=1165 |archivedate=22 April 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is also commemorated in the [[Anglican Church of Canada]], the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], and some other organizations with a feast day of 4 June, changed originally from 3 June.<ref name="justus.anglican.org">{{cite web | url =http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/177.html|work=|title=Angelo (John XXIII) Roncalli, Bishop|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lutheran Book of Worship">{{cite book |author= |title=Lutheran Book of Worship |url= |location= |publisher=Augsburg Fortress Press |page= |year=1978 |isbn= |accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satucket.com/lectionary/john_xxiii.htm |title=John XXIII (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) |publisher=Satucket.com |date= |accessdate=28 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://liturgyandmusic.wordpress.com/2011/06/04/june-4-john-xxiii-angelo-giuseppe-roncalli-bishop-of-rome-1963/ |title=[John XXIII (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli), Bishop of Rome, 1963] | Standing Commission on Liturgy and Music |publisher=Liturgyandmusic.wordpress.com |date=4 June 2011 | accessdate=28 April 2014}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Estátua do Papa João XXIII na Lourinhã.jpg|thumb|right|148px|Statue of John XXIII in Portugal]]
From his teens when he entered the seminary, he maintained a diary of spiritual reflections that was subsequently published as the ''Journal of a Soul''. The collection of writings charts Roncalli's goals and his efforts as a young man to "grow in holiness" and continues after his election to the papacy; it remains widely read.<ref>{{Citation | url =http://www.ncregister.com/site/article/journal-of-a-soul-reflects-john-xxiiis-generous-service/ | title =‘Journal of a Soul’ Reflects John XXIII’s Generous Service}} accessdate=25 June 2015.</ref>

The opening titles of [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]'s film ''[[The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]]'' (1964) dedicate the film to the memory of John XXIII.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7ewh5k5-gY |title=The Gospel According to St. Matthew | origyear = 1964 | first = Pier Paolo | last = Pasolini | publisher = Google | format = YouTube |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate= 23 June 2013}}</ref>

[[John XXIII College (Perth)]] in [[Western Australia]] is a Catholic school named after John XXIII, Pope John Senior High School and Junior Seminary in Koforidua, Ghana and the Catholic Learning Community of John XXIII, a primary school in [[Sydney]]. [[Roncalli College]] is located in [[Timaru]], New Zealand. There are also Roncalli High Schools in [[Roncalli High School (Indiana)|Indianapolis, Indiana]], [[Roncalli High School (Aberdeen, South Dakota)|Aberdeen, South Dakota]], [[Manitowoc, Wisconsin]], and Omaha, Nebraska.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
* [[Cardinals created by John XXIII]]
* [[Central Preparatory Commission]]
* [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
* [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
* [[List of Catholic saints]]
* [[List of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII]]
* [[List of meetings between the Pope and the President of the United States]]
* [[List of popes]]
* [[List of Righteous Among the Nations by country]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist |32em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first = Peter |last=Hebblethwaite | authorlink = Peter Hebblethwaite|first2=Margaret |last2= Hebblethwaite | author2-link = Margaret Hebblethwaite | lastauthoramp =yes |title=John XXIII: Pope of the Council |publisher=[[Continuum International]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-8264-4995-6 }}
* {{Citation |first = Malachi |last=Martin | author-link = Martin, Malachi B | year = 1972 | title = Three Popes and the Cardinal: The Church of Pius, John and Paul in its Encounter with Human History' | publisher = [[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] | ISBN = 0-374-27675-7}}.
* {{cite book |first = Malachi |last=Martin |title=Vatican: a novel |location=New York |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] |year=1986 |isbn=0-06-015478-0 | author-mask = 3}}
* {{cite book |first = Malachi |last=Martin |title=The Keys of this Blood |location=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1990 |isbn= 0-671-69174-0 | author-mask = 3}}
* {{Citation | first = Angelo Giuseppe | last = Roncalli | author-link = Pope John XXIII | trans-title = Journal of a Soul | title = Giovanni XXIII Il Giornale dell' Anima | others = White, Dorothy trans | year = 1965 | publisher = [[Geoffrey Chapman]] | ISBN = 0-225-66895-5}}.
* {{cite book |first = Paul L. |last=Williams | authorlink = Paul L. Williams (author) |title=The Vatican Exposed |location=Amherst, NY |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] | year = 2003 |isbn= 1-59102-065-4}}
* {{cite book |first = [[Gunnar]] | last= [[Riebs]] | title = John XXIII Simple and Humble A Blessed Man. Privileged testimonies | year = 2011 |isbn=978-93-5015-077-1 }}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Pope John XXIII|s=Author:Pope John XXIII}}{{Bibliowiki}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Pope John XXIII |sopt=t}}
* {{Citation | last = Roncalli | first = Angelo Giuseppe | title = Opera Omnia | url = http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1958-1963-_Ioannes_XXIII,_Beatus.html | author-link = Pope John XXIII | trans-title = Complete works | place = [[European union|EU]]| publisher = Documenta catholica omnia | language = Latin }}.
* {{Citation | last = Rockwell| first = Lew | title = John XXIII was embalmed; Vatican denies he is subject of miracle of incorruptibility | url = http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig/vennari2.html }}.
* {{Citation|last=Wojtyła |first=Karol Józef |title=Pope John XXIII beatification mass |date=3 September 2000 |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification_en.html |author-link=Pope John Paul II |type=homily |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026235324/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification_en.html |deadurl=yes |place=Rome, IT |publisher=Vatican |archivedate=26 October 2006 |df=dmy-all }}.
* {{Citation | title = Pope John XXIII | type = biography | contribution = John XXIII | contribution-url = http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html | place = [[Rome]], [[Italy|IT]]| publisher = Vatican }}.
* {{Citation | title = Everything2| contribution = John XXIII | contribution-url = http://everything2.com/title/John+XXIII }}.
* {{Citation | title = Atheism | type = biography | contribution = Pope John XXIII | contribution-url = http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/western/bldef_johnxxiii.htm | publisher = About}}.
* {{Citation | title = Britannica | type = encyclopedia| contribution = John XXIII (pope) | contribution-url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304923/John-XXIII | edition= online }}.
* {{Citation | title = Advocating John XXIII as Righteous Among the Nations | url = http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/news/760.htm | publisher = Raoul Wallenberg}}.
* {{Citation | title = Monuments | contribution = John XXIII | contribution-url = http://www.stpetersbasilica.org/Monuments/JohnXXIII/JohnXXIII.htm | publisher = St Peter’s basilica}}.
* {{Citation | title = John XXIII | url = https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2380 | type = memorial | publisher = Find a grave}}.
* {{Citation | title = Pope John XXIII | url = http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT198.HTM | publisher = Intra text}}: text with concordances and frequency list.
* {{Citation | title = Saint of the Day | url = http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1165 | newspaper = American Catholic}}.
* {{Citation | title = Pope John XXIII | url = http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/YWirLPR5 | type = news archive | place = UK| publisher = Pathé }}.
* {{Citation | title = Pope John XXIII | date = 4 January 1963| url = http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19630104,00.html | type = magazine | newspaper = Time }}.
* {{Citation|title=Texts for the Liturgy of the Hours for the Optional Memorial of St. John XXIII|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20140912_testi-liturgici-gxxiii_lt.html|type=Latin - English tr. still not published}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel|ca}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Valerio Valeri]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Apostolic Nuncio to France]]|years=23 December 1944 – 12 January 1953}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Paolo Marella]] }}
{{S-bef|before=[[Carlo Agostini]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Patriarch of Venice]]|years=15 January 1953 – 28 October 1958}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Giovanni Urbani]] }}
{{S-bef|before=[[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=28 October 1958 – 3 June 1963}}
{{S-aft |after=[[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Second Vatican Council}}
{{Catholic saints}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}
{{Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975}}
{{Franciscans}}
{{Canonization}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John 23}}
[[Category:Pope John XXIII| ]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Italian beatified people]]
[[Category:Diplomats of the Holy See]]
[[Category:Apostolic Nuncios to France]]
[[Category:Italian popes]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of Venice]]
[[Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar]]
[[Category:People from Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII]]
[[Category:Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:20th-century popes]]
[[Category:Deaths from stomach cancer]]
[[Category:Deaths from peritonitis]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII]]
[[Category:Pope Paul VI]]
[[Category:Papal saints]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Vatican City]]
[[Category:20th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica]]
[[Category:Italian military chaplains]]
[[Category:Royal Italian Army chaplains]]
[[Category:World War I chaplains]]
[[Category:Apostolic Nuncios to Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope Francis]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II]]

Frans Wiertz

2018-10-25T03:18:40Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = bishop
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency
| name = Franciscus J. M. Wiertz
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name = Frans
| native_name_lang = Dutch
| title =
| image = Plechtige Inzegening Armeense chatsjkar in Maastricht.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Franciscus Wiertz in 2016
| church =
| archdiocese =
| province = Utrecht
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond]]
| see =
| elected =
| appointed = 10 July 1993
| term =
| term_start =
| quashed =
| term_end = 2 December 2017
| predecessor = [[Joannes Gijsen]]
| opposed =
| successor = Vacant
| other_post =

| ordination = March 30, 1968
| ordained_by = [[Petrus Moors]]
| consecration = September 25, 1993
| consecrated_by = [[Adrianus Johannes Simonis|Adrianus Johannes Cardinal Simonis]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =

| birth_name = Franciscus Jozef Maria Wiertz
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|12|02}}
| birth_place = [[Kerkrade]], [[Netherlands]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = Dutch
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| previous_post =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| motto = ''Geef, Heer, liefde en geloof aan uw Kerk'' English: Give, Lord, love and faith to your Church
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Frans Wiertz.svg
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| other =
}}

'''Franciscus Jozef Maria (Frans) Wiertz''' (December 2, 1942) is a [[prelate]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He was [[bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond|Roermond]] from 1993 until 2017.<ref name="CV">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bisdom-roermond.nl/single/index.php?ID=229 |title=Curriculum vitae bisschop F. Wiertz |accessdate=7 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011949/http://www.bisdom-roermond.nl/single/index.php?ID=229 |archivedate=27 September 2007 |df= }}</ref>

== Life ==
Born in [[Kerkrade]] as the oldest in a family of nine, Wiertz studied at the [[Minor seminary]] [[Rolduc]], from where he graduated in 1961, having passed his state examinations. He studied history for a year at the [[Radboud University Nijmegen]], before starting his studies to become a priest in 1962 in [[Kerkrade]] and [[Heerlen]]. He studied at the seminary in [[Roermond]] starting in 1964. He was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] [[deacon]] on September 23, 1967, and ordained to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] on March 30, 1968, by [[Petrus Moors]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond|Roermond]]. He worked as a [[chaplain]] at the saints [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] [[Parish (Catholic Church)|parish]] in [[Schaesberg]], before being asked to build a church and to start a new parish for the new neighbourhood ''De Heeg'' in [[Maastricht]] in 1977; the saints [[Monulph]] and [[Gondulph of Maastricht|Gondulph]] parish. In 1981 he was installed there as priest, which he would remain until 1985, when he became [[Dean (Christianity)|dean]] of the [[deanery]] of [[Hoensbroek]] and priest of the saint [[John the Evangelist]] parish in Hoensbroek. In 1991 he became dean of the deanery of [[Heerlen]], succeeding [[Jos Punt]], the later bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam|Haarlem-Amsterdam]], and also became priest of the saint [[Pancras of Rome|Pancras]] parish in Heerlen. In that same year he was also named a [[Canon (priest)|canon]] of the Roermond [[Chapter (religion)|chapter]], of which he became chairman in 1992. In 1993 bishop [[Joannes Gijsen]] of Roermond stepped down due to declining health.<ref name="CV"/>

On July 10, 1993, Wiertz was appointed bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond|Roermond]]. He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on September 25 of that year, from [[Adrianus Johannes Simonis|Adrianus Johannes Cardinal Simonis]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht|Utrecht]], with the bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch|'s-Hertogenbosch]], [[Joannes Gerardus ter Schure]], and the auxiliary bishop of Roermond, [[Alphonsus Maria Henricus Antonius Castermans]], serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]]. He chose the motto ''Geef, Heer, liefde en geloof aan uw Kerk'' (English: Give, Lord, love and faith to your Church).<ref name="CV"/>

As a bishop he was principal consecrator of bishop [[Everardus Johannes de Jong]], and principal co-consecrator of bishops [[Jozef Marianus Punt]], [[Antonius Lambertus Maria Hurkmans]], [[Wim Eijk|Willem Jacobus Cardinal Eijk]], [[Johannes Wilhelmus Maria Liesen]] and [[Robertus Gerardus Leonia Maria Mutsaerts]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bwiertz.html |title=Entry about Frans Wiertz at ''catholic-hierarchy.org''|accessdate=7 April 2013}}</ref>

Wiertz was vice-chairman of the [[Bishops' Conference of the Netherlands]], in charge of communications and media.<ref name="Eijk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/21397269/__Eijk_en_Wiertz_bij_inauguratie__.html |title=Eijk en Wiertz bij inauguratie |publisher=[[Telegraaf]] |date=18 March 2013 |accessdate=7 April 2013}}</ref>

In recent years some cases of cover-up of sexual abuse by priests under his command became known to the public. Pastors who raped youngsters, were transferred to another parish.<ref name="NRC20180914"> [https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/09/14/bisschoppen-en-kardinalen-hielden-misbruik-in-stand-a1616595 Ook in Nederland hielden bisschoppen en kardinalen misbruik in stand]. NRC, 14 september 2018</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011949/http://www.bisdom-roermond.nl/single/index.php?ID=229 Biography of Frans Wiertz] on the website of the diocese of Roermond
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bwiertz.html Entry about Frans Wiertz at ''catholic-hierarchy.org'']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wiertz, Frans}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:People from Kerkrade]]

Frans Wiertz

2018-10-25T03:15:12Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = bishop
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency
| name = Franciscus J. M. Wiertz
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name = Frans
| native_name_lang = Dutch
| title =
| image = Plechtige Inzegening Armeense chatsjkar in Maastricht.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Franciscus Wiertz in 2016
| church =
| archdiocese =
| province = Utrecht
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond]]
| see =
| elected =
| appointed = 10 July 1993
| term =
| term_start =
| quashed =
| term_end = 2 December 2017
| predecessor = [[Joannes Gijsen]]
| opposed =
| successor = Vacant
| other_post =

| ordination = March 30, 1968
| ordained_by = [[Petrus Moors]]
| consecration = September 25, 1993
| consecrated_by = [[Adrianus Johannes Simonis|Adrianus Johannes Cardinal Simonis]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =

| birth_name = Franciscus Jozef Maria Wiertz
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|12|02}}
| birth_place = [[Kerkrade]], [[Netherlands]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = Dutch
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| previous_post =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| motto = ''Geef, Heer, liefde en geloof aan uw Kerk'' English: Give, Lord, love and faith to your Church
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Frans Wiertz.svg
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| other =
}}

'''Franciscus Jozef Maria (Frans) Wiertz''' (December 2, 1942) is a [[prelate]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He was [[bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond|Roermond]] from 1993 until 2017.<ref name="CV">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bisdom-roermond.nl/single/index.php?ID=229 |title=Curriculum vitae bisschop F. Wiertz |accessdate=7 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011949/http://www.bisdom-roermond.nl/single/index.php?ID=229 |archivedate=27 September 2007 |df= }}</ref>

== Life ==
Born in [[Kerkrade]] as the oldest in a family of nine, Wiertz studied at the [[Minor seminary]] [[Rolduc]], from where he graduated in 1961, having passed his state examinations. He studied history for a year at the [[Radboud University Nijmegen]], before starting his studies to become a priest in 1962 in [[Kerkrade]] and [[Heerlen]]. He studied at the seminary in [[Roermond]] starting in 1964. He was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] [[deacon]] on September 23, 1967, and ordained to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] on March 30, 1968, by [[Petrus Moors]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond|Roermond]]. He worked as a [[chaplain]] at the saints [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] [[Parish (Catholic Church)|parish]] in [[Schaesberg]], before being asked to build a church and to start a new parish for the new neighbourhood ''De Heeg'' in [[Maastricht]] in 1977; the saints [[Monulph]] and [[Gondulph of Maastricht|Gondulph]] parish. In 1981 he was installed there as priest, which he would remain until 1985, when he became [[Dean (Christianity)|dean]] of the [[deanery]] of [[Hoensbroek]] and priest of the saint [[John the Evangelist]] parish in Hoensbroek. In 1991 he became dean of the deanery of [[Heerlen]], succeeding [[Jos Punt]], the later bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam|Haarlem-Amsterdam]], and also became priest of the saint [[Pancras of Rome|Pancras]] parish in Heerlen. In that same year he was also named a [[Canon (priest)|canon]] of the Roermond [[Chapter (religion)|chapter]], of which he became chairman in 1992. In 1993 bishop [[Joannes Gijsen]] of Roermond stepped down due to declining health.<ref name="CV"/>

On July 10, 1993, Wiertz was appointed bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond|Roermond]]. He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on September 25 of that year, from [[Adrianus Johannes Simonis|Adrianus Johannes Cardinal Simonis]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht|Utrecht]], with the bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch|'s-Hertogenbosch]], [[Joannes Gerardus ter Schure]], and the auxiliary bishop of Roermond, [[Alphonsus Maria Henricus Antonius Castermans]], serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]]. He chose the motto ''Geef, Heer, liefde en geloof aan uw Kerk'' (English: Give, Lord, love and faith to your Church).<ref name="CV"/>

As a bishop he was principal consecrator of bishop [[Everardus Johannes de Jong]], and principal co-consecrator of bishops [[Jozef Marianus Punt]], [[Antonius Lambertus Maria Hurkmans]], [[Wim Eijk|Willem Jacobus Cardinal Eijk]], [[Johannes Wilhelmus Maria Liesen]] and [[Robertus Gerardus Leonia Maria Mutsaerts]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bwiertz.html |title=Entry about Frans Wiertz at ''catholic-hierarchy.org''|accessdate=7 April 2013}}</ref>

Wiertz was vice-chairman of the [[Bishops' Conference of the Netherlands]], in charge of communications and media.<ref name="Eijk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/21397269/__Eijk_en_Wiertz_bij_inauguratie__.html |title=Eijk en Wiertz bij inauguratie |publisher=[[Telegraaf]] |date=18 March 2013 |accessdate=7 April 2013}}</ref>

In recent years some cases of cover-up of sexual abuse by priests under his command became known to the public. Pastors who raped youngsters, were transfered to another parish.<ref name="NRC20180914"> [https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/09/14/bisschoppen-en-kardinalen-hielden-misbruik-in-stand-a1616595 Ook in Nederland hielden bisschoppen en kardinalen misbruik in stand]. NRC, 14 september 2018</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011949/http://www.bisdom-roermond.nl/single/index.php?ID=229 Biography of Frans Wiertz] on the website of the diocese of Roermond
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bwiertz.html Entry about Frans Wiertz at ''catholic-hierarchy.org'']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wiertz, Frans}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:People from Kerkrade]]

William Westmoreland

2018-10-20T02:15:10Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox military person
|name= William Westmoreland
|image= Gen William C Westmoreland.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname= "Westy"
|birth_date= {{birth date|1914|3|26}}
|birth_place= [[Saxon, South Carolina]]
|death_date= {{death date and age|2005|7|18|1914|3|26}}
|death_place= [[Charleston, South Carolina]]
|placeofburial= [[West Point Cemetery]] ([[United States Military Academy Post Cemetery]])
|allegiance= United States
|branch= [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears= 1936–1972
|rank= [[General (United States)|General]]
|unit=
|commands= [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]] [[XVIII Airborne Corps (United States)|XVIII Airborne Corps]] [[United States Military Academy]] [[101st Airborne Division]] [[187th Infantry Regiment (United States)|187th Regimental Combat Team]] [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|504th Parachute Infantry Regiment]] [[34th Field Artillery Regiment|34th Field Artillery Battalion]]
|battles= [[World War II]] [[Korean War]] [[Vietnam War]]
|awards= [[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (4) [[Legion of Merit]] (3) [[Bronze Star Medal]] (2) [[Air Medal]] (10)
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''William Childs Westmoreland''' (March 26, 1914 – July 18, 2005) was a [[United States Army]] [[General (United States)|general]], who most notably commanded United States forces during the [[Vietnam War]] from 1964 to 1968. He served as [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] from 1968 to 1972.

Westmoreland adopted a strategy of [[Attrition warfare|attrition]] against the [[Viet Cong]] and the [[North Vietnamese Army]], attempting to drain them of manpower and supplies. He also made use of the United States' edge in artillery and air power, both in tactical confrontations and in relentless strategic bombing of North Vietnam. Many of the battles in Vietnam were technically United States victories, with the United States Army in control of the field afterward; holding territory gained this way proved difficult, however. Public support for the war eventually diminished, especially after the [[Battle of Khe Sanh]] and the [[Tet Offensive]] in 1968. By the time he was re-assigned as Army Chief of Staff, United States military forces in Vietnam had reached a peak of 535,000 personnel. Westmoreland's strategy was ultimately politically unsuccessful. Growing United States casualties, reports about hideous attrocities committed at both sides and the draft undermined United States support for the war while large-scale casualties among non-combatants weakened South Vietnamese support. This also failed to weaken North Vietnam's will to fight, and the [[Government of South Vietnam]]—a factor largely out of Westmoreland's control—never succeeded in establishing enough legitimacy to quell defections to the Viet Cong. The US political leadership blocked proposals of Westmoreland to use [[nuclear weapons]].

==Early life==
William Childs Westmoreland was born in [[Spartanburg County, South Carolina]], on March 26, 1914 to Eugenia Talley Childs and James Ripley Westmoreland. His [[upper middle class]] family was involved in the local banking and textile industries. At the age of 15, William became an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] at Troop 1 Boy Scouts, and was recipient of the [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]] and [[Silver Buffalo]] from the [[Boy Scouts of America]] as a young adult. After spending a year at [[The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina|The Citadel]] in 1932,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/william-westmoreland-9528510|title=William Westmoreland|website=Biography.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref> he was appointed to attend the [[United States Military Academy]] on the nomination of Senator [[James F. Byrnes]], a family friend.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Whitney|first1=Craig R.|last2=Pace|first2=Eric|title=William C. Westmoreland Is Dead at 91; General Led U.S. Troops in Vietnam|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/world/asia/william-c-westmoreland-is-dead-at-91-general-led-us-troops-in.html|accessdate=14 May 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 July 2005}}</ref> His motive for entering West Point was "to see the world". He was a member of a distinguished West Point class that also included [[Creighton Abrams]] and [[Benjamin O. Davis Jr.]] Westmoreland graduated as first captain—the highest cadet rank—and received the Pershing Sword, which is "presented to cadet with highest level of military proficiency".<ref>{{Cite document|url=http://library.sc.edu/socar/mnscrpts/WCWcontentslist.pdf|title=Finding Aid for Papers (ca. 1900–2005) of General William Childs Westmoreland|publisher=[[University of South Carolina]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sc.edu/library/socar/uscs/99autm/westmor.html |title=Papers of Gen. William Westmoreland (USCS Autumn 1999)|accessdate=2008-02-01|publisher=[[University of South Carolina]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050720/ai_n14777626 |title=Obituary: General William Westmoreland|publisher=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Westmoreland also served as the superintendent of the Protestant Sunday School Teachers.<ref>1936 Howitzer Yearbook.</ref>

==Military career==
Following graduation from West Point in 1936, Westmoreland became an artillery officer and served in several assignments with the 18th Field Artillery at Fort Sill. In 1939, he was promoted to first lieutenant, after which he was a battery commander and battalion staff officer with the 8th Field Artillery at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii.

===World War II===
In [[World War II]], Westmoreland saw combat with the 34th Field Artillery Battalion, [[9th Infantry Division (United States)|9th Infantry Division]], in [[French Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[Sicily]], [[Vichy France|France]] and [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]; he commanded the 34th Battalion in Tunisia and Sicily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/ca5/militaryhistoryus/history.html|title=Field Artillery Unit History & Links|website=[[angelfire.com]]}}</ref> He reached the temporary wartime rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], and on October 13, 1944, was appointed the [[chief of staff]] of the 9th Infantry Division.<ref>Headquarters Morning Report, 13 Oct 1944, Division Headquarters, 9th Infantry Division. Available on microfilm at National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO. (Entry reads: "O-20223 Westmoreland, William C Col, Reld fr asdg HQ 9 Inf Div Arty & asgd to Div Hq 9 Inf Div per par 1, SO 241 HQ 9 Inf Div dtd 12 Oct 44. Joined 12 Oct 44. Detailed in G.S.C. per par 2, GO 87 Hq 9 Inf Div dtd 12 Oct 44. Primary Duty: Chief of Staff".)</ref>

After the war, Westmoreland completed Airborne training at the Infantry School in 1946. He then commanded the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, [[82d Airborne Division]]. From 1947 to 1950, he served as chief of staff for the 82d Airborne Division. He was an instructor at the Army Command and General Staff College from 1950 to 1951. He then completed the Army War College as a student in 1951, and stayed as an instructor from 1951 to 1952.

===Korean War===
Westmoreland was promoted to Brigadier General in November 1952 at the age of 38, making him one of the youngest U.S. Army generals in the post-World War II era.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaffiri |first=Samuel |date=1994 |title=Westmoreland: A Biography of General William C. Westmoreland |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=e714AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22westmoreland%22+%22youngest%22+%22generals%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22At+thirty-eight%2C+he+was+one+of+the+youngest+generals+in+the+Army.%22 |location=William Morrow and Company |publisher=William Morrow and Company |page=81 |isbn=978-0-688-14345-9 |quote="At thirty-eight, he was one of the youngest generals in the Army."}}</ref> He commanded the [[187th Infantry Regiment (United States)|187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team]] in operations in Korea from 1952 to 1953. After returning to the United States, Westmoreland was deputy assistant chief of staff, G–1, for manpower control on the Army staff from 1953 to 1955. In 1954, he completed a three-month management program at [[Harvard Business School]]. As Stanley Karnow noted, "Westy was a corporation executive in uniform."<ref>Stanley Karnow. ''Vietnam: A History.'' p. 361.</ref>

After the war, Westmoreland was the United States Army's Secretary of the General Staff from 1955 to 1958. He then commanded the [[101st Airborne Division]] from 1958 to 1960. He was [[Superintendent of the United States Military Academy]] from 1960 to 1963. In 1962, Westmoreland was admitted as an honorary member of the Massachusetts [[Society of the Cincinnati]]. He was promoted to lieutenant general in July 1963 and was Commanding General of the [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] from 1963 to 1964.

===Vietnam War===
;Background and overview

{{Quote|text=Master philosopher of war Karl von Clausewitz emphasized almost a century and a half earlier that because war is controlled by its political object, the value of this object must determine the sacrifices to be made for it both in magnitude and also in duration. He went on to say, Once the expenditure of effort exceeds the value of the political object, the object must be renounced.|author=Harry G. Summers}}

The attempted French re-colonization of [[First Indochina War|Vietnam]] following World War II culminated in a decisive [[French Fourth Republic|French]] defeat at the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]].<ref name = "nat">{{cite book |title = Lịch sử thế giới hiện đại |last= Nguyễn Anh Thái (chief author) |first = |authorlink = |author2 = Nguyễn Quốc Hùng |author3=Vũ Ngọc Oanh |author4 = Trần Thị Vinh |author5 = Đặng Thanh Toán |author6 = Đỗ Thanh Bình |year = 2002 |publisher = Giáo Dục Publisher |location= Ho Chi Minh City |id = 8934980082317 |pages = 320–22 |url = |accessdate = |language = Vietnamese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Flitton|first1=Dave|title=Battlefield Vietnam – Dien Bien Phu, the legacy|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQdFGr7NQ4o|publisher=Public Broadcasting System PBS|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref> The Geneva Conference (April 26 – July 20, 1954) discussed the possibility of restoring peace in [[Indochina]], and temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones, a northern zone to be governed by the Việt Minh, and a southern zone to be governed by the [[State of Vietnam]], then headed by former emperor [[Bảo Đại]]. A Conference Final Declaration, issued by the British chairman of the conference, provided that a general election be held by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. Although presented as a consensus view, this document was not accepted by the delegates of either the State of Vietnam or the United States. In addition, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognized the North while the United States and other non-communist states recognized the South as the legitimate government. By the time Westmoreland became army commander in [[South Vietnam]], the option of a Korea-type settlement with a large demilitarised zone separating north and south, favored by military and diplomatic figures, had been rejected by the US government, whose objectives were to achieve a decisive victory, and not to use vastly greater resources. The infiltration by regular [[North Vietnam]] forces into the South could not be dealt with by aggressive action against the northern state because intervention by China was something the US government was concerned to avoid, but President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had given commitments to uphold South Vietnam against communist [[North Vietnam]].<ref>Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam By Gregory Daddis p74</ref><ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu">Conversations with History: Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley [http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/conversations/Summers/ Harry Kreisler of the Institute of International Studies and Colonel Harry G. Summers]</ref><ref>Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam, By Gregory Daddis p74</ref>

[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]], General [[Harold Keith Johnson]], and subsequently historians such as [[Harry G. Summers, Jr.]] came to see US goals as having become mutually inconsistent, because defeating the Communists would require declaring a national emergency and fully mobilising the resources of the US. President Johnson was critical of Westmoreland's defused corporate style, considering him overattentive to what government officials wanted to hear. Nonetheless, Westmoreland was operating within longstanding army protocols of subordinating the military to civilian policymakers. The most important constraint was staying on the strategic defensive out of fear of Chinese intervention, but at the same time President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had made it clear that there was a higher commitment to defending Vietnam.<ref name="Peter J. Schifferle 1994">The Ia Drang Campaign 1965: A Successful Operational Campaign or Mere Tactical Failure?, Peter J. Schifferle (1994)</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Parameters.To Change a War: General Harold K. Johnson and the PROVN Study, LEWIS SORLEY</ref> Much of the thinking about defense was by academics turned government advisors who concentrated on nuclear weapons, seen as making conventional war obsolete. The fashion for counter-insurgency thinking also denigrated the role of [[conventional warfare]]. Despite the inconclusive outcome of the Korean War, Americans expected their wars to end with the unconditional surrender of the enemy.<ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu"/>

The [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. [[Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure]] meant Westmoreland faced a dual threat. Regular North Vietnamese army units infiltrating across the remote border were apparently concentrating to mount an offensive and Westmoreland considered this the danger that had to be tackled immediately. There was also entrenched guerrilla subversion throughout the heavily populated coastal regions by the [[Viet Cong]]. Consistent with the enthusiasm of [[Robert McNamara]] for statistics, Westmoreland placed emphasis on [[body count]] and cited the [[Battle of Ia Drang]] as evidence the communists were losing. However, the government wished to win at low cost, and policymakers received McNamara's interpretation indicating huge American casualties in prospect, prompting a reassessment of what could be achieved. Moreover, the Battle of Ia Drang was unusual in that US troops brought a large enemy formation to battle. After talking to junior officers General Johnson became skeptical about localised concentrated [[search and destroy]] sweeps of short duration, because the Communist forces controlled whether there were military engagements, giving an option to simply avoid battle with US forces if the situation warranted it. The alternative of sustained countrywide pacification operations, which would require massive use of US manpower, was never available to Westmoreland, because it was considered politically unacceptable.<ref name="Peter J. Schifferle 1994"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Westmoreland p96">Westmoreland: The General who Lost Vietnam By Lewis Sorley p96</ref>

In public at least, he continued to be sanguine about the progress being made throughout his time in Vietnam, though supportive journalist [[James Reston]] thought Westmoreland's characterizing of the conflict as [[attrition warfare]] presented his generalship in a misleading light.<ref>Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam, By Gregory Daddis p74-5</ref> Westmoreland's critics say his successor, General [[Creighton Abrams]], deliberately switched emphasis away from what Westmoreland dubbed attrition. Revisionists point to Abrams's first big operation being a tactical success that disrupted North Vietnamese build up, but resulted in the [[Battle of Hamburger Hill]], a political disaster that effectively curtailed Abrams's freedom to continue with such operations.<ref name="Peter J. Schifferle 1994"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Westmoreland p96"/>

;Commander in South Vietnam
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson in Vietnam, With General William Westmoreland, Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Thieu, Prime... - NARA - 192508.tif|thumb|General Westmoreland, President Lyndon B. Johnson, president of South Vietnam [[Nguyen Van Thieu]] and prime minister of South Vietnam [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] (far right) in October 1966.]]
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson in Vietnam, With General William Westmoreland decorating a soldier - NARA - 192511.tif|thumb|General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson decorating a soldier in Vietnam, October 1966.]]

Westmoreland was sent to Vietnam in 1963. In January 1964, he became deputy commander of [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]] (MACV), eventually succeeding [[Paul D. Harkins]] as commander, in June. Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]] told President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in April that Westmoreland was "the best we have, without question".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Best in the Army|url=http://whitehousetapes.net/clip/lyndon-johnson-robert-mcnamara-best-army|work=Presidential Recordings Program|accessdate=16 March 2013 }}</ref> As the head of the MACV, he was known for highly publicized, positive assessments of U.S. military prospects in [[South Vietnam|Vietnam]]. However, as time went on, the strengthening of communist combat forces in the South led to regular requests for increases in U.S. troop strength, from 16,000 when he arrived to its peak of 535,000 in 1968 when he was promoted to [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army chief of staff]].

On April 28, 1967, Westmoreland addressed a joint session of Congress. "In evaluating the enemy strategy," he said, "it is evident to me that he believes our Achilles heel is our resolve. ... Your continued strong support is vital to the success of our mission. ... Backed at home by resolve, confidence, patience, determination, and continued support, we will prevail in Vietnam over the communist aggressor!" Westmoreland claimed that under his leadership, United States forces "won every battle".<ref name = "Sheehan">Sheehan, Neil ''A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann And America in Vietnam'' 1988.</ref> The turning point of the war was the 1968 [[Tet Offensive]], in which [[Communism|communist]] forces attacked cities and towns throughout [[South Vietnam]]. At the time, Westmoreland was focused on the [[Battle of Khe Sanh]] and considered the Tet Offensive to be a diversionary attack. It is not clear if Khe Sanh was meant to be distraction for the Tet Offensive or vice versa;<ref>Willbanks, James H. ''The Tet Offensive: A Concise History''. Columbia University Press, 2007, pp. 104–09</ref> sometimes this is called the [[Battle of Khe Sanh#Riddle of Khe Sanh|Riddle of Khe Sanh]]. Regardless, U.S. and South Vietnamese troops successfully fought off the attacks during the Tet Offensive, and the communist forces took heavy losses, but the ferocity of the assault shook public confidence in Westmoreland's previous assurances about the state of the war. Political debate and public opinion led the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Administration|Johnson administration]] to limit further increases in U.S. troop numbers in Vietnam. Nine months afterward, when the [[My Lai Massacre]] reports started to break, Westmoreland resisted pressure from the incoming [[Nixon administration]] for a cover-up,{{citation needed|date=October 2009}} and pressed for a full and impartial investigation by Lieutenant General [[William Peers|William R. Peers]]. However, a few days after the tragedy, he had praised the same involved unit on the "outstanding job", for the "U.S. infantrymen had killed 128 Communists [''sic''] in a bloody day-long battle". Post 1969 Westmoreland also made efforts to investigate the [[Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre]] a year after the event occurred.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://h21.hani.co.kr/section-021003000/2000/021003000200011150334008.html|title="한국군도 많이 당했다" 채명신 전 주월한국군총사령관 인터뷰… 남베트남군 사령관 만나 사과한 적도|author=Kim Chang-seok|newspaper=[[Hankyoreh]]|date=2000-11-15|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref>

Westmoreland was convinced that the Vietnamese communists could be destroyed by fighting a war of [[Attrition warfare|attrition]] that, theoretically, would render the [[Vietnam People's Army]] unable to fight. His war strategy was marked by heavy use of artillery and airpower and repeated attempts to engage the communists in large-unit battles, and thereby exploit the US's vastly superior firepower and technology. However, the [[North Vietnamese Army]] (NVA) and the [[National Liberation Front of South Vietnam]] (NLF) were able to dictate the pace of attrition to fit their own goals: by continuing to fight a guerrilla war and avoiding large-unit battles, they denied the Americans the chance to fight the kind of war they were best at, and they ensured that attrition would wear down the American public's support for the war faster than they.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.time.com/2011/09/30/the-general-who-lost-vietnam/|title=The General Who Lost Vietnam|first=Mark|last=Thompson|publisher=|via=[[time.com]]}}</ref>

[[File:General William Westmoreland and President Lyndon B. Johnson in the Oval Office - NARA - 192557.tif|thumb|General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson in the White House, November 1967.]]
Westmoreland repeatedly rebuffed or suppressed attempts by [[John Paul Vann]] and [[Lew Walt]] to shift to a "pacification" strategy.<ref name="Sheehan" /> Westmoreland had little appreciation of the patience of the American public for his time frame, and was struggling to persuade President Johnson to approve widening the war into [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953-1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]] in order to interdict the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]]. He was unable to use the absolutist stance that "we can't win unless we expand the war". Instead, he focused on "positive indicators," which ultimately turned worthless when the Tet Offensive occurred, since all his pronouncements of "positive indicators" did not hint at the possibility of such a last-gasp dramatic event. Tet outmaneuvered all of Westmoreland's pronouncements on "positive indicators" in the minds of the American public.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McPherson|first1=Harry|title=Vietnam, a television history: Tet (1968) minute 3:24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oMu3MHsmxM|publisher=PBS|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref> Although the communists were severely depleted by the heavy fighting at Khe Sanh when their conventional assaults were battered by American firepower, as well as tens of thousands of deaths in the Tet Offensive, American political opinion and the panic engendered by the communist surprise sapped U.S. support for the war, even though the events of early 1968 put the United States and South Vietnam into a much stronger military position.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

At one point in 1968, Westmoreland considered the use of [[nuclear weapons]] in Vietnam in a contingency plan codenamed [[Fracture Jaw]], which was abandoned when it became known to the White House.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/world/asia/vietnam-war-nuclear-weapons.html|title=U.S. General Considered Nuclear Response in Vietnam War, Cables Show|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=October 6, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-10-08|language=en}}</ref>

===Army Chief of Staff===
In June 1968, Westmoreland was replaced by General [[Creighton Abrams]], the decision being announced shortly after the Tet Offensive. Although the decision had been made in late 1967, it was widely seen in the media as a punishment for being caught off guard by the communist assault. He was mentioned in a ''Time'' magazine article as a potential candidate for the [[United States presidential election, 1968|1968 Republican presidential nomination]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836932-9,00.html|title=The Temper of the Times|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1967-04-14|accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref>

[[File:General William Westmoreland Press Conference Outside the White House - NARA - 192558.tif|thumb|Press conference outside the White House in April 1968.]]
Westmoreland served as [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] from 1968 to 1972. In 1970, as Chief of Staff, in response to the [[My Lai Massacre]] by United States Army forces (and subsequent cover up by the Army chain of command), he commissioned an army investigation that compiled a comprehensive and seminal study of leadership within the army during the Vietnam War demonstrating a severe erosion of adherence to the army's officer code of "Duty, Honor, Country". The report, entitled ''Study on Military Professionalism'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA063748|accessdate=19 Oct 2015|publisher=[[US Army War College]]|title=Study on Military Professionalism|date=30 June 1970}}</ref> had a profound influence on Army policies, beginning with Westmoreland's decision to end the policy that officers serving in Vietnam would be rotated into a different post after only six months. However, to lessen the impact of this damaging report, Westmoreland ordered that the document be kept on "close hold" across the entire Army for a period of two years and not disseminated to War College attendees. The report only became known to the public after Westmoreland retired in 1972.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today|author=Ricks, Thomas E|isbn=1594204047|publisher=The Penguin Press|date=30 Oct 2012|chapter=20}}</ref>

Many military historians have pointed out that Westmoreland became Chief of Staff at the worst time in history with regard to the army. Guiding the army as it transitioned to an all-volunteer force, he issued many directives to try to make Army life better and more palatable for United States youth—e.g., allowing soldiers to wear sideburns and to drink beer in the mess hall. However, many hard-liners scorned these as too liberal.

==Later years==
Westmoreland ran unsuccessfully for governor of [[South Carolina]] in the [[South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1974|1974 election]]. He published his autobiography the following year. Westmoreland later served on a task force to improve educational standards in the state of South Carolina.

In 1986, Westmoreland served as [[grand marshal]] of the Chicago Vietnam Veterans parade. The parade, attended by 200,000 Vietnam veterans and more than half a million spectators, did much to repair the rift between Vietnam veterans and the American public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/14/us/vietnam-veterans-in-chicago-parade-cheered-by-crowds.html|work=The New York Times|title=Vietnam Veterans In Chicago Parade Cheered By Crowds|date=June 14, 1986}}</ref><ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24930165.html?dids=24930165:24930165&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+17%2C+1986&author=Article+by+William+Mullen%2C+A+Sunday+Magazine+staff+writer&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=AT+PEACE%2C+AT+LAST+AFTER+11+YEARS+AND+AN+EMOTIONAL+PARADE%2C+VIETNAM+VETS+FINALLY+FEEL+WELCOME&pqatl=google At peace, at last after 11 years and an emotional parade, Vietnam vets finally feel welcome]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. August 17, 1986.</ref>

==Westmoreland versus CBS: The Uncounted Enemy==
[[Mike Wallace]] interviewed Westmoreland for the [[CBS]] special ''[[The Uncounted Enemy]]: A Vietnam Deception''. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer [[George Crile III]], alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated [[Viet Cong]] troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain U.S. troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.

In ''[[Westmoreland v. CBS]]'', Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for [[libel]], and a lengthy legal process began. Just days before the lawsuit was to go to the jury, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted "actual malice" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose.<ref name="jrank">{{cite web|url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/12756/Westmoreland-v-CBS-Inc.html|title=Westmoreland v. CBS – further readings|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IsYIhP_8G4C&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=westmoreland+v+cbs&source=web&ots=fPkP_7K7jo&sig=pOWzfwlLsEzYdHYZzTwvXbzSWI8|title=The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War|publisher=Cornell University Press|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the methods of CBS's editors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/W/htmlW/wallacemike/wallacemike.htm|title=Mike Wallace|publisher=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]]|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>

A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data was not appropriate to report.

Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.

During the acrimonious trial, Mike Wallace was hospitalized for depression, and despite the legal conflict separating the two, Westmoreland and his wife sent him flowers. Wallace's memoir is generally sympathetic to Westmoreland, although he makes it clear he disagreed with him on issues surrounding the Vietnam War and the Nixon Administration's policies in Southeast Asia.

==Views on Vietnam War==
[[File:Westmoreland.png|thumb|[[Herbert Abrams|Herbert Elmer Abrams]]' portrait of General Westmoreland]]
In a 1998 interview for ''[[George (magazine)|George]]'' magazine, Westmoreland criticized the battlefield prowess of his direct opponent, North Vietnamese general [[Vo Nguyen Giap]]. "Of course, he [Giap] was a formidable adversary", Westmoreland told correspondent [[W. Thomas Smith, Jr.|W. Thomas Smith Jr.]] "Let me also say that Giap was trained in small-unit, guerrilla tactics, but he persisted in waging a big-unit war with terrible losses to his own men. By his own admission, by early 1969, I think, he had lost, what, a half million soldiers? He reported this. Now such a disregard for human life may make a formidable adversary, but it does not make a military genius. An American commander losing men like that would hardly have lasted more than a few weeks." In the 1974 film ''[[Hearts and Minds (film)|Hearts and Minds]]'', Westmoreland opined that "The Oriental doesn't put the same high price on life as does a Westerner. Life is plentiful, life is cheap in the Orient. And as the philosophy of the Orient expresses it: Life is not important."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Quỳnh Phạm|author2=Himadeep Muppidi|editor1-last=Blaney|editor1-first=David L.|editor2-last=Tickner|editor2-first=Arlene B.|title=Claiming the International|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-0-415-63068-9|page=179|chapter=Wrestling the Frame}}</ref>

Westmoreland's view has been heavily criticized by [[Nick Turse]], the author of the book ''Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam''. Turse said that many of the Vietnamese killed were actually innocent civilians, and the Vietnamese casualties were not just caused by military cross-fire but were a direct result of the U.S. policy and tactics, for example the policy "kill everything that moves" which enabled the U.S. soldiers to shoot civilians for "suspicious behavior". He concluded that, after having "spoken to survivors of massacres by United States forces at Phi Phu, Trieu Ai, My Luoc and so many other hamlets, I can say with certainty that Westmoreland's assessment was false". He also accused Westmoreland of concealing evidence of atrocities from the American public when he was the Army Chief of Staff.<ref name = "nick">[[Nick Turse|Turse, Nick]] (October 9, 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/opinion/for-america-life-was-cheap-in-vietnam.html?_r=0 "For America, Life Was Cheap in Vietnam"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref>

{{quote|In more than a decade of analyzing long-classified military criminal investigation files, court-martial transcripts, Congressional studies, contemporaneous journalism and the testimony of United States soldiers and Vietnamese civilians, I found that Gen. William C. Westmoreland, his subordinates, superiors and successors also engaged in a profligate disregard for human life.|Nick Turse<ref name="nick"/>}}

Historian Derek Frisby also criticized Westmoreland's view during an interview with ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'':

{{quote|General William Westmoreland, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War, unhesitatingly believed Giap was a butcher for relentlessly sacrificing his soldiers in unwinnable battles. Yet, that assessment in itself is key to understanding the West's failure to defeat him. Giap understood that protracted warfare would cost many lives but that did not always translate into winning or losing the war. In the final analysis, Giap won the war despite losing many battles, and as long as the army survived to fight another day, the idea of Vietnam lived in the hearts of the people who would support it, and that is the essence of "revolutionary war".|Derek Frisby<ref>Gabriel Domínguez [http://www.dw.de/vo-nguyen-giap-a-master-of-revolutionary-war/a-17141733 Vo Nguyen Giap – 'A master of revolutionary war'] Deutsche Welle, 07.10.2013</ref>}}

For the remainder of his life, Westmoreland maintained that the United States did not lose the war in Vietnam; he stated instead that "our country did not fulfill its commitment to South Vietnam. By virtue of Vietnam, the U.S. held the line for 10 years and stopped the [[Domino theory|dominoes from falling]]."

==Personal life==
Westmoreland first met his future wife, Katherine (Kitsy) Stevens Van Deusen, while stationed at [[Fort Sill]]; she was nine years old at the time and was the daughter of the post executive officer, Colonel Edwin R. Van Deusen. Westmoreland met her again in North Carolina when she was nineteen and a student at [[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]]. The couple married in May 1947 and had three children: a daughter, Katherine Stevens; a son, James Ripley II, and another daughter, Margaret Childs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/international/asia/20westmoreland.html?pagewanted=print|title=William C. Westmoreland Is Dead at 91|date=2005-07-20|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2011-08-04|first1=Craig R.|last1=Whitney|first2=Eric|last2=Pace}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v3ZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EhEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4201,29382&dq=kitsy+westmoreland&hl=en|title=While the General's at War His Lady Does Hospital Work|date=1967-05-01|work=[[The Milwaukee Sentinel]]|accessdate=2013-10-05|first1=Winzola|last1=McLendon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.sc.edu/socar/uscs/2001/genwcw.html|title=Gen. William Childs Westmoreland Papers, ca. 1900–2000 (Gifts to Manuscripts Division 2001, South Caroliniana Library)|publisher=University of South Carolina|accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>

Just hours after Westmoreland was sworn in as Army Chief of Staff on July 7, 1968, his brother-in-law, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Van Deusen (commander of 2nd Battalion, [[47th Infantry Regiment (United States)|47th Infantry Regiment]]), was killed when his helicopter was shot down in the [[Mekong Delta]] region of Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyarmy.org/panel/battle/68070702.HTM|title=Westy In-law Dies in Viet|date=1968-07-07|work=[[Pacific Stars and Stripes]]|accessdate=2007-09-14|series=6807PSS.AVN, 68070399.KIA}}</ref>

Westmoreland died on July 18, 2005, at the age of 91 at the Bishop Gadsden retirement home in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. He had suffered from [[Alzheimer's disease]] during the final years of his life. He was buried on July 23, 2005, at the [[West Point Cemetery]], [[United States Military Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americansportscastersonline.com/westmorelandmemoriam.html|title=General William Westmoreland, Friend of ASA, Dies|date=1991-05-31|publisher=[[American Sportscasters Online]]|accessdate=2011-08-04}}</ref>

The [[General William C. Westmoreland Bridge]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess109_1991-1992/bills/918.htm|title=South Carolina General Assembly 109th Session, 1991–1992, Bill 918|date=1991-05-31|publisher=[[South Carolina Senate]]|accessdate=2010-08-16}}</ref>

In 1996, the [[National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution]] authorized the General William C. Westmoreland award. The award is given each year in recognition to an outstanding SAR veterans volunteer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sar.org/Committees/Veterans/Westmoreland_Award|title=General William C. Westmoreland Award|date=2009-10-14|publisher=[[National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution]]|accessdate=2011-08-04}}</ref>

William Westmoreland was inducted as a Laureate of [[The Lincoln Academy of Illinois]] and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 1970 in the area of Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/4632-2/#toggle-id-46|title=Laureates by Year – The Lincoln Academy of Illinois|website=The Lincoln Academy of Illinois|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref>

==Major military assignments==
*Commander, 34th Field Artillery Battalion, 9th Infantry Division; 1943–1944
*Chief of Staff, 9th Infantry Division; October 13, 1944 to 1946
*Commander, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82d Airborne Division; 1946 to 1947
*Chief of Staff, 82d Airborne Division; 1947 to 1950
*Instructor, Army Command and General Staff College; 1950 to 1951
*Student, Army War College; 1951
*Instructor, Army War College; 1951 to November 1952
*187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team; November 1952 to 1953
*Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, G–1, for Manpower; 1953 to 1955
*Secretary of the General Staff; 1955 to 1958
*Commanding General, 101st Airborne Division; 1958 to 1960
*Superintendent, United States Military Academy; 1 July 1960 to 27 June 1963
*Commanding General, XVIIIth Airborne Corps; July 1963 to December 1963
*Deputy Commander, United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam; January 1964 to June 1964
*Commander, United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam; June 1964 to June 1968
*Chief of Staff, United States Army; July 3, 1968 to June 30, 1972

==Military awards==
Westmoreland's military awards include:

;U.S. decorations and awards
{|
|{{ribbon devices|number=3|type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] with three [[Oak Leaf Clusters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=30468|title=Military Times Hall of Valor|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Legion of Merit]] with two Oak Leaf Clusters
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1 |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Bronze Star ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Bronze Star Medal]] with one Oak Leaf Cluster
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=9 |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Air Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Air Medal]] with nine Oak Leaf Clusters
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=United States Army and U.S. Air Force Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Presidential Unit Citation (U.S.)|Army Presidential Unit Citation]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[American Defense Service Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=7 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] with seven [[service star]]s
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[World War II Victory Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Army of Occupation ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Army of Occupation Medal]] with [[Army of Occupation Medal#Germany Clasp|Germany clasp]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[National Defense Service Medal]] with one [[Service star|{{frac|3|16}}" bronze star]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=Korean_Service_Medal_-_Ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Korean Service Medal]] with two {{frac|3|16}}" bronze stars
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=7 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=Vietnam Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Vietnam Service Medal]] with seven stars
|}

;Foreign decorations and awards
{|
|[[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|106px]] French [[Légion d'honneur]]
|-
|[[File:Croix de guerre 1939–1945 stripe bronsepalme.svg|106px]] [[Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (France)|French Croix de guerre]] with Palm
|-
|[[File:Taeguk Cordon Medal.png|106px]] [[Order of Military Merit (Korea)|Republic of Korea Taeguk Cordon Medal]] (First Class)
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1 |type=award-star|other_device= |ribbon=Tong-il Security Medel Ribbon.png |width=106}} [[Order of National Security Merit (Korea)|Republic of Korea Tong-il Medal]] (First Class) with Gold Star
|-
|[[File:Gugseon Security Medal Ribbon.png|106px]] [[Order of National Security Merit (Korea)|Republic of Korea Gugseon Medal (Second Class)]]
|-
|[[File:PHL Order of Sikatuna - Commander BAR.png|106px]] [[Order of Sikatuna]], rank of Lankan (Commander) ([[Philippines]])
|-
|[[File:RVN Choung My Medal 1st class ribbon.png|106px]] Republic of Vietnam [[Choung My Medal]] 1st class
|-
|[[File:Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia) - ribbon bar.gif|106px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)|Order of the Holy Trinity]] ([[post-nominal]]: GCHT) ([[Ethiopia]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm|title=The Crown Council of Ethiopia|website=[[Crown Council of Ethiopia]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:VPD National Order of Vietnam - Grand Cross BAR.png|106px]] [[National Order of Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam National Order of Vietnam, First Class]]
|-
|[[File:ArmyDSMribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order|Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Army)]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Air Force Distinguished Service Order, First Class ribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order|Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Air Force)]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Navy Distinguished Service Order, First Class ribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order|Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Navy)]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnamese Gallantry Cross, with palm.svg|106px]] [[Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)|Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal Ribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal|Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal, First Class]]
|-
|[[File:Civil Actions Medal(Individual Award).png|106px]] [[Civil Actions Medal|Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal]], First Class
|-
|[[File:Order of the White Elephant - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.png|106px]] Most Exalted [[Order of the White Elephant]], Knight Grand Cross (First Class) ([[Thailand]])
|-
|[[File:BRA Ordem do Merito Militar Grande Oficial.png|106px]] [[Order of Military Merit (Brazil)|Ordem do Mérito Militar]] (Order of Military Merit, degree of Great Officer) ([[Brazil]])
|-
|[[File:BOL Condecoracion al Mérito Militar “Prócer de la Libertad General de División José Miguel Lanza”.png|106px]] Condecoracion al Mérito Militar "Prócer de la Libertad General de División José Miguel Lanza" Gran Official ([[Bolivia]])
|-
|[[File:Korean Presidential Unit Citation.png|106px]] [[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]
|-
|[[File:Gallantry Cross Unit Citation.png|106px]] [[Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)|Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation]] with palm
|-
|[[File:Civil Action Unit Citation.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Civil Actions Medal|Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Unit Citation]] with palm
|-
|[[File:United Nations Korea Medal ribbon.svg|106px]] [[United Nations Service Medal]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Campaign Medal ribbon with 60- clasp.svg|106px]] [[Vietnam Campaign Medal|Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal with 1960–device]]
|-
|[[File:Noribbon.svg|106px]] Gallantry Cross [[Fourragère]] (Vietnam)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=1638&hl=Westmoreland|title=General William Westmoreland Uniform – UNIFORMS [REF] USA|publisher=}}</ref> ''(obsolete)''
|}
;Badges, tabs, and patches
:[[File:Combat Infantry Badge.svg|106px]] [[Combat Infantryman Badge]]
:[[File:ArmyAvnBadge.png|106px]] [[United States Aviator Badge|Army Aviator Badge]]
:[[File:US Army Airborne master parachutist badge.gif|106px]] [[Parachutist Badge (United States)|Master Parachutist Badge]]
:[[File:USAAF - Glider Pilot 4.png|106px]] [[Glider Badge]]
:[[File:United States Army Staff Identification Badge.png|106px]] [[Army Staff Identification Badge]]
:[[File:ViPaBa.jpg|106px]] Republic of Vietnam [[Parachutist Badge]]

==Other awards==
:[[File:The Knox Trophy.jpg|100px]] [[Knox Trophy]] Award, USMA highest military efficiency as a cadet at West Point, 1936.

==Dates of rank==
[[File:U.S. Military Academy COA.png|35px]] [[United States Military Academy]] class of 1936

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second Lieutenant]] ([[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]])
![[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]] (Regular Army)
![[Major (United States)|Major]] ([[Army of the United States]])
![[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] (Army of the United States)
![[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] (Army of the United States)
|-
!O-1
!O-2
!O-4
!O-5
!O-6
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-01b.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-01a.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-03.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-04.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-05.svg|60px]]
|-
!12 June 1936
!12 June 1939
!1 February 1942 (temporary)
!25 September 1942 (temporary)
!28 July 1944 (temporary)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] (Regular Army)
![[Major (United States)|Major]] (Regular Army)
![[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] (Army of the United States)
![[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] (Regular Army)
![[Major general (United States)|Major General]] (Army of the United States)
|-
!O-3
!O-4
!O-7
!O-5
!O-8
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-02.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-03.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-06.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-04.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-07.svg|60px]]
|-
!12 June 1946
!15 July 1948
!7 November 1952 (temporary)
!7 July 1953
!December 1956 (temporary)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] (Regular Army)
![[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] (Regular Army)
![[Major general (United States)|Major General]] (Regular Army)
![[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] (Army of the United States)
![[General (United States)|General]] (Army of the United States)
|-
!O-6
!O-7
!O-8
!O-9
!O-10
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-05.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-06.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-07.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-08.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-09.svg|60px]]
|-
!June 1961
!14 July 1962
!20 May 1963
!31 July 1963 (temporary)
!1 August 1964 (temporary)
|}

[[Retired military|Retired]] from active service in July 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westmoreland-worldwide.org.uk/gen-w.html|title=Biography General William Childs Westmoreland|first=Dr Maureen L. [Westmoreland]|last=Ille|website=westmoreland-worldwide.org.uk|access-date=2011-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328131611/http://www.westmoreland-worldwide.org.uk/gen-w.html|archive-date=2012-03-28|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |authorlink=Stanley Karnow |year=1991 |title=Vietnam: A History |publisher=Penguin |location=New York, NY|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pvDQgAACAAJ |isbn=978-0140265477 |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Mascaro |first=Tom |year=1982 |title=[[The Uncounted Enemy|The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception]] |publisher=The Museum of Broadcast Communications |location=Chicago, IL |url= |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Smith |first=W. Thomas, Jr. |date=November 1998 |title=An old soldier sounds off |journal=[[George (magazine)|George]] |volume= |issue= |publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.]] |location=New York, NY |pages= |url= |doi= |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Wallace |first=Mike |last2=Gates |first2=Gary Paul |authorlink= Mike Wallace |year=2005 |title=Between You and Me |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York, NY |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRQTBca9S8gC |isbn=978-1401383565 |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Westmoreland |first=William C. |authorlink=William Westmoreland |year=1976 |title=A Soldier Reports |publisher=Doubleday |location=[[Garden City, New York|Garden City, NY]] |isbn=978-0385004343 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXPaAAAAIAAJ |postscript=.}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|United States Army}}
{{commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}

;General
* {{C-SPAN|William Westmoreland}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114140124/http://www.newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/William_Westmoreland.php Westmoreland's political donations]
* [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/sep-oct/parrott.html An article on the CBS documentary controversy by LTC Evan Parrott for the Air War College]
* [http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/025/0250204001j.pdf PDF copies of MG McChristian's deposition for the CBS trial]
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Westmoreland A biography on William Westmoreland at Encyclopaedia Britannica]
* [http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/025/0250204001i.pdf MG McChristian's deposition concerning his participation in the documentary and clarifying his observation of the facts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721080305/http://www.vvi.org/Content/vvi2.asp Analysis of the broadcast by Professor Peter Rollins of Oklahoma State University, hosted on Vietnam Veterans website]
* [http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16635coll16/id/3262 William C. Westmoreland Collection] US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
* [http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-b463a4-interview-with-william-c-william-childs-westmoreland-1981 1981 video interview with Westmoreland about U.S. military involvement in Vietnam]

;Obituaries
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8621530/ Initial report on the death of Westmoreland] from the [[Associated Press]]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/18/AR2005071801713.html Obituary: General Commanded Troops in Vietnam] from the ''[[Washington Post]]''
* [http://nytimes.com/2005/07/19/international/asia/19westmoreland.html Gen. Westmoreland, Who Led U.S. in Vietnam, Dies] from the ''[[New York Times]]''
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,11069-1700407,00.html Commander of US forces in Vietnam dies aged 91] from ''[[The Times]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060920021014/http://photo.citadel.edu/pao/newsclips/archive20042005/5687.html A general who fought to win] from ''[[The State (newspaper)|The State]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060525061904/http://www.thestate.com/mld/thestate/news/12175354.htm 'Westy' recalled as noble, tragic] from ''[[The State (newspaper)|The State]]''
* [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/jul/21/20050721-093743-4237r/ Farewell salute to a fine soldier] from ''[[The Washington Times]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050724014901/http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0720-20.htm General Westmoreland's Death Wish and the War in Iraq] from ''CommonDreams.org''

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box|before = [[Garrison H. Davidson|Garrison Holt Davidson]] |title = [[Superintendents of the United States Military Academy]] |years = 1960–1963 |after = [[James Benjamin Lampert]]}}
{{Succession box|title=Commander, [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]]|before=[[Paul D. Harkins]]|after=[[Creighton Abrams]]|years=1964–1968}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]]|before=[[Harold K. Johnson]]|after=[[Bruce Palmer Jr.]] (acting)|years=1968–1972}}
{{s-hon}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Time Magazine Person of the Year|Time's Man of the Year]]
| before=[[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]]
| after=[[Baby Boomers|The Generation Twenty-Five and Under]]
| years=1965
}}
{{S-end}}
{{US Army Chiefs of Staff|state=collapsed}}
{{United States Military Academy superintendents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Westmoreland, William}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:United States Army Chiefs of Staff]]
[[Category:Superintendents of the United States Military Academy]]
[[Category:American army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:American army personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:American army personnel of the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Operation Overlord people]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1968]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam|1 Westmoreland, William]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)]]
[[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Korea)]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Sikatuna]]
[[Category:Distinguished Eagle Scouts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)]]
[[Category:Burials at West Point Cemetery]]
[[Category:People from Spartanburg County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:South Carolina Republicans]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from South Carolina]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:People with Alzheimer's disease]]

William Westmoreland

2018-10-20T01:44:17Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox military person
|name= William Westmoreland
|image= Gen William C Westmoreland.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname= "Westy"
|birth_date= {{birth date|1914|3|26}}
|birth_place= [[Saxon, South Carolina]]
|death_date= {{death date and age|2005|7|18|1914|3|26}}
|death_place= [[Charleston, South Carolina]]
|placeofburial= [[West Point Cemetery]] ([[United States Military Academy Post Cemetery]])
|allegiance= United States
|branch= [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears= 1936–1972
|rank= [[General (United States)|General]]
|unit=
|commands= [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]] [[XVIII Airborne Corps (United States)|XVIII Airborne Corps]] [[United States Military Academy]] [[101st Airborne Division]] [[187th Infantry Regiment (United States)|187th Regimental Combat Team]] [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|504th Parachute Infantry Regiment]] [[34th Field Artillery Regiment|34th Field Artillery Battalion]]
|battles= [[World War II]] [[Korean War]] [[Vietnam War]]
|awards= [[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (4) [[Legion of Merit]] (3) [[Bronze Star Medal]] (2) [[Air Medal]] (10)
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''William Childs Westmoreland''' (March 26, 1914 – July 18, 2005) was a [[United States Army]] [[General (United States)|general]], who most notably commanded United States forces during the [[Vietnam War]] from 1964 to 1968. He served as [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] from 1968 to 1972.

Westmoreland adopted a strategy of [[Attrition warfare|attrition]] against the [[Viet Cong]] and the [[North Vietnamese Army]], attempting to drain them of manpower and supplies. He also made use of the United States' edge in artillery and air power, both in tactical confrontations and in relentless strategic bombing of North Vietnam. Many of the battles in Vietnam were technically United States victories, with the United States Army in control of the field afterward; holding territory gained this way proved difficult, however. Public support for the war eventually diminished, especially after the [[Battle of Khe Sanh]] and the [[Tet Offensive]] in 1968. By the time he was re-assigned as Army Chief of Staff, United States military forces in Vietnam had reached a peak of 535,000 personnel. Westmoreland's strategy was ultimately politically unsuccessful. Growing United States casualties, reports about hideous attrocities committed at both sides and the draft undermined United States support for the war while large-scale casualties among non-combatants weakened South Vietnamese support. This also failed to weaken North Vietnam's will to fight, and the [[Government of South Vietnam]]—a factor largely out of Westmoreland's control—never succeeded in establishing enough legitimacy to quell defections to the Viet Cong.

==Early life==
William Childs Westmoreland was born in [[Spartanburg County, South Carolina]], on March 26, 1914 to Eugenia Talley Childs and James Ripley Westmoreland. His [[upper middle class]] family was involved in the local banking and textile industries. At the age of 15, William became an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] at Troop 1 Boy Scouts, and was recipient of the [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]] and [[Silver Buffalo]] from the [[Boy Scouts of America]] as a young adult. After spending a year at [[The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina|The Citadel]] in 1932,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/william-westmoreland-9528510|title=William Westmoreland|website=Biography.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref> he was appointed to attend the [[United States Military Academy]] on the nomination of Senator [[James F. Byrnes]], a family friend.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Whitney|first1=Craig R.|last2=Pace|first2=Eric|title=William C. Westmoreland Is Dead at 91; General Led U.S. Troops in Vietnam|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/world/asia/william-c-westmoreland-is-dead-at-91-general-led-us-troops-in.html|accessdate=14 May 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 July 2005}}</ref> His motive for entering West Point was "to see the world". He was a member of a distinguished West Point class that also included [[Creighton Abrams]] and [[Benjamin O. Davis Jr.]] Westmoreland graduated as first captain—the highest cadet rank—and received the Pershing Sword, which is "presented to cadet with highest level of military proficiency".<ref>{{Cite document|url=http://library.sc.edu/socar/mnscrpts/WCWcontentslist.pdf|title=Finding Aid for Papers (ca. 1900–2005) of General William Childs Westmoreland|publisher=[[University of South Carolina]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sc.edu/library/socar/uscs/99autm/westmor.html |title=Papers of Gen. William Westmoreland (USCS Autumn 1999)|accessdate=2008-02-01|publisher=[[University of South Carolina]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050720/ai_n14777626 |title=Obituary: General William Westmoreland|publisher=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Westmoreland also served as the superintendent of the Protestant Sunday School Teachers.<ref>1936 Howitzer Yearbook.</ref>

==Military career==
Following graduation from West Point in 1936, Westmoreland became an artillery officer and served in several assignments with the 18th Field Artillery at Fort Sill. In 1939, he was promoted to first lieutenant, after which he was a battery commander and battalion staff officer with the 8th Field Artillery at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii.

===World War II===
In [[World War II]], Westmoreland saw combat with the 34th Field Artillery Battalion, [[9th Infantry Division (United States)|9th Infantry Division]], in [[French Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[Sicily]], [[Vichy France|France]] and [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]; he commanded the 34th Battalion in Tunisia and Sicily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/ca5/militaryhistoryus/history.html|title=Field Artillery Unit History & Links|website=[[angelfire.com]]}}</ref> He reached the temporary wartime rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], and on October 13, 1944, was appointed the [[chief of staff]] of the 9th Infantry Division.<ref>Headquarters Morning Report, 13 Oct 1944, Division Headquarters, 9th Infantry Division. Available on microfilm at National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO. (Entry reads: "O-20223 Westmoreland, William C Col, Reld fr asdg HQ 9 Inf Div Arty & asgd to Div Hq 9 Inf Div per par 1, SO 241 HQ 9 Inf Div dtd 12 Oct 44. Joined 12 Oct 44. Detailed in G.S.C. per par 2, GO 87 Hq 9 Inf Div dtd 12 Oct 44. Primary Duty: Chief of Staff".)</ref>

After the war, Westmoreland completed Airborne training at the Infantry School in 1946. He then commanded the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, [[82d Airborne Division]]. From 1947 to 1950, he served as chief of staff for the 82d Airborne Division. He was an instructor at the Army Command and General Staff College from 1950 to 1951. He then completed the Army War College as a student in 1951, and stayed as an instructor from 1951 to 1952.

===Korean War===
Westmoreland was promoted to Brigadier General in November 1952 at the age of 38, making him one of the youngest U.S. Army generals in the post-World War II era.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaffiri |first=Samuel |date=1994 |title=Westmoreland: A Biography of General William C. Westmoreland |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=e714AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22westmoreland%22+%22youngest%22+%22generals%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22At+thirty-eight%2C+he+was+one+of+the+youngest+generals+in+the+Army.%22 |location=William Morrow and Company |publisher=William Morrow and Company |page=81 |isbn=978-0-688-14345-9 |quote="At thirty-eight, he was one of the youngest generals in the Army."}}</ref> He commanded the [[187th Infantry Regiment (United States)|187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team]] in operations in Korea from 1952 to 1953. After returning to the United States, Westmoreland was deputy assistant chief of staff, G–1, for manpower control on the Army staff from 1953 to 1955. In 1954, he completed a three-month management program at [[Harvard Business School]]. As Stanley Karnow noted, "Westy was a corporation executive in uniform."<ref>Stanley Karnow. ''Vietnam: A History.'' p. 361.</ref>

After the war, Westmoreland was the United States Army's Secretary of the General Staff from 1955 to 1958. He then commanded the [[101st Airborne Division]] from 1958 to 1960. He was [[Superintendent of the United States Military Academy]] from 1960 to 1963. In 1962, Westmoreland was admitted as an honorary member of the Massachusetts [[Society of the Cincinnati]]. He was promoted to lieutenant general in July 1963 and was Commanding General of the [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] from 1963 to 1964.

===Vietnam War===
;Background and overview

{{Quote|text=Master philosopher of war Karl von Clausewitz emphasized almost a century and a half earlier that because war is controlled by its political object, the value of this object must determine the sacrifices to be made for it both in magnitude and also in duration. He went on to say, Once the expenditure of effort exceeds the value of the political object, the object must be renounced.|author=Harry G. Summers}}

The attempted French re-colonization of [[First Indochina War|Vietnam]] following World War II culminated in a decisive [[French Fourth Republic|French]] defeat at the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]].<ref name = "nat">{{cite book |title = Lịch sử thế giới hiện đại |last= Nguyễn Anh Thái (chief author) |first = |authorlink = |author2 = Nguyễn Quốc Hùng |author3=Vũ Ngọc Oanh |author4 = Trần Thị Vinh |author5 = Đặng Thanh Toán |author6 = Đỗ Thanh Bình |year = 2002 |publisher = Giáo Dục Publisher |location= Ho Chi Minh City |id = 8934980082317 |pages = 320–22 |url = |accessdate = |language = Vietnamese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Flitton|first1=Dave|title=Battlefield Vietnam – Dien Bien Phu, the legacy|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQdFGr7NQ4o|publisher=Public Broadcasting System PBS|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref> The Geneva Conference (April 26 – July 20, 1954) discussed the possibility of restoring peace in [[Indochina]], and temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones, a northern zone to be governed by the Việt Minh, and a southern zone to be governed by the [[State of Vietnam]], then headed by former emperor [[Bảo Đại]]. A Conference Final Declaration, issued by the British chairman of the conference, provided that a general election be held by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. Although presented as a consensus view, this document was not accepted by the delegates of either the State of Vietnam or the United States. In addition, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognized the North while the United States and other non-communist states recognized the South as the legitimate government. By the time Westmoreland became army commander in [[South Vietnam]], the option of a Korea-type settlement with a large demilitarised zone separating north and south, favored by military and diplomatic figures, had been rejected by the US government, whose objectives were to achieve a decisive victory, and not to use vastly greater resources. The infiltration by regular [[North Vietnam]] forces into the South could not be dealt with by aggressive action against the northern state because intervention by China was something the US government was concerned to avoid, but President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had given commitments to uphold South Vietnam against communist [[North Vietnam]].<ref>Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam By Gregory Daddis p74</ref><ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu">Conversations with History: Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley [http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/conversations/Summers/ Harry Kreisler of the Institute of International Studies and Colonel Harry G. Summers]</ref><ref>Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam, By Gregory Daddis p74</ref>

[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]], General [[Harold Keith Johnson]], and subsequently historians such as [[Harry G. Summers, Jr.]] came to see US goals as having become mutually inconsistent, because defeating the Communists would require declaring a national emergency and fully mobilising the resources of the US. President Johnson was critical of Westmoreland's defused corporate style, considering him overattentive to what government officials wanted to hear. Nonetheless, Westmoreland was operating within longstanding army protocols of subordinating the military to civilian policymakers. The most important constraint was staying on the strategic defensive out of fear of Chinese intervention, but at the same time President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had made it clear that there was a higher commitment to defending Vietnam.<ref name="Peter J. Schifferle 1994">The Ia Drang Campaign 1965: A Successful Operational Campaign or Mere Tactical Failure?, Peter J. Schifferle (1994)</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Parameters.To Change a War: General Harold K. Johnson and the PROVN Study, LEWIS SORLEY</ref> Much of the thinking about defense was by academics turned government advisors who concentrated on nuclear weapons, seen as making conventional war obsolete. The fashion for counter-insurgency thinking also denigrated the role of [[conventional warfare]]. Despite the inconclusive outcome of the Korean War, Americans expected their wars to end with the unconditional surrender of the enemy.<ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu"/>

The [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. [[Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure]] meant Westmoreland faced a dual threat. Regular North Vietnamese army units infiltrating across the remote border were apparently concentrating to mount an offensive and Westmoreland considered this the danger that had to be tackled immediately. There was also entrenched guerrilla subversion throughout the heavily populated coastal regions by the [[Viet Cong]]. Consistent with the enthusiasm of [[Robert McNamara]] for statistics, Westmoreland placed emphasis on [[body count]] and cited the [[Battle of Ia Drang]] as evidence the communists were losing. However, the government wished to win at low cost, and policymakers received McNamara's interpretation indicating huge American casualties in prospect, prompting a reassessment of what could be achieved. Moreover, the Battle of Ia Drang was unusual in that US troops brought a large enemy formation to battle. After talking to junior officers General Johnson became skeptical about localised concentrated [[search and destroy]] sweeps of short duration, because the Communist forces controlled whether there were military engagements, giving an option to simply avoid battle with US forces if the situation warranted it. The alternative of sustained countrywide pacification operations, which would require massive use of US manpower, was never available to Westmoreland, because it was considered politically unacceptable.<ref name="Peter J. Schifferle 1994"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Westmoreland p96">Westmoreland: The General who Lost Vietnam By Lewis Sorley p96</ref>

In public at least, he continued to be sanguine about the progress being made throughout his time in Vietnam, though supportive journalist [[James Reston]] thought Westmoreland's characterizing of the conflict as [[attrition warfare]] presented his generalship in a misleading light.<ref>Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam, By Gregory Daddis p74-5</ref> Westmoreland's critics say his successor, General [[Creighton Abrams]], deliberately switched emphasis away from what Westmoreland dubbed attrition. Revisionists point to Abrams's first big operation being a tactical success that disrupted North Vietnamese build up, but resulted in the [[Battle of Hamburger Hill]], a political disaster that effectively curtailed Abrams's freedom to continue with such operations.<ref name="Peter J. Schifferle 1994"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Westmoreland p96"/>

;Commander in South Vietnam
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson in Vietnam, With General William Westmoreland, Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Thieu, Prime... - NARA - 192508.tif|thumb|General Westmoreland, President Lyndon B. Johnson, president of South Vietnam [[Nguyen Van Thieu]] and prime minister of South Vietnam [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] (far right) in October 1966.]]
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson in Vietnam, With General William Westmoreland decorating a soldier - NARA - 192511.tif|thumb|General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson decorating a soldier in Vietnam, October 1966.]]

Westmoreland was sent to Vietnam in 1963. In January 1964, he became deputy commander of [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]] (MACV), eventually succeeding [[Paul D. Harkins]] as commander, in June. Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]] told President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in April that Westmoreland was "the best we have, without question".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Best in the Army|url=http://whitehousetapes.net/clip/lyndon-johnson-robert-mcnamara-best-army|work=Presidential Recordings Program|accessdate=16 March 2013 }}</ref> As the head of the MACV, he was known for highly publicized, positive assessments of U.S. military prospects in [[South Vietnam|Vietnam]]. However, as time went on, the strengthening of communist combat forces in the South led to regular requests for increases in U.S. troop strength, from 16,000 when he arrived to its peak of 535,000 in 1968 when he was promoted to [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army chief of staff]].

On April 28, 1967, Westmoreland addressed a joint session of Congress. "In evaluating the enemy strategy," he said, "it is evident to me that he believes our Achilles heel is our resolve. ... Your continued strong support is vital to the success of our mission. ... Backed at home by resolve, confidence, patience, determination, and continued support, we will prevail in Vietnam over the communist aggressor!" Westmoreland claimed that under his leadership, United States forces "won every battle".<ref name = "Sheehan">Sheehan, Neil ''A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann And America in Vietnam'' 1988.</ref> The turning point of the war was the 1968 [[Tet Offensive]], in which [[Communism|communist]] forces attacked cities and towns throughout [[South Vietnam]]. At the time, Westmoreland was focused on the [[Battle of Khe Sanh]] and considered the Tet Offensive to be a diversionary attack. It is not clear if Khe Sanh was meant to be distraction for the Tet Offensive or vice versa;<ref>Willbanks, James H. ''The Tet Offensive: A Concise History''. Columbia University Press, 2007, pp. 104–09</ref> sometimes this is called the [[Battle of Khe Sanh#Riddle of Khe Sanh|Riddle of Khe Sanh]]. Regardless, U.S. and South Vietnamese troops successfully fought off the attacks during the Tet Offensive, and the communist forces took heavy losses, but the ferocity of the assault shook public confidence in Westmoreland's previous assurances about the state of the war. Political debate and public opinion led the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Administration|Johnson administration]] to limit further increases in U.S. troop numbers in Vietnam. Nine months afterward, when the [[My Lai Massacre]] reports started to break, Westmoreland resisted pressure from the incoming [[Nixon administration]] for a cover-up,{{citation needed|date=October 2009}} and pressed for a full and impartial investigation by Lieutenant General [[William Peers|William R. Peers]]. However, a few days after the tragedy, he had praised the same involved unit on the "outstanding job", for the "U.S. infantrymen had killed 128 Communists [''sic''] in a bloody day-long battle". Post 1969 Westmoreland also made efforts to investigate the [[Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre]] a year after the event occurred.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://h21.hani.co.kr/section-021003000/2000/021003000200011150334008.html|title="한국군도 많이 당했다" 채명신 전 주월한국군총사령관 인터뷰… 남베트남군 사령관 만나 사과한 적도|author=Kim Chang-seok|newspaper=[[Hankyoreh]]|date=2000-11-15|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref>

Westmoreland was convinced that the Vietnamese communists could be destroyed by fighting a war of [[Attrition warfare|attrition]] that, theoretically, would render the [[Vietnam People's Army]] unable to fight. His war strategy was marked by heavy use of artillery and airpower and repeated attempts to engage the communists in large-unit battles, and thereby exploit the US's vastly superior firepower and technology. However, the [[North Vietnamese Army]] (NVA) and the [[National Liberation Front of South Vietnam]] (NLF) were able to dictate the pace of attrition to fit their own goals: by continuing to fight a guerrilla war and avoiding large-unit battles, they denied the Americans the chance to fight the kind of war they were best at, and they ensured that attrition would wear down the American public's support for the war faster than they.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.time.com/2011/09/30/the-general-who-lost-vietnam/|title=The General Who Lost Vietnam|first=Mark|last=Thompson|publisher=|via=[[time.com]]}}</ref>

[[File:General William Westmoreland and President Lyndon B. Johnson in the Oval Office - NARA - 192557.tif|thumb|General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson in the White House, November 1967.]]
Westmoreland repeatedly rebuffed or suppressed attempts by [[John Paul Vann]] and [[Lew Walt]] to shift to a "pacification" strategy.<ref name="Sheehan" /> Westmoreland had little appreciation of the patience of the American public for his time frame, and was struggling to persuade President Johnson to approve widening the war into [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953-1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]] in order to interdict the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]]. He was unable to use the absolutist stance that "we can't win unless we expand the war". Instead, he focused on "positive indicators," which ultimately turned worthless when the Tet Offensive occurred, since all his pronouncements of "positive indicators" did not hint at the possibility of such a last-gasp dramatic event. Tet outmaneuvered all of Westmoreland's pronouncements on "positive indicators" in the minds of the American public.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McPherson|first1=Harry|title=Vietnam, a television history: Tet (1968) minute 3:24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oMu3MHsmxM|publisher=PBS|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref> Although the communists were severely depleted by the heavy fighting at Khe Sanh when their conventional assaults were battered by American firepower, as well as tens of thousands of deaths in the Tet Offensive, American political opinion and the panic engendered by the communist surprise sapped U.S. support for the war, even though the events of early 1968 put the United States and South Vietnam into a much stronger military position.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

At one point in 1968, Westmoreland considered the use of [[nuclear weapons]] in Vietnam in a contingency plan codenamed [[Fracture Jaw]], which was abandoned when it became known to the White House.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/world/asia/vietnam-war-nuclear-weapons.html|title=U.S. General Considered Nuclear Response in Vietnam War, Cables Show|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=October 6, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-10-08|language=en}}</ref>

===Army Chief of Staff===
In June 1968, Westmoreland was replaced by General [[Creighton Abrams]], the decision being announced shortly after the Tet Offensive. Although the decision had been made in late 1967, it was widely seen in the media as a punishment for being caught off guard by the communist assault. He was mentioned in a ''Time'' magazine article as a potential candidate for the [[United States presidential election, 1968|1968 Republican presidential nomination]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836932-9,00.html|title=The Temper of the Times|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1967-04-14|accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref>

[[File:General William Westmoreland Press Conference Outside the White House - NARA - 192558.tif|thumb|Press conference outside the White House in April 1968.]]
Westmoreland served as [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] from 1968 to 1972. In 1970, as Chief of Staff, in response to the [[My Lai Massacre]] by United States Army forces (and subsequent cover up by the Army chain of command), he commissioned an army investigation that compiled a comprehensive and seminal study of leadership within the army during the Vietnam War demonstrating a severe erosion of adherence to the army's officer code of "Duty, Honor, Country". The report, entitled ''Study on Military Professionalism'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA063748|accessdate=19 Oct 2015|publisher=[[US Army War College]]|title=Study on Military Professionalism|date=30 June 1970}}</ref> had a profound influence on Army policies, beginning with Westmoreland's decision to end the policy that officers serving in Vietnam would be rotated into a different post after only six months. However, to lessen the impact of this damaging report, Westmoreland ordered that the document be kept on "close hold" across the entire Army for a period of two years and not disseminated to War College attendees. The report only became known to the public after Westmoreland retired in 1972.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today|author=Ricks, Thomas E|isbn=1594204047|publisher=The Penguin Press|date=30 Oct 2012|chapter=20}}</ref>

Many military historians have pointed out that Westmoreland became Chief of Staff at the worst time in history with regard to the army. Guiding the army as it transitioned to an all-volunteer force, he issued many directives to try to make Army life better and more palatable for United States youth—e.g., allowing soldiers to wear sideburns and to drink beer in the mess hall. However, many hard-liners scorned these as too liberal.

==Later years==
Westmoreland ran unsuccessfully for governor of [[South Carolina]] in the [[South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1974|1974 election]]. He published his autobiography the following year. Westmoreland later served on a task force to improve educational standards in the state of South Carolina.

In 1986, Westmoreland served as [[grand marshal]] of the Chicago Vietnam Veterans parade. The parade, attended by 200,000 Vietnam veterans and more than half a million spectators, did much to repair the rift between Vietnam veterans and the American public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/14/us/vietnam-veterans-in-chicago-parade-cheered-by-crowds.html|work=The New York Times|title=Vietnam Veterans In Chicago Parade Cheered By Crowds|date=June 14, 1986}}</ref><ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24930165.html?dids=24930165:24930165&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+17%2C+1986&author=Article+by+William+Mullen%2C+A+Sunday+Magazine+staff+writer&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=AT+PEACE%2C+AT+LAST+AFTER+11+YEARS+AND+AN+EMOTIONAL+PARADE%2C+VIETNAM+VETS+FINALLY+FEEL+WELCOME&pqatl=google At peace, at last after 11 years and an emotional parade, Vietnam vets finally feel welcome]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. August 17, 1986.</ref>

==Westmoreland versus CBS: The Uncounted Enemy==
[[Mike Wallace]] interviewed Westmoreland for the [[CBS]] special ''[[The Uncounted Enemy]]: A Vietnam Deception''. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer [[George Crile III]], alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated [[Viet Cong]] troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain U.S. troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.

In ''[[Westmoreland v. CBS]]'', Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for [[libel]], and a lengthy legal process began. Just days before the lawsuit was to go to the jury, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted "actual malice" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose.<ref name="jrank">{{cite web|url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/12756/Westmoreland-v-CBS-Inc.html|title=Westmoreland v. CBS – further readings|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IsYIhP_8G4C&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=westmoreland+v+cbs&source=web&ots=fPkP_7K7jo&sig=pOWzfwlLsEzYdHYZzTwvXbzSWI8|title=The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War|publisher=Cornell University Press|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the methods of CBS's editors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/W/htmlW/wallacemike/wallacemike.htm|title=Mike Wallace|publisher=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]]|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>

A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data was not appropriate to report.

Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.

During the acrimonious trial, Mike Wallace was hospitalized for depression, and despite the legal conflict separating the two, Westmoreland and his wife sent him flowers. Wallace's memoir is generally sympathetic to Westmoreland, although he makes it clear he disagreed with him on issues surrounding the Vietnam War and the Nixon Administration's policies in Southeast Asia.

==Views on Vietnam War==
[[File:Westmoreland.png|thumb|[[Herbert Abrams|Herbert Elmer Abrams]]' portrait of General Westmoreland]]
In a 1998 interview for ''[[George (magazine)|George]]'' magazine, Westmoreland criticized the battlefield prowess of his direct opponent, North Vietnamese general [[Vo Nguyen Giap]]. "Of course, he [Giap] was a formidable adversary", Westmoreland told correspondent [[W. Thomas Smith, Jr.|W. Thomas Smith Jr.]] "Let me also say that Giap was trained in small-unit, guerrilla tactics, but he persisted in waging a big-unit war with terrible losses to his own men. By his own admission, by early 1969, I think, he had lost, what, a half million soldiers? He reported this. Now such a disregard for human life may make a formidable adversary, but it does not make a military genius. An American commander losing men like that would hardly have lasted more than a few weeks." In the 1974 film ''[[Hearts and Minds (film)|Hearts and Minds]]'', Westmoreland opined that "The Oriental doesn't put the same high price on life as does a Westerner. Life is plentiful, life is cheap in the Orient. And as the philosophy of the Orient expresses it: Life is not important."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Quỳnh Phạm|author2=Himadeep Muppidi|editor1-last=Blaney|editor1-first=David L.|editor2-last=Tickner|editor2-first=Arlene B.|title=Claiming the International|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-0-415-63068-9|page=179|chapter=Wrestling the Frame}}</ref>

Westmoreland's view has been heavily criticized by [[Nick Turse]], the author of the book ''Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam''. Turse said that many of the Vietnamese killed were actually innocent civilians, and the Vietnamese casualties were not just caused by military cross-fire but were a direct result of the U.S. policy and tactics, for example the policy "kill everything that moves" which enabled the U.S. soldiers to shoot civilians for "suspicious behavior". He concluded that, after having "spoken to survivors of massacres by United States forces at Phi Phu, Trieu Ai, My Luoc and so many other hamlets, I can say with certainty that Westmoreland's assessment was false". He also accused Westmoreland of concealing evidence of atrocities from the American public when he was the Army Chief of Staff.<ref name = "nick">[[Nick Turse|Turse, Nick]] (October 9, 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/opinion/for-america-life-was-cheap-in-vietnam.html?_r=0 "For America, Life Was Cheap in Vietnam"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref>

{{quote|In more than a decade of analyzing long-classified military criminal investigation files, court-martial transcripts, Congressional studies, contemporaneous journalism and the testimony of United States soldiers and Vietnamese civilians, I found that Gen. William C. Westmoreland, his subordinates, superiors and successors also engaged in a profligate disregard for human life.|Nick Turse<ref name="nick"/>}}

Historian Derek Frisby also criticized Westmoreland's view during an interview with ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'':

{{quote|General William Westmoreland, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War, unhesitatingly believed Giap was a butcher for relentlessly sacrificing his soldiers in unwinnable battles. Yet, that assessment in itself is key to understanding the West's failure to defeat him. Giap understood that protracted warfare would cost many lives but that did not always translate into winning or losing the war. In the final analysis, Giap won the war despite losing many battles, and as long as the army survived to fight another day, the idea of Vietnam lived in the hearts of the people who would support it, and that is the essence of "revolutionary war".|Derek Frisby<ref>Gabriel Domínguez [http://www.dw.de/vo-nguyen-giap-a-master-of-revolutionary-war/a-17141733 Vo Nguyen Giap – 'A master of revolutionary war'] Deutsche Welle, 07.10.2013</ref>}}

For the remainder of his life, Westmoreland maintained that the United States did not lose the war in Vietnam; he stated instead that "our country did not fulfill its commitment to South Vietnam. By virtue of Vietnam, the U.S. held the line for 10 years and stopped the [[Domino theory|dominoes from falling]]."

==Personal life==
Westmoreland first met his future wife, Katherine (Kitsy) Stevens Van Deusen, while stationed at [[Fort Sill]]; she was nine years old at the time and was the daughter of the post executive officer, Colonel Edwin R. Van Deusen. Westmoreland met her again in North Carolina when she was nineteen and a student at [[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]]. The couple married in May 1947 and had three children: a daughter, Katherine Stevens; a son, James Ripley II, and another daughter, Margaret Childs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/international/asia/20westmoreland.html?pagewanted=print|title=William C. Westmoreland Is Dead at 91|date=2005-07-20|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2011-08-04|first1=Craig R.|last1=Whitney|first2=Eric|last2=Pace}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v3ZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EhEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4201,29382&dq=kitsy+westmoreland&hl=en|title=While the General's at War His Lady Does Hospital Work|date=1967-05-01|work=[[The Milwaukee Sentinel]]|accessdate=2013-10-05|first1=Winzola|last1=McLendon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.sc.edu/socar/uscs/2001/genwcw.html|title=Gen. William Childs Westmoreland Papers, ca. 1900–2000 (Gifts to Manuscripts Division 2001, South Caroliniana Library)|publisher=University of South Carolina|accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>

Just hours after Westmoreland was sworn in as Army Chief of Staff on July 7, 1968, his brother-in-law, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Van Deusen (commander of 2nd Battalion, [[47th Infantry Regiment (United States)|47th Infantry Regiment]]), was killed when his helicopter was shot down in the [[Mekong Delta]] region of Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyarmy.org/panel/battle/68070702.HTM|title=Westy In-law Dies in Viet|date=1968-07-07|work=[[Pacific Stars and Stripes]]|accessdate=2007-09-14|series=6807PSS.AVN, 68070399.KIA}}</ref>

Westmoreland died on July 18, 2005, at the age of 91 at the Bishop Gadsden retirement home in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. He had suffered from [[Alzheimer's disease]] during the final years of his life. He was buried on July 23, 2005, at the [[West Point Cemetery]], [[United States Military Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americansportscastersonline.com/westmorelandmemoriam.html|title=General William Westmoreland, Friend of ASA, Dies|date=1991-05-31|publisher=[[American Sportscasters Online]]|accessdate=2011-08-04}}</ref>

The [[General William C. Westmoreland Bridge]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess109_1991-1992/bills/918.htm|title=South Carolina General Assembly 109th Session, 1991–1992, Bill 918|date=1991-05-31|publisher=[[South Carolina Senate]]|accessdate=2010-08-16}}</ref>

In 1996, the [[National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution]] authorized the General William C. Westmoreland award. The award is given each year in recognition to an outstanding SAR veterans volunteer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sar.org/Committees/Veterans/Westmoreland_Award|title=General William C. Westmoreland Award|date=2009-10-14|publisher=[[National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution]]|accessdate=2011-08-04}}</ref>

William Westmoreland was inducted as a Laureate of [[The Lincoln Academy of Illinois]] and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 1970 in the area of Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/4632-2/#toggle-id-46|title=Laureates by Year – The Lincoln Academy of Illinois|website=The Lincoln Academy of Illinois|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref>

==Major military assignments==
*Commander, 34th Field Artillery Battalion, 9th Infantry Division; 1943–1944
*Chief of Staff, 9th Infantry Division; October 13, 1944 to 1946
*Commander, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82d Airborne Division; 1946 to 1947
*Chief of Staff, 82d Airborne Division; 1947 to 1950
*Instructor, Army Command and General Staff College; 1950 to 1951
*Student, Army War College; 1951
*Instructor, Army War College; 1951 to November 1952
*187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team; November 1952 to 1953
*Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, G–1, for Manpower; 1953 to 1955
*Secretary of the General Staff; 1955 to 1958
*Commanding General, 101st Airborne Division; 1958 to 1960
*Superintendent, United States Military Academy; 1 July 1960 to 27 June 1963
*Commanding General, XVIIIth Airborne Corps; July 1963 to December 1963
*Deputy Commander, United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam; January 1964 to June 1964
*Commander, United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam; June 1964 to June 1968
*Chief of Staff, United States Army; July 3, 1968 to June 30, 1972

==Military awards==
Westmoreland's military awards include:

;U.S. decorations and awards
{|
|{{ribbon devices|number=3|type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] with three [[Oak Leaf Clusters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=30468|title=Military Times Hall of Valor|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Legion of Merit]] with two Oak Leaf Clusters
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1 |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Bronze Star ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Bronze Star Medal]] with one Oak Leaf Cluster
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=9 |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Air Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Air Medal]] with nine Oak Leaf Clusters
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=United States Army and U.S. Air Force Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Presidential Unit Citation (U.S.)|Army Presidential Unit Citation]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[American Defense Service Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=7 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] with seven [[service star]]s
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[World War II Victory Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Army of Occupation ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Army of Occupation Medal]] with [[Army of Occupation Medal#Germany Clasp|Germany clasp]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[National Defense Service Medal]] with one [[Service star|{{frac|3|16}}" bronze star]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=Korean_Service_Medal_-_Ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Korean Service Medal]] with two {{frac|3|16}}" bronze stars
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=7 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=Vietnam Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Vietnam Service Medal]] with seven stars
|}

;Foreign decorations and awards
{|
|[[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|106px]] French [[Légion d'honneur]]
|-
|[[File:Croix de guerre 1939–1945 stripe bronsepalme.svg|106px]] [[Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (France)|French Croix de guerre]] with Palm
|-
|[[File:Taeguk Cordon Medal.png|106px]] [[Order of Military Merit (Korea)|Republic of Korea Taeguk Cordon Medal]] (First Class)
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1 |type=award-star|other_device= |ribbon=Tong-il Security Medel Ribbon.png |width=106}} [[Order of National Security Merit (Korea)|Republic of Korea Tong-il Medal]] (First Class) with Gold Star
|-
|[[File:Gugseon Security Medal Ribbon.png|106px]] [[Order of National Security Merit (Korea)|Republic of Korea Gugseon Medal (Second Class)]]
|-
|[[File:PHL Order of Sikatuna - Commander BAR.png|106px]] [[Order of Sikatuna]], rank of Lankan (Commander) ([[Philippines]])
|-
|[[File:RVN Choung My Medal 1st class ribbon.png|106px]] Republic of Vietnam [[Choung My Medal]] 1st class
|-
|[[File:Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia) - ribbon bar.gif|106px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)|Order of the Holy Trinity]] ([[post-nominal]]: GCHT) ([[Ethiopia]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm|title=The Crown Council of Ethiopia|website=[[Crown Council of Ethiopia]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:VPD National Order of Vietnam - Grand Cross BAR.png|106px]] [[National Order of Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam National Order of Vietnam, First Class]]
|-
|[[File:ArmyDSMribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order|Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Army)]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Air Force Distinguished Service Order, First Class ribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order|Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Air Force)]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Navy Distinguished Service Order, First Class ribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order|Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Navy)]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnamese Gallantry Cross, with palm.svg|106px]] [[Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)|Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal Ribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal|Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal, First Class]]
|-
|[[File:Civil Actions Medal(Individual Award).png|106px]] [[Civil Actions Medal|Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal]], First Class
|-
|[[File:Order of the White Elephant - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.png|106px]] Most Exalted [[Order of the White Elephant]], Knight Grand Cross (First Class) ([[Thailand]])
|-
|[[File:BRA Ordem do Merito Militar Grande Oficial.png|106px]] [[Order of Military Merit (Brazil)|Ordem do Mérito Militar]] (Order of Military Merit, degree of Great Officer) ([[Brazil]])
|-
|[[File:BOL Condecoracion al Mérito Militar “Prócer de la Libertad General de División José Miguel Lanza”.png|106px]] Condecoracion al Mérito Militar "Prócer de la Libertad General de División José Miguel Lanza" Gran Official ([[Bolivia]])
|-
|[[File:Korean Presidential Unit Citation.png|106px]] [[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]
|-
|[[File:Gallantry Cross Unit Citation.png|106px]] [[Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)|Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation]] with palm
|-
|[[File:Civil Action Unit Citation.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Civil Actions Medal|Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Unit Citation]] with palm
|-
|[[File:United Nations Korea Medal ribbon.svg|106px]] [[United Nations Service Medal]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Campaign Medal ribbon with 60- clasp.svg|106px]] [[Vietnam Campaign Medal|Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal with 1960–device]]
|-
|[[File:Noribbon.svg|106px]] Gallantry Cross [[Fourragère]] (Vietnam)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=1638&hl=Westmoreland|title=General William Westmoreland Uniform – UNIFORMS [REF] USA|publisher=}}</ref> ''(obsolete)''
|}
;Badges, tabs, and patches
:[[File:Combat Infantry Badge.svg|106px]] [[Combat Infantryman Badge]]
:[[File:ArmyAvnBadge.png|106px]] [[United States Aviator Badge|Army Aviator Badge]]
:[[File:US Army Airborne master parachutist badge.gif|106px]] [[Parachutist Badge (United States)|Master Parachutist Badge]]
:[[File:USAAF - Glider Pilot 4.png|106px]] [[Glider Badge]]
:[[File:United States Army Staff Identification Badge.png|106px]] [[Army Staff Identification Badge]]
:[[File:ViPaBa.jpg|106px]] Republic of Vietnam [[Parachutist Badge]]

==Other awards==
:[[File:The Knox Trophy.jpg|100px]] [[Knox Trophy]] Award, USMA highest military efficiency as a cadet at West Point, 1936.

==Dates of rank==
[[File:U.S. Military Academy COA.png|35px]] [[United States Military Academy]] class of 1936

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second Lieutenant]] ([[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]])
![[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]] (Regular Army)
![[Major (United States)|Major]] ([[Army of the United States]])
![[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] (Army of the United States)
![[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] (Army of the United States)
|-
!O-1
!O-2
!O-4
!O-5
!O-6
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-01b.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-01a.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-03.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-04.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-05.svg|60px]]
|-
!12 June 1936
!12 June 1939
!1 February 1942 (temporary)
!25 September 1942 (temporary)
!28 July 1944 (temporary)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] (Regular Army)
![[Major (United States)|Major]] (Regular Army)
![[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] (Army of the United States)
![[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] (Regular Army)
![[Major general (United States)|Major General]] (Army of the United States)
|-
!O-3
!O-4
!O-7
!O-5
!O-8
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-02.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-03.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-06.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-04.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-07.svg|60px]]
|-
!12 June 1946
!15 July 1948
!7 November 1952 (temporary)
!7 July 1953
!December 1956 (temporary)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] (Regular Army)
![[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] (Regular Army)
![[Major general (United States)|Major General]] (Regular Army)
![[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] (Army of the United States)
![[General (United States)|General]] (Army of the United States)
|-
!O-6
!O-7
!O-8
!O-9
!O-10
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-05.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-06.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-07.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-08.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-09.svg|60px]]
|-
!June 1961
!14 July 1962
!20 May 1963
!31 July 1963 (temporary)
!1 August 1964 (temporary)
|}

[[Retired military|Retired]] from active service in July 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westmoreland-worldwide.org.uk/gen-w.html|title=Biography General William Childs Westmoreland|first=Dr Maureen L. [Westmoreland]|last=Ille|website=westmoreland-worldwide.org.uk|access-date=2011-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328131611/http://www.westmoreland-worldwide.org.uk/gen-w.html|archive-date=2012-03-28|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |authorlink=Stanley Karnow |year=1991 |title=Vietnam: A History |publisher=Penguin |location=New York, NY|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pvDQgAACAAJ |isbn=978-0140265477 |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Mascaro |first=Tom |year=1982 |title=[[The Uncounted Enemy|The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception]] |publisher=The Museum of Broadcast Communications |location=Chicago, IL |url= |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Smith |first=W. Thomas, Jr. |date=November 1998 |title=An old soldier sounds off |journal=[[George (magazine)|George]] |volume= |issue= |publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.]] |location=New York, NY |pages= |url= |doi= |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Wallace |first=Mike |last2=Gates |first2=Gary Paul |authorlink= Mike Wallace |year=2005 |title=Between You and Me |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York, NY |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRQTBca9S8gC |isbn=978-1401383565 |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Westmoreland |first=William C. |authorlink=William Westmoreland |year=1976 |title=A Soldier Reports |publisher=Doubleday |location=[[Garden City, New York|Garden City, NY]] |isbn=978-0385004343 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXPaAAAAIAAJ |postscript=.}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|United States Army}}
{{commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}

;General
* {{C-SPAN|William Westmoreland}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114140124/http://www.newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/William_Westmoreland.php Westmoreland's political donations]
* [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/sep-oct/parrott.html An article on the CBS documentary controversy by LTC Evan Parrott for the Air War College]
* [http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/025/0250204001j.pdf PDF copies of MG McChristian's deposition for the CBS trial]
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Westmoreland A biography on William Westmoreland at Encyclopaedia Britannica]
* [http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/025/0250204001i.pdf MG McChristian's deposition concerning his participation in the documentary and clarifying his observation of the facts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721080305/http://www.vvi.org/Content/vvi2.asp Analysis of the broadcast by Professor Peter Rollins of Oklahoma State University, hosted on Vietnam Veterans website]
* [http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16635coll16/id/3262 William C. Westmoreland Collection] US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
* [http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-b463a4-interview-with-william-c-william-childs-westmoreland-1981 1981 video interview with Westmoreland about U.S. military involvement in Vietnam]

;Obituaries
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8621530/ Initial report on the death of Westmoreland] from the [[Associated Press]]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/18/AR2005071801713.html Obituary: General Commanded Troops in Vietnam] from the ''[[Washington Post]]''
* [http://nytimes.com/2005/07/19/international/asia/19westmoreland.html Gen. Westmoreland, Who Led U.S. in Vietnam, Dies] from the ''[[New York Times]]''
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,11069-1700407,00.html Commander of US forces in Vietnam dies aged 91] from ''[[The Times]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060920021014/http://photo.citadel.edu/pao/newsclips/archive20042005/5687.html A general who fought to win] from ''[[The State (newspaper)|The State]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060525061904/http://www.thestate.com/mld/thestate/news/12175354.htm 'Westy' recalled as noble, tragic] from ''[[The State (newspaper)|The State]]''
* [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/jul/21/20050721-093743-4237r/ Farewell salute to a fine soldier] from ''[[The Washington Times]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050724014901/http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0720-20.htm General Westmoreland's Death Wish and the War in Iraq] from ''CommonDreams.org''

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box|before = [[Garrison H. Davidson|Garrison Holt Davidson]] |title = [[Superintendents of the United States Military Academy]] |years = 1960–1963 |after = [[James Benjamin Lampert]]}}
{{Succession box|title=Commander, [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]]|before=[[Paul D. Harkins]]|after=[[Creighton Abrams]]|years=1964–1968}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]]|before=[[Harold K. Johnson]]|after=[[Bruce Palmer Jr.]] (acting)|years=1968–1972}}
{{s-hon}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Time Magazine Person of the Year|Time's Man of the Year]]
| before=[[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]]
| after=[[Baby Boomers|The Generation Twenty-Five and Under]]
| years=1965
}}
{{S-end}}
{{US Army Chiefs of Staff|state=collapsed}}
{{United States Military Academy superintendents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Westmoreland, William}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:United States Army Chiefs of Staff]]
[[Category:Superintendents of the United States Military Academy]]
[[Category:American army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:American army personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:American army personnel of the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Operation Overlord people]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1968]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam|1 Westmoreland, William]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)]]
[[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Korea)]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Sikatuna]]
[[Category:Distinguished Eagle Scouts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)]]
[[Category:Burials at West Point Cemetery]]
[[Category:People from Spartanburg County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:South Carolina Republicans]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from South Carolina]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:People with Alzheimer's disease]]

William Westmoreland

2018-10-20T01:41:48Z

83.83.44.43:

{{Infobox military person
|name= William Westmoreland
|image= Gen William C Westmoreland.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname= "Westy"
|birth_date= {{birth date|1914|3|26}}
|birth_place= [[Saxon, South Carolina]]
|death_date= {{death date and age|2005|7|18|1914|3|26}}
|death_place= [[Charleston, South Carolina]]
|placeofburial= [[West Point Cemetery]] ([[United States Military Academy Post Cemetery]])
|allegiance= United States
|branch= [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears= 1936–1972
|rank= [[General (United States)|General]]
|unit=
|commands= [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]] [[XVIII Airborne Corps (United States)|XVIII Airborne Corps]] [[United States Military Academy]] [[101st Airborne Division]] [[187th Infantry Regiment (United States)|187th Regimental Combat Team]] [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|504th Parachute Infantry Regiment]] [[34th Field Artillery Regiment|34th Field Artillery Battalion]]
|battles= [[World War II]] [[Korean War]] [[Vietnam War]]
|awards= [[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (4) [[Legion of Merit]] (3) [[Bronze Star Medal]] (2) [[Air Medal]] (10)
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''William Childs Westmoreland''' (March 26, 1914 – July 18, 2005) was a [[United States Army]] [[General (United States)|general]], who most notably commanded United States forces during the [[Vietnam War]] from 1964 to 1968. He served as [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] from 1968 to 1972.

Westmoreland adopted a strategy of [[Attrition warfare|attrition]] against the [[Viet Cong]] and the [[North Vietnamese Army]], attempting to drain them of manpower and supplies. He also made use of the United States' edge in artillery and air power, both in tactical confrontations and in relentless strategic bombing of North Vietnam. Many of the battles in Vietnam were technically United States victories, with the United States Army in control of the field afterward; holding territory gained this way proved difficult, however. Public support for the war eventually diminished, especially after the [[Battle of Khe Sanh]] and the [[Tet Offensive]] in 1968. By the time he was re-assigned as Army Chief of Staff, United States military forces in Vietnam had reached a peak of 535,000 personnel. Westmoreland's strategy was ultimately politically unsuccessful. Growing United States casualties, reports about hidious attrocities committed at both sides and the draft undermined United States support for the war while large-scale casualties among non-combatants weakened South Vietnamese support. This also failed to weaken North Vietnam's will to fight, and the [[Government of South Vietnam]]—a factor largely out of Westmoreland's control—never succeeded in establishing enough legitimacy to quell defections to the Viet Cong.

==Early life==
William Childs Westmoreland was born in [[Spartanburg County, South Carolina]], on March 26, 1914 to Eugenia Talley Childs and James Ripley Westmoreland. His [[upper middle class]] family was involved in the local banking and textile industries. At the age of 15, William became an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] at Troop 1 Boy Scouts, and was recipient of the [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]] and [[Silver Buffalo]] from the [[Boy Scouts of America]] as a young adult. After spending a year at [[The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina|The Citadel]] in 1932,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/william-westmoreland-9528510|title=William Westmoreland|website=Biography.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref> he was appointed to attend the [[United States Military Academy]] on the nomination of Senator [[James F. Byrnes]], a family friend.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Whitney|first1=Craig R.|last2=Pace|first2=Eric|title=William C. Westmoreland Is Dead at 91; General Led U.S. Troops in Vietnam|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/world/asia/william-c-westmoreland-is-dead-at-91-general-led-us-troops-in.html|accessdate=14 May 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 July 2005}}</ref> His motive for entering West Point was "to see the world". He was a member of a distinguished West Point class that also included [[Creighton Abrams]] and [[Benjamin O. Davis Jr.]] Westmoreland graduated as first captain—the highest cadet rank—and received the Pershing Sword, which is "presented to cadet with highest level of military proficiency".<ref>{{Cite document|url=http://library.sc.edu/socar/mnscrpts/WCWcontentslist.pdf|title=Finding Aid for Papers (ca. 1900–2005) of General William Childs Westmoreland|publisher=[[University of South Carolina]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sc.edu/library/socar/uscs/99autm/westmor.html |title=Papers of Gen. William Westmoreland (USCS Autumn 1999)|accessdate=2008-02-01|publisher=[[University of South Carolina]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050720/ai_n14777626 |title=Obituary: General William Westmoreland|publisher=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Westmoreland also served as the superintendent of the Protestant Sunday School Teachers.<ref>1936 Howitzer Yearbook.</ref>

==Military career==
Following graduation from West Point in 1936, Westmoreland became an artillery officer and served in several assignments with the 18th Field Artillery at Fort Sill. In 1939, he was promoted to first lieutenant, after which he was a battery commander and battalion staff officer with the 8th Field Artillery at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii.

===World War II===
In [[World War II]], Westmoreland saw combat with the 34th Field Artillery Battalion, [[9th Infantry Division (United States)|9th Infantry Division]], in [[French Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[Sicily]], [[Vichy France|France]] and [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]; he commanded the 34th Battalion in Tunisia and Sicily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/ca5/militaryhistoryus/history.html|title=Field Artillery Unit History & Links|website=[[angelfire.com]]}}</ref> He reached the temporary wartime rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], and on October 13, 1944, was appointed the [[chief of staff]] of the 9th Infantry Division.<ref>Headquarters Morning Report, 13 Oct 1944, Division Headquarters, 9th Infantry Division. Available on microfilm at National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO. (Entry reads: "O-20223 Westmoreland, William C Col, Reld fr asdg HQ 9 Inf Div Arty & asgd to Div Hq 9 Inf Div per par 1, SO 241 HQ 9 Inf Div dtd 12 Oct 44. Joined 12 Oct 44. Detailed in G.S.C. per par 2, GO 87 Hq 9 Inf Div dtd 12 Oct 44. Primary Duty: Chief of Staff".)</ref>

After the war, Westmoreland completed Airborne training at the Infantry School in 1946. He then commanded the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, [[82d Airborne Division]]. From 1947 to 1950, he served as chief of staff for the 82d Airborne Division. He was an instructor at the Army Command and General Staff College from 1950 to 1951. He then completed the Army War College as a student in 1951, and stayed as an instructor from 1951 to 1952.

===Korean War===
Westmoreland was promoted to Brigadier General in November 1952 at the age of 38, making him one of the youngest U.S. Army generals in the post-World War II era.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaffiri |first=Samuel |date=1994 |title=Westmoreland: A Biography of General William C. Westmoreland |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=e714AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22westmoreland%22+%22youngest%22+%22generals%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22At+thirty-eight%2C+he+was+one+of+the+youngest+generals+in+the+Army.%22 |location=William Morrow and Company |publisher=William Morrow and Company |page=81 |isbn=978-0-688-14345-9 |quote="At thirty-eight, he was one of the youngest generals in the Army."}}</ref> He commanded the [[187th Infantry Regiment (United States)|187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team]] in operations in Korea from 1952 to 1953. After returning to the United States, Westmoreland was deputy assistant chief of staff, G–1, for manpower control on the Army staff from 1953 to 1955. In 1954, he completed a three-month management program at [[Harvard Business School]]. As Stanley Karnow noted, "Westy was a corporation executive in uniform."<ref>Stanley Karnow. ''Vietnam: A History.'' p. 361.</ref>

After the war, Westmoreland was the United States Army's Secretary of the General Staff from 1955 to 1958. He then commanded the [[101st Airborne Division]] from 1958 to 1960. He was [[Superintendent of the United States Military Academy]] from 1960 to 1963. In 1962, Westmoreland was admitted as an honorary member of the Massachusetts [[Society of the Cincinnati]]. He was promoted to lieutenant general in July 1963 and was Commanding General of the [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] from 1963 to 1964.

===Vietnam War===
;Background and overview

{{Quote|text=Master philosopher of war Karl von Clausewitz emphasized almost a century and a half earlier that because war is controlled by its political object, the value of this object must determine the sacrifices to be made for it both in magnitude and also in duration. He went on to say, Once the expenditure of effort exceeds the value of the political object, the object must be renounced.|author=Harry G. Summers}}

The attempted French re-colonization of [[First Indochina War|Vietnam]] following World War II culminated in a decisive [[French Fourth Republic|French]] defeat at the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]].<ref name = "nat">{{cite book |title = Lịch sử thế giới hiện đại |last= Nguyễn Anh Thái (chief author) |first = |authorlink = |author2 = Nguyễn Quốc Hùng |author3=Vũ Ngọc Oanh |author4 = Trần Thị Vinh |author5 = Đặng Thanh Toán |author6 = Đỗ Thanh Bình |year = 2002 |publisher = Giáo Dục Publisher |location= Ho Chi Minh City |id = 8934980082317 |pages = 320–22 |url = |accessdate = |language = Vietnamese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Flitton|first1=Dave|title=Battlefield Vietnam – Dien Bien Phu, the legacy|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQdFGr7NQ4o|publisher=Public Broadcasting System PBS|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref> The Geneva Conference (April 26 – July 20, 1954) discussed the possibility of restoring peace in [[Indochina]], and temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones, a northern zone to be governed by the Việt Minh, and a southern zone to be governed by the [[State of Vietnam]], then headed by former emperor [[Bảo Đại]]. A Conference Final Declaration, issued by the British chairman of the conference, provided that a general election be held by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. Although presented as a consensus view, this document was not accepted by the delegates of either the State of Vietnam or the United States. In addition, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognized the North while the United States and other non-communist states recognized the South as the legitimate government. By the time Westmoreland became army commander in [[South Vietnam]], the option of a Korea-type settlement with a large demilitarised zone separating north and south, favored by military and diplomatic figures, had been rejected by the US government, whose objectives were to achieve a decisive victory, and not to use vastly greater resources. The infiltration by regular [[North Vietnam]] forces into the South could not be dealt with by aggressive action against the northern state because intervention by China was something the US government was concerned to avoid, but President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had given commitments to uphold South Vietnam against communist [[North Vietnam]].<ref>Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam By Gregory Daddis p74</ref><ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu">Conversations with History: Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley [http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/conversations/Summers/ Harry Kreisler of the Institute of International Studies and Colonel Harry G. Summers]</ref><ref>Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam, By Gregory Daddis p74</ref>

[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]], General [[Harold Keith Johnson]], and subsequently historians such as [[Harry G. Summers, Jr.]] came to see US goals as having become mutually inconsistent, because defeating the Communists would require declaring a national emergency and fully mobilising the resources of the US. President Johnson was critical of Westmoreland's defused corporate style, considering him overattentive to what government officials wanted to hear. Nonetheless, Westmoreland was operating within longstanding army protocols of subordinating the military to civilian policymakers. The most important constraint was staying on the strategic defensive out of fear of Chinese intervention, but at the same time President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had made it clear that there was a higher commitment to defending Vietnam.<ref name="Peter J. Schifferle 1994">The Ia Drang Campaign 1965: A Successful Operational Campaign or Mere Tactical Failure?, Peter J. Schifferle (1994)</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Parameters.To Change a War: General Harold K. Johnson and the PROVN Study, LEWIS SORLEY</ref> Much of the thinking about defense was by academics turned government advisors who concentrated on nuclear weapons, seen as making conventional war obsolete. The fashion for counter-insurgency thinking also denigrated the role of [[conventional warfare]]. Despite the inconclusive outcome of the Korean War, Americans expected their wars to end with the unconditional surrender of the enemy.<ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu"/>

The [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. [[Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure]] meant Westmoreland faced a dual threat. Regular North Vietnamese army units infiltrating across the remote border were apparently concentrating to mount an offensive and Westmoreland considered this the danger that had to be tackled immediately. There was also entrenched guerrilla subversion throughout the heavily populated coastal regions by the [[Viet Cong]]. Consistent with the enthusiasm of [[Robert McNamara]] for statistics, Westmoreland placed emphasis on [[body count]] and cited the [[Battle of Ia Drang]] as evidence the communists were losing. However, the government wished to win at low cost, and policymakers received McNamara's interpretation indicating huge American casualties in prospect, prompting a reassessment of what could be achieved. Moreover, the Battle of Ia Drang was unusual in that US troops brought a large enemy formation to battle. After talking to junior officers General Johnson became skeptical about localised concentrated [[search and destroy]] sweeps of short duration, because the Communist forces controlled whether there were military engagements, giving an option to simply avoid battle with US forces if the situation warranted it. The alternative of sustained countrywide pacification operations, which would require massive use of US manpower, was never available to Westmoreland, because it was considered politically unacceptable.<ref name="Peter J. Schifferle 1994"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Westmoreland p96">Westmoreland: The General who Lost Vietnam By Lewis Sorley p96</ref>

In public at least, he continued to be sanguine about the progress being made throughout his time in Vietnam, though supportive journalist [[James Reston]] thought Westmoreland's characterizing of the conflict as [[attrition warfare]] presented his generalship in a misleading light.<ref>Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam, By Gregory Daddis p74-5</ref> Westmoreland's critics say his successor, General [[Creighton Abrams]], deliberately switched emphasis away from what Westmoreland dubbed attrition. Revisionists point to Abrams's first big operation being a tactical success that disrupted North Vietnamese build up, but resulted in the [[Battle of Hamburger Hill]], a political disaster that effectively curtailed Abrams's freedom to continue with such operations.<ref name="Peter J. Schifferle 1994"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Westmoreland p96"/>

;Commander in South Vietnam
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson in Vietnam, With General William Westmoreland, Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Thieu, Prime... - NARA - 192508.tif|thumb|General Westmoreland, President Lyndon B. Johnson, president of South Vietnam [[Nguyen Van Thieu]] and prime minister of South Vietnam [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] (far right) in October 1966.]]
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson in Vietnam, With General William Westmoreland decorating a soldier - NARA - 192511.tif|thumb|General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson decorating a soldier in Vietnam, October 1966.]]

Westmoreland was sent to Vietnam in 1963. In January 1964, he became deputy commander of [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]] (MACV), eventually succeeding [[Paul D. Harkins]] as commander, in June. Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]] told President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in April that Westmoreland was "the best we have, without question".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Best in the Army|url=http://whitehousetapes.net/clip/lyndon-johnson-robert-mcnamara-best-army|work=Presidential Recordings Program|accessdate=16 March 2013 }}</ref> As the head of the MACV, he was known for highly publicized, positive assessments of U.S. military prospects in [[South Vietnam|Vietnam]]. However, as time went on, the strengthening of communist combat forces in the South led to regular requests for increases in U.S. troop strength, from 16,000 when he arrived to its peak of 535,000 in 1968 when he was promoted to [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army chief of staff]].

On April 28, 1967, Westmoreland addressed a joint session of Congress. "In evaluating the enemy strategy," he said, "it is evident to me that he believes our Achilles heel is our resolve. ... Your continued strong support is vital to the success of our mission. ... Backed at home by resolve, confidence, patience, determination, and continued support, we will prevail in Vietnam over the communist aggressor!" Westmoreland claimed that under his leadership, United States forces "won every battle".<ref name = "Sheehan">Sheehan, Neil ''A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann And America in Vietnam'' 1988.</ref> The turning point of the war was the 1968 [[Tet Offensive]], in which [[Communism|communist]] forces attacked cities and towns throughout [[South Vietnam]]. At the time, Westmoreland was focused on the [[Battle of Khe Sanh]] and considered the Tet Offensive to be a diversionary attack. It is not clear if Khe Sanh was meant to be distraction for the Tet Offensive or vice versa;<ref>Willbanks, James H. ''The Tet Offensive: A Concise History''. Columbia University Press, 2007, pp. 104–09</ref> sometimes this is called the [[Battle of Khe Sanh#Riddle of Khe Sanh|Riddle of Khe Sanh]]. Regardless, U.S. and South Vietnamese troops successfully fought off the attacks during the Tet Offensive, and the communist forces took heavy losses, but the ferocity of the assault shook public confidence in Westmoreland's previous assurances about the state of the war. Political debate and public opinion led the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Administration|Johnson administration]] to limit further increases in U.S. troop numbers in Vietnam. Nine months afterward, when the [[My Lai Massacre]] reports started to break, Westmoreland resisted pressure from the incoming [[Nixon administration]] for a cover-up,{{citation needed|date=October 2009}} and pressed for a full and impartial investigation by Lieutenant General [[William Peers|William R. Peers]]. However, a few days after the tragedy, he had praised the same involved unit on the "outstanding job", for the "U.S. infantrymen had killed 128 Communists [''sic''] in a bloody day-long battle". Post 1969 Westmoreland also made efforts to investigate the [[Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre]] a year after the event occurred.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://h21.hani.co.kr/section-021003000/2000/021003000200011150334008.html|title="한국군도 많이 당했다" 채명신 전 주월한국군총사령관 인터뷰… 남베트남군 사령관 만나 사과한 적도|author=Kim Chang-seok|newspaper=[[Hankyoreh]]|date=2000-11-15|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref>

Westmoreland was convinced that the Vietnamese communists could be destroyed by fighting a war of [[Attrition warfare|attrition]] that, theoretically, would render the [[Vietnam People's Army]] unable to fight. His war strategy was marked by heavy use of artillery and airpower and repeated attempts to engage the communists in large-unit battles, and thereby exploit the US's vastly superior firepower and technology. However, the [[North Vietnamese Army]] (NVA) and the [[National Liberation Front of South Vietnam]] (NLF) were able to dictate the pace of attrition to fit their own goals: by continuing to fight a guerrilla war and avoiding large-unit battles, they denied the Americans the chance to fight the kind of war they were best at, and they ensured that attrition would wear down the American public's support for the war faster than they.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.time.com/2011/09/30/the-general-who-lost-vietnam/|title=The General Who Lost Vietnam|first=Mark|last=Thompson|publisher=|via=[[time.com]]}}</ref>

[[File:General William Westmoreland and President Lyndon B. Johnson in the Oval Office - NARA - 192557.tif|thumb|General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson in the White House, November 1967.]]
Westmoreland repeatedly rebuffed or suppressed attempts by [[John Paul Vann]] and [[Lew Walt]] to shift to a "pacification" strategy.<ref name="Sheehan" /> Westmoreland had little appreciation of the patience of the American public for his time frame, and was struggling to persuade President Johnson to approve widening the war into [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953-1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]] in order to interdict the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]]. He was unable to use the absolutist stance that "we can't win unless we expand the war". Instead, he focused on "positive indicators," which ultimately turned worthless when the Tet Offensive occurred, since all his pronouncements of "positive indicators" did not hint at the possibility of such a last-gasp dramatic event. Tet outmaneuvered all of Westmoreland's pronouncements on "positive indicators" in the minds of the American public.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McPherson|first1=Harry|title=Vietnam, a television history: Tet (1968) minute 3:24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oMu3MHsmxM|publisher=PBS|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref> Although the communists were severely depleted by the heavy fighting at Khe Sanh when their conventional assaults were battered by American firepower, as well as tens of thousands of deaths in the Tet Offensive, American political opinion and the panic engendered by the communist surprise sapped U.S. support for the war, even though the events of early 1968 put the United States and South Vietnam into a much stronger military position.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

At one point in 1968, Westmoreland considered the use of [[nuclear weapons]] in Vietnam in a contingency plan codenamed [[Fracture Jaw]], which was abandoned when it became known to the White House.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/world/asia/vietnam-war-nuclear-weapons.html|title=U.S. General Considered Nuclear Response in Vietnam War, Cables Show|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=October 6, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-10-08|language=en}}</ref>

===Army Chief of Staff===
In June 1968, Westmoreland was replaced by General [[Creighton Abrams]], the decision being announced shortly after the Tet Offensive. Although the decision had been made in late 1967, it was widely seen in the media as a punishment for being caught off guard by the communist assault. He was mentioned in a ''Time'' magazine article as a potential candidate for the [[United States presidential election, 1968|1968 Republican presidential nomination]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836932-9,00.html|title=The Temper of the Times|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1967-04-14|accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref>

[[File:General William Westmoreland Press Conference Outside the White House - NARA - 192558.tif|thumb|Press conference outside the White House in April 1968.]]
Westmoreland served as [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] from 1968 to 1972. In 1970, as Chief of Staff, in response to the [[My Lai Massacre]] by United States Army forces (and subsequent cover up by the Army chain of command), he commissioned an army investigation that compiled a comprehensive and seminal study of leadership within the army during the Vietnam War demonstrating a severe erosion of adherence to the army's officer code of "Duty, Honor, Country". The report, entitled ''Study on Military Professionalism'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA063748|accessdate=19 Oct 2015|publisher=[[US Army War College]]|title=Study on Military Professionalism|date=30 June 1970}}</ref> had a profound influence on Army policies, beginning with Westmoreland's decision to end the policy that officers serving in Vietnam would be rotated into a different post after only six months. However, to lessen the impact of this damaging report, Westmoreland ordered that the document be kept on "close hold" across the entire Army for a period of two years and not disseminated to War College attendees. The report only became known to the public after Westmoreland retired in 1972.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today|author=Ricks, Thomas E|isbn=1594204047|publisher=The Penguin Press|date=30 Oct 2012|chapter=20}}</ref>

Many military historians have pointed out that Westmoreland became Chief of Staff at the worst time in history with regard to the army. Guiding the army as it transitioned to an all-volunteer force, he issued many directives to try to make Army life better and more palatable for United States youth—e.g., allowing soldiers to wear sideburns and to drink beer in the mess hall. However, many hard-liners scorned these as too liberal.

==Later years==
Westmoreland ran unsuccessfully for governor of [[South Carolina]] in the [[South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1974|1974 election]]. He published his autobiography the following year. Westmoreland later served on a task force to improve educational standards in the state of South Carolina.

In 1986, Westmoreland served as [[grand marshal]] of the Chicago Vietnam Veterans parade. The parade, attended by 200,000 Vietnam veterans and more than half a million spectators, did much to repair the rift between Vietnam veterans and the American public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/14/us/vietnam-veterans-in-chicago-parade-cheered-by-crowds.html|work=The New York Times|title=Vietnam Veterans In Chicago Parade Cheered By Crowds|date=June 14, 1986}}</ref><ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24930165.html?dids=24930165:24930165&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+17%2C+1986&author=Article+by+William+Mullen%2C+A+Sunday+Magazine+staff+writer&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=AT+PEACE%2C+AT+LAST+AFTER+11+YEARS+AND+AN+EMOTIONAL+PARADE%2C+VIETNAM+VETS+FINALLY+FEEL+WELCOME&pqatl=google At peace, at last after 11 years and an emotional parade, Vietnam vets finally feel welcome]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. August 17, 1986.</ref>

==Westmoreland versus CBS: The Uncounted Enemy==
[[Mike Wallace]] interviewed Westmoreland for the [[CBS]] special ''[[The Uncounted Enemy]]: A Vietnam Deception''. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer [[George Crile III]], alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated [[Viet Cong]] troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain U.S. troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.

In ''[[Westmoreland v. CBS]]'', Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for [[libel]], and a lengthy legal process began. Just days before the lawsuit was to go to the jury, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted "actual malice" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose.<ref name="jrank">{{cite web|url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/12756/Westmoreland-v-CBS-Inc.html|title=Westmoreland v. CBS – further readings|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IsYIhP_8G4C&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=westmoreland+v+cbs&source=web&ots=fPkP_7K7jo&sig=pOWzfwlLsEzYdHYZzTwvXbzSWI8|title=The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War|publisher=Cornell University Press|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the methods of CBS's editors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/W/htmlW/wallacemike/wallacemike.htm|title=Mike Wallace|publisher=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]]|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>

A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data was not appropriate to report.

Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.

During the acrimonious trial, Mike Wallace was hospitalized for depression, and despite the legal conflict separating the two, Westmoreland and his wife sent him flowers. Wallace's memoir is generally sympathetic to Westmoreland, although he makes it clear he disagreed with him on issues surrounding the Vietnam War and the Nixon Administration's policies in Southeast Asia.

==Views on Vietnam War==
[[File:Westmoreland.png|thumb|[[Herbert Abrams|Herbert Elmer Abrams]]' portrait of General Westmoreland]]
In a 1998 interview for ''[[George (magazine)|George]]'' magazine, Westmoreland criticized the battlefield prowess of his direct opponent, North Vietnamese general [[Vo Nguyen Giap]]. "Of course, he [Giap] was a formidable adversary", Westmoreland told correspondent [[W. Thomas Smith, Jr.|W. Thomas Smith Jr.]] "Let me also say that Giap was trained in small-unit, guerrilla tactics, but he persisted in waging a big-unit war with terrible losses to his own men. By his own admission, by early 1969, I think, he had lost, what, a half million soldiers? He reported this. Now such a disregard for human life may make a formidable adversary, but it does not make a military genius. An American commander losing men like that would hardly have lasted more than a few weeks." In the 1974 film ''[[Hearts and Minds (film)|Hearts and Minds]]'', Westmoreland opined that "The Oriental doesn't put the same high price on life as does a Westerner. Life is plentiful, life is cheap in the Orient. And as the philosophy of the Orient expresses it: Life is not important."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Quỳnh Phạm|author2=Himadeep Muppidi|editor1-last=Blaney|editor1-first=David L.|editor2-last=Tickner|editor2-first=Arlene B.|title=Claiming the International|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-0-415-63068-9|page=179|chapter=Wrestling the Frame}}</ref>

Westmoreland's view has been heavily criticized by [[Nick Turse]], the author of the book ''Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam''. Turse said that many of the Vietnamese killed were actually innocent civilians, and the Vietnamese casualties were not just caused by military cross-fire but were a direct result of the U.S. policy and tactics, for example the policy "kill everything that moves" which enabled the U.S. soldiers to shoot civilians for "suspicious behavior". He concluded that, after having "spoken to survivors of massacres by United States forces at Phi Phu, Trieu Ai, My Luoc and so many other hamlets, I can say with certainty that Westmoreland's assessment was false". He also accused Westmoreland of concealing evidence of atrocities from the American public when he was the Army Chief of Staff.<ref name = "nick">[[Nick Turse|Turse, Nick]] (October 9, 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/opinion/for-america-life-was-cheap-in-vietnam.html?_r=0 "For America, Life Was Cheap in Vietnam"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref>

{{quote|In more than a decade of analyzing long-classified military criminal investigation files, court-martial transcripts, Congressional studies, contemporaneous journalism and the testimony of United States soldiers and Vietnamese civilians, I found that Gen. William C. Westmoreland, his subordinates, superiors and successors also engaged in a profligate disregard for human life.|Nick Turse<ref name="nick"/>}}

Historian Derek Frisby also criticized Westmoreland's view during an interview with ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'':

{{quote|General William Westmoreland, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War, unhesitatingly believed Giap was a butcher for relentlessly sacrificing his soldiers in unwinnable battles. Yet, that assessment in itself is key to understanding the West's failure to defeat him. Giap understood that protracted warfare would cost many lives but that did not always translate into winning or losing the war. In the final analysis, Giap won the war despite losing many battles, and as long as the army survived to fight another day, the idea of Vietnam lived in the hearts of the people who would support it, and that is the essence of "revolutionary war".|Derek Frisby<ref>Gabriel Domínguez [http://www.dw.de/vo-nguyen-giap-a-master-of-revolutionary-war/a-17141733 Vo Nguyen Giap – 'A master of revolutionary war'] Deutsche Welle, 07.10.2013</ref>}}

For the remainder of his life, Westmoreland maintained that the United States did not lose the war in Vietnam; he stated instead that "our country did not fulfill its commitment to South Vietnam. By virtue of Vietnam, the U.S. held the line for 10 years and stopped the [[Domino theory|dominoes from falling]]."

==Personal life==
Westmoreland first met his future wife, Katherine (Kitsy) Stevens Van Deusen, while stationed at [[Fort Sill]]; she was nine years old at the time and was the daughter of the post executive officer, Colonel Edwin R. Van Deusen. Westmoreland met her again in North Carolina when she was nineteen and a student at [[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]]. The couple married in May 1947 and had three children: a daughter, Katherine Stevens; a son, James Ripley II, and another daughter, Margaret Childs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/international/asia/20westmoreland.html?pagewanted=print|title=William C. Westmoreland Is Dead at 91|date=2005-07-20|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2011-08-04|first1=Craig R.|last1=Whitney|first2=Eric|last2=Pace}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v3ZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EhEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4201,29382&dq=kitsy+westmoreland&hl=en|title=While the General's at War His Lady Does Hospital Work|date=1967-05-01|work=[[The Milwaukee Sentinel]]|accessdate=2013-10-05|first1=Winzola|last1=McLendon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.sc.edu/socar/uscs/2001/genwcw.html|title=Gen. William Childs Westmoreland Papers, ca. 1900–2000 (Gifts to Manuscripts Division 2001, South Caroliniana Library)|publisher=University of South Carolina|accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>

Just hours after Westmoreland was sworn in as Army Chief of Staff on July 7, 1968, his brother-in-law, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Van Deusen (commander of 2nd Battalion, [[47th Infantry Regiment (United States)|47th Infantry Regiment]]), was killed when his helicopter was shot down in the [[Mekong Delta]] region of Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyarmy.org/panel/battle/68070702.HTM|title=Westy In-law Dies in Viet|date=1968-07-07|work=[[Pacific Stars and Stripes]]|accessdate=2007-09-14|series=6807PSS.AVN, 68070399.KIA}}</ref>

Westmoreland died on July 18, 2005, at the age of 91 at the Bishop Gadsden retirement home in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. He had suffered from [[Alzheimer's disease]] during the final years of his life. He was buried on July 23, 2005, at the [[West Point Cemetery]], [[United States Military Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americansportscastersonline.com/westmorelandmemoriam.html|title=General William Westmoreland, Friend of ASA, Dies|date=1991-05-31|publisher=[[American Sportscasters Online]]|accessdate=2011-08-04}}</ref>

The [[General William C. Westmoreland Bridge]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess109_1991-1992/bills/918.htm|title=South Carolina General Assembly 109th Session, 1991–1992, Bill 918|date=1991-05-31|publisher=[[South Carolina Senate]]|accessdate=2010-08-16}}</ref>

In 1996, the [[National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution]] authorized the General William C. Westmoreland award. The award is given each year in recognition to an outstanding SAR veterans volunteer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sar.org/Committees/Veterans/Westmoreland_Award|title=General William C. Westmoreland Award|date=2009-10-14|publisher=[[National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution]]|accessdate=2011-08-04}}</ref>

William Westmoreland was inducted as a Laureate of [[The Lincoln Academy of Illinois]] and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 1970 in the area of Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/4632-2/#toggle-id-46|title=Laureates by Year – The Lincoln Academy of Illinois|website=The Lincoln Academy of Illinois|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref>

==Major military assignments==
*Commander, 34th Field Artillery Battalion, 9th Infantry Division; 1943–1944
*Chief of Staff, 9th Infantry Division; October 13, 1944 to 1946
*Commander, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82d Airborne Division; 1946 to 1947
*Chief of Staff, 82d Airborne Division; 1947 to 1950
*Instructor, Army Command and General Staff College; 1950 to 1951
*Student, Army War College; 1951
*Instructor, Army War College; 1951 to November 1952
*187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team; November 1952 to 1953
*Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, G–1, for Manpower; 1953 to 1955
*Secretary of the General Staff; 1955 to 1958
*Commanding General, 101st Airborne Division; 1958 to 1960
*Superintendent, United States Military Academy; 1 July 1960 to 27 June 1963
*Commanding General, XVIIIth Airborne Corps; July 1963 to December 1963
*Deputy Commander, United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam; January 1964 to June 1964
*Commander, United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam; June 1964 to June 1968
*Chief of Staff, United States Army; July 3, 1968 to June 30, 1972

==Military awards==
Westmoreland's military awards include:

;U.S. decorations and awards
{|
|{{ribbon devices|number=3|type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] with three [[Oak Leaf Clusters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=30468|title=Military Times Hall of Valor|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Legion of Merit]] with two Oak Leaf Clusters
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1 |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Bronze Star ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Bronze Star Medal]] with one Oak Leaf Cluster
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=9 |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Air Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Air Medal]] with nine Oak Leaf Clusters
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=United States Army and U.S. Air Force Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Presidential Unit Citation (U.S.)|Army Presidential Unit Citation]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[American Defense Service Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=7 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] with seven [[service star]]s
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[World War II Victory Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number= |type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Army of Occupation ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Army of Occupation Medal]] with [[Army of Occupation Medal#Germany Clasp|Germany clasp]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[National Defense Service Medal]] with one [[Service star|{{frac|3|16}}" bronze star]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=Korean_Service_Medal_-_Ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Korean Service Medal]] with two {{frac|3|16}}" bronze stars
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=7 |type=service-star|other_device= |ribbon=Vietnam Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Vietnam Service Medal]] with seven stars
|}

;Foreign decorations and awards
{|
|[[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|106px]] French [[Légion d'honneur]]
|-
|[[File:Croix de guerre 1939–1945 stripe bronsepalme.svg|106px]] [[Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (France)|French Croix de guerre]] with Palm
|-
|[[File:Taeguk Cordon Medal.png|106px]] [[Order of Military Merit (Korea)|Republic of Korea Taeguk Cordon Medal]] (First Class)
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1 |type=award-star|other_device= |ribbon=Tong-il Security Medel Ribbon.png |width=106}} [[Order of National Security Merit (Korea)|Republic of Korea Tong-il Medal]] (First Class) with Gold Star
|-
|[[File:Gugseon Security Medal Ribbon.png|106px]] [[Order of National Security Merit (Korea)|Republic of Korea Gugseon Medal (Second Class)]]
|-
|[[File:PHL Order of Sikatuna - Commander BAR.png|106px]] [[Order of Sikatuna]], rank of Lankan (Commander) ([[Philippines]])
|-
|[[File:RVN Choung My Medal 1st class ribbon.png|106px]] Republic of Vietnam [[Choung My Medal]] 1st class
|-
|[[File:Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia) - ribbon bar.gif|106px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)|Order of the Holy Trinity]] ([[post-nominal]]: GCHT) ([[Ethiopia]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm|title=The Crown Council of Ethiopia|website=[[Crown Council of Ethiopia]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:VPD National Order of Vietnam - Grand Cross BAR.png|106px]] [[National Order of Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam National Order of Vietnam, First Class]]
|-
|[[File:ArmyDSMribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order|Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Army)]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Air Force Distinguished Service Order, First Class ribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order|Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Air Force)]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Navy Distinguished Service Order, First Class ribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order|Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Navy)]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnamese Gallantry Cross, with palm.svg|106px]] [[Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)|Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal Ribbon.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal|Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal, First Class]]
|-
|[[File:Civil Actions Medal(Individual Award).png|106px]] [[Civil Actions Medal|Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal]], First Class
|-
|[[File:Order of the White Elephant - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.png|106px]] Most Exalted [[Order of the White Elephant]], Knight Grand Cross (First Class) ([[Thailand]])
|-
|[[File:BRA Ordem do Merito Militar Grande Oficial.png|106px]] [[Order of Military Merit (Brazil)|Ordem do Mérito Militar]] (Order of Military Merit, degree of Great Officer) ([[Brazil]])
|-
|[[File:BOL Condecoracion al Mérito Militar “Prócer de la Libertad General de División José Miguel Lanza”.png|106px]] Condecoracion al Mérito Militar "Prócer de la Libertad General de División José Miguel Lanza" Gran Official ([[Bolivia]])
|-
|[[File:Korean Presidential Unit Citation.png|106px]] [[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]
|-
|[[File:Gallantry Cross Unit Citation.png|106px]] [[Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)|Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation]] with palm
|-
|[[File:Civil Action Unit Citation.png|106px]] [[Vietnam Civil Actions Medal|Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Unit Citation]] with palm
|-
|[[File:United Nations Korea Medal ribbon.svg|106px]] [[United Nations Service Medal]]
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Campaign Medal ribbon with 60- clasp.svg|106px]] [[Vietnam Campaign Medal|Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal with 1960–device]]
|-
|[[File:Noribbon.svg|106px]] Gallantry Cross [[Fourragère]] (Vietnam)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=1638&hl=Westmoreland|title=General William Westmoreland Uniform – UNIFORMS [REF] USA|publisher=}}</ref> ''(obsolete)''
|}
;Badges, tabs, and patches
:[[File:Combat Infantry Badge.svg|106px]] [[Combat Infantryman Badge]]
:[[File:ArmyAvnBadge.png|106px]] [[United States Aviator Badge|Army Aviator Badge]]
:[[File:US Army Airborne master parachutist badge.gif|106px]] [[Parachutist Badge (United States)|Master Parachutist Badge]]
:[[File:USAAF - Glider Pilot 4.png|106px]] [[Glider Badge]]
:[[File:United States Army Staff Identification Badge.png|106px]] [[Army Staff Identification Badge]]
:[[File:ViPaBa.jpg|106px]] Republic of Vietnam [[Parachutist Badge]]

==Other awards==
:[[File:The Knox Trophy.jpg|100px]] [[Knox Trophy]] Award, USMA highest military efficiency as a cadet at West Point, 1936.

==Dates of rank==
[[File:U.S. Military Academy COA.png|35px]] [[United States Military Academy]] class of 1936

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second Lieutenant]] ([[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]])
![[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]] (Regular Army)
![[Major (United States)|Major]] ([[Army of the United States]])
![[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] (Army of the United States)
![[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] (Army of the United States)
|-
!O-1
!O-2
!O-4
!O-5
!O-6
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-01b.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-01a.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-03.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-04.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-05.svg|60px]]
|-
!12 June 1936
!12 June 1939
!1 February 1942 (temporary)
!25 September 1942 (temporary)
!28 July 1944 (temporary)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] (Regular Army)
![[Major (United States)|Major]] (Regular Army)
![[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] (Army of the United States)
![[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] (Regular Army)
![[Major general (United States)|Major General]] (Army of the United States)
|-
!O-3
!O-4
!O-7
!O-5
!O-8
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-02.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-03.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-06.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-04.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-07.svg|60px]]
|-
!12 June 1946
!15 July 1948
!7 November 1952 (temporary)
!7 July 1953
!December 1956 (temporary)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] (Regular Army)
![[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] (Regular Army)
![[Major general (United States)|Major General]] (Regular Army)
![[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] (Army of the United States)
![[General (United States)|General]] (Army of the United States)
|-
!O-6
!O-7
!O-8
!O-9
!O-10
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-05.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-06.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-07.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-08.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-09.svg|60px]]
|-
!June 1961
!14 July 1962
!20 May 1963
!31 July 1963 (temporary)
!1 August 1964 (temporary)
|}

[[Retired military|Retired]] from active service in July 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westmoreland-worldwide.org.uk/gen-w.html|title=Biography General William Childs Westmoreland|first=Dr Maureen L. [Westmoreland]|last=Ille|website=westmoreland-worldwide.org.uk|access-date=2011-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328131611/http://www.westmoreland-worldwide.org.uk/gen-w.html|archive-date=2012-03-28|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |authorlink=Stanley Karnow |year=1991 |title=Vietnam: A History |publisher=Penguin |location=New York, NY|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pvDQgAACAAJ |isbn=978-0140265477 |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Mascaro |first=Tom |year=1982 |title=[[The Uncounted Enemy|The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception]] |publisher=The Museum of Broadcast Communications |location=Chicago, IL |url= |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Smith |first=W. Thomas, Jr. |date=November 1998 |title=An old soldier sounds off |journal=[[George (magazine)|George]] |volume= |issue= |publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.]] |location=New York, NY |pages= |url= |doi= |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Wallace |first=Mike |last2=Gates |first2=Gary Paul |authorlink= Mike Wallace |year=2005 |title=Between You and Me |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York, NY |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRQTBca9S8gC |isbn=978-1401383565 |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Westmoreland |first=William C. |authorlink=William Westmoreland |year=1976 |title=A Soldier Reports |publisher=Doubleday |location=[[Garden City, New York|Garden City, NY]] |isbn=978-0385004343 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXPaAAAAIAAJ |postscript=.}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|United States Army}}
{{commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}

;General
* {{C-SPAN|William Westmoreland}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114140124/http://www.newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/William_Westmoreland.php Westmoreland's political donations]
* [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/sep-oct/parrott.html An article on the CBS documentary controversy by LTC Evan Parrott for the Air War College]
* [http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/025/0250204001j.pdf PDF copies of MG McChristian's deposition for the CBS trial]
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Westmoreland A biography on William Westmoreland at Encyclopaedia Britannica]
* [http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/025/0250204001i.pdf MG McChristian's deposition concerning his participation in the documentary and clarifying his observation of the facts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721080305/http://www.vvi.org/Content/vvi2.asp Analysis of the broadcast by Professor Peter Rollins of Oklahoma State University, hosted on Vietnam Veterans website]
* [http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16635coll16/id/3262 William C. Westmoreland Collection] US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
* [http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-b463a4-interview-with-william-c-william-childs-westmoreland-1981 1981 video interview with Westmoreland about U.S. military involvement in Vietnam]

;Obituaries
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8621530/ Initial report on the death of Westmoreland] from the [[Associated Press]]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/18/AR2005071801713.html Obituary: General Commanded Troops in Vietnam] from the ''[[Washington Post]]''
* [http://nytimes.com/2005/07/19/international/asia/19westmoreland.html Gen. Westmoreland, Who Led U.S. in Vietnam, Dies] from the ''[[New York Times]]''
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,11069-1700407,00.html Commander of US forces in Vietnam dies aged 91] from ''[[The Times]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060920021014/http://photo.citadel.edu/pao/newsclips/archive20042005/5687.html A general who fought to win] from ''[[The State (newspaper)|The State]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060525061904/http://www.thestate.com/mld/thestate/news/12175354.htm 'Westy' recalled as noble, tragic] from ''[[The State (newspaper)|The State]]''
* [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/jul/21/20050721-093743-4237r/ Farewell salute to a fine soldier] from ''[[The Washington Times]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050724014901/http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0720-20.htm General Westmoreland's Death Wish and the War in Iraq] from ''CommonDreams.org''

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box|before = [[Garrison H. Davidson|Garrison Holt Davidson]] |title = [[Superintendents of the United States Military Academy]] |years = 1960–1963 |after = [[James Benjamin Lampert]]}}
{{Succession box|title=Commander, [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]]|before=[[Paul D. Harkins]]|after=[[Creighton Abrams]]|years=1964–1968}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]]|before=[[Harold K. Johnson]]|after=[[Bruce Palmer Jr.]] (acting)|years=1968–1972}}
{{s-hon}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Time Magazine Person of the Year|Time's Man of the Year]]
| before=[[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]]
| after=[[Baby Boomers|The Generation Twenty-Five and Under]]
| years=1965
}}
{{S-end}}
{{US Army Chiefs of Staff|state=collapsed}}
{{United States Military Academy superintendents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Westmoreland, William}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:United States Army Chiefs of Staff]]
[[Category:Superintendents of the United States Military Academy]]
[[Category:American army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:American army personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:American army personnel of the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Operation Overlord people]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1968]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam|1 Westmoreland, William]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)]]
[[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Korea)]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Sikatuna]]
[[Category:Distinguished Eagle Scouts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)]]
[[Category:Burials at West Point Cemetery]]
[[Category:People from Spartanburg County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:South Carolina Republicans]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from South Carolina]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:People with Alzheimer's disease]]

Joseph Edward Kurtz

2018-10-15T07:28:55Z

83.83.44.43: /* Episcopacy */

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]], [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Joseph Edward Kurtz
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville|Archbishop of Louisville]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| province =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville|Louisville]]
| diocese =
| appointed = June 12, 2007
| enthroned = August 15, 2007
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Thomas C. Kelly]], [[Dominican Order|O.P]]
| successor =

| ordination = March 18, 1972
| ordained_by = [[Joseph McShea]]
| consecration = December 8, 1999
| consecrated_by = [[Gabriel Montalvo Higuera]], [[Thomas C. Kelly]], and [[Edward Peter Cullen]]
| other_post =
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville|Bishop of Knoxville]] (1999–2007)|President of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] (2013–2016)}}

| birth_name = Joseph Edward Kurtz
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|8|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = {{flag|USA|name=American}}
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence = [[Louisville, Kentucky]]
| parents = George and Stella (née Zmijewski) Kurtz
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Archbishop]]
| profession =
| alma_mater = [[St. Charles Borromeo Seminary]] [[Marywood University]]
| motto = Hope In The Lord
| coat_of_arms =
}}

{{Infobox bishopstyles
| name= Joseph Edward Kurtz
| dipstyle=
*[[Excellency|His Excellency]]
*[[The Most Reverend]]
| offstyle=[[Your Excellency]]
| relstyle=[[Archbishop]]
| image = CoA Joseph Edward Kurtz.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

{{Ordination
| consecrated by = [[Gabriel Montalvo Higuera]]
| date of consecration = December 8, 1999
| bishop 1 = [[William Medley]]
| consecration date 1 = February 10, 2010
| bishop 2 = [[Charles C. Thompson]]
| consecration date 2 = June 29, 2011
| bishop 3 = [[John Stowe]]
| consecration date 3 = May 5, 2015
| bishop 4 = [[J. Mark Spalding]]
| consecration date 4 = February 2 ([[Candlemas]]), 2018
}}
'''Joseph Edward Kurtz''' (born August 18, 1946) is an [[United States|American]] [[prelate]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He is the fourth and current [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville|Archbishop of Louisville]], Kentucky, having previously served as [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville|Bishop of Knoxville]], Tennessee from 1999 to 2007. Kurtz also served as the [[President]] of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] between 2013 and 2016.

==Early life and ministry==
Joseph Kurtz was born in [[Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania|Mahanoy City]], [[Pennsylvania]], to George and Stella (née Zmijewski) Kurtz. He is of Polish descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polishamericanpriestsassociation.org/bulletins/11%20-%2007%20Papa%20Bulletin.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-02-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918140959/http://www.polishamericanpriestsassociation.org/bulletins/11%20-%2007%20Papa%20Bulletin.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-18 |df= }}</ref> One of five children (Rose Marie, Theresa, George, and Patricia), he entered [http://www.scs.edu St. Charles Borromeo Seminary] in 1964, from where he obtained a [[Bachelor of Philosophy|bachelor's degree in philosophy]] and a [[Master of Divinity|master's in divinity]]. Kurtz was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] by [[Joseph Mark McShea|Bishop Joseph McShea]] on March 18, 1972, and did his [[Postgraduate education|post-graduate]] work at [[Marywood University]] in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], earning a [[Master of Social Work|master's in social work]].

During his priestly ministry in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allentown|Diocese of Allentown]], Kurtz served as a [[high school]] and [[college]] [[teacher]], an [[Administration (business)|administrator]], and a [[Curate|pastor]] in [[Catasauqua, Pennsylvania|Catasauqua]] and [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]]. He was raised to the rank of [[Monsignor]] in 1986.

==Episcopacy==
On October 26, 1999, Kurtz was appointed the second [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville|Bishop of Knoxville]], [[Tennessee]], by [[Pope John Paul II]]. He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on the following December 8 from [[Gabriel Montalvo Higuera|Archbishop Gabriel Montalvo Higuera]], with [[Thomas C. Kelly|Archbishop Thomas Kelly]], [[Dominican Order|OP]], and [[Edward Peter Cullen|Bishop Edward Cullen]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]], before a crowd of approximately 5,000 people at the [[Knoxville Convention Center]].

Kurtz was later named [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville|Archbishop of Louisville]], [[Kentucky]], on June 12, 2007. His [[ceremony|installation]] took place on August 15 at [[Louisville Gardens]].

Archbishop Kurtz, in addition to his diocesan duties, also serves as [[Chair (official)|Chairman]] of the [[Committee on Marriage and Family Life]] of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]].

Kurtz was elected as the Vice President of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] in November 2010.<ref>[http://www.crisismagazine.com/2010/getting-to-know-the-new-vp Crisis Magazine: getting to know the new VP"] November 10, 2010</ref>

On November 11, 2013, Kurtz was elected as President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

On February 19, 2014 he was appointed a member of the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2014/02/19/0120/00261.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-11-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075331/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2014/02/19/0120/00261.html |archivedate=2014-10-06 |df= }}</ref>

On Friday, November 14, 2014, during the fall meeting of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, of which he then was President, he was elected as one of the delegates to the 2015 Synod of Bishops on the Family, pending Vatican approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/us-bishops-elect-delegates-to-synod-kurtz-chaput-dinardo-gomez-42472/ |title=US bishops elect delegates to synod: Kurtz, Chaput, DiNardo, Gomez |publisher=Catholic News Agency |date=2014-11-14 |accessdate=2017-07-21}}</ref>

==Doctrinal positions==

Kurtz is generally seen as a conservative and a firm follower of Vatican directives on doctrine and liturgy. The Rev. [[Thomas J. Reese]] indicates that Kurtz fits the mold of a "smiling conservative" in the vein of New York's Archbishop [[Timothy M. Dolan]], who is "very gracious but still holds the same positions" as a cleric like Philadelphia's Archbishop [[Charles J. Chaput]], who has not hesitated to call out Catholic politicians who dissent from church teachings on abortion.<ref name=LouisvilleCourierStarRising>[http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20111002/NEWS01/310030020/Archbishop-Joseph-Kurtz-s-star-rising?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CLocal%20News Louisville Courier Journal: "Archbishop Joseph Kurtz's star is rising: Kurtz's growing prominence stirs speculation about higher posts"]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} October 2, 2011</ref>

{{Infobox COA wide
|style =width:89%;
|image = CoA Joseph Edward Kurtz.svg
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = The coat of arms was designed and adopted when he was installed as the Archbishop of Louisville
|year_adopted = 2007
|crest =
|torse =
|helm =
|escutcheon = The arms of his jurisdiction, the [[Archdiocese of Louisville]], is seen in the dexter impalement (left side) of the design. On the right side of the shield is a gold cross, surrounded at the center by a white ring. A white lily on the top left of the cross and an anchor at the bottom left is also found.
|supporters =
|compartment =
|motto = Hope in the Lord
|orders =
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism = The gold cross on the right side of the shield symbolizes faith. The center white ring. That's a symbol of Kurtz's native [[Diocese of Allentown]], which is in turn a tribute to its patroness, St. Catherine of Siena, who is said to have been wedded to Christ. The white lily is a symbol of St. Joseph, the archbishop's patron saint, for whom he was named. The anchor is a traditional symbol of hope and fits with Kurtz's motto, "Hope in the Lord."
|previous_versions =
}}

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Kentucky}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]]
* [[Pope John Paul II and Judaism]]
* [[Relations between Catholicism and Judaism]]
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.archlou.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville Official Site]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Thomas C. Kelly|Thomas C. Kelly, O.P.]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville|Archbishop of Louisville]]|years=2007 – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Timothy M. Dolan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|USCCB]]|years=November 12, 2013 – November 16, 2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Daniel DiNardo]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anthony O'Connell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville|Bishop of Knoxville]]|years=1999–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard Stika]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Allentown}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurtz, Joseph}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Marywood University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Tennessee]]

Daniel DiNardo

2018-10-14T08:55:36Z

83.83.44.43: /* Archbishop of Galveston-Houston */

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Daniel Nicholas DiNardo
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archbishop of Galveston-Houston]] [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]
| image = Archbishop Daniel Dinardo.jpg
| caption =
| province =
| diocese =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Galveston-Houston]]
| appointed = {{unbulleted list|January 16, 2004 (Coadjutor Bishop)|December 29, 2004 (Coadjutor Archbishop)}}
| enthroned = {{unbulleted list|March 26, 2004 (Coadjutor Bishop)|February 28, 2006 (Archbishop)}}
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Joseph Fiorenza]]
| successor =
| other_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Sant'Eusebio|Cardinal-Priest of S. Eusebio]]|[[Secretariat for the Economy (Holy See)|Member of Council for the Economy]]|President of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]}}
| ordination = July 16, 1977
| ordained_by = [[Vincent Martin Leonard]]
| consecration = October 7, 1997
| consecrated_by = [[Lawrence Donald Soens]], [[Donald Wuerl]], and [[Raymond Leo Burke]]
| cardinal = November 24, 2007
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
| rank = Cardinal Priest
| previous_post ={{unbulleted list|[[Diocese of Sioux City|Coadjutor Bishop of Sioux City]] (1997–1998)|[[Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]] (1998–2004)}}
| birth_name = Daniel Nicholas DiNardo
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|5|23|}}
| birth_place = [[Steubenville, Ohio]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = American
| religion =[[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| motto = AVE CRUX SPES UNICA (HAIL, O CROSS, OUR ONLY HOPE)
| coat_of_arms =
}}
{{Infobox cardinal styles
| name= Daniel Nicholas DiNardo
| dipstyle=
*[[His Eminence]]
*[[His Eminence|The Most Reverend Eminence]]
| offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Eminence]]
| relstyle= [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
| image = Coat of arms of Daniel DiNardo.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}
{{Ordination
| consecrated by = [[Lawrence Donald Soens]] ([[Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]])
| date of consecration = October 7, 1997
| bishop 1 = [[William Mulvey]]
| consecration date 1 = March 25, 2010
| bishop 2 = [[George Sheltz]]
| consecration date 2 = May 2, 2012
| bishop 3 = [[Joseph Strickland]]
| consecration date 3 = November 28, 2012
| bishop 4 = [[Brendan J. Cahill]]
| consecration date 4 = June 29, 2015
}}
'''Daniel Nicholas DiNardo''' (born May 23, 1949) is an [[United States|American]] [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He is the second and current [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archbishop of Galveston-Houston]], serving since 2006. He previously served as [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]] from 1998 to 2004. On November 12, 2013, he was elected as the Vice President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. On November 15, 2016, he was elected as the President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops,<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/us-catholic-bishops-elect-texas-cardinal-top-post-43546956</ref> exercising a leading administrative role in the [[Catholic Church in the United States]], although the [[Archbishop of Baltimore]] is considered honorarily "prerogative of place".

DiNardo was elevated to the [[College of Cardinals]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2007. He is the first [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] from a diocese in the [[Southern United States]].<ref name=dooleyNov26>{{citation|last=Dooley |first=Tara |title=Unity of faith with pope among goals for archdiocese |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/life/religion/5326401.html |date=November 26, 2007 |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |accessdate=December 4, 2007 |format=– [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3ADooley+intitle%3AUnity+of+faith+with+pope+among+goals+for+archdiocese&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521200312/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/life/religion/5326401.html |archivedate=May 21, 2011 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Daniel DiNardo was born in [[Steubenville, Ohio]], to Nicholas and Jane (née Green) DiNardo.<ref name=miranda>{{citation|last=Miranda|first=Salvador|title=DINARDO, Daniel Nicholas|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios2007.htm#Dinardo|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church}}</ref> One of four children, he has an older brother, Thomas; a twin sister, Margaret; and a younger sister, Mary Anne. The family later moved to [[Castle Shannon, Pennsylvania|Castle Shannon]], [[Pennsylvania]], a [[suburb]] of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].<ref name=miranda/> As a child, DiNardo would pretend to celebrate [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in vestments sewn by his mother and at an [[altar]] his father constructed.<ref name=dooley>{{citation|last=Dooley|first=Tara|last2=Vara|first2=Richard|title=Cardinal has taken to Texas|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4446564|date=October 21, 2007|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|at=Ssection A, p. 1 |edition= 4 STAR |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002023419/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4446564 |archivedate=October 2, 2012 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

He attended [[Saint Anne School|St. Anne Elementary School]] from 1955 to 1963, and graduated from the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [http://www.blsalum.org/ Bishop's Latin School] in 1967.<ref name=smith>{{citation|last=Craig|first=Smith|date=October 18, 2007|title='Father Dan' appointed cardinal|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_533090.html|work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114073430/http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_533090.html|archivedate=November 14, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

He then entered [[Saint Paul Seminary (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|St. Paul Seminary]] at [[Duquesne University]] in Pittsburgh, where he was a classmate of [[David Zubik]] (who later became [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]]<ref name=smith/>).<ref name=dooley/> In 1969, DiNardo was accepted as a Basselin Scholar in philosophy at [[Theological College (The Catholic University of America)|Theological College]] at [[Catholic University of America]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] and earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in 1971 and [[Master of Arts|MA]] in 1972, both in philosophy.<ref name=miranda/><ref name=arch>{{citation|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://www.archgh.org/about/Cardinal-DiNardo/CV/|work=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]]|access-date=November 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103174802/http://www.archgh.org/about/Cardinal-DiNardo/CV/|archive-date=November 3, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

He continued his studies in Rome, earning a [[Bachelor of Sacred Theology|S.T.B.]] at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] and a [[Licentiate of Sacred Theology|S.T.L.]] at the Patristic Institute "Augustinianum."

==Priesthood==
DiNardo was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] by [[Vincent Leonard|Bishop Vincent Leonard]] on July 16, 1977.<ref name=miranda/> He then served as [[Parish (Catholic Church)|parochial]] [[vicar]] at St. Pius X Church in [[Brookline (Pittsburgh)|Brookline]] until 1980.<ref name=smith/><ref name=brookline>{{citation|title=St. Pius X Church and School History|url=http://www.spdconline.org/history/Facts/StPius.html|work=The Brookline Connection }}</ref> In 1981, he was named Assistant [[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|Chancellor]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Diocese of Pittsburgh]] and part-time [[professor]] at St. Paul Seminary.<ref name=arch/> While at St. Paul, he served as [[Spiritual direction|spiritual director]] to the [[Seminary|seminarians]].<ref name=smith/>

From 1984 to 1990, DiNardo worked in Rome as a staff member of the [[Congregation for Bishops]] in the [[Roman Curia]].<ref name=dooley/> During this time, he also served as the [[managing director|director]] of ''Villa Stritch'' (1986–1989),<ref name=arch/> the house for American clergy working for the [[Holy See]], and an adjunct professor at the [[Pontifical North American College]].<ref name=miranda/>

Upon his return to the [[United States]] in 1991, he was named Assistant [[Secretary]] for [[Catholic school|Education]] for the Pittsburgh diocese and concurrently served as co-[[pastor]] with [[Paul J. Bradley]] of Madonna del Castello Church in [[Swissvale, Pennsylvania|Swissvale]].<ref name=smith/> He became the founding pastor of [[Saints John & Paul Parish]] in [[Franklin Park, Pennsylvania|Franklin Park]] in 1994.<ref name=dooley/>

==Episcopal career==

===Bishop of Sioux City===
On August 19, 1997, DiNardo was appointed [[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor Bishop]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City|of Sioux City]], [[Iowa]], by [[Pope John Paul II]]. He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on the following October 7 from [[Lawrence Donald Soens|Bishop Lawrence Soens]], with [[Donald Wuerl|Bishops Donald Wuerl]] and [[Raymond Leo Burke|Raymond Burke]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]], in the [http://www.nativity-church.org/ Church of the Nativity of Our Lord Jesus Christ].<ref name=miranda/> He adopted as his episcopal [[motto]]: ''Ave Crux Spes Unica'', taken from the [[Latin]] [[hymn]] ''[[Vexilla Regis]]'' and meaning, "Hail, O Cross, Our Only Hope."<ref name=coat>{{cite news|work=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]]|title=Coat of Arms|url=http://www.archgh.org/about/Cardinal-DiNardo/Coat-of-Arms/|access-date=November 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103174704/http://www.archgh.org/about/Cardinal-DiNardo/Coat-of-Arms/|archive-date=November 3, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

He succeeded Soens as the sixth [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]] upon the latter's retirement on November 28, 1998.

===Archbishop of Galveston-Houston===
DiNardo was later named Coadjutor Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Galveston-Houston]], [[Texas]], on January 16, 2004. The [[diocese]] was elevated to the rank of a [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan archdiocese]] by John Paul II on the following December 29, and he thus became Coadjutor Archbishop. When [[Pope Benedict XVI]] accepted the resignation of [[Joseph Fiorenza]], DiNardo succeeded him as the second [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archbishop of Galveston-Houston]] on February 28, 2006. He received the [[pallium]], a [[vestment]] worn by [[metropolitan bishop]]s, from Benedict XVI on June 29 of that year.

He once commented, "There is a certain sense of the church in Texas...It is more laid-back, informal, which I think is good."<ref name=dooley/>

He was created [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Sant'Eusebio|S. Eusebio]] in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of November 24, 2007. In 2008 he was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]].<ref>[http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=297686]</ref>

On January 17, 2009, he was made a member of the [[Pontifical Council for Culture]].<ref name=culture>{{cite news|date=January 17, 2009|work=[[Holy See]]|title=NOMINA DI MEMBRI E DI CONSULTORI DEL PONTIFICIO CONSIGLIO DELLA CULTURA|url=http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/23180.php?index=23180&po_date=17.01.2009&lang=en#NOMINA%20DI%20MEMBRI%20E%20DI%20CONSULTORI%20DEL%20PONTIFICIO%20CONSIGLIO%20DELLA%20CULTURA}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In March 2009, he described the choice of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]] to be the commencement speaker for the [[University of Notre Dame]]'s graduation ceremony as "very disappointing," given Obama's support for legal abortion.<ref name=obama>{{cite news|date=March 27, 2009|work=Whispers in the Loggia|title=From Houston to South Bend, "Charitable But Vigorous Critique"|url=http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2009/03/from-houston-to-south-bend-charitable.html|last=Palmo|first=Rocco}}</ref>

Outside of the Archdiocese, Cardinal DiNardo serves on the Board of the National Catholic Partnership for Persons with Disabilities, a position to which he brings a certain empathy, contending as he does with significant hearing loss in both ears. He also serves on the [[Board of Trustees of The Catholic University of America|Board of Trustees]] of [[Catholic University of America]], is an advisor to the National Association of Pastoral Musicians, is a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People and is part of the Ad Hoc Committee to Oversee the Use of the Catechism for the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]. He is the Grand Prior of the South West Lieutenancy of the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]], a Papal order of Knighthood, in which he holds the rank of [[Knight Grand Cross]].

He was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that selected [[Pope Francis]].

On March 8, 2014, he was named by [[Pope Francis]] to serve as a member of the new Council for Economic Affairs, which oversees the activities of the new Secretariat for the Economy, the financial regulatory agency of the [[Roman Curia]].<ref>http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2014/03/08/0171/00360.html</ref>

On November 14, 2014, at the fall meeting of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Cardinal DiNardo was elected as a delegate to the 2015 Synod of Bishops on the Family, pending Vatican approval.<ref>http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/us-bishops-elect-delegates-to-synod-kurtz-chaput-dinardo-gomez-42472/</ref>

In september 2018 DiNardo was accused of seriously mishandling a case of sexual abuse by a priest under his command.<ref>[http://www.snapnetwork.org/head_of_the_u_s_conference_of_catholic_bishops_accused_of_ignoring_abuse Head of the US Conference of Catholic bishops accused of ignoring abuse], SNAP, 12 September 2018.</ref>

==Personal==
DiNardo wears hearing aids because calcium deposits in his ears have impaired his hearing. Despite his hearing difficulties, he still prefers to sing or chant parts of the Mass.<ref name=dooley/>

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Texas}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Christianity in Houston]]
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web| accessdate = 3 December 2017| title= DiNardo Card. Daniel Nicholas |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_dinardo_dn.html | dead-url=no | archive-date= 15 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171015095220/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_dinardo_dn.html }}
* [http://www.archgh.org/CardinalDiNardo/ Cardinal Dinardo's Official Page for the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]
* [http://www.catholic-pages.com/hierarchy/cardinals_bio.asp?ref=272 Bio of Cardinal Dinardo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408025437/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/features/f0000241.shtml Interview with the London Catholic Herald]
* [http://www.archgh.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph Fiorenza]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archbishop of Galveston-Houston]]|years=2006–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=3}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Franz König]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sant'Eusebio|Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Eusebio]]|years=2007–present}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph Edward Kurtz]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|USCCB]]|years=2016–present}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lawrence Donald Soens]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]]|years=1998–2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[R. Walker Nickless]]}}

{{s-end}}

{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dinardo, Daniel}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American cardinals]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Galveston–Houston]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America trustees]]
[[Category:Duquesne University alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:People from Steubenville, Ohio]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Sioux City]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical North American College alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture]]
[[Category:Basselin Fellows]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Texas]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]

Daniel DiNardo

2018-10-14T08:54:26Z

83.83.44.43: /* Archbishop of Galveston-Houston */

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Daniel Nicholas DiNardo
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archbishop of Galveston-Houston]] [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]
| image = Archbishop Daniel Dinardo.jpg
| caption =
| province =
| diocese =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Galveston-Houston]]
| appointed = {{unbulleted list|January 16, 2004 (Coadjutor Bishop)|December 29, 2004 (Coadjutor Archbishop)}}
| enthroned = {{unbulleted list|March 26, 2004 (Coadjutor Bishop)|February 28, 2006 (Archbishop)}}
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Joseph Fiorenza]]
| successor =
| other_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Sant'Eusebio|Cardinal-Priest of S. Eusebio]]|[[Secretariat for the Economy (Holy See)|Member of Council for the Economy]]|President of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]}}
| ordination = July 16, 1977
| ordained_by = [[Vincent Martin Leonard]]
| consecration = October 7, 1997
| consecrated_by = [[Lawrence Donald Soens]], [[Donald Wuerl]], and [[Raymond Leo Burke]]
| cardinal = November 24, 2007
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
| rank = Cardinal Priest
| previous_post ={{unbulleted list|[[Diocese of Sioux City|Coadjutor Bishop of Sioux City]] (1997–1998)|[[Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]] (1998–2004)}}
| birth_name = Daniel Nicholas DiNardo
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|5|23|}}
| birth_place = [[Steubenville, Ohio]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = American
| religion =[[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| motto = AVE CRUX SPES UNICA (HAIL, O CROSS, OUR ONLY HOPE)
| coat_of_arms =
}}
{{Infobox cardinal styles
| name= Daniel Nicholas DiNardo
| dipstyle=
*[[His Eminence]]
*[[His Eminence|The Most Reverend Eminence]]
| offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Eminence]]
| relstyle= [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
| image = Coat of arms of Daniel DiNardo.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}
{{Ordination
| consecrated by = [[Lawrence Donald Soens]] ([[Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]])
| date of consecration = October 7, 1997
| bishop 1 = [[William Mulvey]]
| consecration date 1 = March 25, 2010
| bishop 2 = [[George Sheltz]]
| consecration date 2 = May 2, 2012
| bishop 3 = [[Joseph Strickland]]
| consecration date 3 = November 28, 2012
| bishop 4 = [[Brendan J. Cahill]]
| consecration date 4 = June 29, 2015
}}
'''Daniel Nicholas DiNardo''' (born May 23, 1949) is an [[United States|American]] [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He is the second and current [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archbishop of Galveston-Houston]], serving since 2006. He previously served as [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]] from 1998 to 2004. On November 12, 2013, he was elected as the Vice President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. On November 15, 2016, he was elected as the President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops,<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/us-catholic-bishops-elect-texas-cardinal-top-post-43546956</ref> exercising a leading administrative role in the [[Catholic Church in the United States]], although the [[Archbishop of Baltimore]] is considered honorarily "prerogative of place".

DiNardo was elevated to the [[College of Cardinals]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2007. He is the first [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] from a diocese in the [[Southern United States]].<ref name=dooleyNov26>{{citation|last=Dooley |first=Tara |title=Unity of faith with pope among goals for archdiocese |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/life/religion/5326401.html |date=November 26, 2007 |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |accessdate=December 4, 2007 |format=– [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3ADooley+intitle%3AUnity+of+faith+with+pope+among+goals+for+archdiocese&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521200312/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/life/religion/5326401.html |archivedate=May 21, 2011 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Daniel DiNardo was born in [[Steubenville, Ohio]], to Nicholas and Jane (née Green) DiNardo.<ref name=miranda>{{citation|last=Miranda|first=Salvador|title=DINARDO, Daniel Nicholas|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios2007.htm#Dinardo|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church}}</ref> One of four children, he has an older brother, Thomas; a twin sister, Margaret; and a younger sister, Mary Anne. The family later moved to [[Castle Shannon, Pennsylvania|Castle Shannon]], [[Pennsylvania]], a [[suburb]] of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].<ref name=miranda/> As a child, DiNardo would pretend to celebrate [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in vestments sewn by his mother and at an [[altar]] his father constructed.<ref name=dooley>{{citation|last=Dooley|first=Tara|last2=Vara|first2=Richard|title=Cardinal has taken to Texas|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4446564|date=October 21, 2007|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|at=Ssection A, p. 1 |edition= 4 STAR |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002023419/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4446564 |archivedate=October 2, 2012 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

He attended [[Saint Anne School|St. Anne Elementary School]] from 1955 to 1963, and graduated from the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [http://www.blsalum.org/ Bishop's Latin School] in 1967.<ref name=smith>{{citation|last=Craig|first=Smith|date=October 18, 2007|title='Father Dan' appointed cardinal|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_533090.html|work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114073430/http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_533090.html|archivedate=November 14, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

He then entered [[Saint Paul Seminary (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|St. Paul Seminary]] at [[Duquesne University]] in Pittsburgh, where he was a classmate of [[David Zubik]] (who later became [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]]<ref name=smith/>).<ref name=dooley/> In 1969, DiNardo was accepted as a Basselin Scholar in philosophy at [[Theological College (The Catholic University of America)|Theological College]] at [[Catholic University of America]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] and earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in 1971 and [[Master of Arts|MA]] in 1972, both in philosophy.<ref name=miranda/><ref name=arch>{{citation|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://www.archgh.org/about/Cardinal-DiNardo/CV/|work=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]]|access-date=November 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103174802/http://www.archgh.org/about/Cardinal-DiNardo/CV/|archive-date=November 3, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

He continued his studies in Rome, earning a [[Bachelor of Sacred Theology|S.T.B.]] at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] and a [[Licentiate of Sacred Theology|S.T.L.]] at the Patristic Institute "Augustinianum."

==Priesthood==
DiNardo was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] by [[Vincent Leonard|Bishop Vincent Leonard]] on July 16, 1977.<ref name=miranda/> He then served as [[Parish (Catholic Church)|parochial]] [[vicar]] at St. Pius X Church in [[Brookline (Pittsburgh)|Brookline]] until 1980.<ref name=smith/><ref name=brookline>{{citation|title=St. Pius X Church and School History|url=http://www.spdconline.org/history/Facts/StPius.html|work=The Brookline Connection }}</ref> In 1981, he was named Assistant [[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|Chancellor]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Diocese of Pittsburgh]] and part-time [[professor]] at St. Paul Seminary.<ref name=arch/> While at St. Paul, he served as [[Spiritual direction|spiritual director]] to the [[Seminary|seminarians]].<ref name=smith/>

From 1984 to 1990, DiNardo worked in Rome as a staff member of the [[Congregation for Bishops]] in the [[Roman Curia]].<ref name=dooley/> During this time, he also served as the [[managing director|director]] of ''Villa Stritch'' (1986–1989),<ref name=arch/> the house for American clergy working for the [[Holy See]], and an adjunct professor at the [[Pontifical North American College]].<ref name=miranda/>

Upon his return to the [[United States]] in 1991, he was named Assistant [[Secretary]] for [[Catholic school|Education]] for the Pittsburgh diocese and concurrently served as co-[[pastor]] with [[Paul J. Bradley]] of Madonna del Castello Church in [[Swissvale, Pennsylvania|Swissvale]].<ref name=smith/> He became the founding pastor of [[Saints John & Paul Parish]] in [[Franklin Park, Pennsylvania|Franklin Park]] in 1994.<ref name=dooley/>

==Episcopal career==

===Bishop of Sioux City===
On August 19, 1997, DiNardo was appointed [[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor Bishop]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City|of Sioux City]], [[Iowa]], by [[Pope John Paul II]]. He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on the following October 7 from [[Lawrence Donald Soens|Bishop Lawrence Soens]], with [[Donald Wuerl|Bishops Donald Wuerl]] and [[Raymond Leo Burke|Raymond Burke]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]], in the [http://www.nativity-church.org/ Church of the Nativity of Our Lord Jesus Christ].<ref name=miranda/> He adopted as his episcopal [[motto]]: ''Ave Crux Spes Unica'', taken from the [[Latin]] [[hymn]] ''[[Vexilla Regis]]'' and meaning, "Hail, O Cross, Our Only Hope."<ref name=coat>{{cite news|work=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]]|title=Coat of Arms|url=http://www.archgh.org/about/Cardinal-DiNardo/Coat-of-Arms/|access-date=November 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103174704/http://www.archgh.org/about/Cardinal-DiNardo/Coat-of-Arms/|archive-date=November 3, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

He succeeded Soens as the sixth [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]] upon the latter's retirement on November 28, 1998.

===Archbishop of Galveston-Houston===
DiNardo was later named Coadjutor Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Galveston-Houston]], [[Texas]], on January 16, 2004. The [[diocese]] was elevated to the rank of a [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan archdiocese]] by John Paul II on the following December 29, and he thus became Coadjutor Archbishop. When [[Pope Benedict XVI]] accepted the resignation of [[Joseph Fiorenza]], DiNardo succeeded him as the second [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archbishop of Galveston-Houston]] on February 28, 2006. He received the [[pallium]], a [[vestment]] worn by [[metropolitan bishop]]s, from Benedict XVI on June 29 of that year.

He once commented, "There is a certain sense of the church in Texas...It is more laid-back, informal, which I think is good."<ref name=dooley/>

He was created [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Sant'Eusebio|S. Eusebio]] in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of November 24, 2007. In 2008 he was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]].<ref>[http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=297686]</ref>

On January 17, 2009, he was made a member of the [[Pontifical Council for Culture]].<ref name=culture>{{cite news|date=January 17, 2009|work=[[Holy See]]|title=NOMINA DI MEMBRI E DI CONSULTORI DEL PONTIFICIO CONSIGLIO DELLA CULTURA|url=http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/23180.php?index=23180&po_date=17.01.2009&lang=en#NOMINA%20DI%20MEMBRI%20E%20DI%20CONSULTORI%20DEL%20PONTIFICIO%20CONSIGLIO%20DELLA%20CULTURA}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In March 2009, he described the choice of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]] to be the commencement speaker for the [[University of Notre Dame]]'s graduation ceremony as "very disappointing," given Obama's support for legal abortion.<ref name=obama>{{cite news|date=March 27, 2009|work=Whispers in the Loggia|title=From Houston to South Bend, "Charitable But Vigorous Critique"|url=http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2009/03/from-houston-to-south-bend-charitable.html|last=Palmo|first=Rocco}}</ref>

Outside of the Archdiocese, Cardinal DiNardo serves on the Board of the National Catholic Partnership for Persons with Disabilities, a position to which he brings a certain empathy, contending as he does with significant hearing loss in both ears. He also serves on the [[Board of Trustees of The Catholic University of America|Board of Trustees]] of [[Catholic University of America]], is an advisor to the National Association of Pastoral Musicians, is a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People and is part of the Ad Hoc Committee to Oversee the Use of the Catechism for the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]. He is the Grand Prior of the South West Lieutenancy of the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]], a Papal order of Knighthood, in which he holds the rank of [[Knight Grand Cross]].

He was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that selected [[Pope Francis]].

On March 8, 2014, he was named by [[Pope Francis]] to serve as a member of the new Council for Economic Affairs, which oversees the activities of the new Secretariat for the Economy, the financial regulatory agency of the [[Roman Curia]].<ref>http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2014/03/08/0171/00360.html</ref>

On November 14, 2014, at the fall meeting of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Cardinal DiNardo was elected as a delegate to the 2015 Synod of Bishops on the Family, pending Vatican approval.<ref>http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/us-bishops-elect-delegates-to-synod-kurtz-chaput-dinardo-gomez-42472/</ref>

In september 2018 Dinardo was accused of seriously mishandling a case of sexual abuse by a priest under his command.<ref>[http://www.snapnetwork.org/head_of_the_u_s_conference_of_catholic_bishops_accused_of_ignoring_abuse Head of the US Conference of Catholic bishops accused of ignoring abuse], SNAP, 12 September 2018.</ref>

==Personal==
DiNardo wears hearing aids because calcium deposits in his ears have impaired his hearing. Despite his hearing difficulties, he still prefers to sing or chant parts of the Mass.<ref name=dooley/>

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Texas}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Christianity in Houston]]
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web| accessdate = 3 December 2017| title= DiNardo Card. Daniel Nicholas |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_dinardo_dn.html | dead-url=no | archive-date= 15 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171015095220/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_dinardo_dn.html }}
* [http://www.archgh.org/CardinalDiNardo/ Cardinal Dinardo's Official Page for the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]
* [http://www.catholic-pages.com/hierarchy/cardinals_bio.asp?ref=272 Bio of Cardinal Dinardo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408025437/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/features/f0000241.shtml Interview with the London Catholic Herald]
* [http://www.archgh.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph Fiorenza]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archbishop of Galveston-Houston]]|years=2006–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=3}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Franz König]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sant'Eusebio|Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Eusebio]]|years=2007–present}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph Edward Kurtz]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|USCCB]]|years=2016–present}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lawrence Donald Soens]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City|Bishop of Sioux City]]|years=1998–2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[R. Walker Nickless]]}}

{{s-end}}

{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dinardo, Daniel}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American cardinals]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Galveston–Houston]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America trustees]]
[[Category:Duquesne University alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:People from Steubenville, Ohio]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Sioux City]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical North American College alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture]]
[[Category:Basselin Fellows]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Texas]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]

Meghan McCain

2018-09-02T00:47:01Z

83.83.44.43: /* Subsequent career */

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meghan McCain
| image = Meghan McCain 2011 Shankbone 3.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = McCain at the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] gala in 2011
| birth_name = Meghan Marguerite McCain
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|10|23}}
| birth_place = [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Arizona]], U.S.
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* Daughter of the late [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[John McCain]]
* Author of ''[[My Dad, John McCain]]'' and ''[[Dirty Sexy Politics]]''}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Television host|author}}
| parents = [[John McCain]] [[Cindy McCain]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ben Domenech]]|2017}}
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]]
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (2008–present)<ref name="blogette-article"/> [[Independent politician|Independent]] (before 2008)
| website =
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=1}}
}}
'''Meghan Marguerite McCain''' (born October 23, 1984)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://people.com/politics/john-mccain-the-view-daughter-meghan-brain-cancer-boyfriend/|title=John McCain Gets Emotional with Daughter Meghan About Brain Cancer{{snd}}And Her Boyfriend|first=Tierney |last= McAfee|date=October 23, 2017|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]| accessdate= November 22, 2017|quote=Sen. John McCain appeared on The View on Monday [October 23, 2017], to help his daughter, co-host Meghan McCain, celebrate her 33rd birthday....}}</ref> is an American columnist, author, former [[Fox News]] contributor, and current co-host of ''[[The View (talk show)|The View]]''.<ref name="la times">{{cite news|last=Raeves|first=Meston|title=Meghan McCain's Straight Blog Express|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/front/la-na-meghanmccain23feb23,1,1404189.story?ctrack=2&cset=true|date=February 23, 2008|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref name="mccainblogette.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mccainblogette.com/ |title=McCainBlogette.com |publisher=McCainBlogette.com |date= |accessdate=October 17, 2010}}</ref>

McCain is the daughter of [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] presidential candidate and former [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] [[John McCain]] and [[Cindy McCain]]. McCain first received media attention in 2007 for her blog, McCain Blogette, on which she documented life on [[John McCain presidential campaign, 2008|the campaign trail]] and mused about [[fashion]], [[music]], and [[popular culture|pop culture]]. In 2009 she became a contributing author for ''[[The Daily Beast]]'',<ref name="thedailybeast.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/author/meghan-mccain/ |title=Meghan McCain on ''The Daily Beast'' |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date= |accessdate=November 17, 2011}}</ref> and in 2011, began appearing as a contributor on [[MSNBC]].<ref name="fx-msnbc">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2011/11/29/chelsea-clinton-and-meaghan-mccain-join-nbc-do-political-kids-make-good/?google_editors_picks=true |title=Chelsea Clinton and Meghan McCain Join NBC News: Do Political Kids Make Good Journalists? |first=Hollie |last=McKay |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=November 29, 2011 |accessdate=November 17, 2011}}</ref> In 2013 she began hosting on the start-up [[Pivot (TV network)|Pivot]] channel and in 2014 assumed the co-host role on Pivot's ''[[TakePart Live]]'' until that show was canceled later in the year.{{fact|date=May 2018}}

In July 2015 McCain joined Fox News as a contributor. She was named a regular co-host of the afternoon talk program ''[[Outnumbered (U.S. TV program)|Outnumbered]]'' on November 14, 2016.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|author=Brian Steinberg |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/meghan-mccain-fox-news-outnumbered-1201917411/ |title=Meghan McCain Will Co-Host Fox News Channel’s ‘Outnumbered’ |publisher=Variety |date=2016-10-08 |accessdate=2016-11-14}}</ref> She left the program and network in September 2017. She was named co-host of ''[[The View (talk show)|The View]]'' on October 9, 2017,<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/meghan-mccain-joins-view-host/story?id=50367687|title=Meghan McCain joins 'The View' as new co-host|first=|last=|date=October 9, 2017|website=ABC News|accessdate=October 9, 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2017/10/09/meghan-mccain-joins-abcs-the-view-as-a-co-host/|title=Meghan McCain joins ABC’s ‘The View’ as a co-host|first=Emily|last=Heil|website=Washington Post|accessdate=October 9, 2017}}</ref> as well as serving as a contributor and political analyst for [[ABC News]] appearing on programs such as ''[[Good Morning America]]'' and ''[[This Week (U.S. TV program)|This Week]]''.

==Early life==
[[File:McCain family at christening of USS John S. McCain (DDG-56).jpg|thumb|left|Meghan McCain (age 8) at the 1992 christening of [[USS John S. McCain (DDG-56)|USS ''John S. McCain'']], second from right, with her father [[John McCain|John]], grandmother [[Roberta McCain|Roberta]], brother Jack, and mother [[Cindy McCain|Cindy]].]]
McCain is the eldest of the four children of [[John McCain|John]] (1936–2018) and [[Cindy Hensley McCain]].<ref name="la times" /> She has been a public figure for much of her life, first appearing at the [[1996 Republican National Convention]].<ref name="Salon">{{Cite news |author=Scherer, Michael |title=Meghan McCain is not Chelsea Clinton |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/12/18/meghan_mccain/ |date=December 17, 2007 |publisher=[[Salon.com]]}}</ref>

She was born and raised in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], and attended [[Phoenix Country Day School]] and [[Xavier College Preparatory]], an all-girl private [[Catholic]] high school. She attended [[Columbia University]], where she earned her [[bachelor's degree]] in [[art history]].

McCain originally planned to become a [[music journalism|music journalist]] and interned at ''[[Newsweek]]'' and ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.<ref name="GQ">{{cite news|author=Veis, Greg|title=Raising McCain|url=http://men.style.com/gq/blogs/gqeditors/2008/03/caps-font-var-1.html|date=March 18, 2008|magazine=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403153628/http://men.style.com/gq/blogs/gqeditors/2008/03/caps-font-var-1.html|archivedate=April 3, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Political positions==
[[File:Meghan McCain Republican National Convention, September 1-4, 2008. St. Paul, Minnesota LCCN2010719276 (2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|McCain at the [[2008 Republican National Convention]].]]

McCain describes herself as "a woman who despises labels and boxes and stereotypes"<ref name=gayer>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-04-13/a-gayer-gop/full/ Memo to the GOP: Go Gay]. By Meghan McCain. ''[[The Daily Beast]]''. April 13, 2009.</ref> and politically identifies as a Republican who is "liberal on social issues."<ref name="la times" /><ref name="GQ" /> She registered as an [[Independent voter|Independent]] when she was 18 years old<ref name="blogette-article">{{cite web|last=McCain |first=Meghan |title=Republican |url=http://www.mccainblogette.com/archive/june_9_12.shtml |work=McCain Blogette |date=June 12, 2008 |accessdate=June 13, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822074109/http://mccainblogette.com/archive/june_9_12.shtml |archivedate=August 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> and she voted for [[John Kerry]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]].<ref name="GQ" /> She agrees with her father's positions on [[global warming]], and they both support [[environmentalist]] legislation, and [[stem-cell research]].<ref name="la times" /> At first she had doubts about the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] but subsequently supported her father's position regarding it.<ref name="la times" /> She has stated she is [[pro-life]],<ref name=gayer/> in favor of [[sex education]] and [[birth control]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobile.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/feature/2009/05/19/meghan_mccain_colbert/index.html|title=Meghan McCain: "Pro-sex, pro-life, pro-gay marriage"|last=Berman|first=Judy|date=May 19, 2009|publisher=[[Salon.com]]|accessdate=October 17, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715234245/http://mobile.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/feature/2009/05/19/meghan_mccain_colbert/index.html|archivedate=July 15, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She has expressed an opinion that conservatives demonstrate hypocrisy regarding abortion: "They go on and on about how evil and wrong abortion is, but don't like to talk about how easy it is to ''not'' get pregnant."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/01/AR2010090103891.html|title=Review of 'Dirty Sexy Politics,' by Meghan McCain|last=Levingston|first=Steven|date=September 1, 2010|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=October 17, 2010}}</ref> McCain objected to the [[Arizona SB1070]] anti–illegal immigration law, which her father supported.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationalledger.com/ledgerdc/article_272631520.shtml
|title=Meghan McCain – Immigration Law in Arizona Divides Daughter and Dad
|work=National Ledger
|date=April 28, 2010
|accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref>
In terms of economic policy, she once remarked on ''[[The Rachel Maddow Show (TV series)|The Rachel Maddow Show]]'': "I didn't even take econ[omics] in college. I don't completely understand it so I'd hate to make a comment one way or the other. That's—truly of all the things—I keep reading and I just don't understand it."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/us_world/Meghan-McCain-I-Just-Dont-Understand-Economy.html | title=Meghan McCain: "I Just Don't Understand" Economy | publisher= [[ABC News]] | date= March 13, 2009}}</ref>
In the 2016 presidential election, she didn't vote for Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump, instead writing in [[Evan McMullin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/304246-meghan-mccain-votes-for-mcmullin|title=Meghan McCain: I voted for McMullin|author=Jessie Hellmann|date=November 3, 2016|newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref>

McCain has championed [[gay rights]], and she has commented that the cause of the [[gay community]] for [[Egalitarianism|equality]] is "one of the ones closest to my heart." In this way, she spoke at the [[Log Cabin Republicans]] convention in April 2009,<ref name=gayer/> describing her cultural and political perspectives with the declaration: "I am concerned about the environment. I love to wear black. I think government is best when it stays out of people's lives and business as much as possible. I love punk rock. I believe in a strong national defense. I have a tattoo. I believe government should always be efficient and accountable. I have lots of gay friends. And, yes, I am a Republican."<ref name="cnn041809"/> She supports [[same-sex marriage]] and [[LGBT adoption in the United States|gay adoption]].<ref name=gayer/> In June 2009 McCain posed for the [[NOH8 Campaign]], a celebrity photo project that protests [[California Proposition 8 (2008)|California's Proposition 8 constitutional amendment]] banning same-sex marriage, which her mother Cindy also posed for.<ref name="NOH8">{{cite news|author=McCain, Meghan|title=Why I Posed Against Prop 8|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-06-19/why-i-posed-against-prop-8/?cid=hp:beastoriginalsR2|date=June 19, 2009|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|accessdate=June 21, 2009}}</ref> She was in favor of repealing "[[Don't ask, don't tell]]" and allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the U.S. military.<ref name="acv020710"/> She also co-hosted [[GLAAD]]'s Concert for Love and Acceptance in Nashville in 2015.<ref>[https://www.glaad.org/blog/voice-runner-meghan-linsey-announced-performer-concert-love-and-acceptance/ "The Voice' runner-up Meghan Linsey announced as performer at Concert for Love and Acceptance] May 29, 2015.</ref>

===Role in 2008 presidential election===
[[Image:John McCain in Elyria yesterday (2988898861).jpg|thumb|left|McCain campaigning with her father in 2008]]

On June 12, 2008, McCain wrote on her blog that she had changed her party registration to [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]].<ref name="blogette-article"/> She said she did so "as a symbol of my commitment to my Dad and to represent the faith I have in his ability to be an effective leader for our country and to grow and strengthen the Republican party when he is elected president of the United States."<ref name="blogette-article"/>
In her book ''Dirty Sexy Politics'' McCain talks about how she nearly overdosed on [[Xanax]] on the day of the elections.<ref>{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Oliver|title=Meghan McCain Nearly Overdosed on Xanax, Wants to Be Honest About Her Flaws|url=http://www.tvsquad.com/2010/09/21/meghan-mccain-nearly-overdosed-on-drugs-chelsea-lately/|accessdate=October 17, 2010|publisher=[[TV Squad]]|date=September 21, 2010}}</ref>
In 2008 she published a book titled ''[[My Dad, John McCain]]''. In an interview on ''[[Larry King Live]]'' in September 2008, McCain stated that she had been too busy to have a romantic relationship while on her father's campaign trail.

Although her blogging was devoted to gaining support for her father among the [[Generation Y]] electorate, by October, [[Steve Schmidt]] and other McCain campaign staffers had substantially limited her appearances on the campaign, deeming her "too controversial."<ref name="nyt-dsp"/>
{{clear}}

==Subsequent career==
McCain was a host of a nationally syndicated radio program, ''[[America Now (radio)|America Now]]'' from 2015 until 2017. McCain is also a blogger,<ref name="la times"/><ref name="mccainblogette.com"/> and began writing for ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' in January 2009.<ref name="thedailybeast.com"/>

[[File:MeghanMcCain.jpg|thumb|upright|right|McCain at UC Berkeley (2009)]]

In March 2009 McCain wrote an article for ''The Daily Beast'' titled "My Beef With Ann Coulter." In this article, she questioned Republican support for conservative author and columnist [[Ann Coulter]].<ref>{{cite web|last=McCain |first=Meghan |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-03-09/my-beef-with-ann-coulter/full/ |title=My Beef With Ann Coulter |work=The Daily Beast |date=March 9, 2009 |accessdate=December 21, 2012}}</ref> While Coulter did not respond, conservative radio talk show host [[Laura Ingraham]] challenged McCain's article by comparing her to a "Valley Girl." Ingraham also mocked McCain: "Ok, I was really hoping that I was going to get that role in ''[[The Real World]]'', but then I realized that, well, they don't like plus-sized models."<ref>{{cite web|last=Corley |first=Matt |url=http://thinkprogress.org/2009/03/12/ingraham-meghan-mccain/ |title=Laura Ingraham mocks Meghan McCain as being 'plus-sized.' |publisher=Thinkprogress.org |date=March 9, 2009 |accessdate=November 17, 2011}}</ref> McCain responded to Ingraham in a second article for ''The Daily Beast'' titled "Quit Talking About My Weight, Laura Ingraham": "Instead of intellectually debating our ideological differences about the future of the Republican Party, Ingraham resorted to making fun of my age and weight, in the fashion of the mean girls in high school."<ref>{{cite web|author=Meghan McCain |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-03-14/the-politics-of-size/ |title=Quit Talking About My Weight, Laura Ingraham |publisher=Thedailybeast.com |date=March 14, 2009 |accessdate=November 17, 2011}}</ref> McCain also stated on ''[[The View (U.S. TV series)|The View]]'' that she thought the change in discourse toward her body was "terrible" and further argued, "When [[Tyra Banks]] went on [[The Tyra Banks Show|her show]] in a bathing suit and said 'kiss my fat ass,' that's what I feel like. Kiss my fat ass!"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/16/meghan-mccain-on-the-view_n_175319.html| title=Meghan McCain On 'The View': 'Kiss My Fat Ass!' |format=video | work=The Huffington Post | date=March 16, 2009 | accessdate=March 22, 2009 | first=Katherine | last=Thomson}}</ref> Ingraham responded by calling McCain a "useful idiot."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/03/17/ingraham-to-meghan-mccain-you%E2%80%99re-a-%E2%80%98useful-idiot%E2%80%99/ | title=Ingraham to Meghan McCain: You're a 'useful idiot' | publisher=CNN | date=March 17, 2009 | accessdate=March 17, 2009}}</ref> During a later interview on ''[[Larry King Live]]'', McCain said that as far as she is concerned, "with what's going on with Laura Ingraham, on my end, it's over." She also told King that Coulter never responded to her article, which, she stated, "is fine with me.... All I wanted to do is show women that you don't have to be Ann Coulter and Laura Ingraham to have a place in the Republican Party.... [[Supriya Jindal#Personal life|Supriya Jindal]] is a good role model, but a lot of people hadn't heard of her."<ref name=lkmarch24>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/24/lkl.meghan.mccain/ |title=Meghan McCain: 'I support the president' |publisher=CNN|date=March 24, 2009 |accessdate=November 17, 2011}}</ref>

In April 2009 she signed a six-figure book deal with [[Hyperion (publisher)|Hyperion]].<ref name="pol041109">{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0409/21108.html | title=Crashing the Republican Party | author=Libit, Daniel | work=[[The Politico]] | date=April 11, 2009 | accessdate=April 17, 2009}}</ref> Some 18,000 people were following her on [[Twitter]].<ref name="pol041109"/> She described her aims in this way: "All I am trying to be is a young, cool Republican woman for other Republican women."<ref name="pol041109"/> ''[[Politico]]'' stated that while John McCain did not emerge from the 2008 election victorious, "his [[Bud Light]]–drinking, talk-show–appearing, insouciantly [[Twitter]]ing 24-year-old daughter" did."<ref name="pol041109"/> Speaking at the 2009 [[Log Cabin Republican]] Convention, McCain said there was "a war brewing in the Republican Party" between the past and the future, and that "Most of the old school Republicans are scared shitless of that future."<ref name="cnn041809">{{cite news | url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/04/19/meghan-mccain-warns-of-looming-civil-war-in-the-gop/?fbid=UcdGqyhtkod | title=Meghan McCain warns of looming civil war in the GOP | author=Sinderbrand, Rebecca | publisher=CNN | date=April 18, 2009 | accessdate=April 18, 2009}}</ref> She followed that by saying her enjoyment of Twitter was diminished by the presence of top Republican strategist [[Karl Rove]], saying, "I can't shake the fact that Karl Rove is following me—it can be creepy" and "We need to take Twitter back from the creepy people."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/04/20/meghan-mccain-karl-roves-a-twitter-creep/ | title=Meghan McCain: Karl Rove's a 'twitter creep' | author=Sindebrand, Rebecca | publisher=CNN | date=April 20, 2009 | accessdate=April 20, 2009}}</ref>

Statements such as these led news reports and commentators including [[Rachel Maddow]] and [[Kathleen Parker]] to conclude that McCain had the same "[[wiktionary:maverick|maverick]] gene" as her father.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/TheRange/archives/2009/04/20/meghan-mccain-has-that-maverick-gene | title=Meghan McCain Has That Maverick Gene | author=Nintzel, Jim | work=[[Tucson Weekly]] | date=April 20, 2009 | accessdate=April 20, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29660494/ | title='The Rachel Maddow Show' for Wednesday, March 11 | work=[[The Rachel Maddow Show (TV series)|The Rachel Maddow Show]] | publisher=[[MSNBC]] | date=March 12, 2009 | accessdate=May 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>[[Kathleen Parker|Parker, Kathleen]]. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/24/AR2009032402465_2.html "Another McCain Throws Down a Challenge"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (March 25, 2009). Retrieved May 25, 2009.</ref> Following the April 2009 party switch by Senator [[Arlen Specter]] from Republican to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]], conservative commentator [[Rush Limbaugh]] suggested that many Republicans wished both John McCain and Meghan McCain would leave too.<ref name="cnn042909">{{cite news | url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/04/29/limbaugh-to-specter-please-take-mccain-with-you-2/ | title=Limbaugh to Specter: Please take McCain with you | author=Sinderbrand, Rebecca | publisher=CNN | date=April 29, 2009 | accessdate=April 30, 2009}}</ref> Meghan McCain's tweet in response was, "RED TIL I'M DEAD BABY!!! I love the republican party enough to give it constructive criticism, I love my party and sure as hell not leavin’!"<ref name="cnn042909"/> On a May 2009 episode of the ''[[Colbert Report]]'', she stated her support for [[sex education]] and criticized [[Bristol Palin]]'s [[sexual abstinence]] campaign, saying it was "not realistic for this generation." McCain also stated her own desires for the Republican Party: "It can be a party for a 24-year-old pro-sex woman. It can be."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/05/19/meghan-mccain-takes-aim-at-gop-bristol-palins-abstinence-tour/ | title=Meghan McCain takes aim at GOP, Bristol Palin's abstinence tour | author=Mooney, Alexander | publisher=CNN | date=May 19, 2009 | accessdate=May 19, 2009}}</ref> After John McCain campaign fixture [[Joe the plumber]] made some [[Homophobia|anti-gay]] remarks (saying he would not have "queers ... anywhere near my children") in mid-2009, Meghan McCain took aim at him, saying "Joe the plumber—you can quote me—is a dumbass. He should stick to plumbing."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tnr.com/blog/the-plank/meghan-mccain-quotjoe-the-plumber-you-can-quote-me-dumbassquot | title=Meghan McCain: Joe the Plumber – you can quote me – is a dumbass | author=Kirchik, James | magazine=[[The New Republic]] | date=July 15, 2009 | accessdate = July 15, 2009}}</ref> In September 2009 and February 2010, McCain had repeat stints as guest co-host of ''[[The View (U.S. TV series)|The View]]''.<ref name="acv020710">{{cite news | url=http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/02/06/Meghan_McCain_on_Moms_NoH8_Pic/ | title=Meghan McCain on Mom's NoH8 Pic | magazine=[[The Advocate]] | date=February 7, 2010 | accessdate=February 7, 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209004029/http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/02/06/Meghan_McCain_on_Moms_NoH8_Pic/ | archivedate=February 9, 2010 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/meghan_mccain_liked_view_FohJ74q0CoWTqsDwKdNc2O | title=Meghan McCain liked 'View' | author=Shen, Maxine | newspaper=[[New York Post]] | date=August 20, 2009 | accessdate=September 17, 2009}}</ref> In September 2010, she appeared on the [[NPR]] news quiz show ''[[Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me]]'' and won a prize for a listener.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/rundowns/rundown.php?prgId=35&prgDate=9-4-2010| title=September 4, 2010: Saturday's Show | work=[[Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me]] | publisher=[[NPR]] | date=September 4, 2010 | accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref>

[[Image:Cindy McCain and Meghan McCain (7906407570).jpg|thumb|left|McCain with her mother in 2012]]
Her campaign memoir, ''Dirty Sexy Politics'', was published in September 2010. In it she expresses her opinions about [[Sarah Palin]] and describes her relationships with the McCain campaign staff. She states that the Republican Party seemed "to have lost its way in the last ten years,"<ref>McCain, ''Dirty Sexy Politics'', p. 5.</ref> that the conservative movement seemed "hell-bent on restricting our freedoms rather than expanding them,"<ref>McCain, ''Dirty Sexy Politics'', p. 7.</ref> and that within the Republican Party, she felt a certain stress to take over the ideas of others, like [[Mitt Romney]], especially regarding same-sex marriage, which was a danger for the existence of the party.<ref>McCain, ''Dirty Sexy Politics'', pp. 12–14.</ref> The ''New York Times'' described the book as a coming-of-age narrative about herself.<ref name="nyt-dsp">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/fashion/12McCain.html | title=Daughter of John McCain Is a Rebel | author=Schillinger, Liesl | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=September 10, 2010}}</ref><ref>Victor Stepien, [http://www.outandaboutnewspaper.com/article/4387 "The Brashness of Youth"], ''[[Out & About Newspaper]]'', December 3, 2010.</ref> However, other reviews were more scathing. Leon H. Wolf wrote, "It is impossible to read ''Dirty, Sexy Politics'' and come away with the impression that you have read anything other than the completely unedited ramblings of an idiot."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newledger.com/2010/09/review-meghan-mccains-dirty-sexy-politics/ |title=Meghan McCain’s Dirty, Sexy Politics |publisher=New Ledger |date= |accessdate=November 17, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123123954/http://newledger.com/2010/09/review-meghan-mccains-dirty-sexy-politics/ |archivedate=November 23, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> During the promotional tour for the book, McCain canceled an appearance at [[Juniata College]] owing to what she called "unforeseen professional circumstances." However, according to her Twitter, she was actually in Las Vegas on a girls' weekend, as she got over a boyfriend ending their relationship via e-mail.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/cityhall/Meghan_McCain_Takes_Heat_For_Vegas_Vs_Juniata_College.html | title=Meghan McCain Takes Heat For Vegas Vs. Juniata College | author=Brennan, Chris | newspaper=[[Philadelphia Daily News]] | date=September 24, 2010}}</ref>

McCain has been lampooned and criticized by the political blogosphere. In September 2011 her lawyers asked [[RedState]] to take down posts that were parodying her commentary, as they made her appear buffoonish and arrogant. RedState complied.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redstate.com/erick/2011/09/27/totally-not-meghan-mccain-face/ |title=Totally (Not) Meghan McCain. FACE! |publisher=[[RedState]] |date=September 27, 2011 |accessdate=November 17, 2011}}</ref> In November 2011 McCain became an analyst on [[MSNBC]], and immediately got into a back-and-forth with 2012 Republican presidential candidate [[Newt Gingrich]].<ref name="fx-msnbc"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailycaller.com/2011/11/02/new-msnbc-contributor-meghan-mccain-newt-gingrich-is-sexist-disgusting-video/ |title=New MSNBC contributor Meghan McCain: Newt Gingrich is 'sexist', 'disgusting' |work=[[The Daily Caller]] |date=November 2, 2011|first=Jeff|last=Poor |accessdate=November 17, 2011}}</ref> In commentary on this, [[Gawker]] referred to her as "noted idiot Meghan McCain" and observed of her first outing that "she 'bets [her] career' that Newt Gingrich won't win the GOP nomination. ''What career''."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gawker.com/5855770/ |title={{-'}}Lean Stupid': MSNBC Hires Meghan McCain |publisher=[[Gawker.com]] |date=November 2, 2011 |accessdate=November 17, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108182921/http://gawker.com/5855770/ |archivedate=November 8, 2011 |df= }}</ref>

[[File:Meghan_McCain_(DIG14327-131).jpg|thumb|(L-R) Lynda Johnson Robb, Meghan McCain, and Luci Baines Johnson at the [[LBJ Presidential Library]] (2018).]]

A month-long road trip with comedian [[Michael Ian Black]] in the summer of 2011 led to a collaboration on the 2012 book ''America, You Sexy Bitch: A Love Letter to Freedom''.<ref name="pol-black">{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0512/76816.html | title=Meghan McCain dishes in new book | author=Lee, MJ | newspaper=[[Politico]] | date=May 29, 2012 | accessdate=May 31, 2012}}</ref> In it, McCain lambasts Republican strategist [[Karl Rove]] for what she believes was his role in the attacks against her younger sister in [[John McCain presidential campaign, 2000|her father's 2000 presidential campaign]], castigates [[Bill Clinton]] for his actions in the [[Lewinsky scandal]], but despite ideological differences, praises [[Hillary Clinton]] for having "pushed through many doors and shattered many glass ceilings for women in politics. I love women who don't put up with shit, and Hillary clearly doesn't."<ref name="pol-black"/>

In September 2013 her road-based talk show ''Raising McCain'' began on the start-up [[Pivot (TV channel)|Pivot]] cable and satellite television channel.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/30/business/media/pivot-tv-pitches-to-young-viewers.html?_r=0 | title=Pivot TV Pitches to Young Viewers | author=Stelter, Brian | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 29, 2013 | accessdate=July 30, 2013}}</ref> It was cancelled in January 2014.<ref name="wrapped">{{cite news | url=http://www.thewrap.com/pivot-ending-raising-mccain-jersey-strong-exclusive/ | title=Pivot Ending 'Raising McCain,' 'Jersey Strong' (Exclusive) | author=Molloy, Tim | publisher=[[The Wrap]] | date=January 11, 2014 | accessdate=July 25, 2014}}</ref> She instead was added as a co-host to the show ''[[TakePart Live]]'' on the same channel, appearing with [[Jacob Soboroff]] beginning in May 2014.<ref name="wrapped"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/Meghan-McCain-eager-to-co-host-news-talk-on-Take-5469912.php | title=Meghan McCain eager to co-host news talk on 'Take Part Live' | author=Wiegand, David | newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date=May 11, 2014 | accessdate=July 25, 2014}}</ref> The show was cancelled in December 2014.<ref name="FloodMediabistro12092014">{{cite news | last=Flood | first=Brian | url=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/takepart-live-gets-axed-by-pivot_b248342 | title='TakePart Live' Gets Axed by Pivot | publisher=[[Mediabistro (website)|Mediabistro]] | date= December 9, 2014}}</ref> She signed on as a FOX News contributor in July 2015 and was named a regular co-host of the afternoon talk program ''[[Outnumbered (TV program)|Outnumbered]]'' on November 14, 2016.<ref name="auto"/> McCain left the show in September 2017.

McCain was named the 21st co-host of ''[[The View (U.S. TV series)|The View]]'' on October 9, 2017, to serve as the conservative commentator of the show after [[Jedediah Bila]] left the previous month. McCain had previously guest co-hosted in the show in 2008 and 2010.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/>

On September 1, 2018 she held a [[eulogy]] at her father's funeral service in the [[National Cathedral]] in [[Washington]].

==Personal life==
In July 2017 McCain became engaged to conservative writer and commentator [[Ben Domenech]]. They were married on November 21, 2017, at McCain's family ranch in [[Sedona, Arizona]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.com/tv/meghan-mccain-and-ben-domenech-are-married/|title=Meghan McCain and Ben Domenech Are Married|first=Charlotte|last=Triggs|website=People|accessdate=November 21, 2017}}</ref>

According to what she has said on ''[[The View (talk show)|The View]]'', even though she went to a Catholic school, she was raised a [[Baptist]] and remains one. She does not consider herself an [[evangelical]], but rather a [[Mainline Protestant|mainline]] in the Baptist tradition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breitbart.com/video/2018/01/24/meghan-mccain-young-republicans-arent-going-stand-evangelicals-anti-lgbtq-crap/|title=Meghan McCain: 'Young Republicans Aren't Going to Stand' for Evangelicals' Anti-LGBTQ 'Crap' |date=January 24, 2018|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=February 25, 2018}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:90%;"
|-
! Year
! style="width:27%;" scope="col"| Award
! Category
! Nominated Work
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[25th GLAAD Media Awards|2014]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|[[GLAAD Media Award]]
|Outstanding Talk Show Episode {{small|(as host and producer)}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|''Raising McCain''
|{{Nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glaad.org/blog/meghan-mccain-glaadawards-nomination-hands-down-one-great-honors-my-career|title=Meghan McCain on #glaadawards nomination: 'This is hands down one of the great honors of my career'|first=Max|last=Gouttebroze|date=January 30, 2014|publisher=GLAAD.org|accessdate=May 24, 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[45th Daytime Emmy Awards|2018]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|[[Daytime Emmy Award]]
|Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host {{small|(shared with [[Joy Behar]], [[Jedediah Bila]], [[Paula Faris]], [[Whoopi Goldberg]], [[Sara Haines]], and [[Sunny Hostin]])}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|[[The View (talk show)|''The View'']]
|{{Nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/03/daytime-emmy-award-nominations-general-hospital-days-of-our-lives-1202048743/|title=2017 Daytime Emmy Nominations: CBS Leads Networks With 70 Noms, 'Young & Restless' Tops With 25|first=Greg|last=Evans|date=March 22, 2017|publisher=|accessdate=March 24, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Writings==
* McCain, Meghan (2008), ''[[My Dad, John McCain]]'', [[Aladdin Paperbacks]]. {{ISBN|1-4169-7528-4}}
* McCain, Meghan (2010), ''[[Dirty Sexy Politics]]'', [[Disney Hyperion|Hyperion]]. {{ISBN|1-4013-2377-4}}
* McCain, Meghan and [[Michael Ian Black]] (2012), ''America, You Sexy Bitch: A Love Letter to Freedom'' [[Da Capo Press]]. {{ISBN|0-307-99023-0}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{commons category}}
*{{Twitter}}
*[http://www.thedailybeast.com/author/meghan-mccain/ Column archives] at ''[[The Daily Beast]]''
*{{C-SPAN|meghanmccain}}
*{{IMDb name|3045633}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-no2008-124748}}
*{{NYTtopic|people/m/meghan_mccain}}

;Interviews
*[http://7thavenueproject.com/post/24849124251/michael-ian-black-meghan-mccain Meghan McCain and Michael Ian Black on their book ''America, You Sexy Bitch'']—Interview on the 7th Avenue Project radio show

{{John McCain}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCain, Meghan}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American political commentators]]
[[Category:Arizona Independents]]
[[Category:Arizona Republicans]]
[[Category:Baptists from the United States]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Fox News people]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States]]
[[Category:McCain family]]
[[Category:New York (state) Independents]]
[[Category:New York (state) Republicans]]
[[Category:Writers from Phoenix, Arizona]]
[[Category:Writers from Arizona]]
[[Category:Women columnists]]
[[Category:Women bloggers]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:ABC News personalities]]

Donald Wuerl

2018-08-26T15:27:40Z

83.83.44.43: /* Pennsylvania grand jury investigation */

Donald Wuerl

2018-08-26T15:05:33Z

83.83.44.43: /* Pennsylvania grand jury investigation */

Donald Wuerl

2018-08-26T00:51:43Z

83.83.44.43: /* Pennsylvania grand jury investigation */

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Donald William Wuerl
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]
| image = Cardinal Donald William Wuerl in 2015.jpg
| image_size = 260
| caption = Cardinal Wuerl
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Washington]]
| diocese =
| see =
| appointed = May 16, 2006
| enthroned = June 22, 2006
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]]
| successor =
| ordination = December 17, 1966
| ordained_by = [[Francis Frederick Reh]]
| consecration = January 6, 1986
| consecrated_by = [[John Paul II]], [[Agostino Casaroli]], and [[Bernardin Gantin]]
| cardinal = November 20, 2010
| created_cardinal_by = [[Benedict XVI]]
| rank = Cardinal-Priest
| other_post = [[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]] [[The Catholic University of America|Chancellor of the Catholic University of America]]
| birth_name = Donald William Wuerl
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|11|12|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006)|Titular Bishop of Rossmarkaeum (1985–1988)|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1985–1988)}}
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| motto = THY KINGDOM COME
| coat_of_arms =
}}

{{Infobox cardinal styles
| name= Donald William Wuerl
| dipstyle=
*[[His Eminence]]
*[[His Eminence|The Most Reverend Eminence]]
| offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Eminence]]
| relstyle= [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
| image = Coat of arms of Donald Wuerl.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of priestly ordination =
| place of priestly ordination =
| consecrated by = [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]
| co-consecrators =
| date of consecration = January 6, 1986
| place of consecration =
| elevated by =
| date of elevation =
| bishop 1 = [[William J. Winter]]
| consecration date 1 = February 13, 1989
| bishop 2 = [[Thomas Joseph Tobin]]
| consecration date 2 = December 27, 1992
| bishop 3 = [[David Zubik]]
| consecration date 3 = April 6, 1997
| bishop 4 = [[Paul J. Bradley]]
| consecration date 4 = February 2, 2005
| bishop 5 = [[Herbert Bevard]]
| consecration date 5 = September 3, 2008
| sources =
| bishop 6 = [[Barry Christopher Knestout]]
| consecration date 6 = December 29, 2008
| bishop 7 = [[Mario E. Dorsonville]]
| consecration date 7 = April 20, 2015
| bishop 8 = [[Roy Edward Campbell]]
| consecration date 8 = April 21, 2017
}}
'''Donald William Wuerl''' (born November 12, 1940) is an [[United States|American]] [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He is the sixth [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]], serving since 2006. He previously served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1986–87) and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006). He was elevated to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2010.

== Early life and education ==

Donald Wuerl was born in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], the second of four children of Francis and Mary Anna (née Schiffauer) Wuerl.<ref name=cardinals>{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=WUERL, Donald William (1940– )|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios2010.htm#Wuerl|last=Miranda|first=Salvador}}</ref> He has two brothers, Wayne and Dennis, and a sister, Carol.<ref name=melnick>{{cite news|date=May 14, 1994|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Francis J. Wuerl, Whose 4 Children Included A Bishop|last=Rodgers-Melnick|first=Ann}}</ref> His father worked nights weighing freight cars for the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], and served in the [[United States Navy|Navy]] during World War II.<ref name=melnick/> His mother died in 1944, and his father married Kathryn Cavanaugh in 1946.<ref name=melnick/>

Wuerl received his early education at the [[parochial school]] of St. Mary of the Mount Church in the [[Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)|Mount Washington]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, graduating in 1958.<ref name=designate>{{cite news|date=May 17, 2006|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Washington, D.C., Archbishop-Designate Donald Wuerl}}</ref> He then attended the [[The Catholic University of America|Catholic University of America]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where he was a Basselin Scholar at [[Theological College (Catholic University of America)|Theological College]],<ref name=cua>{{cite news|work=[[The Catholic University of America]]|title=News & Events|url=http://theologicalcollege.org/published/news_and_events/index.html}}</ref> earning a bachelor's degree (1962) and master's degree (1963) in philosophy.<ref name=duin>{{cite news|date=June 12, 2006|work=[[The Washington Times]]|title=Wuerl a 'teaching bishop' – McCarrick's successor prepares to lead Diocese of Washington|last=Duin|first=Julia}}</ref>

He continued his studies at the [[Pontifical North American College]] in [[Rome]].<ref name=cardinals/> He earned a master's degree in theology from the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in 1967. After ordination, Wuerl was sent to Rome for further theological study. He is an [[List of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas|alumnus]] of the [[Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)|Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas ''Angelicum'']] where he obtained a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|doctorate in theology]] in 1974.

=== Early career ===
He was ordained a priest on December 17, 1966.<ref name="Diopitt">[http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh – History of Bishops Webpage – Retrieved on October 18, 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php |date=December 31, 2009 }}</ref> His first assignment was as assistant pastor at [[Santa Rosalia|St. Rosalia]] parish in Pittsburgh's [[Greenfield (Pittsburgh)|Greenfield]] neighborhood and as secretary to Pittsburgh's Bishop [[John Joseph Wright|John Wright]]. After Wright was elevated to cardinal in 1969, Wuerl was his full-time secretary in [[Vatican City]] from 1969 until Wright's death in 1979. Because Cardinal Wright was recovering from surgery and confined to a wheelchair, Wuerl, as Wright's secretary, was one of three non-cardinals permitted inside the [[Papal conclave, October 1978|conclave]] that selected Karol Wojtyla as [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pittsburghcatholic.org/PrintPage/1978-with-john-paul-ii-a-new-era-began-for-the-church |title=1978: With John Paul II, a new era began for the church|last=Almade|first=Frank D.|date=September 29, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Catholic |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Filteau|first1=Jerry|title=Wuerl in 1978 conclave that elected John Paul II|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/wuerl-1978-conclave-elected-john-paul-ii|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Cardinal Donald Wuerl: The pope's man in Washington | first = David | last= Gibson | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/cardinal-donald-wuerl-the-popes-man-in-washington/2015/12/23/1623e196-a995-11e5-b596-113f59ee069a_story.html | newspaper = Washington Post | date= December 23, 2015 | agency = Religion News Service}}</ref> (Cardinal Wright had missed the first of the two 1978 conclaves.)

In 1976, he, with Thomas Comerford Lawler and Ronald David Lawler, [[Order of Friars Minor|OFMCap]], co-authored a catechism for adults, ''The Teaching of Christ'', which has since appeared in several editions and has been widely translated.<ref>{{cite news | work = Washington Post | accessdate = 25 May 2017 | date = 28 November 2005 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/27/AR2005112701010.html | title = Thomas Lawler Dies; Author and Editor of Catholic Catechism | first = Patricia | last = Sullivan }}</ref>

Wuerl was [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] at [[Saint Paul Seminary (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|St. Paul Seminary]] in Pittsburgh from 1981 to 1985. In 1982, he was made executive secretary to Bishop [[John Aloysius Marshall|John Marshall]] of Burlington, Vermont, who was leading a Vatican-mandated study of U.S. [[seminary|seminaries]].<ref>{{cite book|title = A Clear and Quiet Conscience: The Archbishop who Challenged a Pope, a President, and a Church | url =https://books.google.com/?id=-qxkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 | first= John A. | last = McCoy | publisher = Orbis Books| isbn =9781608335459 | date =2015-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/23/us/vatican-will-investigate-us-seminaries-with-aid-of-bishops.html | date = September 23, 1981 | first = Kenneth A. | last = Briggs | title = Vatican will Investigate U.S. Seminaries with Aid of Bishops | newspaper = New York Times}}</ref>

== Episcopal career ==
[[File:Cardinal HE Donald Wuerl welcomes His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.jpg|thumb|
Welcoming the 14th Dalai Lama
]]

=== Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle ===
On December 3, 1985, Wuerl was appointed titular bishop of [[Rosemarkie]] and auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle.<ref name="Diopitt"/> Wuerl was consecrated bishop on January 6, 1986,<ref name="Diopitt"/> at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Italy, by Pope John Paul II. Wuerl and Seattle Archbishop [[Raymond Hunthausen]] worked in adjoining offices without conflict for several months until, in May 1986, they found themselves with opposing positions on proposed state legislation to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment.<ref name=striving>{{cite news | newspaper = New York Times| accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = December 9, 1986 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/09/us/2-bishops-of-seattle-striving-to-work-with-split-powers.html | title = 2 Bishops of Seattle Striving to Work with Split Powers | first=Wallace | last=Turner }}</ref> At that point Hunthausen learned for the first time that Wuerl had been charged with responsibility–"complete and final decision-making power"–for several key areas normally within the Archbishop's control: worship and liturgy; the archdiocesan tribunal that considers requests for marriage annulments; seminarians, priestly formation and laicized priests; moral issues; and issues of health care and ministry to homosexuals.<ref name=curtail>{{cite news|title=Vatican Moves to Curtail Power of a Liberal Prelate in Seattle| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/us/vatican-moves-to-curb-power-of-a-liberal-prelate-in-seattle.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016| work=New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=September 5, 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite dissertation |url=http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |title=Conflict in the Catholic Hierarchy: a study of coping strategies in the Hunthausen affair, with preferential attention to discursive strategies |last=Schilling |first=Timothy Peter |publisher=Utrecht University Repository |year=2003 |accessdate=October 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193422/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |archivedate=June 5, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The division of authority only became public when Hunthausen announced it in September 1986.<ref name=curtail/> While some chancery officials expressed support for Wuerl, some questioned his role and saw little impact a year after his appointment.<ref name=striving/> In November, Hunthausen won support for his objections to the Vatican's restrictions on his authority from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]].<ref name=visit>{{cite news |accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = February 16, 1987| title = Pope meets with Wuerl in Hunthausen controversy | agency = UPI | url = http://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/16/Pope-meets-with-Wuerl-in-Hunthausen-controversy/3647540450000/ }}</ref> In February 1987, the Vatican announced that a commission of U.S. bishops would investigate the situation in Seattle, and Wuerl met privately with Pope John Paul II and declined to comment, saying "I'm just going to wait and see what the commission does".<ref name=visit/> In May 1987, following a review by the commission headed by Cardinal [[Joseph Bernardin]], Pope John Paul II restored Hunthausen's full authority as bishop, and appointed a coadjutor to assist and succeed Hunthausen.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = May 27, 1987 | first = Russell | last = Chandler | title = Pope Restores Full Powers to Hunthausen | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1987-05-27/news/mn-1742_1_bishops }}</ref> Wuerl later said the arrangement had been "unworkable". Following the restoration of Hunthausen's authority, Wuerl moved to a Pittsburgh suburb to await his next posting.<ref>{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | newspaper = New York Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | title = Bishop Calls for Sharing of Authority an Unworkable Venture in Seattle | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/24/us/bishop-calls-for-sharing-of-authority-an-unworkable-venture-in-seattle.html}}</ref>

=== Bishop of Pittsburgh ===
Wuerl was appointed the eleventh bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Diocese of Pittsburgh]] on February 12, 1988<ref name="Diopitt"/> and installed on March 25, 1988.<ref name="Diopitt"/>

In 1989, Wuerl merged Sacred Heart and St. Paul Cathedral High Schools to establish [[Oakland Catholic High School]] (all three female-only schools) in the [[Oakland (Pittsburgh)|Oakland]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, using the buildings of St. Paul Cathedral High School.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oaklandcatholic.org/about-oc/history |title=History |publisher = Oakland Catholic High School }}</ref>

Wuerl launched and hosted a television program, ''The Teaching of Christ'', in 1990 and wrote an adult [[catechism]] with the same name. He taught at [[Duquesne University]] in Pittsburgh as a distinguished service professor. Wuerl has served as a [[chaplain]] since 1999 for the Order of Malta, Federal Association, U.S.A., a division of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], commonly referred to as the Knights of Malta.<ref>http://www.orderofmalta-federal.org/chaplains Order Of Malta Federal Association, USA official website – The Chaplains of the Order of Malta, Federal Association webpage – Retrieved on November 10, 2008</ref> Wuerl has also written regular columns in ''Columbia'', the major publication of the [[Knights of Columbus]] in the United States.<ref>Knights of Columbus. http://www.kofc.org/un/eb/en/publications/columbia/archive/bishop_wuerl.html</ref>

Wuerl closed 73 church buildings, which included 37 churches, and reduced 331 parishes by 117 through merging while bishop of Pittsburgh; he was managing the remaining 214 parishes when he left in June 2006.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://triblive.com/x/archive/2052482-74/archive-story | first= Mike | last = Wereschagin | newspaper =Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |title=Bishop Zubik will face many obstacles |date=July 22, 2007|accessdate=October 23, 2008}}</ref> Wuerl's plan, ''The Parish Reorganization and Revitalization Project'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614043713/http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |archivedate=June 14, 2006 |df=mdy }} Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh official website news release – Bishop Wuerl Appointed Archbishop Of Washington – May 16, 2006 – Retrieved on October 23, 2008</ref> is now used as a model for other dioceses seeking parish suppression.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

[[File:President George W. Bush and Archbishop of Washington.jpg|thumb|260px|President [[George W. Bush|Bush]] and wife Laura with outgoing Archbishop [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick|McCarrick]] (left) and incoming Wuerl (right), welcome papal nuncio [[Pietro Sambi]] to the White House ]]
The [[mansion]] that housed Wuerl for over two decades, as well as his four predecessors in the Diocese of Pittsburgh, was sold since the new bishop [[David Zubik]] decided to live at St. Paul's Seminary. The [[Jacobethan]] Revival house along Fifth Avenue, at {{convert|9842|sqft|m2}} with 39 rooms including 11 bedrooms, six full baths, and a half-bath, had an appraised value of $1.5 million and is one of the largest homes in the [[Shadyside (Pittsburgh)|Shadyside]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Mansion">{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_597476.html|title=Diocese to sell roomy Shadyside mansion|last=Smith|first=Craig|date=November 8, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|publisher=Tribune-Review Publishing Company|accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref> As of March 2009, the property was listed for sale at $2.5 million; it formerly enclosed an extensive collection of [[antique]]s, [[Oriental rug]]s, and [[art]] during Wuerl's residency.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09073/955422-30.stm|title=Bishops' mansion was home for precious antiques, paintings|last=Pitz|first=Marylynne|date=March 14, 2009|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|publisher=PG Publishing Co., Inc.|accessdate=March 18, 2009}}</ref> The property was sold to an anonymous private trust for over $2 million.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_641321.html|title=Shadyside mansion sold by Pittsburgh Catholic Diocese|last=LaRussa|first=Tony|date=September 3, 2009|work=Tribune-Review|publisher=Trib Total Media|accessdate=November 18, 2010}}</ref>

=== Archbishop of Washington ===
Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl Archbishop of Washington on May 16, 2006.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051600288.html | title = McCarrick Successor Seen As a 'Vote for Continuity' | date = May 17, 2006| first1= Alan | last1=Cooperman | first2= Caryle | last2= Murphy}}</ref> He was installed on June 22 at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]]<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date= June 23, 2006 | title = Wuerl Is Installed As D.C. Archbishop | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/22/AR2006062201792.html | first = Michelle | last= Boorstein}}</ref> and received the [[pallium]]{{Clarify|date=August 2018|reason=we're not all catholics}} from Pope Benedict XVI on June 29, 2006.

In April 2008 Wuerl, as Archbishop of Washington, hosted the apostolic visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the District of Columbia, which included a visit to the [[White House]], the celebration of Vespers at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]], Mass at the new [[Nationals Park]], and an address at [[The Catholic University of America]].
[[File:WuerlFrancisVisitCut.png|260px|right|thumb|Wuerl and President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] welcome [[Pope Francis]] to United States, 2015]]
Wuerl was chairman of the board of directors of the [[National Catholic Educational Association]] from December 12, 2005,<ref>[http://www.ncea.org/news/pressrelease/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15 National Catholic Educational Association – Press Release Webpage] – From January 4, 2006 – Retrieved on May 18, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.ncea.org/about/boardofdirectors.asp National Catholic Educational Association – Board of Directors Webpage] Retrieved on October 17, 2008</ref> and was also [[chancellor]] of The Catholic University of America. In September 2010, the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] named Wuerl its delegate in the United States for facilitating the implementation of the [[Apostolic Constitution]] ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]'' issued by Pope Benedict XVI in November 2009 to provide for those Anglican faithful who desire to enter into full communion with the Catholic Church in a corporate manner.<ref>{{cite press release|accessdate=August 25, 2016| publisher=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops| title=Doctrine Of The Faith Congregation Names Archbishop Wuerl To Guide Bringing Anglican Groups Into Catholic Church In U.S. |url= http://www.usccb.org/news/2010/10-166.cfm |date=September 23, 2010}}</ref> He also heads the U.S. bishops' ''ad hoc'' committee to support that implementation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Brien|first1=Nancy Frazier|title=Report on U.S. ordinariate for ex-Anglicans|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/report-us-ordinariate-ex-anglicans|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|agency=Catholic News Service|date=June 16, 2011}}</ref>

=== Commitment to priestly formation ===
From 1994 until 2003, as Bishop of Pittsburgh, Wuerl served as a member of the board of governors of the [[Pontifical North American College]] in Rome (Chairman, 1998–1999), representing the Pennsylvania-New Jersey Region (Region III) of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 2008, as Archbishop of Washington he was again elected to the college's board of governors, this time representing the Washington DC-Delaware-Maryland-Virginia-West Virginia region of the conference (Region IV).

=== Cardinal ===
On November 20, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI elevated Wuerl to the College of Cardinals in a public consistory held at Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.<ref>{{cite news |accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date =November 20, 2010 | first = Rachel | last = Donadio | newspaper = New York Times | title = Pope Elevates Cardinals in Festive Ceremony | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/world/europe/21vatican.html}}</ref> He was created [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[S. Pietro in Vincoli]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Winters|first1=Michael Sean|title=Wuerl Gets San Pietro in Vincoli|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/distinctly-catholic/wuerl-gets-san-pietro-vincoli|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref>

Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl to the following: member of the [[Congregation for the Clergy]] and the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]] (December 2010);{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Relator-General (recording secretary) of the 2012 [[World Synod of Bishops]] meeting on the New Evangelization (October 24, 2011);<ref>{{cite news | url = https://zenit.org/articles/dc-s-cardinal-named-relator-general-for-evangelization-synod/ | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = October 24, 2011 | title= DC’s Cardinal Named Relator-General for Evangelization Synod}}</ref> member of the [[Pontifical Council for Culture]] for a five-year renewable term (December 10, 2011);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/51238 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = December 10, 2010| title=Rinunce e Nomine}}</ref> member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] (April 21, 2012);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/67257 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = April 21, 2012| title=Pontifical Acts }}</ref> and by Pope Francis, member of the influential [[Congregation for Bishops]] (December 16, 2013).<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Archbishop Wuerl appointed to Vatican panel that names bishops | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/archbishop-wuerl-appointed-to-vatican-panel-that-names-bishops/2013/12/16/9d7555a8-6662-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein | date= December 16, 2013}}</ref>

Wuerl was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that selected [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Rome-bound, D.C.’s Cardinal Wuerl says next pope must evangelize a hectic world | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/rome-bound-dcs-cardinal-wuerl-says-next-pope-must-evangelize-a-hectic-world/2013/02/22/fb281130-7d02-11e2-9a75-dab0201670da_story.html | date= February 22, 2016 | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein}}</ref>

== Public positions ==
[[Thomas J. Reese|Fr. Thomas Reese, S.J.]], a [[Jesuit]] priest and journalist, described Wuerl as an ideological moderate with regard to Catholic theological disputes, stating, "He's not an old leftie, he's not a right-wing culture warrior.... He was totally enthusiastic about [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], and then [[Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict]], and now he's totally enthusiastic about Pope Francis. There are not many people in the church who are totally enthusiastic about all three of them."<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" />

=== Religion and politics ===
In cases where politicians and officeholders take policy positions that are at odds with Church doctrine, Wuerl stated that the decision to provide communion should be decided on a case by case basis: "Our primary job is to teach and try to convince people. The tradition in our country has not been in the direction of refusing Communion, and I think it's served us well."<ref name="popenames">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/us/17archbishop.html |title=Pope Names Pittsburgh Bishop to Washington, D.C., Post |newspaper=New York Times |date=May 17, 2006 | first= Laurie | last= Goodstein |accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref> Fr. Thomas Reese explained this position by saying "[Wuerl is] quite orthodox theologically, but he doesn't like to play cop; he's not an authoritarian person."<ref name="popenames"/>

In 2009, the [[Council of the District of Columbia]] passed a [[same-sex marriage]] bill. In November 2009, Wuerl signed an ecumenical statement, known as the ''[[Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience|Manhattan Declaration]]'', calling on evangelicals, Catholics, and Orthodox not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage, and other practices that go against their religious consciences.<ref>[http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901171332/http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers |date=September 1, 2013 }}</ref> The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is between a man and a woman and that the extension of the civil definition of marriage to same-sex couples undermines the common good of society as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/defenseofmarriage/faqs.shtml|title=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops Website – Defense of Marriage|publisher=}}</ref> In the debate on the D.C. same-sex marriage bill, the Archdiocese of Washington advocated for religious liberty provisions that would protect the Church's ability to provide social services (''e.g.'' adoption) in accordance with Catholic teaching on marriage.<ref>[http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp Archdiocese of Washington website – Same Sex Marriage ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025155319/http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp |date=October 25, 2010 }}</ref> After the ''[[Washington Post]]'' characterized the archdiocese as giving an "ultimatum" to the city<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Washington Post | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/11/AR2009111116943.html |title= Catholic Church gives D.C. ultimatum | date=November 12, 2009 |first1=Tim |last1= Craig | first2= Michelle | last2= Boorstein}}</ref> and the ''[[New York Times]]'' called it a "threat",<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=New Turn in Debate Over Law on Marriage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/13/us/13marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> Wuerl wrote a letter to the ''Post'' stating there was "no threat or ultimatum to end services, just a simple recognition that the new requirements by the city for religious organizations to recognize same-sex marriages in their policies could restrict our ability to provide the same level of services as we do now."<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = Washington Post | date =November 22, 2009 | first= Donald W. | last = Wuerl |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/21/AR2009112101818.html |title= Archbishop Donald Wuerl on D.C.'s same-sex marriage bill }}</ref> In December 2009, on the day of the bill's passage, [[Joe Solmonese]], president of the [[Human Rights Campaign]], a same-sex marriage advocacy organization, wrote that Wuerl had "refused to alter his official position" to reduce social services in the archdiocese.<ref>Solmonese, J. : ''Unbelievable (mass email)'', Washington, December 15, 2009.</ref> On the same day the archdiocese, though expressing its view that the bill did not adequately protect religious liberty, nonetheless affirmed its commitment to serving the needs of the poor and its hope for "working in partnership with the District of Columbia consistent with the mission of the Catholic Church."<ref>[http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 Archdiocese of Washington Website – News Release] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111094013/http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 |date=January 11, 2010 }}</ref> In February 2010 shortly before the law took effect, Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Washington ended its foster care and public adoption programs rather than comply with the law's requirement that it license same-sex couples for the program.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://cathstan.org/main.asp?Search=1&ArticleID=3551&SectionID=2&SubSectionID=27&S=1| work= Catholic Standard |title = Catholic Charities ends foster care program to avoid compromising religious beliefs |date= February 9, 2010 |publisher = Archdiocese of Washington |first=Laura |last=Wright}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Same-sex ‘marriage’ law forces D.C. Catholic Charities to close adoption program|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/same-sex_marriage_law_forces_d.c._catholic_charities_to_close_adoption_program/|accessdate=August 25, 2016|publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=February 17, 2010}}</ref> The agency also modified its employee health care benefits to avoid having to extend coverage to same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=Gay Marriage Is Legal in U.S. Capital|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/us/04marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=March 3, 2010}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Dominus Iesus'' ===
In 2000, the Vatican issued a document entitled ''[[Dominus Iesus]]'' which stated that Jesus Christ is the only way of salvation. While in places the document seemed insensitive to other Christians, and was easily open to scare tactics by the press, Wuerl said it was aimed at some theologians in Asia who are addressing Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism, and it defends the necessity of proclaiming the Christian faith to them also. The document acknowledges that there are elements in non-Christian scriptures "by which countless people throughout the centuries have been and still are able today to nourish and maintain their life-relationship with God."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news| url = http://old.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20000907saved3.asp|title = Wuerl: Others can be saved {{!}} |date = September 7, 2000|accessdate = October 15, 2015| newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|last = Rodgers-Melnick|first = Ann}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Summorum pontificum'' ===
After Pope Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio ''[[Summorum pontificum]]'' (2007) authorizing [[Latin Church]] priests to celebrate Mass using either the Roman Missal as revised in 1969 or the 1962 edition, Wuerl said the Pope "is trying to reach out pastorally to those who feel an attraction to this form of the liturgy, and he is asking the pastors to be aware of and support their interest". He added that about 500 people a week were attending celebrations of the [[Tridentine Mass]] at three places in his archdiocese.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070710201958/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |dead-url= yes |archive-date= July 10, 2007 |first= Nancy Frazier |last= O'Brien |title= U.S. bishops say pope affirming importance of Mass in both its forms |publisher= Catholic News Service |date= July 10, 2007 }}</ref> He had a circular sent to his priests about a special committee that he would establish "to assist pastors in evaluating and responding to requests for the regular and public celebration" of the 1962 form of Mass. As of 2017, the [[Tridentine Mass]] was celebrated weekly in three places, the same ones as in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.adw.org/foreign-language-parishes/|title=Masses in Various Languages - Archdiocese of Washington|work=Archdiocese of Washington|access-date=June 22, 2017 }}</ref>

=== Position and actions on sexual abuse ===
According to a ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' article written in 2003, Wuerl had "a national reputation for zero tolerance of priests who molest minors" at the time.<ref name="post-gazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20030615wuerl0615p2.asp |title= Wuerl's tough record on sex abuse spurs speculation of move to Boston | newspaper =Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=June 15, 2003 |first= Ann | last= Rodgers-Melnick | accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref>

Wuerl has been a strong advocate within the Catholic hierarchy for confronting [[Catholic sex abuse cases|sexual abuse]] more directly. In September 1988 when he was serving as Bishop of Pittsburgh, he accepted a dinner invitation from a family suing the diocese for sexual abuse by a priest. Although the diocese's lawyers had discouraged Wuerl from attending the dinner, Wuerl became convinced that sexual abuse was a problem in his diocese. Wuerl settled the lawsuit with the family, and the priest involved was [[defrocking|laicized]] and eventually ended up in prison. Wuerl told his staff that in cases of alleged sexual abuse, the first concern should be for the victim, the second concern should be for the victim's family, and only third should clergy consider the reputation of the church.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

In the years that followed, Wuerl investigated every priest in his diocese accused of sexual misconduct and removed several. On one occasion, Wuerl successfully fought to laicize a priest whom the Vatican initially had protected, Anthony Cipolla.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

Anthony Cipolla was ordained in 1972. In 1978, he was charged with [[sexual abuse]] of a 9-year-old boy; these charges were dropped by the mother, who said she was pressured to do so by Bishop [[Vincent Leonard]].<ref name=PG2002>{{cite news|last1=Rodgers-Melnick|first1=Ann|title=Rare sanction imposed on priest|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/localnews/20021116cipollareg4p4.asp|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=November 16, 2002}}</ref> In 1988 new charges were brought by Tim Bendig, who said that Cipolla abused him from around 1981 to 1986; this case was settled in 1993, over Cipolla's objections. Cipolla consistently said that he never abused anyone.<ref name=PG2002/>

In 1988, the diocese, by then under the leadership of Bishop Wuerl, banned Cipolla from ministry and from identifying himself as a priest; Cipolla appealed to the Supreme Tribunal of the [[Apostolic Signatura]], the Vatican’s highest court, which ordered Bishop Wuerl to return him to ministry.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Sun2002>{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Gail|last2=Rivera|first2=John|title=Maryland center claims success treating priests|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-04-11/news/0204110181_1_luke-priests-sexual-abuse|work=Baltimore Sun|date=April 11, 2002|language=en}}</ref> Bishop Wuerl asked the court to reconsider the case on the grounds that its decision showed a lack of awareness of crucial facts such as a civil lawsuit and Cipolla's 1978 arrest for sexually abusing another boy. The court reversed its ruling in 1995 and upheld Cipolla's ban. Cipolla nonetheless continued to minister to the public forcing the diocese to make several public statements that Cipolla was not in good standing. In 2002, Cipolla was laicized by the pope.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Obit>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Peter|title=Obituary: Anthony Cipolla / Center of high-profile sex-abuse case in 1990s, dies in Ohio|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/obituaries/2016/09/13/Obituary-Anthony-Cipolla-Center-of-high-profile-sex-abuse-case-in-1990s-dies-in-Ohio/stories/201609130049|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=13 September 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, Wuerl argued that the church had made progress in confronting abusers. He told [[Fox News Sunday]] that "we have succeeded in guaranteeing that if a priest is accused, and there is a credible allegation, he is simply removed from the ministry. That is reported to the authorities, and we begin to try to heal whatever was damaged in that abuse."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wltx.com/error/404|title=WLTX.com|website=WLTX}}</ref>

====Pennsylvania grand jury investigation====
{{Main|Grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania}}

On August 14, 2018, a grand jury report released by [[Pennsylvania]] [[List of Pennsylvania Attorneys General|Attorney General]] [[Josh Shapiro]] alleged that the Catholic Church covered-up sexual abuse cases in Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://media-downloads.pacourts.us/InterimRedactedReportandResponses.pdf?cb=42148 Report Grand Jury on sexual abuse in six dioceses in Pennsylvania], 2018].</ref> The report partially faulted Cardinal Donald Wuerl.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/08/14/cardinal-wuerls-actions-in-pittsburgh-scrutinized-by-catholic-sexual-abuse-investigation/ |title=Cardinal Wuerl's actions in Pittsburgh scrutinized by Catholic sexual abuse investigation |first=Julie |last=Zauzmer |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/catholic-church-covered-child-abuse-300-priests-report-180814213713718.html |title=Catholic Church covered up child abuse by 300 US priests: report |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/dc-cardinal-wuerl-aided-in-the-cover-up-of-pedophile-activity-a-new-grand-jury-report-says/65-584156324 |title=DC Cardinal Wuerl aided in the cover-up of pedophile activity, a new Grand Jury Report says |last=Ramirez |first=Stephanie |date=August 14, 2018 |work=CBS [[WUSA (TV)]] |access-date=August 15, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wuerl disputed the allegations, stating: “While I understand this report may be critical of some of my actions, I believe the report confirms that I acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse.”<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/08/14/stunning-findings-on-report-catholic-church-abuse-pa-priests-molested-more-than-1000-children.html |title=Stunning findings on report of Catholic Church abuse: Pa. priests molested more than 1,000 children |last=Miles |first=Frank |date=August 14, 2018 |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=2018-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The report noted that Wuerl had made contributions to fighting sex abuse, including his successful effort in fended off Vatican efforts between 1988 and 1995 to reinstate Anthony Cipolla, a priest whom Wuerl ousted after being sued by a male who alleged sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> However, Wuerl also allowed priest William O'Malley to return to active ministry in 1998, despite past allegations of sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /> O'Malley had admitted that he was sexually interested in adolescents.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16">{{cite news |date=August 16, 2018 |work=[[Philadelphia Tribune]] |title=Washington cardinal entangled in two sex-abuse scandals |url=http://www.phillytrib.com/news/washington-cardinal-entangled-in-two-sex-abuse-scandals/article_5101a9b2-a189-11e8-a654-b72a65985fce.html |author=David Crary |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> It was also reported that Wuerl had allowed Fr. Ernest Paone to be transferred to another diocese, despite a history of accusations of child abuse dating back to the early 1960s.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

Fr. George Zirwas had a long history of involvement in child sexual abuse, including violent use of whips and sadism.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17">{{cite news |date=August 17, 2018 |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |title=Cleansing the Catholic Church of Its Sins |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/08/cleansing-the-catholic-church-of-its-sins.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19">{{cite news |date=August 19, 2018 |last1=Tapper |first1=Jake |authorlink1=Jake Tapper |last2=Foran |first2=Clare |work=[[CNN]] |title=Pennsylvania AG: Cardinal under scrutiny over report on priest abuse 'is not telling the truth' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/politics/pennsylvania-priest-abuse-report-cardinal-wuerl/index.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> He had also manufactured child pornography.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Zirwas' actions were known in the Diocese of Pittsburgh as early as 1987, but he continued in ministry when Wuerl became bishop of Pittsburgh in 1988.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> In 1989, Wuerl authorized a $900,000 settlement, with confidentiality clauses, with two of Zirwas' victims, but Zirwas remained in ministry until at least 1991, although further complaints were made.<ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> After another complaint was made, Wuerl removed Zirwas in 1996.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Eventually Zirwas moved to Cuba, where he was murdered in 2001;<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /> Wuerl presided over Zirwas' funeral. and described Zirwas as a kind man who had preached a message of salvation through faith in Jesus.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" />

After the report was released, Wuerl launched a website, "The Wuerl Record," containing a defense of his actions during that era,<ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=The Wuerl Record |author=Donald Wuerl |url=https://thewuerlrecord.com/ |access-date=August 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815000112/https:/thewuerlrecord.com/ |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |dead-url=usurped}}</ref> but after an outcry on social media, the website was deleted and replaced with a redirect.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15">{{cite news |date=August 15, 2018 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=D.C. Archbishop Faces Scrutiny After Pennsylvania Report on Priest Abuse |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/d-c-archbishop-faces-scrutiny-after-pennsylvania-report-on-priest-abuse-1534373592 |author=Ian Lovett |access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref> Wuerl insisted that in responding to sexual abuse claims, he had "acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse."<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18">{{cite news |date=August 18, 2018 |work=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]] |title=Wuerl pulls out of Dublin summit amid charges of mishandling abuse claims |url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-usa/2018/08/18/wuerl-pulls-out-of-dublin-summit-amid-charges-of-mishandling-abuse-claims/ |last=White |first=Christopher |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref>

After the release of the report the Cardinal further faced "intense scrutiny" regarding his handling of sex abuse cases in the Diocese of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> A spokesman for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archdiocese of Washington]] stated that Wuerl "has no intention of resigning."<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /> On August 18, 2018, it was announced that Wuerl would not attend the [[World Meeting of Families]] in [[Dublin]], where he had been scheduled to give a keynote address.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

On August 20, 2018, Stephanie Sibal, senior publicist for [[Ave Maria Press]], a publishing company of the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]] based out of the [[University of Notre Dame]] in Indiana,<ref name="LifeSiteNews" /><ref>https://triblive.com/usworld/world/13996608-74/catholic-publisher-postpones-wuerl-book-titled-what-do-you-want-to-know</ref> told [[Campaign Life Coalition|LifeSiteNews]] that her company had "indefinitely postponed" the release of a book written by Wuerl titled ''What Do You Want to Know? A Pastor’s Response to the Most Challenging Questions About the Catholic Faith''.<ref name="LifeSiteNews">https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/catholic-publisher-cancels-cardinal-wuerls-book-after-sex-abuse-report</ref> The book had been scheduled to be released in October of 2018.<ref name="LifeSiteNews" />

On August 22, 2018, Pittsburgh Bishop [[David Zubik]] officially approved two decisions which were made by the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School and the board of directors of Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh to grant Wuerl's request to have his name removed from Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in [[Cranberry, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The school will once again be named North Catholic High School. The decision was made after thousands signed a petition demanding his name be removed.<ref name=aug22>https://triblive.com/local/allegheny/13999405-74/cardinal-donald-wuerls-name-to-be-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school</ref><ref name=aug22second /> North Catholic became Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in 2013, when it moved from Troy Hill to Cranberry Township.<ref name=aug20>https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/north-catholic-hs-sign-vandalized-amid-pressure-to-remove-cardinal-wuerls-name/816781574</ref> Wuerl made the request to have his name removed in a letter he sent to the Diocese of Pittsburgh on August 16.<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh board of directors approved the measure on August 17 and the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School then followed suite on August 20.<ref name=aug22second>https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/08/22/cardinal-wuerl-name-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school/</ref><ref name=aug22 />

In response to the allegations against Wuerl, [[Hugh Hewitt]] demanded that Wuerl be dismissed as archbishop of Washington and resign from the College of Cardinals.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 22, 2018 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Donald Wuerl is a con man under a Cardinal's cap |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-con-man-in-the-cardinals-cap/2018/08/22/f7e60518-a57e-11e8-97ce-cc9042272f07_story.htm |author=[[Hugh Hewitt]] |access-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> More pleas for resignation followed.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fhPPd8WATs Resign, Cardinal Wuerl!], OANN, August 22, 2018.</ref> In a few days time over 60.000 signed a petition requesting [[Pope Francis]] to remove Wuerl from his positions.<ref>[http://www.fox5dc.com/news/local-news/online-petition-to-remove-cardinal-wuerl-has-more-than-60-000-signatures Online petition to remove Cardinal Wuerl has more than 60,000 signatures], FOX5, August 23, 2018.</ref> During his official visit to Ireland on August 25 and 26, 2018 Pope Francis in a speech echoed a letter he sent to the world's Roman Catholics earlier that week<ref>[http://m.vatican.va/content/francescomobile/en/letters/2018/documents/papa-francesco_20180820_lettera-popolo-didio.html Letter of his Holiness Pope Francis to the people of God], The Vatican, August 20, 2018.</ref>, in which he condemned the "atrocities" of child abuse and clerical cover-ups. The Pope veered off his script when speaking out about abuse, saying he had set out a "greater commitment to eliminating this scourge in the Church, at any cost".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-euWuerl.rope-45276831 Papal visit: Pope shamed by Church's abuse failures], BBC News, August 25, 2018.</ref> So far this stand has not had consequences for Mr. Wuerl. Nor has the Pope spoken out about the specific Wuerl-case.

== Selected writings ==
* ''The Forty Martyrs: New Saints of England and Wales'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1971)
* ''Fathers of the Church'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1975)
* ''The Catholic Priesthood Today'' (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1976)
* ''The Teaching of Christ: A Catholic Catechism for Adults'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1976), co-author
* ''A Visit to the Vatican: For Young People'' (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1981)
* ''The Gift of Faith: A Question and Answer Version of The Teaching of Christ'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2001)
* ''The Catholic Way: Faith for Living Today'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001)
* ''The Sacraments: A Continuing Encounter with Christ'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2010)
* ''The Mass: The Glory, The Mystery, The Tradition'' (New York: Doubleday, 2011)
* ''The Gift of Blessed John Paul II'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2011)
* ''Seek First the Kingdom: Challenging the Culture by Living Our Faith'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2011)
* ''Faith That Transforms Us: Reflections on the Creed'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2013)
* ''New Evangelization: Passing on the Catholic Faith Today'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2013)
* ''The Church: Unlocking the Secrets to the Places Catholics Call Home'' (Image, 2013)
* ''The Light is On For You: The Life-Changing Power of Confession'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2014)
* ''The Feasts: How the Church Year Forms Us as Catholics'' (Image: 2014)
* ''Open to the Holy Spirit: Living the Gospel with Wisdom'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2014)
* ''The Marriage God Wants For You'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2015)
* ''To the Martyrs: A Reflection on the Supreme Christian Witness'' (Emmaus Road Publishing, 2015)
* ''Ways to Pray: Growing Closer to God'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2015)

=== Pastoral letters as Archbishop of Washington ===
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Being-Catholic-Today-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Being Catholic Today: Catholic Identity in an Age of Challenge"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/DWW-PastoralLetter-Ser-Catolico-Hoy.pdf So Católico Hoy: Identidad católica en una época de desafíos]), May 24, 2015
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Final-with-Cover-SmallFLAT.pdf "Manifesting the Kingdom: A Pastoral Letter on the First Synod of the Archdiocese of Washington"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Spanish-Final-with-cover-Small.pdf La Manifestación del Reino]), June 8, 2014
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter.pdf The Church, Our Spiritual Home] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter-Espanol.pdf La Iglesia, Nuestro Hogar Espiritual]), September 14, 2012
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Disciples-of-the-Lord-Sharing-the-Vision.pdf "Disciples of the Lord: Sharing the Vision"], August 23, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and Loving Presence"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia y la Amorosa Presencia de Dios]), January 3, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-Lent-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Belonging to God's Family"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Pertenciendo a la Familia de Dios]), January 25, 2009
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-Education-Pastoral-Letter1.pdf "Catholic Education: Looking to the Future with Confidence"], September 14, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Reflections on God's Mercy And Our Forgiveness"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Reflexiones sobre la Misericordia de Dios y el Perdón]), January 1, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and the Sacrament of Penance"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-tlio-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia de Dios y el Sacramento de la Penitencia]), January 8, 2007

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Washington, DC}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Citation | author=Glenn, Francis A. | title=Shepherds of the Faith 1843–1993: A Brief History of the Bishops of the Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | publisher=Pittsburgh: Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | year=1993 | isbn=}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Donald Wuerl}}
* {{cite web| accessdate = 25 November 2017| title= Wuerl Card. Donald William |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html | dead-url=no | archive-date= 4 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904105207/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html }}
* [http://www.adw.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington Official Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh History of Bishops webpage]
* {{YouTube|sPpmXhvuwa8|Salt+Light TV Interview: Cardinal Donald Wuerl - Witness}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pio Laghi]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]]|years=2010–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Theodore McCarrick]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]|years=2006–present}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anthony Bevilacqua]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]]|years=1988–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Zubik]]}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]]|years=1985–1988}}
{{s-aft|after= - }}
{{s-end}}

{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wuerl, Donald W.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Washington]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:American cardinals]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas alumni]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle]]
[[Category:Pontifical North American College alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Clergy]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for Bishops]]
[[Category:Basselin Fellows]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]

Donald Wuerl

2018-08-26T00:31:29Z

83.83.44.43: /* Position and actions on sexual abuse */

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Donald William Wuerl
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]
| image = Cardinal Donald William Wuerl in 2015.jpg
| image_size = 260
| caption = Cardinal Wuerl
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Washington]]
| diocese =
| see =
| appointed = May 16, 2006
| enthroned = June 22, 2006
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]]
| successor =
| ordination = December 17, 1966
| ordained_by = [[Francis Frederick Reh]]
| consecration = January 6, 1986
| consecrated_by = [[John Paul II]], [[Agostino Casaroli]], and [[Bernardin Gantin]]
| cardinal = November 20, 2010
| created_cardinal_by = [[Benedict XVI]]
| rank = Cardinal-Priest
| other_post = [[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]] [[The Catholic University of America|Chancellor of the Catholic University of America]]
| birth_name = Donald William Wuerl
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|11|12|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006)|Titular Bishop of Rossmarkaeum (1985–1988)|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1985–1988)}}
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| motto = THY KINGDOM COME
| coat_of_arms =
}}

{{Infobox cardinal styles
| name= Donald William Wuerl
| dipstyle=
*[[His Eminence]]
*[[His Eminence|The Most Reverend Eminence]]
| offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Eminence]]
| relstyle= [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
| image = Coat of arms of Donald Wuerl.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of priestly ordination =
| place of priestly ordination =
| consecrated by = [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]
| co-consecrators =
| date of consecration = January 6, 1986
| place of consecration =
| elevated by =
| date of elevation =
| bishop 1 = [[William J. Winter]]
| consecration date 1 = February 13, 1989
| bishop 2 = [[Thomas Joseph Tobin]]
| consecration date 2 = December 27, 1992
| bishop 3 = [[David Zubik]]
| consecration date 3 = April 6, 1997
| bishop 4 = [[Paul J. Bradley]]
| consecration date 4 = February 2, 2005
| bishop 5 = [[Herbert Bevard]]
| consecration date 5 = September 3, 2008
| sources =
| bishop 6 = [[Barry Christopher Knestout]]
| consecration date 6 = December 29, 2008
| bishop 7 = [[Mario E. Dorsonville]]
| consecration date 7 = April 20, 2015
| bishop 8 = [[Roy Edward Campbell]]
| consecration date 8 = April 21, 2017
}}
'''Donald William Wuerl''' (born November 12, 1940) is an [[United States|American]] [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He is the sixth [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]], serving since 2006. He previously served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1986–87) and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006). He was elevated to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2010.

== Early life and education ==

Donald Wuerl was born in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], the second of four children of Francis and Mary Anna (née Schiffauer) Wuerl.<ref name=cardinals>{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=WUERL, Donald William (1940– )|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios2010.htm#Wuerl|last=Miranda|first=Salvador}}</ref> He has two brothers, Wayne and Dennis, and a sister, Carol.<ref name=melnick>{{cite news|date=May 14, 1994|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Francis J. Wuerl, Whose 4 Children Included A Bishop|last=Rodgers-Melnick|first=Ann}}</ref> His father worked nights weighing freight cars for the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], and served in the [[United States Navy|Navy]] during World War II.<ref name=melnick/> His mother died in 1944, and his father married Kathryn Cavanaugh in 1946.<ref name=melnick/>

Wuerl received his early education at the [[parochial school]] of St. Mary of the Mount Church in the [[Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)|Mount Washington]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, graduating in 1958.<ref name=designate>{{cite news|date=May 17, 2006|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Washington, D.C., Archbishop-Designate Donald Wuerl}}</ref> He then attended the [[The Catholic University of America|Catholic University of America]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where he was a Basselin Scholar at [[Theological College (Catholic University of America)|Theological College]],<ref name=cua>{{cite news|work=[[The Catholic University of America]]|title=News & Events|url=http://theologicalcollege.org/published/news_and_events/index.html}}</ref> earning a bachelor's degree (1962) and master's degree (1963) in philosophy.<ref name=duin>{{cite news|date=June 12, 2006|work=[[The Washington Times]]|title=Wuerl a 'teaching bishop' – McCarrick's successor prepares to lead Diocese of Washington|last=Duin|first=Julia}}</ref>

He continued his studies at the [[Pontifical North American College]] in [[Rome]].<ref name=cardinals/> He earned a master's degree in theology from the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in 1967. After ordination, Wuerl was sent to Rome for further theological study. He is an [[List of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas|alumnus]] of the [[Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)|Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas ''Angelicum'']] where he obtained a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|doctorate in theology]] in 1974.

=== Early career ===
He was ordained a priest on December 17, 1966.<ref name="Diopitt">[http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh – History of Bishops Webpage – Retrieved on October 18, 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php |date=December 31, 2009 }}</ref> His first assignment was as assistant pastor at [[Santa Rosalia|St. Rosalia]] parish in Pittsburgh's [[Greenfield (Pittsburgh)|Greenfield]] neighborhood and as secretary to Pittsburgh's Bishop [[John Joseph Wright|John Wright]]. After Wright was elevated to cardinal in 1969, Wuerl was his full-time secretary in [[Vatican City]] from 1969 until Wright's death in 1979. Because Cardinal Wright was recovering from surgery and confined to a wheelchair, Wuerl, as Wright's secretary, was one of three non-cardinals permitted inside the [[Papal conclave, October 1978|conclave]] that selected Karol Wojtyla as [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pittsburghcatholic.org/PrintPage/1978-with-john-paul-ii-a-new-era-began-for-the-church |title=1978: With John Paul II, a new era began for the church|last=Almade|first=Frank D.|date=September 29, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Catholic |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Filteau|first1=Jerry|title=Wuerl in 1978 conclave that elected John Paul II|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/wuerl-1978-conclave-elected-john-paul-ii|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Cardinal Donald Wuerl: The pope's man in Washington | first = David | last= Gibson | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/cardinal-donald-wuerl-the-popes-man-in-washington/2015/12/23/1623e196-a995-11e5-b596-113f59ee069a_story.html | newspaper = Washington Post | date= December 23, 2015 | agency = Religion News Service}}</ref> (Cardinal Wright had missed the first of the two 1978 conclaves.)

In 1976, he, with Thomas Comerford Lawler and Ronald David Lawler, [[Order of Friars Minor|OFMCap]], co-authored a catechism for adults, ''The Teaching of Christ'', which has since appeared in several editions and has been widely translated.<ref>{{cite news | work = Washington Post | accessdate = 25 May 2017 | date = 28 November 2005 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/27/AR2005112701010.html | title = Thomas Lawler Dies; Author and Editor of Catholic Catechism | first = Patricia | last = Sullivan }}</ref>

Wuerl was [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] at [[Saint Paul Seminary (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|St. Paul Seminary]] in Pittsburgh from 1981 to 1985. In 1982, he was made executive secretary to Bishop [[John Aloysius Marshall|John Marshall]] of Burlington, Vermont, who was leading a Vatican-mandated study of U.S. [[seminary|seminaries]].<ref>{{cite book|title = A Clear and Quiet Conscience: The Archbishop who Challenged a Pope, a President, and a Church | url =https://books.google.com/?id=-qxkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 | first= John A. | last = McCoy | publisher = Orbis Books| isbn =9781608335459 | date =2015-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/23/us/vatican-will-investigate-us-seminaries-with-aid-of-bishops.html | date = September 23, 1981 | first = Kenneth A. | last = Briggs | title = Vatican will Investigate U.S. Seminaries with Aid of Bishops | newspaper = New York Times}}</ref>

== Episcopal career ==
[[File:Cardinal HE Donald Wuerl welcomes His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.jpg|thumb|
Welcoming the 14th Dalai Lama
]]

=== Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle ===
On December 3, 1985, Wuerl was appointed titular bishop of [[Rosemarkie]] and auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle.<ref name="Diopitt"/> Wuerl was consecrated bishop on January 6, 1986,<ref name="Diopitt"/> at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Italy, by Pope John Paul II. Wuerl and Seattle Archbishop [[Raymond Hunthausen]] worked in adjoining offices without conflict for several months until, in May 1986, they found themselves with opposing positions on proposed state legislation to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment.<ref name=striving>{{cite news | newspaper = New York Times| accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = December 9, 1986 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/09/us/2-bishops-of-seattle-striving-to-work-with-split-powers.html | title = 2 Bishops of Seattle Striving to Work with Split Powers | first=Wallace | last=Turner }}</ref> At that point Hunthausen learned for the first time that Wuerl had been charged with responsibility–"complete and final decision-making power"–for several key areas normally within the Archbishop's control: worship and liturgy; the archdiocesan tribunal that considers requests for marriage annulments; seminarians, priestly formation and laicized priests; moral issues; and issues of health care and ministry to homosexuals.<ref name=curtail>{{cite news|title=Vatican Moves to Curtail Power of a Liberal Prelate in Seattle| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/us/vatican-moves-to-curb-power-of-a-liberal-prelate-in-seattle.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016| work=New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=September 5, 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite dissertation |url=http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |title=Conflict in the Catholic Hierarchy: a study of coping strategies in the Hunthausen affair, with preferential attention to discursive strategies |last=Schilling |first=Timothy Peter |publisher=Utrecht University Repository |year=2003 |accessdate=October 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193422/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |archivedate=June 5, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The division of authority only became public when Hunthausen announced it in September 1986.<ref name=curtail/> While some chancery officials expressed support for Wuerl, some questioned his role and saw little impact a year after his appointment.<ref name=striving/> In November, Hunthausen won support for his objections to the Vatican's restrictions on his authority from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]].<ref name=visit>{{cite news |accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = February 16, 1987| title = Pope meets with Wuerl in Hunthausen controversy | agency = UPI | url = http://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/16/Pope-meets-with-Wuerl-in-Hunthausen-controversy/3647540450000/ }}</ref> In February 1987, the Vatican announced that a commission of U.S. bishops would investigate the situation in Seattle, and Wuerl met privately with Pope John Paul II and declined to comment, saying "I'm just going to wait and see what the commission does".<ref name=visit/> In May 1987, following a review by the commission headed by Cardinal [[Joseph Bernardin]], Pope John Paul II restored Hunthausen's full authority as bishop, and appointed a coadjutor to assist and succeed Hunthausen.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = May 27, 1987 | first = Russell | last = Chandler | title = Pope Restores Full Powers to Hunthausen | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1987-05-27/news/mn-1742_1_bishops }}</ref> Wuerl later said the arrangement had been "unworkable". Following the restoration of Hunthausen's authority, Wuerl moved to a Pittsburgh suburb to await his next posting.<ref>{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | newspaper = New York Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | title = Bishop Calls for Sharing of Authority an Unworkable Venture in Seattle | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/24/us/bishop-calls-for-sharing-of-authority-an-unworkable-venture-in-seattle.html}}</ref>

=== Bishop of Pittsburgh ===
Wuerl was appointed the eleventh bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Diocese of Pittsburgh]] on February 12, 1988<ref name="Diopitt"/> and installed on March 25, 1988.<ref name="Diopitt"/>

In 1989, Wuerl merged Sacred Heart and St. Paul Cathedral High Schools to establish [[Oakland Catholic High School]] (all three female-only schools) in the [[Oakland (Pittsburgh)|Oakland]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, using the buildings of St. Paul Cathedral High School.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oaklandcatholic.org/about-oc/history |title=History |publisher = Oakland Catholic High School }}</ref>

Wuerl launched and hosted a television program, ''The Teaching of Christ'', in 1990 and wrote an adult [[catechism]] with the same name. He taught at [[Duquesne University]] in Pittsburgh as a distinguished service professor. Wuerl has served as a [[chaplain]] since 1999 for the Order of Malta, Federal Association, U.S.A., a division of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], commonly referred to as the Knights of Malta.<ref>http://www.orderofmalta-federal.org/chaplains Order Of Malta Federal Association, USA official website – The Chaplains of the Order of Malta, Federal Association webpage – Retrieved on November 10, 2008</ref> Wuerl has also written regular columns in ''Columbia'', the major publication of the [[Knights of Columbus]] in the United States.<ref>Knights of Columbus. http://www.kofc.org/un/eb/en/publications/columbia/archive/bishop_wuerl.html</ref>

Wuerl closed 73 church buildings, which included 37 churches, and reduced 331 parishes by 117 through merging while bishop of Pittsburgh; he was managing the remaining 214 parishes when he left in June 2006.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://triblive.com/x/archive/2052482-74/archive-story | first= Mike | last = Wereschagin | newspaper =Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |title=Bishop Zubik will face many obstacles |date=July 22, 2007|accessdate=October 23, 2008}}</ref> Wuerl's plan, ''The Parish Reorganization and Revitalization Project'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614043713/http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |archivedate=June 14, 2006 |df=mdy }} Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh official website news release – Bishop Wuerl Appointed Archbishop Of Washington – May 16, 2006 – Retrieved on October 23, 2008</ref> is now used as a model for other dioceses seeking parish suppression.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

[[File:President George W. Bush and Archbishop of Washington.jpg|thumb|260px|President [[George W. Bush|Bush]] and wife Laura with outgoing Archbishop [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick|McCarrick]] (left) and incoming Wuerl (right), welcome papal nuncio [[Pietro Sambi]] to the White House ]]
The [[mansion]] that housed Wuerl for over two decades, as well as his four predecessors in the Diocese of Pittsburgh, was sold since the new bishop [[David Zubik]] decided to live at St. Paul's Seminary. The [[Jacobethan]] Revival house along Fifth Avenue, at {{convert|9842|sqft|m2}} with 39 rooms including 11 bedrooms, six full baths, and a half-bath, had an appraised value of $1.5 million and is one of the largest homes in the [[Shadyside (Pittsburgh)|Shadyside]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Mansion">{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_597476.html|title=Diocese to sell roomy Shadyside mansion|last=Smith|first=Craig|date=November 8, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|publisher=Tribune-Review Publishing Company|accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref> As of March 2009, the property was listed for sale at $2.5 million; it formerly enclosed an extensive collection of [[antique]]s, [[Oriental rug]]s, and [[art]] during Wuerl's residency.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09073/955422-30.stm|title=Bishops' mansion was home for precious antiques, paintings|last=Pitz|first=Marylynne|date=March 14, 2009|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|publisher=PG Publishing Co., Inc.|accessdate=March 18, 2009}}</ref> The property was sold to an anonymous private trust for over $2 million.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_641321.html|title=Shadyside mansion sold by Pittsburgh Catholic Diocese|last=LaRussa|first=Tony|date=September 3, 2009|work=Tribune-Review|publisher=Trib Total Media|accessdate=November 18, 2010}}</ref>

=== Archbishop of Washington ===
Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl Archbishop of Washington on May 16, 2006.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051600288.html | title = McCarrick Successor Seen As a 'Vote for Continuity' | date = May 17, 2006| first1= Alan | last1=Cooperman | first2= Caryle | last2= Murphy}}</ref> He was installed on June 22 at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]]<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date= June 23, 2006 | title = Wuerl Is Installed As D.C. Archbishop | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/22/AR2006062201792.html | first = Michelle | last= Boorstein}}</ref> and received the [[pallium]]{{Clarify|date=August 2018|reason=we're not all catholics}} from Pope Benedict XVI on June 29, 2006.

In April 2008 Wuerl, as Archbishop of Washington, hosted the apostolic visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the District of Columbia, which included a visit to the [[White House]], the celebration of Vespers at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]], Mass at the new [[Nationals Park]], and an address at [[The Catholic University of America]].
[[File:WuerlFrancisVisitCut.png|260px|right|thumb|Wuerl and President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] welcome [[Pope Francis]] to United States, 2015]]
Wuerl was chairman of the board of directors of the [[National Catholic Educational Association]] from December 12, 2005,<ref>[http://www.ncea.org/news/pressrelease/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15 National Catholic Educational Association – Press Release Webpage] – From January 4, 2006 – Retrieved on May 18, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.ncea.org/about/boardofdirectors.asp National Catholic Educational Association – Board of Directors Webpage] Retrieved on October 17, 2008</ref> and was also [[chancellor]] of The Catholic University of America. In September 2010, the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] named Wuerl its delegate in the United States for facilitating the implementation of the [[Apostolic Constitution]] ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]'' issued by Pope Benedict XVI in November 2009 to provide for those Anglican faithful who desire to enter into full communion with the Catholic Church in a corporate manner.<ref>{{cite press release|accessdate=August 25, 2016| publisher=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops| title=Doctrine Of The Faith Congregation Names Archbishop Wuerl To Guide Bringing Anglican Groups Into Catholic Church In U.S. |url= http://www.usccb.org/news/2010/10-166.cfm |date=September 23, 2010}}</ref> He also heads the U.S. bishops' ''ad hoc'' committee to support that implementation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Brien|first1=Nancy Frazier|title=Report on U.S. ordinariate for ex-Anglicans|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/report-us-ordinariate-ex-anglicans|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|agency=Catholic News Service|date=June 16, 2011}}</ref>

=== Commitment to priestly formation ===
From 1994 until 2003, as Bishop of Pittsburgh, Wuerl served as a member of the board of governors of the [[Pontifical North American College]] in Rome (Chairman, 1998–1999), representing the Pennsylvania-New Jersey Region (Region III) of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 2008, as Archbishop of Washington he was again elected to the college's board of governors, this time representing the Washington DC-Delaware-Maryland-Virginia-West Virginia region of the conference (Region IV).

=== Cardinal ===
On November 20, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI elevated Wuerl to the College of Cardinals in a public consistory held at Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.<ref>{{cite news |accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date =November 20, 2010 | first = Rachel | last = Donadio | newspaper = New York Times | title = Pope Elevates Cardinals in Festive Ceremony | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/world/europe/21vatican.html}}</ref> He was created [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[S. Pietro in Vincoli]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Winters|first1=Michael Sean|title=Wuerl Gets San Pietro in Vincoli|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/distinctly-catholic/wuerl-gets-san-pietro-vincoli|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref>

Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl to the following: member of the [[Congregation for the Clergy]] and the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]] (December 2010);{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Relator-General (recording secretary) of the 2012 [[World Synod of Bishops]] meeting on the New Evangelization (October 24, 2011);<ref>{{cite news | url = https://zenit.org/articles/dc-s-cardinal-named-relator-general-for-evangelization-synod/ | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = October 24, 2011 | title= DC’s Cardinal Named Relator-General for Evangelization Synod}}</ref> member of the [[Pontifical Council for Culture]] for a five-year renewable term (December 10, 2011);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/51238 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = December 10, 2010| title=Rinunce e Nomine}}</ref> member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] (April 21, 2012);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/67257 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = April 21, 2012| title=Pontifical Acts }}</ref> and by Pope Francis, member of the influential [[Congregation for Bishops]] (December 16, 2013).<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Archbishop Wuerl appointed to Vatican panel that names bishops | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/archbishop-wuerl-appointed-to-vatican-panel-that-names-bishops/2013/12/16/9d7555a8-6662-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein | date= December 16, 2013}}</ref>

Wuerl was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that selected [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Rome-bound, D.C.’s Cardinal Wuerl says next pope must evangelize a hectic world | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/rome-bound-dcs-cardinal-wuerl-says-next-pope-must-evangelize-a-hectic-world/2013/02/22/fb281130-7d02-11e2-9a75-dab0201670da_story.html | date= February 22, 2016 | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein}}</ref>

== Public positions ==
[[Thomas J. Reese|Fr. Thomas Reese, S.J.]], a [[Jesuit]] priest and journalist, described Wuerl as an ideological moderate with regard to Catholic theological disputes, stating, "He's not an old leftie, he's not a right-wing culture warrior.... He was totally enthusiastic about [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], and then [[Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict]], and now he's totally enthusiastic about Pope Francis. There are not many people in the church who are totally enthusiastic about all three of them."<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" />

=== Religion and politics ===
In cases where politicians and officeholders take policy positions that are at odds with Church doctrine, Wuerl stated that the decision to provide communion should be decided on a case by case basis: "Our primary job is to teach and try to convince people. The tradition in our country has not been in the direction of refusing Communion, and I think it's served us well."<ref name="popenames">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/us/17archbishop.html |title=Pope Names Pittsburgh Bishop to Washington, D.C., Post |newspaper=New York Times |date=May 17, 2006 | first= Laurie | last= Goodstein |accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref> Fr. Thomas Reese explained this position by saying "[Wuerl is] quite orthodox theologically, but he doesn't like to play cop; he's not an authoritarian person."<ref name="popenames"/>

In 2009, the [[Council of the District of Columbia]] passed a [[same-sex marriage]] bill. In November 2009, Wuerl signed an ecumenical statement, known as the ''[[Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience|Manhattan Declaration]]'', calling on evangelicals, Catholics, and Orthodox not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage, and other practices that go against their religious consciences.<ref>[http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901171332/http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers |date=September 1, 2013 }}</ref> The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is between a man and a woman and that the extension of the civil definition of marriage to same-sex couples undermines the common good of society as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/defenseofmarriage/faqs.shtml|title=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops Website – Defense of Marriage|publisher=}}</ref> In the debate on the D.C. same-sex marriage bill, the Archdiocese of Washington advocated for religious liberty provisions that would protect the Church's ability to provide social services (''e.g.'' adoption) in accordance with Catholic teaching on marriage.<ref>[http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp Archdiocese of Washington website – Same Sex Marriage ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025155319/http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp |date=October 25, 2010 }}</ref> After the ''[[Washington Post]]'' characterized the archdiocese as giving an "ultimatum" to the city<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Washington Post | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/11/AR2009111116943.html |title= Catholic Church gives D.C. ultimatum | date=November 12, 2009 |first1=Tim |last1= Craig | first2= Michelle | last2= Boorstein}}</ref> and the ''[[New York Times]]'' called it a "threat",<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=New Turn in Debate Over Law on Marriage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/13/us/13marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> Wuerl wrote a letter to the ''Post'' stating there was "no threat or ultimatum to end services, just a simple recognition that the new requirements by the city for religious organizations to recognize same-sex marriages in their policies could restrict our ability to provide the same level of services as we do now."<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = Washington Post | date =November 22, 2009 | first= Donald W. | last = Wuerl |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/21/AR2009112101818.html |title= Archbishop Donald Wuerl on D.C.'s same-sex marriage bill }}</ref> In December 2009, on the day of the bill's passage, [[Joe Solmonese]], president of the [[Human Rights Campaign]], a same-sex marriage advocacy organization, wrote that Wuerl had "refused to alter his official position" to reduce social services in the archdiocese.<ref>Solmonese, J. : ''Unbelievable (mass email)'', Washington, December 15, 2009.</ref> On the same day the archdiocese, though expressing its view that the bill did not adequately protect religious liberty, nonetheless affirmed its commitment to serving the needs of the poor and its hope for "working in partnership with the District of Columbia consistent with the mission of the Catholic Church."<ref>[http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 Archdiocese of Washington Website – News Release] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111094013/http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 |date=January 11, 2010 }}</ref> In February 2010 shortly before the law took effect, Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Washington ended its foster care and public adoption programs rather than comply with the law's requirement that it license same-sex couples for the program.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://cathstan.org/main.asp?Search=1&ArticleID=3551&SectionID=2&SubSectionID=27&S=1| work= Catholic Standard |title = Catholic Charities ends foster care program to avoid compromising religious beliefs |date= February 9, 2010 |publisher = Archdiocese of Washington |first=Laura |last=Wright}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Same-sex ‘marriage’ law forces D.C. Catholic Charities to close adoption program|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/same-sex_marriage_law_forces_d.c._catholic_charities_to_close_adoption_program/|accessdate=August 25, 2016|publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=February 17, 2010}}</ref> The agency also modified its employee health care benefits to avoid having to extend coverage to same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=Gay Marriage Is Legal in U.S. Capital|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/us/04marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=March 3, 2010}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Dominus Iesus'' ===
In 2000, the Vatican issued a document entitled ''[[Dominus Iesus]]'' which stated that Jesus Christ is the only way of salvation. While in places the document seemed insensitive to other Christians, and was easily open to scare tactics by the press, Wuerl said it was aimed at some theologians in Asia who are addressing Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism, and it defends the necessity of proclaiming the Christian faith to them also. The document acknowledges that there are elements in non-Christian scriptures "by which countless people throughout the centuries have been and still are able today to nourish and maintain their life-relationship with God."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news| url = http://old.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20000907saved3.asp|title = Wuerl: Others can be saved {{!}} |date = September 7, 2000|accessdate = October 15, 2015| newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|last = Rodgers-Melnick|first = Ann}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Summorum pontificum'' ===
After Pope Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio ''[[Summorum pontificum]]'' (2007) authorizing [[Latin Church]] priests to celebrate Mass using either the Roman Missal as revised in 1969 or the 1962 edition, Wuerl said the Pope "is trying to reach out pastorally to those who feel an attraction to this form of the liturgy, and he is asking the pastors to be aware of and support their interest". He added that about 500 people a week were attending celebrations of the [[Tridentine Mass]] at three places in his archdiocese.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070710201958/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |dead-url= yes |archive-date= July 10, 2007 |first= Nancy Frazier |last= O'Brien |title= U.S. bishops say pope affirming importance of Mass in both its forms |publisher= Catholic News Service |date= July 10, 2007 }}</ref> He had a circular sent to his priests about a special committee that he would establish "to assist pastors in evaluating and responding to requests for the regular and public celebration" of the 1962 form of Mass. As of 2017, the [[Tridentine Mass]] was celebrated weekly in three places, the same ones as in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.adw.org/foreign-language-parishes/|title=Masses in Various Languages - Archdiocese of Washington|work=Archdiocese of Washington|access-date=June 22, 2017 }}</ref>

=== Position and actions on sexual abuse ===
According to a ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' article written in 2003, Wuerl had "a national reputation for zero tolerance of priests who molest minors" at the time.<ref name="post-gazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20030615wuerl0615p2.asp |title= Wuerl's tough record on sex abuse spurs speculation of move to Boston | newspaper =Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=June 15, 2003 |first= Ann | last= Rodgers-Melnick | accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref>

Wuerl has been a strong advocate within the Catholic hierarchy for confronting [[Catholic sex abuse cases|sexual abuse]] more directly. In September 1988 when he was serving as Bishop of Pittsburgh, he accepted a dinner invitation from a family suing the diocese for sexual abuse by a priest. Although the diocese's lawyers had discouraged Wuerl from attending the dinner, Wuerl became convinced that sexual abuse was a problem in his diocese. Wuerl settled the lawsuit with the family, and the priest involved was [[defrocking|laicized]] and eventually ended up in prison. Wuerl told his staff that in cases of alleged sexual abuse, the first concern should be for the victim, the second concern should be for the victim's family, and only third should clergy consider the reputation of the church.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

In the years that followed, Wuerl investigated every priest in his diocese accused of sexual misconduct and removed several. On one occasion, Wuerl successfully fought to laicize a priest whom the Vatican initially had protected, Anthony Cipolla.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

Anthony Cipolla was ordained in 1972. In 1978, he was charged with [[sexual abuse]] of a 9-year-old boy; these charges were dropped by the mother, who said she was pressured to do so by Bishop [[Vincent Leonard]].<ref name=PG2002>{{cite news|last1=Rodgers-Melnick|first1=Ann|title=Rare sanction imposed on priest|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/localnews/20021116cipollareg4p4.asp|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=November 16, 2002}}</ref> In 1988 new charges were brought by Tim Bendig, who said that Cipolla abused him from around 1981 to 1986; this case was settled in 1993, over Cipolla's objections. Cipolla consistently said that he never abused anyone.<ref name=PG2002/>

In 1988, the diocese, by then under the leadership of Bishop Wuerl, banned Cipolla from ministry and from identifying himself as a priest; Cipolla appealed to the Supreme Tribunal of the [[Apostolic Signatura]], the Vatican’s highest court, which ordered Bishop Wuerl to return him to ministry.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Sun2002>{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Gail|last2=Rivera|first2=John|title=Maryland center claims success treating priests|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-04-11/news/0204110181_1_luke-priests-sexual-abuse|work=Baltimore Sun|date=April 11, 2002|language=en}}</ref> Bishop Wuerl asked the court to reconsider the case on the grounds that its decision showed a lack of awareness of crucial facts such as a civil lawsuit and Cipolla's 1978 arrest for sexually abusing another boy. The court reversed its ruling in 1995 and upheld Cipolla's ban. Cipolla nonetheless continued to minister to the public forcing the diocese to make several public statements that Cipolla was not in good standing. In 2002, Cipolla was laicized by the pope.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Obit>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Peter|title=Obituary: Anthony Cipolla / Center of high-profile sex-abuse case in 1990s, dies in Ohio|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/obituaries/2016/09/13/Obituary-Anthony-Cipolla-Center-of-high-profile-sex-abuse-case-in-1990s-dies-in-Ohio/stories/201609130049|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=13 September 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, Wuerl argued that the church had made progress in confronting abusers. He told [[Fox News Sunday]] that "we have succeeded in guaranteeing that if a priest is accused, and there is a credible allegation, he is simply removed from the ministry. That is reported to the authorities, and we begin to try to heal whatever was damaged in that abuse."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wltx.com/error/404|title=WLTX.com|website=WLTX}}</ref>

====Pennsylvania grand jury investigation====
{{Main|Grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania}}

On August 14, 2018, a grand jury report released by [[Pennsylvania]] [[List of Pennsylvania Attorneys General|Attorney General]] [[Josh Shapiro]] alleged that the Catholic Church covered-up sexual abuse cases in Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://media-downloads.pacourts.us/InterimRedactedReportandResponses.pdf?cb=42148 Report Grand Jury on sexual abuse in six dioceses in Pennsylvania], 2018].</ref> The report partially faulted Cardinal Donald Wuerl.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/08/14/cardinal-wuerls-actions-in-pittsburgh-scrutinized-by-catholic-sexual-abuse-investigation/ |title=Cardinal Wuerl's actions in Pittsburgh scrutinized by Catholic sexual abuse investigation |first=Julie |last=Zauzmer |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/catholic-church-covered-child-abuse-300-priests-report-180814213713718.html |title=Catholic Church covered up child abuse by 300 US priests: report |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/dc-cardinal-wuerl-aided-in-the-cover-up-of-pedophile-activity-a-new-grand-jury-report-says/65-584156324 |title=DC Cardinal Wuerl aided in the cover-up of pedophile activity, a new Grand Jury Report says |last=Ramirez |first=Stephanie |date=August 14, 2018 |work=CBS [[WUSA (TV)]] |access-date=August 15, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wuerl disputed the allegations, stating: “While I understand this report may be critical of some of my actions, I believe the report confirms that I acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse.”<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/08/14/stunning-findings-on-report-catholic-church-abuse-pa-priests-molested-more-than-1000-children.html |title=Stunning findings on report of Catholic Church abuse: Pa. priests molested more than 1,000 children |last=Miles |first=Frank |date=August 14, 2018 |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=2018-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The report noted that Wuerl had made contributions to fighting sex abuse, including his successful effort in fended off Vatican efforts between 1988 and 1995 to reinstate Anthony Cipolla, a priest whom Wuerl ousted after being sued by a male who alleged sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> However, Wuerl also allowed priest William O'Malley to return to active ministry in 1998, despite past allegations of sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /> O'Malley had admitted that he was sexually interested in adolescents.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16">{{cite news |date=August 16, 2018 |work=[[Philadelphia Tribune]] |title=Washington cardinal entangled in two sex-abuse scandals |url=http://www.phillytrib.com/news/washington-cardinal-entangled-in-two-sex-abuse-scandals/article_5101a9b2-a189-11e8-a654-b72a65985fce.html |author=David Crary |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> It was also reported that Wuerl had allowed Fr. Ernest Paone to be transferred to another diocese, despite a history of accusations of child abuse dating back to the early 1960s.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

Fr. George Zirwas had a long history of involvement in child sexual abuse, including violent use of whips and sadism.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17">{{cite news |date=August 17, 2018 |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |title=Cleansing the Catholic Church of Its Sins |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/08/cleansing-the-catholic-church-of-its-sins.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19">{{cite news |date=August 19, 2018 |last1=Tapper |first1=Jake |authorlink1=Jake Tapper |last2=Foran |first2=Clare |work=[[CNN]] |title=Pennsylvania AG: Cardinal under scrutiny over report on priest abuse 'is not telling the truth' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/politics/pennsylvania-priest-abuse-report-cardinal-wuerl/index.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> He had also manufactured child pornography.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Zirwas' actions were known in the Diocese of Pittsburgh as early as 1987, but he continued in ministry when Wuerl became bishop of Pittsburgh in 1988.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> In 1989, Wuerl authorized a $900,000 settlement, with confidentiality clauses, with two of Zirwas' victims, but Zirwas remained in ministry until at least 1991, although further complaints were made.<ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> After another complaint was made, Wuerl removed Zirwas in 1996.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Eventually Zirwas moved to Cuba, where he was murdered in 2001;<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /> Wuerl presided over Zirwas' funeral. and described Zirwas as a kind man who had preached a message of salvation through faith in Jesus.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" />

After the report was released, Wuerl launched a website, "The Wuerl Record," containing a defense of his actions during that era,<ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=The Wuerl Record |author=Donald Wuerl |url=https://thewuerlrecord.com/ |access-date=August 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815000112/https:/thewuerlrecord.com/ |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |dead-url=usurped}}</ref> but after an outcry on social media, the website was deleted and replaced with a redirect.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15">{{cite news |date=August 15, 2018 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=D.C. Archbishop Faces Scrutiny After Pennsylvania Report on Priest Abuse |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/d-c-archbishop-faces-scrutiny-after-pennsylvania-report-on-priest-abuse-1534373592 |author=Ian Lovett |access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref> Wuerl insisted that in responding to sexual abuse claims, he had "acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse."<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18">{{cite news |date=August 18, 2018 |work=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]] |title=Wuerl pulls out of Dublin summit amid charges of mishandling abuse claims |url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-usa/2018/08/18/wuerl-pulls-out-of-dublin-summit-amid-charges-of-mishandling-abuse-claims/ |last=White |first=Christopher |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref>

After the report was released, Wuerl faced "intense scrutiny" regarding his handling of sex abuse cases in the Diocese of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> A spokesman for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archdiocese of Washington]] stated that Wuerl "has no intention of resigning."<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /> On August 18, 2018, it was announced that Wuerl would not attend the [[World Meeting of Families]] in [[Dublin]], where he had been scheduled to give a keynote address.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

On August 20, 2018, Stephanie Sibal, senior publicist for [[Ave Maria Press]], a publishing company of the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]] based out of the [[University of Notre Dame]] in Indiana,<ref name="LifeSiteNews" /><ref>https://triblive.com/usworld/world/13996608-74/catholic-publisher-postpones-wuerl-book-titled-what-do-you-want-to-know</ref> told [[Campaign Life Coalition|LifeSiteNews]] that her company had "indefinitely postponed" the release of a book written by Wuerl titled ''What Do You Want to Know? A Pastor’s Response to the Most Challenging Questions About the Catholic Faith''.<ref name="LifeSiteNews">https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/catholic-publisher-cancels-cardinal-wuerls-book-after-sex-abuse-report</ref> The book had been scheduled to be released in October of 2018.<ref name="LifeSiteNews" />

On August 22, 2018, Pittsburgh Bishop [[David Zubik]] officially approved two decisions which were made by the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School and the board of directors of Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh to grant Wuerl's request to have his name removed from Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in [[Cranberry, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The school will once again be named North Catholic High School. The decision was made after thousands signed a petition demanding his name be removed.<ref name=aug22>https://triblive.com/local/allegheny/13999405-74/cardinal-donald-wuerls-name-to-be-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school</ref><ref name=aug22second /> North Catholic became Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in 2013, when it moved from Troy Hill to Cranberry Township.<ref name=aug20>https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/north-catholic-hs-sign-vandalized-amid-pressure-to-remove-cardinal-wuerls-name/816781574</ref> Wuerl made the request to have his name removed in letter he sent to the Diocese of Pittsburgh on August 16.<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh board of directors approved the measure on August 17 and the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School then followed suite on August 20.<ref name=aug22second>https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/08/22/cardinal-wuerl-name-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school/</ref><ref name=aug22 />

In response to the allegations against Wuerl, [[Hugh Hewitt]] demanded that Wuerl be dismissed as archbishop of Washington and resign from the College of Cardinals.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 22, 2018 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Donald Wuerl is a con man under a Cardinal's cap |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-con-man-in-the-cardinals-cap/2018/08/22/f7e60518-a57e-11e8-97ce-cc9042272f07_story.htm |author=[[Hugh Hewitt]] |access-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> More pleas for resignation followed.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fhPPd8WATs Resign, Cardinal Wuerl!], OANN, August 22, 2018.</ref> In a few days time over 60.000 signed a petition requesting [[Pope Francis]] to remove Wuerl from his positions.<ref>[http://www.fox5dc.com/news/local-news/online-petition-to-remove-cardinal-wuerl-has-more-than-60-000-signatures Online petition to remove Cardinal Wuerl has more than 60,000 signatures], FOX5, August 23, 2018.</ref> During his official visit to Ierland on August 25 and 26, 2018 Pope Francis in a speech echoed a letter he sent to the world's Roman Catholics earlier that week<ref>[http://m.vatican.va/content/francescomobile/en/letters/2018/documents/papa-francesco_20180820_lettera-popolo-didio.html Letter of his Holiness Pope Francis to the people of God], The Vatican, August 20, 2018.</ref>, in which he condemned the "atrocities" of child abuse and clerical cover-ups. The Pope veered off his script when speaking out about abuse, saying he had set out a "greater commitment to eliminating this scourge in the Church, at any cost".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-euWuerl.rope-45276831 Papal visit: Pope shamed by Church's abuse failures], BBC News, August 25, 2018.</ref> So far this stand has not had consequences for Mr. Wuerl. Nor has the Pope spoken out about the specific Wuerl-case.

== Selected writings ==
* ''The Forty Martyrs: New Saints of England and Wales'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1971)
* ''Fathers of the Church'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1975)
* ''The Catholic Priesthood Today'' (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1976)
* ''The Teaching of Christ: A Catholic Catechism for Adults'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1976), co-author
* ''A Visit to the Vatican: For Young People'' (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1981)
* ''The Gift of Faith: A Question and Answer Version of The Teaching of Christ'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2001)
* ''The Catholic Way: Faith for Living Today'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001)
* ''The Sacraments: A Continuing Encounter with Christ'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2010)
* ''The Mass: The Glory, The Mystery, The Tradition'' (New York: Doubleday, 2011)
* ''The Gift of Blessed John Paul II'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2011)
* ''Seek First the Kingdom: Challenging the Culture by Living Our Faith'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2011)
* ''Faith That Transforms Us: Reflections on the Creed'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2013)
* ''New Evangelization: Passing on the Catholic Faith Today'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2013)
* ''The Church: Unlocking the Secrets to the Places Catholics Call Home'' (Image, 2013)
* ''The Light is On For You: The Life-Changing Power of Confession'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2014)
* ''The Feasts: How the Church Year Forms Us as Catholics'' (Image: 2014)
* ''Open to the Holy Spirit: Living the Gospel with Wisdom'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2014)
* ''The Marriage God Wants For You'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2015)
* ''To the Martyrs: A Reflection on the Supreme Christian Witness'' (Emmaus Road Publishing, 2015)
* ''Ways to Pray: Growing Closer to God'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2015)

=== Pastoral letters as Archbishop of Washington ===
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Being-Catholic-Today-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Being Catholic Today: Catholic Identity in an Age of Challenge"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/DWW-PastoralLetter-Ser-Catolico-Hoy.pdf So Católico Hoy: Identidad católica en una época de desafíos]), May 24, 2015
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Final-with-Cover-SmallFLAT.pdf "Manifesting the Kingdom: A Pastoral Letter on the First Synod of the Archdiocese of Washington"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Spanish-Final-with-cover-Small.pdf La Manifestación del Reino]), June 8, 2014
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter.pdf The Church, Our Spiritual Home] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter-Espanol.pdf La Iglesia, Nuestro Hogar Espiritual]), September 14, 2012
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Disciples-of-the-Lord-Sharing-the-Vision.pdf "Disciples of the Lord: Sharing the Vision"], August 23, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and Loving Presence"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia y la Amorosa Presencia de Dios]), January 3, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-Lent-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Belonging to God's Family"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Pertenciendo a la Familia de Dios]), January 25, 2009
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-Education-Pastoral-Letter1.pdf "Catholic Education: Looking to the Future with Confidence"], September 14, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Reflections on God's Mercy And Our Forgiveness"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Reflexiones sobre la Misericordia de Dios y el Perdón]), January 1, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and the Sacrament of Penance"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-tlio-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia de Dios y el Sacramento de la Penitencia]), January 8, 2007

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Washington, DC}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Citation | author=Glenn, Francis A. | title=Shepherds of the Faith 1843–1993: A Brief History of the Bishops of the Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | publisher=Pittsburgh: Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | year=1993 | isbn=}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Donald Wuerl}}
* {{cite web| accessdate = 25 November 2017| title= Wuerl Card. Donald William |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html | dead-url=no | archive-date= 4 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904105207/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html }}
* [http://www.adw.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington Official Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh History of Bishops webpage]
* {{YouTube|sPpmXhvuwa8|Salt+Light TV Interview: Cardinal Donald Wuerl - Witness}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pio Laghi]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]]|years=2010–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Theodore McCarrick]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]|years=2006–present}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anthony Bevilacqua]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]]|years=1988–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Zubik]]}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]]|years=1985–1988}}
{{s-aft|after= - }}
{{s-end}}

{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wuerl, Donald W.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Washington]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:American cardinals]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas alumni]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle]]
[[Category:Pontifical North American College alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Clergy]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for Bishops]]
[[Category:Basselin Fellows]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]

Donald Wuerl

2018-08-26T00:25:22Z

83.83.44.43: /* Pennsylvania grand jury investigation */

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Donald William Wuerl
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]
| image = Cardinal Donald William Wuerl in 2015.jpg
| image_size = 260
| caption = Cardinal Wuerl
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Washington]]
| diocese =
| see =
| appointed = May 16, 2006
| enthroned = June 22, 2006
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]]
| successor =
| ordination = December 17, 1966
| ordained_by = [[Francis Frederick Reh]]
| consecration = January 6, 1986
| consecrated_by = [[John Paul II]], [[Agostino Casaroli]], and [[Bernardin Gantin]]
| cardinal = November 20, 2010
| created_cardinal_by = [[Benedict XVI]]
| rank = Cardinal-Priest
| other_post = [[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]] [[The Catholic University of America|Chancellor of the Catholic University of America]]
| birth_name = Donald William Wuerl
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|11|12|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006)|Titular Bishop of Rossmarkaeum (1985–1988)|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1985–1988)}}
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| motto = THY KINGDOM COME
| coat_of_arms =
}}

{{Infobox cardinal styles
| name= Donald William Wuerl
| dipstyle=
*[[His Eminence]]
*[[His Eminence|The Most Reverend Eminence]]
| offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Eminence]]
| relstyle= [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
| image = Coat of arms of Donald Wuerl.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of priestly ordination =
| place of priestly ordination =
| consecrated by = [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]
| co-consecrators =
| date of consecration = January 6, 1986
| place of consecration =
| elevated by =
| date of elevation =
| bishop 1 = [[William J. Winter]]
| consecration date 1 = February 13, 1989
| bishop 2 = [[Thomas Joseph Tobin]]
| consecration date 2 = December 27, 1992
| bishop 3 = [[David Zubik]]
| consecration date 3 = April 6, 1997
| bishop 4 = [[Paul J. Bradley]]
| consecration date 4 = February 2, 2005
| bishop 5 = [[Herbert Bevard]]
| consecration date 5 = September 3, 2008
| sources =
| bishop 6 = [[Barry Christopher Knestout]]
| consecration date 6 = December 29, 2008
| bishop 7 = [[Mario E. Dorsonville]]
| consecration date 7 = April 20, 2015
| bishop 8 = [[Roy Edward Campbell]]
| consecration date 8 = April 21, 2017
}}
'''Donald William Wuerl''' (born November 12, 1940) is an [[United States|American]] [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He is the sixth [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]], serving since 2006. He previously served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1986–87) and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006). He was elevated to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2010.

== Early life and education ==

Donald Wuerl was born in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], the second of four children of Francis and Mary Anna (née Schiffauer) Wuerl.<ref name=cardinals>{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=WUERL, Donald William (1940– )|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios2010.htm#Wuerl|last=Miranda|first=Salvador}}</ref> He has two brothers, Wayne and Dennis, and a sister, Carol.<ref name=melnick>{{cite news|date=May 14, 1994|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Francis J. Wuerl, Whose 4 Children Included A Bishop|last=Rodgers-Melnick|first=Ann}}</ref> His father worked nights weighing freight cars for the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], and served in the [[United States Navy|Navy]] during World War II.<ref name=melnick/> His mother died in 1944, and his father married Kathryn Cavanaugh in 1946.<ref name=melnick/>

Wuerl received his early education at the [[parochial school]] of St. Mary of the Mount Church in the [[Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)|Mount Washington]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, graduating in 1958.<ref name=designate>{{cite news|date=May 17, 2006|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Washington, D.C., Archbishop-Designate Donald Wuerl}}</ref> He then attended the [[The Catholic University of America|Catholic University of America]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where he was a Basselin Scholar at [[Theological College (Catholic University of America)|Theological College]],<ref name=cua>{{cite news|work=[[The Catholic University of America]]|title=News & Events|url=http://theologicalcollege.org/published/news_and_events/index.html}}</ref> earning a bachelor's degree (1962) and master's degree (1963) in philosophy.<ref name=duin>{{cite news|date=June 12, 2006|work=[[The Washington Times]]|title=Wuerl a 'teaching bishop' – McCarrick's successor prepares to lead Diocese of Washington|last=Duin|first=Julia}}</ref>

He continued his studies at the [[Pontifical North American College]] in [[Rome]].<ref name=cardinals/> He earned a master's degree in theology from the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in 1967. After ordination, Wuerl was sent to Rome for further theological study. He is an [[List of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas|alumnus]] of the [[Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)|Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas ''Angelicum'']] where he obtained a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|doctorate in theology]] in 1974.

=== Early career ===
He was ordained a priest on December 17, 1966.<ref name="Diopitt">[http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh – History of Bishops Webpage – Retrieved on October 18, 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php |date=December 31, 2009 }}</ref> His first assignment was as assistant pastor at [[Santa Rosalia|St. Rosalia]] parish in Pittsburgh's [[Greenfield (Pittsburgh)|Greenfield]] neighborhood and as secretary to Pittsburgh's Bishop [[John Joseph Wright|John Wright]]. After Wright was elevated to cardinal in 1969, Wuerl was his full-time secretary in [[Vatican City]] from 1969 until Wright's death in 1979. Because Cardinal Wright was recovering from surgery and confined to a wheelchair, Wuerl, as Wright's secretary, was one of three non-cardinals permitted inside the [[Papal conclave, October 1978|conclave]] that selected Karol Wojtyla as [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pittsburghcatholic.org/PrintPage/1978-with-john-paul-ii-a-new-era-began-for-the-church |title=1978: With John Paul II, a new era began for the church|last=Almade|first=Frank D.|date=September 29, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Catholic |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Filteau|first1=Jerry|title=Wuerl in 1978 conclave that elected John Paul II|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/wuerl-1978-conclave-elected-john-paul-ii|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Cardinal Donald Wuerl: The pope's man in Washington | first = David | last= Gibson | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/cardinal-donald-wuerl-the-popes-man-in-washington/2015/12/23/1623e196-a995-11e5-b596-113f59ee069a_story.html | newspaper = Washington Post | date= December 23, 2015 | agency = Religion News Service}}</ref> (Cardinal Wright had missed the first of the two 1978 conclaves.)

In 1976, he, with Thomas Comerford Lawler and Ronald David Lawler, [[Order of Friars Minor|OFMCap]], co-authored a catechism for adults, ''The Teaching of Christ'', which has since appeared in several editions and has been widely translated.<ref>{{cite news | work = Washington Post | accessdate = 25 May 2017 | date = 28 November 2005 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/27/AR2005112701010.html | title = Thomas Lawler Dies; Author and Editor of Catholic Catechism | first = Patricia | last = Sullivan }}</ref>

Wuerl was [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] at [[Saint Paul Seminary (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|St. Paul Seminary]] in Pittsburgh from 1981 to 1985. In 1982, he was made executive secretary to Bishop [[John Aloysius Marshall|John Marshall]] of Burlington, Vermont, who was leading a Vatican-mandated study of U.S. [[seminary|seminaries]].<ref>{{cite book|title = A Clear and Quiet Conscience: The Archbishop who Challenged a Pope, a President, and a Church | url =https://books.google.com/?id=-qxkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 | first= John A. | last = McCoy | publisher = Orbis Books| isbn =9781608335459 | date =2015-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/23/us/vatican-will-investigate-us-seminaries-with-aid-of-bishops.html | date = September 23, 1981 | first = Kenneth A. | last = Briggs | title = Vatican will Investigate U.S. Seminaries with Aid of Bishops | newspaper = New York Times}}</ref>

== Episcopal career ==
[[File:Cardinal HE Donald Wuerl welcomes His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.jpg|thumb|
Welcoming the 14th Dalai Lama
]]

=== Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle ===
On December 3, 1985, Wuerl was appointed titular bishop of [[Rosemarkie]] and auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle.<ref name="Diopitt"/> Wuerl was consecrated bishop on January 6, 1986,<ref name="Diopitt"/> at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Italy, by Pope John Paul II. Wuerl and Seattle Archbishop [[Raymond Hunthausen]] worked in adjoining offices without conflict for several months until, in May 1986, they found themselves with opposing positions on proposed state legislation to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment.<ref name=striving>{{cite news | newspaper = New York Times| accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = December 9, 1986 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/09/us/2-bishops-of-seattle-striving-to-work-with-split-powers.html | title = 2 Bishops of Seattle Striving to Work with Split Powers | first=Wallace | last=Turner }}</ref> At that point Hunthausen learned for the first time that Wuerl had been charged with responsibility–"complete and final decision-making power"–for several key areas normally within the Archbishop's control: worship and liturgy; the archdiocesan tribunal that considers requests for marriage annulments; seminarians, priestly formation and laicized priests; moral issues; and issues of health care and ministry to homosexuals.<ref name=curtail>{{cite news|title=Vatican Moves to Curtail Power of a Liberal Prelate in Seattle| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/us/vatican-moves-to-curb-power-of-a-liberal-prelate-in-seattle.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016| work=New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=September 5, 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite dissertation |url=http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |title=Conflict in the Catholic Hierarchy: a study of coping strategies in the Hunthausen affair, with preferential attention to discursive strategies |last=Schilling |first=Timothy Peter |publisher=Utrecht University Repository |year=2003 |accessdate=October 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193422/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |archivedate=June 5, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The division of authority only became public when Hunthausen announced it in September 1986.<ref name=curtail/> While some chancery officials expressed support for Wuerl, some questioned his role and saw little impact a year after his appointment.<ref name=striving/> In November, Hunthausen won support for his objections to the Vatican's restrictions on his authority from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]].<ref name=visit>{{cite news |accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = February 16, 1987| title = Pope meets with Wuerl in Hunthausen controversy | agency = UPI | url = http://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/16/Pope-meets-with-Wuerl-in-Hunthausen-controversy/3647540450000/ }}</ref> In February 1987, the Vatican announced that a commission of U.S. bishops would investigate the situation in Seattle, and Wuerl met privately with Pope John Paul II and declined to comment, saying "I'm just going to wait and see what the commission does".<ref name=visit/> In May 1987, following a review by the commission headed by Cardinal [[Joseph Bernardin]], Pope John Paul II restored Hunthausen's full authority as bishop, and appointed a coadjutor to assist and succeed Hunthausen.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = May 27, 1987 | first = Russell | last = Chandler | title = Pope Restores Full Powers to Hunthausen | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1987-05-27/news/mn-1742_1_bishops }}</ref> Wuerl later said the arrangement had been "unworkable". Following the restoration of Hunthausen's authority, Wuerl moved to a Pittsburgh suburb to await his next posting.<ref>{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | newspaper = New York Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | title = Bishop Calls for Sharing of Authority an Unworkable Venture in Seattle | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/24/us/bishop-calls-for-sharing-of-authority-an-unworkable-venture-in-seattle.html}}</ref>

=== Bishop of Pittsburgh ===
Wuerl was appointed the eleventh bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Diocese of Pittsburgh]] on February 12, 1988<ref name="Diopitt"/> and installed on March 25, 1988.<ref name="Diopitt"/>

In 1989, Wuerl merged Sacred Heart and St. Paul Cathedral High Schools to establish [[Oakland Catholic High School]] (all three female-only schools) in the [[Oakland (Pittsburgh)|Oakland]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, using the buildings of St. Paul Cathedral High School.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oaklandcatholic.org/about-oc/history |title=History |publisher = Oakland Catholic High School }}</ref>

Wuerl launched and hosted a television program, ''The Teaching of Christ'', in 1990 and wrote an adult [[catechism]] with the same name. He taught at [[Duquesne University]] in Pittsburgh as a distinguished service professor. Wuerl has served as a [[chaplain]] since 1999 for the Order of Malta, Federal Association, U.S.A., a division of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], commonly referred to as the Knights of Malta.<ref>http://www.orderofmalta-federal.org/chaplains Order Of Malta Federal Association, USA official website – The Chaplains of the Order of Malta, Federal Association webpage – Retrieved on November 10, 2008</ref> Wuerl has also written regular columns in ''Columbia'', the major publication of the [[Knights of Columbus]] in the United States.<ref>Knights of Columbus. http://www.kofc.org/un/eb/en/publications/columbia/archive/bishop_wuerl.html</ref>

Wuerl closed 73 church buildings, which included 37 churches, and reduced 331 parishes by 117 through merging while bishop of Pittsburgh; he was managing the remaining 214 parishes when he left in June 2006.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://triblive.com/x/archive/2052482-74/archive-story | first= Mike | last = Wereschagin | newspaper =Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |title=Bishop Zubik will face many obstacles |date=July 22, 2007|accessdate=October 23, 2008}}</ref> Wuerl's plan, ''The Parish Reorganization and Revitalization Project'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614043713/http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |archivedate=June 14, 2006 |df=mdy }} Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh official website news release – Bishop Wuerl Appointed Archbishop Of Washington – May 16, 2006 – Retrieved on October 23, 2008</ref> is now used as a model for other dioceses seeking parish suppression.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

[[File:President George W. Bush and Archbishop of Washington.jpg|thumb|260px|President [[George W. Bush|Bush]] and wife Laura with outgoing Archbishop [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick|McCarrick]] (left) and incoming Wuerl (right), welcome papal nuncio [[Pietro Sambi]] to the White House ]]
The [[mansion]] that housed Wuerl for over two decades, as well as his four predecessors in the Diocese of Pittsburgh, was sold since the new bishop [[David Zubik]] decided to live at St. Paul's Seminary. The [[Jacobethan]] Revival house along Fifth Avenue, at {{convert|9842|sqft|m2}} with 39 rooms including 11 bedrooms, six full baths, and a half-bath, had an appraised value of $1.5 million and is one of the largest homes in the [[Shadyside (Pittsburgh)|Shadyside]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Mansion">{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_597476.html|title=Diocese to sell roomy Shadyside mansion|last=Smith|first=Craig|date=November 8, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|publisher=Tribune-Review Publishing Company|accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref> As of March 2009, the property was listed for sale at $2.5 million; it formerly enclosed an extensive collection of [[antique]]s, [[Oriental rug]]s, and [[art]] during Wuerl's residency.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09073/955422-30.stm|title=Bishops' mansion was home for precious antiques, paintings|last=Pitz|first=Marylynne|date=March 14, 2009|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|publisher=PG Publishing Co., Inc.|accessdate=March 18, 2009}}</ref> The property was sold to an anonymous private trust for over $2 million.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_641321.html|title=Shadyside mansion sold by Pittsburgh Catholic Diocese|last=LaRussa|first=Tony|date=September 3, 2009|work=Tribune-Review|publisher=Trib Total Media|accessdate=November 18, 2010}}</ref>

=== Archbishop of Washington ===
Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl Archbishop of Washington on May 16, 2006.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051600288.html | title = McCarrick Successor Seen As a 'Vote for Continuity' | date = May 17, 2006| first1= Alan | last1=Cooperman | first2= Caryle | last2= Murphy}}</ref> He was installed on June 22 at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]]<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date= June 23, 2006 | title = Wuerl Is Installed As D.C. Archbishop | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/22/AR2006062201792.html | first = Michelle | last= Boorstein}}</ref> and received the [[pallium]]{{Clarify|date=August 2018|reason=we're not all catholics}} from Pope Benedict XVI on June 29, 2006.

In April 2008 Wuerl, as Archbishop of Washington, hosted the apostolic visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the District of Columbia, which included a visit to the [[White House]], the celebration of Vespers at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]], Mass at the new [[Nationals Park]], and an address at [[The Catholic University of America]].
[[File:WuerlFrancisVisitCut.png|260px|right|thumb|Wuerl and President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] welcome [[Pope Francis]] to United States, 2015]]
Wuerl was chairman of the board of directors of the [[National Catholic Educational Association]] from December 12, 2005,<ref>[http://www.ncea.org/news/pressrelease/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15 National Catholic Educational Association – Press Release Webpage] – From January 4, 2006 – Retrieved on May 18, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.ncea.org/about/boardofdirectors.asp National Catholic Educational Association – Board of Directors Webpage] Retrieved on October 17, 2008</ref> and was also [[chancellor]] of The Catholic University of America. In September 2010, the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] named Wuerl its delegate in the United States for facilitating the implementation of the [[Apostolic Constitution]] ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]'' issued by Pope Benedict XVI in November 2009 to provide for those Anglican faithful who desire to enter into full communion with the Catholic Church in a corporate manner.<ref>{{cite press release|accessdate=August 25, 2016| publisher=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops| title=Doctrine Of The Faith Congregation Names Archbishop Wuerl To Guide Bringing Anglican Groups Into Catholic Church In U.S. |url= http://www.usccb.org/news/2010/10-166.cfm |date=September 23, 2010}}</ref> He also heads the U.S. bishops' ''ad hoc'' committee to support that implementation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Brien|first1=Nancy Frazier|title=Report on U.S. ordinariate for ex-Anglicans|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/report-us-ordinariate-ex-anglicans|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|agency=Catholic News Service|date=June 16, 2011}}</ref>

=== Commitment to priestly formation ===
From 1994 until 2003, as Bishop of Pittsburgh, Wuerl served as a member of the board of governors of the [[Pontifical North American College]] in Rome (Chairman, 1998–1999), representing the Pennsylvania-New Jersey Region (Region III) of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 2008, as Archbishop of Washington he was again elected to the college's board of governors, this time representing the Washington DC-Delaware-Maryland-Virginia-West Virginia region of the conference (Region IV).

=== Cardinal ===
On November 20, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI elevated Wuerl to the College of Cardinals in a public consistory held at Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.<ref>{{cite news |accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date =November 20, 2010 | first = Rachel | last = Donadio | newspaper = New York Times | title = Pope Elevates Cardinals in Festive Ceremony | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/world/europe/21vatican.html}}</ref> He was created [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[S. Pietro in Vincoli]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Winters|first1=Michael Sean|title=Wuerl Gets San Pietro in Vincoli|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/distinctly-catholic/wuerl-gets-san-pietro-vincoli|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref>

Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl to the following: member of the [[Congregation for the Clergy]] and the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]] (December 2010);{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Relator-General (recording secretary) of the 2012 [[World Synod of Bishops]] meeting on the New Evangelization (October 24, 2011);<ref>{{cite news | url = https://zenit.org/articles/dc-s-cardinal-named-relator-general-for-evangelization-synod/ | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = October 24, 2011 | title= DC’s Cardinal Named Relator-General for Evangelization Synod}}</ref> member of the [[Pontifical Council for Culture]] for a five-year renewable term (December 10, 2011);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/51238 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = December 10, 2010| title=Rinunce e Nomine}}</ref> member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] (April 21, 2012);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/67257 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = April 21, 2012| title=Pontifical Acts }}</ref> and by Pope Francis, member of the influential [[Congregation for Bishops]] (December 16, 2013).<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Archbishop Wuerl appointed to Vatican panel that names bishops | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/archbishop-wuerl-appointed-to-vatican-panel-that-names-bishops/2013/12/16/9d7555a8-6662-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein | date= December 16, 2013}}</ref>

Wuerl was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that selected [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Rome-bound, D.C.’s Cardinal Wuerl says next pope must evangelize a hectic world | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/rome-bound-dcs-cardinal-wuerl-says-next-pope-must-evangelize-a-hectic-world/2013/02/22/fb281130-7d02-11e2-9a75-dab0201670da_story.html | date= February 22, 2016 | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein}}</ref>

== Public positions ==
[[Thomas J. Reese|Fr. Thomas Reese, S.J.]], a [[Jesuit]] priest and journalist, described Wuerl as an ideological moderate with regard to Catholic theological disputes, stating, "He's not an old leftie, he's not a right-wing culture warrior.... He was totally enthusiastic about [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], and then [[Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict]], and now he's totally enthusiastic about Pope Francis. There are not many people in the church who are totally enthusiastic about all three of them."<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" />

=== Religion and politics ===
In cases where politicians and officeholders take policy positions that are at odds with Church doctrine, Wuerl stated that the decision to provide communion should be decided on a case by case basis: "Our primary job is to teach and try to convince people. The tradition in our country has not been in the direction of refusing Communion, and I think it's served us well."<ref name="popenames">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/us/17archbishop.html |title=Pope Names Pittsburgh Bishop to Washington, D.C., Post |newspaper=New York Times |date=May 17, 2006 | first= Laurie | last= Goodstein |accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref> Fr. Thomas Reese explained this position by saying "[Wuerl is] quite orthodox theologically, but he doesn't like to play cop; he's not an authoritarian person."<ref name="popenames"/>

In 2009, the [[Council of the District of Columbia]] passed a [[same-sex marriage]] bill. In November 2009, Wuerl signed an ecumenical statement, known as the ''[[Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience|Manhattan Declaration]]'', calling on evangelicals, Catholics, and Orthodox not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage, and other practices that go against their religious consciences.<ref>[http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901171332/http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers |date=September 1, 2013 }}</ref> The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is between a man and a woman and that the extension of the civil definition of marriage to same-sex couples undermines the common good of society as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/defenseofmarriage/faqs.shtml|title=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops Website – Defense of Marriage|publisher=}}</ref> In the debate on the D.C. same-sex marriage bill, the Archdiocese of Washington advocated for religious liberty provisions that would protect the Church's ability to provide social services (''e.g.'' adoption) in accordance with Catholic teaching on marriage.<ref>[http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp Archdiocese of Washington website – Same Sex Marriage ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025155319/http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp |date=October 25, 2010 }}</ref> After the ''[[Washington Post]]'' characterized the archdiocese as giving an "ultimatum" to the city<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Washington Post | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/11/AR2009111116943.html |title= Catholic Church gives D.C. ultimatum | date=November 12, 2009 |first1=Tim |last1= Craig | first2= Michelle | last2= Boorstein}}</ref> and the ''[[New York Times]]'' called it a "threat",<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=New Turn in Debate Over Law on Marriage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/13/us/13marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> Wuerl wrote a letter to the ''Post'' stating there was "no threat or ultimatum to end services, just a simple recognition that the new requirements by the city for religious organizations to recognize same-sex marriages in their policies could restrict our ability to provide the same level of services as we do now."<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = Washington Post | date =November 22, 2009 | first= Donald W. | last = Wuerl |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/21/AR2009112101818.html |title= Archbishop Donald Wuerl on D.C.'s same-sex marriage bill }}</ref> In December 2009, on the day of the bill's passage, [[Joe Solmonese]], president of the [[Human Rights Campaign]], a same-sex marriage advocacy organization, wrote that Wuerl had "refused to alter his official position" to reduce social services in the archdiocese.<ref>Solmonese, J. : ''Unbelievable (mass email)'', Washington, December 15, 2009.</ref> On the same day the archdiocese, though expressing its view that the bill did not adequately protect religious liberty, nonetheless affirmed its commitment to serving the needs of the poor and its hope for "working in partnership with the District of Columbia consistent with the mission of the Catholic Church."<ref>[http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 Archdiocese of Washington Website – News Release] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111094013/http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 |date=January 11, 2010 }}</ref> In February 2010 shortly before the law took effect, Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Washington ended its foster care and public adoption programs rather than comply with the law's requirement that it license same-sex couples for the program.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://cathstan.org/main.asp?Search=1&ArticleID=3551&SectionID=2&SubSectionID=27&S=1| work= Catholic Standard |title = Catholic Charities ends foster care program to avoid compromising religious beliefs |date= February 9, 2010 |publisher = Archdiocese of Washington |first=Laura |last=Wright}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Same-sex ‘marriage’ law forces D.C. Catholic Charities to close adoption program|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/same-sex_marriage_law_forces_d.c._catholic_charities_to_close_adoption_program/|accessdate=August 25, 2016|publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=February 17, 2010}}</ref> The agency also modified its employee health care benefits to avoid having to extend coverage to same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=Gay Marriage Is Legal in U.S. Capital|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/us/04marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=March 3, 2010}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Dominus Iesus'' ===
In 2000, the Vatican issued a document entitled ''[[Dominus Iesus]]'' which stated that Jesus Christ is the only way of salvation. While in places the document seemed insensitive to other Christians, and was easily open to scare tactics by the press, Wuerl said it was aimed at some theologians in Asia who are addressing Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism, and it defends the necessity of proclaiming the Christian faith to them also. The document acknowledges that there are elements in non-Christian scriptures "by which countless people throughout the centuries have been and still are able today to nourish and maintain their life-relationship with God."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news| url = http://old.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20000907saved3.asp|title = Wuerl: Others can be saved {{!}} |date = September 7, 2000|accessdate = October 15, 2015| newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|last = Rodgers-Melnick|first = Ann}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Summorum pontificum'' ===
After Pope Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio ''[[Summorum pontificum]]'' (2007) authorizing [[Latin Church]] priests to celebrate Mass using either the Roman Missal as revised in 1969 or the 1962 edition, Wuerl said the Pope "is trying to reach out pastorally to those who feel an attraction to this form of the liturgy, and he is asking the pastors to be aware of and support their interest". He added that about 500 people a week were attending celebrations of the [[Tridentine Mass]] at three places in his archdiocese.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070710201958/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |dead-url= yes |archive-date= July 10, 2007 |first= Nancy Frazier |last= O'Brien |title= U.S. bishops say pope affirming importance of Mass in both its forms |publisher= Catholic News Service |date= July 10, 2007 }}</ref> He had a circular sent to his priests about a special committee that he would establish "to assist pastors in evaluating and responding to requests for the regular and public celebration" of the 1962 form of Mass. As of 2017, the [[Tridentine Mass]] was celebrated weekly in three places, the same ones as in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.adw.org/foreign-language-parishes/|title=Masses in Various Languages - Archdiocese of Washington|work=Archdiocese of Washington|access-date=June 22, 2017 }}</ref>

=== Position and actions on sexual abuse ===
According to a ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' article written in 2003, Wuerl had "a national reputation for zero tolerance of priests who molest minors" at the time.<ref name="post-gazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20030615wuerl0615p2.asp |title= Wuerl's tough record on sex abuse spurs speculation of move to Boston | newspaper =Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=June 15, 2003 |first= Ann | last= Rodgers-Melnick | accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref>

Wuerl has been a strong advocate within the Catholic hierarchy for confronting [[Catholic sex abuse cases|sexual abuse]] more directly. In September 1988 when he was serving as Bishop of Pittsburgh, he accepted a dinner invitation from a family suing the diocese for sexual abuse by a priest. Although the diocese's lawyers had discouraged Wuerl from attending the dinner, Wuerl became convinced that sexual abuse was a problem in his diocese. Wuerl settled the lawsuit with the family, and the priest involved was [[defrocking|laicized]] and eventually ended up in prison. Wuerl told his staff that in cases of alleged sexual abuse, the first concern should be for the victim, the second concern should be for the victim's family, and only third should clergy consider the reputation of the church.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

In the years that followed, Wuerl investigated every priest in his diocese accused of sexual misconduct and removed several. On one occasion, Wuerl successfully fought to laicize a priest whom the Vatican initially had protected, Anthony Cipolla.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

Anthony Cipolla was ordained in 1972. In 1978, he was charged with [[sexual abuse]] of a 9-year-old boy; these charges were dropped by the mother, who said she was pressured to do so by Bishop [[Vincent Leonard]].<ref name=PG2002>{{cite news|last1=Rodgers-Melnick|first1=Ann|title=Rare sanction imposed on priest|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/localnews/20021116cipollareg4p4.asp|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=November 16, 2002}}</ref> In 1988 new charges were brought by Tim Bendig, who said that Cipolla abused him from around 1981 to 1986; this case was settled in 1993, over Cipolla's objections. Cipolla consistently said that he never abused anyone.<ref name=PG2002/>

In 1988, the diocese, by then under the leadership of Bishop Wuerl, banned Cipolla from ministry and from identifying himself as a priest; Cipolla appealed to the Supreme Tribunal of the [[Apostolic Signatura]], the Vatican’s highest court, which ordered Bishop Wuerl to return him to ministry.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Sun2002>{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Gail|last2=Rivera|first2=John|title=Maryland center claims success treating priests|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-04-11/news/0204110181_1_luke-priests-sexual-abuse|work=Baltimore Sun|date=April 11, 2002|language=en}}</ref> Bishop Wuerl asked the court to reconsider the case on the grounds that its decision showed a lack of awareness of crucial facts such as a civil lawsuit and Cipolla's 1978 arrest for sexually abusing another boy. The court reversed its ruling in 1995 and upheld Cipolla's ban. Cipolla nonetheless continued to minister to the public forcing the diocese to make several public statements that Cipolla was not in good standing. In 2002, Cipolla was laicized by the pope.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Obit>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Peter|title=Obituary: Anthony Cipolla / Center of high-profile sex-abuse case in 1990s, dies in Ohio|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/obituaries/2016/09/13/Obituary-Anthony-Cipolla-Center-of-high-profile-sex-abuse-case-in-1990s-dies-in-Ohio/stories/201609130049|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=13 September 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, Wuerl argued that the church had made progress in confronting abusers. He told [[Fox News Sunday]] that "we have succeeded in guaranteeing that if a priest is accused, and there is a credible allegation, he is simply removed from the ministry. That is reported to the authorities, and we begin to try to heal whatever was damaged in that abuse."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wltx.com/error/404|title=WLTX.com|website=WLTX}}</ref>

====Pennsylvania grand jury investigation====
{{Main|Grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania}}

On August 14, 2018, a grand jury report released by [[Pennsylvania]] [[List of Pennsylvania Attorneys General|Attorney General]] [[Josh Shapiro]] alleged that the Catholic Church covered-up sexual abuse cases in Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://media-downloads.pacourts.us/InterimRedactedReportandResponses.pdf?cb=42148 Report Grand Jury on sexual abuse in six dioceses in Pennsylvania], 2018].</ref> The report partially faulted Cardinal Donald Wuerl.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/08/14/cardinal-wuerls-actions-in-pittsburgh-scrutinized-by-catholic-sexual-abuse-investigation/ |title=Cardinal Wuerl's actions in Pittsburgh scrutinized by Catholic sexual abuse investigation |first=Julie |last=Zauzmer |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/catholic-church-covered-child-abuse-300-priests-report-180814213713718.html |title=Catholic Church covered up child abuse by 300 US priests: report |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/dc-cardinal-wuerl-aided-in-the-cover-up-of-pedophile-activity-a-new-grand-jury-report-says/65-584156324 |title=DC Cardinal Wuerl aided in the cover-up of pedophile activity, a new Grand Jury Report says |last=Ramirez |first=Stephanie |date=August 14, 2018 |work=CBS [[WUSA (TV)]] |access-date=August 15, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wuerl disputed the allegations, stating: “While I understand this report may be critical of some of my actions, I believe the report confirms that I acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse.”<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/08/14/stunning-findings-on-report-catholic-church-abuse-pa-priests-molested-more-than-1000-children.html |title=Stunning findings on report of Catholic Church abuse: Pa. priests molested more than 1,000 children |last=Miles |first=Frank |date=August 14, 2018 |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=2018-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The report noted that Wuerl had made contributions to fighting sex abuse, including his successful effort in fended off Vatican efforts between 1988 and 1995 to reinstate Anthony Cipolla, a priest whom Wuerl ousted after being sued by a male who alleged sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> However, Wuerl also allowed priest William O'Malley to return to active ministry in 1998, despite past allegations of sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /> O'Malley had admitted that he was sexually interested in adolescents.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16">{{cite news |date=August 16, 2018 |work=[[Philadelphia Tribune]] |title=Washington cardinal entangled in two sex-abuse scandals |url=http://www.phillytrib.com/news/washington-cardinal-entangled-in-two-sex-abuse-scandals/article_5101a9b2-a189-11e8-a654-b72a65985fce.html |author=David Crary |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> It was also reported that Wuerl had allowed Fr. Ernest Paone to be transferred to another diocese, despite a history of accusations of child abuse dating back to the early 1960s.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

Fr. George Zirwas had a long history of involvement in child sexual abuse, including violent use of whips and sadism.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17">{{cite news |date=August 17, 2018 |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |title=Cleansing the Catholic Church of Its Sins |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/08/cleansing-the-catholic-church-of-its-sins.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19">{{cite news |date=August 19, 2018 |last1=Tapper |first1=Jake |authorlink1=Jake Tapper |last2=Foran |first2=Clare |work=[[CNN]] |title=Pennsylvania AG: Cardinal under scrutiny over report on priest abuse 'is not telling the truth' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/politics/pennsylvania-priest-abuse-report-cardinal-wuerl/index.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> He had also manufactured child pornography.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Zirwas' actions were known in the Diocese of Pittsburgh as early as 1987, but he continued in ministry when Wuerl became bishop of Pittsburgh in 1988.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> In 1989, Wuerl authorized a $900,000 settlement, with confidentiality clauses, with two of Zirwas' victims, but Zirwas remained in ministry until at least 1991, although further complaints were made.<ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> After another complaint was made, Wuerl removed Zirwas in 1996.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Eventually Zirwas moved to Cuba, where he was murdered in 2001;<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /> Wuerl presided over Zirwas' funeral. and described Zirwas as a kind man who had preached a message of salvation through faith in Jesus.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" />

After the report was released, Wuerl launched a website, "The Wuerl Record," containing a defense of his actions during that era,<ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=The Wuerl Record |author=Donald Wuerl |url=https://thewuerlrecord.com/ |access-date=August 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815000112/https:/thewuerlrecord.com/ |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |dead-url=usurped}}</ref> but after an outcry on social media, the website was deleted and replaced with a redirect.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15">{{cite news |date=August 15, 2018 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=D.C. Archbishop Faces Scrutiny After Pennsylvania Report on Priest Abuse |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/d-c-archbishop-faces-scrutiny-after-pennsylvania-report-on-priest-abuse-1534373592 |author=Ian Lovett |access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref> Wuerl insisted that in responding to sexual abuse claims, he had "acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse."<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18">{{cite news |date=August 18, 2018 |work=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]] |title=Wuerl pulls out of Dublin summit amid charges of mishandling abuse claims |url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-usa/2018/08/18/wuerl-pulls-out-of-dublin-summit-amid-charges-of-mishandling-abuse-claims/ |last=White |first=Christopher |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref>

After the report was released, Wuerl faced "intense scrutiny" regarding his handling of sex abuse cases in the Diocese of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> A spokesman for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archdiocese of Washington]] stated that Wuerl "has no intention of resigning."<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /> On August 18, 2018, it was announced that Wuerl would not attend the [[World Meeting of Families]] in [[Dublin]], where he had been scheduled to give a keynote address.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

On August 20, 2018, Stephanie Sibal, senior publicist for [[Ave Maria Press]], a publishing company of the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]] based out of the [[University of Notre Dame]] in Indiana,<ref name="LifeSiteNews" /><ref>https://triblive.com/usworld/world/13996608-74/catholic-publisher-postpones-wuerl-book-titled-what-do-you-want-to-know</ref> told [[Campaign Life Coalition|LifeSiteNews]] that her company had "indefinitely postponed" the release of a book written by Wuerl titled ''What Do You Want to Know? A Pastor’s Response to the Most Challenging Questions About the Catholic Faith''.<ref name="LifeSiteNews">https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/catholic-publisher-cancels-cardinal-wuerls-book-after-sex-abuse-report</ref> The book had been scheduled to be released in October of 2018.<ref name="LifeSiteNews" />

On August 22, 2018, Pittsburgh Bishop [[David Zubik]] officially approved two decisions which were made by the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School and the board of directors of Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh to grant Wuerl's request to have his name removed from Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in [[Cranberry, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The school will once again be named North Catholic High School. The decision was made after thousands signed a petition demanding his name be removed.<ref name=aug22>https://triblive.com/local/allegheny/13999405-74/cardinal-donald-wuerls-name-to-be-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school</ref><ref name=aug22second /> North Catholic became Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in 2013, when it moved from Troy Hill to Cranberry Township.<ref name=aug20>https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/north-catholic-hs-sign-vandalized-amid-pressure-to-remove-cardinal-wuerls-name/816781574</ref> Wuerl made the request to have his name removed in letter he sent to the Diocese of Pittsburgh on August 16.<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh board of directors approved the measure on August 17 and the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School then followed suite on August 20.<ref name=aug22second>https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/08/22/cardinal-wuerl-name-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school/</ref><ref name=aug22 />

In response to the allegations against Wuerl, [[Hugh Hewitt]] demanded that Wuerl be dismissed as archbishop of Washington and resign from the College of Cardinals.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 22, 2018 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Donald Wuerl is a con man under a Cardinal's cap |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-con-man-in-the-cardinals-cap/2018/08/22/f7e60518-a57e-11e8-97ce-cc9042272f07_story.htm |author=[[Hugh Hewitt]] |access-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> More pleas for resignation followed.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fhPPd8WATs Resign, Cardinal Wuerl!], OANN, August 22, 2018.</ref> In a few days time over 60.000 signed a petition requesting [[Pope Francis]] to remove Wuerl from his positions.<ref>[http://www.fox5dc.com/news/local-news/online-petition-to-remove-cardinal-wuerl-has-more-than-60-000-signatures Online petition to remove Cardinal Wuerl has more than 60,000 signatures], FOX5, August 23, 2018.</ref> During his official visit to Ierland on August 25 and 26, 2018 Pope Francis in a speech echoed a letter he sent to the world's Roman Catholics earlier that week<ref>[http://m.vatican.va/content/francescomobile/en/letters/2018/documents/papa-francesco_20180820_lettera-popolo-didio.html Letter of his Holiness Pope Francis to the people of God], The Vatican, August 20, 2018.</ref>, in which he condemned the "atrocities" of child abuse and clerical cover-ups. The Pope veered off his script when speaking out about abuse, saying he had set out a "greater commitment to eliminating this scourge in the Church, at any cost".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-euWuerl.rope-45276831 Papal visit: Pope shamed by Church's abuse failures], BBC News, August 25, 2018.</ref> So far this stand has not had consequences for Mr. Wuerl. Nor has he spoken out about the specific Wuerl-case.

== Selected writings ==
* ''The Forty Martyrs: New Saints of England and Wales'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1971)
* ''Fathers of the Church'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1975)
* ''The Catholic Priesthood Today'' (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1976)
* ''The Teaching of Christ: A Catholic Catechism for Adults'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1976), co-author
* ''A Visit to the Vatican: For Young People'' (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1981)
* ''The Gift of Faith: A Question and Answer Version of The Teaching of Christ'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2001)
* ''The Catholic Way: Faith for Living Today'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001)
* ''The Sacraments: A Continuing Encounter with Christ'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2010)
* ''The Mass: The Glory, The Mystery, The Tradition'' (New York: Doubleday, 2011)
* ''The Gift of Blessed John Paul II'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2011)
* ''Seek First the Kingdom: Challenging the Culture by Living Our Faith'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2011)
* ''Faith That Transforms Us: Reflections on the Creed'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2013)
* ''New Evangelization: Passing on the Catholic Faith Today'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2013)
* ''The Church: Unlocking the Secrets to the Places Catholics Call Home'' (Image, 2013)
* ''The Light is On For You: The Life-Changing Power of Confession'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2014)
* ''The Feasts: How the Church Year Forms Us as Catholics'' (Image: 2014)
* ''Open to the Holy Spirit: Living the Gospel with Wisdom'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2014)
* ''The Marriage God Wants For You'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2015)
* ''To the Martyrs: A Reflection on the Supreme Christian Witness'' (Emmaus Road Publishing, 2015)
* ''Ways to Pray: Growing Closer to God'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2015)

=== Pastoral letters as Archbishop of Washington ===
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Being-Catholic-Today-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Being Catholic Today: Catholic Identity in an Age of Challenge"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/DWW-PastoralLetter-Ser-Catolico-Hoy.pdf So Católico Hoy: Identidad católica en una época de desafíos]), May 24, 2015
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Final-with-Cover-SmallFLAT.pdf "Manifesting the Kingdom: A Pastoral Letter on the First Synod of the Archdiocese of Washington"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Spanish-Final-with-cover-Small.pdf La Manifestación del Reino]), June 8, 2014
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter.pdf The Church, Our Spiritual Home] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter-Espanol.pdf La Iglesia, Nuestro Hogar Espiritual]), September 14, 2012
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Disciples-of-the-Lord-Sharing-the-Vision.pdf "Disciples of the Lord: Sharing the Vision"], August 23, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and Loving Presence"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia y la Amorosa Presencia de Dios]), January 3, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-Lent-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Belonging to God's Family"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Pertenciendo a la Familia de Dios]), January 25, 2009
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-Education-Pastoral-Letter1.pdf "Catholic Education: Looking to the Future with Confidence"], September 14, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Reflections on God's Mercy And Our Forgiveness"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Reflexiones sobre la Misericordia de Dios y el Perdón]), January 1, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and the Sacrament of Penance"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-tlio-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia de Dios y el Sacramento de la Penitencia]), January 8, 2007

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Washington, DC}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Citation | author=Glenn, Francis A. | title=Shepherds of the Faith 1843–1993: A Brief History of the Bishops of the Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | publisher=Pittsburgh: Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | year=1993 | isbn=}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Donald Wuerl}}
* {{cite web| accessdate = 25 November 2017| title= Wuerl Card. Donald William |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html | dead-url=no | archive-date= 4 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904105207/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html }}
* [http://www.adw.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington Official Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh History of Bishops webpage]
* {{YouTube|sPpmXhvuwa8|Salt+Light TV Interview: Cardinal Donald Wuerl - Witness}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pio Laghi]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]]|years=2010–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Theodore McCarrick]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]|years=2006–present}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anthony Bevilacqua]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]]|years=1988–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Zubik]]}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]]|years=1985–1988}}
{{s-aft|after= - }}
{{s-end}}

{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wuerl, Donald W.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Washington]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:American cardinals]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas alumni]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle]]
[[Category:Pontifical North American College alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Clergy]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for Bishops]]
[[Category:Basselin Fellows]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]

Donald Wuerl

2018-08-26T00:16:32Z

83.83.44.43: /* Pennsylvania grand jury investigation */

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Donald William Wuerl
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]
| image = Cardinal Donald William Wuerl in 2015.jpg
| image_size = 260
| caption = Cardinal Wuerl
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Washington]]
| diocese =
| see =
| appointed = May 16, 2006
| enthroned = June 22, 2006
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]]
| successor =
| ordination = December 17, 1966
| ordained_by = [[Francis Frederick Reh]]
| consecration = January 6, 1986
| consecrated_by = [[John Paul II]], [[Agostino Casaroli]], and [[Bernardin Gantin]]
| cardinal = November 20, 2010
| created_cardinal_by = [[Benedict XVI]]
| rank = Cardinal-Priest
| other_post = [[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]] [[The Catholic University of America|Chancellor of the Catholic University of America]]
| birth_name = Donald William Wuerl
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|11|12|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006)|Titular Bishop of Rossmarkaeum (1985–1988)|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1985–1988)}}
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| motto = THY KINGDOM COME
| coat_of_arms =
}}

{{Infobox cardinal styles
| name= Donald William Wuerl
| dipstyle=
*[[His Eminence]]
*[[His Eminence|The Most Reverend Eminence]]
| offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Eminence]]
| relstyle= [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
| image = Coat of arms of Donald Wuerl.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of priestly ordination =
| place of priestly ordination =
| consecrated by = [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]
| co-consecrators =
| date of consecration = January 6, 1986
| place of consecration =
| elevated by =
| date of elevation =
| bishop 1 = [[William J. Winter]]
| consecration date 1 = February 13, 1989
| bishop 2 = [[Thomas Joseph Tobin]]
| consecration date 2 = December 27, 1992
| bishop 3 = [[David Zubik]]
| consecration date 3 = April 6, 1997
| bishop 4 = [[Paul J. Bradley]]
| consecration date 4 = February 2, 2005
| bishop 5 = [[Herbert Bevard]]
| consecration date 5 = September 3, 2008
| sources =
| bishop 6 = [[Barry Christopher Knestout]]
| consecration date 6 = December 29, 2008
| bishop 7 = [[Mario E. Dorsonville]]
| consecration date 7 = April 20, 2015
| bishop 8 = [[Roy Edward Campbell]]
| consecration date 8 = April 21, 2017
}}
'''Donald William Wuerl''' (born November 12, 1940) is an [[United States|American]] [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He is the sixth [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]], serving since 2006. He previously served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1986–87) and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006). He was elevated to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2010.

== Early life and education ==

Donald Wuerl was born in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], the second of four children of Francis and Mary Anna (née Schiffauer) Wuerl.<ref name=cardinals>{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=WUERL, Donald William (1940– )|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios2010.htm#Wuerl|last=Miranda|first=Salvador}}</ref> He has two brothers, Wayne and Dennis, and a sister, Carol.<ref name=melnick>{{cite news|date=May 14, 1994|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Francis J. Wuerl, Whose 4 Children Included A Bishop|last=Rodgers-Melnick|first=Ann}}</ref> His father worked nights weighing freight cars for the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], and served in the [[United States Navy|Navy]] during World War II.<ref name=melnick/> His mother died in 1944, and his father married Kathryn Cavanaugh in 1946.<ref name=melnick/>

Wuerl received his early education at the [[parochial school]] of St. Mary of the Mount Church in the [[Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)|Mount Washington]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, graduating in 1958.<ref name=designate>{{cite news|date=May 17, 2006|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Washington, D.C., Archbishop-Designate Donald Wuerl}}</ref> He then attended the [[The Catholic University of America|Catholic University of America]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where he was a Basselin Scholar at [[Theological College (Catholic University of America)|Theological College]],<ref name=cua>{{cite news|work=[[The Catholic University of America]]|title=News & Events|url=http://theologicalcollege.org/published/news_and_events/index.html}}</ref> earning a bachelor's degree (1962) and master's degree (1963) in philosophy.<ref name=duin>{{cite news|date=June 12, 2006|work=[[The Washington Times]]|title=Wuerl a 'teaching bishop' – McCarrick's successor prepares to lead Diocese of Washington|last=Duin|first=Julia}}</ref>

He continued his studies at the [[Pontifical North American College]] in [[Rome]].<ref name=cardinals/> He earned a master's degree in theology from the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in 1967. After ordination, Wuerl was sent to Rome for further theological study. He is an [[List of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas|alumnus]] of the [[Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)|Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas ''Angelicum'']] where he obtained a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|doctorate in theology]] in 1974.

=== Early career ===
He was ordained a priest on December 17, 1966.<ref name="Diopitt">[http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh – History of Bishops Webpage – Retrieved on October 18, 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php |date=December 31, 2009 }}</ref> His first assignment was as assistant pastor at [[Santa Rosalia|St. Rosalia]] parish in Pittsburgh's [[Greenfield (Pittsburgh)|Greenfield]] neighborhood and as secretary to Pittsburgh's Bishop [[John Joseph Wright|John Wright]]. After Wright was elevated to cardinal in 1969, Wuerl was his full-time secretary in [[Vatican City]] from 1969 until Wright's death in 1979. Because Cardinal Wright was recovering from surgery and confined to a wheelchair, Wuerl, as Wright's secretary, was one of three non-cardinals permitted inside the [[Papal conclave, October 1978|conclave]] that selected Karol Wojtyla as [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pittsburghcatholic.org/PrintPage/1978-with-john-paul-ii-a-new-era-began-for-the-church |title=1978: With John Paul II, a new era began for the church|last=Almade|first=Frank D.|date=September 29, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Catholic |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Filteau|first1=Jerry|title=Wuerl in 1978 conclave that elected John Paul II|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/wuerl-1978-conclave-elected-john-paul-ii|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Cardinal Donald Wuerl: The pope's man in Washington | first = David | last= Gibson | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/cardinal-donald-wuerl-the-popes-man-in-washington/2015/12/23/1623e196-a995-11e5-b596-113f59ee069a_story.html | newspaper = Washington Post | date= December 23, 2015 | agency = Religion News Service}}</ref> (Cardinal Wright had missed the first of the two 1978 conclaves.)

In 1976, he, with Thomas Comerford Lawler and Ronald David Lawler, [[Order of Friars Minor|OFMCap]], co-authored a catechism for adults, ''The Teaching of Christ'', which has since appeared in several editions and has been widely translated.<ref>{{cite news | work = Washington Post | accessdate = 25 May 2017 | date = 28 November 2005 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/27/AR2005112701010.html | title = Thomas Lawler Dies; Author and Editor of Catholic Catechism | first = Patricia | last = Sullivan }}</ref>

Wuerl was [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] at [[Saint Paul Seminary (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|St. Paul Seminary]] in Pittsburgh from 1981 to 1985. In 1982, he was made executive secretary to Bishop [[John Aloysius Marshall|John Marshall]] of Burlington, Vermont, who was leading a Vatican-mandated study of U.S. [[seminary|seminaries]].<ref>{{cite book|title = A Clear and Quiet Conscience: The Archbishop who Challenged a Pope, a President, and a Church | url =https://books.google.com/?id=-qxkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 | first= John A. | last = McCoy | publisher = Orbis Books| isbn =9781608335459 | date =2015-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/23/us/vatican-will-investigate-us-seminaries-with-aid-of-bishops.html | date = September 23, 1981 | first = Kenneth A. | last = Briggs | title = Vatican will Investigate U.S. Seminaries with Aid of Bishops | newspaper = New York Times}}</ref>

== Episcopal career ==
[[File:Cardinal HE Donald Wuerl welcomes His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.jpg|thumb|
Welcoming the 14th Dalai Lama
]]

=== Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle ===
On December 3, 1985, Wuerl was appointed titular bishop of [[Rosemarkie]] and auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle.<ref name="Diopitt"/> Wuerl was consecrated bishop on January 6, 1986,<ref name="Diopitt"/> at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Italy, by Pope John Paul II. Wuerl and Seattle Archbishop [[Raymond Hunthausen]] worked in adjoining offices without conflict for several months until, in May 1986, they found themselves with opposing positions on proposed state legislation to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment.<ref name=striving>{{cite news | newspaper = New York Times| accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = December 9, 1986 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/09/us/2-bishops-of-seattle-striving-to-work-with-split-powers.html | title = 2 Bishops of Seattle Striving to Work with Split Powers | first=Wallace | last=Turner }}</ref> At that point Hunthausen learned for the first time that Wuerl had been charged with responsibility–"complete and final decision-making power"–for several key areas normally within the Archbishop's control: worship and liturgy; the archdiocesan tribunal that considers requests for marriage annulments; seminarians, priestly formation and laicized priests; moral issues; and issues of health care and ministry to homosexuals.<ref name=curtail>{{cite news|title=Vatican Moves to Curtail Power of a Liberal Prelate in Seattle| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/us/vatican-moves-to-curb-power-of-a-liberal-prelate-in-seattle.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016| work=New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=September 5, 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite dissertation |url=http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |title=Conflict in the Catholic Hierarchy: a study of coping strategies in the Hunthausen affair, with preferential attention to discursive strategies |last=Schilling |first=Timothy Peter |publisher=Utrecht University Repository |year=2003 |accessdate=October 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193422/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |archivedate=June 5, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The division of authority only became public when Hunthausen announced it in September 1986.<ref name=curtail/> While some chancery officials expressed support for Wuerl, some questioned his role and saw little impact a year after his appointment.<ref name=striving/> In November, Hunthausen won support for his objections to the Vatican's restrictions on his authority from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]].<ref name=visit>{{cite news |accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = February 16, 1987| title = Pope meets with Wuerl in Hunthausen controversy | agency = UPI | url = http://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/16/Pope-meets-with-Wuerl-in-Hunthausen-controversy/3647540450000/ }}</ref> In February 1987, the Vatican announced that a commission of U.S. bishops would investigate the situation in Seattle, and Wuerl met privately with Pope John Paul II and declined to comment, saying "I'm just going to wait and see what the commission does".<ref name=visit/> In May 1987, following a review by the commission headed by Cardinal [[Joseph Bernardin]], Pope John Paul II restored Hunthausen's full authority as bishop, and appointed a coadjutor to assist and succeed Hunthausen.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = May 27, 1987 | first = Russell | last = Chandler | title = Pope Restores Full Powers to Hunthausen | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1987-05-27/news/mn-1742_1_bishops }}</ref> Wuerl later said the arrangement had been "unworkable". Following the restoration of Hunthausen's authority, Wuerl moved to a Pittsburgh suburb to await his next posting.<ref>{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | newspaper = New York Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | title = Bishop Calls for Sharing of Authority an Unworkable Venture in Seattle | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/24/us/bishop-calls-for-sharing-of-authority-an-unworkable-venture-in-seattle.html}}</ref>

=== Bishop of Pittsburgh ===
Wuerl was appointed the eleventh bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Diocese of Pittsburgh]] on February 12, 1988<ref name="Diopitt"/> and installed on March 25, 1988.<ref name="Diopitt"/>

In 1989, Wuerl merged Sacred Heart and St. Paul Cathedral High Schools to establish [[Oakland Catholic High School]] (all three female-only schools) in the [[Oakland (Pittsburgh)|Oakland]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, using the buildings of St. Paul Cathedral High School.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oaklandcatholic.org/about-oc/history |title=History |publisher = Oakland Catholic High School }}</ref>

Wuerl launched and hosted a television program, ''The Teaching of Christ'', in 1990 and wrote an adult [[catechism]] with the same name. He taught at [[Duquesne University]] in Pittsburgh as a distinguished service professor. Wuerl has served as a [[chaplain]] since 1999 for the Order of Malta, Federal Association, U.S.A., a division of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], commonly referred to as the Knights of Malta.<ref>http://www.orderofmalta-federal.org/chaplains Order Of Malta Federal Association, USA official website – The Chaplains of the Order of Malta, Federal Association webpage – Retrieved on November 10, 2008</ref> Wuerl has also written regular columns in ''Columbia'', the major publication of the [[Knights of Columbus]] in the United States.<ref>Knights of Columbus. http://www.kofc.org/un/eb/en/publications/columbia/archive/bishop_wuerl.html</ref>

Wuerl closed 73 church buildings, which included 37 churches, and reduced 331 parishes by 117 through merging while bishop of Pittsburgh; he was managing the remaining 214 parishes when he left in June 2006.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://triblive.com/x/archive/2052482-74/archive-story | first= Mike | last = Wereschagin | newspaper =Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |title=Bishop Zubik will face many obstacles |date=July 22, 2007|accessdate=October 23, 2008}}</ref> Wuerl's plan, ''The Parish Reorganization and Revitalization Project'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614043713/http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |archivedate=June 14, 2006 |df=mdy }} Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh official website news release – Bishop Wuerl Appointed Archbishop Of Washington – May 16, 2006 – Retrieved on October 23, 2008</ref> is now used as a model for other dioceses seeking parish suppression.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

[[File:President George W. Bush and Archbishop of Washington.jpg|thumb|260px|President [[George W. Bush|Bush]] and wife Laura with outgoing Archbishop [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick|McCarrick]] (left) and incoming Wuerl (right), welcome papal nuncio [[Pietro Sambi]] to the White House ]]
The [[mansion]] that housed Wuerl for over two decades, as well as his four predecessors in the Diocese of Pittsburgh, was sold since the new bishop [[David Zubik]] decided to live at St. Paul's Seminary. The [[Jacobethan]] Revival house along Fifth Avenue, at {{convert|9842|sqft|m2}} with 39 rooms including 11 bedrooms, six full baths, and a half-bath, had an appraised value of $1.5 million and is one of the largest homes in the [[Shadyside (Pittsburgh)|Shadyside]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Mansion">{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_597476.html|title=Diocese to sell roomy Shadyside mansion|last=Smith|first=Craig|date=November 8, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|publisher=Tribune-Review Publishing Company|accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref> As of March 2009, the property was listed for sale at $2.5 million; it formerly enclosed an extensive collection of [[antique]]s, [[Oriental rug]]s, and [[art]] during Wuerl's residency.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09073/955422-30.stm|title=Bishops' mansion was home for precious antiques, paintings|last=Pitz|first=Marylynne|date=March 14, 2009|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|publisher=PG Publishing Co., Inc.|accessdate=March 18, 2009}}</ref> The property was sold to an anonymous private trust for over $2 million.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_641321.html|title=Shadyside mansion sold by Pittsburgh Catholic Diocese|last=LaRussa|first=Tony|date=September 3, 2009|work=Tribune-Review|publisher=Trib Total Media|accessdate=November 18, 2010}}</ref>

=== Archbishop of Washington ===
Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl Archbishop of Washington on May 16, 2006.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051600288.html | title = McCarrick Successor Seen As a 'Vote for Continuity' | date = May 17, 2006| first1= Alan | last1=Cooperman | first2= Caryle | last2= Murphy}}</ref> He was installed on June 22 at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]]<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date= June 23, 2006 | title = Wuerl Is Installed As D.C. Archbishop | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/22/AR2006062201792.html | first = Michelle | last= Boorstein}}</ref> and received the [[pallium]]{{Clarify|date=August 2018|reason=we're not all catholics}} from Pope Benedict XVI on June 29, 2006.

In April 2008 Wuerl, as Archbishop of Washington, hosted the apostolic visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the District of Columbia, which included a visit to the [[White House]], the celebration of Vespers at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]], Mass at the new [[Nationals Park]], and an address at [[The Catholic University of America]].
[[File:WuerlFrancisVisitCut.png|260px|right|thumb|Wuerl and President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] welcome [[Pope Francis]] to United States, 2015]]
Wuerl was chairman of the board of directors of the [[National Catholic Educational Association]] from December 12, 2005,<ref>[http://www.ncea.org/news/pressrelease/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15 National Catholic Educational Association – Press Release Webpage] – From January 4, 2006 – Retrieved on May 18, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.ncea.org/about/boardofdirectors.asp National Catholic Educational Association – Board of Directors Webpage] Retrieved on October 17, 2008</ref> and was also [[chancellor]] of The Catholic University of America. In September 2010, the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] named Wuerl its delegate in the United States for facilitating the implementation of the [[Apostolic Constitution]] ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]'' issued by Pope Benedict XVI in November 2009 to provide for those Anglican faithful who desire to enter into full communion with the Catholic Church in a corporate manner.<ref>{{cite press release|accessdate=August 25, 2016| publisher=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops| title=Doctrine Of The Faith Congregation Names Archbishop Wuerl To Guide Bringing Anglican Groups Into Catholic Church In U.S. |url= http://www.usccb.org/news/2010/10-166.cfm |date=September 23, 2010}}</ref> He also heads the U.S. bishops' ''ad hoc'' committee to support that implementation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Brien|first1=Nancy Frazier|title=Report on U.S. ordinariate for ex-Anglicans|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/report-us-ordinariate-ex-anglicans|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|agency=Catholic News Service|date=June 16, 2011}}</ref>

=== Commitment to priestly formation ===
From 1994 until 2003, as Bishop of Pittsburgh, Wuerl served as a member of the board of governors of the [[Pontifical North American College]] in Rome (Chairman, 1998–1999), representing the Pennsylvania-New Jersey Region (Region III) of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 2008, as Archbishop of Washington he was again elected to the college's board of governors, this time representing the Washington DC-Delaware-Maryland-Virginia-West Virginia region of the conference (Region IV).

=== Cardinal ===
On November 20, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI elevated Wuerl to the College of Cardinals in a public consistory held at Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.<ref>{{cite news |accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date =November 20, 2010 | first = Rachel | last = Donadio | newspaper = New York Times | title = Pope Elevates Cardinals in Festive Ceremony | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/world/europe/21vatican.html}}</ref> He was created [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[S. Pietro in Vincoli]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Winters|first1=Michael Sean|title=Wuerl Gets San Pietro in Vincoli|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/distinctly-catholic/wuerl-gets-san-pietro-vincoli|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref>

Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl to the following: member of the [[Congregation for the Clergy]] and the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]] (December 2010);{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Relator-General (recording secretary) of the 2012 [[World Synod of Bishops]] meeting on the New Evangelization (October 24, 2011);<ref>{{cite news | url = https://zenit.org/articles/dc-s-cardinal-named-relator-general-for-evangelization-synod/ | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = October 24, 2011 | title= DC’s Cardinal Named Relator-General for Evangelization Synod}}</ref> member of the [[Pontifical Council for Culture]] for a five-year renewable term (December 10, 2011);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/51238 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = December 10, 2010| title=Rinunce e Nomine}}</ref> member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] (April 21, 2012);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/67257 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = April 21, 2012| title=Pontifical Acts }}</ref> and by Pope Francis, member of the influential [[Congregation for Bishops]] (December 16, 2013).<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Archbishop Wuerl appointed to Vatican panel that names bishops | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/archbishop-wuerl-appointed-to-vatican-panel-that-names-bishops/2013/12/16/9d7555a8-6662-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein | date= December 16, 2013}}</ref>

Wuerl was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that selected [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Rome-bound, D.C.’s Cardinal Wuerl says next pope must evangelize a hectic world | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/rome-bound-dcs-cardinal-wuerl-says-next-pope-must-evangelize-a-hectic-world/2013/02/22/fb281130-7d02-11e2-9a75-dab0201670da_story.html | date= February 22, 2016 | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein}}</ref>

== Public positions ==
[[Thomas J. Reese|Fr. Thomas Reese, S.J.]], a [[Jesuit]] priest and journalist, described Wuerl as an ideological moderate with regard to Catholic theological disputes, stating, "He's not an old leftie, he's not a right-wing culture warrior.... He was totally enthusiastic about [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], and then [[Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict]], and now he's totally enthusiastic about Pope Francis. There are not many people in the church who are totally enthusiastic about all three of them."<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" />

=== Religion and politics ===
In cases where politicians and officeholders take policy positions that are at odds with Church doctrine, Wuerl stated that the decision to provide communion should be decided on a case by case basis: "Our primary job is to teach and try to convince people. The tradition in our country has not been in the direction of refusing Communion, and I think it's served us well."<ref name="popenames">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/us/17archbishop.html |title=Pope Names Pittsburgh Bishop to Washington, D.C., Post |newspaper=New York Times |date=May 17, 2006 | first= Laurie | last= Goodstein |accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref> Fr. Thomas Reese explained this position by saying "[Wuerl is] quite orthodox theologically, but he doesn't like to play cop; he's not an authoritarian person."<ref name="popenames"/>

In 2009, the [[Council of the District of Columbia]] passed a [[same-sex marriage]] bill. In November 2009, Wuerl signed an ecumenical statement, known as the ''[[Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience|Manhattan Declaration]]'', calling on evangelicals, Catholics, and Orthodox not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage, and other practices that go against their religious consciences.<ref>[http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901171332/http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers |date=September 1, 2013 }}</ref> The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is between a man and a woman and that the extension of the civil definition of marriage to same-sex couples undermines the common good of society as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/defenseofmarriage/faqs.shtml|title=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops Website – Defense of Marriage|publisher=}}</ref> In the debate on the D.C. same-sex marriage bill, the Archdiocese of Washington advocated for religious liberty provisions that would protect the Church's ability to provide social services (''e.g.'' adoption) in accordance with Catholic teaching on marriage.<ref>[http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp Archdiocese of Washington website – Same Sex Marriage ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025155319/http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp |date=October 25, 2010 }}</ref> After the ''[[Washington Post]]'' characterized the archdiocese as giving an "ultimatum" to the city<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Washington Post | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/11/AR2009111116943.html |title= Catholic Church gives D.C. ultimatum | date=November 12, 2009 |first1=Tim |last1= Craig | first2= Michelle | last2= Boorstein}}</ref> and the ''[[New York Times]]'' called it a "threat",<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=New Turn in Debate Over Law on Marriage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/13/us/13marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> Wuerl wrote a letter to the ''Post'' stating there was "no threat or ultimatum to end services, just a simple recognition that the new requirements by the city for religious organizations to recognize same-sex marriages in their policies could restrict our ability to provide the same level of services as we do now."<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = Washington Post | date =November 22, 2009 | first= Donald W. | last = Wuerl |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/21/AR2009112101818.html |title= Archbishop Donald Wuerl on D.C.'s same-sex marriage bill }}</ref> In December 2009, on the day of the bill's passage, [[Joe Solmonese]], president of the [[Human Rights Campaign]], a same-sex marriage advocacy organization, wrote that Wuerl had "refused to alter his official position" to reduce social services in the archdiocese.<ref>Solmonese, J. : ''Unbelievable (mass email)'', Washington, December 15, 2009.</ref> On the same day the archdiocese, though expressing its view that the bill did not adequately protect religious liberty, nonetheless affirmed its commitment to serving the needs of the poor and its hope for "working in partnership with the District of Columbia consistent with the mission of the Catholic Church."<ref>[http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 Archdiocese of Washington Website – News Release] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111094013/http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 |date=January 11, 2010 }}</ref> In February 2010 shortly before the law took effect, Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Washington ended its foster care and public adoption programs rather than comply with the law's requirement that it license same-sex couples for the program.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://cathstan.org/main.asp?Search=1&ArticleID=3551&SectionID=2&SubSectionID=27&S=1| work= Catholic Standard |title = Catholic Charities ends foster care program to avoid compromising religious beliefs |date= February 9, 2010 |publisher = Archdiocese of Washington |first=Laura |last=Wright}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Same-sex ‘marriage’ law forces D.C. Catholic Charities to close adoption program|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/same-sex_marriage_law_forces_d.c._catholic_charities_to_close_adoption_program/|accessdate=August 25, 2016|publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=February 17, 2010}}</ref> The agency also modified its employee health care benefits to avoid having to extend coverage to same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=Gay Marriage Is Legal in U.S. Capital|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/us/04marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=March 3, 2010}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Dominus Iesus'' ===
In 2000, the Vatican issued a document entitled ''[[Dominus Iesus]]'' which stated that Jesus Christ is the only way of salvation. While in places the document seemed insensitive to other Christians, and was easily open to scare tactics by the press, Wuerl said it was aimed at some theologians in Asia who are addressing Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism, and it defends the necessity of proclaiming the Christian faith to them also. The document acknowledges that there are elements in non-Christian scriptures "by which countless people throughout the centuries have been and still are able today to nourish and maintain their life-relationship with God."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news| url = http://old.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20000907saved3.asp|title = Wuerl: Others can be saved {{!}} |date = September 7, 2000|accessdate = October 15, 2015| newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|last = Rodgers-Melnick|first = Ann}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Summorum pontificum'' ===
After Pope Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio ''[[Summorum pontificum]]'' (2007) authorizing [[Latin Church]] priests to celebrate Mass using either the Roman Missal as revised in 1969 or the 1962 edition, Wuerl said the Pope "is trying to reach out pastorally to those who feel an attraction to this form of the liturgy, and he is asking the pastors to be aware of and support their interest". He added that about 500 people a week were attending celebrations of the [[Tridentine Mass]] at three places in his archdiocese.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070710201958/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |dead-url= yes |archive-date= July 10, 2007 |first= Nancy Frazier |last= O'Brien |title= U.S. bishops say pope affirming importance of Mass in both its forms |publisher= Catholic News Service |date= July 10, 2007 }}</ref> He had a circular sent to his priests about a special committee that he would establish "to assist pastors in evaluating and responding to requests for the regular and public celebration" of the 1962 form of Mass. As of 2017, the [[Tridentine Mass]] was celebrated weekly in three places, the same ones as in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.adw.org/foreign-language-parishes/|title=Masses in Various Languages - Archdiocese of Washington|work=Archdiocese of Washington|access-date=June 22, 2017 }}</ref>

=== Position and actions on sexual abuse ===
According to a ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' article written in 2003, Wuerl had "a national reputation for zero tolerance of priests who molest minors" at the time.<ref name="post-gazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20030615wuerl0615p2.asp |title= Wuerl's tough record on sex abuse spurs speculation of move to Boston | newspaper =Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=June 15, 2003 |first= Ann | last= Rodgers-Melnick | accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref>

Wuerl has been a strong advocate within the Catholic hierarchy for confronting [[Catholic sex abuse cases|sexual abuse]] more directly. In September 1988 when he was serving as Bishop of Pittsburgh, he accepted a dinner invitation from a family suing the diocese for sexual abuse by a priest. Although the diocese's lawyers had discouraged Wuerl from attending the dinner, Wuerl became convinced that sexual abuse was a problem in his diocese. Wuerl settled the lawsuit with the family, and the priest involved was [[defrocking|laicized]] and eventually ended up in prison. Wuerl told his staff that in cases of alleged sexual abuse, the first concern should be for the victim, the second concern should be for the victim's family, and only third should clergy consider the reputation of the church.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

In the years that followed, Wuerl investigated every priest in his diocese accused of sexual misconduct and removed several. On one occasion, Wuerl successfully fought to laicize a priest whom the Vatican initially had protected, Anthony Cipolla.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

Anthony Cipolla was ordained in 1972. In 1978, he was charged with [[sexual abuse]] of a 9-year-old boy; these charges were dropped by the mother, who said she was pressured to do so by Bishop [[Vincent Leonard]].<ref name=PG2002>{{cite news|last1=Rodgers-Melnick|first1=Ann|title=Rare sanction imposed on priest|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/localnews/20021116cipollareg4p4.asp|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=November 16, 2002}}</ref> In 1988 new charges were brought by Tim Bendig, who said that Cipolla abused him from around 1981 to 1986; this case was settled in 1993, over Cipolla's objections. Cipolla consistently said that he never abused anyone.<ref name=PG2002/>

In 1988, the diocese, by then under the leadership of Bishop Wuerl, banned Cipolla from ministry and from identifying himself as a priest; Cipolla appealed to the Supreme Tribunal of the [[Apostolic Signatura]], the Vatican’s highest court, which ordered Bishop Wuerl to return him to ministry.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Sun2002>{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Gail|last2=Rivera|first2=John|title=Maryland center claims success treating priests|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-04-11/news/0204110181_1_luke-priests-sexual-abuse|work=Baltimore Sun|date=April 11, 2002|language=en}}</ref> Bishop Wuerl asked the court to reconsider the case on the grounds that its decision showed a lack of awareness of crucial facts such as a civil lawsuit and Cipolla's 1978 arrest for sexually abusing another boy. The court reversed its ruling in 1995 and upheld Cipolla's ban. Cipolla nonetheless continued to minister to the public forcing the diocese to make several public statements that Cipolla was not in good standing. In 2002, Cipolla was laicized by the pope.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Obit>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Peter|title=Obituary: Anthony Cipolla / Center of high-profile sex-abuse case in 1990s, dies in Ohio|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/obituaries/2016/09/13/Obituary-Anthony-Cipolla-Center-of-high-profile-sex-abuse-case-in-1990s-dies-in-Ohio/stories/201609130049|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=13 September 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, Wuerl argued that the church had made progress in confronting abusers. He told [[Fox News Sunday]] that "we have succeeded in guaranteeing that if a priest is accused, and there is a credible allegation, he is simply removed from the ministry. That is reported to the authorities, and we begin to try to heal whatever was damaged in that abuse."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wltx.com/error/404|title=WLTX.com|website=WLTX}}</ref>

====Pennsylvania grand jury investigation====
{{Main|Grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania}}

On August 14, 2018, a grand jury report released by [[Pennsylvania]] [[List of Pennsylvania Attorneys General|Attorney General]] [[Josh Shapiro]] alleged that the Catholic Church covered-up sexual abuse cases in Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://media-downloads.pacourts.us/InterimRedactedReportandResponses.pdf?cb=42148 Report Grand Jury on sexual abuse in six dioceses in Pennsylvania], 2018].</ref> The report partially faulted Cardinal Donald Wuerl.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/08/14/cardinal-wuerls-actions-in-pittsburgh-scrutinized-by-catholic-sexual-abuse-investigation/ |title=Cardinal Wuerl's actions in Pittsburgh scrutinized by Catholic sexual abuse investigation |first=Julie |last=Zauzmer |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/catholic-church-covered-child-abuse-300-priests-report-180814213713718.html |title=Catholic Church covered up child abuse by 300 US priests: report |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/dc-cardinal-wuerl-aided-in-the-cover-up-of-pedophile-activity-a-new-grand-jury-report-says/65-584156324 |title=DC Cardinal Wuerl aided in the cover-up of pedophile activity, a new Grand Jury Report says |last=Ramirez |first=Stephanie |date=August 14, 2018 |work=CBS [[WUSA (TV)]] |access-date=August 15, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wuerl disputed the allegations, stating: “While I understand this report may be critical of some of my actions, I believe the report confirms that I acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse.”<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/08/14/stunning-findings-on-report-catholic-church-abuse-pa-priests-molested-more-than-1000-children.html |title=Stunning findings on report of Catholic Church abuse: Pa. priests molested more than 1,000 children |last=Miles |first=Frank |date=August 14, 2018 |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=2018-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The report noted that Wuerl had made contributions to fighting sex abuse, including his successful effort in fended off Vatican efforts between 1988 and 1995 to reinstate Anthony Cipolla, a priest whom Wuerl ousted after being sued by a male who alleged sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> However, Wuerl also allowed priest William O'Malley to return to active ministry in 1998, despite past allegations of sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /> O'Malley had admitted that he was sexually interested in adolescents.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16">{{cite news |date=August 16, 2018 |work=[[Philadelphia Tribune]] |title=Washington cardinal entangled in two sex-abuse scandals |url=http://www.phillytrib.com/news/washington-cardinal-entangled-in-two-sex-abuse-scandals/article_5101a9b2-a189-11e8-a654-b72a65985fce.html |author=David Crary |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> It was also reported that Wuerl had allowed Fr. Ernest Paone to be transferred to another diocese, despite a history of accusations of child abuse dating back to the early 1960s.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

Fr. George Zirwas had a long history of involvement in child sexual abuse, including violent use of whips and sadism.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17">{{cite news |date=August 17, 2018 |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |title=Cleansing the Catholic Church of Its Sins |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/08/cleansing-the-catholic-church-of-its-sins.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19">{{cite news |date=August 19, 2018 |last1=Tapper |first1=Jake |authorlink1=Jake Tapper |last2=Foran |first2=Clare |work=[[CNN]] |title=Pennsylvania AG: Cardinal under scrutiny over report on priest abuse 'is not telling the truth' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/politics/pennsylvania-priest-abuse-report-cardinal-wuerl/index.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> He had also manufactured child pornography.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Zirwas' actions were known in the Diocese of Pittsburgh as early as 1987, but he continued in ministry when Wuerl became bishop of Pittsburgh in 1988.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> In 1989, Wuerl authorized a $900,000 settlement, with confidentiality clauses, with two of Zirwas' victims, but Zirwas remained in ministry until at least 1991, although further complaints were made.<ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> After another complaint was made, Wuerl removed Zirwas in 1996.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Eventually Zirwas moved to Cuba, where he was murdered in 2001;<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /> Wuerl presided over Zirwas' funeral. and described Zirwas as a kind man who had preached a message of salvation through faith in Jesus.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" />

After the report was released, Wuerl launched a website, "The Wuerl Record," containing a defense of his actions during that era,<ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=The Wuerl Record |author=Donald Wuerl |url=https://thewuerlrecord.com/ |access-date=August 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815000112/https:/thewuerlrecord.com/ |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |dead-url=usurped}}</ref> but after an outcry on social media, the website was deleted and replaced with a redirect.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15">{{cite news |date=August 15, 2018 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=D.C. Archbishop Faces Scrutiny After Pennsylvania Report on Priest Abuse |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/d-c-archbishop-faces-scrutiny-after-pennsylvania-report-on-priest-abuse-1534373592 |author=Ian Lovett |access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref> Wuerl insisted that in responding to sexual abuse claims, he had "acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse."<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18">{{cite news |date=August 18, 2018 |work=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]] |title=Wuerl pulls out of Dublin summit amid charges of mishandling abuse claims |url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-usa/2018/08/18/wuerl-pulls-out-of-dublin-summit-amid-charges-of-mishandling-abuse-claims/ |last=White |first=Christopher |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref>

After the report was released, Wuerl faced "intense scrutiny" regarding his handling of sex abuse cases in the Diocese of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> A spokesman for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archdiocese of Washington]] stated that Wuerl "has no intention of resigning."<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /> On August 18, 2018, it was announced that Wuerl would not attend the [[World Meeting of Families]] in [[Dublin]], where he had been scheduled to give a keynote address.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

On August 20, 2018, Stephanie Sibal, senior publicist for [[Ave Maria Press]], a publishing company of the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]] based out of the [[University of Notre Dame]] in Indiana,<ref name="LifeSiteNews" /><ref>https://triblive.com/usworld/world/13996608-74/catholic-publisher-postpones-wuerl-book-titled-what-do-you-want-to-know</ref> told [[Campaign Life Coalition|LifeSiteNews]] that her company had "indefinitely postponed" the release of a book written by Wuerl titled ''What Do You Want to Know? A Pastor’s Response to the Most Challenging Questions About the Catholic Faith''.<ref name="LifeSiteNews">https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/catholic-publisher-cancels-cardinal-wuerls-book-after-sex-abuse-report</ref> The book had been scheduled to be released in October of 2018.<ref name="LifeSiteNews" />

On August 22, 2018, Pittsburgh Bishop [[David Zubik]] officially approved two decisions which were made by the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School and the board of directors of Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh to grant Wuerl's request to have his name removed from Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in [[Cranberry, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The school will once again be named North Catholic High School. The decision was made after thousands signed a petition demanding his name be removed.<ref name=aug22>https://triblive.com/local/allegheny/13999405-74/cardinal-donald-wuerls-name-to-be-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school</ref><ref name=aug22second /> North Catholic became Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in 2013, when it moved from Troy Hill to Cranberry Township.<ref name=aug20>https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/north-catholic-hs-sign-vandalized-amid-pressure-to-remove-cardinal-wuerls-name/816781574</ref> Wuerl made the request to have his name removed in letter he sent to the Diocese of Pittsburgh on August 16.<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh board of directors approved the measure on August 17 and the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School then followed suite on August 20.<ref name=aug22second>https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/08/22/cardinal-wuerl-name-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school/</ref><ref name=aug22 />

In response to the allegations against Wuerl, [[Hugh Hewitt]] demanded that Wuerl be dismissed as archbishop of Washington and resign from the College of Cardinals.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 22, 2018 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Donald Wuerl is a con man under a Cardinal's cap |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-con-man-in-the-cardinals-cap/2018/08/22/f7e60518-a57e-11e8-97ce-cc9042272f07_story.htm |author=[[Hugh Hewitt]] |access-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> More pleas for resignation followed.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fhPPd8WATs Resign, Cardinal Wuerl!], OANN, August 22, 2018.</ref> In a few days time over 60.000 signed a petition requesting [[Pope Francis]] to remove Wuerl from his positions.<ref>[http://www.fox5dc.com/news/local-news/online-petition-to-remove-cardinal-wuerl-has-more-than-60-000-signatures Online petition to remove Cardinal Wuerl has more than 60,000 signatures], FOX5, August 23, 2018.</ref> During his official visit to Ierland on August 25 and 26, 2018 Pope Francis in a speech echoed a letter he sent to the world's Roman Catholics earlier that week<ref>[http://m.vatican.va/content/francescomobile/en/letters/2018/documents/papa-francesco_20180820_lettera-popolo-didio.html Letter of his Holiness Pope Francis to the people of God], The Vatican, August 20, 2018.</ref>, in which he condemned the "atrocities" of child abuse and clerical cover-ups. The Pope veered off his script when speaking out about abuse, saying he had set out a "greater commitment to eliminating this scourge in the Church, at any cost".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-euWuerl.rope-45276831 Papal visit: Pope shamed by Church's abuse failures], BBC News, August 25, 2018.</ref> So far this stand has not had consequences for Mr. Wuerl.

== Selected writings ==
* ''The Forty Martyrs: New Saints of England and Wales'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1971)
* ''Fathers of the Church'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1975)
* ''The Catholic Priesthood Today'' (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1976)
* ''The Teaching of Christ: A Catholic Catechism for Adults'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1976), co-author
* ''A Visit to the Vatican: For Young People'' (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1981)
* ''The Gift of Faith: A Question and Answer Version of The Teaching of Christ'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2001)
* ''The Catholic Way: Faith for Living Today'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001)
* ''The Sacraments: A Continuing Encounter with Christ'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2010)
* ''The Mass: The Glory, The Mystery, The Tradition'' (New York: Doubleday, 2011)
* ''The Gift of Blessed John Paul II'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2011)
* ''Seek First the Kingdom: Challenging the Culture by Living Our Faith'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2011)
* ''Faith That Transforms Us: Reflections on the Creed'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2013)
* ''New Evangelization: Passing on the Catholic Faith Today'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2013)
* ''The Church: Unlocking the Secrets to the Places Catholics Call Home'' (Image, 2013)
* ''The Light is On For You: The Life-Changing Power of Confession'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2014)
* ''The Feasts: How the Church Year Forms Us as Catholics'' (Image: 2014)
* ''Open to the Holy Spirit: Living the Gospel with Wisdom'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2014)
* ''The Marriage God Wants For You'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2015)
* ''To the Martyrs: A Reflection on the Supreme Christian Witness'' (Emmaus Road Publishing, 2015)
* ''Ways to Pray: Growing Closer to God'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2015)

=== Pastoral letters as Archbishop of Washington ===
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Being-Catholic-Today-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Being Catholic Today: Catholic Identity in an Age of Challenge"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/DWW-PastoralLetter-Ser-Catolico-Hoy.pdf So Católico Hoy: Identidad católica en una época de desafíos]), May 24, 2015
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Final-with-Cover-SmallFLAT.pdf "Manifesting the Kingdom: A Pastoral Letter on the First Synod of the Archdiocese of Washington"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Spanish-Final-with-cover-Small.pdf La Manifestación del Reino]), June 8, 2014
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter.pdf The Church, Our Spiritual Home] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter-Espanol.pdf La Iglesia, Nuestro Hogar Espiritual]), September 14, 2012
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Disciples-of-the-Lord-Sharing-the-Vision.pdf "Disciples of the Lord: Sharing the Vision"], August 23, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and Loving Presence"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia y la Amorosa Presencia de Dios]), January 3, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-Lent-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Belonging to God's Family"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Pertenciendo a la Familia de Dios]), January 25, 2009
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-Education-Pastoral-Letter1.pdf "Catholic Education: Looking to the Future with Confidence"], September 14, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Reflections on God's Mercy And Our Forgiveness"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Reflexiones sobre la Misericordia de Dios y el Perdón]), January 1, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and the Sacrament of Penance"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-tlio-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia de Dios y el Sacramento de la Penitencia]), January 8, 2007

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Washington, DC}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Citation | author=Glenn, Francis A. | title=Shepherds of the Faith 1843–1993: A Brief History of the Bishops of the Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | publisher=Pittsburgh: Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | year=1993 | isbn=}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Donald Wuerl}}
* {{cite web| accessdate = 25 November 2017| title= Wuerl Card. Donald William |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html | dead-url=no | archive-date= 4 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904105207/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html }}
* [http://www.adw.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington Official Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh History of Bishops webpage]
* {{YouTube|sPpmXhvuwa8|Salt+Light TV Interview: Cardinal Donald Wuerl - Witness}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pio Laghi]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]]|years=2010–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Theodore McCarrick]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]|years=2006–present}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anthony Bevilacqua]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]]|years=1988–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Zubik]]}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]]|years=1985–1988}}
{{s-aft|after= - }}
{{s-end}}

{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wuerl, Donald W.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Washington]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:American cardinals]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas alumni]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle]]
[[Category:Pontifical North American College alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Clergy]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for Bishops]]
[[Category:Basselin Fellows]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]

Donald Wuerl

2018-08-26T00:13:41Z

83.83.44.43: /* Pennsylvania grand jury investigation */

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Donald William Wuerl
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]
| image = Cardinal Donald William Wuerl in 2015.jpg
| image_size = 260
| caption = Cardinal Wuerl
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Washington]]
| diocese =
| see =
| appointed = May 16, 2006
| enthroned = June 22, 2006
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]]
| successor =
| ordination = December 17, 1966
| ordained_by = [[Francis Frederick Reh]]
| consecration = January 6, 1986
| consecrated_by = [[John Paul II]], [[Agostino Casaroli]], and [[Bernardin Gantin]]
| cardinal = November 20, 2010
| created_cardinal_by = [[Benedict XVI]]
| rank = Cardinal-Priest
| other_post = [[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]] [[The Catholic University of America|Chancellor of the Catholic University of America]]
| birth_name = Donald William Wuerl
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|11|12|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006)|Titular Bishop of Rossmarkaeum (1985–1988)|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1985–1988)}}
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| motto = THY KINGDOM COME
| coat_of_arms =
}}

{{Infobox cardinal styles
| name= Donald William Wuerl
| dipstyle=
*[[His Eminence]]
*[[His Eminence|The Most Reverend Eminence]]
| offstyle=[[His Eminence|Your Eminence]]
| relstyle= [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
| image = Coat of arms of Donald Wuerl.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of priestly ordination =
| place of priestly ordination =
| consecrated by = [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]
| co-consecrators =
| date of consecration = January 6, 1986
| place of consecration =
| elevated by =
| date of elevation =
| bishop 1 = [[William J. Winter]]
| consecration date 1 = February 13, 1989
| bishop 2 = [[Thomas Joseph Tobin]]
| consecration date 2 = December 27, 1992
| bishop 3 = [[David Zubik]]
| consecration date 3 = April 6, 1997
| bishop 4 = [[Paul J. Bradley]]
| consecration date 4 = February 2, 2005
| bishop 5 = [[Herbert Bevard]]
| consecration date 5 = September 3, 2008
| sources =
| bishop 6 = [[Barry Christopher Knestout]]
| consecration date 6 = December 29, 2008
| bishop 7 = [[Mario E. Dorsonville]]
| consecration date 7 = April 20, 2015
| bishop 8 = [[Roy Edward Campbell]]
| consecration date 8 = April 21, 2017
}}
'''Donald William Wuerl''' (born November 12, 1940) is an [[United States|American]] [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He is the sixth [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]], serving since 2006. He previously served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]] (1986–87) and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]] (1988–2006). He was elevated to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2010.

== Early life and education ==

Donald Wuerl was born in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], the second of four children of Francis and Mary Anna (née Schiffauer) Wuerl.<ref name=cardinals>{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=WUERL, Donald William (1940– )|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios2010.htm#Wuerl|last=Miranda|first=Salvador}}</ref> He has two brothers, Wayne and Dennis, and a sister, Carol.<ref name=melnick>{{cite news|date=May 14, 1994|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Francis J. Wuerl, Whose 4 Children Included A Bishop|last=Rodgers-Melnick|first=Ann}}</ref> His father worked nights weighing freight cars for the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], and served in the [[United States Navy|Navy]] during World War II.<ref name=melnick/> His mother died in 1944, and his father married Kathryn Cavanaugh in 1946.<ref name=melnick/>

Wuerl received his early education at the [[parochial school]] of St. Mary of the Mount Church in the [[Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)|Mount Washington]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, graduating in 1958.<ref name=designate>{{cite news|date=May 17, 2006|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Washington, D.C., Archbishop-Designate Donald Wuerl}}</ref> He then attended the [[The Catholic University of America|Catholic University of America]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where he was a Basselin Scholar at [[Theological College (Catholic University of America)|Theological College]],<ref name=cua>{{cite news|work=[[The Catholic University of America]]|title=News & Events|url=http://theologicalcollege.org/published/news_and_events/index.html}}</ref> earning a bachelor's degree (1962) and master's degree (1963) in philosophy.<ref name=duin>{{cite news|date=June 12, 2006|work=[[The Washington Times]]|title=Wuerl a 'teaching bishop' – McCarrick's successor prepares to lead Diocese of Washington|last=Duin|first=Julia}}</ref>

He continued his studies at the [[Pontifical North American College]] in [[Rome]].<ref name=cardinals/> He earned a master's degree in theology from the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in 1967. After ordination, Wuerl was sent to Rome for further theological study. He is an [[List of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas|alumnus]] of the [[Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)|Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas ''Angelicum'']] where he obtained a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|doctorate in theology]] in 1974.

=== Early career ===
He was ordained a priest on December 17, 1966.<ref name="Diopitt">[http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh – History of Bishops Webpage – Retrieved on October 18, 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php |date=December 31, 2009 }}</ref> His first assignment was as assistant pastor at [[Santa Rosalia|St. Rosalia]] parish in Pittsburgh's [[Greenfield (Pittsburgh)|Greenfield]] neighborhood and as secretary to Pittsburgh's Bishop [[John Joseph Wright|John Wright]]. After Wright was elevated to cardinal in 1969, Wuerl was his full-time secretary in [[Vatican City]] from 1969 until Wright's death in 1979. Because Cardinal Wright was recovering from surgery and confined to a wheelchair, Wuerl, as Wright's secretary, was one of three non-cardinals permitted inside the [[Papal conclave, October 1978|conclave]] that selected Karol Wojtyla as [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pittsburghcatholic.org/PrintPage/1978-with-john-paul-ii-a-new-era-began-for-the-church |title=1978: With John Paul II, a new era began for the church|last=Almade|first=Frank D.|date=September 29, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Catholic |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Filteau|first1=Jerry|title=Wuerl in 1978 conclave that elected John Paul II|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/wuerl-1978-conclave-elected-john-paul-ii|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Cardinal Donald Wuerl: The pope's man in Washington | first = David | last= Gibson | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/cardinal-donald-wuerl-the-popes-man-in-washington/2015/12/23/1623e196-a995-11e5-b596-113f59ee069a_story.html | newspaper = Washington Post | date= December 23, 2015 | agency = Religion News Service}}</ref> (Cardinal Wright had missed the first of the two 1978 conclaves.)

In 1976, he, with Thomas Comerford Lawler and Ronald David Lawler, [[Order of Friars Minor|OFMCap]], co-authored a catechism for adults, ''The Teaching of Christ'', which has since appeared in several editions and has been widely translated.<ref>{{cite news | work = Washington Post | accessdate = 25 May 2017 | date = 28 November 2005 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/27/AR2005112701010.html | title = Thomas Lawler Dies; Author and Editor of Catholic Catechism | first = Patricia | last = Sullivan }}</ref>

Wuerl was [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] at [[Saint Paul Seminary (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|St. Paul Seminary]] in Pittsburgh from 1981 to 1985. In 1982, he was made executive secretary to Bishop [[John Aloysius Marshall|John Marshall]] of Burlington, Vermont, who was leading a Vatican-mandated study of U.S. [[seminary|seminaries]].<ref>{{cite book|title = A Clear and Quiet Conscience: The Archbishop who Challenged a Pope, a President, and a Church | url =https://books.google.com/?id=-qxkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 | first= John A. | last = McCoy | publisher = Orbis Books| isbn =9781608335459 | date =2015-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/23/us/vatican-will-investigate-us-seminaries-with-aid-of-bishops.html | date = September 23, 1981 | first = Kenneth A. | last = Briggs | title = Vatican will Investigate U.S. Seminaries with Aid of Bishops | newspaper = New York Times}}</ref>

== Episcopal career ==
[[File:Cardinal HE Donald Wuerl welcomes His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.jpg|thumb|
Welcoming the 14th Dalai Lama
]]

=== Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle ===
On December 3, 1985, Wuerl was appointed titular bishop of [[Rosemarkie]] and auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle.<ref name="Diopitt"/> Wuerl was consecrated bishop on January 6, 1986,<ref name="Diopitt"/> at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Italy, by Pope John Paul II. Wuerl and Seattle Archbishop [[Raymond Hunthausen]] worked in adjoining offices without conflict for several months until, in May 1986, they found themselves with opposing positions on proposed state legislation to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment.<ref name=striving>{{cite news | newspaper = New York Times| accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = December 9, 1986 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/09/us/2-bishops-of-seattle-striving-to-work-with-split-powers.html | title = 2 Bishops of Seattle Striving to Work with Split Powers | first=Wallace | last=Turner }}</ref> At that point Hunthausen learned for the first time that Wuerl had been charged with responsibility–"complete and final decision-making power"–for several key areas normally within the Archbishop's control: worship and liturgy; the archdiocesan tribunal that considers requests for marriage annulments; seminarians, priestly formation and laicized priests; moral issues; and issues of health care and ministry to homosexuals.<ref name=curtail>{{cite news|title=Vatican Moves to Curtail Power of a Liberal Prelate in Seattle| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/us/vatican-moves-to-curb-power-of-a-liberal-prelate-in-seattle.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016| work=New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=September 5, 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite dissertation |url=http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |title=Conflict in the Catholic Hierarchy: a study of coping strategies in the Hunthausen affair, with preferential attention to discursive strategies |last=Schilling |first=Timothy Peter |publisher=Utrecht University Repository |year=2003 |accessdate=October 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193422/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0206-111237/inhoud.htm |archivedate=June 5, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The division of authority only became public when Hunthausen announced it in September 1986.<ref name=curtail/> While some chancery officials expressed support for Wuerl, some questioned his role and saw little impact a year after his appointment.<ref name=striving/> In November, Hunthausen won support for his objections to the Vatican's restrictions on his authority from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]].<ref name=visit>{{cite news |accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = February 16, 1987| title = Pope meets with Wuerl in Hunthausen controversy | agency = UPI | url = http://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/16/Pope-meets-with-Wuerl-in-Hunthausen-controversy/3647540450000/ }}</ref> In February 1987, the Vatican announced that a commission of U.S. bishops would investigate the situation in Seattle, and Wuerl met privately with Pope John Paul II and declined to comment, saying "I'm just going to wait and see what the commission does".<ref name=visit/> In May 1987, following a review by the commission headed by Cardinal [[Joseph Bernardin]], Pope John Paul II restored Hunthausen's full authority as bishop, and appointed a coadjutor to assist and succeed Hunthausen.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = May 27, 1987 | first = Russell | last = Chandler | title = Pope Restores Full Powers to Hunthausen | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1987-05-27/news/mn-1742_1_bishops }}</ref> Wuerl later said the arrangement had been "unworkable". Following the restoration of Hunthausen's authority, Wuerl moved to a Pittsburgh suburb to await his next posting.<ref>{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | newspaper = New York Times | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | title = Bishop Calls for Sharing of Authority an Unworkable Venture in Seattle | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/24/us/bishop-calls-for-sharing-of-authority-an-unworkable-venture-in-seattle.html}}</ref>

=== Bishop of Pittsburgh ===
Wuerl was appointed the eleventh bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Diocese of Pittsburgh]] on February 12, 1988<ref name="Diopitt"/> and installed on March 25, 1988.<ref name="Diopitt"/>

In 1989, Wuerl merged Sacred Heart and St. Paul Cathedral High Schools to establish [[Oakland Catholic High School]] (all three female-only schools) in the [[Oakland (Pittsburgh)|Oakland]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, using the buildings of St. Paul Cathedral High School.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oaklandcatholic.org/about-oc/history |title=History |publisher = Oakland Catholic High School }}</ref>

Wuerl launched and hosted a television program, ''The Teaching of Christ'', in 1990 and wrote an adult [[catechism]] with the same name. He taught at [[Duquesne University]] in Pittsburgh as a distinguished service professor. Wuerl has served as a [[chaplain]] since 1999 for the Order of Malta, Federal Association, U.S.A., a division of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], commonly referred to as the Knights of Malta.<ref>http://www.orderofmalta-federal.org/chaplains Order Of Malta Federal Association, USA official website – The Chaplains of the Order of Malta, Federal Association webpage – Retrieved on November 10, 2008</ref> Wuerl has also written regular columns in ''Columbia'', the major publication of the [[Knights of Columbus]] in the United States.<ref>Knights of Columbus. http://www.kofc.org/un/eb/en/publications/columbia/archive/bishop_wuerl.html</ref>

Wuerl closed 73 church buildings, which included 37 churches, and reduced 331 parishes by 117 through merging while bishop of Pittsburgh; he was managing the remaining 214 parishes when he left in June 2006.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://triblive.com/x/archive/2052482-74/archive-story | first= Mike | last = Wereschagin | newspaper =Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |title=Bishop Zubik will face many obstacles |date=July 22, 2007|accessdate=October 23, 2008}}</ref> Wuerl's plan, ''The Parish Reorganization and Revitalization Project'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614043713/http://www.diopitt.org/news_051606.php |archivedate=June 14, 2006 |df=mdy }} Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh official website news release – Bishop Wuerl Appointed Archbishop Of Washington – May 16, 2006 – Retrieved on October 23, 2008</ref> is now used as a model for other dioceses seeking parish suppression.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

[[File:President George W. Bush and Archbishop of Washington.jpg|thumb|260px|President [[George W. Bush|Bush]] and wife Laura with outgoing Archbishop [[Theodore Edgar McCarrick|McCarrick]] (left) and incoming Wuerl (right), welcome papal nuncio [[Pietro Sambi]] to the White House ]]
The [[mansion]] that housed Wuerl for over two decades, as well as his four predecessors in the Diocese of Pittsburgh, was sold since the new bishop [[David Zubik]] decided to live at St. Paul's Seminary. The [[Jacobethan]] Revival house along Fifth Avenue, at {{convert|9842|sqft|m2}} with 39 rooms including 11 bedrooms, six full baths, and a half-bath, had an appraised value of $1.5 million and is one of the largest homes in the [[Shadyside (Pittsburgh)|Shadyside]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Mansion">{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_597476.html|title=Diocese to sell roomy Shadyside mansion|last=Smith|first=Craig|date=November 8, 2008|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|publisher=Tribune-Review Publishing Company|accessdate=November 10, 2008}}</ref> As of March 2009, the property was listed for sale at $2.5 million; it formerly enclosed an extensive collection of [[antique]]s, [[Oriental rug]]s, and [[art]] during Wuerl's residency.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09073/955422-30.stm|title=Bishops' mansion was home for precious antiques, paintings|last=Pitz|first=Marylynne|date=March 14, 2009|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|publisher=PG Publishing Co., Inc.|accessdate=March 18, 2009}}</ref> The property was sold to an anonymous private trust for over $2 million.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_641321.html|title=Shadyside mansion sold by Pittsburgh Catholic Diocese|last=LaRussa|first=Tony|date=September 3, 2009|work=Tribune-Review|publisher=Trib Total Media|accessdate=November 18, 2010}}</ref>

=== Archbishop of Washington ===
Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl Archbishop of Washington on May 16, 2006.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051600288.html | title = McCarrick Successor Seen As a 'Vote for Continuity' | date = May 17, 2006| first1= Alan | last1=Cooperman | first2= Caryle | last2= Murphy}}</ref> He was installed on June 22 at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]]<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date= June 23, 2006 | title = Wuerl Is Installed As D.C. Archbishop | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/22/AR2006062201792.html | first = Michelle | last= Boorstein}}</ref> and received the [[pallium]]{{Clarify|date=August 2018|reason=we're not all catholics}} from Pope Benedict XVI on June 29, 2006.

In April 2008 Wuerl, as Archbishop of Washington, hosted the apostolic visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the District of Columbia, which included a visit to the [[White House]], the celebration of Vespers at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]], Mass at the new [[Nationals Park]], and an address at [[The Catholic University of America]].
[[File:WuerlFrancisVisitCut.png|260px|right|thumb|Wuerl and President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] welcome [[Pope Francis]] to United States, 2015]]
Wuerl was chairman of the board of directors of the [[National Catholic Educational Association]] from December 12, 2005,<ref>[http://www.ncea.org/news/pressrelease/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15 National Catholic Educational Association – Press Release Webpage] – From January 4, 2006 – Retrieved on May 18, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.ncea.org/about/boardofdirectors.asp National Catholic Educational Association – Board of Directors Webpage] Retrieved on October 17, 2008</ref> and was also [[chancellor]] of The Catholic University of America. In September 2010, the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] named Wuerl its delegate in the United States for facilitating the implementation of the [[Apostolic Constitution]] ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]'' issued by Pope Benedict XVI in November 2009 to provide for those Anglican faithful who desire to enter into full communion with the Catholic Church in a corporate manner.<ref>{{cite press release|accessdate=August 25, 2016| publisher=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops| title=Doctrine Of The Faith Congregation Names Archbishop Wuerl To Guide Bringing Anglican Groups Into Catholic Church In U.S. |url= http://www.usccb.org/news/2010/10-166.cfm |date=September 23, 2010}}</ref> He also heads the U.S. bishops' ''ad hoc'' committee to support that implementation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Brien|first1=Nancy Frazier|title=Report on U.S. ordinariate for ex-Anglicans|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/report-us-ordinariate-ex-anglicans|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|agency=Catholic News Service|date=June 16, 2011}}</ref>

=== Commitment to priestly formation ===
From 1994 until 2003, as Bishop of Pittsburgh, Wuerl served as a member of the board of governors of the [[Pontifical North American College]] in Rome (Chairman, 1998–1999), representing the Pennsylvania-New Jersey Region (Region III) of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 2008, as Archbishop of Washington he was again elected to the college's board of governors, this time representing the Washington DC-Delaware-Maryland-Virginia-West Virginia region of the conference (Region IV).

=== Cardinal ===
On November 20, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI elevated Wuerl to the College of Cardinals in a public consistory held at Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.<ref>{{cite news |accessdate = August 25, 2016 | date =November 20, 2010 | first = Rachel | last = Donadio | newspaper = New York Times | title = Pope Elevates Cardinals in Festive Ceremony | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/world/europe/21vatican.html}}</ref> He was created [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[S. Pietro in Vincoli]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Winters|first1=Michael Sean|title=Wuerl Gets San Pietro in Vincoli|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/distinctly-catholic/wuerl-gets-san-pietro-vincoli|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=November 20, 2010}}</ref>

Pope Benedict XVI appointed Wuerl to the following: member of the [[Congregation for the Clergy]] and the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]] (December 2010);{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Relator-General (recording secretary) of the 2012 [[World Synod of Bishops]] meeting on the New Evangelization (October 24, 2011);<ref>{{cite news | url = https://zenit.org/articles/dc-s-cardinal-named-relator-general-for-evangelization-synod/ | accessdate = August 24, 2016 | date = October 24, 2011 | title= DC’s Cardinal Named Relator-General for Evangelization Synod}}</ref> member of the [[Pontifical Council for Culture]] for a five-year renewable term (December 10, 2011);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/51238 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = December 10, 2010| title=Rinunce e Nomine}}</ref> member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] (April 21, 2012);<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/67257 | language = it |publisher=Vatican Press Service | date = April 21, 2012| title=Pontifical Acts }}</ref> and by Pope Francis, member of the influential [[Congregation for Bishops]] (December 16, 2013).<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Archbishop Wuerl appointed to Vatican panel that names bishops | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/archbishop-wuerl-appointed-to-vatican-panel-that-names-bishops/2013/12/16/9d7555a8-6662-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein | date= December 16, 2013}}</ref>

Wuerl was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that selected [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | accessdate = August 25, 2016 | title = Rome-bound, D.C.’s Cardinal Wuerl says next pope must evangelize a hectic world | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/rome-bound-dcs-cardinal-wuerl-says-next-pope-must-evangelize-a-hectic-world/2013/02/22/fb281130-7d02-11e2-9a75-dab0201670da_story.html | date= February 22, 2016 | first= Michelle | last = Boorstein}}</ref>

== Public positions ==
[[Thomas J. Reese|Fr. Thomas Reese, S.J.]], a [[Jesuit]] priest and journalist, described Wuerl as an ideological moderate with regard to Catholic theological disputes, stating, "He's not an old leftie, he's not a right-wing culture warrior.... He was totally enthusiastic about [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], and then [[Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict]], and now he's totally enthusiastic about Pope Francis. There are not many people in the church who are totally enthusiastic about all three of them."<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" />

=== Religion and politics ===
In cases where politicians and officeholders take policy positions that are at odds with Church doctrine, Wuerl stated that the decision to provide communion should be decided on a case by case basis: "Our primary job is to teach and try to convince people. The tradition in our country has not been in the direction of refusing Communion, and I think it's served us well."<ref name="popenames">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/us/17archbishop.html |title=Pope Names Pittsburgh Bishop to Washington, D.C., Post |newspaper=New York Times |date=May 17, 2006 | first= Laurie | last= Goodstein |accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref> Fr. Thomas Reese explained this position by saying "[Wuerl is] quite orthodox theologically, but he doesn't like to play cop; he's not an authoritarian person."<ref name="popenames"/>

In 2009, the [[Council of the District of Columbia]] passed a [[same-sex marriage]] bill. In November 2009, Wuerl signed an ecumenical statement, known as the ''[[Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience|Manhattan Declaration]]'', calling on evangelicals, Catholics, and Orthodox not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage, and other practices that go against their religious consciences.<ref>[http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901171332/http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers |date=September 1, 2013 }}</ref> The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is between a man and a woman and that the extension of the civil definition of marriage to same-sex couples undermines the common good of society as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/defenseofmarriage/faqs.shtml|title=U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops Website – Defense of Marriage|publisher=}}</ref> In the debate on the D.C. same-sex marriage bill, the Archdiocese of Washington advocated for religious liberty provisions that would protect the Church's ability to provide social services (''e.g.'' adoption) in accordance with Catholic teaching on marriage.<ref>[http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp Archdiocese of Washington website – Same Sex Marriage ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025155319/http://www.adw.org/family/marriage_ssm.asp |date=October 25, 2010 }}</ref> After the ''[[Washington Post]]'' characterized the archdiocese as giving an "ultimatum" to the city<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Washington Post | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/11/AR2009111116943.html |title= Catholic Church gives D.C. ultimatum | date=November 12, 2009 |first1=Tim |last1= Craig | first2= Michelle | last2= Boorstein}}</ref> and the ''[[New York Times]]'' called it a "threat",<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=New Turn in Debate Over Law on Marriage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/13/us/13marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> Wuerl wrote a letter to the ''Post'' stating there was "no threat or ultimatum to end services, just a simple recognition that the new requirements by the city for religious organizations to recognize same-sex marriages in their policies could restrict our ability to provide the same level of services as we do now."<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = Washington Post | date =November 22, 2009 | first= Donald W. | last = Wuerl |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/21/AR2009112101818.html |title= Archbishop Donald Wuerl on D.C.'s same-sex marriage bill }}</ref> In December 2009, on the day of the bill's passage, [[Joe Solmonese]], president of the [[Human Rights Campaign]], a same-sex marriage advocacy organization, wrote that Wuerl had "refused to alter his official position" to reduce social services in the archdiocese.<ref>Solmonese, J. : ''Unbelievable (mass email)'', Washington, December 15, 2009.</ref> On the same day the archdiocese, though expressing its view that the bill did not adequately protect religious liberty, nonetheless affirmed its commitment to serving the needs of the poor and its hope for "working in partnership with the District of Columbia consistent with the mission of the Catholic Church."<ref>[http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 Archdiocese of Washington Website – News Release] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111094013/http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=714&Year=2009 |date=January 11, 2010 }}</ref> In February 2010 shortly before the law took effect, Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Washington ended its foster care and public adoption programs rather than comply with the law's requirement that it license same-sex couples for the program.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://cathstan.org/main.asp?Search=1&ArticleID=3551&SectionID=2&SubSectionID=27&S=1| work= Catholic Standard |title = Catholic Charities ends foster care program to avoid compromising religious beliefs |date= February 9, 2010 |publisher = Archdiocese of Washington |first=Laura |last=Wright}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Same-sex ‘marriage’ law forces D.C. Catholic Charities to close adoption program|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/same-sex_marriage_law_forces_d.c._catholic_charities_to_close_adoption_program/|accessdate=August 25, 2016|publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=February 17, 2010}}</ref> The agency also modified its employee health care benefits to avoid having to extend coverage to same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=Gay Marriage Is Legal in U.S. Capital|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/us/04marriage.html|accessdate=August 25, 2016|work=New York Times|date=March 3, 2010}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Dominus Iesus'' ===
In 2000, the Vatican issued a document entitled ''[[Dominus Iesus]]'' which stated that Jesus Christ is the only way of salvation. While in places the document seemed insensitive to other Christians, and was easily open to scare tactics by the press, Wuerl said it was aimed at some theologians in Asia who are addressing Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism, and it defends the necessity of proclaiming the Christian faith to them also. The document acknowledges that there are elements in non-Christian scriptures "by which countless people throughout the centuries have been and still are able today to nourish and maintain their life-relationship with God."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news| url = http://old.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20000907saved3.asp|title = Wuerl: Others can be saved {{!}} |date = September 7, 2000|accessdate = October 15, 2015| newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|last = Rodgers-Melnick|first = Ann}}</ref>

=== Response to ''Summorum pontificum'' ===
After Pope Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio ''[[Summorum pontificum]]'' (2007) authorizing [[Latin Church]] priests to celebrate Mass using either the Roman Missal as revised in 1969 or the 1962 edition, Wuerl said the Pope "is trying to reach out pastorally to those who feel an attraction to this form of the liturgy, and he is asking the pastors to be aware of and support their interest". He added that about 500 people a week were attending celebrations of the [[Tridentine Mass]] at three places in his archdiocese.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070710201958/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703915.htm |dead-url= yes |archive-date= July 10, 2007 |first= Nancy Frazier |last= O'Brien |title= U.S. bishops say pope affirming importance of Mass in both its forms |publisher= Catholic News Service |date= July 10, 2007 }}</ref> He had a circular sent to his priests about a special committee that he would establish "to assist pastors in evaluating and responding to requests for the regular and public celebration" of the 1962 form of Mass. As of 2017, the [[Tridentine Mass]] was celebrated weekly in three places, the same ones as in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.adw.org/foreign-language-parishes/|title=Masses in Various Languages - Archdiocese of Washington|work=Archdiocese of Washington|access-date=June 22, 2017 }}</ref>

=== Position and actions on sexual abuse ===
According to a ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' article written in 2003, Wuerl had "a national reputation for zero tolerance of priests who molest minors" at the time.<ref name="post-gazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20030615wuerl0615p2.asp |title= Wuerl's tough record on sex abuse spurs speculation of move to Boston | newspaper =Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=June 15, 2003 |first= Ann | last= Rodgers-Melnick | accessdate = August 24, 2016}}</ref>

Wuerl has been a strong advocate within the Catholic hierarchy for confronting [[Catholic sex abuse cases|sexual abuse]] more directly. In September 1988 when he was serving as Bishop of Pittsburgh, he accepted a dinner invitation from a family suing the diocese for sexual abuse by a priest. Although the diocese's lawyers had discouraged Wuerl from attending the dinner, Wuerl became convinced that sexual abuse was a problem in his diocese. Wuerl settled the lawsuit with the family, and the priest involved was [[defrocking|laicized]] and eventually ended up in prison. Wuerl told his staff that in cases of alleged sexual abuse, the first concern should be for the victim, the second concern should be for the victim's family, and only third should clergy consider the reputation of the church.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

In the years that followed, Wuerl investigated every priest in his diocese accused of sexual misconduct and removed several. On one occasion, Wuerl successfully fought to laicize a priest whom the Vatican initially had protected, Anthony Cipolla.<ref name="post-gazette.com"/>

Anthony Cipolla was ordained in 1972. In 1978, he was charged with [[sexual abuse]] of a 9-year-old boy; these charges were dropped by the mother, who said she was pressured to do so by Bishop [[Vincent Leonard]].<ref name=PG2002>{{cite news|last1=Rodgers-Melnick|first1=Ann|title=Rare sanction imposed on priest|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/localnews/20021116cipollareg4p4.asp|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=November 16, 2002}}</ref> In 1988 new charges were brought by Tim Bendig, who said that Cipolla abused him from around 1981 to 1986; this case was settled in 1993, over Cipolla's objections. Cipolla consistently said that he never abused anyone.<ref name=PG2002/>

In 1988, the diocese, by then under the leadership of Bishop Wuerl, banned Cipolla from ministry and from identifying himself as a priest; Cipolla appealed to the Supreme Tribunal of the [[Apostolic Signatura]], the Vatican’s highest court, which ordered Bishop Wuerl to return him to ministry.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Sun2002>{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Gail|last2=Rivera|first2=John|title=Maryland center claims success treating priests|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-04-11/news/0204110181_1_luke-priests-sexual-abuse|work=Baltimore Sun|date=April 11, 2002|language=en}}</ref> Bishop Wuerl asked the court to reconsider the case on the grounds that its decision showed a lack of awareness of crucial facts such as a civil lawsuit and Cipolla's 1978 arrest for sexually abusing another boy. The court reversed its ruling in 1995 and upheld Cipolla's ban. Cipolla nonetheless continued to minister to the public forcing the diocese to make several public statements that Cipolla was not in good standing. In 2002, Cipolla was laicized by the pope.<ref name=PG2002/><ref name=Obit>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Peter|title=Obituary: Anthony Cipolla / Center of high-profile sex-abuse case in 1990s, dies in Ohio|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/obituaries/2016/09/13/Obituary-Anthony-Cipolla-Center-of-high-profile-sex-abuse-case-in-1990s-dies-in-Ohio/stories/201609130049|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=13 September 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, Wuerl argued that the church had made progress in confronting abusers. He told [[Fox News Sunday]] that "we have succeeded in guaranteeing that if a priest is accused, and there is a credible allegation, he is simply removed from the ministry. That is reported to the authorities, and we begin to try to heal whatever was damaged in that abuse."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wltx.com/error/404|title=WLTX.com|website=WLTX}}</ref>

====Pennsylvania grand jury investigation====
{{Main|Grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania}}

On August 14, 2018, a grand jury report released by [[Pennsylvania]] [[List of Pennsylvania Attorneys General|Attorney General]] [[Josh Shapiro]] alleged that the Catholic Church covered-up sexual abuse cases in Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://media-downloads.pacourts.us/InterimRedactedReportandResponses.pdf?cb=42148 Report Grand Jury on sexual abuse in six dioceses in Pennsylvania], 2018].</ref> The report partially faulted Cardinal Donald Wuerl.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/08/14/cardinal-wuerls-actions-in-pittsburgh-scrutinized-by-catholic-sexual-abuse-investigation/ |title=Cardinal Wuerl's actions in Pittsburgh scrutinized by Catholic sexual abuse investigation |first=Julie |last=Zauzmer |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/catholic-church-covered-child-abuse-300-priests-report-180814213713718.html |title=Catholic Church covered up child abuse by 300 US priests: report |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/dc-cardinal-wuerl-aided-in-the-cover-up-of-pedophile-activity-a-new-grand-jury-report-says/65-584156324 |title=DC Cardinal Wuerl aided in the cover-up of pedophile activity, a new Grand Jury Report says |last=Ramirez |first=Stephanie |date=August 14, 2018 |work=CBS [[WUSA (TV)]] |access-date=August 15, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wuerl disputed the allegations, stating: “While I understand this report may be critical of some of my actions, I believe the report confirms that I acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse.”<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/08/14/stunning-findings-on-report-catholic-church-abuse-pa-priests-molested-more-than-1000-children.html |title=Stunning findings on report of Catholic Church abuse: Pa. priests molested more than 1,000 children |last=Miles |first=Frank |date=August 14, 2018 |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=2018-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The report noted that Wuerl had made contributions to fighting sex abuse, including his successful effort in fended off Vatican efforts between 1988 and 1995 to reinstate Anthony Cipolla, a priest whom Wuerl ousted after being sued by a male who alleged sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> However, Wuerl also allowed priest William O'Malley to return to active ministry in 1998, despite past allegations of sexual abuse.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16" /> O'Malley had admitted that he was sexually interested in adolescents.<ref name="PhillyTrib_2018.08.16">{{cite news |date=August 16, 2018 |work=[[Philadelphia Tribune]] |title=Washington cardinal entangled in two sex-abuse scandals |url=http://www.phillytrib.com/news/washington-cardinal-entangled-in-two-sex-abuse-scandals/article_5101a9b2-a189-11e8-a654-b72a65985fce.html |author=David Crary |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> It was also reported that Wuerl had allowed Fr. Ernest Paone to be transferred to another diocese, despite a history of accusations of child abuse dating back to the early 1960s.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /><ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

Fr. George Zirwas had a long history of involvement in child sexual abuse, including violent use of whips and sadism.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17">{{cite news |date=August 17, 2018 |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |title=Cleansing the Catholic Church of Its Sins |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/08/cleansing-the-catholic-church-of-its-sins.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19">{{cite news |date=August 19, 2018 |last1=Tapper |first1=Jake |authorlink1=Jake Tapper |last2=Foran |first2=Clare |work=[[CNN]] |title=Pennsylvania AG: Cardinal under scrutiny over report on priest abuse 'is not telling the truth' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/politics/pennsylvania-priest-abuse-report-cardinal-wuerl/index.html |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> He had also manufactured child pornography.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Zirwas' actions were known in the Diocese of Pittsburgh as early as 1987, but he continued in ministry when Wuerl became bishop of Pittsburgh in 1988.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> In 1989, Wuerl authorized a $900,000 settlement, with confidentiality clauses, with two of Zirwas' victims, but Zirwas remained in ministry until at least 1991, although further complaints were made.<ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> After another complaint was made, Wuerl removed Zirwas in 1996.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /><ref name="CNN_2018.08.19" /> Eventually Zirwas moved to Cuba, where he was murdered in 2001;<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" /> Wuerl presided over Zirwas' funeral. and described Zirwas as a kind man who had preached a message of salvation through faith in Jesus.<ref name="NYMag_2018.08.17" />

After the report was released, Wuerl launched a website, "The Wuerl Record," containing a defense of his actions during that era,<ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=The Wuerl Record |author=Donald Wuerl |url=https://thewuerlrecord.com/ |access-date=August 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815000112/https:/thewuerlrecord.com/ |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |dead-url=usurped}}</ref> but after an outcry on social media, the website was deleted and replaced with a redirect.<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15">{{cite news |date=August 15, 2018 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=D.C. Archbishop Faces Scrutiny After Pennsylvania Report on Priest Abuse |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/d-c-archbishop-faces-scrutiny-after-pennsylvania-report-on-priest-abuse-1534373592 |author=Ian Lovett |access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref> Wuerl insisted that in responding to sexual abuse claims, he had "acted with diligence, with concern for the victims and to prevent future acts of abuse."<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18">{{cite news |date=August 18, 2018 |work=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]] |title=Wuerl pulls out of Dublin summit amid charges of mishandling abuse claims |url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-usa/2018/08/18/wuerl-pulls-out-of-dublin-summit-amid-charges-of-mishandling-abuse-claims/ |last=White |first=Christopher |access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref>

After the report was released, Wuerl faced "intense scrutiny" regarding his handling of sex abuse cases in the Diocese of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" /> A spokesman for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archdiocese of Washington]] stated that Wuerl "has no intention of resigning."<ref name="WSJ_2018.08.15" /> On August 18, 2018, it was announced that Wuerl would not attend the [[World Meeting of Families]] in [[Dublin]], where he had been scheduled to give a keynote address.<ref name="Crux_2018.08.18" />

On August 20, 2018, Stephanie Sibal, senior publicist for [[Ave Maria Press]], a publishing company of the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]] based out of the [[University of Notre Dame]] in Indiana,<ref name="LifeSiteNews" /><ref>https://triblive.com/usworld/world/13996608-74/catholic-publisher-postpones-wuerl-book-titled-what-do-you-want-to-know</ref> told [[Campaign Life Coalition|LifeSiteNews]] that her company had "indefinitely postponed" the release of a book written by Wuerl titled ''What Do You Want to Know? A Pastor’s Response to the Most Challenging Questions About the Catholic Faith''.<ref name="LifeSiteNews">https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/catholic-publisher-cancels-cardinal-wuerls-book-after-sex-abuse-report</ref> The book had been scheduled to be released in October of 2018.<ref name="LifeSiteNews" />

On August 22, 2018, Pittsburgh Bishop [[David Zubik]] officially approved two decisions which were made by the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School and the board of directors of Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh to grant Wuerl's request to have his name removed from Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in [[Cranberry, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The school will once again be named North Catholic High School. The decision was made after thousands signed a petition demanding his name be removed.<ref name=aug22>https://triblive.com/local/allegheny/13999405-74/cardinal-donald-wuerls-name-to-be-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school</ref><ref name=aug22second /> North Catholic became Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School in 2013, when it moved from Troy Hill to Cranberry Township.<ref name=aug20>https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/north-catholic-hs-sign-vandalized-amid-pressure-to-remove-cardinal-wuerls-name/816781574</ref> Wuerl made the request to have his name removed in letter he sent to the Diocese of Pittsburgh on August 16.<ref name=aug22 /><ref name=aug22second /> The Catholic High Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh board of directors approved the measure on August 17 and the board of directors of Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School then followed suite on August 20.<ref name=aug22second>https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/08/22/cardinal-wuerl-name-removed-from-north-catholic-high-school/</ref><ref name=aug22 />

In response to the allegations against Wuerl, [[Hugh Hewitt]] demanded that Wuerl be dismissed as archbishop of Washington and resign from the College of Cardinals.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 22, 2018 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Donald Wuerl is a con man under a Cardinal's cap |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-con-man-in-the-cardinals-cap/2018/08/22/f7e60518-a57e-11e8-97ce-cc9042272f07_story.htm |author=[[Hugh Hewitt]] |access-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> More pleas for resignation followed.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fhPPd8WATs Resign, Cardinal Wuerl!], OANN, August 22, 2018.</ref> In a few days time over 60.000 signed a petition requesting [[Pope Francis]] to remove Wuerl from his positions.<ref>[http://www.fox5dc.com/news/local-news/online-petition-to-remove-cardinal-wuerl-has-more-than-60-000-signatures Online petition to remove Cardinal Wuerl has more than 60,000 signatures], FOX5, August 23, 2018.</ref>

During his official visit to Ierland on August 25 and 26, 2018 Pope Francis in a speech echoed a letter he sent to the world's Roman Catholics earlier that week<ref>[http://m.vatican.va/content/francescomobile/en/letters/2018/documents/papa-francesco_20180820_lettera-popolo-didio.html Letter of his Holiness Pope Francis to the people of God], The Vatican, August 20, 2018.</ref>, in which he condemned the "atrocities" of child abuse and clerical cover-ups. The Pope veered off his script when speaking out about abuse, saying he had set out a "greater commitment to eliminating this scourge in the Church, at any cost".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-euWuerl.rope-45276831 Papal visit: Pope shamed by Church's abuse failures], BBC News, August 25, 2018.</ref> So far this stand has not had consequences for Mr. Wuerl.

== Selected writings ==
* ''The Forty Martyrs: New Saints of England and Wales'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1971)
* ''Fathers of the Church'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1975)
* ''The Catholic Priesthood Today'' (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1976)
* ''The Teaching of Christ: A Catholic Catechism for Adults'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1976), co-author
* ''A Visit to the Vatican: For Young People'' (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1981)
* ''The Gift of Faith: A Question and Answer Version of The Teaching of Christ'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2001)
* ''The Catholic Way: Faith for Living Today'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001)
* ''The Sacraments: A Continuing Encounter with Christ'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2010)
* ''The Mass: The Glory, The Mystery, The Tradition'' (New York: Doubleday, 2011)
* ''The Gift of Blessed John Paul II'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2011)
* ''Seek First the Kingdom: Challenging the Culture by Living Our Faith'' (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 2011)
* ''Faith That Transforms Us: Reflections on the Creed'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2013)
* ''New Evangelization: Passing on the Catholic Faith Today'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2013)
* ''The Church: Unlocking the Secrets to the Places Catholics Call Home'' (Image, 2013)
* ''The Light is On For You: The Life-Changing Power of Confession'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2014)
* ''The Feasts: How the Church Year Forms Us as Catholics'' (Image: 2014)
* ''Open to the Holy Spirit: Living the Gospel with Wisdom'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2014)
* ''The Marriage God Wants For You'' (Frederick, MD: The Word Among Us Press, 2015)
* ''To the Martyrs: A Reflection on the Supreme Christian Witness'' (Emmaus Road Publishing, 2015)
* ''Ways to Pray: Growing Closer to God'' (Our Sunday Visitor, 2015)

=== Pastoral letters as Archbishop of Washington ===
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Being-Catholic-Today-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Being Catholic Today: Catholic Identity in an Age of Challenge"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/DWW-PastoralLetter-Ser-Catolico-Hoy.pdf So Católico Hoy: Identidad católica en una época de desafíos]), May 24, 2015
* [http://www.adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Final-with-Cover-SmallFLAT.pdf "Manifesting the Kingdom: A Pastoral Letter on the First Synod of the Archdiocese of Washington"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/14DWW-PastoralLetter-Spanish-Final-with-cover-Small.pdf La Manifestación del Reino]), June 8, 2014
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter.pdf The Church, Our Spiritual Home] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2012-Pastoral-Letter-Espanol.pdf La Iglesia, Nuestro Hogar Espiritual]), September 14, 2012
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Disciples-of-the-Lord-Sharing-the-Vision.pdf "Disciples of the Lord: Sharing the Vision"], August 23, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and Loving Presence"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2010-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia y la Amorosa Presencia de Dios]), January 3, 2010
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-Lent-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Belonging to God's Family"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2009-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Pertenciendo a la Familia de Dios]), January 25, 2009
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-Education-Pastoral-Letter1.pdf "Catholic Education: Looking to the Future with Confidence"], September 14, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "Reflections on God's Mercy And Our Forgiveness"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2008-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf Reflexiones sobre la Misericordia de Dios y el Perdón]), January 1, 2008
* [http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-TLIO-Pastoral-Letter.pdf "God's Mercy and the Sacrament of Penance"] ([http://adw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2007-tlio-pastoral-letter-esp.pdf La Misericordia de Dios y el Sacramento de la Penitencia]), January 8, 2007

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Washington, DC}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Citation | author=Glenn, Francis A. | title=Shepherds of the Faith 1843–1993: A Brief History of the Bishops of the Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | publisher=Pittsburgh: Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh | year=1993 | isbn=}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Donald Wuerl}}
* {{cite web| accessdate = 25 November 2017| title= Wuerl Card. Donald William |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html | dead-url=no | archive-date= 4 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904105207/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_wuerl_dw.html }}
* [http://www.adw.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington Official Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231014722/http://www.diopitt.org/wel_former_bishops.php Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh History of Bishops webpage]
* {{YouTube|sPpmXhvuwa8|Salt+Light TV Interview: Cardinal Donald Wuerl - Witness}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pio Laghi]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]]|years=2010–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Theodore McCarrick]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]]|years=2006–present}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anthony Bevilacqua]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]]|years=1988–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Zubik]]}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle]]|years=1985–1988}}
{{s-aft|after= - }}
{{s-end}}

{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wuerl, Donald W.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Washington]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:American cardinals]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas alumni]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle]]
[[Category:Pontifical North American College alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Clergy]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for Bishops]]
[[Category:Basselin Fellows]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]

Áras an Uachtaráin

2018-08-25T11:26:53Z

83.83.44.43: /* Visitors */

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Áras an Uachtaráin {{small|''{{lang-en|Residence of the President}}''}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Áras an Uachtaráin 2010.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = North rear facade
| map_type = Dublin
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Dublin
| map_size =
| map_dot_label = Áras an Uachtaráin
| relief = yes
| former_names = Viceregal Lodge
| alternate_names =
| etymology =
| status = complete
| cancelled =
| topped_out =
| building_type =
| architectural_style =
| classification = Private
| location = [[Phoenix Park]]
| address =
| location_city = Dublin
| location_country = Ireland
| coordinates = {{Coord|53.359676|-6.31745|type:landmark}}
| current_tenants = [[President of Ireland]]
| namesake =
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date =
| topped_out_date =
| completion_date = {{start date and age|1751}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Outline History of Áras an Uachtaráin|url=http://www.president.ie/official-residence/|work=Áras an Uachtaráin|accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref>
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| relocated_date =
| renovation_date = 1840s, 1849, 1852, 1908, 1911
| closing_date =
| demolition_date = 
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| owner = [[Government of Ireland]]
| height =
| architectural =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| observatory =
| structural_system =
| material =
| size =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| grounds_area =
| architect = [[Nathaniel Clements]] [[Francis Johnston (architect)|Francis Johnston]] Jacob Owen [[Decimus Burton]]
| architecture_firm =
| developer =
| engineer =
| designations =
| known_for =
| ren_architect = Raymond McGrath Michael Stapleton Bartholomew Cramillion
| ren_firm =
| ren_engineer =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_contractor =
| ren_awards =
| parking =
| rooms = 95
| url = {{URL|http://www.president.ie/en/explore-visit}}
| embed =
| embedded =
| references =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Áras an Uachtaráin'''<ref>''Áras an Uachtaráin'' translates as "Residence of the President", and is sometimes written "Árus an Uachtaráin".</ref> ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ga-áras an uachtaráin.ogg|ˈ|ɑː|r|ə|s|ə|n|ˈ|uː|ə|x|t|ə|r|ɑː|n}}), formerly the '''Viceregal Lodge''', is the [[List of official residences|official residence]] and principal workplace of the [[President of Ireland]]. It is located off Chesterfield Avenue in the [[Phoenix Park]] in [[Dublin]]. The building, which has ninety-five rooms, was designed by [[Nathaniel Clements]] and completed in 1751.

==Origins==
The original house was designed by park ranger and amateur architect, Nathaniel Clements, in the mid-eighteenth century. It was bought by the administration of the British [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]] to become his summer residence in the 1780s. His official residence was in the Viceregal Apartments in [[Dublin Castle]]. The house in the park later became the ''Viceregal Lodge'', the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant (also known as the [[Viceroy]]), where he lived for most of the year from the 1820s onwards. During the [[Irish Social Season|Social Season]] (January to [[Saint Patrick's Day]] in March), he lived in state in Dublin Castle.

Phoenix Park once contained three official state residences. The Viceregal Lodge, the [[Deerfield Residence|Chief Secretary's Lodge]] and the [[Under Secretary's Lodge]]. The Chief Secretary's Lodge, now called Deerfield, is the residence of the United States Ambassador to Ireland. The Under Secretary's Lodge, now demolished, served for many years as the [[Apostolic Nunciature]].

Some historians have claimed that the garden front portico of Áras an Uachtaráin (which can be seen by the public from the main road through the [[Phoenix Park]]) was used as a model by American architect [[James Hoban]], who designed the [[White House]] in Washington, D.C. However, the porticoes were not part of Hoban's original design and were, in fact, added to the White House at a later date by [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]].

==Phoenix Park Murders==
In 1882, its grounds were the location of the [[Phoenix Park Murders]]. The [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] (the British Cabinet minister with responsibility for Irish affairs), [[Lord Frederick Cavendish]], and his [[Undersecretary]] (chief civil servant), [[Thomas Henry Burke (civil servant)|Thomas Henry Burke]], were stabbed to death with [[scalpel|surgical knives]] while walking back to the residence from [[Dublin Castle]]. A small insurgent group called the [[Irish National Invincibles]] was responsible. [[John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer|The Lord Lieutenant, the 5th Earl Spencer]], heard the victims' screams from a window in the ground floor drawing room.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

==Residence of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State==
In 1911, the house underwent a large extension for the visit of [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]. With the creation of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922, the office of Lord Lieutenant was abolished. The new state planned to place the new representative of the Crown, [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State|Governor-General]] [[Tim Healy (politician)|Tim Healy]], in a new, smaller residence, but because of death threats from the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty|anti-treaty]] [[Irish Republican Army (1922–69)|IRA]], he was installed in the Viceregal Lodge temporarily. The building was at the time nicknamed "Uncle Tim's Cabin" after him, in imitation of the famous US novel ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' by the US author [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Brewer's Britain and Ireland|author=Ayto, John|author2=Crofton, Ian|last-author-amp=yes|date=2005|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|page=873}} consulted 5 April 2014.</ref> It remained the residence of the [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State]] until 1932, when the new Governor-General, [[Domhnall Ua Buachalla]], was installed in a specially hired private mansion in the southside of Dublin.

==Residence of the President of Ireland==
The house was left empty for some years, until the office of President of Ireland was created in 1937. In 1938, the first President, [[Douglas Hyde]] lived there temporarily while plans were made to build a new presidential palace on the grounds. The outbreak of [[World War II]] saved the building, which had been renamed ''Áras an Uachtaráin'' (meaning house or residence of the president in Irish), from demolition, as plans for its demolition and the design of a new residence were put on hold. By 1945 it had become too closely identified with the presidency of Ireland to be demolished, though its poor condition meant that extensive demolition and rebuilding of parts of the building were necessary, notably the kitchens, servants' quarters and chapel. Since then, further restoration work has been carried out from time to time.

[[File:Barack Obama at Áras an Uachtaráin.jpg|thumb|right|President [[Mary McAleese|McAleese]] greets US President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] at Áras an Uachtaráin on 23 May 2011.]]
The first President, Douglas Hyde lived in the residential quarters on the first floor of the main building. Later presidents moved to the new residential wing attached to the main house that had been built on for the visit of King George V in 1911. However, in 1990 [[Mary Robinson]] moved back to the older main building. Her successor, [[Mary McAleese]] lived in the 1911 wing.

Though Áras an Uachtaráin is possibly not as palatial as other European royal and presidential palaces, with only a handful of state rooms (the state drawing room, large and small dining rooms, the President's Office and Library, a large ballroom and a presidential corridor lined with the busts of past presidents (Francini Corridor), and some fine eighteenth and nineteenth century bedrooms above, all in the main building), it is a relatively comfortable state residence.

All [[Taoiseach|Taoisigh]] as well as [[Minister (government)|government ministers]] receive their seal of office from the President at Áras an Uachtaráin as do judges, the [[Attorney General of Ireland|Attorney General]], the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of Ireland|Comptroller and Auditor General]], and senior [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned officers]] of the [[Defence Forces (Ireland)|Defence Forces]]. It is also the venue for the meetings of the [[Presidential Commission (Ireland)|Presidential Commission]] and the [[Council of State (Ireland)|Council of State]].

Áras an Uachtaráin also houses the headquarters of the [[Garda Mounted Unit]].

The [[Office of Public Works]] completely furnishes the private quarters of Áras an Uachtaráin for the presidential family.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/mammoth-task-of-moving-out-done-in-military-style-2930914.html|title=Mammoth task of moving out done in military style|work=[[Irish Independent]]|accessdate=10 November 2011|date=10 November 2011}}</ref>

==Visitors==
[[File:Aras Gates.jpg|thumb|right|The main gate to Áras an Uachtaráin is located adjacent to the Phoenix Monument, at the centre of the park]]
{{refimprove section|date=February 2013}}
Various visiting British monarchs stayed at the Viceregal Lodge while Ireland was part of the [[United Kingdom]], notably [[Queen Victoria]] and [[George V]]. American presidents hosted there include [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Barack Obama]]. Former Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] has also visited. Other famous visitors to Áras an Uachtaráin have been [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Aung Sang Suu Kyi]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace of Monaco]] and her husband, [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince Rainier III]]; King [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]] of the Belgians; King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]] and [[Queen Sofía of Spain|Queen Sofía]]; [[Pope John Paul II]]; Prince [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Charles]], Prince [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Philip]] and [[Pope Francis]].

On 17 May 2011, [[Elizabeth II]] became the first British monarch to visit the residence in 100 years, on the occasion of her state visit to Ireland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13425722|title=Queen lays wreath on Republic of Ireland state visit|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=17 May 2011|date=17 May 2011}}</ref> She was welcomed by President [[Mary McAleese]], inspected a [[Guard of honour]], signed the visitors book and planted an [[Quercus petraea|Irish Oak]] sapling.

Guests do not normally stay at Áras an Uachtaráin. Although it has ninety-five rooms, many of these are used for storage of presidential files, for household staff and official staff, including military ''[[Aide-de-camp|aides-de-camp]]'', a Secretary to the President (somewhat equivalent to [[White House Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff in the White House]], except it is a permanent [[Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland|civil service]] position) and a press office. Foreign dignitaries usually stay at [[Farmleigh]], the State reception house, located close to Áras an Uachtaráin in [[Castleknock]].

On 1 May 2004, during Ireland's six-month presidency of the [[European Union]], Áras an Uachtaráin was the Venue for the ''European Day of Welcomes'' ([[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Accession Day]]) in which ten new members joined the EU. All 25 heads of government attended the flag raising ceremony in the gardens of the building. A large security operation involving An [[Garda Síochána]] and the [[Defence Forces (Ireland)|Irish Defence Forces]] closed off Áras an Uachtaráin and the Phoenix Park.

Like most [[Office of Public Works|OPW]] buildings, Áras an Uachtaráin is open for free guided tours every Saturday.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Áras an Uachtaráin}}

* [http://www.president.ie/en/explore-visit President of Ireland website – Áras an Uachtaráin]
* [http://www.president.ie/index.php?section=39&lang=eng Virtual tour of the state rooms]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100107040007/http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/Dublin/PhoenixParkVisitorCentre-AshtownCastle/ Visiting information at Heritage Ireland]

{{Irish Viceroy Residences}}
{{Irish governmental buildings}}
{{Castles in Dublin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aras An Uachtarain}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Official residences in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Presidential residences]]
[[Category:Royal residences in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Office of the President of Ireland]]
[[Category:Political institutions with Irish names]]
[[Category:Museums in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1780]]
[[Category:Phoenix Park]]
[[Category:1780 establishments in Ireland]]