Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Darwin Information Typing Architecture

2013-12-18T16:30:44Z

86.96.226.19: /* Creating content in DITA */

The '''Darwin Information Typing Architecture''' ('''DITA''') is an [[XML]] data model for authoring and, with the [[DITA Open Toolkit]], publishing. It is a standard<ref name=dita1.2>{{cite web|title=Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) Version 1.2|url=http://docs.oasis-open.org/dita/v1.2/os/spec/DITA1.2-spec.html|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> that is defined and maintained by the [[OASIS (organization)|OASIS]] DITA Technical Committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=OASIS Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) TC|url=https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=dita|publisher=OASIS|accessdate=5 October 2012}}</ref>

The name derives from the following components:
* Darwin: it uses the principles of specialization and [[Inheritance (computer science)|inheritance]], which is in some ways analogous to the naturalist [[Charles Darwin]]'s concept of evolutionary adaptation.
* Information [[Type system|Typing]].
* Architecture: DITA is an extensible set of structures.<ref name="ibm dita faq">{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions about the Darwin Information Typing Architecture|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-dita3/index.html#N210|publisher=IBM Corporation|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|2}}

==Features and limitations==

===Topic orientation===
{{Main|Topic-based authoring}}
DITA content is created as topics, each an individual XML file. Typically, each topic covers a specific subject with a singular intent, for example, a conceptual topic that provides an overview, or a procedural topic describing a task.<ref>{{cite web|last=Priestly, Michael and Swope, Amber|title=The DITA Maturity Model Whitepaper|url=http://na.justsystems.com/files/Whitepaper-DITA_MM.pdf|publisher=IBM Corp and JustSystems|accessdate=22 October 2012}}</ref> Content should be structured to resemble the file structure in which it is contained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scriptorium.com/whitepapers/dita_assessment/dita_assessment4.html|title=Implementing DITA versus implementing custom XML architecture|year=2008|publisher=Scriptorium Publishing Services, Inc|accessdate=2009-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rockley.com/2007/10/16/structure-dita-and-content-other-than-technical-documentation/|title=Structure, DITA, and content other than technical documentation …|date=October 16, 2007|publisher=The Rockley Group|accessdate=2009-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://writepoint.com/blog/?p=1011|title=Survey on DITA Challenges|date=January 18, 2010|publisher=WritePoint Ltd.|accessdate=2010-01-21}}</ref>

===Maps===

A DITA map is a container for topics used to transform a collection of content into a publication. It gives the topics sequence and structure. A map can include relationship tables (reltables) which define hyperlinks between topics.<ref>{{cite web|title=reltable|url=http://docs.oasis-open.org/dita/v1.1/CS01/langspec/langref/reltable.html|publisher=OASIS|accessdate=22 October 2012}}</ref> Maps can be nested. Maps can reference topics or other maps, and can contain a variety of content types and metadata.

===Content reuse===
Topics can be reused across multiple publications. Fragments of content within topics can be reused through the use of content references (''conref''), a [[transclusion]] mechanism.<ref name="ibm intro">{{cite web|title=Introduction to the Darwin Information Typing Architecture|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-dita1/|publisher=IBM Corporation|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref>

===Metadata===
DITA includes extensive [[metadata]] elements and attributes, both at topic level and within elements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metadata elements|url=http://docs.oasis-open.org/dita/v1.2/os/spec/common/metadata_elements.html#metadata_elements|publisher=OASIS|accessdate=22 October 2012}}</ref> [[Conditional text]] allows filtering or styling content based on attributes for audience, platform, product, and other properties. The conditional processing profile (.ditaval file) is used to identify which values are to be used for conditional processing.<ref>{{cite web|title=ditaval|url=http://docs.oasis-open.org/dita/v1.2/os/spec/common/about-ditaval.html#ditaval|publisher=OASIS|accessdate=22 October 2012}}</ref>

===Information typing ===
DITA includes three specialized topic types: ''Task'', ''Concept'', and ''Reference''. Each of these three topic types is a specialization of a generic ''Topic'' type, which contains a title element, a prolog element for metadata, and a body element. The body element contains paragraph, table, and list elements, similar to [[HTML]].

* A ''(General) Task'' topic is intended for a procedure that describes how to accomplish a task. A Task topic lists a series of steps that users follow to produce an intended outcome. The steps are contained in a taskbody element, which is a specialization of the generic body element. The steps element is a specialization of an ordered list element.
* ''Concept'' information is more objective, containing definitions, rules, and guidelines.
* A ''Reference'' topic is for topics that describe command syntax, programming instructions, and other reference material, and usually contains detailed, factual material.

===Specialization===
DITA allows adding new elements and attributes through specialization of base DITA elements and attributes. Through specialization, DITA can accommodate new topic types, element types, and attributes as needed for specific industries or companies. Specializations of DITA for specific industries, such as the [[semiconductor]] industry, are standardized through [[OASIS (organization)|OASIS]] technical committees or subcommittees. Many organizations using DITA also develop their own specializations.

The extensibility of DITA permits organizations to specialize DITA by defining specific information structures and still use standard tools to work with them. The ability to define company-specific information architectures enables companies to use DITA to enrich content with metadata that is meaningful to them, and to enforce company-specific rules on document structure.<ref name="ibm intro"/>

==Creating content in DITA==
DITA map and topic documents are [[XML]] files. As with [[HTML]], any images, video files, or other files that must appear in the output are inserted via reference. Any [[XML editor]] or even text editor can be used to write DITA content, depending on the level of support required while authoring. Aids to authoring featured in specialized editors includes [[WYSIWYG]] preview rendering, [[XML validation|validation]], and integration with the DITA-OT. Third-party editors that support authoring DITA include [[Oxygen XML Editor]],[[Quark XML Author]],SDL Xopus, [[FrameMaker]], [[XMetaL]], and [[PTC_(software_company)#PTC_Arbortext|Arbortext]], which are supported by several [[content management system]]s. DITA is natively supported by number of CCMSs like [[easyDITA]], [http://www.ditaworks.com/ DITAworks], [[Componize]], [http://www.ixiasoft.com/ IXIAsoft], [[Syntext Serna]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Doyle|first=Bob|title=DITA Tools from A to Z|journal=intercom|year=2008|month=April|pages=7–13|accessdate=17 October 2012}}</ref>

==Publishing content written in DITA==
DITA is designed as an end-to-end architecture. In addition to indicating what elements, attributes, and rules are part of the DITA language, the [http://docs.oasis-open.org/dita/v1.1/CS01/archspec/archspec.html DITA specification] includes rules for publishing DITA content in print, HTML, online Help, and other formats.

For example, the DITA specification indicates that if the ''conref '' attribute of element ''A'' contains a path to element ''B'', the contents of element ''B'' will display in the location of element ''A''. DITA-compliant publishing solutions, known as DITA processors, must handle the ''conref'' attribute according to the specified behaviour. Rules also exist for processing other rich features such as [[conditional text]], index markers, and topic-to-topic links. Applications that transform DITA content into other formats, and meet the DITA specification's requirements for interpreting DITA markup, are known as ''DITA processors''.

===Localization===
DITA provides support for [[translation]] via the localization-atts attribute group. Element attributes can be set to indicate whether the content of the element should be translated. The language of the element content can be specified, as can the [[Left_to_right#Directionality|writing direction]].<ref>{{cite web|title=localization-atts attribute group|url=http://docs.oasis-open.org/dita/v1.2/os/spec/common/localization-atts.html|publisher=OASIS|accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref> A DITA project can be converted to an [[XLIFF]] file, and back into its original maps and topics, using the DITA-XLIFF Roundtrip Tool for DITA OT<ref>{{cite web|last=Schnabel|first=Bryan|title=DITA-XLIFF Roundtrip for OT|url=http://sourceforge.net/projects/ditaxliff/files/|accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref> and [[computer-assisted translation]] (CAT) tools, like [[Swordfish Translation Editor]].
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/download.php/48340/DITA12XLIFFArticle.pdf DITA 1.2 Feature Article: Using XLIFF to Translate DITA Projects]

==History==
*March 2001 Introduction by [[IBM]] of the core [[Document Type Definition|DTD]] and [[XML Schema (W3C)|XML Schema]]
*May 2002 Domain specialization added to topic specialization
*April 2004 [http://www.oasis-open.org OASIS] Technical Committee for DITA formed
*February 2005 [http://dita-ot.sourceforge.net SourceForge] begins DITA Open Toolkit support
*June 2005 DITA v1.0 approved as an OASIS standard
*August 2005 DITA Open Toolkit v1.1 is released
*March 2006 OASIS launches [http://dita.xml.org DITA.XML.org]
*August 2007 DITA V1.1 is approved by OASIS, including Bookmap specialization
*December 2010 DITA V1.2 is approved by OASIS, includes:
**Indirect linking with keys
**New content reuse features
**Enhanced glossary support, including acronyms
**New industry specializations (Training, Machinery)
**New support for controlled values / taxonomies (Subject Scheme specialization)

==Code samples==

=== Ditamap file (table of contents) sample ===
<source lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE map PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DITA Map//EN" "map.dtd">
<map id="map" xml:lang="en">
<topicref format="dita" href="sample.dita" navtitle="Sample" type="topic"/>
</map>
</source>

=== Hello world (topic DTD) ===
<source lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE topic PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DITA Topic//EN" "topic.dtd">
<topic xml:lang="en" id="sample">
<title>Sample</title>
<body>
Hello world
</body>
</topic>
</source>

=== .ditaval file sample (for conditionalizing text) ===

<source lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<val>
<prop att="audience" val="foo" action="include"/>
<prop att="audience" val="bar" action="exclude"/>
</val>
</source>

==See also==
*[[List of document markup languages]]
*[[Comparison of document markup languages]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{OASIS Standards}}

[[Category:Technical communication]]
[[Category:XML]]
[[Category:XML-based standards]]
[[Category:Markup languages]]
[[Category:Document-centric XML-based standards]]

Pasta

2013-10-31T16:11:27Z

86.96.226.19: /* Market */

{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Pasta
| image = [[File:Pasta Venice.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Different types of pasta on display in a shop window in Italy
| alternate_name =
| country = Italy
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Durum wheat]] [[flour]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Pasta''' is a [[staple food]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Ehrlich|first=Richard|title=Process of Elimination|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/may/06/processed-food-reduce-diet-health|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=7 July 2012|date=6 May 2009}}</ref> of traditional [[Italian cuisine]], with the first reference dating to 1154 in [[Sicily]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McClatchey|first=Caroline|title=How pasta became the world's favourite food|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13760559|publisher=BBC|accessdate=23 March 2012|date=15 June 2011}}</ref> It is also commonly used to refer to the variety of pasta [[Dish (food)|dishes]]. Typically pasta is made from an [[unleavened]] [[dough]] of a [[durum wheat]] [[flour]] mixed with water and formed into sheets or various shapes, then [[Cooking|cooked]] and served in any number of dishes. It can be made with flour from other [[cereal]]s or [[Food grain|grains]], and [[Egg (food)|eggs]] may be used instead of water. Pastas may be divided into two broad categories, dried (''pasta secca'') and fresh (''pasta fresca''). Chicken eggs frequently dominate as the source of the liquid component in fresh pasta.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

Most dried pasta is commercially produced via an [[Food extrusion|extrusion]] process. Fresh pasta was traditionally produced by hand, sometimes with the aid of simple machines,<ref name=Marcella>Hazan, Marcella (1992) ''Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking'', Knopf, ISBN 0-394-58404-X</ref> but today many varieties of fresh pasta are also commercially produced by large scale machines, and the products are widely available in supermarkets.

Both dried and fresh pasta come in a number of shapes and varieties, with 310 specific forms known variably by over 1300 names having been recently documented.<ref name=Zanini>Zanini De Vita, Oretta, ''Encyclopedia of Pasta'', University of California Press, ISBN 9780520255227</ref> In Italy the names of specific pasta shapes or types often vary with locale. For example the form ''[[cavatelli]]'' is known by 28 different names depending on region and town. Common forms of pasta include long shapes, short shapes, tubes, flat shapes and sheets, miniature soup shapes, filled or stuffed, and specialty or decorative shapes.<ref>Hazan, Giuliano (1993) ''The Classic Pasta Cookbook'', Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 1564582922</ref>

As a category in Italian cuisine, both dried and fresh pastas are classically used in one of three kinds of prepared dishes. As ''pasta asciutta'' (or pastasciutta) cooked pasta is plated and served with a complementary sauce or condiment. A second classification of pasta dishes is ''pasta in brodo'' in which the pasta is part of a soup-type dish. A third category is ''pasta al forno'' in which the pasta incorporated into a dish that is subsequently baked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://italianfood.about.com/od/pastarecipesandsauces/a/aa102298.htm |title=Retrieved 21 March 2012 |publisher=Italianfood.about.com |date=2012-04-10 |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref>

Pasta is generally a simple dish, but comes in large varieties because it is a versatile food item. Some pasta dishes are served as a first course in Italy because the portion sizes are small and simple. Pasta is also prepared in light lunches, such as salads or large portion sizes for dinner. It can be prepared by hand or food processor and served hot or cold. Pasta sauces vary in taste, color and texture. When choosing which type of pasta and sauce to serve together, there is a general rule that must be observed. Simple sauces like pesto are ideal for long and thin strands of pasta while tomato sauce combines well with thicker pastas. Thicker and chunkier sauces have the better ability to cling onto the holes and cuts of short, tubular, twisted pastas. The ratio of sauce to pasta varies according to taste and texture, however traditionally the sauce should not be excessive as the pasta itself must still be tasted. The extra sauce left on the plate after all of the pasta is eaten is often mopped up with a piece of bread.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pasta|year=2005|publisher=Parragon Publishing|location=UK|pages=6–57|isbn=1405425164|year=2005}}</ref>

==Etymology==
First attested in English in 1874, the word ''pasta'' comes from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''pasta'', in turn from [[Latin]] ''pasta'' "dough, pastry cake", itself the [[Latinisation (literature)|latinisation]] of the [[Greek language|Greek]] παστά (''pasta'') "barley [[porridge]]", in turn from παστός (''pastos''), "sprinkled with salt, salted".<ref>{{OEtymD|pasta}}</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpasto%2Fs1 παστός], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pasta |title=pasta – Wiktionary |accessdate=6 April 2008}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:6-alimenti, pasta,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|thumb|Making pasta; illustration from the 15th century edition of ''[[Tacuinum Sanitatis]]'', a Latin translation of the [[Arabic]] work ''Taqwīm al-sihha'' by [[Ibn Butlan]].<ref name = Watson>Watson, Andrew M (1983). ''Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world''. New York: [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 22-3</ref>]]

In the 1st century [[Before Christ|BC]] writings of [[Horace]], ''lagana'' (Sing.: ''laganum'') were fine sheets of dough which were fried<ref>[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], p. 24</ref> and were an everyday food.<ref name="ss15"/> Writing in the 2nd century [[Athenaeus of Naucratis]] provides a recipe for ''lagana'' which he attributes to the 1st century Chrysippus of Tyana: sheets of dough made of wheat flour and the juice of crushed lettuce, then flavoured with spices and deep-fried in oil.<ref name=ss15/> An early 5th century cookbook describes a dish called ''lagana'' that consisted of layers of dough with meat stuffing, a possible ancestor of modern-day ''[[lasagna]]''.<ref name="ss15"/> However, the method of cooking these sheets of dough does not correspond to our modern definition of either a fresh or dry pasta product, which only had similar basic ingredients and perhaps the shape.<ref name="ss15"/> The first concrete information concerning pasta products in Italy dates from the 13th or 14th century.<ref name="Serventi 2002 10">[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], p. 10</ref>

Historians have noted several lexical milestones relevant to pasta, none of which changes these basic characteristics. For example, the works of the 2nd century AD Greek physician [[Galen]] mention ''itrion'', homogeneous compounds made up of flour and water.<ref name=ss17>[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], p. 17</ref> The [[Jerusalem Talmud]] records that ''itrium'', a kind of boiled dough,<ref name=ss17/> was common in [[Palestine]] from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD,<ref>[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], p. 29</ref> A dictionary compiled by the 9th century Arab physician and lexicographer Isho bar Ali<ref>"A medical text in Arabic written by a Jewish doctor living in Tunisia in the early 900s", according to {{cite book|ref=Dickie|author=Dickie, John |year=2008|title=Delizia! The Epic History of Italians and Their Food|publisher=Simon and Schuster|place= New York|pages=21 ff.|isbn=1416554009}}</ref> defines ''itriyya'', the Arabic cognate, as string-like shapes made of semolina and dried before cooking. The geographical text of [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], compiled for the Norman King of Sicily [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]] in 1154 mentions ''itriyya'' manufactured and exported from Norman Sicily:
{{quote|"West of Termini there is a delightful settlement called Trabia.<ref>The Sicilian coast east of [[Palermo]] is being described.</ref> Its ever-flowing streams propel a number of mills. Here there are huge buildings in the countryside where they make vast quantities of ''itriyya'' which is exported everywhere: to [[Calabria]], to Muslim and Christian countries. Very many shiploads are sent."<ref>Quoted in [[#Dickie|Dickie]], p. 21.</ref>}}

''Itriyya'' gives rise to ''trie'' in Italian,{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} signifying long strips such as ''tagliatelle'' and ''trenette''. One form of ''itriyya'' with a long history is ''laganum'' (plural ''lagana''), which in Latin refers to a thin sheet of dough,<ref name="ss15">[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], pp. 15–16</ref> and gives rise to Italian ''lasagna''.
[[Image:Moser Spaghetti essender Junge.jpg||thumb||''Boy with Spaghetti'' by Julius Moser, c. 1808.]]
According to historians like Charles Perry, the Arabs adapted noodles for long journeys in the 5th century, the first written record of dry pasta.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} The dried pasta introduced was being produced in great quantities in Palermo at that time.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

In North Africa, a food similar to pasta, known as [[couscous]], has been eaten for centuries. However, it lacks the distinguishing malleable nature of pasta, couscous being more akin to droplets of dough. At first, dry pasta was a luxury item in Italy because of high labor costs; durum wheat semolina had to be kneaded for a long time.

There is a legend of [[Marco Polo]] importing pasta from China<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110726174114/http://www.ilovepasta.org/faqs.html "Who "invented" pasta?"]. National Pasta Association: "The story that it was Marco Polo who imported noodles to Italy and thereby gave birth to the country's pasta culture is the most pervasive myth in the history of Italian food." ([[#Dickie|Dickie]], p. 48).</ref> which originated with the ''Macaroni Journal'', published by an association of food industries with the goal of promoting the use of pasta in the [[United States]].<ref>[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]]</ref> Marco Polo describes a food similar to "lagana" in his ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo|Travels]]''.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, dried pasta became popular for its easy storage. This allowed people to store dried pasta in ships when exploring the New World.<ref name="Diana Viola">{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Margaret E.|title=The History of Pasta|url=http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/FOOD_IS_ART/pasta/historypasta.html|publisher=inmamaskitchen|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> A century later, pasta was present around the globe during the voyages of discovery.<ref name="Demetri">{{cite web|last=Demetri|first=Justin|title=History of pasta|url=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/food/pasta-history.asp|publisher=lifeinitaly|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> The invention of the first tomato sauces dates back from the late 18th century: the first written record of pasta with tomato sauce can be found in the 1790 cookbook ''L'Apicio Moderno'' by [[Rome|Roman]] [[chef]] [[Francesco Leonardi (Chef)|Francesco Leonardi]].<ref>{{cite book
| last=Faccioli
| first= Emilio
| title=L'Arte della cucina in Italia
| publisher= Einaudi
| location = Milan
| year=1987
| language=Italian|page=756
}} The ''culí di pomodoro'' recipe is in the chapter devoted to Leonardi.</ref> Before tomato sauce was introduced, pasta was eaten dry with the fingers; the liquid sauce demanded the use of a fork.<ref name="Diana Viola"/>

===History of manufacturing===
Pasta manufacturing machines were made since the 1600s across the coast of [[Sanremo]]. The extrusion press produced large amounts of uniform pastas. The consistency of shapes and texture of the pasta manufactured by the extrusion press is believed to be superior to hand made pasta. This technology has spread to other areas including [[Genoa]], [[Apulia]], [[Brindisi]], [[Bari]], and [[Tuscany]]. By 1867, [[Buitoni]] Company in upper [[Tiber]] Valley became one of the most successful and well-known pasta manufacturers in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Pasta: It's not what you think!|url=http://www.pasta-recipes-by-italians.com/history-of-pasta.html|publisher=Pasta Recipes by Italians|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref>

==Evolution==
It is to be noted that the idea of using tomato sauce to give pasta its flavour was revolutionary since it was originally eaten plain. It was eaten with the hands as only the wealthy could afford eating utensils. The consumption of pasta has changed over time; it was once a small, simple item, but it is now often eaten in much larger portions and as part of complex, sophisticated dishes. Factors such as low prices and ease of cooking contribute to the growing popularity of this staple item.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Pasta in the Italian Kitchen|url=http://pastarito.info/|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref>

===In modern times===
The art of pasta making and the devotion to the food as a whole has evolved since pasta was first conceptualized. “It is estimated that Italians eat over sixty pounds of pasta per person, per year, easily beating Americans, who eat about twenty pounds per person.”<ref name="lifeinitaly.com">{{cite web|last=Demetri|first=Justin|title=History of Pasta|url=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/food/pasta-history.asp|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref> Pasta is so beloved in the nation of Italy that individual consumption exceeds the average production of wheat of the country; thus Italy frequently imports wheat for pasta making. In contemporary society pasta is ubiquitous, as individuals can find a variety of pasta in the local super markets. With the worldwide demand for this staple food, pasta is now largely mass-produced in factories and only a tiny proportion is crafted by hand. However, while pasta is made everywhere, “the product from Italy keeps to time-tested production methods that create a superior pasta”.<ref name="lifeinitaly.com"/>

Pasta was originally solely a part of Italian and European cuisine owing to its popularity there. With an increase in popularity on a world-wide scale, pasta has crossed international borders and is now a popular form of fast food and a staple in North America and elsewhere. This is due to the great amount of Italian immigration into Canada and the United States around the beginning of the 20th century. Similarly an immense immigration of Italians into South Africa ensured that spaghetti and meatballs became an essential part of South African cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tracey|first=Michael|title=The Origin and History of Pasta where Pasta comes from|url=http://africhef.com/Pasta/|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref>

==Ingredients==
[[Image:Lasagna.jpg|thumb|[[Lasagne]]]]
Since the time of Cato, basic pasta dough has been made mostly of wheat flour or [[semolina]],<ref name=Zanini /> with durum wheat used predominantely in the South of Italy and soft wheat in the North. Regionally other grains have been used, including those from barley, buckwheat, rye, rice, and maize, as well as chestnut and chickpea flours. In modern times to meet the demands of both health conscious and [[Coeliac disease|coeliac sufferers]] the use of rice, maize and whole durum wheat has become commercially significant. Grain flours may also be supplemented with cooked potatoes.

Beyond hens' eggs and water, liquids have included duck eggs, milk or cream, olive or walnut oil, wine, ink from octopus, squid or cuttlefish, and even pigs' blood. Other additions to the basic flour-liquid mixture may include vegetables purees such as spinach or tomato, mushrooms, cheeses, herbs, spices and other seasonings. While pastas are, most typically, made from unleavened doughs, the use of yeast-raised doughs are also known for at least nine different pasta forms.<ref name=Zanini />

==Varieties==
{{See also|list of pasta}}
<gallery>
Image:Pasta 2006 1.jpg|Long pasta
Image:Pasta 2006 2.jpg|Short pasta
Image:Pasta 2006 3.jpg|Short pasta
Image:Pasta 2006 4.jpg|Minute pasta (''pastina'', used for soups)
Image:Pasta 2006 5.jpg|''Pasta all'uovo'' (egg pasta)
Image:Pasta 2006 6.jpg|Fresh pasta
Image:Pasta 2006 7.jpg|Pasta for ''pasta al forno'' (baked pasta) dishes
</gallery>

===Fresh===
[[File:Cannelloni mit Hackfleischfüllung.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cannelloni, a cylindrical type of pasta generally served baked with a filling and covered by a sauce.]]
Fresh pasta is usually locally made with fresh ingredients unless it is destined to be shipped, in which case consideration is given to the spoilage rates of the desired ingredients such as eggs or herbs. Furthermore, fresh pasta is usually made with a mixture of eggs and all-purpose flour or “00” low gluten flour. Since it contains eggs, it is more tender compared to dried pasta and only takes about half the time to cook.<ref name="Quessenberry">{{cite web|last=Quessenberry|first=Sara|title=Dried Vs. Fresh Pasta|url=http://www.realsimple.com/food-recipes/shopping-storing/food/dried-vs-fresh-pasta-10000001609408/|publisher=Real Simple|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> Delicate sauces are preferred for fresh pasta in order to let the pasta take front stage.<ref name="Christensen">{{cite web|last=Christensen|first=Emma|title=Dry Pasta vs. Fresh Pasta: What's the Difference?|url=http://www.thekitchn.com/dry-pasta-vs-fresh-pasta-whats-47888|publisher=The Kitchn|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref>

Fresh pastas do not expand in size after cooking; therefore, one and a half pounds of pasta are needed to serve 4 people generously.<ref name="Quessenberry"/> Fresh egg pasta is generally cut into strands of various widths and thicknesses depending on which pasta is to be made (e.g. fettuccine, pappardelle, and lasagne). It is best served with meat, cheese, or vegetables to create [[ravioli]], [[tortellini]], and [[cannelloni]]. Fresh egg pasta is well known in the [[Piedmont]] area near the border of France. In this area, dough is only made out of egg yolk and flour resulting in a very refined flavour and texture. This pasta is often served simply with butter sauce and thinly sliced truffles that are native to this region. In other areas, such as [[Apulia]] fresh pasta can be made without eggs. The only ingredients needed to make the pasta dough is semolina flour and water, which is often shaped into [[orecchiette]] or [[cavatelli]]. Fresh pasta for cavatelli is also popular in other places including [[Sicily]]. However, the dough is prepared differently: it is made of flour and [[ricotta]] cheese instead.<ref name="Laux">{{cite web|last=Laux|first=Sandra|title=Types of Pasta|url=http://www.mangiabenepasta.com/types.html|publisher=Mangia Bene Pasta|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref>

===Dried===
Dried pasta can also be defined as factory-made pasta because it is usually produced in large amounts that require large machines with superior processing capabilities to manufacture.<ref name="Laux"/> Dried pasta is mainly shipped over to farther locations and has a longer shelf life. The ingredients required to make dried pasta include semolina flour and water. Eggs can be added for flavour and richness, but are not needed to make dried pasta. In contrast to fresh pasta, dried pasta needs to be dried at a low temperature for several days to evaporate all the moisture allowing it to be stored for a longer period. Dried pastas are best served in hearty dishes like [[Ragù|ragu]] sauces, soups, and casseroles.<ref name="Christensen"/> Once it is cooked, the dried pasta will usually increase in size by double of its original proportion. Therefore, approximately one pound of dried pasta serves up to four people.<ref name="Quessenberry"/> The way to create the finest dried pasta is by mixing golden semolina flour, ground from durum wheat, with water. Good quality dried pasta is identified by its slight rough surface and compact body that helps maintain its firmness in cooking, since it swells considerably in size when cooked.<ref name="Laux"/>

==Culinary uses==
[[Image:Pasta with pesto.jpg|right|thumb|''Pesto [[Cavatappi]]''.]]

Pasta is generally served with some type of sauce; the sauce and the type of pasta are usually matched based on consistency and ease of eating. Northern Italian cooking uses less tomato sauce, garlic and herbs. In Northern Italy ''[[white sauce]]'' is more common.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.aspenbusinessjournal.com/article/id/736/sid/16 | work=The Aspen Business Journal | title=Lidia Bastianich on the quintessential Italian meal | date=19 June 2011 | accessdate=1 January 2012 | first1=Gail | last1=Montany}}</ref> However Italian cuisine is best identified by individual regions. Pasta dishes with lighter use of tomato are found in [[Trentino-Alto Adige]] and [[Emilia Romagna]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Bastianich | first1=Lidia | authorlink=Lidia Bastianich | first2= Manuali | last2=Tania | title=Lidia Cooks from the Heart of Italy: A Feast of 175 Regional Recipes | edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Bastianich | first1=Lidia | authorlink=Lidia Bastianich | first2= Mariani | last2=John | title=How Italian Food Conquered the World | edition=1st}}</ref> In Bologna, the meat-based ''[[Bolognese sauce]]'' incorporates a small amount of tomato concentrate and a green sauce called ''[[pesto]]'' originates from Genoa. In [[Central Italy]], there are sauces such as ''[[tomato sauce]]'', ''[[amatriciana]]'', ''[[arrabbiata]]'' and the egg-based ''[[carbonara]]''. In [[Tuscany]] and [[Umbria]] pasta is often served ''alla carrettiera'' (a tomato sauce spiked with peperoncini hot peppers).<ref>{{cite book
| last = Bramblett
| first = Reid
| title = Frommer's Florence, Tuscany & Umbria
| publisher = Wiley Publishing Inc
| year = 2004
| isbn = 0-7645-4219-2
}}</ref>

Tomato sauces are also present in [[Southern Italy|Southern Italian]] cuisine, where they originated. In Southern Italy more complex variations include pasta paired with fresh vegetables, olives, capers or seafood. Varieties include ''[[puttanesca]]'', ''pasta alla norma'' (tomatoes, eggplant and fresh or baked cheese), ''pasta con le sarde'' (fresh sardines, pine nuts, fennel and olive oil), ''spaghetti aglio, olio e peperoncino'' (literally with garlic, [olive] oil and hot chili peppers).

==Production==
{{howto|date=July 2012}}

===Homemade===
[[File:Pasta machine 2.jpg|thumb|left|A pasta machine in use.]]
Ingredients to make pasta dough include semolina flour, egg, salt and water. Flour is first mounded on a flat surface and then a well in the pile of flour is created. Egg is then poured into the well and a fork is used to mix the egg and flour. Salt is added to the dough and is kneaded until it is smooth and dry.{{dubious|Salt in dough|date=August 2012}} If the dough remains sticky, semolina flour is further added and is kneaded until it is dry. The dough is then shaped into pieces that are needed to make sheets of pasta.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Make Pasta Dough|url=http://allrecipes.com/howto/making-pasta-dough/|publisher=allrecipes|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> Then a rolling pin is used to flatten the dough. There are a variety of ways to shape the sheets of pasta depending on the type of pasta that needs to be made. The most popular types include [[penne]], [[spaghetti]], and [[macaroni]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fresh Pasta|url=http://allrecipes.com/HowTo/Fresh-Pasta/Detail.aspx|publisher=allrecipes|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref>

Kitchen pasta [[machine]]s, also called pasta makers, are popular with cooks who make large amounts of homemade pasta. Sheets of pasta dough are fed into the machine by hand, and by turning a [[hand crank]], the pasta is then [[food extrusion|extruded]] through a machine 'comb' that shapes the pasta noodles as they are extruded.

===Storage===
The storage of pasta depends on how far along it is processed. Uncooked pasta is kept dry and can sit in the cupboard for a year. The pasta must be airtight and stored in a dry area. Make sure it is kept in a cool place. Cooked pasta is stored in the refrigerator for a maximum of five days in an airtight container. Adding a couple teaspoons of oil helps keep the food from sticking to each other and the container. If the cooked pasta is not used in the five days it may be frozen for up to two or three months. The pasta will start to dry after a period of time, but it varies with the type of pasta. Should the pasta be dried completely, place it back into the cupboard.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Store Pasta|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080213161115/http://www.ilovepasta.org/storing_pasta.htmlwork_National Pasta Association|accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pasta Handling, Safety & Storage|url=http://www.recipetips.com/kitchen-tips/t--166/pasta-handling-safety-storage.asp|accessdate=27 March 2012|author=Recipe Tips}}</ref>

===Factory-manufactured===
The ingredients to make dried pasta usually include water, semolina flour, egg for colour and richness, vegetable juice (such as spinach, beet, tomato, carrot) for colour and taste, and herbs or spices for flavour; however, ingredients may vary. Semolina flour is piled in silos that will transfer the semolina through a pipe and into a mixing machine. Warm water is poured into the machine to mix with the semolina flour. The machine kneads it until the mixture becomes firm and dry. If pasta is to be flavoured, eggs, vegetable juices, and herbs are added to the mixture. The dough is then passed into the laminator to be flattened into sheets. It is then further compressed by the vacuum mixer-machine to clear out air bubbles and excess water from the dough until the moisture content is reduced to 12%. Next, the dough is processed in the steamer to kill any existing bacteria it may contain.

After steaming, the dough is ready to be cut. Depending on the type of pasta to be made, the dough can either be cut or extruded through dies. Then the pasta is set in a drying tank so that it can be dried under specific conditions of heat, moisture, and time depending on the type of pasta that is being dried. The final step is to package the pasta properly. Fresh pasta is sealed in a clear, airtight plastic container. During the sealing process air is sucked out of the container and replaced with carbon dioxide and nitrogen mixture. This slows microbial growth and prolongs its shelf life. Dried pastas are packaged differently than fresh pasta. It is placed in stainless steel buckets that are transferred to appropriate packaging stations to be portioned and sealed in plastic or cardboard packages.<ref>{{cite web|title=How pasta is made|url=http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Pasta.html#b|publisher=made how|accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref>

==Market==
Italy produced 1,432,990 tons of spaghetti in 1955,kunjamani of which 74,000 tons was [[export]]ed, and had a production capacity of 3 million tons.<ref name="1955cons">{{Cite news|title=Spaghetti consumption up as national dish in Italy|last=Salerno|first=George|agency=[[United Press International|United Press]]|publisher=|newspaper=Wilmington Morning Star|location=[[Wilmington, North Carolina]]|date=13 December 1956|volume=90|number=52}}</ref> By 2011, the three largest producers of dried pasta were Italy (3,247,322 tonnes), the United States (3,000,000 tonnes), and Brazil (1,300,000 tonnes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120905000348/http://www.internationalpasta.org/index.php?cat=22&item=122&lang=2|title=World Pasta Production|publisher=International Pasta Organisation}}</ref> The largest per capita consumers of pasta in 2011 were Italy (26.0 kg/person), Venezuela (12.0 kg/person), Tunisia (11.7 kg/person), and Greece (10.4 kg/person).

In the European Union, total pasta sales in 2008 were US $8.361 billion, of which $5.722 billion was for dried pasta, $2.244 billion was for fresh or chilled pasta, and $395 million was for canned or preserved pasta.<ref name="AAFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/statistics/agri-food/eu_pasta_consumer_trends_en.pdf|format=PDF|title=Consumer Trends: Pasta Market in the EU27|publisher=International Markets Bureau, [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada]]|date=April 2010|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref> In 2009, retail sales of pasta represented a $2.809 billion market in Italy, $1.402 billion in Germany, and $1.179 billion in France.<ref name="AAFC" /> Fresh pasta represented a $996 million market in Italy in 2008.<ref name="AAFC" />

Italy is the world's largest exporter of pasta; in 2007, it exported 1.7 million tons of pasta, and the largest export markets were Germany (20.4%), France (13.7%), the United Kingdom (12.6%), the United States (9.5%), and Japan (4.25%). Italy's pasta exports represented 53% of its total production in 2007.<ref name="italy2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.italtrade.com/focus/14860.htm|title=Italian pasta conquers abroad: Export up by 48% halfway through 2008|publisher=Italian Institute for Foreign Trade|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref>

==Nutrition==
{{Primary sources|section about nutrition|date=June 2012}}
[[File:Rotini Yellow Red Green.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Three different colours of rotini.]]

Pasta, especially whole wheat pasta, is known to have several health benefits. Whole wheat contains considerable amounts of minerals such as magnesium, iron, calcium, potassium, zinc, selenium and manganese.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spaghetti, whole-wheat, cooked|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5784/2|accessdate=30 March 2012}}</ref> Minerals are important for the body because they help with the structure of bones, regulate heart beat, maintain muscle, and take part in regulating cell growth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minerals|url=http://www.brianmac.co.uk/minerals.htm|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref> In addition, an equivalent amount of whole and white grains are recommended for a complete and healthy diet with essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. Pasta is normally eaten with other foods rich in nutrients. Fiber for example, can be found in vegetables, beans, fish, tomato sauce, cheese, and meats such as poultry and lean ground beef.

Pasta contains complex [[carbohydrate]]s, which release energy slowly compared to sugar, providing energy for a longer time. Pasta also contains a small amount of sodium, and has no [[cholesterol]]. Assorted pastas are rich in essential nutrients such as iron and vitamin B.<ref name="Pasta Nutrition">{{cite web|title=Pasta Nutrition|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060615100157/http://www.ilovepasta.org/nutrition.html|author=Feeney, Mary Jo |publisher=National Pasta Association|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> Another benefit of eating pasta is that it provides [[niacin]] (Vitamin B3). This vitamin is essential for bodily functions such as converting carbohydrates into [[glucose]], which produces energy for the body. Enriched pasta also contains folic acid, which is beneficial for child-bearing women. [[Folic acid]] is needed for the proper growth of cells and development of the embryo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Folic Acid: What Women of Childbearing Age Need to Know|url=http://www.ivillage.com/folic-acid-what-women-childbearing-age-need-know/6-n-138557|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> Pasta may not contribute to obesity, as weight gain is often caused by excess calories in a diet, rather than its carbohydrate content. <ref name="foodnutritionscience.com">{{cite web|title=Scientists Confirms Health Benefits of Pasta Meal|url=http://www.foodnutritionscience.com/index.cfm/do/monsanto.article/articleId/493.cfm|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref>

[[Glycemic Index]] (GI) measures how quickly carbohydrates cause the blood serum sugar levels to rise. The blood sugar response rises depending on how quickly the carbohydrates are absorbed. Pasta has a low GI. Therefore, the carbohydrates in pasta are absorbed slowly.<ref name="Pasta Nutrition"/> Also, the amount of protein in pasta depends on the type of flour used to manufacture it. If it is made from durum wheat, the pasta contains protein and [[gluten]]. Pasta is considered to be a good source of nutrition for vegetarians because it contains protein comprising six of the nine essential [[amino acid]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Incomplete Pasta Protein?|url=http://www.weightlossforall.com/protein-pasta.htm|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pasta Nutrition Facts|url=http://www.glycemic-index.org/pasta-nutrition.html|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref>

The [[Mediterranean diet]] is a health approach in which the goal is to prevent illness and diseases. This diet is composed mainly of a number of plant foods such as pasta. Other foods include olive oil, dairy products, eggs, red meats, and small amounts of fish and poultry.<ref name="foodnutritionscience.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Healthy Pasta Meal|url=http://www.internationalpasta.org/resources/extra/FENS%20Conf%20program.pdf|work=internationalpasta.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pasta Health facts|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060615184053/http://www.ilovepasta.org/health_facts.html|work=ilovepasta.org}}</ref>

==International adaptations==
[[File:Asian Style Italian Pasta.jpg|right|thumb||An Asian-style "Italian" pasta]]
As pasta was introduced elsewhere in the world, it became incorporated into a number of local cuisines, which often have significantly different ways of preparation from those of Italy. In [[Hong Kong]], the local Chinese have adopted pasta, primarily [[spaghetti]] and [[macaroni]], as an ingredient in the [[Hong Kong-style Western cuisine]].

When pasta was introduced to several nations, every culture adopted different style of preparing it. In the past, [[ancient Roman]]s cooked pastas by frying or boiling it. It was also sweetened with honey or tossed with [[garum]]. Ancient Romans also enjoyed baking it in rich pies, called timballi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pasta|url=http://www.enotes.com/pasta-reference/pasta-178091|publisher=eNotes|accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref>

In [[Cha chaan teng]] (茶餐廳), macaroni is cooked in water and served in broth with [[ham]] or [[sausage|frankfurter sausages]], peas, [[shiitake|black mushrooms]], and optionally [[egg (food)|eggs]], reminiscent of [[noodle soup]] dishes. This is often a course for breakfast or light lunch fare.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16440507/ Explore the world of Canto-Western cuisine]. Associated Press via MSNBC (2007-01-08). Retrieved on 2013-09-19.</ref> These affordable dining shops evolved from American food rations after World War II due to lack of supplies, and they continue to be popular for people with modest means.
[[File:Cheese pepper pasta.JPG|thumb|A home-made cheese pepper ''Nepalese'' pasta (macaroni)]]
Two common spaghetti dishes served in [[Japan]] are the [[Ragù alla bolognese|Bolognese]] (ミートソース) and the [[Naporitan|Napolitan]] (ナポリタン). In [[Nepal]], macaroni has been adopted and cooked in an Nepalese way. Boiled macaroni is sautéed along with [[cumin]], [[turmeric]], finely chopped green chillies, onions and cabbage. In [[Greece]] hilopittes is considered one of the finest types of dried egg pasta. It is cooked either in tomato sauce or with various kinds of casserole meat. It is usually served with Greek cheese of any type.
In [[India]] too,macaroni is prepared in same way but in Indianized way.

Pasta is also widespread in the [[Southern Cone]], as well most of the rest of [[Brazil]], mostly pervasive in the areas with mild to strong [[Italians|Italian]] roots, such as Central Argentina, and the eight southernmost Brazilian states (where [[macaroni]] are called ''macarrão'', and more general pasta is under the umbrella term ''massa'', literally "dough", together with some [[Japanese noodles]], such as ''bifum'' [[rice vermicelli]] and [[yakisoba]], which also entered general taste). The local names for the pasta are many times varieties of the Italian names, such as ñoquis/nhoque for gnocchi, ravioles/ravióli for ravioli, or tallarines/talharim for tagliatelle, although some of the most popular pasta in Brazil, such as the ''parafuso'' ("screw", "bolt"), a specialty of the country's [[pasta salad]]s, are also way different both in name and format from its closest Italian relatives, in this case the [[fusilli]] ("rifle").<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20130509171339/http://receitasdafulaninha.blogspot.com.br/2011/11/tipos-de-macarrao.html#.UjtG4ax1HxU Tipos de macarrão. Receitas da Fulaninha]. receitasdafulaninha.blogspot.com.br. November 2011</ref>

In [[Sweden]], spaghetti is traditionally served with ''köttfärssås'' ([[Bolognese sauce]]), which is minced meat in a thick tomato soup.

In the [[Philippines]], spaghetti is often served with a distinct, slightly sweet yet flavourful meat sauce (the base of which would be tomato sauce or paste and ketchup), frequently containing ground beef or pork and diced hot dogs and ham. It is spiced with some soy sauce, heavy quantities of garlic, dried oregano sprigs and sometimes with dried bay leaf, and afterwards topped with grated cheese. Other pasta dishes are also cooked nowadays in the Filipino kitchen, like carbonara, pasta with alfredo sauce, and baked macaroni. These dishes are usually cooked for gatherings and special occasions, like family reunions or Christmas. Macaroni or other tube pasta is also used in ''sopas'', a local chicken broth soup.

''[[Fettuccine alfredo]]'' with cream, cheese and butter, and spaghetti with tomato sauce (with or without meat) are popular Italian-style dishes in the [[United States]].

In [[Australia]], boscaiola sauce, based on bacon and mushrooms, is one favorite among many.

==Regulations==

===Italy===

Although numerous variations of ingredients for different pasta products are known, in Italy the commercial manufacturing and labeling of pasta for sale as a food product within the country is highly regulated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rules for the Review of Legislation on Production of Flour and Pasta|url=http://gazzette.comune.jesi.an.it/2001/117/2.htm|publisher=Italian Government Printing Office|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rules for the Review of Legislation on Production of Flour and Pasta (English Translation)|url=http://www.pasta-unafpa.org/pdf/ITALIA.pdf|publisher=Union of Organisations of Manufacturers of Pasta Products to the EU |accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> Italian regulations recognise three categories of commercially manufactured dried pasta as well as manufactured fresh and stabilized pasta:

'''Pasta''': Dried pasta with three subcategories – (i.) Durum wheat semolina pasta (''pasta di semola di grano duro''), (ii.) Low grade durum wheat semolina pasta (''pasta di semolato di grano duro'') and (iii.) Durum wheat whole meal pasta (''pasta di semola integrale di grano duro''). Pastas made under this category must be made only with durum wheat semolina or durum wheat whole-meal semolina and water, with an allowance for up to 3% of soft-wheat flour as part of the durum flour. Dried pastas made under this category must be labeled according to the subcategory.

'''Special pastas''' (''paste speciali''): As Pasta above, with additional ingredients other than flour and water or eggs. Special pastas must be labeled as durum wheat semolina pasta on the packaging completed by mentioning the added ingredients used (e.g., spinach). The 3% soft flour limitation still applies.

'''Egg pasta''' (''pasta all'uovo''): May only be manufactured using durum wheat semolina with at least 4 hens’ eggs (chicken) weighing at least 200 grams (without the shells) per kilogram of semolina, or a liquid egg product produced only with hen’s eggs. Pasta made and sold in Italy under this category must be labeled egg pasta.
[[Image:Pasta Machine.jpg||thumb|220px|A small hand-cranked pasta machine designed to sheet fresh pasta dough and cut [[tagliatelle]].]]

'''Fresh and stabilized pastas''' (''paste alimentari fresche e stabilizzate''): Includes fresh and stabilized pastas, which may be made with soft-wheat flour without restriction on the amount. Prepackaged fresh pasta must have a water content not less than 24%, must be stored refrigerated at a temperature of not more than 4 °C (with a 2°C tolerance), must have undergone a heat treatment at least equivalent to pasteurisation, and must be sold within 5 days of the date of manufacture. Stabilized pasta has a lower allowed water content of 20%, and is manufactured using a process and heat treatment that allows it to be transported and stored at ambient temperatures.

The Italian regulations under Presidential Decree N° 187 apply only to the commercial manufacturing of pastas both made and sold within Italy. They are not applicable either to pasta made for export from Italy or to pastas imported into Italy from other countries. They also do not apply to pastas made in restaurants.

===U.S.===
In the U.S., regulations for commercial pasta products occur both at the Federal and State levels.
At the Federal level, consistent with Section 341 of the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Title 21, Chapter 9, S. IV, Sec. 341|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title21/pdf/USCODE-2010-title21-chap9-subchapIV-sec341.pdf|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has defined [[Standards of identity for food|standards of identity]] for what are broadly termed macaroni products. These standards appear in 21 CFR Part 139.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Code of Federal Regulation, Title 21 Part 139|url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=7162819b59439ea6f4fd032034b15966&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:2.0.1.1.26&idno=21#PartTop|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> In those regulations the requirements for standardized macaroni products of 15 specific types of dried pastas are detailed, including ingredients and product specific labeling for conforming products sold in the U.S., including imports:

'''Macaroni products''' – is defined as the class of food prepared by drying formed units of dough made from semolina, durum flour, farina, flour, or any combination of those ingredients with water. Within this category various optional ingredients may also be used within specified ranges, including egg white, frozen egg white or dried egg white alone or in any combination; disodium phosphate; onions, celery, garlic or bay leaf, alone or in any combination; salt; gum gluten; and concentrated glyceryl monostearate. Specific dimensions are given for the shapes named macaroni, spaghetti and vermicelli.

'''Enriched macaroni products''' – is largely the same as ''macaroni products'' except that each such food must contain of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin or niacinamide, folic acid and iron, with specified limits. Additional optional ingredients that may be added include vitamin D, calcium, and defatted wheat germ. The optional ingredients specified may be supplied through the use of dried yeast, dried torula yeast, partly defatted wheat germ, enriched farina, or enriched flour.

'''Enriched macaroni products with fortified protein'''–similar to ''enriched macaroni products'' with the addition of other ingredients to meet specific protein requirements. Edible protein sources that may be used include food grade flours or meals from nonwheat cereals or oilseeds. Products in this category must include specified amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin or niacinamide and iron, but not folic acid. The products in this category may also optionally contain up to 625 milligrams of calcium.

'''Milk macaroni products''' – the same as ''macaroni products'' except that milk or a specified milk product is used as the sole moistening ingredient in preparing the dough. Other than milk, allowed milk products include concentrated milk, evaporated milk, dried milk, and a mixture of butter with skim, concentrated skim, evaporated skim, or nonfat dry milk, in any combination, with the limitation on the amount of milk solids relative to amount of milk fat.

'''Nonfat milk macaroni products''' – the same as ''macaroni products'' except that nonfat dry milk or concentrated skim milk is used in preparing the dough. The finished macaroni product must contain between 12% and 25% milk solids-not-fat. Carageenan or carageenan salts may be added in specified amounts. The use of egg whites, disodium phosphate and gum gluten optionally allowed for ''macaroni products'' is not permitted for this category.

'''Enriched nonfat milk macaroni products''' – similar to ''nonfat milk macaroni products'' with added requirements that products in this category contain thiamin, riboflavin, niacin or niacinamide, folic acid and iron, all within specified ranges.

'''Vegetable macaroni products''' – begins as ''macaroni products'' except that tomato (of any red variety), artichoke, beet, carrot, parsley or spinach is added in a quantity such that the solids of the added component are at least 3% by weight of the finished macaroni product. The vegetable additions may be in the form of fresh, canned, dried or a puree or paste. The addition of either the various forms of egg whites or disodium phosphate allowed for ''macaroni products'' is not permitted in this category.

'''Enriched vegetable macaroni products''' – the same as ''vegetable macaroni products'' with the added requirement for nutrient content specified for ''enriched macaroni products''.

'''Whole wheat macaroni products''' – similar to ''macaroni products'' except that only whole wheat flour or whole wheat durum flour, or both, may be used as the wheat ingredient. Further the addition of the various forms of egg whites, disodium phosphate and gum gluten are not permitted.

'''Wheat and soy macaroni products''' – begins as ''macaroni products'' with the addition of at least 12.5% of soy flour as a fraction of the total soy and wheat flour used. The addition the various forms of egg whites and disodium phosphate are not permitted. Gum gluten may be added with a limitation that the total protein content derived from the combination of the flours and added gluten not exceed 13%.

'''Noodle products''' – are the class of food that is prepared by drying units of dough made from semolina, durum flour, farina, flour, alone or in any combination with liquid eggs, frozen eggs, dried eggs, egg yolks, frozen yolks, dried yolks, alone or in any combination, with or without water. Optional ingredients that may be added in allowed amounts are onions, celery, garlic, and bay leaf; salt; gum gluten; and concentrated glyceryl monostearate.

'''Enriched noodle products''' – similar to ''noodle products'' with the addition of specific requirements for amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin or niacinamide, folic acid and iron, each within specified ranges. Additionally products in this category may optionally contain added vitamin D, calcium or defatted wheat germ, each within specified limits.

'''Vegetable noodle products''' – the same as ''noodle products'' with the addition of tomato (of any red variety), artichoke, beet, carrot, parsley, or spinach in an amount that is at least 3% of the finished product weight. The vegetable component may be added as fresh, canned, dried, or in the form of a puree or paste.

'''Enriched vegetable noodle products''' – the same as ''vegetable noodle products'' excluding carrot, with the specified nutrient requirements for ''enriched noodle products''.

'''Wheat and soy noodle products''' – similar to ''noodle products'' except that soy flour is added in a quantity not less than 12.5% of the combined weight of the wheat and soy ingredients.

It is important to note that the federal regulations under 21 CFR Part 139 are standards for the products noted, not mandates. Following the FDA’s standards, a number of states have, at various times, enacted their own statutes that serve as mandates for various forms of macaroni and noodle products that may be produced or sold within their borders. Many of these specifically require that the products sold within those states be of the enriched form.<ref>{{cite web|title=State of Connecticut General Provisions, Chapter 417, Sections 21a-28 (Pure Foods and Drugs)|url=http://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/pub/chap417.htm#Sec21a-28.htm|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=State of Florida Statutes, Chapter 500.301–500.306 (Food Products)|url=http://statutes.laws.com/florida/TitleXXXIII/chapter500|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Utah Administrative Codes – Rule R70-620. Enrichment of Flour and Cereal Products|url=http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r070/r070-620.htm#T2|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Oregon Revised Statues § 616.785 Sale of unenriched flours, macaroni or noodle products prohibited|url=http://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/616.785|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> According to a report released by the Connecticut Office of Legislative Research, when Connecticut’s law was adopted in 1972 that mandated certain grain products, including macaroni products, sold within the state to be enriched it joined 38 to 40 other states in adopting the federal standards as mandates.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duffy|first=Daniel|title=Legislative History of Statute Concerning the Regulation of Grain Product|url=http://www.cga.ct.gov/2002/rpt/2002-R-0106.htm|publisher=Connecticut General Assembly|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref>

Beyond the FDA’s standards and state statutes the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA), which regulates federal school nutrition programs,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Code of Federal Regulation, Title 7, Part 210 – National School Lunch Program|url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=02dde6ef8db07a90198929f18099722e&rgn=div5&view=text&node=7:4.1.1.1.1&idno=7 |publisher=GPO|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Code of Federal Regulation, Title 7, Part 220 – National School Breakfast Program|url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=e8e10bdc7e00e70d229a7e4a815ecdd1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=7:4.1.1.1.3&idno=7 |publisher=GPO|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> broadly requires grain and bread products served under these programs either be enriched or whole grain (see 7 CFR 210.10 (k)(5)). This includes macaroni and noodle products that are served as part the category grains/breads requirements within those programs. The USDA also allows that enriched macaroni products fortified with protein may be used and counted to meet either a gains/breads or meat/alternative meat requirement, but not as both components within the same meal.<ref>{{cite web|title=USDA Buying Guide for Child Nutrition Programs – Grains and Bread |url=http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/resources/FBG_Section_3-GrainsBreads.pdf |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cooking]]
*[[Italian cuisine]]
*[[List of pasta]]
*[[National Pasta Association]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Literature==
* {{cite book|ref=Serventi|last1=Serventi|first1=Silvano|last2=Sabban|first2=Francoise|title=Pasta: The story of a universal food|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-12442-3|edition=translated}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pasta}}
{{Cookbook|Pasta Recipes}}
{{Wiktionary|pasta}}
*[http://www.museodellapasta.it/index.php National Museum of Pasta Foods – Rome, Italy]
*[http://www.pastacanada.com/english/pastafacts/pastafacts.html Pasta Facts] – Facts about pasta

{{Cuisine}}
{{Noodle}}
{{Wheat}}

[[Category:Italian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pasta| ]]
[[Category:Mediterranean cuisine]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]

Pasta

2013-10-31T16:10:25Z

86.96.226.19: /* Market */

{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Pasta
| image = [[File:Pasta Venice.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Different types of pasta on display in a shop window in Italy
| alternate_name =
| country = Italy
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Durum wheat]] [[flour]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Pasta''' is a [[staple food]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Ehrlich|first=Richard|title=Process of Elimination|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/may/06/processed-food-reduce-diet-health|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=7 July 2012|date=6 May 2009}}</ref> of traditional [[Italian cuisine]], with the first reference dating to 1154 in [[Sicily]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McClatchey|first=Caroline|title=How pasta became the world's favourite food|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13760559|publisher=BBC|accessdate=23 March 2012|date=15 June 2011}}</ref> It is also commonly used to refer to the variety of pasta [[Dish (food)|dishes]]. Typically pasta is made from an [[unleavened]] [[dough]] of a [[durum wheat]] [[flour]] mixed with water and formed into sheets or various shapes, then [[Cooking|cooked]] and served in any number of dishes. It can be made with flour from other [[cereal]]s or [[Food grain|grains]], and [[Egg (food)|eggs]] may be used instead of water. Pastas may be divided into two broad categories, dried (''pasta secca'') and fresh (''pasta fresca''). Chicken eggs frequently dominate as the source of the liquid component in fresh pasta.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

Most dried pasta is commercially produced via an [[Food extrusion|extrusion]] process. Fresh pasta was traditionally produced by hand, sometimes with the aid of simple machines,<ref name=Marcella>Hazan, Marcella (1992) ''Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking'', Knopf, ISBN 0-394-58404-X</ref> but today many varieties of fresh pasta are also commercially produced by large scale machines, and the products are widely available in supermarkets.

Both dried and fresh pasta come in a number of shapes and varieties, with 310 specific forms known variably by over 1300 names having been recently documented.<ref name=Zanini>Zanini De Vita, Oretta, ''Encyclopedia of Pasta'', University of California Press, ISBN 9780520255227</ref> In Italy the names of specific pasta shapes or types often vary with locale. For example the form ''[[cavatelli]]'' is known by 28 different names depending on region and town. Common forms of pasta include long shapes, short shapes, tubes, flat shapes and sheets, miniature soup shapes, filled or stuffed, and specialty or decorative shapes.<ref>Hazan, Giuliano (1993) ''The Classic Pasta Cookbook'', Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 1564582922</ref>

As a category in Italian cuisine, both dried and fresh pastas are classically used in one of three kinds of prepared dishes. As ''pasta asciutta'' (or pastasciutta) cooked pasta is plated and served with a complementary sauce or condiment. A second classification of pasta dishes is ''pasta in brodo'' in which the pasta is part of a soup-type dish. A third category is ''pasta al forno'' in which the pasta incorporated into a dish that is subsequently baked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://italianfood.about.com/od/pastarecipesandsauces/a/aa102298.htm |title=Retrieved 21 March 2012 |publisher=Italianfood.about.com |date=2012-04-10 |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref>

Pasta is generally a simple dish, but comes in large varieties because it is a versatile food item. Some pasta dishes are served as a first course in Italy because the portion sizes are small and simple. Pasta is also prepared in light lunches, such as salads or large portion sizes for dinner. It can be prepared by hand or food processor and served hot or cold. Pasta sauces vary in taste, color and texture. When choosing which type of pasta and sauce to serve together, there is a general rule that must be observed. Simple sauces like pesto are ideal for long and thin strands of pasta while tomato sauce combines well with thicker pastas. Thicker and chunkier sauces have the better ability to cling onto the holes and cuts of short, tubular, twisted pastas. The ratio of sauce to pasta varies according to taste and texture, however traditionally the sauce should not be excessive as the pasta itself must still be tasted. The extra sauce left on the plate after all of the pasta is eaten is often mopped up with a piece of bread.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pasta|year=2005|publisher=Parragon Publishing|location=UK|pages=6–57|isbn=1405425164|year=2005}}</ref>

==Etymology==
First attested in English in 1874, the word ''pasta'' comes from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''pasta'', in turn from [[Latin]] ''pasta'' "dough, pastry cake", itself the [[Latinisation (literature)|latinisation]] of the [[Greek language|Greek]] παστά (''pasta'') "barley [[porridge]]", in turn from παστός (''pastos''), "sprinkled with salt, salted".<ref>{{OEtymD|pasta}}</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpasto%2Fs1 παστός], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pasta |title=pasta – Wiktionary |accessdate=6 April 2008}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:6-alimenti, pasta,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|thumb|Making pasta; illustration from the 15th century edition of ''[[Tacuinum Sanitatis]]'', a Latin translation of the [[Arabic]] work ''Taqwīm al-sihha'' by [[Ibn Butlan]].<ref name = Watson>Watson, Andrew M (1983). ''Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world''. New York: [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 22-3</ref>]]

In the 1st century [[Before Christ|BC]] writings of [[Horace]], ''lagana'' (Sing.: ''laganum'') were fine sheets of dough which were fried<ref>[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], p. 24</ref> and were an everyday food.<ref name="ss15"/> Writing in the 2nd century [[Athenaeus of Naucratis]] provides a recipe for ''lagana'' which he attributes to the 1st century Chrysippus of Tyana: sheets of dough made of wheat flour and the juice of crushed lettuce, then flavoured with spices and deep-fried in oil.<ref name=ss15/> An early 5th century cookbook describes a dish called ''lagana'' that consisted of layers of dough with meat stuffing, a possible ancestor of modern-day ''[[lasagna]]''.<ref name="ss15"/> However, the method of cooking these sheets of dough does not correspond to our modern definition of either a fresh or dry pasta product, which only had similar basic ingredients and perhaps the shape.<ref name="ss15"/> The first concrete information concerning pasta products in Italy dates from the 13th or 14th century.<ref name="Serventi 2002 10">[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], p. 10</ref>

Historians have noted several lexical milestones relevant to pasta, none of which changes these basic characteristics. For example, the works of the 2nd century AD Greek physician [[Galen]] mention ''itrion'', homogeneous compounds made up of flour and water.<ref name=ss17>[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], p. 17</ref> The [[Jerusalem Talmud]] records that ''itrium'', a kind of boiled dough,<ref name=ss17/> was common in [[Palestine]] from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD,<ref>[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], p. 29</ref> A dictionary compiled by the 9th century Arab physician and lexicographer Isho bar Ali<ref>"A medical text in Arabic written by a Jewish doctor living in Tunisia in the early 900s", according to {{cite book|ref=Dickie|author=Dickie, John |year=2008|title=Delizia! The Epic History of Italians and Their Food|publisher=Simon and Schuster|place= New York|pages=21 ff.|isbn=1416554009}}</ref> defines ''itriyya'', the Arabic cognate, as string-like shapes made of semolina and dried before cooking. The geographical text of [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], compiled for the Norman King of Sicily [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]] in 1154 mentions ''itriyya'' manufactured and exported from Norman Sicily:
{{quote|"West of Termini there is a delightful settlement called Trabia.<ref>The Sicilian coast east of [[Palermo]] is being described.</ref> Its ever-flowing streams propel a number of mills. Here there are huge buildings in the countryside where they make vast quantities of ''itriyya'' which is exported everywhere: to [[Calabria]], to Muslim and Christian countries. Very many shiploads are sent."<ref>Quoted in [[#Dickie|Dickie]], p. 21.</ref>}}

''Itriyya'' gives rise to ''trie'' in Italian,{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} signifying long strips such as ''tagliatelle'' and ''trenette''. One form of ''itriyya'' with a long history is ''laganum'' (plural ''lagana''), which in Latin refers to a thin sheet of dough,<ref name="ss15">[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]], pp. 15–16</ref> and gives rise to Italian ''lasagna''.
[[Image:Moser Spaghetti essender Junge.jpg||thumb||''Boy with Spaghetti'' by Julius Moser, c. 1808.]]
According to historians like Charles Perry, the Arabs adapted noodles for long journeys in the 5th century, the first written record of dry pasta.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} The dried pasta introduced was being produced in great quantities in Palermo at that time.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

In North Africa, a food similar to pasta, known as [[couscous]], has been eaten for centuries. However, it lacks the distinguishing malleable nature of pasta, couscous being more akin to droplets of dough. At first, dry pasta was a luxury item in Italy because of high labor costs; durum wheat semolina had to be kneaded for a long time.

There is a legend of [[Marco Polo]] importing pasta from China<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110726174114/http://www.ilovepasta.org/faqs.html "Who "invented" pasta?"]. National Pasta Association: "The story that it was Marco Polo who imported noodles to Italy and thereby gave birth to the country's pasta culture is the most pervasive myth in the history of Italian food." ([[#Dickie|Dickie]], p. 48).</ref> which originated with the ''Macaroni Journal'', published by an association of food industries with the goal of promoting the use of pasta in the [[United States]].<ref>[[#Serventi|Serventi and Sabban]]</ref> Marco Polo describes a food similar to "lagana" in his ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo|Travels]]''.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, dried pasta became popular for its easy storage. This allowed people to store dried pasta in ships when exploring the New World.<ref name="Diana Viola">{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Margaret E.|title=The History of Pasta|url=http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/FOOD_IS_ART/pasta/historypasta.html|publisher=inmamaskitchen|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> A century later, pasta was present around the globe during the voyages of discovery.<ref name="Demetri">{{cite web|last=Demetri|first=Justin|title=History of pasta|url=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/food/pasta-history.asp|publisher=lifeinitaly|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> The invention of the first tomato sauces dates back from the late 18th century: the first written record of pasta with tomato sauce can be found in the 1790 cookbook ''L'Apicio Moderno'' by [[Rome|Roman]] [[chef]] [[Francesco Leonardi (Chef)|Francesco Leonardi]].<ref>{{cite book
| last=Faccioli
| first= Emilio
| title=L'Arte della cucina in Italia
| publisher= Einaudi
| location = Milan
| year=1987
| language=Italian|page=756
}} The ''culí di pomodoro'' recipe is in the chapter devoted to Leonardi.</ref> Before tomato sauce was introduced, pasta was eaten dry with the fingers; the liquid sauce demanded the use of a fork.<ref name="Diana Viola"/>

===History of manufacturing===
Pasta manufacturing machines were made since the 1600s across the coast of [[Sanremo]]. The extrusion press produced large amounts of uniform pastas. The consistency of shapes and texture of the pasta manufactured by the extrusion press is believed to be superior to hand made pasta. This technology has spread to other areas including [[Genoa]], [[Apulia]], [[Brindisi]], [[Bari]], and [[Tuscany]]. By 1867, [[Buitoni]] Company in upper [[Tiber]] Valley became one of the most successful and well-known pasta manufacturers in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Pasta: It's not what you think!|url=http://www.pasta-recipes-by-italians.com/history-of-pasta.html|publisher=Pasta Recipes by Italians|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref>

==Evolution==
It is to be noted that the idea of using tomato sauce to give pasta its flavour was revolutionary since it was originally eaten plain. It was eaten with the hands as only the wealthy could afford eating utensils. The consumption of pasta has changed over time; it was once a small, simple item, but it is now often eaten in much larger portions and as part of complex, sophisticated dishes. Factors such as low prices and ease of cooking contribute to the growing popularity of this staple item.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Pasta in the Italian Kitchen|url=http://pastarito.info/|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref>

===In modern times===
The art of pasta making and the devotion to the food as a whole has evolved since pasta was first conceptualized. “It is estimated that Italians eat over sixty pounds of pasta per person, per year, easily beating Americans, who eat about twenty pounds per person.”<ref name="lifeinitaly.com">{{cite web|last=Demetri|first=Justin|title=History of Pasta|url=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/food/pasta-history.asp|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref> Pasta is so beloved in the nation of Italy that individual consumption exceeds the average production of wheat of the country; thus Italy frequently imports wheat for pasta making. In contemporary society pasta is ubiquitous, as individuals can find a variety of pasta in the local super markets. With the worldwide demand for this staple food, pasta is now largely mass-produced in factories and only a tiny proportion is crafted by hand. However, while pasta is made everywhere, “the product from Italy keeps to time-tested production methods that create a superior pasta”.<ref name="lifeinitaly.com"/>

Pasta was originally solely a part of Italian and European cuisine owing to its popularity there. With an increase in popularity on a world-wide scale, pasta has crossed international borders and is now a popular form of fast food and a staple in North America and elsewhere. This is due to the great amount of Italian immigration into Canada and the United States around the beginning of the 20th century. Similarly an immense immigration of Italians into South Africa ensured that spaghetti and meatballs became an essential part of South African cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tracey|first=Michael|title=The Origin and History of Pasta where Pasta comes from|url=http://africhef.com/Pasta/|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref>

==Ingredients==
[[Image:Lasagna.jpg|thumb|[[Lasagne]]]]
Since the time of Cato, basic pasta dough has been made mostly of wheat flour or [[semolina]],<ref name=Zanini /> with durum wheat used predominantely in the South of Italy and soft wheat in the North. Regionally other grains have been used, including those from barley, buckwheat, rye, rice, and maize, as well as chestnut and chickpea flours. In modern times to meet the demands of both health conscious and [[Coeliac disease|coeliac sufferers]] the use of rice, maize and whole durum wheat has become commercially significant. Grain flours may also be supplemented with cooked potatoes.

Beyond hens' eggs and water, liquids have included duck eggs, milk or cream, olive or walnut oil, wine, ink from octopus, squid or cuttlefish, and even pigs' blood. Other additions to the basic flour-liquid mixture may include vegetables purees such as spinach or tomato, mushrooms, cheeses, herbs, spices and other seasonings. While pastas are, most typically, made from unleavened doughs, the use of yeast-raised doughs are also known for at least nine different pasta forms.<ref name=Zanini />

==Varieties==
{{See also|list of pasta}}
<gallery>
Image:Pasta 2006 1.jpg|Long pasta
Image:Pasta 2006 2.jpg|Short pasta
Image:Pasta 2006 3.jpg|Short pasta
Image:Pasta 2006 4.jpg|Minute pasta (''pastina'', used for soups)
Image:Pasta 2006 5.jpg|''Pasta all'uovo'' (egg pasta)
Image:Pasta 2006 6.jpg|Fresh pasta
Image:Pasta 2006 7.jpg|Pasta for ''pasta al forno'' (baked pasta) dishes
</gallery>

===Fresh===
[[File:Cannelloni mit Hackfleischfüllung.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cannelloni, a cylindrical type of pasta generally served baked with a filling and covered by a sauce.]]
Fresh pasta is usually locally made with fresh ingredients unless it is destined to be shipped, in which case consideration is given to the spoilage rates of the desired ingredients such as eggs or herbs. Furthermore, fresh pasta is usually made with a mixture of eggs and all-purpose flour or “00” low gluten flour. Since it contains eggs, it is more tender compared to dried pasta and only takes about half the time to cook.<ref name="Quessenberry">{{cite web|last=Quessenberry|first=Sara|title=Dried Vs. Fresh Pasta|url=http://www.realsimple.com/food-recipes/shopping-storing/food/dried-vs-fresh-pasta-10000001609408/|publisher=Real Simple|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> Delicate sauces are preferred for fresh pasta in order to let the pasta take front stage.<ref name="Christensen">{{cite web|last=Christensen|first=Emma|title=Dry Pasta vs. Fresh Pasta: What's the Difference?|url=http://www.thekitchn.com/dry-pasta-vs-fresh-pasta-whats-47888|publisher=The Kitchn|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref>

Fresh pastas do not expand in size after cooking; therefore, one and a half pounds of pasta are needed to serve 4 people generously.<ref name="Quessenberry"/> Fresh egg pasta is generally cut into strands of various widths and thicknesses depending on which pasta is to be made (e.g. fettuccine, pappardelle, and lasagne). It is best served with meat, cheese, or vegetables to create [[ravioli]], [[tortellini]], and [[cannelloni]]. Fresh egg pasta is well known in the [[Piedmont]] area near the border of France. In this area, dough is only made out of egg yolk and flour resulting in a very refined flavour and texture. This pasta is often served simply with butter sauce and thinly sliced truffles that are native to this region. In other areas, such as [[Apulia]] fresh pasta can be made without eggs. The only ingredients needed to make the pasta dough is semolina flour and water, which is often shaped into [[orecchiette]] or [[cavatelli]]. Fresh pasta for cavatelli is also popular in other places including [[Sicily]]. However, the dough is prepared differently: it is made of flour and [[ricotta]] cheese instead.<ref name="Laux">{{cite web|last=Laux|first=Sandra|title=Types of Pasta|url=http://www.mangiabenepasta.com/types.html|publisher=Mangia Bene Pasta|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref>

===Dried===
Dried pasta can also be defined as factory-made pasta because it is usually produced in large amounts that require large machines with superior processing capabilities to manufacture.<ref name="Laux"/> Dried pasta is mainly shipped over to farther locations and has a longer shelf life. The ingredients required to make dried pasta include semolina flour and water. Eggs can be added for flavour and richness, but are not needed to make dried pasta. In contrast to fresh pasta, dried pasta needs to be dried at a low temperature for several days to evaporate all the moisture allowing it to be stored for a longer period. Dried pastas are best served in hearty dishes like [[Ragù|ragu]] sauces, soups, and casseroles.<ref name="Christensen"/> Once it is cooked, the dried pasta will usually increase in size by double of its original proportion. Therefore, approximately one pound of dried pasta serves up to four people.<ref name="Quessenberry"/> The way to create the finest dried pasta is by mixing golden semolina flour, ground from durum wheat, with water. Good quality dried pasta is identified by its slight rough surface and compact body that helps maintain its firmness in cooking, since it swells considerably in size when cooked.<ref name="Laux"/>

==Culinary uses==
[[Image:Pasta with pesto.jpg|right|thumb|''Pesto [[Cavatappi]]''.]]

Pasta is generally served with some type of sauce; the sauce and the type of pasta are usually matched based on consistency and ease of eating. Northern Italian cooking uses less tomato sauce, garlic and herbs. In Northern Italy ''[[white sauce]]'' is more common.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.aspenbusinessjournal.com/article/id/736/sid/16 | work=The Aspen Business Journal | title=Lidia Bastianich on the quintessential Italian meal | date=19 June 2011 | accessdate=1 January 2012 | first1=Gail | last1=Montany}}</ref> However Italian cuisine is best identified by individual regions. Pasta dishes with lighter use of tomato are found in [[Trentino-Alto Adige]] and [[Emilia Romagna]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Bastianich | first1=Lidia | authorlink=Lidia Bastianich | first2= Manuali | last2=Tania | title=Lidia Cooks from the Heart of Italy: A Feast of 175 Regional Recipes | edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Bastianich | first1=Lidia | authorlink=Lidia Bastianich | first2= Mariani | last2=John | title=How Italian Food Conquered the World | edition=1st}}</ref> In Bologna, the meat-based ''[[Bolognese sauce]]'' incorporates a small amount of tomato concentrate and a green sauce called ''[[pesto]]'' originates from Genoa. In [[Central Italy]], there are sauces such as ''[[tomato sauce]]'', ''[[amatriciana]]'', ''[[arrabbiata]]'' and the egg-based ''[[carbonara]]''. In [[Tuscany]] and [[Umbria]] pasta is often served ''alla carrettiera'' (a tomato sauce spiked with peperoncini hot peppers).<ref>{{cite book
| last = Bramblett
| first = Reid
| title = Frommer's Florence, Tuscany & Umbria
| publisher = Wiley Publishing Inc
| year = 2004
| isbn = 0-7645-4219-2
}}</ref>

Tomato sauces are also present in [[Southern Italy|Southern Italian]] cuisine, where they originated. In Southern Italy more complex variations include pasta paired with fresh vegetables, olives, capers or seafood. Varieties include ''[[puttanesca]]'', ''pasta alla norma'' (tomatoes, eggplant and fresh or baked cheese), ''pasta con le sarde'' (fresh sardines, pine nuts, fennel and olive oil), ''spaghetti aglio, olio e peperoncino'' (literally with garlic, [olive] oil and hot chili peppers).

==Production==
{{howto|date=July 2012}}

===Homemade===
[[File:Pasta machine 2.jpg|thumb|left|A pasta machine in use.]]
Ingredients to make pasta dough include semolina flour, egg, salt and water. Flour is first mounded on a flat surface and then a well in the pile of flour is created. Egg is then poured into the well and a fork is used to mix the egg and flour. Salt is added to the dough and is kneaded until it is smooth and dry.{{dubious|Salt in dough|date=August 2012}} If the dough remains sticky, semolina flour is further added and is kneaded until it is dry. The dough is then shaped into pieces that are needed to make sheets of pasta.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Make Pasta Dough|url=http://allrecipes.com/howto/making-pasta-dough/|publisher=allrecipes|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> Then a rolling pin is used to flatten the dough. There are a variety of ways to shape the sheets of pasta depending on the type of pasta that needs to be made. The most popular types include [[penne]], [[spaghetti]], and [[macaroni]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fresh Pasta|url=http://allrecipes.com/HowTo/Fresh-Pasta/Detail.aspx|publisher=allrecipes|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref>

Kitchen pasta [[machine]]s, also called pasta makers, are popular with cooks who make large amounts of homemade pasta. Sheets of pasta dough are fed into the machine by hand, and by turning a [[hand crank]], the pasta is then [[food extrusion|extruded]] through a machine 'comb' that shapes the pasta noodles as they are extruded.

===Storage===
The storage of pasta depends on how far along it is processed. Uncooked pasta is kept dry and can sit in the cupboard for a year. The pasta must be airtight and stored in a dry area. Make sure it is kept in a cool place. Cooked pasta is stored in the refrigerator for a maximum of five days in an airtight container. Adding a couple teaspoons of oil helps keep the food from sticking to each other and the container. If the cooked pasta is not used in the five days it may be frozen for up to two or three months. The pasta will start to dry after a period of time, but it varies with the type of pasta. Should the pasta be dried completely, place it back into the cupboard.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Store Pasta|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080213161115/http://www.ilovepasta.org/storing_pasta.htmlwork_National Pasta Association|accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pasta Handling, Safety & Storage|url=http://www.recipetips.com/kitchen-tips/t--166/pasta-handling-safety-storage.asp|accessdate=27 March 2012|author=Recipe Tips}}</ref>

===Factory-manufactured===
The ingredients to make dried pasta usually include water, semolina flour, egg for colour and richness, vegetable juice (such as spinach, beet, tomato, carrot) for colour and taste, and herbs or spices for flavour; however, ingredients may vary. Semolina flour is piled in silos that will transfer the semolina through a pipe and into a mixing machine. Warm water is poured into the machine to mix with the semolina flour. The machine kneads it until the mixture becomes firm and dry. If pasta is to be flavoured, eggs, vegetable juices, and herbs are added to the mixture. The dough is then passed into the laminator to be flattened into sheets. It is then further compressed by the vacuum mixer-machine to clear out air bubbles and excess water from the dough until the moisture content is reduced to 12%. Next, the dough is processed in the steamer to kill any existing bacteria it may contain.

After steaming, the dough is ready to be cut. Depending on the type of pasta to be made, the dough can either be cut or extruded through dies. Then the pasta is set in a drying tank so that it can be dried under specific conditions of heat, moisture, and time depending on the type of pasta that is being dried. The final step is to package the pasta properly. Fresh pasta is sealed in a clear, airtight plastic container. During the sealing process air is sucked out of the container and replaced with carbon dioxide and nitrogen mixture. This slows microbial growth and prolongs its shelf life. Dried pastas are packaged differently than fresh pasta. It is placed in stainless steel buckets that are transferred to appropriate packaging stations to be portioned and sealed in plastic or cardboard packages.<ref>{{cite web|title=How pasta is made|url=http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Pasta.html#b|publisher=made how|accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref>

==Market==
Italy produced 1,432,990 tons of spaghetti in 1955, gugu of the chuchu which 74,000 tons was [[export]]ed, and had a production capacity of 3 million tons.<ref name="1955cons">{{Cite news|title=Spaghetti consumption up as national dish in Italy|last=Salerno|first=George|agency=[[United Press International|United Press]]|publisher=|newspaper=Wilmington Morning Star|location=[[Wilmington, North Carolina]]|date=13 December 1956|volume=90|number=52}}</ref> By 2011, the three largest producers of dried pasta were Italy (3,247,322 tonnes), the United States (3,000,000 tonnes), and Brazil (1,300,000 tonnes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120905000348/http://www.internationalpasta.org/index.php?cat=22&item=122&lang=2|title=World Pasta Production|publisher=International Pasta Organisation}}</ref> The largest per capita consumers of pasta in 2011 were Italy (26.0 kg/person), Venezuela (12.0 kg/person), Tunisia (11.7 kg/person), and Greece (10.4 kg/person).

In the European Union, total pasta sales in 2008 were US $8.361 billion, of which $5.722 billion was for dried pasta, $2.244 billion was for fresh or chilled pasta, and $395 million was for canned or preserved pasta.<ref name="AAFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/statistics/agri-food/eu_pasta_consumer_trends_en.pdf|format=PDF|title=Consumer Trends: Pasta Market in the EU27|publisher=International Markets Bureau, [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada]]|date=April 2010|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref> In 2009, retail sales of pasta represented a $2.809 billion market in Italy, $1.402 billion in Germany, and $1.179 billion in France.<ref name="AAFC" /> Fresh pasta represented a $996 million market in Italy in 2008.<ref name="AAFC" />

Italy is the world's largest exporter of pasta; in 2007, it exported 1.7 million tons of pasta, and the largest export markets were Germany (20.4%), France (13.7%), the United Kingdom (12.6%), the United States (9.5%), and Japan (4.25%). Italy's pasta exports represented 53% of its total production in 2007.<ref name="italy2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.italtrade.com/focus/14860.htm|title=Italian pasta conquers abroad: Export up by 48% halfway through 2008|publisher=Italian Institute for Foreign Trade|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref>

==Nutrition==
{{Primary sources|section about nutrition|date=June 2012}}
[[File:Rotini Yellow Red Green.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Three different colours of rotini.]]

Pasta, especially whole wheat pasta, is known to have several health benefits. Whole wheat contains considerable amounts of minerals such as magnesium, iron, calcium, potassium, zinc, selenium and manganese.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spaghetti, whole-wheat, cooked|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5784/2|accessdate=30 March 2012}}</ref> Minerals are important for the body because they help with the structure of bones, regulate heart beat, maintain muscle, and take part in regulating cell growth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minerals|url=http://www.brianmac.co.uk/minerals.htm|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref> In addition, an equivalent amount of whole and white grains are recommended for a complete and healthy diet with essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. Pasta is normally eaten with other foods rich in nutrients. Fiber for example, can be found in vegetables, beans, fish, tomato sauce, cheese, and meats such as poultry and lean ground beef.

Pasta contains complex [[carbohydrate]]s, which release energy slowly compared to sugar, providing energy for a longer time. Pasta also contains a small amount of sodium, and has no [[cholesterol]]. Assorted pastas are rich in essential nutrients such as iron and vitamin B.<ref name="Pasta Nutrition">{{cite web|title=Pasta Nutrition|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060615100157/http://www.ilovepasta.org/nutrition.html|author=Feeney, Mary Jo |publisher=National Pasta Association|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> Another benefit of eating pasta is that it provides [[niacin]] (Vitamin B3). This vitamin is essential for bodily functions such as converting carbohydrates into [[glucose]], which produces energy for the body. Enriched pasta also contains folic acid, which is beneficial for child-bearing women. [[Folic acid]] is needed for the proper growth of cells and development of the embryo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Folic Acid: What Women of Childbearing Age Need to Know|url=http://www.ivillage.com/folic-acid-what-women-childbearing-age-need-know/6-n-138557|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> Pasta may not contribute to obesity, as weight gain is often caused by excess calories in a diet, rather than its carbohydrate content. <ref name="foodnutritionscience.com">{{cite web|title=Scientists Confirms Health Benefits of Pasta Meal|url=http://www.foodnutritionscience.com/index.cfm/do/monsanto.article/articleId/493.cfm|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref>

[[Glycemic Index]] (GI) measures how quickly carbohydrates cause the blood serum sugar levels to rise. The blood sugar response rises depending on how quickly the carbohydrates are absorbed. Pasta has a low GI. Therefore, the carbohydrates in pasta are absorbed slowly.<ref name="Pasta Nutrition"/> Also, the amount of protein in pasta depends on the type of flour used to manufacture it. If it is made from durum wheat, the pasta contains protein and [[gluten]]. Pasta is considered to be a good source of nutrition for vegetarians because it contains protein comprising six of the nine essential [[amino acid]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Incomplete Pasta Protein?|url=http://www.weightlossforall.com/protein-pasta.htm|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pasta Nutrition Facts|url=http://www.glycemic-index.org/pasta-nutrition.html|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref>

The [[Mediterranean diet]] is a health approach in which the goal is to prevent illness and diseases. This diet is composed mainly of a number of plant foods such as pasta. Other foods include olive oil, dairy products, eggs, red meats, and small amounts of fish and poultry.<ref name="foodnutritionscience.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Healthy Pasta Meal|url=http://www.internationalpasta.org/resources/extra/FENS%20Conf%20program.pdf|work=internationalpasta.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pasta Health facts|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060615184053/http://www.ilovepasta.org/health_facts.html|work=ilovepasta.org}}</ref>

==International adaptations==
[[File:Asian Style Italian Pasta.jpg|right|thumb||An Asian-style "Italian" pasta]]
As pasta was introduced elsewhere in the world, it became incorporated into a number of local cuisines, which often have significantly different ways of preparation from those of Italy. In [[Hong Kong]], the local Chinese have adopted pasta, primarily [[spaghetti]] and [[macaroni]], as an ingredient in the [[Hong Kong-style Western cuisine]].

When pasta was introduced to several nations, every culture adopted different style of preparing it. In the past, [[ancient Roman]]s cooked pastas by frying or boiling it. It was also sweetened with honey or tossed with [[garum]]. Ancient Romans also enjoyed baking it in rich pies, called timballi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pasta|url=http://www.enotes.com/pasta-reference/pasta-178091|publisher=eNotes|accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref>

In [[Cha chaan teng]] (茶餐廳), macaroni is cooked in water and served in broth with [[ham]] or [[sausage|frankfurter sausages]], peas, [[shiitake|black mushrooms]], and optionally [[egg (food)|eggs]], reminiscent of [[noodle soup]] dishes. This is often a course for breakfast or light lunch fare.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16440507/ Explore the world of Canto-Western cuisine]. Associated Press via MSNBC (2007-01-08). Retrieved on 2013-09-19.</ref> These affordable dining shops evolved from American food rations after World War II due to lack of supplies, and they continue to be popular for people with modest means.
[[File:Cheese pepper pasta.JPG|thumb|A home-made cheese pepper ''Nepalese'' pasta (macaroni)]]
Two common spaghetti dishes served in [[Japan]] are the [[Ragù alla bolognese|Bolognese]] (ミートソース) and the [[Naporitan|Napolitan]] (ナポリタン). In [[Nepal]], macaroni has been adopted and cooked in an Nepalese way. Boiled macaroni is sautéed along with [[cumin]], [[turmeric]], finely chopped green chillies, onions and cabbage. In [[Greece]] hilopittes is considered one of the finest types of dried egg pasta. It is cooked either in tomato sauce or with various kinds of casserole meat. It is usually served with Greek cheese of any type.
In [[India]] too,macaroni is prepared in same way but in Indianized way.

Pasta is also widespread in the [[Southern Cone]], as well most of the rest of [[Brazil]], mostly pervasive in the areas with mild to strong [[Italians|Italian]] roots, such as Central Argentina, and the eight southernmost Brazilian states (where [[macaroni]] are called ''macarrão'', and more general pasta is under the umbrella term ''massa'', literally "dough", together with some [[Japanese noodles]], such as ''bifum'' [[rice vermicelli]] and [[yakisoba]], which also entered general taste). The local names for the pasta are many times varieties of the Italian names, such as ñoquis/nhoque for gnocchi, ravioles/ravióli for ravioli, or tallarines/talharim for tagliatelle, although some of the most popular pasta in Brazil, such as the ''parafuso'' ("screw", "bolt"), a specialty of the country's [[pasta salad]]s, are also way different both in name and format from its closest Italian relatives, in this case the [[fusilli]] ("rifle").<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20130509171339/http://receitasdafulaninha.blogspot.com.br/2011/11/tipos-de-macarrao.html#.UjtG4ax1HxU Tipos de macarrão. Receitas da Fulaninha]. receitasdafulaninha.blogspot.com.br. November 2011</ref>

In [[Sweden]], spaghetti is traditionally served with ''köttfärssås'' ([[Bolognese sauce]]), which is minced meat in a thick tomato soup.

In the [[Philippines]], spaghetti is often served with a distinct, slightly sweet yet flavourful meat sauce (the base of which would be tomato sauce or paste and ketchup), frequently containing ground beef or pork and diced hot dogs and ham. It is spiced with some soy sauce, heavy quantities of garlic, dried oregano sprigs and sometimes with dried bay leaf, and afterwards topped with grated cheese. Other pasta dishes are also cooked nowadays in the Filipino kitchen, like carbonara, pasta with alfredo sauce, and baked macaroni. These dishes are usually cooked for gatherings and special occasions, like family reunions or Christmas. Macaroni or other tube pasta is also used in ''sopas'', a local chicken broth soup.

''[[Fettuccine alfredo]]'' with cream, cheese and butter, and spaghetti with tomato sauce (with or without meat) are popular Italian-style dishes in the [[United States]].

In [[Australia]], boscaiola sauce, based on bacon and mushrooms, is one favorite among many.

==Regulations==

===Italy===

Although numerous variations of ingredients for different pasta products are known, in Italy the commercial manufacturing and labeling of pasta for sale as a food product within the country is highly regulated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rules for the Review of Legislation on Production of Flour and Pasta|url=http://gazzette.comune.jesi.an.it/2001/117/2.htm|publisher=Italian Government Printing Office|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rules for the Review of Legislation on Production of Flour and Pasta (English Translation)|url=http://www.pasta-unafpa.org/pdf/ITALIA.pdf|publisher=Union of Organisations of Manufacturers of Pasta Products to the EU |accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> Italian regulations recognise three categories of commercially manufactured dried pasta as well as manufactured fresh and stabilized pasta:

'''Pasta''': Dried pasta with three subcategories – (i.) Durum wheat semolina pasta (''pasta di semola di grano duro''), (ii.) Low grade durum wheat semolina pasta (''pasta di semolato di grano duro'') and (iii.) Durum wheat whole meal pasta (''pasta di semola integrale di grano duro''). Pastas made under this category must be made only with durum wheat semolina or durum wheat whole-meal semolina and water, with an allowance for up to 3% of soft-wheat flour as part of the durum flour. Dried pastas made under this category must be labeled according to the subcategory.

'''Special pastas''' (''paste speciali''): As Pasta above, with additional ingredients other than flour and water or eggs. Special pastas must be labeled as durum wheat semolina pasta on the packaging completed by mentioning the added ingredients used (e.g., spinach). The 3% soft flour limitation still applies.

'''Egg pasta''' (''pasta all'uovo''): May only be manufactured using durum wheat semolina with at least 4 hens’ eggs (chicken) weighing at least 200 grams (without the shells) per kilogram of semolina, or a liquid egg product produced only with hen’s eggs. Pasta made and sold in Italy under this category must be labeled egg pasta.
[[Image:Pasta Machine.jpg||thumb|220px|A small hand-cranked pasta machine designed to sheet fresh pasta dough and cut [[tagliatelle]].]]

'''Fresh and stabilized pastas''' (''paste alimentari fresche e stabilizzate''): Includes fresh and stabilized pastas, which may be made with soft-wheat flour without restriction on the amount. Prepackaged fresh pasta must have a water content not less than 24%, must be stored refrigerated at a temperature of not more than 4 °C (with a 2°C tolerance), must have undergone a heat treatment at least equivalent to pasteurisation, and must be sold within 5 days of the date of manufacture. Stabilized pasta has a lower allowed water content of 20%, and is manufactured using a process and heat treatment that allows it to be transported and stored at ambient temperatures.

The Italian regulations under Presidential Decree N° 187 apply only to the commercial manufacturing of pastas both made and sold within Italy. They are not applicable either to pasta made for export from Italy or to pastas imported into Italy from other countries. They also do not apply to pastas made in restaurants.

===U.S.===
In the U.S., regulations for commercial pasta products occur both at the Federal and State levels.
At the Federal level, consistent with Section 341 of the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Title 21, Chapter 9, S. IV, Sec. 341|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title21/pdf/USCODE-2010-title21-chap9-subchapIV-sec341.pdf|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has defined [[Standards of identity for food|standards of identity]] for what are broadly termed macaroni products. These standards appear in 21 CFR Part 139.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Code of Federal Regulation, Title 21 Part 139|url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=7162819b59439ea6f4fd032034b15966&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:2.0.1.1.26&idno=21#PartTop|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> In those regulations the requirements for standardized macaroni products of 15 specific types of dried pastas are detailed, including ingredients and product specific labeling for conforming products sold in the U.S., including imports:

'''Macaroni products''' – is defined as the class of food prepared by drying formed units of dough made from semolina, durum flour, farina, flour, or any combination of those ingredients with water. Within this category various optional ingredients may also be used within specified ranges, including egg white, frozen egg white or dried egg white alone or in any combination; disodium phosphate; onions, celery, garlic or bay leaf, alone or in any combination; salt; gum gluten; and concentrated glyceryl monostearate. Specific dimensions are given for the shapes named macaroni, spaghetti and vermicelli.

'''Enriched macaroni products''' – is largely the same as ''macaroni products'' except that each such food must contain of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin or niacinamide, folic acid and iron, with specified limits. Additional optional ingredients that may be added include vitamin D, calcium, and defatted wheat germ. The optional ingredients specified may be supplied through the use of dried yeast, dried torula yeast, partly defatted wheat germ, enriched farina, or enriched flour.

'''Enriched macaroni products with fortified protein'''–similar to ''enriched macaroni products'' with the addition of other ingredients to meet specific protein requirements. Edible protein sources that may be used include food grade flours or meals from nonwheat cereals or oilseeds. Products in this category must include specified amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin or niacinamide and iron, but not folic acid. The products in this category may also optionally contain up to 625 milligrams of calcium.

'''Milk macaroni products''' – the same as ''macaroni products'' except that milk or a specified milk product is used as the sole moistening ingredient in preparing the dough. Other than milk, allowed milk products include concentrated milk, evaporated milk, dried milk, and a mixture of butter with skim, concentrated skim, evaporated skim, or nonfat dry milk, in any combination, with the limitation on the amount of milk solids relative to amount of milk fat.

'''Nonfat milk macaroni products''' – the same as ''macaroni products'' except that nonfat dry milk or concentrated skim milk is used in preparing the dough. The finished macaroni product must contain between 12% and 25% milk solids-not-fat. Carageenan or carageenan salts may be added in specified amounts. The use of egg whites, disodium phosphate and gum gluten optionally allowed for ''macaroni products'' is not permitted for this category.

'''Enriched nonfat milk macaroni products''' – similar to ''nonfat milk macaroni products'' with added requirements that products in this category contain thiamin, riboflavin, niacin or niacinamide, folic acid and iron, all within specified ranges.

'''Vegetable macaroni products''' – begins as ''macaroni products'' except that tomato (of any red variety), artichoke, beet, carrot, parsley or spinach is added in a quantity such that the solids of the added component are at least 3% by weight of the finished macaroni product. The vegetable additions may be in the form of fresh, canned, dried or a puree or paste. The addition of either the various forms of egg whites or disodium phosphate allowed for ''macaroni products'' is not permitted in this category.

'''Enriched vegetable macaroni products''' – the same as ''vegetable macaroni products'' with the added requirement for nutrient content specified for ''enriched macaroni products''.

'''Whole wheat macaroni products''' – similar to ''macaroni products'' except that only whole wheat flour or whole wheat durum flour, or both, may be used as the wheat ingredient. Further the addition of the various forms of egg whites, disodium phosphate and gum gluten are not permitted.

'''Wheat and soy macaroni products''' – begins as ''macaroni products'' with the addition of at least 12.5% of soy flour as a fraction of the total soy and wheat flour used. The addition the various forms of egg whites and disodium phosphate are not permitted. Gum gluten may be added with a limitation that the total protein content derived from the combination of the flours and added gluten not exceed 13%.

'''Noodle products''' – are the class of food that is prepared by drying units of dough made from semolina, durum flour, farina, flour, alone or in any combination with liquid eggs, frozen eggs, dried eggs, egg yolks, frozen yolks, dried yolks, alone or in any combination, with or without water. Optional ingredients that may be added in allowed amounts are onions, celery, garlic, and bay leaf; salt; gum gluten; and concentrated glyceryl monostearate.

'''Enriched noodle products''' – similar to ''noodle products'' with the addition of specific requirements for amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin or niacinamide, folic acid and iron, each within specified ranges. Additionally products in this category may optionally contain added vitamin D, calcium or defatted wheat germ, each within specified limits.

'''Vegetable noodle products''' – the same as ''noodle products'' with the addition of tomato (of any red variety), artichoke, beet, carrot, parsley, or spinach in an amount that is at least 3% of the finished product weight. The vegetable component may be added as fresh, canned, dried, or in the form of a puree or paste.

'''Enriched vegetable noodle products''' – the same as ''vegetable noodle products'' excluding carrot, with the specified nutrient requirements for ''enriched noodle products''.

'''Wheat and soy noodle products''' – similar to ''noodle products'' except that soy flour is added in a quantity not less than 12.5% of the combined weight of the wheat and soy ingredients.

It is important to note that the federal regulations under 21 CFR Part 139 are standards for the products noted, not mandates. Following the FDA’s standards, a number of states have, at various times, enacted their own statutes that serve as mandates for various forms of macaroni and noodle products that may be produced or sold within their borders. Many of these specifically require that the products sold within those states be of the enriched form.<ref>{{cite web|title=State of Connecticut General Provisions, Chapter 417, Sections 21a-28 (Pure Foods and Drugs)|url=http://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/pub/chap417.htm#Sec21a-28.htm|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=State of Florida Statutes, Chapter 500.301–500.306 (Food Products)|url=http://statutes.laws.com/florida/TitleXXXIII/chapter500|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Utah Administrative Codes – Rule R70-620. Enrichment of Flour and Cereal Products|url=http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r070/r070-620.htm#T2|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Oregon Revised Statues § 616.785 Sale of unenriched flours, macaroni or noodle products prohibited|url=http://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/616.785|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> According to a report released by the Connecticut Office of Legislative Research, when Connecticut’s law was adopted in 1972 that mandated certain grain products, including macaroni products, sold within the state to be enriched it joined 38 to 40 other states in adopting the federal standards as mandates.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duffy|first=Daniel|title=Legislative History of Statute Concerning the Regulation of Grain Product|url=http://www.cga.ct.gov/2002/rpt/2002-R-0106.htm|publisher=Connecticut General Assembly|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref>

Beyond the FDA’s standards and state statutes the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA), which regulates federal school nutrition programs,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Code of Federal Regulation, Title 7, Part 210 – National School Lunch Program|url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=02dde6ef8db07a90198929f18099722e&rgn=div5&view=text&node=7:4.1.1.1.1&idno=7 |publisher=GPO|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Code of Federal Regulation, Title 7, Part 220 – National School Breakfast Program|url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=e8e10bdc7e00e70d229a7e4a815ecdd1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=7:4.1.1.1.3&idno=7 |publisher=GPO|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> broadly requires grain and bread products served under these programs either be enriched or whole grain (see 7 CFR 210.10 (k)(5)). This includes macaroni and noodle products that are served as part the category grains/breads requirements within those programs. The USDA also allows that enriched macaroni products fortified with protein may be used and counted to meet either a gains/breads or meat/alternative meat requirement, but not as both components within the same meal.<ref>{{cite web|title=USDA Buying Guide for Child Nutrition Programs – Grains and Bread |url=http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/resources/FBG_Section_3-GrainsBreads.pdf |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cooking]]
*[[Italian cuisine]]
*[[List of pasta]]
*[[National Pasta Association]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Literature==
* {{cite book|ref=Serventi|last1=Serventi|first1=Silvano|last2=Sabban|first2=Francoise|title=Pasta: The story of a universal food|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-12442-3|edition=translated}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pasta}}
{{Cookbook|Pasta Recipes}}
{{Wiktionary|pasta}}
*[http://www.museodellapasta.it/index.php National Museum of Pasta Foods – Rome, Italy]
*[http://www.pastacanada.com/english/pastafacts/pastafacts.html Pasta Facts] – Facts about pasta

{{Cuisine}}
{{Noodle}}
{{Wheat}}

[[Category:Italian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pasta| ]]
[[Category:Mediterranean cuisine]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]

User:Manuael reno

2013-10-30T05:35:25Z

86.96.226.19: ←Blanked the page

IFFHS

2013-10-22T04:33:49Z

86.96.226.19: /* Current ranking */

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Cleanup-list|date=October 2011}}
The '''International Federation of Football History & Statistics''' (IFFHS) is an organization that chronicles the history and records of [[association football]].<ref name=IFFHS>{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b3120fe3016e23617ff3c17f7370eff3702bb1c2bb19|title=The History of IFFHS|work=IFFHS official website|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref><ref>Rafa Jiménez, ''IFFHS: La calculadora del fútbol''. ''[[Don Balón]]'' (1656), 9/15 julio 2007, p.50</ref><ref name="Mundo Deportivo">{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundodeportivo.es/gen/20100108/53863553762/noticia/que-es-la-iffhs.html|title=¿Qué es la IFFHS?|publisher=[[El Mundo Deportivo]]|date=8 January 2010|accessdate=2010-01-20}}</ref> It was founded on 27 March 1984 in [[Leipzig]] by Dr. [[Alfredo Pöge]] with the blessings of general secretary of the [[FIFA]] at the time, Dr. Helmut Käser.<ref name=IFFHS/> The IFFHS was based at Al-Muroor Street 147, [[Abu Dhabi]] for some time but, in 2010, relocated to [[Bonn]], Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b1c0cfb2917f32a16e33417f7370eff3702bb1c2bb1f|title=International Federation of Football History & Statistics|work=IFFHS official website|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>

During its early stages, and until 2002, the IFFHS concentrated on publishing the quarterly magazines ''Fußball-Weltzeitschrift'', ''Libero spezial deutsch'' and ''Libero international''.<ref>[http://www.fussballbuecher.com/WM-1934.html A couple of former ''Weltzeitschrift'' cover pages can be looked up at]</ref> When these had to be discontinued for reasons which were not officially told, the organization published its material in a series of multi-lingual books in co-operation with sponsors.<ref name="Don Balón">Rafa Jiménez, ''IFFHS: La calculadora del fútbol''. ''[[Don Balón]]'' (1656), 9/15 July 2007, p.50 (in Spanish).</ref>  The statistical organization has now confined its publishing activities to its website, receiving support from FIFA,<ref name="Don Balón"/> organization that recognise the IFFHS and its work<ref name="Mundo Deportivo"/><ref name="Don Balón"/> although the latter has no affiliation with the football's [[FIFA|governing body]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=86239.html|title=Does FIFA employ a ranking system for club teams similar to the FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking for national teams?|publisher=www.fifa.com|date=28 March 2003|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>

==Club World Ranking==
Since 1991, the entity has produced a monthly Club World Ranking.

The ranking takes into consideration the results of twelve months of continental and intercontinental competitions, national league matches (including play-offs) and the most important national cup (excluding points won before the round of 16).

All countries are rated at four levels based upon the national league performance—clubs in the highest level leagues receive 4 points for each match won, 2 for a draw and 0 for a defeat. Level 2 is assigned 3 pts. (win), 1.5 (draw) and 0 (lost), and so on with the next lower levels.

In continental competitions, all clubs receive the same number of points at all stages regardless of the performance level of their leagues. However, the [[UEFA Champions League]] and the [[Copa Libertadores]] yield more points than [[UEFA Europa League]] and [[Copa Sudamericana]], respectively. The point assignment system is still lower for the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]], [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]], [[CONCACAF]] and [[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]] continental tournaments. Competitions between two continents are evaluated depending upon their importance. Competitions not organized by a continental confederation, or any intercontinental events not recognized by [[FIFA]], are not taken into consideration.

===Criteria===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Criteria for national competitions:<ref name="IFFHS CWR">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?bc83ccac3be8e00390b02fc5fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeed10a|title=How the Club World Ranking is made|work=IFFHS official website|accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref>
|-
! Competition !! Points for a win !! Points for a draw
|-
| National Leagues in Level 4 || 4.00 || 2.00
|-
| National Leagues in Level 3 || 3.00 || 1.50
|-
| National Leagues in Level 2 || 2.00 || 1.00
|-
| National Leagues in Level 1 || 1.00 || 0.50
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Criteria for international competitions:<ref name="IFFHS CWR"/>
|-
! Competition !! Points for a win !! Points for a draw
|-
| [[UEFA Champions League]] || 14.0 || 7.0
|-
| [[UEFA Europa League]] || 12.0 || 6.0
|-
| [[Copa Libertadores]] || 14.0 || 7.0
|-
| [[Copa Sudamericana]] || 12.0 || 6.0
|-
| [[CAF Champions League]] || 9.0 || 4.5
|-
| [[CAF Cup]] || 7.0 || 3.5
|-
| [[AFC Champions League]] || 9.0 || 4.5
|-
| [[AFC Cup]] || 7.0 || 3.5
|-
| [[CONCACAF Champions League]] || 9.0 || 4.5
|-
| [[OFC Champions League]] || 5.0 || 2.5
|-
| [[FIFA Club World Cup]] (semi-finals) || 14.0 || 7.0
|-
| [[FIFA Club World Cup]] (final)<ref>Or [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] from 1991 to 2005.</ref> || 21.0 || 10.5
|}

===Current ranking===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Top 40 
(1 March 2012 - 28 February 2013)
|-
!Position
!Team
!Confederation
!Points
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] || [[UEFA]] || 307.0
|-
| 2 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Atletico Madrid]] || [[UEFA]] || 304.0
|-
| 3 || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Bayern Munich]] || [[UEFA]] ||292.0
|-
| 4 || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 287.0
|-
| 5 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] || [[UEFA]] || 283.0
|-
| 6 || {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Boca Juniors]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 281.0
|-
| 7 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid]] || [[UEFA]] || 277.0
|-
| 8 || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] || [[UEFA]] || 241.0
|-
| 9 || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] || [[UEFA]] || 234.0
|-
| 10 || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 230.0
|-
| 11 || {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Club de Fútbol Universidad de Chile|Universidad de Chile]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 223.0
|-
| 12 || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Fluminense]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 222.0
|-
| 13 || {{flagicon|SWI}} [[FC Basel|Basel]] || [[UEFA]] || 220.0
|-
|rowspan="2"| 14 || {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Galatasaray A.S]] || [[UEFA]] || 216.0
|-
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] || [[UEFA]] || 216.0
|-
| 16 || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Borussia Dortmund]] || [[UEFA]] || 215.0
|-
| 17 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Olympique Lyonnais|Lyon]] || [[UEFA]] || 214.0
|-
| 18 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris Saint Germain]] || [[UEFA]] || 210.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|19 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United]] || [[UEFA]] || 205.0
|-
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] || [[UEFA]] || 205.0
|-
| {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Club Libertad]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 205.0
|-
| 22 || {{flagicon|RUS}} [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala|Anzhi Makhachkala]] || [[UEFA]] || 203.0
|-
| 23 || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gremio]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 202.0
|-
| 24 || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Santos FC|Santos]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 201.0
|-
| 25 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] || [[UEFA]] || 200.0
|-
| 26 || {{flagicon|CZE}} [[SK Viktoria Plzeň]] || [[UEFA]] || 193.5
|-
| 27 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] || [[UEFA]] || 193.0
|-
| 28 || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Hannover 96]] || [[UEFA]] || 192.0
|-
| 29 || {{flagicon|ROM}} [[CFR Cluj]] || [[UEFA]] || 191.5
|-
| rowspan="4"| 30 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] || [[UEFA]] || 190.0
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Málaga]] || [[UEFA]] || 190.0
|-
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]] || [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] || 190.0
|-
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[KRC Genk|Genk]] || [[UEFA]] || 190.0
|-
| 34 || {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Sociedad Deportivo Quito|Sociedad Deportivo]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 189.5
|-
| 35 || {{flagicon|ARG}} [[CA Vélez Sarsfield|Vélez Sarsfield]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 189.0
|-
| 36 || {{flagicon|ROM}} [[FC Steaua Bucureşti]] || [[UEFA]] || 187.0
|-
| 37 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham]] || [[UEFA]] || 186.0
|-
| 38 || {{flagicon|ARG}} [[CA Tigre|Tigre]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 182.0
|-
| 39 || {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Club Sport Emelec]] || [[CONMEBOL]] || 179.5
|-
| rowspan="2"| 40 || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] || [[UEFA]] || 179.0
|-
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[RSC Anderlecht|Anderlecht]] || [[UEFA]] || 179.0
|}

-
Last updated: 14 May 2013 - [http://www.iffhs.de/?10f42e00fa2d17f73702fa3016e23c17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6f28f53512 Current Standings]

===The World's Club Team of the Year===
The following table shows the clubs that finished top of the ranking for each year since 1991:<ref name="The World's Club Team of the Year">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b002ec70a814f4cd003f09|title=IFFHS The World's Club Team for the Year|work=IFFHS official website|accessdate=2009-10-10}}</ref>
* 1991 - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[A.S. Roma|Roma]]<ref name="IFFHS 1991">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a713|title=1991 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 1992 - {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]<ref name="IFFHS 1992">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a409|title=1992 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 1993 - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]<ref name="IFFHS 1993">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a51f|title=1993 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 1994 - {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]<ref name="IFFHS 1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a21c|title=1994 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 1995 - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[A.C. Milan|Milan]]<ref name="IFFHS 1995">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a30a|title=1995 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 1996 - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]<ref name="IFFHS 1996">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a010|title=1996 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 1997 - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]<ref name="IFFHS 1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a106|title=1997 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 1998 - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]]<ref name="IFFHS 1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70ae17|title=1998 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 1999 - {{flagicon|England}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]<ref name="IFFHS 1999">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70af01|title=1999 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2000 - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]<ref name="IFFHS 2000 ">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a60d|title=2000 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2001 - {{flagicon|England}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]<ref name="IFFHS 2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a71b|title=2001 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2002 - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]<ref name="IFFHS 2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a401|title=2002 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2003 - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[A.C. Milan|Milan]]<ref name="IFFHS 2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a517|title=2003 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2004 - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Valencia CF|Valencia]]<ref name="IFFHS 2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a214|title=2004 (Top 25)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2005 - {{flagicon|England}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]<ref name="IFFHS 2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a302|title=Top 25 (2005)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2006 - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]<ref name="IFFHS 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a018|title=Top 25 (2006)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2007 - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]<ref name="IFFHS 2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a10e|title=Top 25 (2007)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2008 - {{flagicon|England}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]<ref name="IFFHS 2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70ae1f|title=Top 25 (2008)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref>
* 2009 - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]<ref name="IFFHS 2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70af09|title=Top 25 (2009)
|publisher=IFFHS |accessdate=2011-01-12}}</ref>
* 2010 - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]]<ref name="IFFHS 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?10f42e00fa2d17f73702fa3016e23c17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6f28f53512| title=Top 25 (2010)|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=2011-01-12}}</ref>
* 2011 - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]<ref name="IFFHS 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?10f42e00fa2d17f73702fa3016e23c17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6f28f53512|title=Top 25 (2011)
|publisher=IFFHS |accessdate=2011-05-09}}</ref>
* 2012 - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]

IFFHS recognised these clubs as ''The World's Club Team of the Year'' and were awarded with a golden trophy and a certificate during the ''World Football Gala''.<ref name="The World's Club Team of the Year"/>

===The World's Club Team of the Month===
In the same case of the ''The World's Club Team of the Year'', since January 2000 IFFHS recognizes those teams that have the greatest performance in the world during a month as ''The World's Club Team for the Month''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?3d4d443d0b803e8b447cce02285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedbc05|title=IFFHS The World's Club Team for the Month|work=IFFHS official website|accessdate=2009-10-10}}</ref>

===All-Time Club World Ranking===
The All-time Club World Ranking is determined by taking into account all the results of the national championships, the national cup competitions, the club competitions of the six continental confederations and the [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] (defunct), which was replaced by the [[FIFA Club World Cup]]. It is therefore only possible to determine an All-time Club World Ranking from 1 January 1991, when the Club World Ranking began taking all these details into consideration.

The All-time Club World Rankings are updated annually. For this ranking the IFFHS takes into consideration the "Top 50 Clubs" on the Club World Ranking at 31 December of each year, and awards them points from 50 points for the top club down to 1 point for the club in the 50th place. Adding the points from individual years for each club provides the All-time Club World Ranking.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Top 25 
(1 January 1991 - 31 December 2009)
|-
! Position
! Team
! Points
|-
| 1
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[F.C. Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| 807
|-
| 2
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
| 726
|-
|rowspan="2"| 3
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]
| 633
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]
| 633
|-
| 5
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Milan A.C.|Milan]]
| 620
|-
| 6
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]]
| 605
|-
| 7
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
| 599
|-
| 8
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
| 594
|-
| 9
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
| 503
|-
| 10
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
| 491
|-
| 11
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
| 455
|-
| 12
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[F.C. Porto|Porto]]
| 447
|-
| 13
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.S. Roma|Roma]]
| 445
|-
| 14
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]
| 421
|-
| 15
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Boca Juniors]]
| 420
|-
| 16
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
| 398
|-
| 17
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Parma F.C.|Parma]]
| 373
|-
| 18
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]
| 368
|-
| 19
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]
| 364
|-
| 20
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]
| 342
|-
| 21
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Olympique Lyonnais|Lyon]]
| 339
|-
| 22
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Atlético Madrid]]
| 319
|-
| 23
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]
| 317
|-
| 24
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Borussia Dortmund]]
| 285
|-
| 25
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]
| 284
|}
Last updated 31 December 2009 - [http://www.iffhs.de/?3d4d443d0b803e8b40384c00205fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedbe1a Current Standings]

==Continental Clubs of the 20th Century==
In 2009, the IFFHS released the results of a statistical study which determined the best [[continent]]al clubs of the 20th Century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?7d4d443d0a8a3ccdc42ec70a114b4ccc13f8ac378cdc07ccaf10|title=World Honours: The continental Clubs of the Century|work=IFFHS official website|accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref> The ranking did not consider the performance of the teams in national football tournaments (except in the Oceania's club ranking due to limited editions held under OFC club competitions), the performance in the intercontinental or [[List of world club champions (Association football)|world-wide club competitions]] or those submitted in the IFFHS Club World Ranking, available since 1991.<ref name=Europe>{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?a413f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01905fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883ccb05ff1d|title=Europe's club of the Century|work=IFFHS official website|accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref>

Based on this statistical study series, the below six clubs were named as "continental clubs of the century" by the IFFHS between 10 September and 13 October 2009. These clubs were awarded with a golden trophy and a certificate during the ''World Football Gala'' celebrated at [[Fulham]], London on 11 May 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b3e20e62b0af12b04fb3417f7370eff3702bb1c2bb11|title=World Football Gala 2010 in London|publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics|accessdate=2010-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=spanish|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/1330005139100/noticia/Noticia/El_Real_Madrid,_Mejor_Club_de_Europa_del_siglo_XX.htm|title=Real Madrid, mejor club de Europa del Siglo XX (video de la premiación)|publisher=Real Madrid Club de Fútbol official website|accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Region
!Team
|-
|Europe
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]
|-
|South America
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[C.A. Peñarol|Peñarol]]
|-
|Africa
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Asante Kotoko F.C.|Asante Kotoko]]
|-
|Asia
|{{flagicon|SAU}} [[Al-Hilal Riyadh|Al-Hilal]]
|-
|Central and North America
|{{flagicon|CRC}} [[C.D. Saprissa|Saprissa]]
|-
|Oceania
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[South Melbourne FC|South Melbourne]]
|}

==Strongest National League in the World==

===Rankings 1991–2012===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Pos. !! League !! Points
|-
|rowspan="3"|1991
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]'''
|'''1,382.5'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,069.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,059.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|1992
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]'''
|'''1,342.5'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,145.5
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Eredivisie]]
|941.5
|-
|rowspan="3"|1993
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]'''
|'''1,577.5'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,171.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]
|1,046.5
|-
|rowspan="3"|1995
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]'''
|'''1,345.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Ligue 1|Division 1]]
|1,067.5
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,030.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|1996
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]'''
|'''1,119.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,037.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Ligue 1|Division 1]]
|1,008.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|1997
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]'''
|'''1,209.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
|1,181.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,120.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|1998
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]'''
|'''1,276.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]
|1,198.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,096.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|1999
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]'''
|'''1,163.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,145.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,134.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2000
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]'''
|'''1,215.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,116.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
|1,051.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2001
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]'''
|'''1,267.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,176.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
|1,013.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2002
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]'''
|'''1,209.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,183.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
|1,119.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2003
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]'''
|'''1,180.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,107.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,052.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2004
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]'''
|'''1,189.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,184.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]
|1,010.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2005
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]'''
|'''1,207.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
|1,137.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Ligue 1]]
|995.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2006
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]'''
|'''1,182.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,168.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,125.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2007
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]'''
|'''1,171.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,074.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
|1,027.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]'''
|'''1,192.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
|1,031.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]]
|1,020.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2009
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]'''
|'''1,187.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]
|1,077.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]
|1,031.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]'''
|'''1,092.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,039.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
|1,021.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2011
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]'''
|'''1,194.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
|1,103.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]
|889.0
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012
|'''1'''
|'''{{flagicon|Spain}} [[La Liga]]'''
|'''1,283.0'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]
|1,057.0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]
|1,037.0
|}
Last updated in 10 January 2013 - [http://www.iffhs.de/?3ccdc42ec70a294b4cd433c4e30e Current Ranking]

===Rankings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Top 40 
(2012)
|-
! Position
! League
! Points
|-
| 1
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Liga BBVA|La Liga]]
| 1283.0
|-
| 2
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]
| 1057.0
|-
| 3
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]
| 1037.0
|-
| 4
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serie A]]
| 1034.0
|-
| 5
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Premier League]]
| 1007.0
|-
| 6
| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]]
| 919.0
|-
| 7
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Ligue 1]]
| 880.0
|-
| 8
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Eredivisie]]
| 738.0
|-
| 9
| {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguayan Primera División|Primera División]]
| 712.5
|-
| 10
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean Primera División|Primera División]]
| 711.5
|-
| 11
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian Premier League]]
| 355.0
|-
| 12
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian First Division]]
| 694.0
|-
| 13
| {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuadorian Serie A|Serie A]]
| 688.0
|-
| 14
| {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Liga I]]
| 310.0
|-
| rowspan="2"|15
| {{flagicon|Korea Republic}} [[K. League]]
| 653.0
|-
| {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Süper Lig]]
| 653.0
|-
| 17
| {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Superleague Greece|Superleague]]
| 645.5
|-
| 18
| {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Primeira Liga]]
| 633.5
|-
| 19
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian Premier League|Premier League]]
| 626.0
|-
| 20
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Primera División de México|Primera División]]
| 614.5
|-
| rowspan="2"|21
| {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Categoría Primera A]]
| 589.0
|-
| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Gambrinus liga]]
| 589.0
|-
| 23
| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss Super League|Super League]]
| 560.0
|-
| 24
| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scottish Premier League|Premier League]]
| 523.0
|-
| 25
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguayan Primera División|Primera División]]
| 493.0
|-
| 26
| {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish Superliga|Superliga]]
| 487.5
|-
| 27
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[J. League]]
| 481.5
|-
| 28
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Professional League|Professional League]]
| 475.5
|-
| 29
| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cypriot First Division|First Division]]
| 470.0
|-
| 30
| {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Tippeligaen]]
| 456.0
|-
| 31
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peruvian Primera División|Primera División]]
| 445.5
|-
|32
| {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Prva HNL]]
| 414.5
|-
| 33
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Allsvenskan]]
| 404.0
|-
| 34
| {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldovan National Division|National Division]]
| 403.0
|-
| 35
| {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan Premier League|Premier League]]
| 401.0
|-
| 36
| {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran Pro League|Pro League]]
| 393.5
|-
| 37
| {{flagicon|United States}}{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Major League Soccer|MLS]]
| 388.5
|-
| 38
| {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano|La-Liga]]
| 387.0
|-
| 39
| {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarusian Premier League|Premier League]]
| 385.0
|-
| 40
| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenian PrvaLiga|PrvaLiga]]
| 385.0
|}
Last updated 12 January 2013 -<ref>http://www.iffhs.de/?82c48d3171fd33400f06</ref>

==World's Most Popular Footballer==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Name !!Club
|-
|2006
|'''{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steven Gerrard]]'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|-
|2007
|'''{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Mohamed Aboutrika]]
|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Al-Ahly]]
|-
|2008
|'''{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Mohamed Aboutrika]]'''
|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Al-Ahly]]
|-
|2009
|'''{{flagicon|HON}} [[Carlos Alberto Pavón]]'''
|{{flagicon|HON}} [[Real C.D. España|Real España]]
|-
|2010
|{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Farhad Majidi]]'''
|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Esteghlal F.C.|Esteghlal]]<ref>''[http://www.iffhs.de/?32a00e42f0ae2300bf11504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6e28e05 The World's Most Popular Footballer Amongst Currently Active Players in 2010]''</ref>
|-
|2011
|{{flagicon|CHI}} '''[[Eduardo Vargas]]'''
|{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Club Universidad de Chile|Club Universidad]]<ref>''[http://www.iffhs.de/?32a00e42f0ae2300bf11504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6e28e05 The World's Most Popular Footballer Amongst Currently Active Players in 2011]''</ref>
|-
|2012
|{{flagicon|ARM}} '''[[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]]'''
|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]<ref>''[http://www.iffhs.de/?32a00e42f0ae2300bf11504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6e28e05 The World's Most Popular Footballer Amongst Currently Active Players in 2012]''</ref>
|-
|2013
|{{flagicon|VEN}} '''[[Juan Arango]]'''
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]]<ref>''[http://www.iffhs.de/?32a00e42f0ae2300bf11504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6e28e05 2012 Most populars]''</ref>
|-
|}
Since 2006, the IFFHS has given an award to the world's most popular football player, which is selected based on online user votes, which are cast on the IFFHS website. [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] player [[Steven Gerrard]] was awarded the first title.<ref>''[http://www.iffhs.de/?32a00e42f0ae2300bf1685caf6f17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6e28e1f The World's Most Popular Footballer Amongst Currently Active Players 2006]''</ref>

In 2007, the IFFHS provided a list of 55 candidates from all six continents. A total of 2,946,740 votes were cast and the winner of the voting was [[Mohamed Aboutrika]], who plays for [[Al-Ahly]] and the [[Egypt national football team]].<ref>
''[http://www.iffhs.de/?32a00e42f0ae2300bf16b55a66e17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6e28e01 The World's Most Popular Footballer Amongst Currently Active Players 2007]''</ref>

For 2008, the IFFHS drew up a list of 100 currently active players from 58 countries in all six football continents, from which votes were cast until 3 January 2009. After all the votes were counted, [[Mohamed Aboutrika]] was selected as the world's most popular football player for the second year in a row.<ref>
''[http://www.iffhs.de/?32a00e42f0ae2300bf16b55a66117f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6e28e10 the World's Most Popular Footballer Amongst Currently Active Players 2008]''</ref>

On 19 October 2009, the IFFHS opened the voting for the 2009 award. The candidates consisted of 115 currently active players from 68 countries in all six football continents. Votes were cast at the IFFHS website until 2 January 2010 with [[Carlos Alberto Pavón]] being the winner.<ref>''[http://www.iffhs.de/?32a00e42f0ae2300bf16b55a66017f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6e28e06 IFFHS User Vote]''</ref>

== IFFHS World's Best Club Coach ==
{{main|IFFHS World's Best Club Coach}}

== IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper ==
{{main|IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper}}

==Criticism==
The origin and the nature of the IFFHS have been widely criticised due to the fact that the organization was not created by a committee of national bodies linked to football, thus its appellation as "International Federation" has been considered misleading.<ref name=mirror>{{cite web|last=Ekejiuba|first=Andrew|url=http://nationalmirroronline.net/index.php/sports/sport-columnist/hard-tackle/50128.html|title=IFFHS: Nothing to celebrate about NPL!|publisher=''[[National Mirror]]''|date=1 September 2012|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> Karl Lennartz, a sports historian and professor at the [[University of Cologne]], Germany, called the organization "obscure", describing it as a one man show of its chairman Alfredo Pöge.<ref name=taz>{{cite web|last=von Eggers|first=Erik|url=http://www.taz.de/Ernennung-zum-Weltschiedsrichter/!10557/|title=Statistisches Phänomen|publisher=''[[die Tageszeitung]]''|language=German|date=1 September 2008|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref>

The IFFHS rankings and their significance have been a matter of criticism and the largest German news agency, [[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]], refuse to publish them.<ref name=mirror/><ref>{{cite web|last=Munene|first=John|url=http://www.michezoafrika.com/Harambee%20Stars/iffhs-ranking-inter-milan-the-best-club-of-2010/811.aspx|title=IFFHS Ranking-Inter Milan the best club of 2010|publisher=Michezo Afrika|date=12 January 2011|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> Furthermore, it has been stated that the rankings of the IFFHS are not official and the titles they bear serve merely for publicity.<ref name=taz/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iffhs.de/ Official site] {{de icon}} {{en icon}} {{fr icon}} {{es icon}}
* [http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-various.html Annual Awards]

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Federation Of Football History and Statistics}}
[[Category:IFFHS| ]]
[[Category:Association football organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:Association football media]]

Sea turtle

2013-10-09T08:08:35Z

86.96.226.19: /* Taxonomy and evolution */

{{automatic Taxobox
| name = Sea turtles
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]]-[[Holocene]],<ref name=hirTong2003>Hirayama, R., & Tong, H. (2003). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/1475-4983.00322/asset/1475-4983.00322.pdf?v=1&t=hjmsku7x&s=34ae055242b485fcff670379d09b75a04e5b1de5 "''Osteopygis'' (Testudines: Cheloniidae) from the Lower Tertiary of the Ouled Abdoun phosphate basin, Morocco."] ''Palaeontology,'' '''46'''(5): 845-856.</ref> {{fossilrange|110|0}}
| image = Lepidochelys-olivacea-Kélonia-1.JPG
| image_caption = An [[olive ridley sea turtle]] a species of the sea turtle superfamily
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Chelonioidea
| authority = Bauer, 1893<ref name="Rhodin11" />
| type_species = ''[[Testudo mydas]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Families]]
| subdivision =
* [[Pancheloniidae]]
** [[Cheloniidae]]
* [[Pandermochelys]]
** [[Dermochelyidae]]
** {{extinct}}[[Protostegidae]]
| synonyms = ''Chelonii'' - Oppel 1811
 ''Chlonopteria'' - Rafinesque 1814
 ''Cheloniae'' - Schmid 1819
 ''Edigitata'' - Haworth 1825
 ''Oiacopodae'' - Wagler 1828
 ''Pterodactyli'' - Mayer 1849
| synonyms_ref =<ref name="Rhodin11">{{cite journal | url = http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v4_2011.pdf | title = Turtles of the world, 2011 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs|volume=5| accessdate =|date=2011-12-31 | author=Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Roger, Bour| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/64t6NrOyR | archivedate = 2012-01-22}}</ref>
}}
'''Sea turtles''' (superfamily '''Chelonioidea''') or '''marine turtles'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Conservation Genetics |last1=Avise |first1=J. C. |last2=Hamrick |first2=J. L. |publisher=Springer |year=1996 |isbn=0412055813}}</ref> are [[turtle]]s that inhabit all of the world's oceans except the [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]]. Most species of sea turtle are endangered.

==Taxonomy and evolution==
Sea turtles, along with other turtles and tortoises, are part of the order [[Testudines]].

The seven living species of sea turtles are: [[flatback sea turtle]], [[green sea turtle]], [[hawksbill sea turtle]], [[Kemp's ridley sea turtle]], [[leatherback sea turtle]], [[loggerhead sea turtle]] and [[olive ridley sea turtle]].<ref name="BlackTurtleTaxonomy">The East Pacific sub-population of the green turtle was previously classified as a separate [[species]], the black sea turtle, but [[DNA]] evidence indicates that it is not evolutionarily distinct from the green sea turtle.{{cite journal | last =Karl | first =Stephen H. | coauthors = Brian W. Bowen| title =Evolutionary Significant Units versus Geopolitical Taxonomy: Molecular Systematics of an Endangered Sea Turtle (genus ''Chelonia'') | journal =Conservation [[Biology]] | volume =13 | issue =5 | pages =990–999 | publisher =Blackwell Synergy | year =1999 | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97352.x | doi =10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97352.x | id = | accessdate = 9 September 2007 }}</ref> All species except the leatherback are in the family Cheloniidae. The leatherback belongs to the family Dermochelyidae and is its only member.

The species are primarily distinguished by their anatomy: for instance, the prefrontal scales on the head, the number of and shape of [[scutes]] on the [[carapace]], and the type of inframarginal scutes on the [[plastron]]. The [[leatherback sea turtle|leatherback]] is the only sea turtle that does not have a hard shell; instead, it bears a mosaic of bony plates beneath its leathery skin. It is the largest sea turtle, measuring {{convert|6|to|7|ft|m}} in length at maturity, and {{convert|3|to|5|ft|m}} in width, weighing up to {{convert|1300|lb|kg}}. Other species are smaller, being mostly {{convert|2|to|4|ft|m}} and proportionally narrower.<ref name="WWFSeaturtles">{{cite web | title =WWF - Marine Turtles | work =Species Factsheets | publisher =World Wide Fund for Nature | date =4 May 2007 | url =http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/marine_turtles/index.cfm | accessdate =13 September 2007 }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2008}} and turtles are very smart like you!!!!!!!!

Sea turtles constitute a single radiation that became distinct from all other turtles at least 110 million years ago.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

* '''Family Cheloniidae'''
** ''[[Chelonia mydas]]'', green sea turtle
** ''[[Eretmochelys imbricata]]'', hawksbill sea turtle
** ''[[Natator depressus]]'', flatback sea turtle
** ''[[Caretta caretta]]'', loggerhead sea turtle
** ''[[Lepidochelys kempii]]'', Kemp's ridley sea turtle
** ''[[Lepidochelys olivacea]]'', olive ridley sea turtle
* '''Family Dermochelyidae'''
** ''[[Dermochelys coriacea]]'', leatherback sea turtle

<gallery>
File:Green turtle swimming over coral reefs in Kona.jpg|Green sea turtle (''Chelonia mydas'')
File:Hawksbill Turtle.jpg|Hawksbill sea turtle (''Eretmochelys imbricata'')
File:Natator depressus.jpg|Flatback sea turtle (''Natator depressus'')
File:Loggerhead sea turtle.jpg|Loggerhead sea turtle (''Caretta caretta'')
File:Padre Island National Seashore - Kemps Ridley Sea Turtle.jpg|Kemp's ridley sea turtle (''Lepidochelys kempii'')
File:Lepidochelys olivacea.jpg|Olive ridley sea turtle (''Lepidochelys olivacea'')
File:LeatherbackTurtle.jpg|Leatherback sea turtle (''Dermochelys coriacea'')
</gallery>

=== Cladogram ===
Below is a [[cladogram]] showing the phylogenetic relationships of living and extinct sea turtles in the Chelonioidea based on Peer and Lee (2005)<ref name=PMC>{{cite journal |author=Kear BP, Lee MS |title=A primitive protostegid from Australia and early sea turtle evolution |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=116–9 |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=17148342 |pmc=1617175 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2005.0406 }}</ref>

{| style="margin:auto;"
|-
|
{{cladogram|title=Phylogenetic relations of living and extinct chelonioid species
|align=left
|clades={{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:95%; width:800px;
|label1=[[Panchelonioidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=†''[[Toxochelys]]''
|2=†''[[Ctenochelys]]''
|label3='''Chelonioidea'''
|3={{clade
|label1='''Pancheloniidae'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=†''[[Euclastes]]''
|2=†''[[Puppigerus]]'' }}
|2=[[Cheloniidae]] }}
|label2='''Pandermochelys'''
|2={{clade
|1=†[[Protostegidae]]
|2=[[Dermochelyidae]] }} }} }} }} }}
|}

==Distribution==

The [[superfamily (zoology)|superfamily]] Chelonioidea has a world-wide distribution; sea turtles can be found in all oceans except for the polar regions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} Some species travel between oceans. The [[flatback sea turtle]] is found solely on the northern coast of [[Australia]].

==Behavior and ecology==

=== Habitat ===
Sea turtles are generally found in the waters over [[continental shelf|continental shelves]]. After taking to the water for the first time, males will not return to shore again.<ref name="WWFSeaturtles" /> During the first three to five years of life, sea turtles spend most time in the [[pelagic zone]] floating in [[seaweed]] beds. Green sea turtles in particular are often found in ''[[Sargassum]]'' beds, a brown seaweed in which they find shelter and food.<ref name="PelagicDev" /> Once the sea turtle has reached adulthood it moves closer to the shore.<ref name="LS20070918" /> Females will come ashore to lay their eggs on sandy beaches during the nesting season.<ref name="WWFSeaturtles" />

[[Image:Chelonia mydas got to the surface to breath.jpg|thumb|A green sea turtle breaks the surface to breathe.]]

===Respiration===
Sea turtles are almost always submerged, and, therefore, have developed an [[anaerobic respiration|anaerobic]] system of energy metabolism. Although all sea turtles breathe air, under dire circumstances they may divert to anaerobic metabolism for long periods of time. When surfacing to breathe, a sea turtle can quickly refill its lungs with a single explosive exhalation and rapid inhalation. Their large lungs have adapted to permit rapid exchange of oxygen and to avoid trapping gases during deep dives.

===Life history===

It takes decades for sea turtles to reach sexual maturity. After mating at sea, adult female sea turtles return to land to nest at night. Different species of sea turtles exhibit various levels of [[philopatry]]. In the extreme case, females return to the beach where they hatched. This can take place every two to four years in maturity. They make from one to eight nests per season. The mature nesting female hauls herself onto the beach, nearly always at night, and finds suitable sand on which to create a nest. Using her hind flippers, she digs a circular hole {{convert|40|to|50|cm|in}} deep. After the hole is dug, the female then starts filling the nest with a clutch of soft-shelled eggs one by one until she has deposited around 50 to 200 eggs, depending on the species. Some species have been reported to lay 250 eggs, such as the hawksbill. After laying, she re-fills the nest with sand, re-sculpting and smoothing the surface until it is relatively undetectable visually. The whole process takes thirty to sixty minutes. She then returns to the ocean, leaving the eggs untended.<ref name="Audubon1897">{{cite book | last =Audubon | first =Maria R. | authorlink =Maria Audubon | title =Audubon and His Journals: Dover Publications Reprint | publisher =Scribner's Sons | date =1897/1986 | location =New York | pages = 373–375| url = | isbn = 978-0-486-25144-8}}</ref>

[[Image:YosriTelurPenyu6.jpg|thumb|left|Turtle gender depends on sand temperature while the egg is incubating.]]
The hatchling's gender depends on the sand temperature. Lighter sands maintain higher temperatures, which decreases incubation time and results in more female hatchlings.

It takes several decades for adult sea turtles to reach sexual maturity. The mature turtles migrate, sometimes for thousands of miles, to reach breeding sites. Male and female turtles mate in the water, and the males return to deep sea to feed. For several weeks, female sea turtles alternate between mating in the water and laying their eggs on land. Before laying her eggs, a female turtle will dig a hole in the sand with her hind flippers. She covers it with sand and returns to the ocean. About two months pass for the eggs to incubate under the sand. Afterwards, the eggs hatch, generally at night to avoid predation, and the hatchlings crawl to the water. They then swim out to sea to begin their own cycle of maturing and reproducing. Sea turtles can continue this cycle until they are 80 years old.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}

[[File:Life Cycle of a Sea Turtle.svg|thumb|300px|1. Male and female turtles age in the ocean and migrate to shallow coastal water. 2. Turtles mate in the water near offshore nesting sites. 3. The adult male turtles return to the feeding sites in the water. 4. Female turtles cycle between mating and nesting, making between 1 and 8 nests a per season. 5. Females lay their eggs, often between 50 and 200 at a time. 6. When the season is over, female turtles return to feeding sites. 7. Baby turtles mature for 60-80 days and hatch. 8. Newly hatched turtles emerge from nests and travel from the shore to the water, usually at night. 9. Baby turtles mature in the ocean until they are ready to begin the cycle again.]]
Incubation takes about two months. The eggs in one nest hatch together over a very short period of time. When ready, hatchlings tear their shells apart with their snout and dig through the sand. Again, this usually takes place at night. Once they reach the surface, they instinctively head towards the sea. If, as happens on rare occasions, hatching takes place during daylight, only a very small proportion of each hatch succeed (usually 1%), because local [[opportunist predator]]s, such as the common [[seagull]], gorge on the new sea turtles. Thus there is an obvious evolutionary drive to hatch at night, when survival rates on the beach are much higher.

The hatchlings then proceed into the ocean, where a variety of marine predators await them. In 1987, Carr discovered that the young of ''[[Chelonia mydas]]'' and ''[[Caretta caretta]]'' spent a great deal of their [[pelagic]] lives in floating [[sargassum]] beds, where there are thick mats of unanchored [[seaweed]]. Within these beds, they found ample shelter and food. In the absence of sargassum beds, sea turtle young feed in the vicinity of [[upwelling]] "fronts".<ref name="PelagicDev">{{cite journal | last =Carr | first =Archie | authorlink =Archie Carr | title =New Perspectives on the Pelagic Stage of Sea Turtle Development | journal =Conservation Biology | volume =1 | issue =2 | pages =103–121 | publisher =Blackwell Publishing | doi = 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00020.x| id = | month =August | year =1987 | jstor=2385827}}</ref> In 2007, Reich determined that [[green sea turtle]] hatchlings spend the first three to five years of their lives in [[pelagic]] waters. In the open ocean, pre-juveniles of this particular species were found to feed on [[zooplankton]] and smaller [[nekton]] before they are recruited into inshore seagrass meadows as obligate herbivores.<ref name="LS20070918">{{cite news | last =Brynner | first =Jeanna | title =Sea Turtles' Mystery Hideout Revealed | work =LiveScience | publisher =Imaginova Corp. | date =19 September 2007 | url =http://www.livescience.com/animals/070919_sea_turtle.html | accessdate =20 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="Reich2007">{{cite journal | last =Reich | first =Kimberly J. | authorlink =Kimberly Reich | coauthors =Karen A. Bjorndal & Alan B. Bolten | title =The 'lost years' of green turtles: using stable isotopes to study cryptic lifestages | journal =Biology Letters | volume =6 | issue =in press | date =18 September 2007 | url =http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/k1l8072271716750/ | doi =10.1098/rsbl.2007.0394 | accessdate =20 September 2007 | pmid =17878144 | pmc =2391226 | pages =712–4}}</ref>

Instead of nesting individually like the other species, Ridley sea turtles come ashore en masse, known as an "arribada" (arrival). With the Kemp's ridley sea turtles this occurs during the day.

=== Diet ===

Sea turtles feed on a wide range of animals and plants. They are mostly omnivorous in their adult life, except the green sea turtle which is herbivorous, changing from a carnivorous diet when young. Some species specialise on certain prey; [[sea sponge]]s are the principal food of hawksbill sea turtles, constituting 70–95% of their diets in the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="ScienceSpongi">{{cite journal | last =Meylan | first =Anne | title =Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles: A Diet of Glass | journal =Science | volume =239 | issue =4838 | pages =393–395 | publisher =American Association for the Advancement of Science | date =1988-01-22 | doi = 10.1126/science.239.4838.393| id = | pmid =17836872 | jstor=1700236}}</ref> Leatherback turtles feed almost exclusively on [[jellyfish]] and help [[population control|control]] jellyfish populations.<ref name="WWW">{{cite web | title =WWF - Leatherback turtle | work=Marine Turtles | publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF) | date =16 February 2007 | url =http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/marine_turtles/leatherback_turtle/index.cfm
| accessdate =9 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="CCC">{{
cite web | title =Species Fact Sheet: Leatherback Sea Turtle | work=Caribbean Conservation Corporation & Sea Turtle Survival League | publisher=Caribbean Conservation Corporation | date =29 December 2005 | url=http://www.cccturtle.org/leatherback.htm|accessdate=6 September 2007}}</ref>

Aside from sponges, hawksbills also feed on [[algae]] and [[cnidaria]]ns (including the [[Portuguese man o' war]]), [[Ctenophora|comb jellies]] and other jellyfish and [[sea anemone]]s.<ref name="MarineBio">{{cite web | title =''Eretmochelys imbricata'', Hawksbill Sea Turtle | work = | publisher =MarineBio.org | url =http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=164 | accessdate = 2007-02-05 }}</ref> Green sea turtles are commonly found in [[seagrass]] meadows closer inshore as [[herbivorous]] grazers. The flatback turtle eats a variety of organisms such as [[seagrass]], marine invertebrates including [[mollusc]]s, jellyfish and [[shrimp]] and also fishes. It also consumes of soft [[coral]], [[sea cucumber]]s and other soft-bodied creatures.<ref name="Burbidge">{{cite book |last=Burbidge |first=Andrew A |title=Threatened animals of Western Australia |year=2004 |publisher=Department of Conservation and Land Management |isbn=0-7307-5549-5 |pages=110, 114}}</ref> The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling [[invertebrate]]s, such as [[gastropod]]s, [[Bivalvia|bivalves]], and [[Decapoda|decapods]]. The loggerhead has a greater list of known prey than any other sea turtle. Other food items include sponges, corals, [[sea pen]]s, [[Polychaete|polychaete worms]], [[sea anemone]]s, [[cephalopod]]s, barnacles, [[brachiopod]]s, [[Isopoda|isopods]], insects, [[bryozoa]]ns, [[sea urchin]]s, [[sand dollar]]s, [[sea cucumber]]s, [[starfish]], fish (eggs, juveniles, and adults), hatchling turtles (including members of its own species), algae, and [[vascular plant]]s.<ref name="ernst50">{{cite book|last1=Ernst|first1=C. H.|last2=Lovich|first2=J.E.| title= Turtles of the United States and Canada| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nNOQghYEXZMC&lpg=PA37&dq=Gotthilf%20Muhlenberg%20muhlenbergii&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=loggerhead&f=false |edition=2|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9121-2|year=2009|accessdate=May 27, 2010|page=50}}</ref> During migration through the open sea, loggerheads eat jellyfish, floating molluscs, floating egg clusters, [[squid]], and [[flying fish]].<ref name="noaa">{{cite web |url= http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/loggerhead.htm |title= Loggerhead Turtle (''Caretta caretta'')| last1= Bolten | first1= A.B. | year= 2003 |work= NOAA Fisheries |publisher= NOAA Fisheries |accessdate=January 31, 2010 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5q1hgVxc5 | archivedate= May 27, 2010 }}</ref> The Kemp's ridley turtle feeds on molluscs, [[crustacean]]s, jellyfish, algae or seaweed, and sea urchins. The olive ridley turtle is predominantly carnivorous, especially in immature stages of the life cycle. Animal prey consists of protochordates or invertebrates, which can be caught in shallow marine waters or [[estuarine]] habitats. Common prey items include jellyfish, [[tunicates]], sea urchins, bryozoans, bivalves, snails, shrimp, crabs, rock lobsters, and [[sipunculid]] worms.<ref>Barbour, Roger, Ernst, Carl, & Jeffrey Lovich. (1994). Turtles of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref> Aside from jellyfish, leatherbacks also feed on other soft-bodied organisms, such as tunicates and cephalopods.<ref name="WWFEcology">{{cite web | title = WWF - Leatherback turtle - Ecology & Habitat | work=Marine Turtles | publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature | date =16 February 2007 | url = http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/marine_turtles/leatherback_turtle/lbturtle_ecology_habitat/index.cfm | accessdate =13 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070809014832/http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/marine_turtles/leatherback_turtle/lbturtle_ecology_habitat/index.cfm |archivedate = 9 August 2007}}</ref>

===Salt gland===

Marine vertebrates maintain a balance of dissolved solutes and water in the body fluids by excreting excess salt ions.<ref>Nicolson, S.W. and P.L. Lutz. 1989.[http://jeb.biologists.org/content/144/1/171.full.pdf Salt gland function in the green sea turtle ''Chelonia mydas'']. J. exp. Biol. '''144''': 171-184</ref> Like other marine reptiles, sea turtles rely on a specialized gland to rid the body of excess salt ions, because reptilian kidneys can not produce urine with a higher ion concentration than sea water.<ref name="ncbi">Reina, R. D., T. T. Jones, and J. R. Spotila. 2002. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077161 Salt and water regulation by the leatherback sea turtle ''Dermochelys coriacea'']. J. exp. Biol. '''205''': 1853-1860</ref> All species of sea turtles have a lachrymal salt gland in the orbital cavity, capable of producing tears with a higher salt concentration than sea water.<ref>Schmidt-Nielsen, K. and R. Fange. 1958. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v182/n4638/pdf/182783a0.pdf Salt glands in marine reptiles]. Nature 182: 783-785 (20 Sept. 1958) | doi:10.1038/182783a0</ref>

Leatherbacks face an increased osmotic challenge compared to other species of sea turtle, since their primary prey are jellyfish and other gelatinous plankton, whose fluids have the same concentration of salts as sea water. The much larger lachrymal salt gland found in leatherbacks may have evolved to cope with the higher intake of salts from their prey. A constant output of concentrated salty tears may be required to balance the input of salts from regular feeding, even considering leatherback tears can have a salt ion concentration almost twice that of other species of marine turtle.<ref>Hudson, D.M. and P.L. Lutz. 1986. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1444922 Salt gland function in the leatherback sea turtle, ''Dermochelys coriacea'']. Copeia. '''1986''' (1): 247-249</ref>

Hatchlings depend on drinking sea water immediately upon entering the ocean to replenish water lost during the hatching process. Salt gland functioning begins quickly after hatching, so that the young turtles can establish ion and water balance soon after entering the ocean. Survival and physiological performance hinge on immediate and efficient hydration following emergence from the nest.<ref name="ncbi" />

=== Commensalism with barnacles ===

[[Image:Young Honu-Kahala.png|thumb|Immature Hawaiian [[green sea turtle]] in shallow waters]]
Sea Turtles are believed to have a [[commensalism|commensal]] relationship with some [[barnacle]]s, in which the barnacles benefit from growing on turtles without harming them. Barnacles are small, hard shelled crustaceans found attached to multiple different substrates below or just above the ocean. The adult barnacle is a [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]] organism, however in its larval stage it is [[plankton]]ic and can move about the water column. The larval stage chooses where to settle and ultimately the habitat for its full adult life, which is typically between 5 to 10 years. A favorite settlement for barnacle larvae is the shell or skin around the neck of sea turtles. The larvae glue themselves to the chosen spot, a thin layer of flesh is wrapped around them and a shell is secreted. Many species of barnacles can settle on any substrate, however some species of barnacles have an obligatory commensal relationship with specific animals, which makes finding a suitable location harder.<ref name="ZardusHadfield2004">{{cite doi|10.1651/C-2476}}</ref> Around 29 species of “turtle barnacles” have been recorded. However it is not solely on sea turtles that barnacles can be found; other organisms also serve as barnacle’s settlements. These organisms include mollusks, whales, decapod crustaceans, manatees and several other groups related to these species.<ref>Epibiont Research Cooperative. 2007. [http://www.seaturtle.org/documents/ERC-SP1.pdf A synopsis of the literature on the turtle barnacle (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Coronuloidea) 1758-2007]. Accessed 28 Nov 2012.</ref>

Sea turtle shells are an ideal habitat for adult barnacles for three reasons. Turtles tend to live long lives, around 50 years, so barnacles do not have to worry about host death. Secondly, barnacles are [[suspension feeder]]s. Sea turtles spend most of their lives swimming and following ocean currents and as water runs along the back of the turtle’s shell it passes over the barnacles, providing an almost constant water flow and influx of food particles. Lastly, the long distances and inter ocean travel these sea turtles swim throughout their lifetime, offers the perfect mechanism for dispersal of barnacle larvae. Allowing the barnacle species to distribute themselves throughout global waters is a high fitness advantage of this [[commensalism]].<ref>[http://bio390parasitology.blogspot.ca/2012/03/free-ride-under-sea-barnacles-and.html A free ride under the sea: barnacles and baleen whales]. Themes of Parasitology. 2012. Web. 28 Nov 2012.</ref>

There are a few speculations however at the idea that this relationship is truly commensal. The barnacles are not [[Parasitism|parasitic]] to their hosts but have been found to have negative effects on the turtles they choose to reside on. These effects however seem to depend on the quantity of barnacles affixed to its back. The barnacles add extra weight to the sea turtle, potentially increasing the energy it needs for swimming and affecting its ability to capture prey.<ref>[http://true-wildlife.blogspot.ca/2011/01/barnacle.html Barnacles]. True Wild Life. 2011. Web. 28 Nov 2012.</ref>

== Relationship with humans ==
[[File:MANNER IN WHICH THE NATIVES OF THE EAST COAST STRIKE TURTLE.jpg|thumb|"Manner in which Natives of the East Coast strike turtle". Near [[Cooktown]], Australia. From [[Phillip Parker King]]'s Survey. 1818.]]
Marine sea turtles are caught worldwide, although it is illegal to hunt most species in many countries.<ref name="CITES">{{cite web| author=CITES | authorlink =CITES | title =Appendices | work = | publisher =Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna | date =14 June 2006 | url =http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml |format =SHTML | accessdate = 5 February 2007 | archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20070203100154/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml  | archivedate =3 February 2007 }}</ref><ref name="CITESEI">{{cite web| author=UNEP-WCMC| authorlink =UNEP-WCMC | title =Eretmochelys imbricata A-301.003.003.001 | work =UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species | publisher =United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre | date = | url =http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?displaylanguage=eng&Genus=Eretmochelys&Species=imbricata&source=animals&Country=&tabname=all
| accessdate = 5 February 2007 }} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> A great deal of intentional marine sea turtle harvests worldwide are for food. Many parts of the world have long considered sea turtles to be fine dining. [[History of China#Ancient China|Ancient Chinese]] texts dating to the fifth century B.C.E. describe sea turtles as exotic delicacies.<ref name="EatingTurtlesChina">{{cite journal | last =Schafer | first =Edward H. | authorlink =Edward H. Schafer | title =Eating Turtles in Ancient China | journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume =82 | issue =1 | pages =73–74 | publisher =American Oriental Society | year =1962 | doi = 10.2307/595986| id = | jstor=595986}}</ref> Many coastal communities around the world depend on sea turtles as a source of protein, often harvesting several sea turtles at once and keeping them alive on their backs until needed. Coastal peoples gather sea turtle eggs for consumption.<ref>[http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn68/mtn68p8.shtml Sam Settle, 1995. Marine Turtle Newsletter 68:8-13]</ref>

To a much lesser extent, specific species of marine sea turtles are targeted not for their flesh, but for their shells. [[tortoiseshell material|Tortoiseshell]], a traditional decorative ornamental material used in Japan and China, comes from the [[carapace]] [[scutes]] of the [[hawksbill sea turtle]].<ref name="FisheriesModel">{{cite journal | last =Heppel | first =Selina S. | authorlink =Selina Heppel | coauthors =Larry B. Crowder | title =Analysis of a Fisheries Model for Harvest of Hawksbill Sea Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) | journal =Conservation Biology | volume =10 | issue =3 | pages =874–880 | publisher =Blackwell Publishing | doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10030874.x| id = | month =June | year =1996 | jstor=2387111}}</ref><ref name="CNNJapan">{{cite news | last =Strieker | first =Gary | authorlink = Gark Strieker | title =Tortoiseshell ban threatens Japanese tradition | work =CNN.com/sci-tech | publisher =Cable News Network LP, LLLP. | date =10 April 2001 | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/04/10/japan.turtles/ | accessdate = 2 March 2007 }}</ref> [[Ancient Greek]]s and [[ancient Roman]]s processed sea turtle scutes (primarily from the hawksbill) for various articles and ornaments used by their elites, such as combs and brushes.<ref name="Periplus">{{cite journal | last =Casson| first =Lionel | authorlink =Lionel Casson | title =Periplus Maris Erythraei: Notes on the Text | journal =The Journal of Hellenic Studies | volume =102 | issue = | pages =204–206 | publisher =The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies | doi = 10.2307/631139| id = | year =1982 | jstor=631139}}</ref> The skin of the flippers is prized for use as shoes and assorted leather goods.

The [[Moche (culture)|Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] worshipped the sea and its animals. They often depicted sea turtles in their art.<ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref>

Leatherback sea turtles enjoy immunity from the sting of the deadly [[box jellyfish]] and regularly eat them, helping keep tropical beaches safe for humans.

Beach towns, such as [[Tortuguero, Costa Rica]], have transitioned from a tourism industry that made profits from selling sea turtle meat and shells to an ecotourism-based economy. Tortuguero is considered to be the founding location of sea turtle conservation. In the 1960s the cultural demand for sea turtle meat, shells, and eggs was quickly killing the once abundant sea turtle populations that nested on the beach. The Caribbean Conservation Corporation began working with villagers to promote ecotourism as a permanent substitute to sea turtle hunting. Sea turtle nesting grounds became sustainable. Since the creation of a sea turtle, ecotourism-based economy, Tortugero annually houses thousands of tourists who visit the protected 22-mile beach that hosts sea turtle walks and nesting grounds.<ref>[http://www.tortugueroinfo.com/usa/sea_turtles_tortuguero.htm Sea Turtles in Tortuguero National Park Costa Rica -Turtle Observation in Tortuguero Costa Rica]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/25/travel/turtle-watch-in-costa-rica.html?scp=3&sq=costa%20rica,%20sea%20turtle&st=cse | work=The New York Times | title=Turtle Watch in Costa Rica | first=John R. | last=Alden | date=25 October 1998}}</ref>

=== Importance to ecosystems ===
[[Image:Sea turtles on beach in hawaii.jpg|thumb|left|Sea turtles on a beach in [[Hawaii]]]]

Sea turtles play key roles in two ecosystem types that are critical to them as well as to humans——oceans and beaches/dunes. In the oceans, sea turtles, especially green sea turtles, are one of very few creatures (manatees are another) that eat the [[sea grass]] that grows on the sea floor. Sea grass needs to be constantly cut short to help it grow across the sea floor. Sea turtles act as grazing animals that cut the grass short and help maintain the health of the sea grass beds. Sea grass beds provide breeding and developmental grounds for numerous species of fish, shellfish and crustaceans. Without sea grass beds, many marine species humans harvest would be lost, as would the lower levels of the food chain. The reactions could result in many more marine species eventually becoming endangered or extinct.<ref name="cccturtle.org">[http://cccturtle.org/seaturtleinformation.php?page=whycareaboutseaturtles Why Care About Sea Turtles?], Sea Turtle Conservancy.</ref>

Beaches and dunes form a fragile ecosystem that depends on vegetation to protect against erosion. Eggs, hatched or unhatched, and hatchlings that fail to make it into the ocean are nutrient sources for dune vegetation.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} Sea turtles use beaches and the lower dunes to nest and lay their eggs. Sea turtles lay around 100 eggs in a nest and make between 3 and 7 nests during the summer nesting season. Along a 20-mile stretch of beach on the east coast of Florida sea turtles lay over 150,000 lbs of eggs in the sand. Dune vegetation is able to grow and become stronger with the presence of nutrients from sea turtle eggs, unhatched nests, eggs and trapped hatchlings. As the dune vegetation grows stronger and healthier, the health of the entire beach/dune ecosystem becomes better. Stronger vegetation and root systems help to hold the sand in the dunes and help protect the beach from erosion.<ref name="cccturtle.org"/>

=== Conservation status and threats ===
{{Main|Threats to sea turtles}}
[[File:Sea turtle entangled in a ghost net.jpg|thumb|upright|A sea turtle entangled in a net]]

Of the seven species of sea turtles,<ref>[http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/ "Marine Turtles."] Office of Protected Resources. NOAA Fisheries, 11 Nov 2010. Web. 8 Dec 2010.</ref> five are listed on the [[IUCN Red List of Endangered Species]] as either "endangered" or "critically endangered".<ref>IUCN 2010. [http://www.iucnredlist.org IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4]. 8 December 2010</ref> Globally, the [[Kemp's ridley sea turtle|Kemp's ridley]], [[Hawksbill sea turtle|hawksbill]], and [[Leatherback sea turtle|leatherback]] sea turtles are listed as "Critically Endangered", the [[Loggerhead sea turtle|loggerhead]] and [[Green sea turtle|green]] as "Endangered", the [[Olive ridley sea turtle|olive ridley]] as "Vulnerable" and the [[Flatback sea turtle|flatback]] as "Data Deficient", meaning that its conservation status is unclear due to lack of data.<ref>{{cite web|last=International Union for the Conservation of Nature|title=IUCN Red List of Endangered Species|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org|accessdate=April 12, 2012}}</ref> Additionally, all populations of sea turtles that occur in United States waters are listed as threatened or endangered by the United States government, with the leatherback, Kemp's ridley, green, hawksbill, and the Mexican nesting population of the olive ridley all listed as "Endangered", and the loggerhead and non-Mexican populations of olive ridley as "Threatened".<ref name="United States Fish & Wildlife Service">{{cite web|last=United States Fish & Wildlife Service|title=Endangered Species Program|url=http://www.fws.gov/endangered/|accessdate=April 12, 2012}}</ref> The US listing status of the loggerhead is under review as of 2012.<ref name="United States Fish & Wildlife Service"/> Although sea turtles usually lay around one hundred eggs at a time, on average only one of the eggs from the nest will survive to adulthood.<ref>Wright, Sara. [http://www.blufftontoday.com/news/2010-08-06/hilton-head-island-sees-record-sea-turtle-nesting-season "Hilton Head Island sees record sea turtle nesting season."] Bluffton Today (2010): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec 2010.</ref> While many of the things that endanger these hatchlings are natural, such as predators including sharks, raccoons, foxes, and seagulls,<ref>[http://www.seaturtlefoundation.org/threats/natural/ "Natural."] Sea Turtle Foundation. Sea Turtle Foundation, 2010. Web. 8 Dec 2010.</ref> many new threats to the sea turtle species have recently arrived and increased with the ever-growing presence of humans.<ref>Heithaus, Michael, Aaron Wirsing, Jordan Thomson, and Derek Burkholder. "A review of lethal and non-lethal effects of predators on adult marine turtles." ''Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology'' 356.1-2 (2008): 43-51. Web. 15 Dec 2010.</ref>

One of the most significant threats now comes from [[bycatch]] due to imprecise fishing methods. [[Long-lining]] has been identified as a major cause of accidental sea turtle death.<ref name="RoyalGazette">{{cite news | last=Moniz|first = Jesse | title =Turtle conservation: It's now very much a political issue | work =News | publisher =The Royal Gazette Ltd. | date =3 February 2007 | url =http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?sectionId=80&articleId=7d5908e3003001d}}</ref><ref name="NationalGeographic">{{cite news | last=Scales|first = Helen | title =Glow Sticks May Lure Sea Turtles to Death | work =News | publisher =National Geographic News | date =27 April 2007 | url =http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/04/070427-glow-sticks.html }}</ref> There is also black-market demand for tortoiseshell for both decoration and supposed health benefits.<ref name="Japan">{{cite web | coauthors =NYSDEC | title =Atlantic Hawksbill Sea Turtle Fact Sheet | publisher =Endangered Species Unit | url =http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dfwmr/wildlife/endspec/athafs.html | accessdate = 7 February 2007}}</ref>

Sea turtles must surface to breathe. Caught in a fisherman's net, they are unable to surface and thus drown. In early 2007, almost a thousand sea turtles were killed inadvertently in the [[Bay of Bengal]] over the course of a few months after netting.<ref name="Y!NBengal">{{cite news | last = | first = | coauthors =Bappa Majumdar | title =Fishermen blamed for turtle deaths in Bay of Bengal | work =Yahoo! Science News | publisher =Yahoo! Inc. | date = 5 February 2007 | url =http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070205/sc_nm/india_turtles_dc_3 | accessdate = 6 February 2007 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

However, some relatively inexpensive changes to fishing techniques, such as slightly larger hooks and traps from which sea turtles can escape, can dramatically cut the mortality rate.<ref>[http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn113/mtn113p13.shtml Irene Kinan . 2006. Marine Turtle Newsletter 113:13-14]</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=O'Kelly-Lynch |first = Ruth | title = Govt: Long-line fishing won't hurt birds | url = http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?sectionId=60&articleId=7d72411300300c5}}</ref> [[Turtle Excluder Device]]s (TEDs) have reduced sea turtle bycatch in shrimp nets by 97 percent. Another danger comes from [[marine debris]], especially from [[Ghost net|abandoned fishing nets]] in which they can become entangled.
[[File:Sea turtle nest sign (Boca raton, FL).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Legal notice posted by nest at [[Boca Raton]], [[Florida]]]]

Beach development is another area which threatens sea turtles. Since many sea turtles return to the same beach each time to nest, development can disrupt the cycle. There has been a movement to protect these areas, in some cases by special police. In some areas, such as the east coast of [[Florida]], conservationists dig up sea turtle eggs and relocate them to fenced nurseries to protect them from beach traffic.

Since hatchlings find their way to the ocean by crawling towards the brightest horizon, they can become disoriented on developed stretches of coastline. Lighting restrictions can prevent lights from shining on the beach and confusing hatchlings. Sea turtle-safe lighting uses red or amber LED light, invisible to sea turtles, in place of white light.

Another major threat to sea turtles is black-market trade in eggs and meat. This is a problem throughout the world, but especially a concern in [[China]], the [[Philippines]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]] and the coastal nations of [[Latin America]]. Estimates reach as high as 35,000 sea turtles killed a year in [[Mexico]] and the same number in [[Nicaragua]]. Conservationists in Mexico and the United States have launched "Don't Eat Sea Turtle" campaigns in order to reduce this trade in sea turtle products. These campaigns have involved figures such as [[Dorismar]], [[Los Tigres del Norte]] and [[Maná]]. Sea turtles are often consumed during the Catholic season of Lent, even though they are reptiles, not fish. Consequently, conservation organizations have written letters to the Pope asking that he declare sea turtles meat.{{citation needed|date=August 2011}}

Climate change may also cause a threat to sea turtles. Since sand temperature at nesting beaches defines the sex of a sea turtle while developing in the egg, there is concern that rising temperatures may produce too many females. However, more research is needed to understand how climate change might affect sea turtle gender distribution and what other possible threats it may pose.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hawkes | first = LA | last2 =Broderick | first2 =AC | title = Climate change and marine turtles | journal = Endangered Species Research | volume =7 | pages = prepress 2009 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.3354/esr00198 | last3 = Godfrey | first3 = MH | last4 = Godley | first4 = BJ }}</ref>

Other species threaten sea turtles too. [[Fibropapillomatosis]] disease causes tumors in sea turtles. While capable of cracking turtle shells, the [[Jaguar]] may simply smash into the shell with its paw and scoop out the flesh.<ref>Baker, Natural History and Behavior, pp. 8–16</ref> When attacking sea turtles as they try to nest on beaches, the jaguar will bite at the head, often beheading the prey, before dragging it off to eat.<ref>Travellers' Wildlife Guide to Costa Rica by Les Beletsky. Interlink Publishing Group (2004), ISBN# 1566565294</ref>

[[File:logger ted 01.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A loggerhead sea turtle escapes a circular fisherman's net via a TED.|[[Loggerhead sea turtle]] exits from fishing net through a turtle excluder device (TED)]]
Injured sea turtles are sometimes rescued and rehabilitated by professional organizations, such as [[Sea Turtles 911]] in Hainan, China, The Loggerhead Marinelife Center in Juno Beach, FL, [http://www.turtlehospital.org The Turtle Hospital] in Marathon, Florida, the [[Mote Marine Laboratory]] in Sarasota, Florida, the [[Marine Mammal Center]] in Northern California, the [[Clearwater Marine Aquarium]] in Clearwater, Florida,<ref>The Marine Mammal Center and The Florida Aquarium in Tampa, Florida . "Volunteer Opportunities." 2007. February 22, 2007. [http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/get_involved/volunteer/programs.asp Marinemammalcenter.org]</ref> and the Sea Turtle Inc. organization in [[South Padre Island, Texas]].<ref>[http://www.seaturtleinc.com/mission.html Sea Turtle, Inc]</ref><ref>[http://www.marinelife.org/ marinelife.org]</ref> One such sea turtle, named Nickel for the coin that was found lodged in her throat, lives at the [[Shedd Aquarium]] in [[Chicago]].

In the Caribbean, researchers are having some success in assisting a comeback.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Clarren | first = Rebecca | title = Night Life | journal = Nature Conservancy | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 32–43 | date = | year = 2008}}</ref> In September 2007, [[Corpus Christi, Texas]], [[wildlife]] officials found 128 Kemp's ridley sea turtle [[nest]]s on Texas [[beaches]], a record number, including 81 on North [[Padre Island]] ([[Padre Island National Seashore]]) and four on [[Mustang Island]]. Wildlife officials released 10,594 Kemp's ridleys hatchlings along the Texas [[coast]] this year.

Also in 2007, the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] and the [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] issued a determination that the leatherback, the hawksbill and the Kemp's Ridley populations were endangered while that of green sea turtles and olive ridleys were threatened.<ref name="Yahoo20070908">{{cite news | title =Sea turtles still endangered, threatened | work =Yahoo! News | publisher =Yahoo! Inc. | date =8 September 2007 | url =http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070907/ap_on_sc/caribbean_sea_turtles_1 | accessdate =7 September 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Philippines]] has had several initiatives dealing with the issue of sea turtle conservation. In 2007, the province of [[Batangas]] in the [[Philippines]] declared the catching and eating of [[Pawikan]]s illegal. However, the law seems to have had little effect as Pawikan eggs are still in demand in [[Batangas#Name|Batangan]] markets. In September 2007, several [[China|Chinese]] [[Poaching|poachers]] were apprehended off the [[Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi|Turtle Islands]] in the country's southernmost province of [[Tawi-Tawi]]. The poachers had collected more than a hundred sea turtles, along with 10,000 sea turtle eggs.<ref name="PhilStar20070912">{{cite news | last =Adraneda | first =Katherine | title =WWF urges RP to pursue case vs turtle poachers | work =Headlines | publisher =The Philippine Star | date =12 September 2007 | url =http://www.philstar.com/index.php?Headlines&p=49&type=2&sec=24&aid=20070911144 | accessdate =12 September 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

Evaluating the progress of conservation programs is difficult, because many sea turtle populations have not been assessed adequately.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Bjorndal |first1= Karen |last2= Bowen |first2= Brian |year= 2011 |title= Better Science Needed for Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico |journal= Science |volume= 331 |pages= 537–538 |publisher= AAAS |doi= 10.1126/science.1199935 |url= http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6017/537.full.pdf |accessdate= July 25, 2011 |last3= Chaloupka |first3= M. |last4= Crowder |first4= L. B. |last5= Heppell |first5= S. S. |last6= Jones |first6= C. M. |last7= Lutcavage |first7= M. E. |last8= Policansky |first8= D. |last9= Solow |first9= A. R. |issue= 6017 |pmid= 21292956}}</ref> Most information on sea turtle populations comes from counting nests on beaches, but this doesn’t provide an accurate picture of the whole sea turtle population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Witherington |first1=B.E. |last2=Kubilis |first2=Anne |last3=Brost |first3=Beth |last4=Meylan |year=2009 |title=Decreasing annual nest counts in a globally important loggerhead sea turtle population |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=30–54 |publisher=Ecological Society of America |doi=10.1890/08-0434.1 |url=http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/08-0434.1|accessdate=July 28, 2011 |first4=Anne |pmid=19323172}}</ref> A 2010 United States National Research Council report concluded that more detailed information on sea turtles’ life cycles, such as birth rates and mortality, is needed.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=The National Research Council | title=Assessment of Sea Turtle Status and Trends: Integrating Demography and Abundance | publisher=National Academies Press | place=Washington, DC | year=2010 | url=http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Assessment-Turtle-Status/12889}}</ref>

Sea turtles are very vulnerable to oil pollution, both because of their tendency to linger on the water's surface, and because oil can affect them at every stage of their life cycle.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hirsch|first=Masako|title=Gulf oil spill's effects on sea turtles examined|url=http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2010/06/gulf_oil_spills_effects_on_sea.html|accessdate=17 May 2012|newspaper=nola.com|date=9 June 2010}}</ref> Oil can poison the sea turtles upon entering their digestive system.

==See also==
{{Portal|Turtles}}
* [[Sea Turtle Project-Bangladesh_Marinelife Alliance]]
* [[Kélonia]] -sea turtle oberservatory in [[Réunion]]
* [[Sandwatch]]
* [[Sea Turtle Association of Japan, Kuroshima Research Station]]
* [[Sea turtle migration]]
* [[Sea turtle threats]]
* [[Shrimp turtle case]]
* [[Caribbean Conservation Corporation]]
* [[Sea Turtles 911]]
* [[Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa]]
* [[Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia]]

==Additional reading==
*{{cite journal | last1 = Brongersma | first1 = L.D. | year = 1972 | title = European Atlantic Turtles | url = http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/317577 | journal = [[Zoologische Verhandelingen]] | volume = 121 | issue = | pages = 1–318 }}
*Davidson, Osha Gray. (2001). ''Fire in the Turtle House: The Green Sea Turtle and the Fate of the Ocean''. United States: United States of Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-199-1.
*{{cite book | title=The Turtle Lady: [[Ila Loetscher|Ila Fox Loetscher]] of South Padre| last=Sizemore| first=Evelyn| year=2002| page=220| publisher=Republic of Texas Press | location=Plano, Texas| isbn= 1-55622-896-1}}
*Spotila, James R. (2004). ''Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to Their Biology, Behavior, and Conservation''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8007-6.
*Witherington, Blair E. (2006). ''Sea Turtles: An Extraordinary Natural History of Some Uncommon Turtles''. St. Paul: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-7603-2644-4.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chelonioidea}}
{{Wikispecies|Chelonioidea}}
*[http://cbc.amnh.org/center/programs/reptiles-seaturtles.html Sea Turtle Research and Conservation - Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History]
*[http://www.juaraturtleproject.com/ Juara Turtle Project, [[Tioman]], Malaysia]

{{Testudines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sea Turtle}}
[[Category:Sea turtles| ]]
[[Category:Endangered species]]

Wikipedia:Articles for creation/Redirects

2013-10-08T13:15:55Z

86.96.226.19: /* Redirect request: */ new section

{{pp-move-indef}}__FORCETOC__
{{Wikipedia:Articles for creation/Redirects/Header}}</noinclude>{{purgebox}}h
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archiveheader = {{AFC redirect archive}}
|algo = old(2d)
|archive = Wikipedia:Articles for creation/Redirects/%(year)d-%(month)02d
}}

== Redirect request: [[www.google.com ]] ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Target of redirect: [[ ]]

Reason:

Source (if applicable):

[[Special:Contributions/101.212.22.52|101.212.22.52]] ([[User talk:101.212.22.52|talk]]) 07:10, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. A redirect cannot be created unless the target is an existing article. Either you have not specified the target, or the target does not exist. --'''[[User:Tikuko|TKK]]'''! [[User talk:Tikuko|bark with me if you're my dog!]] 15:58, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
{{afc-c|b}}

== Redirect request: [[ ]] ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Target of redirect: [[http://www.wzzm13.com/news/story.aspx?storyid=52472 ]]

Reason:

Source (if applicable):

[[Special:Contributions/98.224.138.72|98.224.138.72]] ([[User talk:98.224.138.72|talk]]) 08:03, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. You did not provide a term to be redirected, and we cannot create redirects to offsite pages. --'''[[User:Tikuko|TKK]]'''! [[User talk:Tikuko|bark with me if you're my dog!]] 15:59, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
{{afc-c|b}}

== Redirect request: [[ ]]Tony A and the start of ACA ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Target of redirect: [[ ]]

Reason: He didn't want to be exalted nor do I want to exalt him. I do however want his original ideas and words to have a place on Wiki. His words, which have helped many, should not be edited and deleted to suit a differing agenda.

Source (if applicable):

[[Special:Contributions/92.29.64.99|92.29.64.99]] ([[User talk:92.29.64.99|talk]]) 12:15, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. This request is not for a [[WP:REDIRECT|redirect]] to be created. It appears instead that you are looking to create an article about the subject. See the instructions at [[WP:AFC]] on how to submit an article. However, if you don't want an article on him to be edited by others or possibly deleted, you should consider getting yourself a private website. --'''[[User:Tikuko|TKK]]'''! [[User talk:Tikuko|bark with me if you're my dog!]] 15:56, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
{{afc-c|b}}

== Redirect request: [[ ]] ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Target of redirect: [[ ]]

Reason:

Source (if applicable):

[[Special:Contributions/199.180.137.1|199.180.137.1]] ([[User talk:199.180.137.1|talk]]) 17:24, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. We cannot accept empty submissions.--'''[[User:Tikuko|TKK]]'''! [[User talk:Tikuko|bark with me if you're my dog!]] 17:30, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
{{afc-c|b}}

== N. S. Gautam ==
{{afc-c|d}}
{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour = #6495ED
| name = N.S. Gautam
| image = N_S_Gautam.jpg
| birth_name = Narendra Singh Gautam
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|7|5}}
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[Indian nationality law|Indian]]
| field = Painting, Drawing
| training = Samyak Art Centre
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| religion = [[Hindu]]
}}
'''Narendra Singh Gautam''' (5 July 1963),
commonly known as '''NS Gautam'''.

Gautam was associated with Drawing and Paintings in 1980's. His Painting Basically
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. This request is not for a [[WP:REDIRECT|redirect]] to be created. It appears instead that you are looking to create an article about the subject. See the instructions at [[WP:AFC]] on how to submit an article. [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:50, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}

== Category request: [[:kelly daher: ]] ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Articles which are already in this category:
kelly was born on february 1 2001 . she like to sing pop songs and to act.

[[:About her:]]
kelly likes to sing pop songs and to act her private social media
* [[:@kellydaher1: ]] twitter

[[:songs:]]
Her first song ever is the small laloul in arabic on youtube . she is practicing to make more new videos . it was downloaded in 2012 on youtube.
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. This request is not for a [[WP:REDIRECT|redirect]] to be created. It appears instead that you are looking to create an article about the subject. See the instructions at [[WP:AFC]] on how to submit an article. [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:51, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}

== Redirect request: Bromley Court Hotel ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Target of redirect: [[ ]]

Reason:

Source (if applicable):

[[User:AdaJaneMabel|AdaJaneMabel]] ([[User talk:AdaJaneMabel|talk]]) 20:15, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. We cannot accept empty submissions. [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:52, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}
== Redirect request: [[George Ashmead Ferris]] + [[Lehman Monk Ferris]] + [[Monk Ferris]] ==
{{afc-c|a}}
Target of redirect: [[George A. Ferris and Son]]

Reason: per target

[[Special:Contributions/27.55.148.159|27.55.148.159]] ([[User talk:27.55.148.159|talk]]) 20:59, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol confirmed.svg|20px]] '''Redirect created.''' All of the redirects you requested were created. Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:53, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
{{afc-c|b}}

== Redirect request: [[ ]] ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Target of redirect: [[bori (ADI) tribe in arunachal pradesh. India ]]

Reason: because there are lots of sub-tribes in arunachal pradesh.

Source (if applicable): Bori (ADI) tribe in Arunachal Pradesh.

[[Special:Contributions/1.23.103.176|1.23.103.176]] ([[User talk:1.23.103.176|talk]]) 21:33, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. This request is not for a [[WP:REDIRECT|redirect]] to be created. It appears instead that you are looking to create an article about the subject. See the instructions at [[WP:AFC]] on how to submit an article. [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:54, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}

==Redirect request: [[BUTex]] ==
{{AfC-c|d}}

Target of redirect: [[Bangladeshv University of Textiles]]

Reason:shortcut

Source (if applicable): www.butex.edu.bd

*[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. BUTex → Bangladeshv University of Textiles: The title you suggested already exists on Wikipedia; - [[User:Happysailor|'''Happysailor''']] [[User talk:Happysailor|(Talk)]] 14:09, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}
==Redirect request: [[Pléthore]] & [[Plethore]]==
{{AfC-c|a}}
Target of redirect: [[HTT Pléthore]]

Reason: the company is HTT, so like the Ford Crown Victoria, where the car is the Crown Victoria, the car is the "Pléthore"

Source (if applicable):

[[Special:Contributions/76.65.129.3|76.65.129.3]] ([[User talk:76.65.129.3|talk]]) 05:46, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
*[[Image:Symbol confirmed.svg|20px]] '''Redirect created.''' All of the redirects you requested were created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:19, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}

== Redirect request: [[Trypophobe]] ==
{{AfC-c|a}}

Target of redirect: [[Trypophobia]]

Reason:

Source (if applicable):

[[User:AlastairIrvine|AlastairIrvine]] ([[User talk:AlastairIrvine|talk]]) 06:08, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

*[[Image:Symbol confirmed.svg|20px]] '''Redirect created.''' Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! - [[User:Happysailor|'''Happysailor''']] [[User talk:Happysailor|(Talk)]] 14:05, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}
== Redirect request: [[Tea in the United States ]] ==
{{AfC-c|a}}

Target of redirect: [[American tea culture]]

Reason: alternative title and was suggested by reviewer Matthew Vanitas

Source (if applicable):

[[User:Marybethmccabe|Marybethmccabe]] ([[User talk:Marybethmccabe|talk]]) 11:14, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

*[[Image:Symbol confirmed.svg|20px]] '''Redirect created.''' Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! - [[User:Happysailor|'''Happysailor''']] [[User talk:Happysailor|(Talk)]] 14:05, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}

== Redirect request: [[Charles Edqvist]] ==

Target of redirect: [[Charles Edquist]]

Reason: Wrong spelling

Source (if applicable):

[[User:Gabriel.pavico|Gabriel.pavico]] ([[User talk:Gabriel.pavico|talk]]) 12:53, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

== Redirect request: [[Ytech International]] ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Target of redirect: [[Ytech International]]

Reason:

Source (if applicable):

[[User:Wacurbelo|Wacurbelo]] ([[User talk:Wacurbelo|talk]]) 17:51, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. The title you suggested already exists on Wikipedia. [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:21, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}

== Redirect request: [[Vantage PR]] ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Target of redirect: [[Vantage Communications]]

Reason: The company has changed its name.

Source (if applicable): http://www.prweekus.com/vantage-rebrand-reflects-changing-comms-industry/article/308304/

[[Special:Contributions/98.180.56.227|98.180.56.227]] ([[User talk:98.180.56.227|talk]]) 17:59, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. The target article does not exist. [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:17, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}

== Redirect request: [[Romberg Bevel ]] ==
{{AfC-c|a}}
Target of redirect: [[Bernhard Romberg]]

Reason: The Romberg Bevel was invented by Bernhard Romberg

Source (if applicable):

[[Special:Contributions/82.31.27.17|82.31.27.17]] ([[User talk:82.31.27.17|talk]]) 20:20, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
*[[Image:Symbol confirmed.svg|20px]] '''Redirect created.''' Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:17, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}

== Redirect request: [[Katin Bagley ]] ==
{{afc-c|d}}
Target of redirect: [[ ]]

Reason:

Source (if applicable):

[[Special:Contributions/108.250.48.34|108.250.48.34]] ([[User talk:108.250.48.34|talk]]) 21:26, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
:[[Image:Symbol declined.svg|20px]] '''Declined'''. We cannot accept empty submissions. [[User:Lugia2453|Lugia2453]] ([[User talk:Lugia2453|talk]]) 22:16, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
{{AfC-c|b}}

== chester cadimas ==

[[File:Chester cadimas|thumbnail]]
Born: february 27, 1995 (age 18), uradane city, pangasinan, philippines
Height: 5'3
Nationality: Filipino
parents: Norma cadimas(November 6 1969) Severo Cadimas (November 5 1968)
Martial arts:Karate

== Redirect request: [[Coat stand]] ==

Target of redirect: [[Coat rack]]

Reason: I replaced the old redirect from coat rack to clothes valet with a short stub about coat racks. Coat rack now includes a short passage about coat stands too, so coat stand should redirect to coat rack.

[[Special:Contributions/82.132.234.105|82.132.234.105]] ([[User talk:82.132.234.105|talk]]) 00:52, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

== Redirect request: [[B T O]] ==

Target of redirect: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachman%E2%80%93Turner_Overdrive]]

Reason: Fairly common abbreviation, much more likely to mean "B.T.O." than "T.O.B.A." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Owners_Booking_Association] (Amarok directs the artist search to that page)

Source (if applicable): The "Also known as" section in the sidebar on the requested page with added space between letters.

[[Special:Contributions/98.22.226.75|98.22.226.75]] ([[User talk:98.22.226.75|talk]]) 04:58, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

== Redirect request: [[Jeff Agate]] ==

Target of redirect: [[Jeffery Stanford Agate]]

Reason: Alternative name

Source (if applicable):

[[User:Rotide44|Rotide44]] ([[User talk:Rotide44|talk]]) 06:51, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

== Redirect request: [[TÜBITAK Marmara Research Center]] ==

Target of redirect: [[TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center]]

Reason: Circumventing capital "Turkish i"

[[User:Ahagstro|Ahagstro]] ([[User talk:Ahagstro|talk]]) 08:10, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

== Redirect request: [[ ]] ==

Target of redirect: [[ ]]

Reason:

Source (if applicable):

[[Special:Contributions/86.96.226.19|86.96.226.19]] ([[User talk:86.96.226.19|talk]]) 13:15, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
Arif Cherumba, He born in kanchangad pathma poly clinic, after he was in kariyath up to 7 years old. Then he

Election deposit

2013-09-17T08:59:17Z

86.96.226.19: deposit + bail right forfeit (India)

A '''deposit''' is a sum of money that a [[candidate]] must pay in return for the right to stand for election to certain political offices, particularly seats in [[legislatures]].

In the typical case, the deposit collected is repaid to the candidate after the poll, if that candidate obtains a specified proportion of the votes cast. The purpose of this system is to reduce the prevalence of 'fringe' candidates or parties with no realistic chance of winning a seat.

==United Kingdom==

Currently, the deposit in elections to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] is £500, which must be handed in, in cash, [[banker's draft]], or other forms of [[legal tender]], when the candidate submits his or her nomination papers. It is refunded provided that the candidate gains one-twentieth (5%) or more of the total valid votes cast in the [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituency]].<ref>[http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0007/79540/UKPGE-nominations-factsheet-FINAL.pdf Electoral Commission Factsheet, August 2009]</ref>

Between 1918 and 1985, the cost of a Parliamentary deposit was £150 but the threshold for retaining it (i.e., having the money returned to the candidate) was winning one-eighth (12.5%) of total valid votes cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electionresources.org/uk/ |title=Election Resources on the Internet: Parliamentary Elections in the U.K. - Elections to the House of Commons |publisher=Electionresources.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>

Deposits also must be paid by candidates for election to the [[Scottish Parliament]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0010/14140/Scot-Guidance-Final-PartC_24879-17993__S__.pdf |title=81877-COI-EC-Part C-Scots |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> the [[National Assembly for Wales]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0010/13204/NAW-Booklet-Eng-Final_26957-19970__E__N__S__W__.pdf |title=naw-report-booklet-eng.qxp |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> for [[Mayor of London]] or a member of the [[London Assembly]],<ref>[http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0007/43990/London-Candidates-and-Agents-web-optimised-2008.pdf ]{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]]<ref>[http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0014/14009/NIguidanceC_and_A2007_23880-17685__N__.pdf Guidance for candidates and agents, Northern Ireland Assembly elections, March 2007]</ref> or as a UK member of the [[European Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/elections/euro/faq2004.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - faq.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> A deposit of £500 is also required for mayoral elections in those English or Welsh local authorities that are led by an [[Directly elected mayors in England and Wales|executive mayor]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bedford.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/elections/mayoral_election_2009.aspx |title=Mayoral Election 2009 |publisher=Bedford.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> and for elections for [[Police and Crime Commissioner]]s.

In recent times, a candidate for a major party losing their deposit in an election is regarded as something of an embarrassment.<ref>[http://washingtonexaminer.com/blogs/opinion-zone/2011/01/uk-s-tory-libdem-coalition-avert-election-embarrassment-can-forge-ahead-s UK’s Tory-LibDem coalition avert by-election embarrassment, can forge ahead shrinking government], ''Washington Examiner'', 14 January 2011</ref>

==Canada==

In [[Canada]], a candidate for Member of Parliament must place a $1,000 deposit. Formerly, failure to reach a set percentage of the vote, either 10% or 15% depending on the era, led to the loss of the deposit.

At present, all candidates receive their deposit back if they turn in their properly completed financial paperwork on time, and a portion of election expenses are reimbursed if 10% is reached. Nevertheless, the phrases "lose one's deposit" and "get one's deposit back" are still commonly heard in political circles.

==Republic of Ireland==
In the [[Republic of Ireland]], candidates for election to [[Dáil Éireann]] must pay a deposit of €500 if they fail to meet one of two criteria. Candidates nominated by political parties registered to contest Dáil elections, and non-party candidates who provide detailed information of 30 electors in the constituency who assent to their nomination, do not have to pay a deposit.<ref>[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2007/en/act/pub/0014/print.html Electoral (Amendment) Act 2007]</ref> This follows a [[High Court (Ireland)|High Court]] ruling; the court found that the obligatory payment of deposits was repugnant to the [[Constitution of Ireland]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Law to abolish election deposit |url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/law-to-abolish-election-deposit-314432.html |newspaper=Irish Independent |date=22 March 2002 |accessdate=8 August 2011 |first=Geraldine |last=Collins}}</ref>

Candidates who pay a deposit get repaid if their final vote total, under the [[single transferable vote]] electoral system, exceeds one-quarter of the [[Droop quota]] for their constituency. This is also the threshold that candidates' votes must exceed to claim an election expenses allowance from the State.

==Australia==
In Australia, a deposit of $1000 is required for a candidate for the [[Australian House of Representatives|lower house]], and $2000 for a candidate for the [[Australian Senate|upper house]]. The deposit is refunded if the candidate or group gains 4% of the first [[Ranked voting systems|preference votes]].

==New Zealand==
In New Zealand [[New Zealand House of Representatives|Parliament]] election, registered parties may submit a party list on payment of a $1000 deposit. This deposit is refunded if the party reaches 0.5% of the party votes. The deposit for an electorate candidate is $300 which is refunded if the candidate reach 5%.

==India==
In the [[Republic of India]], candidates for election to the lower house of the parliament - [[Lok Sabha]] must pay a security deposit of {{INR}} 25,000. For [[Vidhan Sabha|state assembly]] elections the amount is {{INR}} 10,000. For [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes]] candidates the amounts are 12,500 and 5,000 respectively. A defeated candidate will forfeit his deposit and bail rights if he polls less than one-sixth of the total valid votes cast in a [[First-past-the-post voting]] voting system.<ref>{{cite web|title=FAQs - Contesting for Elections|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Contesting.aspx|work=Election Commission of India|accessdate=8 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral system in India|url=http://www.nios.ac.in/srsec317newE/317EL18.pdf|work=National Institute of Open schooling|accessdate=8 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Forfeited deposits fill EC coffers|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-04-24/delhi/28325676_1_security-deposit-candidates-election-commission|accessdate=8 September 2011|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=24 April 2004}}</ref>

==Malaysia==
In [[Malaysia]], the deposit is RM 10,000 to contest a parliamentary seat and RM 5,000 to contest a state assembly seat (increased from RM 5,000 and RM 3,000, respectively, in 2004). Since 2004, it was required that each candidate provide an additional RM 5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election. This increase is seen by some as having led to the government winning a record number of seats without contest in 2004 (17 parliamentary seats were won without contest). The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than 1/8 of the vote.<ref>Rahman, Rashid A. (1994). ''The Conduct of Elections in Malaysia'', p. 133. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing. ISBN 967-969-331-7.</ref>

==Hong Kong==
Each list of candidates for the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] is subject to a deposit of HK$50,000 for a geographical constituency, and HK$25,000 for a "functional constituency". Deposits are forfeit if the list (or candidate) fails to achieve a vote of less than 3% of the valid votes cast in the constituency.[1] For [[District Councils of Hong Kong|District Council]] elections, the deposit amount is HK$3000.

==Singapore==
In Singapore, the election deposit for the [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]] is S$16,000. Candidates who fail to secure at least 12.5 percent of the valid votes in their constituencies will have their deposit forfeited.

==Korea==
In South Korea, candidates for election to a constituency seat of the [[National Assembly of South Korea|National Assembly]] must pay a deposit of 15 million won, which is reimbursed in full if they obtain at least 15% of the valid votes cast. Only half the amount is reimbursed if they receive over 10% but less than 15% of the votes. Candidates running for proportional seats must pay the same amount, which can be reimbursed if the party which they represent obtains at least one seat.<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2259_B.htm IPU PARLINE database: REPUBLIC OF KOREA Kuk Hoe (National Assembly)]</ref>

==Japan==
Japan’s electoral deposit is the most expensive by far among the countries with such system.

Currently, a candidate for a constituency seat of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|lower house]] or the [[House of Councillors|upper house]] must place a ¥3 million deposit. It is refunded provided that the lower house candidate gains one-tenth (10%) or more of the total valid votes cast in the constituency, or provided that the upper house candidate gains one-eighth (12.5%) or more of the total valid votes divided by the number of the seats for the constituency. The deposit for a proportional seat of both houses is ¥6 million and the refund depends on the number of seats that the party gains. It is refunded in full if half or more of its candidates gain seats.

Local elections including gubernatorial and mayoral elections also have the deposit system with the amounts ranging from ¥300,000 to ¥3 million. No deposit is needed only for elections to town and village offices

The deposit system in Japan, modeling itself on the one in the UK, has been introduced as part of the [[General Election Law]] of 1925 to prevent frivolous candidates from running simply for publicity or for disrupting election campaigns. However, it is sometimes claimed that its real purpose is to limit the number of candidates and make sure that those with financial power also hold political power.<ref>[http://blog.japantimes.co.jp/yen-for-living/candidate-deposit-requirement-guarantees-same-faces-on-the-ballot/ Candidate deposit requirement guarantees same faces on the ballot] Yen for Living ([[The Japan Times]] blog) October 26th, 2012</ref> Hiroshi Kamiwaki, a professor specializing in the [[Constitution of Japan|Constitution]] at [[Kobe Gakuin University]] indicates that it is against Article 44 of the Constitution, which prohibits discrimination about the qualifications of lawmakers on the basis of property and income.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Elections in the United Kingdom]]

Seven Sleepers

2012-04-06T10:08:05Z

86.96.226.19: /* Islamic scholarly interpretation */

[[Image:Seven sleepers.jpg|right|frame|A 19th-century German votive painting of the Seven Sleepers. The writing says ''Bittet für uns Ihr hl. sieben Schläfer''.]]
The '''Seven Sleepers,''' commonly called the "Seven Sleepers of [[Ephesus]]", refers to a group of [[Christian]] youths who hid inside a cave outside the city of [[Ephesus]] around 250 AD, to escape a persecution of Christians being conducted during the reign of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor [[Decius]]. Having fallen asleep inside the cave, they purportedly awoke approximately 150-200 years later during the reign of [[Theodosius II]], following which they were reportedly seen by the people of the now-Christian city before dying. An outline of this tale appears in [[Gregory of Tours]] (b. 538, d. 594), and in [[Paul the Deacon]]'s (b. 720, d. 799) ''History of the [[Lombards]]''. The best-known Western version of the story appears in [[Jacobus de Voragine]]'s ''[[Golden Legend]]''.

The story has its highest prominence, however, in the Muslim world; it is told in the [[Qur'an]] ([[Sura|Surah]] [[s:The Holy Qur'an/Al-Kahf|18, verse 9-26]]). While not giving the number of youths involved, the Quranic rendering of the Seven Sleepers story largely parallels the Christian account. Unlike the Christian story, the Islamic version includes a [[dog]] who allegedly accompanied the youths into the cave, and kept watch at the entrance for the entire time{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} (see [[#Islamic interpretation|Islamic interpretation]]). In Islam, these youths are referred to as "The People of the Cave". It represents one of the trials of Muhammad by the Jewish elders of Madina while he was in Makkah; by explaining this mystery to his followers, [[Muhammad]] would confirm his being a Prophet of God.

The [[Roman Martyrology]] mentions the Seven Sleepers of [[Ephesus]] under the date of [[27 July]], as follows: "Commemoration of the seven Holy Sleepers of Ephesus, who, it is recounted, after undergoing martyrdom, rest in peace, awaiting the day of resurrection."<ref>''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)</ref> The [[Byzantine Calendar]] commemorates them with feasts on 4 August and 22 October.

==Christian interpretation==
{{Christianity}}
===The story===
[[Image:7sleepersmedievalmanuscript.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Decius]] orders the walling in of the Seven Sleepers. From a 14th-century manuscript.]]
The story alleges that during the [[persecution of Christians|persecutions]] of the Roman emperor Decius, around 250 AD, seven young men were accused of following [[Christianity]]. They were given some time to recant their faith, but chose instead to give their worldly goods to the poor and retire to a mountain cave to pray, where they fell asleep. The emperor, seeing that their attitude towards [[paganism]] had not improved, ordered the mouth of the cave to be sealed.

Decius died in 251, and many years passed during which Christianity went from being persecuted to being the state religion of the Roman Empire. At some later time—usually given as during the reign of [[Theodosius II]] (408–450)—the landowner decided to open up the sealed mouth of the cave, thinking to use it as a cattle pen. He opened it and found the sleepers inside. They awoke, imagining that they had slept but one day, and sent one of their number to Ephesus to buy food, with instructions to be careful lest the pagans recognize and seize him. Upon arriving in the city, this person was astounded to find buildings with [[cross]]es attached; the townspeople for their part were astounded to find a man trying to spend old coins from the reign of Decius. The [[bishop]] was summoned to interview the sleepers; they told him their [[miracle]] story, and died praising [[God]].

[[Image:Seven-sleepers efesus turkey.jpg|thumb|The Cave of the Seven Sleepers, [[Ephesus]], [[Turkey]].]]
[[File:Siebenschlaefer1.JPG|thumb|right|220px|[[Headstone]]s in the [[:de:Siebenschläferkirche (Rotthof)|Siebenschläferkirche (Rotthof), Germany]]]]

As the earliest versions of the legend spread from Ephesus, an early Christian [[catacomb]] came to be associated with it, attracting scores of pilgrims. On the slopes of Mount Pion (Mount Coelian) near [[Ephesus]] (near modern [[Selçuk]] in [[Turkey]]), the "grotto" of the Seven Sleepers with ruins of the church built over it was excavated in 1927–28. The excavation brought to light several hundred graves which were dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. Inscriptions dedicated to the Seven Sleepers were found on the walls of the church and in the graves. This "grotto" is still shown to tourists.

However, this myth is no longer taught in modern circles of Christianity.

===Syriac origins===
The story appeared in several [[Syriac language|Syriac]] sources before Gregory's lifetime. It was retold by [[Symeon Metaphrastes]]. Another Syriac version is printed in Land's ''Anecdota'', iii. 87ff; see also Barhebraeus, ''Chron. eccles''. i. 142ff., and ''cf'' Assemani, ''Bib. Or.'' i. 335ff.

The Seven Sleepers form the subject of a homily in verse by the [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessan]] poet [[Jacob of Saruq]] ("Sarugh") (died 521), which was published in the ''[[Acta Sanctorum]]''. Another 6th-century version, in a Syrian manuscript in the [[British Museum]] (''Cat. Syr. Mss'', p. 1090), gives eight sleepers. There are considerable variations as to their names.

===Dissemination===
[[Image:Seven sleepers russia XIX.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|Russian icon]]
The story rapidly attained a wide diffusion throughout Christendom, popularized in the West by Gregory of Tours, in his late 6th-century collection of miracles, ''De gloria martyrum'' (''Glory of the Martyrs''). Gregory says that he had the legend from "a certain Syrian".

In the following century, Paul the Deacon told the tale in his ''History of the Lombards'' (i.4) but gave it a different setting:
{{bquote|''In the farthest boundaries of Germany toward the west-north-west, on the shore of the ocean itself, a cave is seen under a projecting rock, where for an unknown time seven men repose wrapped in a long sleep.''}}

Their dress identified them as Romans, according to Paul, and none of the local barbarians dared to touch them.

During the period of the [[Crusades]], bones from the sepulchres near Ephesus, identified as relics of the Seven Sleepers, were transported to [[Marseille]], France in a large stone coffin, which remained a trophy of the church of Saint Victoire, Marseille.

The Seven Sleepers were included in the ''[[Golden Legend]]'' compilation, the most popular book of the later Middle Ages, which fixed a precise date for their resurrection, 378 AD, in the reign of Theodosius.<ref>[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden235.htm Catholic-forum.com]</ref>

===Early modern literature===
The account had become proverbial in 16th century Protestant culture. The poet [[John Donne]] could ask,
{{bquote|"were we not wean'd till then? 
But suck'd on country pleasures, childishly? 
Or snorted we in the Seven Sleepers' den?"|||John Donne, "The good-morrow".}}

In [[John Heywood]]'s ''Play Called the Four PP'' (1530s), the Pardoner, a Renaissance update of Chaucer's Pardoner, offers his companions the opportunity to kiss "a slipper / Of one of the Seven Sleepers," but the relic is presented as absurdly as the Pardoner's other offerings, which include "the great-toe of the Trinity" and "a buttock-bone of Pentecost."<ref>Medieval and Tudor Drama, ed. John Gassner (New York: Applause, 1987), 245.</ref>

Little is heard of the Seven Sleepers during [[the Enlightenment]], but the account revived with the coming of [[Romanticism]]. The ''Golden Legend'' may have been the source for retellings of the Seven Sleepers in [[Thomas de Quincey]]'s ''[[Confessions of an English Opium-Eater]]'', in a poem by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Washington Irving]]'s "[[Rip van Winkle]]", [[H.G. Wells]]'s ''[[The Sleeper Awakes]]''. It also might have an influence on the motif of the "[[king in the mountain]]".

===Modern literature===
Serbian writer [[Danilo Kiš]] retells the story of the Seven Sleepers in a short story, "The Legend of the Sleepers", in his book ''The Encyclopedia of the Dead''. Italian author [[Andrea Camilleri]] incorporates the story in his novel ''[[The Terracotta Dog]]''.

The Seven Sleepers appear in two books of Susan Cooper's ''[[The Dark is Rising]]'' series; Will Stanton awakens them in ''[[The Grey King]]'', and in ''[[Silver on the Tree]]'' they ride in the last battle against the Dark.

The ''Seven Sleepers'' series by [[Gilbert Morris]] takes a modern approach to the story, in which seven teenagers must be awakened to fight evil in a post-nuclear-apocalypse world.

The [[Iranians in the Netherlands|Persian–Dutch]] writer [[Kader Abdolah]] gives his own interpretation to the Islamic version of the story, (see below) in the 2000 book ''Spijkerschrift'' (English trans. 2006 "My Father's Notebook"), based on the writer's experience in the left-wing opposition to both the [[Shah]]'s regime and the [[Islamic Republic]]. The book includes extensive quotations from the [[Koran]]'s account. At its end the narrator's sister and fellow-activist escapes from prison and together with other escaped political prisoners hides at a mountain cave in north Iran, where they would sleep until Iran is free of oppression.

==Islamic interpretation==
===The Qur'anic version===
{{Islam}}
English translation:

{{bquote|
[18:7] We have adorned everything on earth, in order to test them, and thus distinguish those among them who work righteousness.

[18:8] Inevitably, we will wipe out everything on it, leaving it completely barren.

[18:9] Why else do you think we are telling you about the people of the cave, and the numbers connected with them? They are among our wondrous signs.

[18:10] When the youths took refuge in the cave, they said, "Oh Our Lord, shower us with Your mercy, and bless our affairs with Your guidance."

[18:11] We then sealed their ears in the cave for a predetermined number of years.

[18:12] Then we resurrected them to see which of the two parties could count the duration of their stay therein.

[18:13] We narrate to you their history truthfully. They were youths who believed in their Lord, and we increased them in their guidance.

[18:14] We strengthened their hearts when they stood up and proclaimed: "Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth. We will never worship any other god beside Him. Otherwise, we would be far astray".

[18:15] "Here are our people setting up gods besides Him. If only they could provide any proof to support their stand! Who is more evil than the one who fabricates lies and attributes them to God?"

[18:16] [They said to each other:] "Since you wish to avoid them, and their worshiping of other than God, let us take refuge in the cave. May your Lord shower you with His mercy and direct you to the right decision."

[18:17] And you could see the sun when it rose coming from the right side of their cave, and when it set, it shone on them from the left, as they slept in the hollow thereof. This is one of God's portents. Whomever God guides is the truly guided one, and whomever He sends astray, you will not find for him a guiding teacher.

[18:18] You would think that they were awake, when they were in fact asleep. We turned them to the right side and the left side, while their dog stretched his arms in their midst. Had you looked at them, you would have fled from them, stricken with terror.

[18:19] When we resurrected them, they asked each other, "How long have you been here?" "We have been here one day or part of the day," they answered. "Your Lord knows best how long we stayed here, so let us send one of us with this money to the city. Let him fetch the cleanest food, and buy some for us. Let him keep a low profile, and attract no attention."

[18:20] "If they discover you, they will stone you, or force you to revert to their religion, then you can never succeed."

[18:21] We caused them to be discovered, to let everyone know that God's promise is true, and to remove all doubt concerning the end of the world. The people then disputed among themselves regarding them. Some said, "Let us build a building around them." Their Lord is the best Knower about them. Those who prevailed said, "We will build a place of worship around them."

[18:22] Some would say, "They were three; their dog being the fourth," while others would say, "Five; the sixth being their dog," as they guessed. Others said, "Seven," and the eighth was their dog. Say, "My Lord is the best Knower of their number." Only a few knew the correct number. Therefore, do not argue with them; just go along with them. You need not consult anyone about this.

[18:23] And do not not say: "I will do this tomorrow",

[18:24] without saying, "if God Wills." And, if you forget to do this, you must immediately remember your Lord and say, "May my Lord guide me to do better next time."

[18:25] They stayed in their cave three hundred years, increased by nine.

[18:26] Say [To them], "God is the best Knower of how long they stayed there." He knows all secrets in the Heavens and the earth. By His grace you can see; by His grace you can hear. There is none beside Him as Lord and Master, and He never permits any partners to share in His kingship."}}

===Islamic scholarly interpretation===
The above mentioned verses from the Qur'an are the only known Islamic source for this story. According to Muslim scholars, Allah (God) revealed these verses because the people of [[Mecca|Makkah]] challenged the Prophet Muhammad with questions that were passed on to them from the [[Jews]] of [[Medina]] in an effort to test his authenticity. They asked him about young men from the past, about a man who traveled the earth from east to west, and about the soul.
The story parallels the Christian version, recounting the story of a group of young believers who resisted the pressure from their people to worship others beside God, and took refuge in a cave, following which they fell asleep for a long time. When they woke up they thought that they had slept for only a day or so, and they sent one of them back to the city to buy food. His use of old silver coins revealed the presence of these youths to the town. Soon after their discovery, the People of the Cave (as the Qur'an calls them) died and the people of their town built a place of worship at the site of their burial (the cave). The Qur'an does not give their exact number; rather, it mentions that some people would say that they were three, others would say five and some would say seven, in addition to one dog, and that they slept for 300 years, plus 9, which could mean 300 solar years or 309 lunar years (300 solar years are equal to 309 lunar years).

The Qur'an emphasized that their number and the length of their stay is known only to God and a few people, and that these issues are not the important part of the story, but rather the lessons that can be learned from it.

Some Muslim scholars mentioned more details to the story, but the sources of these details cannot be definitively verified as being thoroughly Islamic.

===Location of the cave and duration of stay===
[[File:The cave and its surroundings02.jpg|thumb|The cave and its surroundings, [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] ]] Muslims firmly believe in the story as it is mentioned in the Qur'an; however, some aspects of the story are not covered in its account, including the exact location of the cave. Some allege that it is in Ephesus, [[Turkey]]; others cite a place near [[Amman]], [[Jordan]]. [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] Muslims even suggest Tuyukhojam, [[Turpan]] is the location of the cave, because they believe that place matches the Qur'an's description. The exact dates of their alleged sleep are also not given in the Qur'an; some allege that they entered the cave at the time of Decius (250 AD) and they woke up at the time of Theodosius I (378–395) or Theodosius II (408–450), but neither of these dates can be reconciled with the Qur'an's account of sleeping 300 or 309 years. Some Islamic scholars, however, assert that the 300 or 309 years mentioned in the Qur'an refers to periods of time alleged by those telling the tale, rather than a definitive statement by Allah as to how long they were actually there.<ref>[http://www.quranenglish.com/tafheem_quran/018.htm Quran in English], see notes to verse 25.</ref>

==Linguistic derivatives==
The Legend of the Seven Sleepers has given origin to ''sjusovare'' or ''syvsover'' (literally a seven-sleeper) to be used in Swedish, Norwegian and Danish to refer to the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus. It means someone who "sleeps hard and long". The word also is used to mean the hibernating rodent called the [[edible dormouse]].

The words ''Siebenschläfer'' in German, ''zevenslaper'' in Dutch, ''hétalvó'' in Hungarian and ''sedmispáč'' in Czech bear a meaning similar to the Scandinavian; they characterize someone who usually sleeps long, waking up later than what is considered necessary or proper.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ([[Cymraeg]]), a late-riser may be referred to as a ''saith cysgadur''—seven sleeper—as in the 1885 novel ''[[Rhys Lewis]]'' by [[Daniel Owen]], where the protagonist is referred to as such in chapter 37, p. 294 (Hughes a'i Fab, [[Caerdydd]], 1948). This has the double meaning of one who wakes at seven—well into the working day in a Welsh rural setting.

In the Middle East and specifically in Syria, people say: "نومات أهل فسّو", which can be translated as: "You may sleep like the people of Ephesus".<ref>[http://sourianet.net/club/forums/1137770/ShowPost.aspx Sourianet.net]</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External references==
{{Commons category|Seven Sleepers}}
*[http://submission.ws/download-quran-the-final-testament/chapters-suras-quran/sura-18-the-cave-al-kahf.html Quran - Authorized English Version] The Cave- Sura 18 - Quran - Authorized English Version
* [http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/272.html "SS. Maximian, Malchus, Martinian, Dionysius, John, Serapion, and Constantine, Martyrs"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''
* [http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=tr&q=ashab-%C4%B1+kehf&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&oi=video_result_group&resnum=4&ct=title# Seven Sleepers videos]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05496a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia on The Seven Sleepers.]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.breviary.net/martyrology/mart07/mart0727.htm Text containing the Seven Sleepers' commemoration as part of the Office of Prime.]
* [[s:The Holy Qur'an/Al-Kahf|Sura al-Kahf at Wikisource]]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.kusadasi.biz/sevensleepers.asp Photos of the excavated site of the Seven Sleepers cult.]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.classics.ox.ac.uk/resources/www/pictures/turkey/grotto.html The Grotto of the Seven Sleepers, Ephesus]
* {{en icon}} [http://media.al-khoei.org/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=21_46&products_id=55 Mardan-e-Anjelos is a historical reenactment of the story of Ashaab-e-Kahf (also known as "The Companions of the Cave")]
* [http://www.panoramio.com/photo/4737281 Link to 3D stereoview image for cross-eyed free viewing technique of Seven Sleepers near Ephesus - Turkey ]
* [http://philologicumaequaevum.wordpress.com/2011/04/10/sevensleepers/ Gregory of Tours, The Patient Impassioned Suffering of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus translated by Michael Valerie]
* The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus by Chardri, translated into English by Tony Devaney Morinelli: Medieval Sourcebook. [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/7Sleepers.html fordham.edu]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seven Sleepers}}
[[Category:Christian folklore]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:Anatolian Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Articles about multiple people]]
[[Category:Saints from Anatolia]]
[[Category:Quranic narratives]]
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:3rd-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:Saints of the Golden Legend]]

[[ar:أصحاب الكهف]]
[[az:Əshabi-Kəhf]]
[[ca:Set Dorments d'Efes]]
[[de:Sieben Schläfer von Ephesus]]
[[es:Siete durmientes de Éfeso]]
[[fa:اصحاب کهف]]
[[fr:Sept Dormants d'Éphèse]]
[[id:Maxalmena]]
[[it:Sette dormienti di Efeso]]
[[he:שבעת הישנים של אפסוס]]
[[mzn:کهف اصحاب]]
[[ms:Ashabul Kahfi]]
[[nl:Zeven Slapers van Efeze]]
[[no:De hellige syv sovere]]
[[ro:Cei șapte tineri din Efes]]
[[ru:Семь отроков Эфесских]]
[[sv:Sju sovare]]
[[tr:Ashab-ı Kehf]]
[[uk:Печера семи сплячих]]
[[ur:اصحاب کہف]]

User talk:Materialscientist

2012-04-01T12:03:17Z

86.96.226.19:

| image = Hunter S. Thompson, 1988 crop.jpg

{{bots|deny=DPL bot}}
<div style='border:solid 1px #282; background:#beb; padding:1em; margin:1em 0;' class=plainlinks>
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== Rangeblock on 178.63.0.0/166 / [[User talk:178.63.213.60]] ==

Hi, there is some discussion of the block on [[User talk:178.63.213.60]]. As the last unblock decline clearly was totally off-base, it would be great if you could talk to the user yourself, as the blocking admin :) Maybe allowing account creation would be possible? [[User:Snowolf|Snowolf]] [[User talk:Snowolf|How can I help?]] 15:50, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

''I posted the following without noticing that the above had been posted while I was checking this out. It seems that Tnxman307 did likewise. I am merging 3 sections on the same topic into one. [[User:JamesBWatson|JamesBWatson]] ([[User talk:JamesBWatson|talk]]) 16:15, 12 January 2012 (UTC)''
There is an unblock request at [[User talk:178.63.213.60]] in connection with a range block you placed on 178.63.0.0/16 (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BlockList?wpTarget=178.63.0.0%2F16&limit=50). My impression is that there is no basis for an unblock, but since you know far better than I do the reasons for blocking, perhaps you could assess the unblock request. [[User:JamesBWatson|JamesBWatson]] ([[User talk:JamesBWatson|talk]]) 15:52, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

This user has requested an unblock for their range, 178.63.0.0/16. Looking at the checkuser data, I believe this rangeblock can actually be limited to one IP, unless the entire range is a misconfigured proxy range. Let me know your thoughts. Thanks! [[User:Tnxman307|TN]]<big>[[User talk:Tnxman307|X]]</big>[[Special:Contributions/Tnxman307|Man]] 16:09, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
:<Edit> It looks like a couple of others beat me here! [[User:Tnxman307|TN]]<big>[[User talk:Tnxman307|X]]</big>[[Special:Contributions/Tnxman307|Man]] 16:11, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
::Since Tnxman307 has the benefit over me of seeing the checkuser data, that could well be a more reliable view than the one I expressed. [[User:JamesBWatson|JamesBWatson]] ([[User talk:JamesBWatson|talk]]) 16:15, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
:::Let us talk here. The open proxy port http://p4fb.com/ (might not be the only port) currently resolves to 178.63.68.79. I have little doubt that {{user|178.63.199.7}} was an open proxy, and maybe {{user|178.63.68.167}}. The [http://toolserver.org/~helloannyong/range/?range=178.63.0.0%2F16&contribs=500 range] is wide but not busy. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:46, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
:::I have blocked subranges 178.63.199.0/26 and 178.63.68.64/26, and for now see no problem with unblocking the /16 range. Unfortunately, user:zzuuzz is away and can't weigh in. I won't be able to do much proxy checking for some 8 hrs from now. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:07, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
::::Thanks for your response. On the basis of what has been said, both by you and by others, I have lifted the /16 block. It can be reblocked if you or zzuuzz come up with evidence that makes that seem necessary. I see that 178.63.68.167 (which you describe as "maybe" an open proxy) is subject to a global block, due to expire on 19 July 2012. [[User:JamesBWatson|JamesBWatson]] ([[User talk:JamesBWatson|talk]]) 09:03, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
Aha! (I am checking the proxies there and couldn't understand why the IPs I was checking didn't show in the rangeblock, but it was lifted). Some other blocked proxies are:
{{user|178.63.130.214}}
{{user|178.63.140.209}}
{{user|178.63.231.0/25}}
{{user|178.63.52.85}}
{{user|178.63.118.156}}
{{user|178.63.130.214}}
{{user|178.63.97.34}}
. I can add that I couldn't connect through some IPs listed as proxies, but they show up in past/current blocks/blacklists. A rotten range. Still checking and blocking individually .. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 09:18, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
:More: {{user|178.63.68.167}} [http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?limit=50&tagFilter=&title=Sp%C3%A9cial%3AContributions&contribs=user&target=178.63.85.213&namespace=&tagfilter=&year=&month=-1 178.63.85.213] [http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?limit=50&tagFilter=&title=Sp%C3%A9cial%3AContributions&contribs=user&target=178.63.100.211&namespace=&tagfilter=&year=&month=-1 178.63.100.211]. Enough for now. Google shows tons of hits for "proxy 178.63." Many of them are volatile or available some 33% of the time. I bet zzuuzz would block /16 for 5 years. My current mood is to let it stay for now. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 10:03, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

== oxohalide ==

The DYK thing has sunk into a morass of misunderstandings. Can you help, please? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Did_you_know#Oxohalide
Articles created/expanded on December 27
Many thanks, [[User:Petergans|Petergans]] ([[User talk:Petergans|talk]]) 11:53, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
:I won't review this nomination because I edited the article - not much, but someone might pick it up as [[WP:COI]] - will do as a last resort. I believe the referees are friendly and you can fix it all easily. I see in your replies at T:TDYK a reflection of my attitude of 2 years ago. After experimenting much with DYK (tried different hooks, topics, images, analyzed stats) I reconsidered. While many issues seem ridiculous, they are not, it just takes time to understand and accept them.
*Hook. Must be as interesting as possible. This will result in promotion and will attract readers. This is the "DYK miracle". Most readers will not edit, some will fix grammar (we always miss something), and a few might spot scientific errors, bring new thoughts, etc. Some of that may be completely unexpected, like finding that the cited source or an image was plain wrong. Good DYK articles are also picked up and translated interwiki right on the DYK day.
* References. The DYK rule is every paragraph should be covered by at least one in-line reliable reference, preferably accessible. This is important for many reasons; say, (i) many stray editors change articles per their liking (vandals, self-made experts, or just people who disagree). Say, if some fact is in an article abstract (even if the article is paywalled) or a linked google book, our [[WP:RCP]] guards will click it, verify, revert and hunt down the "expert". Otherwise this may stay forever. (ii) If the material is sourced, its removal will be reverted immediately (an the offender likely hunted down). Otherwise, it may be let gone, if the remover leaves a clever edit summary.

There will always be students who will read the article to learn. Many of them know our working, and understand that a green star in top right corner is good, and a brown star is better; that if an article is unsourced it might be rubbish written by anyone, and that ''Nature'' is a more reliable source than ''Daily Mail''. There will also be self-educated scientists who will add poorly written material because it was missing, and will not if the article is comprehensive, etc. Sorry for philosophical mood, this can go for pages. In the end of the day, it is worth writing a [[WP:GA]]-class article even for DYK. Regards. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 12:39, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
:Thanks for these comments. I knew that you could not review the nomination. A problem with this article lies in the fact that I have drawn together facts about different elements throughout the periodic table. This could make citation ridiculously complicated. In particular, the statement about general methods of preparation is a summary of facts spread throughout the text books and I don't have a single source to cite.

:I'm more concerned with content than with form. Unfortunately, in WP there is all this emphasis on form and no control of quality. This is the fundamental defect of the verifiability criterion, which is why I get so impatient with it. [[User:Petergans|Petergans]] ([[User talk:Petergans|talk]]) 10:55, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
I don't have a full grasp of the sourcing problem, but guess it is similar to that of [[metalloid]] (there is a comment on that on its talk). The DYK philosophy is to push you cite all facts while you still remember where they come from (technically, Harvard referencing is not code-loading for adding multiple citations - you can use first author name + page only). Then others can maintain, understand, and build upon your work. These formal rules compensate for lack of knowledge/time to check the factual accuracy - we have too few qualified and active chemistry editors; some were active at DYK in the past, but probably not anymore. There might be editors who gamed the system by using fake refs, but once caught, all their work might be removed. Scientific checks may come at unexpected angle and time. I recall some IP went through my DYK article (I think [[samarium]]) after it was featured and caught very technical errors, like phase symmetry; some were my typos and some were rare and non-trivial errors of our materials database. I also had a few noms on materials which I didn't know well, and those articles were cleaned up some time around the featuring on the main page by some stray editors, I guess researchers involved in those topics. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:38, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

== Note ==

Note that I use endless IP's. Note that I can change IP numbers every few minutes or more often.
Childish wiki-stalking can lead to being flamed. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.140.211.218|86.140.211.218]] ([[User talk:86.140.211.218|talk]]) 13:06, 14 January 2012 (UTC) 
:Fighting against won't bring you to your goal. Why not working together with other editors? What is your conflict? [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 13:23, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

== Jake.edu ==

It seems that the kid (oh god just look at his user page) is new and wants to make a redirect at [[SO R@n:D0ᴟ!]] to the article [[So Random!]]. I do not think his request was malformed.—[[User:Ryulong|Ryulong]] ([[User talk:Ryulong|竜龙]]) 11:59, 19 January 2012 (UTC)
:The page does not exist and is not salted, thus what's the request? [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 12:00, 19 January 2012 (UTC)
::Some filter on [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist]] (or [[meta:Title blacklist]], probably our version) prevents non-admins from making the page because of all of the fucked up letters.—[[User:Ryulong|Ryulong]] ([[User talk:Ryulong|竜龙]]) 12:04, 19 January 2012 (UTC)
:::I see. Unlikely search term, thus unlikely redirect, IMO. Anyway, not a valid unprotection request. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 12:08, 19 January 2012 (UTC)
::::Yeah. But it still wasn't a malformed request. Just a bad one.—[[User:Ryulong|Ryulong]] ([[User talk:Ryulong|竜龙]]) 12:10, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

==Metalloid==
Hi Materialscientist, I have asked for an [[Talk:Metalloid|A-class review]]. I know you are not a WikiProject Elements participant but would appreciate your thoughts, if you have time. Thank you [[User:Sandbh|Sandbh]] ([[User talk:Sandbh|talk]]) 05:59, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
:Will try, but please don't expect much - got mile-long backlog. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:01, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
::No hurry. Am currently addressing some of the (quite good, in retrospect) feedback rec'd from others. [[User:Sandbh|Sandbh]] ([[User talk:Sandbh|talk]]) 04:51, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

== Proof ==

I wrote a long reply, but lost it because of an edit conflict. Here is what I remember saying:

You can tell KidMilo is Ukboxen because he does the exact same things: Removes icons, lowercases words, removes words, takes away info on minor titles, etc.

I'm not sure what you meant by what you said on my user page.

If the division is said in mid-sentence, it would be lower case (Ex. "Bob fights in the '''lightweight''' division."). However, it depends on how the sentence is used.

If it is used in the form of a title, it becomes a pro-noun and must be capitalized because it refers to an offical ranking someone holds (Ex. "Bob is the new '''WBA Lightweight Champion''')

[http://wbanews.com/ Offical WBA (World Boxing Association) website]

Quoted from the home page:

"The World Boxing Association Ratings Committee appointed the '''Super Bantamweight World Champion''', Guillermo Rigondeaux from Cuba as the Boxer of the Month."

You can also see, to the right that says "Boxer of the Month", a picture of Rigondeaux, saying:

"Guillermo Rigondeaux ('''WBA Super Batamweight''')"

Hope this helps. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:TheShadowCrow|TheShadowCrow]] ([[User talk:TheShadowCrow|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheShadowCrow|contribs]]) 01:03, 6 February 2012 (UTC) 

==Proof==
Quoting the WBA = epic fail. They're so dumb they type "WBA World Champion".

The titles in each report on the front page is in lower case;

http://wbcboxing.com/wbcVersEng/

And the IBO, IBC etc are irrelevant Mickey Mouse orgs which NO credible sources recognize, yet you claim the IBO is a "multi-million dollar " org. You absolute moron. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/31.111.71.103|31.111.71.103]] ([[User talk:31.111.71.103|talk]]) 02:11, 6 February 2012 (UTC) 

The WBC is owned by a Spanish-speaker; English isn't their prime language, so they'd probably make a grammer mistake like this. --[[User:TheShadowCrow|TheShadowCrow]] ([[User talk:TheShadowCrow|talk]]) 02:33, 6 February 2012 (UTC)
:None of that matters. Wikipedia sets its own convention on caps, which is what I have asked you before, TheShadowCrow. (If you get an edit conflict, hit "back" on your edit browser, copy your text, reload the page, and re-enter). Cheers. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:11, 6 February 2012 (UTC)
He has been editing [[Roy Jones, Jr.]] as "Arumpunch"
This guy has created so many socks after being banned, he should be banned on sight from now on.
Where is this convention on caps?--[[User:TheShadowCrow|TheShadowCrow]] ([[User talk:TheShadowCrow|talk]]) 02:04, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
:Keep us informed .. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:07, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

== Reverts on boxing articles ==

Can you be a bit more explicit with your edit summaries, please? The history of [[Erik Morales]], for example, wasn't very enlightening. --[[User talk:SarekOfVulcan|SarekOfVulcan (talk)]] 16:28, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
:In short, LTA: see {{user|UkBoxen}}, {{user|User38563}} - a good-faith ruthless warrior. I don't know how it all started, but have some recent experience with him. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:44, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

==RE: Football==
I don't think that a rangeblock would be effective, considering that many IPs will me blocked:
{{user|190.43.20.53}}, {{user|201.240.226.93}}, {{user|190.43.157.183}}, {{User|190.235.149.219}}, {{user|190.235.86.111}}, and those are just five IPs on the same page. The best would be protect the pages as [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], or being extreme as [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]. [[User:Tbhotch|Tbhotch]].[[User talk:Tbhotch|<big>™</big>]] Grammatically incorrect? '''Correct it!''' [[User:Tbhotch/EN|See terms and conditions.]] 03:43, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

==Concerning my MEMS update==
Dear Sir,

I am new at writing on Wikipedia(even though I use it quite frequently) and MEMS update was my first big article. I am a bit confused what you mean by "too detailed". I tried not to go into any detail, and just mentioned reasons for testing, and which technology there is for it. As I think that testing is an essential part of MEMS as a topic. Therefore I feel that this article is justified.
If you could give me any help to improve the article I would really appreciate it.

For c/p I will try not to do it again

Thank you for the help, I will revise my article over the weekend and create a whole new article wholly about MEMS testing, which I then can link back to the main article + a small abstract for the main article.
[[User:Tecengineer|Tecengineer]] ([[User talk:Tecengineer|talk]]) 23:34, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Hi there,

I updated my MEMS testing article, but am not sure if it is yet publishable. I still have it in my sandbox. would it be possible for you to check it and tell me if there are any more mistakes I made? I read the guides and removed all c/p till I have the time to rewrite them properly (or somebody else who can contribute here on wiki) thank you in advance. 

[[User:Tecengineer|Tecengineer]] ([[User talk:Tecengineer|talk]]) 17:19, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
:Just to let you know that I've read this but got overloaded with mundane tasks, on and off wiki, and thus can't tell when I'll get to check your article. One brief note is on [[MOS:CAPS]] - most terms (like scientific techniques) are not capitalized on wikipedia, also not when abbreviated, i.e., light emitting diode (LED), not Light Emitting Diode (LED) or '''L'''ight '''E'''mitting '''D'''iode (LED). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:20, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
::I had a second brief look and see three major concerns: (i) much of the article is attempting to summarize the pros and cons of well-established techniques, whereas it should focus on MEMS testing, and use wikilinks for redirecting the reader to details on those techniques; only features specifically related to MEMS testing should be mentioned. (ii) It would be nice to have [[WP:PRIMARY|secondary]] references supporting the article structure, i.e., why certain topics have been put forward. This will disperse [[WP:OR]] concerns - many new wikipedia articles are written as essays, whereas they should summarize reliable, secondary sources instead. (iii) The prose flow will need improvement, perhaps at a later stage. Regards. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 07:15, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Working on Wikipedia is a lot tougher than I thought. I removed strenght and weaknesses of the technologies and put a cross reference link to the existing Wikipedia article until I, (or hopefully somebody else) find more reference sources. I think this should take care of the major concern if I understood you correct.
My biggest problem personally is to find publicly available papers to back all up. As most of them have to be purchased so I can not link to them without violating copyrights.

I think as a skeleton for the future this should be fine now, but I'd appreciate your feedback first.
[[User:Tecengineer|Tecengineer]] ([[User talk:Tecengineer|talk]]) 21:28, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

== Quick reversion of pages ==

Pardon, I'm sure it's available if I search but I'd like to know - what program were you using to revert pages due to vandalism at such a rapid rate? I generally do mine manually and it winds up a chore. Thanks! [[User:Papacha|Papacha]] ([[User talk:Papacha|talk]]) 00:07, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
:Its all manual :-), just using both hands, the [[WP:Rollback|rollback]] button, and some general keyboard shortcuts in Firefox. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:12, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
::Durn it all, was hopin' there was a trick to it! Heh. Thanks again! [[User:Papacha|Papacha]] ([[User talk:Papacha|talk]]) 00:16, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

==Thank you==
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[Image:Editors Barnstar.png|100px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Editor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for all your great work over the years. [[User:Spanglej|Span]] ([[User talk:Spanglej|talk]]) 00:37, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
|}

==[[User Talk:117.18.80.112]]==
This appears to be a vandalism only account. Would you kindly take a look? Thanks! -- [[User:Ssilvers|Ssilvers]] ([[User talk:Ssilvers|talk]]) 04:10, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

== [[Andre El Haddad]] ==

Hi, if you have time could you check-out the above article which seems to be under continual attack today (he's a football referee!!) Thanks. [[User:Denisarona|Denisarona]] ([[User talk:Denisarona|talk]]) 07:39, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

:Cheers - many thanks for your help. [[User:Denisarona|Denisarona]] ([[User talk:Denisarona|talk]]) 08:53, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

== [[user:94.72.197.25]] ==

Many of the IP numbers concerned do look as if they are IP numbers that had been previously used by [[Johann Hari]]/[[user:David r from meth productions]]. I thought that it was IMPOSSIBLE that only one IP number was used as a "suspected sock-puppet", as it is listed. I [have] no particular "beef" against him; that I am not a journalist, and that I am not under the pay, employ or influence of any of the parties concerned or involved, and that I do not even live in London. If the matter is now considered to be closed, and that the consensus, agreed by BOTH British- and American-based administrators, is that no further action is to be, or shall be permitted to be, taken, then "fair enough", and in that case I shall and would also apologise. [[Special:Contributions/94.72.197.25|94.72.197.25]] ([[User talk:94.72.197.25|talk]]) 08:29, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

== Amuel Gins ==

{{vandal|Amuel Gins}} 
Is adding amazing amounts of material to various articles. Either he is very familiar with the topics or is he making stuff up? The references are usually books and do not seem to be easily accessible. Any suggestions? Thanks [[User:Jim1138|Jim1138]] ([[User talk:Jim1138|talk]]) 08:38, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
:I was wondering the same, but have no clue - there are clear signs it might be a banned account. I'll post to AIV/ANI. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:41, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
::Thank for looking into it. Cheers! [[User:Jim1138|Jim1138]] ([[User talk:Jim1138|talk]]) 08:59, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

:::Materialscientist and Jim1138. First of all, I have edited for several months. I never edited the articles I edited before under different accounts (see [[Tanka people]]'s edit history, and history of other articles I edited). Nobody who edited those articles was banned, having taken a look at previous editors.

:::The massive "amounts of material" I am adding, seem "amazing", only because '''I included quotes directly from the source in the reference.'''. Since I used several public domain sources as a reference, I copied in pasted the entire text from several pages of the books onto the article, since its out of copyright, we don't have to rewrite or paraphrase. See the Tanka article again.

:::Not only that, I added a google book link for '''every single reference''' I added. Its amazing how Jim1138 claims my references "do not seem to be easily accessibly", '''when I included a direct link to the text of the book'''.

:::See [[Tanka_people#References]], every single reference of mine is linked and visible for everyone to see.

:::Did Jim1138 actually look at the end result (at the article), or did he only look at the revisions, in which the reference templates can confuse people into thinking I'm pasting large amounts of nonsense into the article?[[User:Amuel Gins|Amuel Gins]] ([[User talk:Amuel Gins|talk]]) 21:15, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

:::And I always type up my edits on a word document before editing it into wikipedia, sometimes I do it en masse, with the material being intended for several articles at a time. Again, the massive blocks of text I am pasting are either direct copy and paste from public domain sources, or text in the quote parameter of the reference template.[[User:Amuel Gins|Amuel Gins]] ([[User talk:Amuel Gins|talk]]) 21:21, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

===Tanka people===
and materialscietist. Please look at the talk page of the tanka article. You reverted the entire article to a version in which random words were deleted all over it. [[User:WarriorsPride6565]] had severely vandalized the article, and you reverted my fixes.[[User:Amuel Gins|Amuel Gins]] ([[User talk:Amuel Gins|talk]]) 21:23, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

If you are just going to ignore me, and leave the [[Tanka people]] article in its vandalized version, I'm going to fix it myself.[[User:Amuel Gins|Amuel Gins]] ([[User talk:Amuel Gins|talk]]) 22:25, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

== removal of material from talk page about a living person ==
I am planning to remove material from a talk page ([[Talk:Dae_Gak]]) because the material contains contentious allegations about a living person without providing any proper sourcing. All of this material has already been repeatedly removed from the article itself (once, recently, by you), but the same material "lives on", so to speak, on the talk page. It seems to me to be a pretty straightforward case, because the relevant wikipedia BLP policies explicitly include talk pages. But I am hesitant because this amounts to "blanking" the talk page, since all of the discussion on that page revolves around (and repeats over and over again) this unsourced contentious material. Also I have very little experience editing wikipedia pages, and I want to proceed in a way that will be constructive and productive without unnecessarily stirring the pot. I will check back here for your reply. --[[User:Durruti36|Durruti36]] ([[User talk:Durruti36|talk]]) 16:26, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
:Sorry for delayed reply. Yes, unreferenced libel (such as the sexual allegations we are talking about) related to [[WP:BLP]] issues should be removed from talks as well. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:19, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
:: Thanks very much for the reply! That is very helpful! --[[User:Durruti36|Durruti36]] ([[User talk:Durruti36|talk]]) 23:52, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
FYI: I have put in a complaint (is that the correct term?) at the BLP Noticeboard concerning this issue ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons/Noticeboard#Dae_Gak BLP Noticeboard#Dae Gak]). I have suggested that the unregistered IP user in question be blocked and that the page in question be semi-protected. --[[User:Durruti36|Durruti36]] ([[User talk:Durruti36|talk]]) 14:13, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

== Block, whether or not something is a content dispute or vandalism ==

Please comment at [[User talk:Jim1138#Arabs in Turkey]]. who I have blocked for edit warring, but who believes his reverts were of vandalism. [[User:Magog the Ogre|Magog the Ogre]] ([[User talk:Magog the Ogre|talk]]) 20:03, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
:Thanks for unblocking Jim1138. I know him as a highly dedicated and productive editor, and thus whatever mistakes he might have made, I believe they were made in good faith and could be rectified by talking, as you did. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:22, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

==DYK bot failed?==
There is a comment here: [[Wikipedia_talk:Did_you_know#Bot_update_of_Main_Page_is_Late]] that the DYK bot has failed. [[User:History2007|History2007]] ([[User talk:History2007|talk]]) 17:38, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

==User talk:Azadmaster==
As this seems to have been more of a content dispute per [[User_talk:Jim1138#Arabs_in_Turkey|my talk]], should [[User talk:Azadmaster]] be permanently blocked? The figure he was adding was apparently correct, just left the erroneous reference there. Not that I want to bring this up again! Cheers [[User:Jim1138|Jim1138]] ([[User talk:Jim1138|talk]]) 18:16, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
:The block was issued not for factual error but for disruptive editing, which has continued for quite some time. Thus I would certainly consider accepting an adequately formulated unblock request, but would not unblock preemptively. As to the fact, that the 8 million figure is possibly inflated does not make his edits correct or justified. Roughly speaking, Turkey has 80 million people, some 8-10 million being national minorities according to CIA; Arabs are a major minority, numbering nowhere near 60,000. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:50, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
::I agree 60k seams rather low. Thanks for taking the time to look into this. A special thank you for your support too! [[User:Jim1138|Jim1138]] ([[User talk:Jim1138|talk]]) 04:24, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

== Great Dismal Swamp maroons ==

In the [[Template:Did you know nominations/Great Dismal Swamp maroons|DYK nom]], two pics are suggested, reviewer prefers #2, both would profit from trimming, --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 20:30, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
:The trimmed picture made [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 10|Main page history]], did you now? And since yesterday there is an article on it's painter, --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 19:29, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

== Retiring ==

Hi Materialscientist. I’m retiring from Wikipedia and as one last wish I’d like to have my user page fully protected and my user talk page fully protected (because it’s a redirect to my user page and I don’t want editors to mess up the redirect and add new sections to it). I thank you so much for fulfilling many of my protection and deletion requests and I’d like to thank you in advance for fulfilling my last request before departing Wikipedia. Regards, '''''[[User:Whenaxis|Whenaxis]]''''' [[User talk:Whenaxis|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Whenaxis|contribs]] | [[WP:DRP|DR goes to Wikimania!]] 23:10, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
:Oh. I think a note is probably good for my user page. Um.. sorry can you unprotect it just for a moment so I can put a note and can you reprotect it immediately afterwards? Sorry! Thanks, '''''[[User:Whenaxis|Whenaxis]]''''' [[User talk:Whenaxis|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Whenaxis|contribs]] | [[WP:DRP|DR goes to Wikimania!]] 23:33, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[Image:SpecialBarnstar.png|100px]]}}

|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Special Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for making the departure process a lot easier for me, especially during this difficult time '''''[[User:Whenaxis|Whenaxis]]''''' [[User talk:Whenaxis|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Whenaxis|contribs]] | [[WP:DRP|DR goes to Wikimania!]] 23:41, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
|}
:Okay you can reprotect the page now. '''''[[User:Whenaxis|Whenaxis]]''''' [[User talk:Whenaxis|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Whenaxis|contribs]] | [[WP:DRP|DR goes to Wikimania!]] 23:47, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
::I'll wait some time and do that (few users would wish to edit your userpage). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:51, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

== Great Dismal Swamp maroons ==

Hi the image that you just cropped on [[Template:Did you know nominations/Great Dismal Swamp maroons]] is the image that the reviewer (me) and the nom agreed upon. Thanks so much, I do think it looks better.--[[User:Ishtar456|Ishtar456]] ([[User talk:Ishtar456|talk]]) 04:24, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

== Declining an RfA nomination ==

{{userlinks|Feathers Trial}} created an RfA that I do not accept; what do I do?[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 05:33, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
:Well, I was going to suggest that you yourself close it as outlined in [[WP:CLOSE]] and then found the nomination page deleted .. sigh .. Some problems have multiple solutions. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 05:46, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
::Well, then again, it would make it a bit of a hassle for a future nomination, since less of the defaults would work.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 05:49, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

== Be nice, ==

this Wikipedia editor has [[aspergers]]. Be careful not to hurt their feelings!

[[Special:Contributions/68.3.190.154|68.3.190.154]] ([[User talk:68.3.190.154|talk]]) 09:36, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

~~ Explanation needed ~~

Can you tell me why you have removed my amends on the Feeder Generation Freakshow page? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Sunonwater|Sunonwater]] ([[User talk:Sunonwater|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sunonwater|contribs]]) 22:28, 7 March 2012 (UTC) 

== User:188.165.217.107 ==

Thank you for blocking him. I gave him four warnings but he erased them. He also vandalized [[User:Giants2008]]. Thanks, [[User:MathewTownsend|MathewTownsend]] ([[User talk:MathewTownsend|talk]]) 23:53, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

== Grey Jay not Gray Jay ==

According to the IOC World Bird Names ver.2.11 the official name of ''Perisoreus canadensis'' is the Grey Jay. See [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-vireos.html Vireos, Crows & Allies]. Frankly, it is not my preference but I believe that this is the name we should be using on Wikipedia. Am I mistaken in this assumption? My preference is for Canada Jay. [[User:Dger|Dger]] ([[User talk:Dger|talk]]) 00:30, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

:I see your point, sorry to have caused a problem but as a Canadian it is very annoying that a bird that lives mostly in Canada is given a name with an American spelling. It is even more offensive when the binomial name is ''canadensis''. It is clear on WP:BIRDS that there is an ongoing movement towards use of the IOC bird list. So why should Gray Jay be an exception? [[User:Dger|Dger]] ([[User talk:Dger|talk]]) 02:41, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

::That's what I will do in the future. I only acted in this instance because of the all the name changes that have been taking place with the bird articles. This area is the most complicated with regards common names. Thanks for your advice. Cheers. [[User:Dger|Dger]] ([[User talk:Dger|talk]]) 03:38, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

== 70.52.172.51 ==

This is the [[User:Ryulong/sandbox#Saban troll|Saban-related vandal]] that has been active for 5 years now. He's also active on {{IPvandal|70.52.175.179}} currently. I've sent both IPs to Bell Canada so they may enact their AUP on the individual, as they did on his prior IPs.—[[User:Ryulong|Ryulong]] ([[User talk:Ryulong|竜龙]]) 02:53, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

I'm also seeing a range-like pattern showing up.—[[User:Ryulong|Ryulong]] ([[User talk:Ryulong|竜龙]]) 03:00, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

== cite doi ==

Just curious about what you see as disadvantages of {{tl|cite doi}}? Cheers. -- [[User:Alan Liefting|Alan Liefting]] ([[User_talk:Alan_Liefting|talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Alan_Liefting|contribs]]) 04:23, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

==question==
ask them what was a template ther?[[Special:Contributions/188.25.52.31|188.25.52.31]] ([[User talk:188.25.52.31|talk]]) 05:47, 8 March 2012 (UTC){{talkback}}

== [[User:Zizozidan]] ==

Hi there SCIENTIST, VASCO here,

this "user", as anon, has returned with his "stuff" (trying to "make" [[Nélson Oliveira]] an Egyptian player no matter what, which blocked him in the first place, and using other refs in the article to make it look like he's sourced - as seen here http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A9lson_Oliveira&diff=480603395&oldid=480601973).

You have been briefed, now do "what thou wilt". Attentively - --[[User:VascoAmaral|Vasco Amaral]] ([[User talk:VascoAmaral|talk]]) 21:43, 8 March 2012 (UTC)
:I've put it on my watch list, and there is nothing better I can do - the edits were few and too long ago, thus the standard tools of warning/blocking/semiprotecting can not be applied yet. Cheers. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:06, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

*********
i'm at a loss how to follow Materialscientist's instruction, to leave a message for him/her "at the bottom of the page" . . .
therefore i 'edit' the last user entry.
Materialscientist, you made a correction to the article "Ion" that I didn't suppose i had 'authority' to make. So correction is done!
Is there a way I can have my status raised so i could make such 'edits' myself, rather than alerting 'the big dogs'?
thanks. I'm kinda rusty on the protocol for editors, amateurs such as i, on Wiki.
--hispanosuiza (michael)
:Hispanosuiza, see the advice at [[User talk:Hispanosuiza#Some pointers]]. Can't you find the 'New section' tab at the top of the talk page? You really should know how to use a talk page if you intend to participate in controversies here. See [[WP:TILDE]] for how to sign your comments. Thank you, [[User:EdJohnston|EdJohnston]] ([[User talk:EdJohnston|talk]]) 14:32, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

== [[User:AliceNovak]] ==

You protected a text of the vandal Stevenj on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolii_Alexeevitch_Karatsuba. He deleted the most part of the text of the article and wrote his own non-competent text.
The compete Wiki-text about A.A. Karatsuba was created in 2008, edited by many authors and deleted by Stevenj on 2 of March of 2012. I discussed the problems of the relation of Stevenj to this page on the Talk page of Anatolii_Alexeevitch_Karatsuba.

Please, revert the text of this page from 01.01.2012 (it was approved many times by administrators).[[User:AliceNovak|AliceNovak]] ([[User talk:AliceNovak|talk]]) 12:06, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:No Spam Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The No Spam Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thank you for your message, I didn't know that information about SPM's manufacturers is SPAM. I thought it was very usefull for everybody. There is such information in national Wiki articles. Sorry. [[User:Crysader|Crysader]] ([[User talk:Crysader|talk]]) 13:59, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
|}

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF
Here you may find information about manufacturers. This is article about SPM in russian. --[[User:Crysader|Crysader]] ([[User talk:Crysader|talk]]) 14:24, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

== Blocked user editing? ==

Greetings.
It looks like this [[Special:Contributions/31.111.51.199|31.111.51.199]] is the same one you were rangeblocking here: [[User_talk:Favonian#Boxing_articles]]. He didn't misbehave yet.--[[User:Jahalive|Jahalive]] ([[User talk:Jahalive|talk]]) 20:24, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
:And now he's using more IP's: [[Special:Contributions/31.111.57.135|31.111.57.135]], [[Special:Contributions/178.99.99.4|178.99.99.4]] and [[Special:Contributions/178.99.132.33|178.99.132.33]]--[[User:Jahalive|Jahalive]] ([[User talk:Jahalive|talk]]) 18:30, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

== Sorry to bother you again ==

<h4>Protection requests</h4>
{{lu|Whenaxis}}
'''Indefinite semi-protection:''' User request within own userspace. Change from full to semi. '''''[[User:Whenaxis|Whenaxis]]''''' [[User talk:Whenaxis|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Whenaxis|contribs]] | [[WP:DRP|DR goes to Wikimania!]] 01:21, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

{{lut|Whenaxis}}
'''Indefinite semi-protection:''' User request within own userspace. Change from full to semi. '''''[[User:Whenaxis|Whenaxis]]''''' [[User talk:Whenaxis|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Whenaxis|contribs]] | [[WP:DRP|DR goes to Wikimania!]] 01:21, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

<h4>Undelete request</h4>
{{revisions|User:Whenaxis/twinkleoptions.js}}

Sorry to bother you again! The legal case, luckily, was voluntarily dismissed by the litigant so I'm coming back to Wikipedia. '''''[[User:Whenaxis|Whenaxis]]''''' [[User talk:Whenaxis|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Whenaxis|contribs]] | [[WP:DRP|DR goes to Wikimania!]] 01:49, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
:Please clarify: why do you want to indef. semiprotect your talk (we rarely do that)? twinkleoptions.js was apparently never deleted. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 01:54, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
::Oops. Never mind. Hey—can you check to see if this user's edits constitute [[WP:DE|disruptive editing]], because the user has been being disruptive over time and can't be reported at [[WP:AIV]]. Thanks and sorry for that up there ↑. '''''[[User:Whenaxis|Whenaxis]]''''' [[User talk:Whenaxis|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Whenaxis|contribs]] | [[WP:DRP|DR goes to Wikimania!]] 21:55, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
:::This user: [[User:BestFiens]]. '''''[[User:Whenaxis|Whenaxis]]''''' [[User talk:Whenaxis|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Whenaxis|contribs]] | [[WP:DRP|DR goes to Wikimania!]] 21:59, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:WikiDefender Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Defender of the Wiki Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | This is an honest note. For years, I've watched you revert vandalism throughout the expanse of Wikipedia. To say that I have been impressed is putting it mildly. You have been a role model - one I hope many of our rollbackers learn from. Thank you for defending the project and fortifying it in the best way anyone could. [[User:Wifione|''' Wifione''']] [[User talk:Wifione|'''Message''']] 10:34, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
|}

== Can You Please take a look ? ==

[[User:MBisanz]] has requested suggestions as there is a requirement for new crats.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_adminship#Suggestion_for_new_crats
As one of the best editors here would you interested in being nominated for cratship?[[User:Pharaoh of the Wizards|Pharaoh of the Wizards]] ([[User talk:Pharaoh of the Wizards|talk]]) 02:16, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
:Thanks, I really appreciate the note and invitation, but at this stage I feel neither qualified nor interested in that position. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 09:45, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

== Oi ==

u accused me of something i didnt do. on my talk page - i dont make random pages and i dont know how. i dont know what that code means and i dont code in general. leave me alone and do something more productive. i dont know what ur talking about dude. tell me.. [[Special:Contributions/110.175.30.77|110.175.30.77]] ([[User talk:110.175.30.77|talk]]) 09:32, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

==DYK list==
Hi. [[User:Dahn]] wanted a [[User:Dahn/DYK]] list of all of his DYKs. I remember somebody did one for me, I believe it was you? If so can you do one for him? A list will be useful for him as I believe many of his articles are GA worthy.♦ [[User talk:Dr. Blofeld|Dr. Blofeld]] 15:18, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
:No, not me, and the person who did it for you is either yourself :-) or is not in the page history. Yes, it is useful, which is why I made it for me once, but it is a somewhat tedious job which requires motivation (we've got no automatic tools for that, though the DYKupdate bot could in principle be upgraded to dump a list into some table). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 04:55, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
::I believe somebody did it automatically. Ah I think it was Yellow Monkey, not you, he's no longer with us unfortunately..♦ [[User talk:Dr. Blofeld|Dr. Blofeld]] 11:38, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

== Move problems ==

Hi, I recently tried to move a page that I had finished up working on in my userspace into the mainspace , but got screwed up by the dropdown menu on the move page (is that a new feature?). I have already put a db-move notice on the page, but those can take a few days to get resolved, and you see to be active at the present moment, so I decided that I'd ask you for assistance here. Relevant page is [[Nigehörn]]. Cheers, [[User:Lothar von Richthofen|Lothar von Richthofen]] ([[User talk:Lothar von Richthofen|talk]]) 21:48, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
:I've moved your page into the mainspace; let me know if you had something else in mind. Regards. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:21, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
::That's precisely what I wanted. Thank you! ~~ [[User:Lothar von Richthofen|Lothar von Richthofen]] ([[User talk:Lothar von Richthofen|talk]]) 23:17, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

== Helperbot glitches ==

Just wanted to let you know that I also have now come across an instance of the helperbots (in this case #7) displaying the wrong information in the edit summary when removing a blocked user. I spoke with Wimt regarding it and he mentioned that you had pointed out the same issue previously. Will be continuing to monitor it. [[User:Calabe1992|Calabe]][[User talk:Calabe1992|1992]] 00:10, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
:Wikimedia server problems, in particular related to the database updates, are more frequent recently than before. This might be one reason (a wild guess). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:13, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

== Adsorption ==

Hi. I see that you probably have [[Adsorption]] on your watchlist, as you've contributed there more than once. I hope that means that you understand what it means, as it's beyond me. The use of that word has been changed back and forth, to/from absorption, a couple of times in the article [[Melatonin]] in the section "In mammals":
* Melanopsin, [...], is a conventional 7-transmembrane opsin protein with the usual vitamin A-like cis-retinal cofactor having peak like adsorption at 484 nm (blue light).[82]
Can you tell me which is correct? I'll watchlist this page. Thanks, --[[User:Hordaland|Hordaland]] ([[User talk:Hordaland|talk]]) 06:16, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
:In short, this sentence must use a'''b'''sorption, because it contains "light" and refers to a bulk phenomenon. Adsorption has a more restricted use and means adhesion (of matter, atoms, molecules) to the surface. Adsorption and absorption are interchangeable only in very few cases; for example, a sponge both adsorbs and absorbs particles in its pores. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:23, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
:: Goodness, you are quick! Thank you very much. --[[User:Hordaland|Hordaland]] ([[User talk:Hordaland|talk]]) 06:27, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

== Help in Commons ==
Hi. I request you to rename this file [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:01Caged_-_Leoperd_in_Bannerghatta_National_Park,_Karnataka.jpg here]. Thanks ----[[User:Keyan20|Ungal Vettu Pillai]] ([[User talk:Keyan20|talk]]) 07:01, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
:Me too. Man you are quick. Thanks. ----[[User:Keyan20|Ungal Vettu Pillai]] ([[User talk:Keyan20|talk]]) 07:12, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

== Attitude ==

I mentioned you [[User talk:Jimbo Wales/Archive 99#Losing an editor on Human rights|here]] (and have been instructed not to miss [[User talk:Geometry guy#Precious|notifications of notifications]]) :) --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 08:00, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

== Princess Ameerah ==
Hi, am new at this, and i needed to ask your help on HH Princess Ameerah's Arabic page, how may i get help on that
[[User:Naiefz|Naiefz]] ([[User talk:Naiefz|talk]]) 11:14, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
:What kind of help do you need? (Note that I have no knowledge of Arabic, and even often stumble when editing Arabic wikipedia pages because the text flows from right to left :-) [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:24, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | I have left Wikipedia for about a year. I want to come back to stay this time. But I have saw you around in the past and now I seeing you again. Thanks for all your service to Wikipedia. You are one of the most dedicated users! Cheers, [[User:Clarince63|Clarince63]] ([[User talk:Clarince63|talk]]) 16:56, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
|}

== Hi ==

Hi Doctor,

I really like your work here at Wikipedia.I'm a big big fan.
I'm a student of Material Science myself and I was wondering whether you can tell me why the C defects in diamond do not occur in ordinary material which have similar atomic arrangements
to that of carbon. Or, why Carbon is special and this magical formation does not extend to multiples of six.
Furthermore, the refractive index, when defined, is dependent on wavelength right.This means that the atoms change orientation at will for diamond, or Carbon. Why???

I am also working toward a PHD, Hopefully i will get it one day and become famous like you.:)))
I also feel being happy in life is important, but some people make it difficult..dont they.

Thanks so much.
Regards,
A Student.

PS: why blocking when u dont know who ur dealing with..huh... — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/117.212.53.63|117.212.53.63]] ([[User talk:117.212.53.63|talk]]) 09:53, 15 March 2012 (UTC) 

:I might help you better if you add where we've met before. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 09:58, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

== Help ==

Material scientist, I need your help I updated an entry yesterday in Dr. Besigye's page with important information. I am a gay Ugandan who has had the opportunity of hearing the Dr. speak about the horror that is the anti-homosexuality bill. This is very, very important to me. It means the right to live in my country peacefully. I want to support others in Uganda who think no-one cares and that all politicians want the kill the gays bill. I am not very good at referencing (my friensa &I took long time writing the entry) You removed the entry because I was not careful. Can you help me by telling me what I need to include?

Thankyou in advance

Richard Kasumba

== Help ==

Material scientist, I need your help I updated an entry yesterday in Dr. Besigye's page with important information. I am a gay Ugandan who has had the opportunity of hearing the Dr. speak about the horror that is the anti-homosexuality bill. This is very, very important to me. It means the right to live in my country peacefully. I want to support others in Uganda who think no-one cares and that all politicians want the kill the gays bill. I am not very good at referencing (my friensa &I took long time writing the entry) You removed the entry because I was not careful. Can you help me by telling me what I need to include?

Thankyou in advance

Richard Kasumba

== Help ==

Material scientist, I need your help I updated an entry yesterday in Dr. Besigye's page with important information. I am a gay Ugandan who has had the opportunity of hearing the Dr. speak about the horror that is the anti-homosexuality bill. This is very, very important to me. It means the right to live in my country peacefully. I want to support others in Uganda who think no-one cares and that all politicians want the kill the gays bill. I am not very good at referencing (my friensa &I took long time writing the entry) You removed the entry because I was not careful. Can you help me by telling me what I need to include?

Thankyou in advance

Richard Kasumba — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:RKasumba|RKasumba]] ([[User talk:RKasumba|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/RKasumba|contribs]]) 11:15, 15 March 2012 (UTC) 

== 76.64.23.44 ==

Thank you for giving him such a long block. I have attempted to contact Bell Canada about the abuse of services on the three latest IPs, but I have received no answers.—[[User:Ryulong|Ryulong]] ([[User talk:Ryulong|竜龙]]) 17:54, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
:Two weeks was an overkill, but as he was clearly on a rampage I did not want that to repeat soon, at least from this IP. It's great that you're trying to contact the ISPs - we usually don't have time for that, but this might be an efficient way against long-term vandals. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:57, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
::He came back under {{IPvandal|70.52.175.89}}—[[User:Ryulong|Ryulong]] ([[User talk:Ryulong|竜龙]]) 20:02, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

== A little help ==

Would you mind taking care of my request at [[WP:REFUND#Kohmi Hirose]]? [[Kohmi Hirose]] is a notable musical artist in Japan who has sold millions of CDs. The prod was invalid.—[[User:Ryulong|Ryulong]] ([[User talk:Ryulong|竜龙]]) 07:14, 16 March 2012 (UTC)
:Looks like Tiptoety beat me to that. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 07:27, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Hi..,not only me you are also continuously adding the portion.......what is the aim bihind it........and are you really a scientist....???i am not sure.......... — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Srinivas339|Srinivas339]] ([[User talk:Srinivas339|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Srinivas339|contribs]]) 08:38, 16 March 2012 (UTC) 

== School block needed ==

199.164.68.172 needs another school block. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.164.48.174|86.164.48.174]] ([[User talk:86.164.48.174|talk]]) 15:09, 16 March 2012 (UTC) 
:Thanks. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:05, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

== What? ==

You are suggesting the JSTOR is "poorly referenced"? Do you know what you're talking about? J-STOR, for the humanities, is as PubMed to physicians. It's probably the best reference. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/128.97.253.2|128.97.253.2]] ([[User talk:128.97.253.2|talk]]) 06:08, 17 March 2012 (UTC) 

== [[Talk:Republic of China]] ==

Ok, good, that means an hour of silence. Clearly, one SPA is warring against a host of others. What do you suggest now? [[User:Seb az86556|Choyoołʼįįhí:Seb az86556]] [[User_talk:Seb_az86556|> haneʼ]] 11:51, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
:[[User_talk:Graeme_Bartlett#Talk:Republic_of_China|Here]]. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:53, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

== [[Sapphire]] ==

An edit was just made that said the fading of heated pearls is a chemical change, but I'm not so sure.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 04:11, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
:It is very tricky, and even for me it was hard to grasp all details from that edit summary and short phrase. Usually heating-induced changes are physical (diffusion of atoms), but I guess if this diffusion forms a new "molecule" out of impurity atoms in the crystal (like Fe-S), some folks might call it chemistry. The changes can be reversible or not - color is stable for diamond, but not for some other gems; I don't know that much about sapphire. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 04:26, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
::Then again, it's not really true to state that chemical change is completely irreversible. Graphite --> Diamond is reversed spontaneously.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 04:29, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
:::It all depends how to define "reversible". You can burn diamond to ashes, and then convert them back to diamond by treating at high pressure and temperature. You might get the same material, but never the same gemstone (color, morphology, etc. will change), and this is what matters to gem people. Situation is trickier with solids which comprise more than one type of atoms/chemical bonds. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 04:46, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
::::Well, I think we should use the thermodynamic sense of "reversible", just to be formal.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 04:50, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
:::::Not for gem topics, and frankly, I don't know if sapphire can be "rebuilt" as easily as diamond/Si/Ge - this usually doesn't work for binary/ternary solids; say, nitrides don't recrystallize, but decompose; oxides may recrystallize, but often not in the same crystal form or not with the same impurity content (color). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 04:57, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
::::::I guess you could say that of any material. It's just a result of the tendency to go toward higher entropy. I know of no allotrope switch that, if reversed, puts the material back to its previous shape.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 05:03, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

== [[Unbinilium]] ==

If nuclei have been made, I'm thinking that this element is no longer hypothetical, but the results don't look conclusive. But then again, IUPAC hasn't acknowledged the existence of ununoctium either.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 05:06, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
:There are all kind of requirements for new element discoveries: statistics, reproducibility (glitches happen), reliable identification (some isotopes of different elements accidentally have similar properties), etc. I have no slightest knowledge of unbinilium, but I can imagine the identification problems, and thus trust reliable sources only. It is quite easy for authors to push their discovery into rapid-publishing journals, even like Phys Rev Letters. The screening by bodies like IUPAC is slow, but much more thorough. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 05:18, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

== Revert on Methylphenidate ==

I don't understand why you undid my modification on 'Methylphenidate', could you please tell me why?

[[User:SamuelRowe|SamuelRowe]] ([[User talk:SamuelRowe|talk]]) 07:30, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Yeah OK, seems fair enough, I'll leave it as-is.
[[User:SamuelRowe|SamuelRowe]] ([[User talk:SamuelRowe|talk]]) 07:43, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

== COPS ==

Maybe it's time to put a permanent anonymous block on [[Cops_(TV_series)|COPS]]?. The page has a long history of vandalisim and disruptive editing by anonymous editors. The page history shows this record. If I knew how to request it, I would. (Maybe you can lead me in the right direction on where to request that.) What say you? [[User:Necrat|'''NECRAT''']][[User talk:Necrat#top|Speak to me]] 11:24, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
:You can submit a semiprotection request at [[WP:RFP]], but I would say the vandalism frequency is too low - there were a couple of annoying IPs, but it was easier to block them, protection works better against multiple IPs. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:39, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
::Thank you for your help. [[User:Necrat|'''NECRAT''']][[User talk:Necrat#top|Speak to me]] 23:57, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

== My post ==

Why did you delete my post on [[User talk:Tenebrae/Nonconfirmed|Tenebrae's talk page for IP editors]]? --[[Special:Contributions/203.212.134.172|203.212.134.172]] ([[User talk:203.212.134.172|talk]]) 12:20, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
:Because your are not allowed to post there, because he doesn't want you to post there, and actually you're not supposed to edit at all. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 12:25, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

He is now abusing the [[User talk:203.212.134.172|talk page]] again. [[User:Klilidiplomus|'''Klilidiplomus''']]+[[User talk:Klilidiplomus|Talk]] 12:31, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
=== Rango ===
This vandal is at it across the English Wikipedia, the German Wikipedia ([[:de:Rango (Film)]]), and the Portuguese Wikipedia ([[:pt:Rango]]). If you look at the latter two articles' edit histories, you can probably get ahead on the whack-a-mole stakes by seeing some more IP addresses that have yet to pop up here. [[User:Uncle G|Uncle G]] ([[User talk:Uncle G|talk]]) 13:47, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
:Thanks for interwiki information. It is a rapid IP hopper on a wide IP range, thus trying to predict his new IP is too tedious - it takes a second to block him right away (for him to know). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:13, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

== Schoolblock edit request ==

Since you just made one, I've just noticed there was a slight error with your comment (it should say "may be" instead of "is") using this template. I've also suggested a change similar to that made to [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]] by TParis also requested by me.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:33, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
:I'm not sure which "may be" do you mean. If the one in {{tlx|schoolblock}} then it's Ok, because the template is not removed after the block is expired. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 01:40, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
::Your comment [[User_talk:203.116.31.109|here]] is what I was talking about in the first part of the comment, and the talk page for {{tlx|Schoolblock}} was what I was talking about in the second sentence. Sorry to be too unclear.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 02:16, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
:::If you mean {{tlx|schoolip}} then it is again uncertain, because some school IPs may be assigned to individuals. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:01, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
::::{{tlx|Schoolblock}} <s>and the way it was used on that IP's talk page by you.</s>[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 03:11, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
:::::Looked more carefully. The edit request still stands though.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 03:26, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
::::::Still not sure. The template uses <nowiki>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User talk|may be|is}}</nowiki>, meaning it autoselects "may be" phrasing for user talk pages only. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:49, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
:::::::I mean, that's fine now, but what I'm talking about is [[:Template talk:Schoolblock#Edit request|this]].[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 03:52, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
::::::::Ah, I see now. It reads Ok to me as it stands, and I'd leave it to others. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:57, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
:::::::::This would put it in line with [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]], though (I was trying to mention that in my chaotic initial comment here).[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 04:00, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

== Mayra Verónica ==

Hi,

If you check the talk page, you'll find the sources for her birth date are far stronger for 1977 than 1980 or any other date. One or more parties "update" her birth date every three years to make her the never-aging singer. Most non-blog sources refer to 1977.

best regards,

--[[User:UnicornTapestry|Unicorn Tapestry]] [[User talk:UnicornTapestry#top|{say}]] 02:00, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

:I haven't checked my watchlist yet. What surprised me is that imdb and blogs were used to source her birth date and bio in the article, and that the askmen source cited for 1977 actually stated 1980. Off course, many those non-blog sources pick up either imdb or what her representatives say, so it is not a straightforward matter. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:09, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

:: Hi,
:: Unfortunately, I referred you to the talk page without realising Josephzemskova23 had vandalised the talk page and stripped out significant and contradictory references from that talk page on 24 February including foreign sources and interviews that support a birth year of 1977. Further, a google turns up no evidence Joseph Zemskova as a manager or anything else. Maybe I missed something but I spotted no undisputed indicators that 1980 is her birth year. On the whole, the preponderance of evidence (in the deleted talk page references) appears to be 1977. You can see part of the original supporting references on the [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Mayra_Ver%C3%B3nica simple.english talk page].
::best regards, --[[User:UnicornTapestry|Unicorn Tapestry]] [[User talk:UnicornTapestry#top|{say}]] 03:48, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
:::I noticed before that some talk posts of Josephzemskova23 were overwriting past comments, those are to be restored (I'm still crawling through my watchlist). Who is Josephzemskova23 and what she says is not essential, what matters is the sources he/she provides - the article was and is very poorly sourced for the numerous non-trivial facts it contains. Supporting reliable sources should be in the article, not on its talk; if two groups of reliable sources contradict, a common practice is to state both birth years. I'd like to see those sources anyway (where?) and will get back to that. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:55, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

:::: Until the talk page is restored, the best sources can be found in the [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Mayra_Ver%C3%B3nica simple.english talk page], which does indeed state the birth date controversy. As a member of the Rescue Squad, this article landed in my lap as an unsourced heavily plagiarized piece from another web site. I was unaware of who this woman is, but it's been an interesting experience watching her birth date creep over the years. Note that the official web site coyly gave month and day but provided (and still provides) no birth year.
:::: I'm currently travelling extensively and my follow-up may be spotty during the next few weeks.
:::: kind regards, --[[User:UnicornTapestry|Unicorn Tapestry]] [[User talk:UnicornTapestry#top|{say}]] 05:34, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
:::::I restored the deleted talk page part and left a note on that imdb may not be used for bio information. It is notoriously difficult to find reliable birth details for most actors/singers. I also have no idea who she is and got to her article via some random report. I also noted one age-related detail of the sort "at the age of xx she moved to ..". This part is present in most sources, but the xx value is even much less consistent than the birth year. Cheers. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 05:41, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Special Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | I see you on [[Special:RecentChanges]] '''every time I visit it'''. And Wikipedia, being it so large, it is very rare of these editors in an "awesome users group" which you belong in. Good luck in future prospects!! '''[[User:Jeffwang|J]] [[User_talk:Jeffwang|(t)]]''' 02:03, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
|}

==Trouble==
This ip causing lot of trouble. [[User talk:132.181.51.76]]. [[User:Shriram|Shriram]] ([[User talk:Shriram|talk]]) 08:54, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

==A little help==
The article you deleted has been created again. [[Black ocean king]] can you have a look?
And one more help, my talk page had been a target for vandals, can you hide these revisions and the edit summaries? [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AShriram&diff=482865089&oldid=482865056 1], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AShriram&diff=482865171&oldid=482865149 2] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AShriram&diff=482865341&oldid=482865263 3]. [[User:Shriram|Shriram]] ([[User talk:Shriram|talk]]) 09:06, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
==Problems with upload of File:1884 Michigan Wolverines football team.jpg==
Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:1884 Michigan Wolverines football team.jpg]]'''. You don't seem to have said where the image came from, who created it, or what the copyright status is. We require this information to verify that the image is legally usable on Wikipedia, and because most image licenses require giving credit to the image's creator.

To add this information, click on [[:File:1884 Michigan Wolverines football team.jpg|this link]], then click the "Edit" tab at the top of the page and add the information to the image's description. If you need help, post your question on [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]].

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
* [[Wikipedia:Image use policy]]
* [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]]

Thank you for your cooperation. --[[User:ImageTaggingBot|ImageTaggingBot]] ([[User talk:ImageTaggingBot|talk]]) 16:09, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

== Refs after punctation ==

I would like to inform you about CHECKWIKI error 61. This error is not fixed by any other bot/script. There are more than 110k pages with this error which I can't fix with a single run at the moment since the log is so huge that can't be opened by toolserver! -- [[User:Magioladitis|Magioladitis]] ([[User talk:Magioladitis|talk]]) 19:35, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

==I don't understand how my diagram that I added to the alkyne web-page was misleading, as you stated that this was why you removed it, and thus would like an explanation as to what was wrong with my diagram, so that it coul be improved, or learned from==

== 140.198.42.45 ==

*{{IPvandal|140.198.42.45}}
You may want to put these guys under a rangeblock. At least revoke talk page access for this one.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 02:54, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

== Koppole ==

It looks like the anon who was editing [[Koppole]] be reverting to an old version repeatedly, in three steps each time, and who you blocked, is back with a new IP. Should we semi-protect? (I'm involved because I've edited the article.) [[User:RJFJR|RJFJR]] ([[User talk:RJFJR|talk]]) 14:29, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
==Talkback==
{{talkback|JDDJS|ts=00:29, 22 March 2012 (UTC)}}
[[User:JDDJS|JDDJS]] ([[User talk:JDDJS|talk]]) 00:29, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

== Halfbreed Billy Gram ==

I made the change because that is his real biological name. I have know him for years — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/173.62.250.69|173.62.250.69]] ([[User talk:173.62.250.69|talk]]) 17:49, 22 March 2012 (UTC) 

== Where to start? ==

I've been wandering around Wikipedia for a bit now, and I've not really done very much. My method of finding articles to fix generally revolves around clicking 'Random article' until I find one with errors. What I'd like to know is: are there any better methods of finding work which needs doing? I've looked around for some, but I've not really got anywhere.

About my editing style: I don't have that much subject-specific knowledge, so I've generally been adding references, copy editing and correcting spelling and grammar. I can also use wikicode well, having helped to build up a small wiki from scratch. -[[User talk:Branabus|Branabus]] 22:12, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
:There is an awful lot of basic fixing to be done, and dozens of ways to find it. For me, clicking 'random article' was fun to try once, but I soon realized that I'm often getting problematic articles (copyright violations, originally wrong information, or articles which no-one reads). I will help with technical details (time-efficient editing and finding what you need), but I think the main questions are (i) what interests you most, both for topics and editing tasks; (ii) do you prefer to edit busy articles (highly viewed, but also frequently re-edited) or you don't mind the importance but prefer not to be bothered with edit conflicts? [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:38, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
I, personally, do not mind what it is that I edit. In terms of topic, as I say, I don't really have that much subject-specific knowledge at the moment, and hence no topic bias. In traffic and editing terms, high-traffic articles are as important as low-traffic ones because we should create an encyclopaedia where people will be able to find useful information in a good format on virtually any topic (assuming, of course, that it's suitably notable). Effectively, I am a multi-purpose missile without a target. Point me. -[[User talk:Branabus|Branabus]] 17:03, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
:{{tps}} If you aren't bothered about people knowing roughly where you live then one possible place to start would be to work on articles relating to your home town/district/county (or places you've lived). There are plenty of sub-standard articles on settlements that could do with significant improvement. If that doesn't interest you then there are plenty of backlogs you can work on at [[:Category:Wikipedia backlog]]. --[[User:Mrmatiko|Mrmatiko]] ([[User talk:Mrmatiko|talk]]) 17:22, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
::I guess I'm a {{TPS}} too, since I only clean up my watchlist every few months. It's kind of hard to give a point in the right direction without knowing what may interest you. In many ways, Wikipedia is like a house on the morning after a wild party. It's hard to know where to begin until you just dive in and start cleaning. Then one thing leads to another, and suddenly you find yourself overwhelmed with things to do. Personally, I find the random article button to be useless, because it rarely leads me to anything of interest. I eventually tried checking the recent changes button, and doing some vandalism reverting. There is plenty to do there, but that also didn't interest me. I spent a while overseeing a very controversial article, which gave me quite a lesson in the inner workings of Wikipedia. But, ultimately, I like writing, and eventually began working on articles of which I have some practical experience.

::I don't know what, if any of these things, might interest you. If you'd like to try writng an article from scratch, it's hard to find things that have not been covered. (However, while working on the tempering article, I noticed that there is no article on [[structural integrity]], which seems odd to me. I'll probably start an article sometime in the future, but if you want to take a stab at it, feel free to do so.) Personally, however, I find it easiest for me to just pick an article and then start following the wikilinks that seem interesting. In no time, you will probably encounter something that needs fixing, whether it's formatting, referencing, or what. I hope that helps, and welcome to Wikipedia. [[User:Zaereth|Zaereth]] ([[User talk:Zaereth|talk]]) 21:51, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
:::Thanks for your suggestions, you two. Mrmatiko, all the articles on my surroundings are up to scratch, but as I have said below, I shall take one of the backlogs as my own. Zaereth, your advice has been assimilated. Again, my thanks to both of you. -[[User talk:Branabus|Branabus]] 22:59, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
Motivation is crucial, and I am still unclear about your interests. Some editors prefer not to be bothered, some need feedback and collaboration (how about you?). To give you an example, take any article on an Asian city/settlement with a population below a million (say, a town in India), and you'll easily find glaring problems to fix (or mess to remove/revert/rewrite). There are hundreds of such "backlog" categories, classed by general editing, copyediting, reference fixing, stub expansion, requests for writing a new articles, etc, etc. For example, you can randomly pick an interesting article from [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] (it contains 200k+ articles wherein an editor tagged some fact with "citation needed"), randomly pick an interesting fact, verify it, and replace "citation needed" with a [[WP:RS|reliable reference]], as well as apply other quick fixes/copyediting as an aside. I can give some pointers on how to quickly find and format such references, or links to other types of "backlogs". Cheers. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:51, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
:As to the feedback/collaboration, as I say, I am flexible. I don't mind meeting humans, but I am equally happy doing things on my own.
:Aah... now ''that's'' what I was looking for. Some sort of list of 'stuff that needs doing'. Thanks for pointing me towards the backlogs- I'll select one and take it as my own. -[[User talk:Branabus|Branabus]] 22:59, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

== Halfbreed billy gram ==

What would you like marriage papers? Divorce papers? Other alias's? How do you prove that someone using an alias is not who they say they are? His legal name is William Allen Dickson his alias is Billy Gram that is his stage name not his real name. There is nothing "published" because he has been using Billy Gram since the 70's — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/166.147.109.39|166.147.109.39]] ([[User talk:166.147.109.39|talk]]) 03:30, 23 March 2012 (UTC) 
:How can we verify this information? We need to have it published by some reliable source. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:48, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thanks for all your hard work at vandal-slaying :) [[User:Thekillerpenguin|Thekillerpenguin]] [[User talk:Thekillerpenguin|(talk)]] 02:24, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
|}

== New Section! Not Very Important! ==

Not very important, just want to inform you, I have added your message in [[User talk:Nazinnazeer]] in a new section. You can see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ANazinnazeer&diff=483705626&oldid=483684448 this edit] and change the section title. Happy editing! :) --[[User:Titodutta|Tito Dutta]] [[User_talk:Titodutta|(Send me a message)]] 16:20, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

== Vote for a flagship article ==

Hello. You haven't yet voted for a flagship article for [[WP:ELEM]]. If you want to vote, please do so before the end of March. Thank you, [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 12:38, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

== Merge between [[Spray foams (insulation)]] and [[Spray foam]]? ==

I landed on [[Concrete leveling]] and trying to understand something about that article, I found the two articles on spray foams. I was thinking to put a merge template to both, but my knowledge of the subject is almost not-existent. Than I remembered that you have already helped me in the past and you surely know more than I do on the subject, so I thought to ask you for a second opinion. What do you think? Thanks in advance. --[[User:Dia^|Dia^]] ([[User talk:Dia^|talk]]) 21:58, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

==Ghana article page protection==
Hi, [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]], would it be possible if you could "Semi-Protect" the [[Ghana]] article once again for another 1 month, due to the continuation of "IP Addressed vandalism" and also a strong possibility of future vandalism to the Ghana article. Best Regards -- [[User:MarkMysoe|MarkMysoe]] ([[User talk:MarkMysoe|talk]]) 09:21, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
:I think not yet. I'm watching the article. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:34, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

== HCPotter ==

Hi MatSci, having seen [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Materialscientist&oldid=456426497#.22Photon_.22_reversion this] and recent edits by {{user|HCPotter}}, I thought you might be interested in keeping an eye open on this. I have undone some of the recent edits ({{diff||484017844|484016986|one of which}} reverted back by someone else), but there might be more, and/or more to come. I already warned the user on his talk page. Cheers - [[User:DVdm|DVdm]] ([[User talk:DVdm|talk]]) 16:29, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

:I have added a little section with an overview at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Physics#HCPotter at Apeiron]]. - [[User:DVdm|DVdm]] ([[User talk:DVdm|talk]]) 18:01, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

== Thanks ==

I know it was just a button click, but I appreciate [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tide_rolls&diff=next&oldid=484101516 your help]. [[User:Tide rolls|'''Tide''']][[User talk:Tide rolls|'''rolls''']] 01:08, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

== Halfbreed Billy Gram ==

http://www.classmates.com/yearbooks/Tulpehocken-High-School/91187?page=20

Highschool photo with William A. Dickson aka Halfbreed Billy Gram ([[Special:Contributions/173.62.250.69|173.62.250.69]] ([[User talk:173.62.250.69|talk]]) 03:14, 27 March 2012 (UTC))

== Sockpuppetry ==

Hello, regarding your block of "RealJamesRandi", please see [[WP:Sockpuppet investigations/DeanRadinssockpuppet]]. Thanks, [[User:Scopecreep|Scopecreep]] ([[User talk:Scopecreep|talk]]) 10:48, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

== From Mikmania ==

Hey Thanks for the following message : "Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, such as those you made to Mountain goat, even if you intend to fix them later. Your edits do not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 14:06, 27 March 2012 (UTC)"

I was not aware of sandbox. I will use that to test my edits. I appreciate your help. [[User:Mikmania|Mikmania]] ([[User talk:Mikmania|talk]]) 16:04, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

== Block evasion by Mlfirm ==

Your block on [[User:Mlfirm]] had been evaded. I added the following to AIV but it was immediately removed by a bot because of the existing block. Since I don't know where I ahould have put it, I'll leave it to you.

* {{Vandal|Mlfirm}} Extend block please. Using 68.118.108.126 to evade current block and continue edit warring on [[Madison University]] here [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madison_University&diff=484169672&oldid=484110323].
[[User:Meters|Meters]] ([[User talk:Meters|talk]]) 18:37, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

== Decline to temporary block ==
Hi, please revise your decision to decline a temporary block of Jacquieline McGlade biography. The vandalising user was created on this Sunday afternoon at the same time as he created a fictive mailbox eea.staff@inbox.com from which he sends emails to media pretending to represent EEA staff. This is associated with a person who is taking a personal revenge towards EEA (European Environment Agency). Jacqueline McGlade is the Executive Director. (([[User talk:Sigfus.bjarnason|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 09:56, 28 March 2012 (UTC). 

== Help uploading pictures ==

Hello. Thanks for all the help in stopping UkBoxen. I think he's finally gone for good.

I was wondering if I could get your help with something else now. I have tried to upload some images before, but they get taken down due to copyright problems. I don't know what I need to do for my pictures to be allowed. Can you look at [[File:Vic Darchinyan .jpg]] and tell me what I did wrong and how I can get it undeleted?

Best regards,
--[[User:TheShadowCrow|TheShadowCrow]] ([[User talk:TheShadowCrow|talk]]) 18:42, 29 March 2012 (UTC)
:Sorry for delay (traveling). I can't find logs for your linked file, either one en.wiki or on Commons. I've looked through your talk page on Commons and believe your major problem is this. There are some old photos/artworks which we can use because the photographer died approx. 70+ years ago (depends on country). Otherwise, the image is automatically copyrighted by the photographer and may not be uploaded on en.wiki or on Commons unless the copyright holder (usually photographer) explicitly states that the image is free to reuse commercially and free to modify. Most websites explicitly copyright all their content, some don't put any copyright note, yet we may not take their photos without their permission. You've got some of your images deleted, and thus be careful. Better ask someone (me, Martin H, etc) '''before''' uploading. Most photos in your area of editing are copyrighted. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:02, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

== Honey article ==

Hey Materialscientist,

I'm having a little problem with a reference I added to the [[Honey]] article. Since the ref was used elsewhere, I tried to copy/paste the format, and then insert the proper page number, but something went horribly wrong, and I don't know what. The only method I can think of to fix it is to use my "lazy" method of writing out the Title/Author/Publisher/Page number, which I know is not the standard Wikipedia way. Can you possibly help to fix this? The ref is number 21, second to the last paragraph in the Physical and chemical properties section. Thanks for any assistance you can provide. [[User:Zaereth|Zaereth]] ([[User talk:Zaereth|talk]]) 22:52, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
:I have limited connection this weekend. The ref name="xx" operator requires defining a reference with the exact name "xx"; in other words, xx there is not a variable, but a fixed tag. This operator allows reusing a previously defined reference (with specific page number(s)), but can not generate new refs from the same source but different page numbers. I simply copied that book reference because it was used only twice. If you add separate refs to other pages of that book then there are several ways to simplify coding. One is setting up Harvard referencing with links (will explain if needed), but I use an easier way like this:

<nowiki>Honey is sweet<ref>Smith, p. 1</ref> and viscous<ref>Smith, p. 3</ref></nowiki>
...

<nowiki>==References==</nowiki>

<nowiki>{{reflist|30em}}</nowiki>

<nowiki>==Bibliography==</nowiki>
*Smith, A. A. ''Title'', Publisher, year, isbn

If you use ref name="xx" operator for the same purpose, then you need to remove page numbers from ref "xx" and attach them separately like this:

<nowiki>Honey is sweet<ref name=Smith>Smith, A. A. ''Title'', Publisher, year, isbn</ref>{{rp|1}} and viscous<ref name=Smith/>{{rp|3}}</nowiki>

Regards. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:59, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

== Templates ==

Can I create one but just for me (other users can use it too)? '''''[[User:Kartsy|Kartsy]]''''' 00:41, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Panchgani

2012-04-01T07:29:53Z

86.96.226.19:

{{Infobox Indian jurisdiction |
native_name = Panchgani |
type = hill station|
latd = 17.92 | longd = 73.82|
locator_position = right |
state_name = Maharashtra |
district = [[Satara district|Satara]] |
skyline = Panchganihill.jpg |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
altitude = 1293|
population_as_of = 2001 |
population_total = 13280|
population_density = |
area_magnitude= sq. km |
area_total = |
area_telephone = |
postal_code = |
vehicle_code_range = |
sex_ratio = |
unlocode = |
website = |
footnotes =
}}
'''Pānchgani''' ({{lang-mr|पाचगणी}}) is a town and [[municipal council]] in [[Satara district|Sātārā district]] in [[Maharashtra|Mahārāshtra]], [[India]] .

==History==
Scenic Panchgani was discovered by the British during the [[British Raj]] as a summer resort, and a superintendent named John Chesson was placed in charge of the [[hill station]] in the 1860s. He is credited with planting many plant species from the western world in Panchgani, including [[silver oak]] and [[poinsettia]], which have flourished since then in Panchgani.
Correction to the above. Mahabaleshwar was the summer resort of choice for the British, but it was uninhabitable during the monsoons.
Panchgani was developed as a retirement place for the British because it remained pleasant throughout the year. John Chesson was deputed to find a suitable place. He surveyed the hills in this region in the company of one Mr Rustomji Dubash, (Grandfather of Kashmira, Afriz, Xerxes and Rustom Dubash), and finally decided on this nameless area in the vicinity of the five villages:Dhandeghar, Godavli, Amral, Khingar, and Taighat. The place was aptly named Panchgani, and Chesson was made Superintendent.
To develop the infrastructure, Chesson encouraged various professionals - tailors, dhobis, butchers,vegetable vendors, building contractors etc. to also settle in Panchgani. The area below the bazaar was allotted to them, and is known as the gaothan.
Chesson is buried in the graveyard of St. Peter's Church. In 1971 or '72, his death centenary was observed in a big way when for the first time, the town folk and the schools participated together in a ceremony to remember the founder of Panchgani.

==Geography and climate==
Panchgani is nestled at middle of five hills in the [[Sahyadri|Sahyādri]] mountain ranges,also there are five villages around the Pachgani are Dandeghar,Khingar,Godwali, Amral & Taighat .The [[Krishna River|Krishnā River]] flows nearby which made the lake of [[Dhom Dam]] on the Krishna 9 K.M. from [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]].
BOUNDARIES:-
Panchgani is situated about 285 km, 100 km 18 km,45 km & 10  respectively, from [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]] [[Mahabaleshwar|Mahābāleshwar]] [[Satara]] & [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]]. The east of the Pachgani is Wai, Bavdhan & Nagewadi dam, at west there is Gureghar,at south is Khingar & Rajpuri,& on north is Dhom Dam.

The temperature in Panchgani is around 12C during the winter, and sometimes reaches 34C during the summer; however the humidity level is very low. The [[Monsoon]] rains hit here hardest and the rainy season spans between June and February, allowing the region three months of relatively dry and sunny spring.

[[Image:View from Panchgani, Maharashtra.jpg|right|250px|thumb|View from Panchgani, Maharashtra]]
The five hills surrounding Panchgani are topped by a volcanic plateau, which is the second highest in [[Asia]] after the [[Tibet]]an plateau. These plateaus, alternatively known as "table land", are a part of the [[Deccan Plateau]] and they were raised by pressure between the earth plates. The area has high [[seismic]] activity, with an [[epicenter]] near [[Koynanagar|Koynānagar]] where the Koynanagar [[Dam]] and a [[hydroelectric power]] plant have been built.

==Demographics==

According to 2001 [[Demographics of India|census]] in [[India]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Panchgani then had a population of 13,280. Males constituted 57% of the population, and females, 43%. Literacy in Panchgani was 82%, (which is higher than the national average of 65%), male and female [[literacy]] being 87% and 75%, respectively. As of 2001, 9% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==Tourist attractions==

[[Image:Panchganiview.jpg|center|thumb|750px|View from Sydney Point, Panchgani.]]
'''Sydney Point''': This point is situated on a hillock facing the Krishna Valley. One can see from here the glittering waters of the [[Dhom Dam]], and Pāndavgad and Mandhārdeo. Sydney point is about 2 km from Panchgani Bus stand.<ref>[http://www.saipalace.in "Sai palace on panchgani"], Sai Palace</ref>

'''Table Land''': This flat large expanse of [[laterite]] rock is the second longest mountain plateau in Asia. Some spacious caves including the “Devil's Kitchen” are visible from here.<ref>[http://www.puneritraveller.com/panchgani.html "Traveling in Panchgani"], Panchgani</ref>

'''Parsi Point''': This scenic point is situated on the way to Mahabaleshwar, and overlooks the Krishna valley and the blue shiny waters of the Dhom Dam.

'''Devil's Kitchen''': Situated at the south of the table land, the Devil's Kitchen has a [[mythology]] associated with it: It is believed that the [[Pandavas|Pāndavas]] of the [[Mahabharat|Mahābhārat]] [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] had stayed here for a while. Pāndavgad Caves (near [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wāi]]) are also said to be built by them then.

[[Mapro Garden]]: Situated on the curvaceous roads between Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar, it is easily accessible by buses originating both from Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar. A haven for tourists hungry for strawberry delicacies as well as factory fresh items like jams, syrups squashes and confectionery items by Mapro Foods Pvt Ltd.

==General information==

Panchgani attracts many tourists throughout the year. A well-known Ganesh Temple is located close by in Wai.

Panchgani's famous 'table land' has been the location for many Indian Movies, recently the location for the acclaimed movie "Taare Zameen Par".(Agent Vinod which will come very soon)

One Dr. Rustomji Bomanji Billimoria set up a [[tuberculosis]] [[sanatorium]] in Panchgani in the 1940s. (The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]] Award in 1961.) Panchgani has grown in popularity as a [[convalescence]] center.

In recent times, Panchgani has been facing [[ecological]] problems because of poorly controlled commercial activities, excessive traffic, and [[temperature inversion]] (because of [[humidity]]) from the new dams which have been built in the vicinity for water storage.

Panchgani was originally settled by retired Britishers, but since it was pleasant throughout the year, others also settled there. a number of attempts to start schools were made in the 19th century. In the 1890s The Kimmins School was started for European boys and girls. In 1902, the boys section separated to become The European Boys High School, now known as St. Peter's High School, And Kimmins became an exclusively girls school. Also in the 1890s, one or two years after Kimmins was started, the Roman Catholic Order of nuns known as Daughters of The Cross started The St. Joseph's Convent Girls High School. All three boarding schools were modelled on the English Public Schools of that time, and were affiliated to Cambridge University. The Board exams would be held in December, the question papers being sent from England by sea. The answer papers sent back by sea to England, and the results declared some time in June.

Shortly afterward, other communities started their own schools. These prepared students for the Matriculation examination of the Bombay Presidency. The Parsi School, the first of these schools, later became the Billimoria School. The Muslim School became the Union High School, and is now known as Anjuman School. Both these schools were modelled on the English Public Schools. In between was started the Hindu High School, now known as the Sanjeevan Vidhyalaya. This was modelled on Rabindranath Tagore's Santiniketan. A retired teacher from the Parsi High School, Mr. S. M. Batha started his own Batha School, which is still running well. In the 1950s the newly settled Bahai community started their own little Bahai School, which was renamed the New Era School. It remained insignificant among the other schools till about thirty years, when it began expanding. Now, New Era School is probably the biggest school in Panchgani.

The high standards maintained by these schools encouraged others to set up schools as commercial ventures. As a result the number of schools in Panchgani is almost forty. Some are very good. Some not so good. but all appear to be thriving.

The fresh air and invigorating climate of Panchgani made it a good place for convalescence, especially for those suffering from tuberculosis. Thus Panchgani became famous as a health resort. A well known TB specialist from Bombay, Dr. Rustom Billimoria set up the Bel Air Sanatorium, also known as Dalkieth as a centre for the treatment of Tuberculosis, with the help of his son, Dr. Bomy Billimoria, an eminent surgeon. Till the advent of antibiotics, Dalkieth was the premier place for the treatment of tuberculosis in the whole of the Bombay Presidency.

Till the 1980s, Panchgani was almost entirely an educational centre and a health resort, with only the overflow of tourists from Mahabaleshwar coming. Now the whole picture has changed, and Panchgani is booming for better or for worse. Along with the prosperity for its people has come ecological degradation.

==Schools==

Panchgani is known for its many [[boarding school]]s established since the late 19th century. They attract students from the nearby cities of Mumbai and Pune, and also from abroad. There are now more than thirty boarding schools in Panchgani:

1. [www.anjumanislampublicschool.com/ Anjuman-I-Islam Public School,Panchgani] (02168-250423,250415, Fax 250413)

2. Arham Jain Vidyalaya (Phone: 240492)

3. [http://www.gvis.in/ Bharatiya Vidyapeeth God's Valley International School] (Phone: 240582, 240583)

4. [http://www.billimoriahighschool.org/ Billimoria High School] (Phone: 240314, 240910)

5. Brilliant Academy (Phone - 242192, 242190)

6. [http://cambridgehighschool.net/ Cambridge High School] (Phone: 240519)

7. Codesh High School (Phone: 240668)

8. Dawn Academy (Phone: 240390, 240412)

9. Fidai Academy

10. Godevli Education Society (Phone: 240224)

11. Happy Hours High School (Phone: 240386/240086)

12. [http://www.hillrange.org/inpage/about.html Hill Range High School] (Phone: 240532)

13. [http://www.kimminsschoolpanchgani.org/ Kimmins High School] (Phone: 240324)

14. Mahatma Phule Vidya Mandir (Phone: 240377)

15. Mahatma Phule Vidya Junior College (Phone: 240677)

16. Marathwada Gurukul Hostel (Phone: 240010)

17. [http://www.nehsindia.org/ New Era High School] (Phone: 243221, 243200)

18. Oaks High School (Phone: 240395)

19. Panchgani International School (Phone: 240973, 240551, 241449)

20. [http://www.pinewoodsinternational.com/ Pinewoods International High School] (Phone: 240900, 240901, 240902, 240290, 240570, 240590, 240903, 240904, 240905)

21. SM Batha High School (Phone: 240205)

22. [http://www.sanjeewanvidyalaya.org/index0.php Sanjeewan Vidyalaya] (Phone: 240287, 240307)

23. Scholars Foundation High School (Phone: 240399)

24. [http://shalominternational.org/ Shalom International High School] (Phone: 240201)

25. [http://silverdalehighschool.com/ Silverdale High School] (Phone: 240638, 241850)

26. [http://sweetmemoriesschool.com/ Sweet Memories High School and Junior College] (Phone: 2403996, 240496, 240596)

27. St. Joseph's Convent (Phone: 240323)

28. [http://www.st.peterspanchgani.org/ St. Peter's School] (Phone: 241584, 240313)

29. St. Paul's Hostel (Phone: 240454)

30. [http://www.stxaviershighschool.com/ St. Xavier's High School] (Phone: 240955)

31. Tender Care (Phone: 240095, 240096)

32. [http://vidyaniketanschool.com/ Vidya Niketan High School] (Phone: 240591)

==Hotels and Resorts==
Panchgani being one of the important travel destinations and also a centre for paragliding there are many hotels and resorts offering accommodation options ranging from budget to luxury.

http://www.ravinehotel.com

==References==

{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.ravinehotel.com/panchganischools.php List of residencial schools in Panchgani]
* [http://unterwegs.vieleneuigkeiten.de/en/abenteuer-und-spiel/on-wheelz-amusement-park-panchgani-maharashtra-indien/ Staying with kids in Panchgani]

[[Category:Hill stations in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Satara district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Maharashtra]]

[[bn:পঞ্চগনি]]
[[fr:Panchgani]]
[[bpy:পঞ্চগনি]]
[[it:Panchgani]]
[[ml:പഞ്ചഗണി]]
[[mr:पाचगणी]]
[[pl:Panchgani]]
[[sv:Panchgani]]
[[ta:பஞ்ச்கனி]]
[[vi:Panchgani]]

List of schools in Pakistan

2012-03-26T11:03:14Z

86.96.226.19: /* Nawabshah */

{{cleanup|date=May 2011}}
[[File:Sub Pakistan.png|thumb|'''Administrative units of Pakistan''' 1. [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] province 2. [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] province 3. [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province 4. [[Sindh, Pakistan|Sindh]] province 5. [[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad Capital]] territory 6. [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|FATA]] territories 7. [[Azad Kashmir]] territory 8. [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] territory]]
The following is a '''list of [[school]]s in [[Pakistan]]''', categorized by province/territory and by district.

==[[Azad Kashmir]]==
===[[Mirpur District|Mirpur]]===
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[The Educators]]
*[[Fauji Foundation#Education system|Fauji Foundation Model School]]
*[[Roots School System, Pakistan|Roots School System]]

===[[Rawalakot]]===
*[[Ayub Public School]]
*[[The Educators]]
*[[Army Public School and College (Pakistan)|Army Public School and College]]
*[[Pearl valley Public school and College]]
*[[Kashmir Beaconhouse School]]
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]]

==[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]==
===[[Gilgit District|Gilgit]]===
*[[Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, Gilgit|Aga Khan School]]
*[[Army Public School and College (Pakistan)|Army Public School and College]]
*[[Aligarh School and College ,Mandian, Abbottabad(Pakistan)|Aligarh School and College ,Mandian, Abbottabad]]

===[[Hunza-Nagar District|Hunza-Nagar]]===
*Sedna School and Degree College, Aliabad,Hunza.
*Sedna ECD and Primary School Aliabad, Hunza.
*[[Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, Hunza (Girls)|Aga Khan School]]
* Hasigawa Memorial Public School<ref name="hasigawa_hunza">{{cite web|url=http://hunzatimes.wordpress.com/2009/02/19/hasegawa-memorial-school-gets-japanese-grant/ |title=Hasegawa Memorial School gets Japanese grant |work=hunzatimes.wordpress.com |publisher=Hunza Times |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref>

===[[Skardu District|Skardu]]===
*[[Army Public School and College (Pakistan)|Army Public School and College]]
*[[Cadet College Skardu|Cadet College, Skardu]]

==[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]==
===[[Dera Ismail Khan]]===
* IIUI Schools, Fort Road, D.I. Khan Campus : International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*The Eduction Valley

===[[Abbottabad District|Abbottabad]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Abbottabad}}

*IIUI Schools, Jinnahabad, Abbotabad Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

===[[Charsadda District|Charsadda]]===

* IIUI Schools Charsadda Campus
* '''Mahd-Al-Uloom School System Charsadda''' (A project of Country Model College Charsadda)
See a list of schools in Charsadda at [http://www.4sadda.com/index.php/education/42-schools-a-colleges/77-list-of-schools-in-charsadda 4sadda.com]

===[[Haripur District|Haripur]]===
* IIUI Schools, Haripur Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

Iqra Academy Opposite Railway Station Haripur
*Faith Horizon Academy, Baldher Campus
*[[Sadat Model Public School]], Baldher,,,,,M.r memorial international pucblic school

===[[Mansehra District|Mansehra]]===
*IIUI Schools, Abbotabad Road, Upper Channai, Mansehra Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

See a list of schools in Mansehra at [http://www.seepak.info/mansehra.html seepak.info]
*[[Agahi Community Schools]]
*[[Army Public School and College]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System|The Educators]]
*[[Fauji Foundation]]
*[[Mansehra International Public School and College]]
Sky International School and College

===[[Mardan District|Mardan]]===
*IIUI Schools Bagh-e-Eram Road, Mardan Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* Saint Andrew's School System

*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], Sugar Mills Road
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]], Defence Muqam Chwak Mardan
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]]
*Muslim Model High school ( toru Chowk ) Hoti Marda. (since 1925)
The Yaqeen Model School Bakhshali Mardan.
The british schools of education Mardan.

===[[Nowshera District|Nowshera]]===
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], Nowshera Cantt
*The City School Nowshera
*Noshahro Institute of Information Technology

===[[Peshawar District|Peshawar]]===
*IIUI Schools, Khyber Campus, Phase II, Hayatabad, Peshawer:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*IIUI Schools, Warsak Road Campus, Peshawer:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
[http://pakturk.org #PakTurk Schools & Colleges Phase 5, Hayatabad, Peshawar]
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Peshawar}}
peshawar model school, Warsak Road Campus Peshawer
Al Azhar Educational Institute Panr

===[[Swat District|Swat]]===
IIUI Schools, Swat Campus, Mingora, Swat:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

*[[SmartSchool System, high quality schooling system in(Pakistan)|SmartSchool]], College Colony, [[Saidu Sharif]]
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]], College Colony, [[Saidu Sharif]]

==[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]==
===[[Attock District|Attock]]===
*IIUI Schools, Aslam Colony, Kamra Road, Attock City Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

*[[Army Public School and College]]<ref>http://www.apsacattock.edu.pk/SSC.htm</ref>
*[[Cadet College Hasan Abdal]]
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]]
*[[Smart School Systems]]

===[[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]]===
*[[The Educators]]
*[[The Comprehensive School]]

===[[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]]===
*IIUI Schools Bahawalpur Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Alpina School Ali Town Jalindhar Colony Hasilpur]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], Model Town
*[[Sadiq Public School]]
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]]
*[[BloomField hall]]
*[[Orient secondary school]]
DPS bahawalnagar (District Public School Bahawalnagar

===[[Bhakkar District|Bhakkar]]===
*[[The Educators]]
*District Public School Bhakkar
*Laraib Public School Chak No 67 Ml.

===[[Chakwal District|Chakwal]]===
*IIUI Schools, Chakwal Campus
*City School, Talagang Road, [[Chakwal]]

===[[Chiniot District|Chiniot]]===
*[[Punjab International Public School]], [[Bhawana]]
*[[Ligh House Montisori World School]], [[Chiniot]]
*[[Elite Public High School]], [[LALIAN]]

===[[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]]===
*IIUI Schools Dera Ghazi Khan Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Bloomfield Hall School]] (BHS)
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]] (TCS)
*[[The Educators]]
*[[Pearl Grammar Public School, Taunsa]]
*[[Divisional Public School. DPS]]
*[[The Country school Shadanlund]] (A Project of Bloomfield Hall)
*[[The Standard School. (TSS) Q Block Ghazi Park Road]] (A Project of Standard Group of Education)

===[[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]===
* [[Govt. M. C. High School, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad]]
*IIUI Schools, Canal Road Campus, Faisalabad :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*IIUI Schools People's Colony Campus, Faisalabad:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* [[Divisional Public School & College Faisalabad]], (biggest and oldest school of Faisalabad Division, Admission on Strict Merit Basis)
* [[Divisional Model College]], (regarded as no.1 school of Faisalabad Division due to positions in Cambridge. very limited seats available)
* [[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)]]
* [[Lahore Grammar School]]
* [[Government College University, Faisalabad]]
* La Salle High School
* [[Faisalabad Grammar School]]
* [[The Kid's College ]]
* [[Al-Bahadar Public High School]]
* [[Government Comprehensive Boys High School, Samanabad]]
* [[Millat Grammar School]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Faisalabad]]
* [[Bloomfield Hall Schools]]
* [[Holy Rosary parish, Warispura]]
* [[St. Joseph's Technical Institute, Faisalabad]]
* [[St. Peter's High School, Pakistan]]
* [[Jinnah Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Angels International College]]

===[[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]]===
IIUI Schools DC Road, Gujranwala Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

IIUI Schools Ali Pur Chatta Campus, Gujranwala:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

Kin's International Public School, Satellite Town, Ratta Road, Gujranwala
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Gujranwala}}

===[[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]===
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[Bloomfield Hall School]]
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System|The Educators]]
*[[Govt. High School Gochh]]
*[[Pakistan International Public School and College]]
*Ghazi Education High School (Hafsa Campus)
*[[Jinnah Public School Hafiz Hayat Road]]

Muhammad Aqeel Nasir Public School Sargodha

===[[Jhang District|Jhang]]===
*[[Faran Model College]]
*[[Chenab College Jhang|Chenab College]]
*[[Cadet College Jhang]]
*[[Oriel School System]]
*[[Quaid-e-Azam Model School]]
*[[Aansa school system]]
*[[Mahmood Sattar Model Girls Elementary School Musa Abad Old Chiniot Road Jhang City]]
*[[Victory Model School Jhang City]]
*[[Ali Foundation School Jhang]]
*[[Ali Informatics Church Road Jhang]]

===[[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]]===
*[http://www.toes.edu.pk The Oxford Education System]

===[[Jhelum District|Jhelum]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Jhelum}}

===[[Kasur District|Kasur]]===
*[[Hazara Public School & College]]<ref name="hazara">{{cite web|url=http://www.hazara.edu.pk/ |title=Hazara Public School & College Changa Manga |publisher=Hazara.edu.pk |date= |accessdate=2012-03-19}}</ref>

===[[Kasur District|Kasur]]===
*[[Govt. Model High School Kasur]]<ref name="hazara"/>

===[[Khushab District|Khushab]]===
*[[Allied Schools]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]]

===[[Lahore District|Lahore]]===
*IIUI Schools Model Campus, Township Lahore :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*IIUI Schools Sabzazar Campus, Lahore: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
[http://www.pakturklahore.com/ #PakTurk Schools & Colleges Lahore Campus ]
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Lahore}}
Defence Public School
(Lahore)

The Aquila School System
36-S-22, Bank Street, Bustami Road, Samanabad, Lahore

[http://www.almamaterschool.pk]
3/1 Main Gulberg 35712586

The Causeway School Nawan Wala Chowk Lahore

The Causeway School Girls High School Dhobi Ghat Lahore

Fairfield High School:
Wapda Town Branch,
Main Road, Punjab Govt Housing Society, Lahore

Fairfield High School:
Johar Town Branch, Block E/1, Lahore

Fairfield High School:
Main Campus, PCSIR (Staff) Cooperative Housing Society, Lahore

===[[Layyah District|Layyah]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Layyah}}
[http://www.facebook.com/?ref=tn_tinyman#!/pages/Grace-Indus-Public-School/131735916920097?sk=wall Grace Indus Public School] (Bhagal, Chak 279 TDA)
(Layyah)

===[[Mand Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]]===
* IIUI Schools Phalia Campus : International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], WAPDA Colony
*[[District Jinnah Public School And College Mandi Bhauldin|District Jinnah Public School & College]]
*[[Misali Ravian High School Mandi Baha u Din www.misliravian.com]]

===[[Multan District|Multan]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Multan}}
*IIUI Schools Shah Rukn-e- Alam Colony, Multan Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
PakTurk Schools

===[[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]]===
*[[Beaconhouse School System|The Educators]]
*[[New Ibn-e-Seena Science School]]
*[[M.C. Girls High School MuzaffarGarh]]
'''*[[Alipur Public Higher Secandary School Alipur (M. Garh)]]'''

===[[Narowal District|Narowal]]===
*IIUI Schools Narowal Campus- Near Hockey Stadium, Narowal City:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[The Educators Bari Campus Zafarwal]]

===[[Shakargarh]]===
*IIUI Schools, Railway Road, Shakargarh Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* Islamia College, Shakargarh
* The Educator, Shakargarh
* Beacon House School System, Shakargrah
* Unique Science Academy

===[[Dudhu Chak]]===
* Govt. Islami School for Boys, Dudhu Chak
* Govt. Islami School for Girls, Dudhu Chak
* Sultan Memorial Public Model School, Dudhu Chak
* Tabinda Public Model School, Dudhu Chak
* Al-Aziz Public Middle School, Dudhu Chak
* Al-Fatima Academy, Dudhu Chak

===[[Okara District|Okara]]===
*[[IIUI Schools, Karmawala Town, GT Road , Okara :International Islamic University Islamabad schools]], A part of [[International Islamic University, Islamabad]]
*[[Tooba School of Science Education]], Kohla District Okara. founded by Ghulam Murtaza, a renowned educationist
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], Sahiwal Road
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]], Okara Branch
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]], Okara Campus [http://www.dar-e-arqam.edu.pk/okara]
*[[The Educators]] (Al-Aleem Campus), Okara Branch

===[[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]]===
*IIUI Schools, Zamindara Colony, Rahim Yar Khan Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
<ref>Haseeb Akmal. [http://haseebakmal.wordpress.com Haseeb Akmal Blog @ Wordpress]</ref>
*[[Superior Group of Colleges]]
*[[Punjab Group of Colleges]]
*[[Army Public School and College]]
*[[Shaikh Zayed Medical College]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]]
*[[Allied School]]
*[[Dar-E-Arqam School]]
*[[Oxbridge School]]
*[[Government Colony High School (Boys)]]
*[[Government Pilot High School (Boys)]]
*[[Government Canal High School (Girls)]]

===[[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi}}
* IIUI Schools 6th Road, Satellite Town Campus, Rawalpindi: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* IIUI Schools Gulzar-e Quaid Campus Rawalpindi :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* IIUI Schools, Peshawer Road Campus, Golra More, Rawalpindi: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* IIUI Schools Gulrez Colony Campus, Rawalpindi:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* PakTurk Schools G10 Markaz
*Rising Pakistan Montessori & High School
*F.G Public Secondary School,Mehfooz Road,Rawalpindi Cantt

===[[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Sahiwal}}
* IIUI Schools, Old Civil Line, Sahiwal Campus :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

paramount English grammar high school

===[[Sargodha District|Sargodha]]===
* IIUI Schools, Satellite Town, Sargodha Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]]
*[[PAF Public School Sargodha|PAF Public School]]
*[[Presentation Convent High School, Sargodha|Presentation Convent High School]]
*[[The Horizon School,Cattle Colony,Campus]]
*[[The Horizon Scholl,Malir Campus]]
*[[Misali Ravian High School Sargodha, www.mialiravian.con]]
*[[The Harvard School]]
*[[st.marry,s high school sargodha]]
*[[Progressive Public School and College Sargodha]]
allied school

===[[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Sialkot}}
* IIUI Schools, Gondal, Gohad Pur, Saidpur Road, Sialkot Campus : International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

===[[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]]===
*[[St. Peter's High School, Pakistan|St. Peter's High School]]
*[[Misali Chenab Cadet High School]], [[Pirmahal]]

===[[Gojra]]===
*[[The Educators Amna Campus]]

==[[Sindh, Pakistan|Sindh]]==
===[[Ghotki District|Ghotki]]===
*[[The Educators]] (a project of [[Beaconhouse School System]])
*[[Government Degree College Ghotki]]

===[[Hyderabad District, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]===
* IIUI Schools, Main Auto Bahn Road, Hyderabad Campus :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*St. Bonaventure's High School
*Public School
* Govt. Mirza Quleech Baig Higher/Secondary Schon,mnol Phuleli Hyderabad
* Govt. (N) Muslim High School [Latifabad no 8)
* Govt. Comperihensive High School [[Latifabad]]
* Govt. Boys High School [[Latifabad|Unit No. 7, Latifabad]]
* Govt. Girls High School
* Govt. Allama Iqbal Boys High School [[Latifabad|Unit No. 9, Latifabad]]
* Govt. Allama Iqbal High School [[Latifabad|Unit No. 6, Latifabad]]
* Govt. Noor Muhammad High School
* Govt. Boys High School Qasimabad.
* [[Al Falah College latifabad hyderabad|Al-Falah College Latifabad Hyderabad]]
*Mother Land School
*Chambers Public School (Institute of Modern Science) - [[Latifabad|Unit No.5, Latifabad]]
* Roots Public School
* Army Public School and College System SRC.
* Oxford Public High School - [[Latifabad|Unit No.5, Latifabad]]
* Public School hyderabad - [near auto bhan road unit No.3,latifabad]
* Model School
* Foundation Public School Autho Bhan Latifabad
* Al-Hira Public School Afandi Town
* AL-ASGHAR PUBLIC SCHOOL - (Unit No.09,Latifabad)
* Gohar public school
* Latif Niazi Memorial Higher Secondary School - Unit No 11 Latifabad Hyderabad
* Nazarath College
* [http://www.phoenixschoolsystem.com/ Phoenix Schools System]
* crescent children academy (111/D behind VIP garden unit no 2 latifabad hyderabad)0223813718 03342742244
* Roots2wings school system (709/D behind RCCH unit no 2 latifabad hyerabad) 0223815050,03332742244
* Excellence Education System (EES), [[Latifabad]] – [http://www.ees.edu.pk Website]
* [[The City School (Pakistan)]]
* Aga Khan School
* [[Gul Ursani School]]
* [[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)]] [http://www.beaconhouse.edu.pk]
* The Educators - [http://www.educators.edu.pk]
* [[St Bonaventure's High School]]
* City cambridge High School.
* St. Mary's Convent Girls High School
* [[St Mary's Convent High School (Hyderabad)]]
* County cambridge school, Hyderabad (Defense Society= Junior Branch; Thandi Sarak= Senior Branch)
* Rockford Cambridge School Latifabad Hyderabad [http://rockfordcambridge.webs.com-]
*Sindh Grammar Higher Secondary School, Qasimabad Hyderabad.
* Bright Future High school, near Bhittai nagar Qasimabad Hyderabad
* [http://www.phoenixschoolsystem.com/ Phoenix Higher Secondary School]
* The educator school,Hyderabad
* Blue~Sea High School, Qasimabad, Hyderabad.
* Bostan House Public High School,Hyderabad
* Madina Blessing High School, Latifabad.
* Madina Foundation High School, Latifabad.
* Al Falah High School, Latifabad.
* Al Falah High School
* Anna English High School, Qasimabad.
* The Standard School (Regd), Latifabad.
* City Model High School, Qasimabad.
* Blue Birds High School, Qasimabad.
* [[Eden Grammar School]], Qasimabad.
* Fauji Foundation Model School, Latifabad.
* New Strong Base High School, Hirabad
* Anis Hasan School of Excellence, Latifabad.
* Star school of learning, Latifabad.
* FPS School Unit No 2, Latifabad.
* Unique Grammar High school, Khokhar Muhalla.
* Unique Grammar High School, Hirabad, Hyderabad
* Tichoon Taach School, Pathan colony
* National Public High School, Latifabad unit # 2.
* Shaheen public high school, Qasimabad
* Rehber Taleem High School, Liaquat Colony
* Paragon Public High school, Hyderabad unit # 11.
* Zaini Public High school Qasimabad
* Sun City Grammar High School, Hirabad
* Hyderabad Higher Secondary School Of Academic Excellence
* Munawer Foundation High School,Unit # 9
* Green House Five Star School Foujdari road Hyderabad
* Mother Montessori Cambridge school,Unit # 6 &Unit #9

===[[Karachi District|Karachi]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Karachi}}
* [http://www.fgeikarachi.blogspot.com/ Schools in Karachi]
* [http://pakistaneducationguide.blogspot.com/ Education Guide for Pakistan]
* [http://hs.edu.pk/ Head Start School System]
* [http://edupk.eu/ Student Evaluation Program ]
* [http://edupk.eu/ Education Reward Program]
* [http://edupk.eu/ Schools Management System ]
* [http://pakturk.org/ PakTurk international schools and colleges, Karachi branch]

===[[Nawabshah District|Nawabshah]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Nawabshah}}
* [[Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Sciences & Technology]]
* The City School
* [http://airfoundation.org.pk/ AIR Foundation School System Nawabshah] (Housing Society) (Pakistan's 1st ISO 9001-2000 Certified School)

===[[Khairpur District|Khairpur]]===
*[[PakTurk International Schools and Colleges]]

===[[Larkana District|Larkana]]===
* IIUI Schools Wakeel Colony, Larkana Campus : International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Cadet College Larkana]]
*[[The Educators]] (a project of [[Beaconhouse School System]])
*[[Government Pilot School, Larkana]]
*[[Strathmore School System]]
* IIUI Schools (A Project of International Islamic University Islamabad) 074-4752051-52

===[[Sukkur District|Sukkur]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Sukkur}}

===[[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar]]===
*[[Government Provincialized High School, Diplo]]

==[[Quetta, Pakistan|Balochistan]]==
===[[Quetta District|Balochistan]]===
*[[ISIS School and College]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
** [http://www.ysapak.com/ Students in Pakistan, Find daily updates from all institutions in Pakistan]
{{Asia topic|List of schools in}}
{{Education in Pakistan}}
{{Boarding schools in Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schools In Pakistan}}
[[Category:Schools in Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Pakistan-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of schools by country|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in Pakistan| ]]

List of schools in Pakistan

2012-03-26T11:00:04Z

86.96.226.19: /* Sindh */

{{cleanup|date=May 2011}}
[[File:Sub Pakistan.png|thumb|'''Administrative units of Pakistan''' 1. [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] province 2. [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] province 3. [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province 4. [[Sindh, Pakistan|Sindh]] province 5. [[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad Capital]] territory 6. [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|FATA]] territories 7. [[Azad Kashmir]] territory 8. [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] territory]]
The following is a '''list of [[school]]s in [[Pakistan]]''', categorized by province/territory and by district.

==[[Azad Kashmir]]==
===[[Mirpur District|Mirpur]]===
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[The Educators]]
*[[Fauji Foundation#Education system|Fauji Foundation Model School]]
*[[Roots School System, Pakistan|Roots School System]]

===[[Rawalakot]]===
*[[Ayub Public School]]
*[[The Educators]]
*[[Army Public School and College (Pakistan)|Army Public School and College]]
*[[Pearl valley Public school and College]]
*[[Kashmir Beaconhouse School]]
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]]

==[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]==
===[[Gilgit District|Gilgit]]===
*[[Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, Gilgit|Aga Khan School]]
*[[Army Public School and College (Pakistan)|Army Public School and College]]
*[[Aligarh School and College ,Mandian, Abbottabad(Pakistan)|Aligarh School and College ,Mandian, Abbottabad]]

===[[Hunza-Nagar District|Hunza-Nagar]]===
*Sedna School and Degree College, Aliabad,Hunza.
*Sedna ECD and Primary School Aliabad, Hunza.
*[[Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, Hunza (Girls)|Aga Khan School]]
* Hasigawa Memorial Public School<ref name="hasigawa_hunza">{{cite web|url=http://hunzatimes.wordpress.com/2009/02/19/hasegawa-memorial-school-gets-japanese-grant/ |title=Hasegawa Memorial School gets Japanese grant |work=hunzatimes.wordpress.com |publisher=Hunza Times |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref>

===[[Skardu District|Skardu]]===
*[[Army Public School and College (Pakistan)|Army Public School and College]]
*[[Cadet College Skardu|Cadet College, Skardu]]

==[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]==
===[[Dera Ismail Khan]]===
* IIUI Schools, Fort Road, D.I. Khan Campus : International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*The Eduction Valley

===[[Abbottabad District|Abbottabad]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Abbottabad}}

*IIUI Schools, Jinnahabad, Abbotabad Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

===[[Charsadda District|Charsadda]]===

* IIUI Schools Charsadda Campus
* '''Mahd-Al-Uloom School System Charsadda''' (A project of Country Model College Charsadda)
See a list of schools in Charsadda at [http://www.4sadda.com/index.php/education/42-schools-a-colleges/77-list-of-schools-in-charsadda 4sadda.com]

===[[Haripur District|Haripur]]===
* IIUI Schools, Haripur Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

Iqra Academy Opposite Railway Station Haripur
*Faith Horizon Academy, Baldher Campus
*[[Sadat Model Public School]], Baldher,,,,,M.r memorial international pucblic school

===[[Mansehra District|Mansehra]]===
*IIUI Schools, Abbotabad Road, Upper Channai, Mansehra Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

See a list of schools in Mansehra at [http://www.seepak.info/mansehra.html seepak.info]
*[[Agahi Community Schools]]
*[[Army Public School and College]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System|The Educators]]
*[[Fauji Foundation]]
*[[Mansehra International Public School and College]]
Sky International School and College

===[[Mardan District|Mardan]]===
*IIUI Schools Bagh-e-Eram Road, Mardan Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* Saint Andrew's School System

*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], Sugar Mills Road
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]], Defence Muqam Chwak Mardan
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]]
*Muslim Model High school ( toru Chowk ) Hoti Marda. (since 1925)
The Yaqeen Model School Bakhshali Mardan.
The british schools of education Mardan.

===[[Nowshera District|Nowshera]]===
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], Nowshera Cantt
*The City School Nowshera
*Noshahro Institute of Information Technology

===[[Peshawar District|Peshawar]]===
*IIUI Schools, Khyber Campus, Phase II, Hayatabad, Peshawer:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*IIUI Schools, Warsak Road Campus, Peshawer:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
[http://pakturk.org #PakTurk Schools & Colleges Phase 5, Hayatabad, Peshawar]
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Peshawar}}
peshawar model school, Warsak Road Campus Peshawer
Al Azhar Educational Institute Panr

===[[Swat District|Swat]]===
IIUI Schools, Swat Campus, Mingora, Swat:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

*[[SmartSchool System, high quality schooling system in(Pakistan)|SmartSchool]], College Colony, [[Saidu Sharif]]
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]], College Colony, [[Saidu Sharif]]

==[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]==
===[[Attock District|Attock]]===
*IIUI Schools, Aslam Colony, Kamra Road, Attock City Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

*[[Army Public School and College]]<ref>http://www.apsacattock.edu.pk/SSC.htm</ref>
*[[Cadet College Hasan Abdal]]
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]]
*[[Smart School Systems]]

===[[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]]===
*[[The Educators]]
*[[The Comprehensive School]]

===[[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]]===
*IIUI Schools Bahawalpur Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Alpina School Ali Town Jalindhar Colony Hasilpur]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], Model Town
*[[Sadiq Public School]]
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]]
*[[BloomField hall]]
*[[Orient secondary school]]
DPS bahawalnagar (District Public School Bahawalnagar

===[[Bhakkar District|Bhakkar]]===
*[[The Educators]]
*District Public School Bhakkar
*Laraib Public School Chak No 67 Ml.

===[[Chakwal District|Chakwal]]===
*IIUI Schools, Chakwal Campus
*City School, Talagang Road, [[Chakwal]]

===[[Chiniot District|Chiniot]]===
*[[Punjab International Public School]], [[Bhawana]]
*[[Ligh House Montisori World School]], [[Chiniot]]
*[[Elite Public High School]], [[LALIAN]]

===[[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]]===
*IIUI Schools Dera Ghazi Khan Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Bloomfield Hall School]] (BHS)
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]] (TCS)
*[[The Educators]]
*[[Pearl Grammar Public School, Taunsa]]
*[[Divisional Public School. DPS]]
*[[The Country school Shadanlund]] (A Project of Bloomfield Hall)
*[[The Standard School. (TSS) Q Block Ghazi Park Road]] (A Project of Standard Group of Education)

===[[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]===
* [[Govt. M. C. High School, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad]]
*IIUI Schools, Canal Road Campus, Faisalabad :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*IIUI Schools People's Colony Campus, Faisalabad:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* [[Divisional Public School & College Faisalabad]], (biggest and oldest school of Faisalabad Division, Admission on Strict Merit Basis)
* [[Divisional Model College]], (regarded as no.1 school of Faisalabad Division due to positions in Cambridge. very limited seats available)
* [[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)]]
* [[Lahore Grammar School]]
* [[Government College University, Faisalabad]]
* La Salle High School
* [[Faisalabad Grammar School]]
* [[The Kid's College ]]
* [[Al-Bahadar Public High School]]
* [[Government Comprehensive Boys High School, Samanabad]]
* [[Millat Grammar School]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Faisalabad]]
* [[Bloomfield Hall Schools]]
* [[Holy Rosary parish, Warispura]]
* [[St. Joseph's Technical Institute, Faisalabad]]
* [[St. Peter's High School, Pakistan]]
* [[Jinnah Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Angels International College]]

===[[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]]===
IIUI Schools DC Road, Gujranwala Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

IIUI Schools Ali Pur Chatta Campus, Gujranwala:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

Kin's International Public School, Satellite Town, Ratta Road, Gujranwala
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Gujranwala}}

===[[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]===
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[Bloomfield Hall School]]
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System|The Educators]]
*[[Govt. High School Gochh]]
*[[Pakistan International Public School and College]]
*Ghazi Education High School (Hafsa Campus)
*[[Jinnah Public School Hafiz Hayat Road]]

Muhammad Aqeel Nasir Public School Sargodha

===[[Jhang District|Jhang]]===
*[[Faran Model College]]
*[[Chenab College Jhang|Chenab College]]
*[[Cadet College Jhang]]
*[[Oriel School System]]
*[[Quaid-e-Azam Model School]]
*[[Aansa school system]]
*[[Mahmood Sattar Model Girls Elementary School Musa Abad Old Chiniot Road Jhang City]]
*[[Victory Model School Jhang City]]
*[[Ali Foundation School Jhang]]
*[[Ali Informatics Church Road Jhang]]

===[[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]]===
*[http://www.toes.edu.pk The Oxford Education System]

===[[Jhelum District|Jhelum]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Jhelum}}

===[[Kasur District|Kasur]]===
*[[Hazara Public School & College]]<ref name="hazara">{{cite web|url=http://www.hazara.edu.pk/ |title=Hazara Public School & College Changa Manga |publisher=Hazara.edu.pk |date= |accessdate=2012-03-19}}</ref>

===[[Kasur District|Kasur]]===
*[[Govt. Model High School Kasur]]<ref name="hazara"/>

===[[Khushab District|Khushab]]===
*[[Allied Schools]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]]

===[[Lahore District|Lahore]]===
*IIUI Schools Model Campus, Township Lahore :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*IIUI Schools Sabzazar Campus, Lahore: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
[http://www.pakturklahore.com/ #PakTurk Schools & Colleges Lahore Campus ]
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Lahore}}
Defence Public School
(Lahore)

The Aquila School System
36-S-22, Bank Street, Bustami Road, Samanabad, Lahore

[http://www.almamaterschool.pk]
3/1 Main Gulberg 35712586

The Causeway School Nawan Wala Chowk Lahore

The Causeway School Girls High School Dhobi Ghat Lahore

Fairfield High School:
Wapda Town Branch,
Main Road, Punjab Govt Housing Society, Lahore

Fairfield High School:
Johar Town Branch, Block E/1, Lahore

Fairfield High School:
Main Campus, PCSIR (Staff) Cooperative Housing Society, Lahore

===[[Layyah District|Layyah]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Layyah}}
[http://www.facebook.com/?ref=tn_tinyman#!/pages/Grace-Indus-Public-School/131735916920097?sk=wall Grace Indus Public School] (Bhagal, Chak 279 TDA)
(Layyah)

===[[Mand Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]]===
* IIUI Schools Phalia Campus : International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], WAPDA Colony
*[[District Jinnah Public School And College Mandi Bhauldin|District Jinnah Public School & College]]
*[[Misali Ravian High School Mandi Baha u Din www.misliravian.com]]

===[[Multan District|Multan]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Multan}}
*IIUI Schools Shah Rukn-e- Alam Colony, Multan Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
PakTurk Schools

===[[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]]===
*[[Beaconhouse School System|The Educators]]
*[[New Ibn-e-Seena Science School]]
*[[M.C. Girls High School MuzaffarGarh]]
'''*[[Alipur Public Higher Secandary School Alipur (M. Garh)]]'''

===[[Narowal District|Narowal]]===
*IIUI Schools Narowal Campus- Near Hockey Stadium, Narowal City:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[The Educators Bari Campus Zafarwal]]

===[[Shakargarh]]===
*IIUI Schools, Railway Road, Shakargarh Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* Islamia College, Shakargarh
* The Educator, Shakargarh
* Beacon House School System, Shakargrah
* Unique Science Academy

===[[Dudhu Chak]]===
* Govt. Islami School for Boys, Dudhu Chak
* Govt. Islami School for Girls, Dudhu Chak
* Sultan Memorial Public Model School, Dudhu Chak
* Tabinda Public Model School, Dudhu Chak
* Al-Aziz Public Middle School, Dudhu Chak
* Al-Fatima Academy, Dudhu Chak

===[[Okara District|Okara]]===
*[[IIUI Schools, Karmawala Town, GT Road , Okara :International Islamic University Islamabad schools]], A part of [[International Islamic University, Islamabad]]
*[[Tooba School of Science Education]], Kohla District Okara. founded by Ghulam Murtaza, a renowned educationist
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]], Sahiwal Road
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]], Okara Branch
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]], Okara Campus [http://www.dar-e-arqam.edu.pk/okara]
*[[The Educators]] (Al-Aleem Campus), Okara Branch

===[[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]]===
*IIUI Schools, Zamindara Colony, Rahim Yar Khan Campus:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
<ref>Haseeb Akmal. [http://haseebakmal.wordpress.com Haseeb Akmal Blog @ Wordpress]</ref>
*[[Superior Group of Colleges]]
*[[Punjab Group of Colleges]]
*[[Army Public School and College]]
*[[Shaikh Zayed Medical College]]
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[The City School (Pakistan)|The City School]]
*[[Allied School]]
*[[Dar-E-Arqam School]]
*[[Oxbridge School]]
*[[Government Colony High School (Boys)]]
*[[Government Pilot High School (Boys)]]
*[[Government Canal High School (Girls)]]

===[[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi}}
* IIUI Schools 6th Road, Satellite Town Campus, Rawalpindi: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* IIUI Schools Gulzar-e Quaid Campus Rawalpindi :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* IIUI Schools, Peshawer Road Campus, Golra More, Rawalpindi: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* IIUI Schools Gulrez Colony Campus, Rawalpindi:International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
* PakTurk Schools G10 Markaz
*Rising Pakistan Montessori & High School
*F.G Public Secondary School,Mehfooz Road,Rawalpindi Cantt

===[[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Sahiwal}}
* IIUI Schools, Old Civil Line, Sahiwal Campus :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

paramount English grammar high school

===[[Sargodha District|Sargodha]]===
* IIUI Schools, Satellite Town, Sargodha Campus: International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)|Beaconhouse School System]]
*[[Dar-e-Arqam Schools]]
*[[PAF Public School Sargodha|PAF Public School]]
*[[Presentation Convent High School, Sargodha|Presentation Convent High School]]
*[[The Horizon School,Cattle Colony,Campus]]
*[[The Horizon Scholl,Malir Campus]]
*[[Misali Ravian High School Sargodha, www.mialiravian.con]]
*[[The Harvard School]]
*[[st.marry,s high school sargodha]]
*[[Progressive Public School and College Sargodha]]
allied school

===[[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Sialkot}}
* IIUI Schools, Gondal, Gohad Pur, Saidpur Road, Sialkot Campus : International Islamic University Islamabad Schools

===[[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]]===
*[[St. Peter's High School, Pakistan|St. Peter's High School]]
*[[Misali Chenab Cadet High School]], [[Pirmahal]]

===[[Gojra]]===
*[[The Educators Amna Campus]]

==[[Sindh, Pakistan|Sindh]]==
===[[Ghotki District|Ghotki]]===
*[[The Educators]] (a project of [[Beaconhouse School System]])
*[[Government Degree College Ghotki]]

===[[Hyderabad District, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]===
* IIUI Schools, Main Auto Bahn Road, Hyderabad Campus :International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*St. Bonaventure's High School
*Public School
* Govt. Mirza Quleech Baig Higher/Secondary Schon,mnol Phuleli Hyderabad
* Govt. (N) Muslim High School [Latifabad no 8)
* Govt. Comperihensive High School [[Latifabad]]
* Govt. Boys High School [[Latifabad|Unit No. 7, Latifabad]]
* Govt. Girls High School
* Govt. Allama Iqbal Boys High School [[Latifabad|Unit No. 9, Latifabad]]
* Govt. Allama Iqbal High School [[Latifabad|Unit No. 6, Latifabad]]
* Govt. Noor Muhammad High School
* Govt. Boys High School Qasimabad.
* [[Al Falah College latifabad hyderabad|Al-Falah College Latifabad Hyderabad]]
*Mother Land School
*Chambers Public School (Institute of Modern Science) - [[Latifabad|Unit No.5, Latifabad]]
* Roots Public School
* Army Public School and College System SRC.
* Oxford Public High School - [[Latifabad|Unit No.5, Latifabad]]
* Public School hyderabad - [near auto bhan road unit No.3,latifabad]
* Model School
* Foundation Public School Autho Bhan Latifabad
* Al-Hira Public School Afandi Town
* AL-ASGHAR PUBLIC SCHOOL - (Unit No.09,Latifabad)
* Gohar public school
* Latif Niazi Memorial Higher Secondary School - Unit No 11 Latifabad Hyderabad
* Nazarath College
* [http://www.phoenixschoolsystem.com/ Phoenix Schools System]
* crescent children academy (111/D behind VIP garden unit no 2 latifabad hyderabad)0223813718 03342742244
* Roots2wings school system (709/D behind RCCH unit no 2 latifabad hyerabad) 0223815050,03332742244
* Excellence Education System (EES), [[Latifabad]] – [http://www.ees.edu.pk Website]
* [[The City School (Pakistan)]]
* Aga Khan School
* [[Gul Ursani School]]
* [[Beaconhouse School System (Pakistan)]] [http://www.beaconhouse.edu.pk]
* The Educators - [http://www.educators.edu.pk]
* [[St Bonaventure's High School]]
* City cambridge High School.
* St. Mary's Convent Girls High School
* [[St Mary's Convent High School (Hyderabad)]]
* County cambridge school, Hyderabad (Defense Society= Junior Branch; Thandi Sarak= Senior Branch)
* Rockford Cambridge School Latifabad Hyderabad [http://rockfordcambridge.webs.com-]
*Sindh Grammar Higher Secondary School, Qasimabad Hyderabad.
* Bright Future High school, near Bhittai nagar Qasimabad Hyderabad
* [http://www.phoenixschoolsystem.com/ Phoenix Higher Secondary School]
* The educator school,Hyderabad
* Blue~Sea High School, Qasimabad, Hyderabad.
* Bostan House Public High School,Hyderabad
* Madina Blessing High School, Latifabad.
* Madina Foundation High School, Latifabad.
* Al Falah High School, Latifabad.
* Al Falah High School
* Anna English High School, Qasimabad.
* The Standard School (Regd), Latifabad.
* City Model High School, Qasimabad.
* Blue Birds High School, Qasimabad.
* [[Eden Grammar School]], Qasimabad.
* Fauji Foundation Model School, Latifabad.
* New Strong Base High School, Hirabad
* Anis Hasan School of Excellence, Latifabad.
* Star school of learning, Latifabad.
* FPS School Unit No 2, Latifabad.
* Unique Grammar High school, Khokhar Muhalla.
* Unique Grammar High School, Hirabad, Hyderabad
* Tichoon Taach School, Pathan colony
* National Public High School, Latifabad unit # 2.
* Shaheen public high school, Qasimabad
* Rehber Taleem High School, Liaquat Colony
* Paragon Public High school, Hyderabad unit # 11.
* Zaini Public High school Qasimabad
* Sun City Grammar High School, Hirabad
* Hyderabad Higher Secondary School Of Academic Excellence
* Munawer Foundation High School,Unit # 9
* Green House Five Star School Foujdari road Hyderabad
* Mother Montessori Cambridge school,Unit # 6 &Unit #9

===[[Karachi District|Karachi]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Karachi}}
* [http://www.fgeikarachi.blogspot.com/ Schools in Karachi]
* [http://pakistaneducationguide.blogspot.com/ Education Guide for Pakistan]
* [http://hs.edu.pk/ Head Start School System]
* [http://edupk.eu/ Student Evaluation Program ]
* [http://edupk.eu/ Education Reward Program]
* [http://edupk.eu/ Schools Management System ]
* [http://pakturk.org/ PakTurk international schools and colleges, Karachi branch]

===[[Nawabshah District|Nawabshah]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Nawabshah}}
* [http://airfoundation.org.pk/ AIR Foundation School System Nawabshah] (Housing Society) (Pakistan's 1st ISO 9001-2000 Certified School)

===[[Khairpur District|Khairpur]]===
*[[PakTurk International Schools and Colleges]]

===[[Larkana District|Larkana]]===
* IIUI Schools Wakeel Colony, Larkana Campus : International Islamic University Islamabad Schools
*[[Cadet College Larkana]]
*[[The Educators]] (a project of [[Beaconhouse School System]])
*[[Government Pilot School, Larkana]]
*[[Strathmore School System]]
* IIUI Schools (A Project of International Islamic University Islamabad) 074-4752051-52

===[[Sukkur District|Sukkur]]===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Sukkur}}

===[[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar]]===
*[[Government Provincialized High School, Diplo]]

==[[Quetta, Pakistan|Balochistan]]==
===[[Quetta District|Balochistan]]===
*[[ISIS School and College]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
** [http://www.ysapak.com/ Students in Pakistan, Find daily updates from all institutions in Pakistan]
{{Asia topic|List of schools in}}
{{Education in Pakistan}}
{{Boarding schools in Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schools In Pakistan}}
[[Category:Schools in Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Pakistan-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of schools by country|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in Pakistan| ]]

Tirunelveli

2012-03-24T11:14:36Z

86.96.226.19:

{{About|the municipality in Tamil Nadu, India|its namesake district|Tirunelveli district}}
{{distinguish|Thirunelveli (Sri Lanka)}}
{{prune|date=January 2011}}
{{Infobox Indian jurisdiction
|native_name = Tirunelveli
|other_name = Nellai
|type = City
|skyline = PalayamkottaiFields.jpg
|skyline_caption = Paddy fields around Tirunelveli-Palayamkottai area
|latd = 8.73 | longd = 77.7
|locator_position = right
|state_name = Tamil Nadu
|district = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|leader_title=[[District Collector]]
|leader_name=
|leader_title=[[Mayor]]
|leader_name= [[Vijila Sathyanand]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayors assume. charge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2572178.ece|accessdate=28 October 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 October 2011}}</ref>
|altitude = 47
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 474,838
|population_density = 3781
|area_magnitude = 9
|area_total=108.65
|area_telephone=91 (0)462
|postal_code= 627xxx
|vehicle_code_range= TN-72
|website=tirunelvelicorp.tn.gov.in
|unlocode=IN TEN
|footnotes =
}}

'''Tirunelveli''' ({{audio|Tirunelveli-pronunciation.ogg|pronunciation}}), also known as '''Nellai''', and historically (during [[British Raj|British]] rule) as '''Tinnevelly''', is a city in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Tirunelveli District]] in Tamil Nadu. It is situated {{convert|700|km|mi|0}} southwest of the state capital [[Chennai]] and {{convert|154|km|mi|0}}from [[Madurai]].

Tirunelveli is an ancient city and is home to many temples and shrines, including the largest [[Shiva]] temple in [[Tamil Nadu]], the [[Nellaiappar Temple]]. It is located on the western side of the [[Perennial stream|perennial]] [[Thamirabarani River|Thamirabarani river]], whereas its twin municipal city [[Palayamkottai]], is located on the eastern side.

==History==
[[Image:RiverMadum.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ancient temples in the river banks]]
The history of Tirunelveli was researched by [[Robert Caldwell]], one of the [[Christian]] [[missionary|missionaries]] who visited the area in the nineteenth century for the purpose of both promoting their religious beliefs and educating the people.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zjTneAGmatsC |title=The History Of Tinnevelly From The Earliest Period To The Cession To The English Government In 1801 |author=Caldwell, Robert. |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1989 |origyear=1881 |isbn=8120601610 |accessdate=2011-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/axismundi/2004/Hinduisms.pdf |title=Hinduisms, Christian Missions, and the Tinnevelly Shanars: A Study of Colonial Missions in 19th Century India |author=Daughrity, Dyron B. |year=2005 |pages=1–5 |publisher=University of Calgary |location=Alberta |accessdate=2011-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.missionstudies.org/conference/1papers/fp/Dyron_Daughrity_Tirunelveli.pdf |archiveurl=http://waybackmachine.org/*/http://www.missionstudies.org/conference/1papers/fp/Dyron_Daughrity_Tirunelveli.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-28 |title=A Brief History of Missions in Tirunelveli1 (Part One): From the Beginnings to its Creation as a Diocese in 1896 |author=Daughrity, Dyron B. |year= |publisher=Mission Studies |accessdate=2011-04-01}}</ref>

Tirunelveli had been under the prominence of the [[Pandian Empire|Pandya]] kings,<ref name='webindia-intro'>[http://www.webindia123.com/city/tamil/thirunel/intro.htm Tirunelveli]</ref> serving as their secondary capital while [[Madurai]] remained its primary capital. It was an important city of the [[Chola]] kingdom (c.900–1200)<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/tirunelveli Chola's Imperial town]</ref> and of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] empire. The city was the chief commercial town in the period of [[Arcot Nawabs]] and [[Nayak (ethnic group)|Nayaks]]. They were among the various ruling dynasties of Tamil Nadu. In fact, they called the city "Nellai Cheemai", with cheemai meaning ''a developed foreign town''.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/19/stories/2007051909370400.htm ''400 years sugar cane press'']</ref> It was the Nayaks who, in 1781, granted its revenues and local administration to the British. In 1801, it was annexed by the British, who governed it until India achieved [[Indian independence|independence]] in 1947.

On acquisition from the Nawab of Arcot in 1801, the British [[anglicize]]d its name as '''Tinnevelly''' and made it the headquarters of [[Tirunelveli district]]. This happened despite the fact that their administrative and military headquarters was located in [[Palayamkottai]] (which was also anglicized as '''Palankottah'''), during their operations against the Palayakars. Post-independence, both towns reverted to their original names.

==Cityscape==
{{Panorama
|image = File:TirunelveliPanorama.jpg
|caption = Panoramic view of Tirunelveli as viewed from the Palayamkottai bank of river [[Thamirabarani]]. Sulochana Mudaliar bridge, the 12-arch link between both cities, is on the far right of this Deepavali 2009 image.
|height = 200
}}

==Etymology==
Tirunelveli is also called Nellai. The translation in Tamil for paddy ''(rice fields)'' is "Nell". Both the names, Tiru'''nel'''veli and '''Nell'''ai, directly associate it to rice fields.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} Even on satellite imagery, it can be seen that the city is surrounded by fertile paddy fields, enriched by the perennial river [[Tamirabarani]]. The river has a wide network of canals and waterways which irrigate numerous rice fields and support the villages around the district which primarily thrive on cultivating rice. The region is also heavily dependent on the monsoon rains.

The etymology of Tirunelveli has a Puranic association also. It is said that a devotee was invited by God in his dream to settle with his family near the Tamirabarani river. There was a famine in the region for a long time, and the man had to beg and collect paddy from other people. He spread out the paddy to dry under the sunlight and went for his ritual [[Ritual purification|ablution]] in the river. He then continued to pray to the Lord for rain. Suddenly a thunderstorm broke out and it rained heavily. Although his prayer was answered, he was worried about the paddy he had spread out to dry in the sun. So he ran to collect it but what he saw was nothing short of a miracle. Not a drop of rain had fallen on the paddy he had laid out to dry. Since then, the city has been called Tirunelveli -- 'Tiru' meaning ''respectable'', 'Nel' meaning ''paddy'', and 'Veli' meaning ''a protective fence''. In other words, the etymology relates to the city having paddy fields as a protective fence.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

The name ''Halwa City'' is the a more contemporary nickname of Tirunelveli. A wheat-based sweet called [[halwa]] has brought it fame across the southern Indian states.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

==Geography==
Tirunelveli is located at {{Coord|8.73|N|77.7|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Tirunelveli.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Tirunelveli]</ref> It has an average elevation of 47 metres msl''(154 ft)''. It is located in the southern-most tip of the Deccan plateau. Tirunelveli is an important junction in the National Highway No 7 connecting India from the North to South (Kashmir to Kanyakumari). The nearest pivotal towns are: [[Gangaikondan]] in the north, [[Tuticorin]] in the east, [[Tenkasi]] and [[ Alangulam ]] in the west, Kalakkad in the southwest and [[Nanguneri]] in the south. It is also flanked by the state of Kerala to the west, Gulf of Mannar and the districts of Virudhunagar, Thoothukudi and Kanniyakumari.<ref name="http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/general.html#ori_dist">http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/general.html#ori_dist</ref> Thamiraparani river roughly divides the city into the Tirunelveli quarter and the Palayamkottai area. The major lakes in the city are Nainar lake and Udayarpetti lake. Three rivers (Chitraru, Thamirabarani and Kothandarama river) converge at a place called Sivalai, making the area very fertile. The closest town to this location is Alangaraperi.

{{Geographic location
|title = '''Destinations from Tirunelveli'''
|Northwest = [[Thalaiyuthu]]
|North = [[Gangaikondan]]
|Northeast = Thimmarajapuram
|West = [[Tenkasi]]
|Centre = Tirunelveli
|East = [[Tuticorin]]
|Southwest = [[Kalakkad]]
|South = [[Nanguneri-Marugal Kurichi]]
|Southeast = [[Palayamkottai]]
}}

==Climate==
[[Image:Agasthiyamalai range and Tirunelveli rainshadow.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Agasthiyamalai]] hills, cut off Tirunelveli from the [[southwest monsoon]], creating a [[rainshadow]] region.]]

The climate of Tirunelveli is generally hot and humid.<ref>[http://climexp.knmi.nl/getprcpall.cgi?someone@somewhere+43376.1+TIRUNELVELI+ Climatic condition of Tirunelveli]</ref> The average temperature during summer (March to June) ranges from 25 to 41° Celsius and 18 to 29°C during the rest of the year. The average annual rainfall is 680 mm, most of which occurs during the [[northeast monsoon]] (October–December). Since the economy of the district is primarily based on agriculture, fluctuations in the monsoon rains or flooding of the Thamarabarani river has an immediate impact of livelihood in the area.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 census of India]], Tirunelveli had a total population of 474,838. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%.

{{As of|2001}} the India [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Tirunelveli had a population of 411,298. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. The city has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 73%. In Tirunelveli, 10% of the population is under six years of age. Among the Municipal Corporations, Tirunelveli has been identified with a gender ratio skewed towards males, with 1,024 females for every 1,000 males.<ref>[http://gisd.tn.nic.in/census-paper2/Contents/Chapter-3%20Municipal%20Corporations.htm Census of Govt of India]</ref> The growth rate of Urban Agglomeration is 20.22%.<ref>[http://gisd.tn.nic.in/census-paper2/Statments/stat_7_2.htm Urban Agglomeration growth rate]</ref>

The city covers an area of 108.65&nbsp km2.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} The population density of the city had increased to 3781 persons per km² in 2001 from 2,218 persons per km² in 1971.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} The disabilities in the city as per the 2001 census are 1,308,246, out of which 645,142 are males and 663,104 female.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} Hindus are the most in urban population. They are followed by Muslims and then Christians. The main language spoken in the city is [[Tamil language|Tamil]] although the usage of English is relatively common. The vast majority of official dealings and the medium of instruction in most educational institutions is in English.

==Economy==
Tirunelveli has a range of large industries, including cement factories, beedi (tobacco) companies, steel products, and mills for cotton textiles, spinning and weaving.<ref>http://tnulbs.tn.gov.in/tirunelveli_corp/srv_industry.htm</ref> There are also many small scale industries, such as tanneries and brick kilns, many of which are supported by NELSIA (Nellai Small Scale Industries Association).{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

In June 2007, the [[Tata Group]] signed an MOU with the State Government for the opening of a [[titanium dioxide]] plant estimated at {{INR}} 2500 crore in Tirunelveli and [[Tuticorin]] districts. The original MOU for the techno-economic feasibility study for setting up the project was signed by [[Tata Group]] and the State Government in 2002. The project was expected to create job opportunities for over 1000 people directly and an estimated 3000 indirectly. However, the State Government put the project on hold after growing protests against the project.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/karunanidhi-puts-tata-project-on-hold/207767/ Karunanidhi puts Tata project on hold - Indian Express]</ref>

Tirunelveli is the one of best area for wind energy companies to install & produce electrical power through wind. Lot of MNC wind companies like [[Suzlon]],<ref>[http://www.suzlon.com/ Suzlon - Leading Wind Power Solutions Provider]</ref> VESTAS, RRB, ENERCON, GAMESA installed their plants and produce electrical power about 3500MW in aralvaimozhi, radhapuram, & panakudi area at south tirunelveli district. Manur, rastha, devarkulam, ukirankottai, azhgiyapandipuram, othumalai, narikudi, kayathar & amudhapuram,areas at north tirunelveli district. Seetharpanallur, Surandai, [[ Alangulam]], poovoorchathiram, aaikudi & Tenkasi areas at west tirunelveli district.

Tirunelveli is the location for one of several [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI).<ref>[http://www.chennai.stpi.in/data_tirunelveli.htm Software Techo Park of India, Tirunelveli]</ref>

==Administration==
Tirunelveli assembly constituency is part of [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|format=PDF| title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
| accessdate = 2008-10-13
| work = Tamil Nadu
| publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>
The city is a Municipal Corporation as well as the district Headquarters. The city has a Mayor, Deputy Mayor and several councillors elected by people representing administrative wards, as well as a corporation Commissioner to administer the city headed by the District Collector.

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Tirunelveli}}
Tirunelveli has an extensive transport network. It is well-connected to other major cities cities by road, rail and air.

===Roads===
The city is located on NH 7, 150 km to the south of Madurai and 91;km to the north of Kanyakumari. NH 7A, an extension of NH 7, connects Palayamkottai with Tuticorin Port. Now 4 lane track has been under progress and NH 7A stretch is almost in finishing stage. Tirunelveli is accessible by road from Madurai (3 hours) or Nagercoil (1½ hours). Tirunelveli is also connected by major highways to Kollam, Tiruchendur, Rajapalayam, Sankarankovil, Ambasamudram and Nazareth.

===Bus stands===
The main Mofussil bus stand, popularly known as New Bus Stand (Puthiya Perunthu Nilayam) is located in Veinthaankulam. This bus stand was opened for public usage in 2003. There are regular bus services from and to the city. The other bus stands for local services within the city are the Junction Bus Stand (Nellai Santhippu Perunthu Nilayam) and the Palay Bus stand (Palay Perunthu Nilayam).

A network of interstate and intrastate buses travel to various destinations from Tirunelveli.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

===Railways===
{{main|Tirunelveli Junction}}
[[Image:TEN RailwayStation.jpg|Tirunelveli Junction|thumb|right]]
Tirunelveli Junction (TEN) is one of the oldest and popular railway stations in India

It is connected to major cities in all four directions, Madurai/Sankarankovil to the north, Nagercoil to the south, Tenkasi/Kollam to the west and Tiruchendur to the east.

===Airport===
The nearest airport is the [[Tuticorin Airport]] (TCR), located at Vaagaikulam in Thoothukkudi District, about 22 km east of Tirunelveli city. There are daily flights to Chennai provided by Kingfisher Red and Spicejet. The [[Madurai Airport]](IXM) is about 150 km and [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]](TRV) is about 130 km away by road.

==Culture==
The Government Exhibition, a popular attraction visited by thousands of people from in and around Tirunelveli takes place annually.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Other major entertainment events include an annual circus which draws huge crowds{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} and many state and even national level sporting events in VOC ground and Anna Stadium.

===Cinema theatres===
[[Image:CentralTheatreTvli.jpg|Central Theatre in Tirunelveli Town|thumb|right]]
Tirunelveli has numerous cinema theatres which are mostly constructed in the Art Deco style, and are popular landmarks.

===Radio stations===
Tirunelveli is served on the FM dial by Suryan FM, run by Sun Network (frequency 93.5 MHz), Hello FM, run by the Malai Malar Group (frequency 106.4 MHz) and Tirunelveli Vanoli Nilayam ([[All India Radio]]), by the Government of India. Tirunelveli is among the 40 cities in India to have an FM station. [[IGNOU]] has planned to air its distant education lecture (named Gyan Vani) via FM Tirunelveli.

==Religion==
Tirunelveli has a rich religious heritage and has places of worship for all the major Indian religions - [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]] and [[Jainism]]. Some of these are of historical importance, such as the [[Nellaiappar Temple]].

===Nellaiappar Temple===
[[Image:Nellaiappar2.jpg|thumb|Nellaiappar Gopuram.]]
Nellaiappar Temple is in the centre of Tirunvelli city. It is a twin temple dedicated to Goddess [[Parvathi]] and Lord [[Shiva]] and has two towers (''[[gopurams]]'') built according to the rules laid down in the [[Āgama (Hinduism)|agama]] sastras by Rama Pandyan.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

[[Image:Nellaiappar Temple Golden Car Nov 2 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|Golden Chariot of the Nellaiappar Temple.]]

Nindrasir Nedumaran (நின்றசீர் நெடுமாறன்), who reigned in the seventh century AD, contributed by constructing and renovating important parts in the temple.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} A garden next to the Mandapam, designed by Thiruvengadakrishna Mudaliar in 1756, has many colourful and fragrant flowers. A square ''Vasantha Mandapam'' with 100 pillars is situated in this garden.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

Near Tirunelveli, are the nine Vaishnavite temples dedicated to Vishnu (the Alwar Nava Tiruppatis), the Krishnapuram Venkatachalapati temple with its sculptural work, Tiruchendur with its grand and imposing temple dedicated to Subramanya, and Kutralam a popular tourist resort with its waterfalls and natural beauty.

===Sri Alzhiya Mannar Rajagopala Swamy Temple===
Sri Alzhiya Mannar Rajagopala Swamy Temple is situated in Palayamkottai area at south bazzar. It is an ancient temple and reputed Perumal temple of about 1000 years old.

===Sri Varadharaja Perumal Temple===
Sri Varadharaja Perumal Kovil is situated in Tirunelveli Junction, on the banks of the perennial river Thamirabarani (தாமிரபரணி). It is an ancient and reputed Vishnu temple.
tenkasi is a great city of nellai. it contains a kasiviswanathar temple.

===Mela Thiruvenkatanathapuram Temple===
The Mela Thiruvenkatanathapuram temple is located 7 to 10 km south west of Tirunelveli, on the banks of perennial river Thamirabarani. Also known as Thirunankovil, it has Lord Srinivasa as the deity.

=== Keezha Thiruvenkatanathapuram, Keezha Thirupathi ===
It resembles the [[thirupathi]]. Near this temple about ¼ Km., to the east lies the “taen kalahasthi” temple which crowns Lord Shiva. First Lord Shiva is prayed followed by varadharaja perumal and then the "taen thirupathi perumal".

==Education==
The [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]] is named after the poet who penned the ''Tamil Thai Vazhthu'', the official song of the state.

[[Image:Tirunelveli Medical College2.JPG|thumb|Tirunelveli Medical College — auditorium.]]
To improve the quality of technical education in the southern parts of Tamil Nadu, [[Anna University of Technology Tirunelveli]] was established in 2007.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} The University offers a variety of engineering and technology courses in both undergraduate and postgraduate streams. Research facilities are being established in a start-of-the-art campus near Palayamkottai. Einstein College of Engineering at Sir C.V. Raman Nagar, in Tirunelveli.

The city has many old government and private colleges in the medical, legal, engineering, arts, pharmaceutical and physiotherapic fields. [[Tirunelveli Medical College]]<ref>[http://www.nellaimedicos.com/ Tirunelveli Medical College] (TvMC).</ref> and the [[Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli]]<ref>[http://www.gcetirunelveli.com/ Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli].</ref> are professional colleges run by the government of Tamil Nadu. St.Xavier's College run by Jesuits, and St. John's College run by CSI Diocese, MDT Hindu College,Sadakathulla Appa College and [[Sarah Tucker College]] are well-known arts colleges.

There are many higher secondary schools in Tirunelveli, including [[St. Ignatius' Convent Higher Secondary School]]. Some schools like [[Bell Matriculation Higher Secondary School|Bell School]], Jeyandra golden jubilee school have managed to make international connections with foreign schools and run active student exchange projects. Jayendra golden jubilee school have regular interactions with [[Mill Hill]] school in London,UK.

The Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) operates a regional unit called the Equatorial Geophysical Research Laboratory on the outskirts of Tirunelveli, near Krishnapuramy. This conducts research in the fields of geomagnetism and atmospheric and space sciences.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

===Science centre===
The city has a District Science Centre, a satellite unit of [[Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum]], [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.vismuseum.org.in/units.html
| title = Visvesvaraya Industrial & Technological Museum Bangalore India: Satellite Units
| accessdate = 2008-10-14
}}</ref> The centre is committed to the cause of science education through fun and entertainment. Permanent exhibitions, science shows, interactive guide tours, a mini-planetarium, sky observation through a telescope are some of the activities of the centre. Many scientific experiments prototypes planted in the campus. Exhibitions and Competitions are also conducted here up to school levels.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/17/stories/2007011716060300.htm ''`Fun science gallery' inaugurated in Tirunelveli'' — The Hindu]</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Tamil language}}
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}
Traditionally, it has been noted that the Tamil language originated from the [[Pothigai]] Malai, a hill situated in the [[Western Ghats]] near Papanasam, a small village in the Tirunelveli district. As per Brahminical legend, [[Lord Shiva]] sent two saints, [[Vyasa]] and [[Agatyar]] (in [[Sanskrit]] [[Agastya]]) to create the divine languages of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Agatyar came to Papanasam first and established the Tamil culture from the Pothigai Malai. Today, the [[Tamil language]] as spoken in the Tirunelveli district is called as [[Nellai Tamil]]. [[Nellai Tamil]] uses words like ''Annachi'' (a venerational salute to the elders), unique to the region. [[Nellai Tamil]] is also spoken relatively fast, in comparison with other dialects of the language.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

English is also an official language. and other languages such as Malayalam, Sauraastra, Telugu and Hindi are widely spoken by people all over the city.

==Major structures==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2011}}
The Thiruvalluvar Bridge at [[Tirunelveli Junction]] was constructed in 1973 to ease the heavy traffic at the railway junction. The two tier bridge has a length of 800m. The first of its kind ever constructed in India, it consists of 25 spans, of which 13 are bowstring arch (each with a width of 30.3m) and 12 are single tier RCC girders, each with a width of 11.72m.

==Palayamkottai==
===Tirunelveli's twin city===
{{Main|Palayamkottai}}

Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai being located on either banks of the [[Thamirabarani River]], they are often referred to as twin cities.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

See also [[Melapalayam]], one of the major city located in between Tirunelveli and [[Palayamkottai]].

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
Image:CentralTheatreTvli.jpg|Central Theatre
Image:Nellaiappar2.jpg|Nellaiappar Gopuram
Image:NellaiArch.jpg|Entrance arch of Tirunelveli City
Image:TempleCar.jpg|Ther (Temple Car)
Image:TvliTownstreet.jpg|Tirunelveli Junction at night
Image:palayamkottai.jpg|Holy Trinity Cathedral (Oosigopuram)
Image:RmKV_tvl_vannarapettai.JPG|RmKV, Vannarapettai, Tirunelveli
Image:Tirunelveli_Town.JPG|Tirunelveli Junction during day
Image:Min.Chellapandiyan Bridge, Vannarapettai, Tirunelveli.jpg|Recently Constructed Min.Chellapandiyan Bridge to ease traffic
</gallery>

{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://tirunelvelicorp.tn.gov.in/ Tirunelveli City-Municipal Corporation]

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
}}

[[Category:Tirunelveli| ]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Madurai railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in India]]

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[[fr:Tirunelveli]]
[[gu:તિરુનેલવેલી]]
[[ko:티루넬벨리]]
[[hi:तिरूनेलवेली]]
[[bpy:তিরুনেলবেলি]]
[[it:Tirunelveli]]
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[[war:Tirunelveli]]

List of Formula One fatalities

2012-03-23T00:07:24Z

86.96.226.19:

{| align="right"
|[[Image:Nürburgring - Nordschleife.svg|thumb|right|215px|Five drivers have died while driving a [[Formula One car]] at the [[Nürburgring]]; only the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] has had more casualties.]]
|-
|{{Formula_One}}
|}

[[Formula One]], abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of [[Open wheel car|open-wheeled]] [[auto racing]] defined by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), motorsport's world governing body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/en-GB/the-fia/about-fia/Pages/AboutFIA.aspx |title=About FIA |publisher=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) |accessdate=31 October 2008 }}</ref> The F1 world championship season consists of a series of races, known as [[List of Formula One Grands Prix|Grands Prix]], held usually on purpose-built [[List of Formula One circuits|circuits]], and in a few cases on closed city streets. The results of each race are combined to determine two annual Championships, one for [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|drivers]] and one for [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|constructors]].

The list consists of all the drivers who have died during a [[Formula One#Distinction between Formula One and World Championship races|FIA World Championship race]] weekend, or elsewhere while driving a [[Formula One car]]. It does not include track marshals and other race attendees, or F1 races held before the inauguration of the World Championship in {{F1|1950}}. Forty-seven drivers have died in this fashion, twenty-four during a World Championship Grand-Prix race weekend, seven during Indianapolis 500 races when it was part of the Formula One World Championship,<ref group="nb" name="Indy 500" /> nine during a test session and six during a non-championship Formula One event.

Fifteen drivers died in the 1950s; fourteen in the 1960s; twelve in the 1970s; four in the 1980s and two in the 1990s. No driver has suffered a fatal accident since {{F1|1994}}, making this the longest period in F1 history without a driver fatality. Drivers from the [[United Kingdom]] have suffered the most fatal accidents, 12 in all, the most recent being Tom Pryce in 1977. Only two Formula One Champions have died while racing or practicing in Formula One, [[Jochen Rindt]] in 1970, and [[Death of Ayrton Senna|Ayrton Senna in 1994]].

==Accidents==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;
! Driver
! Date of accident
! Race
! Circuit
! Car
! During
! class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Cameron|Earl}}|UK}}
| {{dts|June 18, 1952}}
| Test
| [[Motor Industry Research Association|MIRA]]
| [[English Racing Automobiles|ERA]]
| Test
| <ref>{{cite news | title=Killed While Testing Racing Car | page=4 | date=June 19, 1952 | newspaper=The Times | location = London}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Chet|Miller}}|USA|1912}}
| {{dts|May 15, 1953}}
| [[1953 Indianapolis 500]]<ref group="nb" name="Indy 500">The [[Indianapolis 500]] was part of the World Championship from [[1950 Formula One season|1950]] until [[1960 Formula One season|1960]]. In this context, an Indianapolis 500 "event" includes both the race itself and all the testing, practice and qualifying sessions in the so-called "month of May" leading up to the race.</ref>
| [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
| [[Kurtis Kraft]]
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Chet Miller, 50, Dean Of Racing Drivers, Killed |first=Hal |last=Foust |date=1953-05-16 |work=Chicago Daily Tribune}}</ref><ref name="yates">[[Brock Yates|Yates, Brock W.]] "The Indianapolis 500: The Story of the Motor Speedway." Harper and Brothers: New York. 1956. Page 67.</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Charles|de Tornaco}}|BEL}}
| {{dts|September 18, 1953}}
| [[1953 Modena Grand Prix]]
| [[Modena Autodrome]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1953 |month=October |title=Gran Premio di Modena |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XXIX |issue=10 |pages=p. 526}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Onofre|Marimón}}|ARG}}
| {{dts|July 31, 1954}}
| [[1954 German Grand Prix]]
| [[Nürburgring]]
| [[Maserati]]
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1954 |month=September |title=XVII Grosser Preis von Deutschland |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XXX |issue=9 |pages=p. 496–497}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Mario|Alborghetti}}|ITA}}
| {{dts|April 11, 1955}}
| [[1955 Pau Grand Prix]]
| [[Circuit de Pau]]
| [[Maserati]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1955 |month=May |title=XVI Grand Prix de Pau |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XXXI |issue=5 |pages=p. 264–265}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Manny|Ayulo}}|USA|1912}}
| {{dts|May 16, 1955}}
| [[1955 Indianapolis 500]]<ref group="nb" name="Indy 500" />
| [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
| [[Kuzma (constructor)|Kuzma]]
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Driver Manny Ayulo Dies of Injuries From Crash |date=1955-05-18 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Bill|Vukovich}}|USA}}
| {{dts|May 30, 1955}}
| [[1955 Indianapolis 500]]<ref group="nb" name="Indy 500" />
| [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
| [[Kurtis Kraft]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Auto Race Driver Killed Seeking Third Straight Victory at Indianapolis |date=1955-05-31 |last=Blunk |first=Frank |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Eugenio|Castellotti}}|ITA}}
| {{dts|March 14, 1957}}
| Test
| [[Modena Autodrome]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Test
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1957 |month=April |title=Continental Notes |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XXXIII |issue=4 |pages=p. 158}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Keith|Andrews|Keith Andrews (driver)}}|USA|1912}}
| {{dts|May 15, 1957}}
| [[1957 Indianapolis 500]]<ref group="nb" name="Indy 500" />
| [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
| [[Kurtis Kraft]]
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Test Driver Fatally Injured in Accident at Indianapolis |work=Los Angeles Times |date=1957-05-16}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Pat|O'Connor|Pat O'Connor (racing driver)}}|USA|1912}}
| {{dts|May 30, 1958}}
| [[1958 Indianapolis 500]]<ref group="nb" name="Indy 500" />
| [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
| [[Kurtis Kraft]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite news |title=15 Car Pileup Kills Vet Driver At Indianapolis |agency=Associated Press |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |date=1958-05-31 |page=6}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Luigi|Musso}}|ITA}}
| {{dts|July 6, 1958}}
| [[1958 French Grand Prix]]
| [[Reims-Gueux]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Tremayne |page=64 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Peter|Collins|Peter Collins (racing driver)}}|UK}}
| {{dts|August 3, 1958}}
| [[1958 German Grand Prix]]
| [[Nürburgring]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Tremayne|page=60 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Stuart|Lewis-Evans}}|UK}}
| {{dts|September 19, 1958}}
| [[1958 Moroccan Grand Prix]]
| [[Ain-Diab Circuit]]
| [[Vanwall]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Tremayne |page=63 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Jerry|Unser}}|USA|1912}}
| {{dts|May 17, 1959}}
| [[1959 Indianapolis 500]]<ref group="nb" name="Indy 500" />
| [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
| [[Kurtis Kraft]]
| Pre-race test
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Driver Jerry Unser Dies of Crash Burns |date=1959-05-18 |work=Chicago Daily Tribune}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Bob|Cortner}}|USA|1912}}
| {{dts|May 19, 1959}}
| [[1959 Indianapolis 500]]<ref group="nb" name="Indy 500" />
| [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
| [[Cornis]]
| Pre-race test
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Cortner Dies of Injuries Received in Indianapolis Practice Run Crash |date=1959-05-20 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Harry|Schell}}|USA|1959}}
| {{dts|May 13, 1960}}
| [[1960 BRDC International Trophy]]<ref group="nb">International Trophy was not a part of the 1960 world championship.</ref>
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]
| [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]]
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1960 |month=June |title=Innes Ireland drives brilliantly to win B.R.D.C. International Trophy race for Lotus. Lotus also win F.J. race. Salvadori (Jaguar) vanquishes Moss in saloon car contest. |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XXXVI |issue=6 |pages=p. 425}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Chris|Bristow}}|UK}}
| {{dts|June 19, 1960}}
| [[1960 Belgian Grand Prix]]<ref group="nb" name="Bel-66">Although both drivers died at the same Grand Prix, [[Alan Stacey]] and [[Chris Bristow]] were not involved in the same accident. Bristow died on the 19th lap after being thrown out of his car, a result of losing control of his car at ''Burnenville'', while Stacey died on the 25th lap after a bird flew into his face and he lost control of his car.</ref>
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]]
| Cooper
| Race
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1960 |month=July |title=The Grand Prix of Belgium |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XXXVI |issue=7 |pages=p. 520–522}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alan|Stacey}}|UK}}
| {{dts|June 19, 1960}}
| [[1960 Belgian Grand Prix]]<ref group="nb" name="Bel-66" />
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]]
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1960 |month=July |title=The Grand Prix of Belgium |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XXXVI |issue=7 |pages=p. 522}}</ref>
|-
|Align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Shane|Summers}}|UK}}
| {{dts|June 1, 1961}}
| [[1961 Silver City Trophy]]
| [[Brands Hatch]]
| Cooper
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite news | title=Racing Driver Dies After Crash | page=23 | date=June 2, 1961 | newspaper=The Times | location = London}}</ref>
|-
|Align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Giulio|Cabianca}}|ITA}}<ref group="nb">Cabianca's car left the racetrack and went onto a public street, killing three other people.</ref>
| {{dts|June 15, 1961}}
| Test
| [[Modena Autodrome]]
| Cooper
| Test
| <ref>{{cite news |date=1961-06-16 |title=Four die in Italian race car crash |work=The Times |page=13 |agency=Reuters}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Wolfgang|von Trips}}|GER}}<ref group="nb">Fifteen spectators were also killed in Von Trips' fatal accident.</ref>
| {{dts|September 10, 1961}}
| [[1961 Italian Grand Prix]]
| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Race
| <ref name="page67">{{cite book|last=Tremayne |page=67 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Ricardo|Rodríguez|Ricardo Rodríguez (racing driver)}}|MEX}}<ref group="nb">At the age of 20 years, 8 months and 18 days, Ricardo Rodríguez is the youngest person to have suffered a fatal accident in Formula One.</ref>
| {{dts|November 1, 1962}}
| [[1962 Mexican Grand Prix]]
| [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]]
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]
| Practice
| <ref name="page66">{{cite book|last=Tremayne |page=66 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Gary|Hocking}}|Rhodesia and Nyasaland}}
| {{dts|December 21, 1962}}<ref group="nb">Hocking was killed in a Formula One practice Session. He was killed one week prior to his first Formula One Grand Prix.</ref>
| [[1962 Natal Grand Prix]]
| [[Westmead Circuit]]
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1963 |month=February |title=The 9th South African Grand Prix |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XXXIX |issue=2 |pages=p. 95}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Carel|Godin de Beaufort|Carel Godin de Beaufort}}|NED}}
| {{dts|August 2, 1964}}
| [[1964 German Grand Prix]]
| [[Nürburgring]]
| [[Porsche]]
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1964 |month=September |title=26th German Grand Prix |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XL |issue=9 |pages=p. 724}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|John|Taylor|John Taylor (racer)}}|UK}}
| {{dts|August 7, 1966}}<ref group="nb">John Taylor died of serious burns a few weeks after the accident on September 8, 1966 in [[Koblenz]], Germany.</ref>
| [[1966 German Grand Prix]]
| [[Nürburgring]]
| [[Brabham]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |date=1966-09-10 |page=10 |title=Obituary:Mr. John Taylor}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Lorenzo|Bandini}}|ITA}}
| {{dts|May 7, 1967}}<ref group="nb">[[Lorenzo Bandini]] died of serious burns three days after his accident .</ref>
| [[1967 Monaco Grand Prix]]
| [[Circuit de Monaco]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1967 |month=June |title=XXV Monaco Grand Prix |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XLIII |issue=6 |pages=p. 499}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Bob|Anderson|Bob Anderson (racing driver)}}|UK}}
| {{dts|August 14, 1967}}
| Test
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]
| [[Brabham]]
| Test
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1967 |month=September |title=Bob Anderson |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XLIII |issue=9 |pages=p. 796}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Jo|Schlesser}}|FRA}}
| {{dts|July 7, 1968}}
| [[1968 French Grand Prix]]
| [[Rouen-Les-Essarts]]
| [[Honda F1|Honda]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1968 |month=August |title=The French Grand Prix |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XLIV |issue=8 |pages=p. 685}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Gerhard|Mitter}}|GER}}
| {{dts|August 2, 1969}}
| [[1969 German Grand Prix]]
| [[Nürburgring]]
| [[BMW]]<ref group="nb">Mitter was driving a [[Formula Two]] car. F2 cars were allowed to take part in the F1 race as part of a separate contest.</ref>
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite journal |year=1969 |month=September |title=German Grand Prix |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |publisher=Teesdale Publishing |volume=XLV |issue=9 |pages=p. 983}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Martin|Brain}}|UK}}
| {{dts|May 25, 1970}}
| Nottingham Sports Car Club meeting
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]
| Cooper
| Race
| <ref>{{cite news | title=Racing car death | page=2 | date=May 26, 1970 | newspaper=The Times | location = London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=4203 |title=Martin Brain |publisher=Motorsport Memorial |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Piers|Courage}}|UK}}
| {{dts|June 7, 1970}}
| [[1970 Dutch Grand Prix]]
| [[Circuit Zandvoort]]
| [[De Tomaso]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |date=1970-06-22 |page=5 |title=Briton dies in race crash |last=Mounter |first=Julian}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Jochen|Rindt}}|AUT}}<ref group="nb">After his death, Jochen Rindt was declared champion after his rivals failed to overhaul his points tally four Grands Prix later.</ref>
| {{dts|September 5, 1970}}
| [[1970 Italian Grand Prix]]
| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza]]
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]
| Qualifying
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Tremayne |page=29 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Jo|Siffert}}|SUI}}
| {{dts|October 24, 1971}}
| [[1971 World Championship Victory Race]]<ref group="nb">The World Championship Victory Race was not a part of the 1971 world championship.</ref>
| [[Brands Hatch]]
| [[British Racing Motors|BRM]]
| Race
| <ref name="page66" />
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Roger|Williamson}}|UK}}
| {{dts|July 29, 1973}}
| [[1973 Dutch Grand Prix]]
| [[Circuit Zandvoort]]
| [[March Engineering|March]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite news |date=1973-07-30 |title=Briton dies in Dutch Grand Prix |last=Blunsden |first=John |page=1 |work=The Times}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|François|Cevert}}|FRA}}
| {{dts|October 6, 1973}}
| [[1973 United States Grand Prix]]
| [[Watkins Glen International|Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course]]
| [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]
| Qualifying
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Tremayne |page=59 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Peter|Revson}}|USA}}
| {{dts|March 30, 1974}}
| [[1974 South African Grand Prix]]
| [[Kyalami]]
| [[Shadow Racing Team|Shadow]]
| Pre-race test
| <ref name="page66" />
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Helmuth|Koinigg}}|AUT}}
| {{dts|October 6, 1974}}
| [[1974 United States Grand Prix]]
| [[Watkins Glen International|Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course]]
| [[Surtees]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |date=1974-10-08 |page=12 |title=How Fittipaldi kept eye on title |first=John |last=Blunsden |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd.}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Mark|Donohue}}|USA}}
| {{dts|August 19, 1975}}
| [[1975 Austrian Grand Prix]]
| [[Österreichring]]
| [[Penske Racing|Penske]]
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |date=1975-08-21 |page=14 |title=Obituary: Mark Donohue A versatile racing driver |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd.}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Tom|Pryce}}|UK}}<ref group="nb">As well as Tom Pryce, [[Jansen Van Vuuren]], a teenage volunteer safety marshal, died in the accident after Pryce collided with him at high speed.</ref>
| {{dts|March 5, 1977}}
| [[1977 South African Grand Prix]]
| [[Kyalami]]
| Shadow
| Race
| <ref name="page64">{{cite book |last=Tremayne |page=64 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Brian|McGuire}}|AUS}}<ref group="nb">As well as Brian McGuire, John Thorpe, a volunteer fire marshal, died in the accident after McGuire's car struck the marshals' post he was manning. Two other marshals were seriously injured.</ref>
| {{dts|August 29, 1977}}
| [[1977 Shellsport Championship Round 11]]<ref group="nb">McGuire was killed in a Shellsport International Series race, for a mixed field of Formula One and Formula 5000 cars, which was not part of the Formula One Championship.</ref>
| [[Brands Hatch]]
| Williams
| Practice
| <ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |date=1977-08-30 |page=1 |title=News in Brief:Brands Hatch crash kills 2 |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd.}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Ronnie|Peterson}}|SWE}}
| {{dts|September 11, 1978}}<ref group="nb">Peterson died in hospital the following day.</ref>
| [[1978 Italian Grand Prix]]
| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza]]
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]
| Race
| <ref name="page64" />
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Patrick|Depailler}}|FRA}}
| {{dts|August 1, 1980}}
| Test
| [[Hockenheimring]]
| [[Alfa Romeo (Formula One)|Alfa Romeo]]
| Test
| <ref name=death>{{cite news |title=Depailler Dies In Accident |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=1980-08-02 |Page=C4}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Gilles|Villeneuve}}|CAN}}
| {{dts|May 8, 1982}}<ref group="nb">Villeneuve died in hospital later that day.</ref>
| [[1982 Belgian Grand Prix]]
| [[Zolder]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Qualifying
| <ref name="page67" />
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Riccardo|Paletti}}|ITA}}
| {{dts|June 13, 1982}}
| [[1982 Canadian Grand Prix]]
| [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]]
| [[Osella]]
| Race
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forix.com/8w/paletti.html |title=Racing towards a fate he never even saw coming |first=Marcel |last=Visbeen |date=2007-08-14 |work=Forix 8W |publisher=Autosport}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Elio|de Angelis}}|ITA}}
| {{dts|May 15, 1986}}
| Test
| [[Circuit Paul Ricard]]
| [[Brabham]]
| Test
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Tremayne |page=57 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Roland|Ratzenberger}}|AUT}}
| {{dts|April 30, 1994}}
| [[1994 San Marino Grand Prix]]
| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari]]
| [[Simtek]]
| Qualifying
| <ref>{{cite news | first = Andrew | last = Benson |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3605579.stm |title=A death that shocked the world |publisher=BBC Sport |date=21 April 2004 |accessdate=9 September 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Ayrton|Senna}}|BRA}}
| {{dts|May 1, 1994}}
| [[1994 San Marino Grand Prix]]
| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari]]
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]
| [[Death of Ayrton Senna|Race]]
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Tremayne |page=47 }}</ref>

|}

==By circuit==

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Circuit
! Total
! First
! Last
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
| 7
| 1953
| 1959
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nürburgring]]
| 5
| 1954
| 1969
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Modena Autodrome]]
| 3
| 1953
| 1961
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Silverstone Circuit]]
| 3
| 1960
| 1970
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Brands Hatch]]
| 3
| 1961
| 1977
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza]]
| 3
| 1961
| 1978
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]]
| 2
| 1960
| 1960
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Circuit Zandvoort]]
| 2
| 1970
| 1973
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Watkins Glen International]]
| 2
| 1973
| 1974
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} [[Kyalami]]
| 2
| 1974
| 1977
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari]]
| 2
| 1994
| 1994
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} MIRA
| 1
| 1952
| 1952
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|France}} [[Circuit de Pau]]
| 1
| 1955
| 1955
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|France}} [[Reims-Gueux]]
| 1
| 1958
| 1958
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Ain-Diab Circuit]]
| 1
| 1958
| 1958
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} [[Westmead Circuit]]
| 1
| 1962
| 1962
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]]
| 1
| 1962
| 1962
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Circuit de Monaco]]
| 1
| 1967
| 1967
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|France}} [[Rouen-Les-Essarts]]
| 1
| 1968
| 1968
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Austria}} Osterreichring[[Österreichring]]
| 1
| 1975
| 1975
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Hockenheimring]]
| 1
| 1980
| 1980
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Zolder]]
| 1
| 1982
| 1982
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]]
| 1
| 1982
| 1982
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|France}} [[Circuit Paul Ricard]]
| 1
| 1986
| 1986
|-
|}

==By Constructor==

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Car
! Total
|-
|align="left"| Ferrari
| 7
|-
|align="left"| Kurtis Kraft
| 5
|-
|align="left"| Cooper
| 5
|-
|align="left"| Lotus
| 5
|-
|align="left"| Brabham
| 3
|-
|align="left"| Shadow
| 2
|-
|align="left"| Williams
| 2
|-
|align="left"| Maserati
| 2
|-
|align="left"| Honda
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Surtees
| 1
|-
|align="left"| De Tomaso
| 1
|-
|align="left"| BRM
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Vanwall
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Kuzma
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Porsche
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Alfa Romeo
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Simtek
| 1
|-
|align="left"| March
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Tyrell
| 1
|-
|align="left"| BMW
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Cornis
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Osella
| 1
|-
|align="left"| Penske
| 1
|-
|}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=nb|2}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite web |url=http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/encyclopedia.html |title= GP Encyclopedia > Driver Index |accessdate=2009-02-20 |work= }}
*{{cite book
| last = Jones
| first = Bruce
| authorlink = Bruce Jones (author)
| title = The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Formula One
| publisher = [[The Book Company]]
| year = 1995
| doi =
| isbn = 0-34064-889-9 }}
*{{cite web |url=http://indymotorspeedway.com/500fatal.htm |title= The Indianapolis 500 > Fatalities |accessdate=2006-12-21 |work= }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.f1complete.com/content/category/10/65/383/|title= F1 fatalities by circuit and nation |accessdate=2007-04-20|format= |work= |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070303205259/http://www.f1complete.com/content/category/10/65/383/  |archivedate = 2007-03-03}}

[[Category:Formula One related lists|Fatal accidents]]
[[Category:Racing drivers killed while racing| ]]
[[Category:Lists of motorsport fatalities|Formula One]]

{{Link FL|de}}
{{Link FL|sl}}

[[ca:Pilots de Fórmula 1 morts en accident]]
[[cs:Seznam smrtelných nehod ve Formuli 1]]
[[de:Liste tödlich verunglückter Formel-1-Fahrer]]
[[es:Anexo:Accidentes fatales de Fórmula 1]]
[[fr:Liste des accidents mortels en Formule 1]]
[[it:Incidenti mortali di Formula 1]]
[[lv:F1 nāvējošo avāriju saraksts]]
[[hu:Halálos balesetek a Formula–1-ben]]
[[nl:Lijst van dodelijke ongevallen in de Formule 1]]
[[ja:F1死亡事故一覧]]
[[pl:Lista śmiertelnych wypadków w Formule 1]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de acidentes fatais na Fórmula 1]]
[[ru:Список фатальных инцидентов Формулы-1]]
[[sl:Seznam nesreč s smrtnim izidom v Formuli 1]]
[[fi:Luettelo Formula 1 -sarjan kuolemantapauksista]]

Medical diagnosis

2012-03-20T13:02:17Z

86.96.226.19: /* Medical Diagnosis */

'''Medical diagnosis''' (often simply termed '''diagnosis''') refers both to the process of attempting to determine or identify a possible [[disease]] or [[disorder]] (and diagnosis in this sense can also be termed (medical) '''diagnostic procedure'''), and to the opinion reached by this process (also being termed (medical) '''diagnostic opinion'''). From the point of view of statistics the diagnostic procedure involves [[classification test]]s. It is a major component of, for example, the [[Doctor's visit#Procedure|procedure of a doctor's visit]].

{{wikt|diagnosis}}

The plural of diagnosis is ''diagnoses'', the verb is ''to diagnose'', and a person who diagnoses is called a ''diagnostician''. The word ''[[Wiktionary: diagnosis|diagnosis]]'' ({{IPA-en|daɪ.əɡˈnoʊsɨs|}}) is derived through [[Latin]] from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word διαγιγνώσκειν, meaning to discern or distinguish.<ref name="urlOnline Etymology Dictionary">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=diagnosis |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> This Greek word is formed from διά, meaning ''apart'', and γιγνώσκειν, meaning ''to perceive''.

==Overview==
== Medical Diagnosis ==
Medical diagnosis or the actual process of making a diagnosis is a cognitive process. A clinician uses several sources of data and puts the pkkieces of the puzzle together to make a diagnostic impression. The initial diagnostic impression can be a broad term describing a category of diseases instead of a specific disease or condition. After the initial diagnostic impression, the clinician obtains follow up tests and procedures to get more data to support or reject the original diagnosis and will attempt to narrow it down to a more specific level. Diagnostic procedures are the specific tools that the clinicians use to narrow the diagnostic possibilities.
===Diagnostic procedure===
A diagnosis, in the sense of diagnostic procedure, can be regarded as an attempt at [[classification]] of an individual's condition into separate and distinct categories that allow medical decisions about treatment and prognosis to be made. Subsequently, a diagnostic opinion is often described in terms of a disease or other condition, but in the case of a wrong diagnosis, the individual's actual disease or condition is not the same as the individual's diagnosis.

A diagnostic procedure may be performed by various [[health care professional]]s such as a [[physician]], physical therapist, [[chiropractor]], [[Healthcare science|healthcare scientist]], [[dentist]], [[podiatrist]], [[nurse practitioner]], or [[physician assistant]]s. This article uses ''diagnostician'' as any of these person categories.

A diagnostic procedure (as well as the opinion reached thereby) does not necessarily involve elucidation of the [[etiology (medicine)|etiology]] of the diseases or conditions of interest, that is, what ''caused'' the disease or condition. Such elucidation can be useful to optimize treatment, further specify the prognosis or prevent recurrence of the disease or condition in the future.

===Diagnostic opinion===
However, a diagnosis can take many forms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Treasure|first=Wilfrid|title=Diagnosis and Risk Management in Primary Care: words that count, numbers that speak|chapter=Chapter 1: Diagnosis |year=2011|publisher=Radcliffe|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1846194771}}</ref> It might be a matter of naming the disease, lesion, dysfunction or disability. It might be a management-naming or prognosis-naming exercise. It may indicate either degree of abnormality on a continuum or kind of abnormality in a classification. It’s influenced by non-medical factors such as power, ethics and financial incentives for patient or doctor. It can be a brief summation or an extensive formulation, even taking the form of a story or metaphor. It might be a means of communication such as a computer code through which it triggers payment, prescription, notification, information or advice. It might be pathogenic or salutogenic. It’s generally uncertain and provisional.

It should be noted that medical diagnosis in psychology or psychiatry is problematic. There are differing theoretical views toward mental conditions and few objective tests available for various major disorders (e.g., [[Major depressive disorder|clinical depression]]), so a causal analysis with respect to symptomatology and disorder/disease is not always possible. As a result, most if not all mental conditions function as both symptoms and disorders. There are often functional descriptions provided for psychological disorders and these are vulnerable to circular reasoning due to the etiological fuzziness inherent of these diagnostic categories. (BDG, 2006)

==Indication for diagnostic procedure==
The initial task is to detect a [[Indication (medicine)|medical indication]] to perform a diagnostic procedure. Indications include:
*Detection of any deviation from what is known to be normal, such as can be described in terms of, for example, [[anatomy]] (the structure of the human body), [[physiology]] (how the body works), [[pathology]] (what can go wrong with the anatomy and physiology), [[psychology]] (thought and behavior) and [[human homeostasis]] (regarding mechanisms to keep body systems in balance). Knowledge of what is normal and measuring of the patient's current condition against those norms can assist in determining the patient's particular departure from homeostasis and the degree of departure, which in turn can assist in quantifying the indication for further diagnostic processing.
*A complaint expressed by a patient.
*The fact that a patient has sought a diagnostician can itself be an indication to perform a diagnostic procedure. Therefore, in, for example, a [[doctor's visit]], the physician may already start performing a diagnostic procedure by, for example, watching the [[gait]] of the patient from the waiting room to the doctor's office even before she or he has started to present any complaints.

Even during an already ongoing diagnostic procedure, there can be an indication to perform another, separate, diagnostic procedure for another, potentially concomitant, disease or condition. This may occur as a result of an [[incidental finding]] of a sign unrelated to the parameter of interest, such as can occur in comprehensive tests such as [[radiology|radiological]] studies like [[magnetic resonance imaging]] or [[blood test]] panels that also include blood tests that are not relevant for the ongoing diagnosis.

== General components ==
General components, which are present in a diagnostic procedure in most of the various available methods include:
*Complementing the already given information with further data gathering, which may include questions of the [[medical history]] (potentially from other people close to the patient as well), [[physical examination]] and various [[diagnostic test]]s. A diagnostic test is any kind of [[medical test]] performed to aid in the diagnosis or detection of disease. Diagnostic tests can also be used to provide prognostic information on people with established disease.<ref>Thompson, C. & Dowding, C. (2009) Essential Decision Making and Clinical Judgement for Nurses.</ref>
*Processing of the answers, findings or other results. Consultations with other providers and specialists in the field may be sought.

== Specific methods ==
There are a number of methods or techniques that can be used in a diagnostic procedure, including performing a [[differential diagnosis]] or following [[medical algorithm]]s.<ref name=Langlois-p198>Making a diagnosis, John P. Langlois, Chapter 10 in Fundamentals of clinical practice (2002). Mark B. Mengel, Warren Lee Holleman, Scott A. Fields. 2nd edition. p.198. ISBN 0-306-46692-9</ref> In reality, a diagnostic procedure may involve components of multiple methods.<ref name=Langlois-p204>Making a diagnosis, John P. Langlois, Chapter 10 in Fundamentals of clinical practice (2002). Mark B. Mengel, Warren Lee Holleman, Scott A. Fields. 2nd edition. p.204. ISBN 0-306-46692-9</ref>

===Differential diagnosis===
{{Main|Differential diagnosis}}
The method of differential diagnosis is based on finding as many candidate diseases or conditions as possible that can possibly cause the signs or symptoms, followed by a [[process of elimination]] or at least of rendering the entries more or less probable by further [[medical test]]s and other processing until, aiming to reach the point where only one candidate disease or condition remains as probable. The final result may also remain a list of possible conditions, ranked in order of probability or severity.

The resultant diagnostic opinion by this method can be regarded more or less as a [[diagnosis of exclusion]]. Even if it doesn't result in a single probable disease or condition, it can at least rule out any imminently life-threatening conditions.

Unless the provider is certain of the condition present, further medical tests, such as medical imaging, are performed or scheduled in part to confirm or disprove the diagnosis but also to document the patient's status and keep the patient's medical history up to date.

If unexpected findings are made during this process, the initial hypothesis may be ruled out and the provider must then consider other hypotheses.

===Pattern recognition===
In a [[pattern recognition]] method the provider uses experience to recognize a pattern of clinical characteristics.<ref name=Langlois-p198/> It is mainly based on certain symptoms or signs being [[Association (psychology)|associated]] with certain diseases or conditions, not necessarily involving the more cognitive processing involved in a differential diagnosis.

This may be the primary method used in cases where diseases are "obvious", or the provider's experience may enable him or her to recognize the condition quickly. Theoretically, a certain pattern of signs or symptoms can be directly associated with a certain therapy, even without a definite decision regarding what is the actual disease, but such a compromise carries a substantial risk of missing a diagnosis which actually has a different therapy so it may be limited to cases where no diagnosis can be made.

===Diagnostic criteria===
The term ''diagnostic criteria'' designates the specific combination of [[sign (medicine)|signs]], [[symptom]]s, and test results that the [[clinician]] uses to attempt to determine the correct diagnosis.

Some examples of diagnostic criteria are:
*[[Amsterdam criteria]] for [[hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]]
*[[McDonald criteria]] for [[multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Systemic_lupus_erythematosus#Diagnostic_criteria|ACR criteria for systemic lupus erythematosis]]

===Clinical decision support system===
[[Clinical decision support system]]s are interactive computer programs designed to assist health professionals with decision-making tasks. The clinician interacts with the software utilizing both the clinician’s knowledge and the software to make a better analysis of the patients data than either human or software could make on their own. Typically the system makes suggestions for the clinician to look through and the clinician picks useful information and removes erroneous suggestions.<ref>Decision support systems. 26 July 2005. 17 Feb. 2009 <http://www.openclinical.org/dss.html></ref>

===Other diagnostic procedure methods===
Other methods that can be used in performing a diagnostic procedure include:
[[File:Assessment and treatment algorithm for overweight and obesity.png|thumb|350px|An example of a medical algorithm for assessment and treatment of [[overweight]] and [[obesity]].]]
*Usage of [[medical algorithm]]s
*An "exhaustive method", in which every possible question is asked and all possible data is collected.<ref name=Langlois-p198/>

== Diagnostic opinion and its effects ==
Once a diagnostic opinion has been reached, the provider is able to propose a management plan, which will include treatment as well as plans for follow-up. From this point on, in addition to treating the patient's condition, the provider can educate the patient about the [[etiology]], progression, [[prognosis]], other outcomes, and possible treatments of her or his ailments, as well as providing advice for maintaining health.

A treatment plan is proposed which may include therapy and follow-up consultations and tests to [[monitoring (medicine)|monitor]] the condition and the progress of the treatment, if needed, usually according to the medical guidelines provided by the medical field on the treatment of the particular illness.

Relevant information should be added to the [[medical record]] of the patient.

A failure to respond to treatments that would normally work may indicate a need for review of the diagnosis.

== Additional types of diagnosis ==
Sub-types of diagnoses include:

;Clinical diagnosis
:A diagnosis made on the basis of [[medical sign]]s and patient-reported [[symptom]]s, rather than [[diagnostic test]]s
;Laboratory diagnosis
:A diagnosis based significantly on laboratory reports or test results, rather than the [[physical examination]] of the patient. For instance, a proper diagnosis of infectious diseases usually requires both an examination of signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory characteristics of the pathogen involved.
;Radiology diagnosis
:A diagnosis based primarily on the results from [[medical imaging]] studies. [[Greenstick fracture]]s are common radiological diagnoses.
;Principal diagnosis
:The single medical diagnosis that is most relevant to the patient's [[chief complaint]] or need for treatment. Many patients have additional diagnoses.
;Admitting diagnosis
:The diagnosis given as the reason why the patient was admitted to the hospital; it may differ from the actual problem or from the ''discharge diagnoses'', which are the diagnoses recorded when the patient is discharged from the hospital.
;[[Differential diagnosis]]
:A process of identifying all of the possible diagnoses that could be connected to the signs, symptoms, and lab findings, and then ruling out diagnoses until a final determination can be made.
;[[Diagnostic criteria]]
:Designates the combination of [[sign (medicine)|signs]], [[symptom]]s, and test results that the [[clinician]] uses to attempt to determine the correct diagnosis. They are standards, normally published by international committees, and they are designed to offer the best [[sensitivity and specificity]] possible, respect the presence of a condition, with the state-of-the-art technology.
;[[Prenatal diagnosis]]
:Diagnosis work done before birth
;[[Diagnosis of exclusion]]
:A medical condition whose presence cannot be established with complete confidence from either examination or testing. Diagnosis is therefore by elimination of all other reasonable possibilities.
;[[Dual diagnosis]]
:The diagnosis of two related, but separate, medical conditions or [[co-morbid]]ities; the term almost always refers to a diagnosis of a serious mental illness and a substance addiction.
;[[Self-diagnosis]]
:The diagnosis or identification of a medical conditions in oneself. Self-diagnosis is very common and typically accurate for everyday conditions, such as [[headache]]s, [[menstrual cramp]]s, and [[headlice]].
;[[Remote diagnosis]]
:A type of [[telemedicine]] that diagnosis a patient without being physically in the same room as the patient.
;[[Nursing diagnosis]]
:Rather than focusing on biological processes, a nursing diagnosis identifies people's responses to situations in their lives, such as a readiness to change or a willingness to accept assistance.
;[[Computer-aided diagnosis]]
:Providing [[symptoms]] allows the computer to identify the problem and [[diagnose]] the user to the best of it's ability. Health screening begins by identifying the part of the body where your symptoms are located, the computer cross-references a database for the corresponding [[disease]] and presents a diagnosis. <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.webmedicine.ca | title= Connection between onset of symptoms and diagnosis | author= WebMed Solutions |accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref>
;[[Overdiagnosis]]
:The diagnosis of "disease" that will never cause symptoms, distress, or death during a patient's lifetime
;[[Wastebasket diagnosis]]
:A vague, or even completely fake, medical or psychiatric label given to the patient or to the [[medical record]]s department for essentially non-medical reasons, such as to reassure the patient by providing an official-sounding label, to make the provider look effective, or to obtain approval for treatment. This term is also used as a derogatory label for disputed, poorly described, overused, or questionably classified diagnoses, such as [[pouchitis]] and [[senility]], or to dismiss diagnoses that amount to [[overmedicalization]], such as the labeling of normal responses to physical hunger as [[reactive hypoglycemia]].
;[[Retrospective diagnosis]]
:The labeling of an illness in a historical figure or specific historical event using modern knowledge, methods and disease classifications.

==Overdiagnosis==
{{main|Overdiagnosis}}
Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of "disease" that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient's lifetime. It is a problem because it turns people into patients unnecessarily and because it can lead to economic waste ([[overutilization]]) and treatments that may cause harm. Overdiagnosis occurs when a disease is diagnosed correctly, but the diagnosis is irrelevant. A correct diagnosis may be irrelevant because treatment for the disease is not available, not needed, or not wanted.

==Errors in diagnosis==
{{see|Medical error}}
Causes and factors of error in diagnosis are:<ref>{{cite doi|10.1207/s15516709cog0503_3}}</ref>
* the manifestation of disease are not sufficiently noticeable
* a disease is omitted from consideration
* too much significance is given to some aspect of the diagnosis
* the condition is a [[rare disease]] with symptoms suggestive of many other conditions
* the condition has a rare [[Wiktionary:presentation|presentation]]

==Lag time==
When making a medical diagnosis, a ''lag time'' is a delay in time until a step towards [[diagnosis]] of a disease or condition is made. Types of lag times are mainly:
*''Onset-to-medical encounter lag time'', the time from onset of [[symptom]]s until visiting a [[health care provider]]<ref name=Chan1994>{{cite pmid|8003053}}</ref>
*''Encounter-to-diagnosis lag time'', the time from first medical encounter to diagnosis<ref name=Chan1994/>

== History ==
{{main|History of medical diagnosis}}
The history of medical diagnosis began in earnest from the days of [[Imhotep]] in [[ancient Egypt]] and [[Hippocrates]] in [[ancient Greece]]. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, there are four diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation-olfaction, interrogation, and palpation.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8500}}</ref> A [[Babylonia]]n medical textbook, the ''Diagnostic Handbook'' written by [[Esagil-kin-apli]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1069-1046 BC), introduced the use of [[empiricism]], [[logic]] and [[rationality]] in the diagnosis of an illness or disease.<ref>H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004), ''Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine'', p. 97-98, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 90-04-13666-5.</ref> The book made use of logical rules in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and [[prognosis]].<ref>H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004), ''Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine'', p. 99, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 90-04-13666-5.</ref> Esagil-kin-apli described the symptoms for many varieties of [[epilepsy]] and related [[ailment]]s along with their diagnosis and prognosis.<ref>Marten Stol (1993), ''Epilepsy in Babylonia'', p. 5, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 90-72371-63-1.</ref>

The practice of diagnosis continues to be dominated by theories set down in the early 20th century.

== See also ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Diagnosis codes]]
* [[Diagnosis-related group]]
* [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]
* [[Medicine#Doctor-patient relationship|Doctor-patient relationship]]
* [[Etiology (medicine)]]
* [[ICD|International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Medical classification]]
* [[Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy]]
* [[Misdiagnosis]] and [[medical error]]
* [[Nosology]]
* [[Pathogenesis]]
* [[Pathology]]
* [[Preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]
{{col-end}}

=== Lists ===
* [[List of diseases]]
* [[List of disorders]]
* [[List of medical symptoms]]
* [[:Category:Diseases]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.merck.com/mmpe/ The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library]

{{Medical records}}
{{healthcare}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medical Diagnosis}}
[[Category:Medical diagnosis| ]]
[[Category:Medical terms]]
[[Category:Nosology]]

[[als:Diagnostik]]
[[ar:تشخيص]]
[[be:Дыягназ]]
[[bs:Dijagnoza]]
[[bg:Диагноза]]
[[ca:Diagnosi]]
[[cs:Diagnóza (medicína)]]
[[cy:Diagnosis meddygol]]
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[[es:Diagnóstico médico]]
[[eo:Diagnozo]]
[[eu:Diagnostiko]]
[[fr:Diagnostic (médecine)]]
[[hi:निदान]]
[[id:Diagnosis]]
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[[it:Diagnosi]]
[[he:אבחנה]]
[[kk:Диагноз]]
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[[ja:診断]]
[[no:Diagnose]]
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[[pl:Rozpoznanie (medycyna)]]
[[pt:Diagnóstico (medicina)]]
[[ro:Diagnostic medical]]
[[ru:Диагноз]]
[[simple:Medical diagnosis]]
[[sk:Diagnóza]]
[[sl:Diagnoza]]
[[sr:Дијагноза (израз)]]
[[sh:Dijagnoza]]
[[fi:Lääketieteellinen diagnoosi]]
[[sv:Medicinsk diagnostik]]
[[ta:அறுதியிடல்]]
[[th:การวินิจฉัยทางการแพทย์]]
[[uk:Діагноз]]
[[ur:تشخیص]]
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County

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{{Distinguish|Country}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2010}}

A '''county''' is a [[jurisdiction]] of [[local government]] in certain modern nations. Historically in mainland [[Europe]], the original French term, ''comté'', and its equivalents in other languages (''contea'', ''contado'', ''comtat'', ''condado'', ''Grafschaft'', ''Gau'', etc.) denoted a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a [[count]] (cf. ''[[Italian nobility|conte]]'', ''[[comte]], ''conde'', ''[[Graf]]'').

When the [[Normans]] conquered England, they brought the term with them. But the [[Vikings]] had already introduced the term [[earl]] (from Old Norse, ''jarl'') to the British Isles. Thus, "earl" and "[[earldom]]" were taken as equivalent to the continental use of "count" and "county". So, the later-imported term became a synonym for the native English word ''scir'' ({{IPA|[ʃir]}}) or, in [[Modern English]], ''[[shire]]''

Since a shire was an administrative division of the kingdom, the term "county" evolved to designate an administrative division of national government in most modern uses.

A county may be further subdivided into [[civil townships|townships]] or other administrative jurisdictions under the county's control. The boundaries of a county usually, but not always, contain [[city|cities]], [[village]]s, [[town]]s, [[civil townships|townships]] or other municipal corporations. Depending on the particular nation, municipalities might or might not be subject to direct or indirect county control.

In the United Kingdom, many county names derive from the name of the county town with the word "shire" added on: for example, [[Gloucester]], in [[Gloucestershire]]; [[Worcester]], in [[Worcestershire]]; etc. <ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=county&searchmode=none Etymology of the word ''county''.]</ref>

Outside the Anglophone community of nations, the term "county" is often used to describe sub-national jurisdictions that are structurally equivalent to counties in the relationship they have with their national government; but which may or may not be operationally equivalent to the county as that entity is known in predominantly English-speaking countries.

==Australia==
In the [[eastern states of Australia]], counties are [[lands administrative divisions of Australia|lands administrative divisions]].

==Canada==
Five of the ten Canadian provinces use county as a regional subdivision. These include all four original provinces, [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]], and the seventh province, [[Prince Edward Island]]. In addition to counties, Ontario is also subdivided into territorial districts, district municipalities, metropolitan municipalities, and regional municipalities. In [[Alberta]], the county used to be a type of municipal status; but this was changed to "[[List of municipal districts in Alberta|municipal district]]" under the ''Municipal Government Act'', when the ''County Act'' was repealed in the mid-1990s, at which time they were also permitted to retain the usage of ''county'' in their official names.<ref name=MGAtransition>{{cite web |url=http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/pdf_search/pdf/TOWN/0361/Crowsnest_Pass_Transitional_from_Former_to_this_Act_1994.pdf |author=Province of Alberta |title=Transitional Provisions, Consequential Amendments, Repeal and Commencement (Municipal Government Act) |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref> [[Manitoba]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], and [[Saskatchewan]] use census divisions instead of counties, and [[British Columbia]] uses regional districts. County can be abbreviated as either co. or cty.

==China==
{{Main|Counties of the People's Republic of China}}

The word "county" is used to translate the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] term ''xiàn'' (县 or 縣). On [[Mainland China]] under the [[People's Republic of China]], counties are the [[County-level division|third level]] of local government, coming under both the [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Province level|province level]] and the [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|prefecture level]].

There are 1,464 counties in [[mainland China]] out of a total of 2,862 county-level divisions. The number of counties has remained more or less constant since the [[Han Dynasty]] (206 BC–AD 220). The county remains one of the oldest levels of government in China and significantly predates the establishment of provinces in the [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1279–1368). The county government was particularly important in imperial China because this was the lowest layer at which the imperial government functioned. The head of a county during imperial times was the [[magistrate]].

In older context, "prefecture" and "district" are alternative terms to refer to ''xiàn'' before the establishment of the [[Republic of China]]. The English nomenclature "county" was adopted following the establishment of the ROC.

==Denmark==
{{Main|Counties of Denmark}}
[[Denmark]] was divided into counties (''amter'') from 1662 to 2006. On 1 January 2007 the counties were replaced by five [[regions of Denmark|Regions]]. At the same time, the number of municipalities was slashed from 271 to 98.

The counties were first introduced in 1662, replacing the 49 fiefs (''len'') in [[Denmark–Norway]] with the same number of counties. This number does not include the subdivisions of the [[Duchy of Schleswig]], which was only under partial Danish control. The number of counties in Denmark (excluding Norway) had dropped to c. 20 by 1793. Following the reunification of [[South Jutland County|South Jutland]] with Denmark in 1920, four counties replaced the [[Prussia]]n ''[[Districts of Prussia|Kreise]]''. [[Aabenraa County|Aabenraa]] and [[Sønderborg County]] merged in 1932 and [[Skanderborg County|Skanderborg]] and [[Aarhus County|Aarhus]] were separated in 1942. From 1942 to 1970, the number stayed at 22.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.byhistorie.dk/kommuner/artikel.aspx?artikel=amter.xml |title=Amternes administration 1660-1970 (in Danish) |publisher=Dansk Center for Byhistorie}}</ref> The number was further decreased by the 1970 Danish municipal reform, leaving 14 counties plus two cities unconnected to the county structure; [[Copenhagen]] and [[Frederiksberg]].

In 2003, [[Bornholm County]] merged with the local four municipalities, forming the [[Bornholm|Bornholm Regional Municipality]]. The remaining 13 counties were abolished on 1 January 2007 where they were replaced by five new regions. In the same reform, the number of municipalities was slashed from 270 to 98 and all municipalities now belong to a region.

==France==
A [[comté]] was a territory ruled by a [[count]] (comte) in medieval [[France]]. In modern France, the rough equivalent of a "county" as used in many English-speaking countries are [[Arrondissements of France|arrondissements]], though the term is usually translated as "district".

==Germany==
For the situation in Germany compare [[Districts of Germany|''Kreise'']].

Each administrative district consists of an elected council and an executive, and whose duties are comparable to those of a county executive in the [[United States of America|United States]], supervising local government administration.

==Hungary==
{{Main|Counties of Hungary|Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary}}
The administrative unit of [[Hungary]] is called ''[[megye]]'' (historically, they were also called [[vármegye]], or [[Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)|comitatus]] in [[Latin]]), which can be translated with the word ''county''. The 19 counties constitute the highest level of the administrative subdivisions of the country together with the capital city Budapest, although counties and the capital are grouped into seven statistical regions.

Counties are subdivided to municipalities, the two types of which are towns and villages, each one having their own elected mayor and council. 23 of the towns have the rights of a county although they do not form independent territorial units equal to counties. Municipalities are grouped within counties into subregions (''kistérség'' in Hungarian), which have statistical and organizational functions only.

The ''vármegye'' was also the historic administrative unit in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], which included areas of present-day neighbouring countries of Hungary. Its Latin name (''comitatus'') is the equivalent of the French ''comté''. Actual political and administrative role of counties changed much through history. Originally they were subdivisions of the royal administration, but from the 13th century A.D. they became self-governments of the nobles and kept this character until the 19th century when in turn they became modern local governments.

==Iran==
{{Main|Counties of Iran}}
[[File:Iran counties.png|thumb|Counties of Iran]]
The [[Provinces of Iran|provinces]] of [[Iran]] are further subdivided into counties called '''shahrestan''' ({{lang-fa|شهرستان ''shahrestān''}}), an area inside an [[ostan (Geography)|ostan]], and consisting of a city centre, a few [[bakhsh]] ({{lang-fa|بخش ''bakhsh''}}), and many villages around them. There are usually a few cities ({{lang-fa|شهر ''shahr''}}) and rural agglomerations ({{lang-fa|دهستان ''dehestān''}}) in each county. Rural agglomerations are a collection of a number of villages. One of the cities of the county is appointed as the capital of the county.

Each shahrestan has a government office known as Farmandari, which coordinates different events and government offices. The Farmandar, or the head of Farmandari, is the governor of the Shahrestan.

[[Fars Province]] has the highest number of Shahrestans, with 23, while [[Semnān Province|Semnān]] and [[South Khorasan Province|South Khorasan]] have only 4 Shahrestans each; [[Qom Province|Qom]] uniquely has one, being [[wiktionary:coextensive|coextensive]] with its [[Qom County|namesake county]]. Iran had 324 Shahrestans in 2005.

==Ireland==
{{Main|Counties of Ireland}}
The island of [[Ireland]] was historically divided into 32 counties, of which 26 later formed the [[Republic of Ireland]] and 6 made up [[Northern Ireland]].

These counties are traditionally grouped into [[Provinces of Ireland|4 provinces]] - [[Leinster]] (12), [[Munster]] (6) [[Connacht]] (5) and [[Ulster]] (9). Historically, the counties of [[County Meath|Meath]], [[Westmeath]] and small parts of surrounding counties constituted the province of [[Mide]], which was one of the "Five Fifths" of Ireland (in the [[Irish language]] the word for province, ''Cuige'', from ''Cuig'', five means "''a fifth''"); however, these have long since become the three northernmost counties of Leinster province. In the Republic each county is administered by an elected "[[county council]]", and the old provincial divisions are merely traditional names with no political significance.

The number and boundaries of administrative counties in the Republic of Ireland were reformed in the 1990s. For example [[County Dublin]] was broken into three: [[Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]], [[Fingal]], and [[South Dublin]] - the [[City of Dublin]] had existed for centuries before. In addition "[[County Tipperary]]" is actually two administrative counties, called [[North Tipperary]] and [[South Tipperary]] while the major urban centres [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Galway]], [[Limerick]], and [[Waterford]] have been separated from the town and rural areas of their counties. Thus, the Republic of Ireland now has thirty-four 'county-level' authorities, although the borders of the original twenty-six counties are still officially in place.<ref>[http://www.osi.ie/mapping/FAQ/areasMeasurements.shtml OSI.ie]</ref>

In Northern Ireland, the six county councils and the smaller town councils were abolished in 1973 and replaced by a single tier of local government. However, in the north as well as in the south, the traditional 32 counties and 4 provinces remain in common usage for many sporting, cultural and other purposes. County identity is heavily reinforced in the local culture by allegiances to county teams in [[Hurling]] and [[Gaelic football]]. Each [[GAA county]] has its own flag/colours (and often a nickname too), and county allegiances are taken quite seriously. See the [[counties of Ireland]] and the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]].

==Liberia==
{{Main|Counties of Liberia}}
[[Liberia]] has 15 counties, each of which elects two senators to the Liberian Senate.

==Lithuania==
''Apskritis'' (pl. ''apskritys'') is the Lithuanian word for county. Since 1994 [[Lithuania]] has 10 counties; before 1950 it had 20. The only purpose with the county is an office of a state governor who shall conduct law and order in the county. See [[counties of Lithuania]].

==New Zealand==
{{Main|Counties in New Zealand}}
After [[New Zealand]] abolished its [[Provinces of New Zealand|provinces]] in 1876, a system of counties similar to other countries' systems was instituted, lasting until 1989. They had chairmen, not mayors as [[borough]]s and cities had; many legislative provisions (such as [[burial]] and [[land subdivision]] control) were different for the counties.

During the second half of the 20th century, many counties received overflow population from nearby cities. The result was often a merger of the two into a "district" (e.g. [[Rotorua]]) or a change of name to "district' (e.g. Waimairi) or "[[city]]" (e.g. [[Manukau City]]).

The Local Government Act 1974 began the process of bringing urban, mixed, and rural councils into the same legislative framework. Substantial reorganisations under that Act resulted in the 1989 shake-up, which covered the country in (non-overlapping) cities and districts and abolished all the counties except for the [[Chatham Islands]] County, which survived under that name for a further 6 years but then became a "Territory" under the "Chatham Islands Council".

==Norway==
Norway is divided into 19 [[Counties of Norway|counties]] (sing. ''fylke'', plur. ''fylke/fylker'') since 1972. Up to that year [[Bergen]] was a separate county, but is today a [[municipality]] in the county of [[Hordaland]]. All counties form administrative entities called county municipalities (sing. ''fylkeskommune'', plur. ''fylkeskommunar/fylkeskommuner''), further subdivided into [[List of municipalities of Norway|municipalities]], (sing. ''kommune'', plur. ''kommunar/kommuner''). One county, [[Oslo]], is not divided into municipalities, rather it is equivalent to the municipality of Oslo.

Each county has its own [[county council (Norway)|county council]] (''fylkesting'') whose representatives are elected every four years together with representatives to the [[municipal council (Norway)|municipal councils]]. The counties handle matters as high schools and local roads, and until 1 January 2002 hospitals as well. This responsibility was transferred to the state-run [[Regional health authority|health authorities]] and [[health trust]]s, and there is a debate on the future of the county municipality as an administrative entity. Some people, and parties, such as the [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative]] and [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]], call for the abolishment of the county municipalities once and for all, while others, including the [[Norwegian Labour Party|Labour Party]], merely want to merge some of them into larger regions.

==Poland==
{{See also|List of counties in Poland}}
A second-level administrative division in [[Poland]] is called a ''[[powiat]]''. (This is a subdivision of a [[Voivodeships of Poland|voivodeship]], or [[province]], and is further subdivided into [[gmina]]s.) The term is often translated into English as ''county'' (or sometimes ''district'').

==Romania==
{{Main|Romania}}
{{See also|Counties of Romania}}
{{See also|Category:Administrative divisions}}
Romania is divided into [[Counties of Romania|41 jurisdictions]]. A jurisdiction is called a ''[[județ]]''.

The Romanian word for county, '''''comitat''''', is not currently used for any Romanian administrative divisions.

==Sweden==
The Swedish division into [[Counties of Sweden|counties]] was established in 1634, and was based on an earlier division into [[Provinces of Sweden|Provinces]]. [[Sweden]] is today divided into 21 counties, and each county is further divided into [[Municipalities of Sweden|municipalities]]. At the county level there is a [[County Administrative Boards of Sweden|county administrative board]] led by a governor appointed by the central [[government of Sweden]], as well as an elected [[County Councils of Sweden|county council]] that handles a separate set of issues, notably [[hospital]]s and [[public transportation]].

The Swedish term used is ''[[län]]'', which literally means "[[fief]]".

==Republic of China (Taiwan)==
County is the common English translation for the [[Chinese character|character]] 縣 that denotes the current first level political division in Taiwan. See [[County (Republic of China)]]

==United Kingdom==
{{Main|Counties of the United Kingdom}}
The United Kingdom is divided into a number of [[metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties]]. There are also [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial counties]] which group small non-metropolitan counties into geographic areas broadly based on the [[historic counties of England]]. The metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties had replaced in 1974 a system of [[Administrative counties of England|administrative counties]] and [[county borough]]s which were introduced in 1889.

Most non-metropolitan counties in England are run by [[county council]]s and divided into [[non-metropolitan district]]s, each with its own council. Local authorities in the UK are usually responsible for running education, emergency services, planning, transport, social services, and a number of other functions.

In [[England]], in the [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon]] period, ''Shires'' were established as areas used for the raising of [[tax]]es, and usually had a fortified town at their centre. These became known as the ''shire town'' or later the [[county town]]. In most cases, the shires were named after their shire town (for example Bedford''shire'') however several exceptions exist, such as [[Cumberland]], [[Norfolk]] and [[Suffolk]]. In several other cases, such as [[Buckinghamshire]], the town which came to be accepted as the county town is different from that after which the shire is named. (See [[Toponymical list of counties of the United Kingdom]]'')

The name 'county' was introduced by the [[Normans]], and was derived from a Norman term for an area administered by a [[Count]] (lord). These Norman 'counties' were simply the Saxon shires, and kept their Saxon names. Several traditional counties, including [[Essex]], [[Sussex]] and [[Kent]], predate the unification of England by [[Alfred the Great]], and originally existed as independent kingdoms.

In [[Northern Ireland]], the six county councils, if not their counties, were abolished in 1973 and replaced by 26 local government districts. The traditional six counties remain in common everyday use for many cultural and other purposes.

The thirteen [[historic counties of Wales]] were fixed by Statute in 1539 (although counties such as [[Pembrokeshire]] date from 1138) and most of the [[Counties of Scotland|shires of Scotland]] are of at least this age. In the Gaelic form, Scottish traditional county names are generally distinguished by the designation "siorramachd"- literally "sherrifdom" e.g. Siorramachd Earra-ghaidheal (County of Argyll). This term corresponding to the jurisdiction of the Sheriff in the Scottish legal system.

The county boundaries of England have changed little over time. In the [[mediæval]] period, a number of important cities were granted the status of counties in their own right, such as [[London]], [[Bristol]] and [[Coventry]], and numerous small [[exclave]]s such as [[Islandshire]] were created. The next major change occurred in 1844, when many of these exclaves were re-merged with their surrounding counties (for example Coventry was re-merged with [[Warwickshire]]).

In 1965 and 1974–1975, a major re-organisation of local government created in England and Wales several new administrative counties such as [[Hereford and Worcester]] and also created several new [[metropolitan county|metropolitan counties]] which served large urban areas as a single administrative unit. In Scotland county-sized local government was replaced by larger [[Local government areas of Scotland 1973 to 1996|regions]], which lasted until 1996. Modern local government in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and a large part of England is based on the concept of smaller unitary authorities (a system similar to that which the [[Redcliffe–Maud Report]] proposed for most of Britain in the 1960s).

==United States==
{{Main|County (United States)}}
[[File:USA Counties.svg|thumb|300px|There are currently [[County (United States)|3,143]] counties and county-equivalents in the United States]]
As with the shires of Anglo-Saxon England, counties in [[U.S. state]]s are administrative divisions of the state in which their boundaries are drawn. Where they exist, they are the intermediate tier of unitary state government, between the statewide tier and the immediately local government tier. Counties are used in 48 of the 50 unitary states; the other two states ([[Connecticut]] and [[Rhode Island]]) have abolished their counties as functional entities, and Massachusetts is in the process of doing so. Of these remaining 48 states, 46 use the term "county" while Alaska and Louisiana use the terms "borough" and "parish", respectively, for analogous jurisdictions.

Depending on the individual state, counties or their differently the named equivalent may be administratively subdivided themselves into [[civil township]]s, e.g., [[Michigan]], which has civil townships and [[charter township]]s (or townships are called "towns" in states where "township" means "''a'' town" or "village", e.g. [[New York]]); or counties may contain no large municipal corporations, e.g. [[Virginia]], where all cities are [[independent city|independent cities]]; or they may contain cities and unincorporated areas, e.g., [[California]], which historically divided its counties into townships but has abolished the latter.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

[[Louisiana]] has entities equivalent to counties called [[List of parishes in Louisiana|''parishes'']]. [[Alaska]] is divided into [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska|''boroughs'']], which typically provide fewer local services than do most U.S. counties, as the state government furnishes many services directly. Some of Alaska's boroughs have merged geographical boundaries and administrative functions with their principal (and sometimes only) cities; these are known as ''unified city-boroughs'' and result in some of Alaska's cities ranking among the geographically largest "cities" in the world. Nevertheless, Alaska considers such entities to be boroughs, not cities. Alaska is also unique in that more than half the geographic area of the state is in the "[[Unorganized Borough]]", a legal entity in which the state also functions as the local government.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

[[New York]] has a unique system where 57 of its 62 counties are independently-operated administrative divisions of the state, with normal county executive powers; while the remaining five are administrative divisions of the [[New York City|City of Greater New York]]. These five are each called ''borough'' in context of City government – Manhattan, The Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island (formerly Richmond); but are still called "county" where state function is involved, e.g., "New York ''County'' Courthouse", not "Manhattan". The county names correlate to the borough names respectively as [[New York County]], [[Bronx County]], [[Queens County, New York|Queens County]], [[Kings County, New York|Kings County]], and [[Richmond County, New York|Richmond County]].

In two states and parts of a third, county government as such does not exist, and ''county'' refers to geographic regions or districts.
In [[Connecticut]],<ref>[http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/state.cfm&statecode=ct National Association of Counties (U.S.A.): Connecticut Counties]</ref>
[[Rhode Island]]<ref>[http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/state.cfm&statecode=ri National Association of Counties (U.S.A.): Rhode Island Counties]</ref>
and parts of [[Massachusetts]]<ref>[http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/state.cfm&statecode=ma National Association of Counties (U.S.A.): Massachusetts Counties ]</ref><ref>[http://lwvma.org/govcounty.shtml Massachusetts League of Women Voters: Massachusetts Government: County Government]</ref>
counties exist only to designate boundaries for such state-level functions as park districts (Connecticut) or judicial offices (Connecticut and Massachusetts). In states where county government is nonexistent or weak (e.g., [[New Hampshire]], [[Vermont]]), [[New England town|town government]] may provide some or all of the local government services.

Most counties have a [[county seat]], usually a city, where its administrative functions are centered. Exceptions include the nation's smallest county, [[Arlington County, Virginia]], which contains no municipalities. In several instances throughout the nation, a municipality has merged with a county into one jurisdiction so the county seat is coextensive with the county. This is the case in the City and County of San Francisco, CA, and in the [[Philadelphia PA|City and County of Philadelphia, PA]]. A similar arrangement is found in the "[[Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County]]" where the metropolis of Nashville has merged into the county of Davidson (but, other than Nashville, a few municipalities - such as [[Belle Meade, TN|Belle Meade]] - still exist with some administrative functions). [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade]] in south Florida is a unique example of the merger of some functionality resulting in a two tier arrangement of governmental authority and administrative responsibility. [[New York City]] is famously coextensive with five counties or boroughs: the Bronx (which is Bronx County), Brooklyn (Kings County), Manhattan (New York County), Queens (Queens County), and Staten Island (Richmond County). Some [[New England]] states use the term [[shire town]] to mean "county seat".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Types of administrative country subdivision}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

[[Category:Administrative divisions]]
[[Category:Counties| ]]



[[af:Graafskap]]
[[ang:Scīr]]
[[ar:محافظة (تقسيم إداري غربي)]]
[[bg:Графство]]
[[br:Kontelezh]]
[[ca:Comtat (divisió administrativa)]]
[[cs:Hrabství]]
[[cy:Sir]]
[[da:Fylke]]
[[de:Grafschaft]]
[[et:Maakond]]
[[el:Κομητεία]]
[[es:Condado]]
[[eo:County]]
[[fa:شهرستان]]
[[fr:Comté (domaine)]]
[[ko:군 (행정 구역)]]
[[hr:Grofovija]]
[[bpy:কোন্ডাডো]]
[[id:County]]
[[is:Sýsla]]
[[it:Contea (suddivisione amministrativa)]]
[[kk:Графтық (феодалдық иелік)]]
[[ku:Bajêristan]]
[[la:Comitatus]]
[[li:Graofsjap]]
[[hu:Megye (közigazgatási egység)]]
[[ms:Kaunti]]
[[nl:County]]
[[ja:カウンティ]]
[[no:Fylke]]
[[oc:Comtat]]
[[pnb:کاؤنٹی]]
[[tpi:Kaunti]]
[[pl:Hrabstwo]]
[[pt:Condado]]
[[ro:Condado]]
[[ru:Графство]]
[[sco:Coonty]]
[[simple:County]]
[[ckb:شارستان]]
[[fi:Piirikunta]]
[[sv:County]]
[[tl:Kawnti]]
[[th:เคาน์ตี]]
[[tr:Kontluk]]
[[uk:Графство]]

Antar Yahia

2012-03-06T06:51:45Z

86.96.226.19: /* Famous quotes */

{{Infobox football biography
| playername = Antar Yahia
| image = [[File:Antar Yahia.jpg|200px]]
| fullname = Anther Yahia
| dateofbirth = {{Birth date and age|1982|3|21|df=y}}
| cityofbirth = [[Mulhouse]]
| countryofbirth = [[France]]
| height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre back|Centre back]]
| currentclub = [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]]
| clubnumber = 25
| youthyears1 = 1993–1996
| youthyears2 = 1996–2000
| youthyears3 = 2000–2001
| youthclubs1 = Racing Club de Belfort
| youthclubs2 = [[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard|Sochaux]]
| youthclubs3 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]]
| years1 = 2000–2002
| years2 = 2001–2002
| years3 = 2002–2005
| years4 = 2005–2007
| years5 = 2006–2007
| years6 = 2007–2011
| years7 = 2011–2012
| years8 = 2012–
| clubs1 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]]
| clubs2 = → [[SC Bastia|Bastia]] (loan)
| clubs3 = [[SC Bastia|Bastia]]
| clubs4 = [[OGC Nice|Nice]]
| clubs5 = → [[VfL Bochum]] (loan)
| clubs6 = [[VfL Bochum]]
| clubs7 = [[Al Nassr FC|Al Nassr]]
| clubs8 = [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]]
| caps1 = 0
| caps2 = 6
| caps3 = 72
| caps4 = 30
| caps5 = 16
| caps6 = 103
| caps7 = 13
| caps8 = 2
| goals1 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| goals3 = 2
| goals4 = 0
| goals5 = 1
| goals6 = 6
| goals7 = 1
| goals8 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 1998
| nationalyears2 = 2000
| nationalyears3 = 2004
| nationalyears4 = 2004–
| nationalteam1 = [[France national under-16 football team|France U16]]
| nationalteam2 = [[France national under-18 football team|France U18]]
| nationalteam3 = [[Algeria Olympic football team|Algeria U23]]
| nationalteam4 = [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalcaps2 = 2
| nationalcaps3 = 1
| nationalcaps4 = 53
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalgoals3 = 1
| nationalgoals4 = 6
| pcupdate = 00:00, February 14, 2012 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 00:00, February 14, 2012 (UTC)
}}

'''Antar Yahia''' ({{lang-ar|'''عنتر يحيى'''}}, ʿAntar Yaḥyā) (born 21 March 1982 in [[Mulhouse]], [[France]]) is an [[Algeria]]n professional [[association football|football]]er who is currently playing for [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] side [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]] and the [[Algeria national football team|Algerian national team]].<ref>http://www.dzfoot.com/joueur.php?joueur_id=485&saison_id=15</ref>

Yahia is a former [[France national youth football team|French youth international]] having played for both the French Under-16 and Under-18's for a small period of time during 1998 up until 2000. Yahia was the first footballer to profit from the 2004 change in [[FIFA eligibility rules]] as he had played as a French youth international. After his switch of national allegiance he was called up to the Algeria Under-23 side, scoring on his debut in a 1–0 win against Ghana in an Olympic Games qualifier on 2 January 2004.<ref name="Algeria edge closer">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/3379647.stm | work=BBC News | title=Algeria edge closer | date=2004-01-08 | accessdate=2010-04-25}}</ref><ref>http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/19052010/2/soccer-world-yahia-makes-waves-algeria-abroad.html</ref> A few days later he was called up to a training camp held in [[Algiers]] in preparation of the [[2004 African Nations Cup]].

Yahia alongside [[Karim Ziani]] and [[Faouzi Chaouchi]] is considered to be a national hero by many [[Algeria]]ns as he was the scorer of the goal that put them into their first [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] finals since 1986 at the expense of bitter rivals [[Egypt]], he struck in the fortieth minute of the play-off by scoring a Marco van Basten-esque goal.<ref>http://www.wsn.com/2010/01/05/football/news/africa/yahia-achieves-hero-status-in-algeria_27107/</ref><ref>http://www.footballfancast.com/football-blogs/banana-men-capello-england-watch</ref><ref>http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1136508.html</ref>

==Early life==
Yahia was born in [[Mulhouse]] to Fatima Zohra and Boussaha Yahia, a welder by profession, both of [[Algeria]]n, [[Chaoui]] descent. His parents emigrated to [[Alsace]] from Algeria from the village of [[Sedrata]] in the [[Aurès]] region of Algeria, which is located in the eastern part of the country. In 1985, as a child Yahia and his parents decided to move to [[Algeria]] as they found it difficult to cope in [[France]]. They lived in [[Algeria]] briefly before returning to [[France]]. Yahia is married to Karima Ziani who is the twin sister of fellow Algerian football player [[Karim Ziani]] <ref>http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3j14k_anthar-yahia-a-msiladzcom_sport</ref><ref name="dzfoot.com">http://www.dzfoot.com/news.php?hot_id=1066</ref>

He was introduced to the game at the age of 10, when he decided to visit his elder brothers who were playing football. He fell in love with the game and the rest was history. Yahia joined the junior team of Racing Club de Belfort, a club in his neighbourhood. He later joined FC Sochaux training centre three years later.<ref name="dzfoot.com"/>

==Club career==
At the age of 14 Yahia joined the football boarding school of [[FC Sochaux]] (France).

===SC Bastia===
Yahia started his professional career when he was loaned out by [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] in 2001 to Corsican side [[SC Bastia]]. He made his senior debut on the 16 January 2002 against [[Olympique Lyon]], replacing [[Cédric Uras]] in the forty-third minute.<ref>http://www.transfermarkt.de/en/olympique-lyon-sc-bastia/index/spielbericht_1002626.html</ref> After four successful years on Corsica, Yahia was transferred to [[OGC Nice]].<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/kind=2/newsid=310025.html Vaduz promotion bid denied]</ref>

===OGC Nice===
Yahia signed a four-year contract in the summer of 2005 with [[OGC Nice|Nice]] after the relegation of [[SC Bastia]]. In the first season he played most of the games but at the end he became a substitute. So he decided to move on to another club.

===VfL Bochum===
In 2007 [[England|English]] club [[Leeds United]] and [[Germany|German]] side [[VfL Bochum]] were interested in Yahia. He did some training exercises at both clubs and both wanted to buy him. Yahia decided to move to the club from the [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]].<ref>http://www.dzfoot.com/news.php?hot_id=2215</ref> On January 30, 2007 he played his first [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] match for [[VfL Bochum]] against [[Bayern Munich]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Tactical Formation|work=Football-Lineups.com
|url=http://www.football-lineups.com/wiki/_match3573.php | accessdate=February 6, 2007}}</ref> In a short period he became an important player at the club and had a safe place in the central defense. When the loan contract was expired [[VfL Bochum]] bought Yahia for 800.000 Euro. He has got a contract until 2011 at the club and earned on 4 January 2010 the Algerian Player of the Year 2009 award.<ref>[http://www.transfermarkt.de/de/news/34381/yahia-geehrt.html Yahia geehrt]</ref>

When [[VfL Bochum]] were relegated at the end of the 2009-10 season, Yahia revealed that he would like to leave the club during the summer transfer window, following the World Cup declaring "Indeed, I have decided to leave Bochum" as "I can't play at a lower level". He mentioned that he was aware of interest from clubs in [[France]], but would make his decision after the World Cup.<ref>http://www.goal.com/en/news/15/germany/2010/06/10/1969822/antar-yahia-reveals-he-will-leave-bochum</ref><ref>http://www.goal.com/fr/news/33/transferts/2010/07/09/2018302/transferts-a-yahia-proche-de-sochaux</ref>

On 13 October 2010, Yahia agreed a new contract with [[VfL Bochum]] that would keep him at the club until 30 June 2014.<ref>http://www.vfl-bochum.de/site/en/_home/aktuelles/8551_vflverlaengertmitantharyahiap.htm</ref>

===Al Nassr===
On 17 July 2011, despite still having three years remaining on his contract with Bochum, Yahia agreed to join Saudi club [[Al Nassr FC|Al Nassr]].<ref>[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/6/54/16618/Sports/Africa/Algeria%E2%80%99s-Yahia-joins-Saudi%E2%80%99s-Al-Nasr-.aspx Algeria’s Yahia joins Saudi’s Al Nasr]</ref> On 1 August 2011, the move was made official with Yahia signing a two year contract with the club.<ref>[http://www.dzfoot.com/news-9621/transferts-antar-yahia-officiellement-a-al-nasr/ Transferts : Antar Yahia officiellement à Al-Nasr]</ref> On January 21, 2012, Yahia and Al-Nassr reached a mutual agreement to terminate his contract.<ref>[http://www.dzfoot.com/news-10737/transferts-al-nasr-resilie-le-contrat-de-antar-yahia/ Transferts : Al-Nasr résilie le contrat de Antar Yahia]; DZFoot, January 22, 2012.</ref>

===1. FC Kaiserslautern===
On January 25, 2012, 1. FC Kaiserslautern announced that they had signed Yahia to a two and a half year contract.<ref>[http://www.fck.de/de/aktuell/news/details/article/8116-fck-verpflichtet-anthar-yahia.html FCK verpflichtet Anthar Yahia]; FCK.de, January 25, 2012.</ref>

==Statistics==
{{updated|4 June 2011}}
{{Football player statistics 1|YN}}
{{Football player statistics 2|FRA|YN}}
|-
|[[2001–02 Division 1|2001-02]]||rowspan="4"|[[SC Bastia|Bastia]]||rowspan="6"|[[Ligue 1]]||6||0||2||0||1||0||9||0
|-
|[[2002–03 Ligue 1|2002-03]]||23||0||colspan="2"|—||1||0||24||0
|-
|[[2003-04 Ligue 1|2003-04]]||18||0||1||0||1||0||20||0
|-
|[[2004-05 Ligue 1|2004-05]]||31||2||1||0||1||0||33||2
|-
|[[2005-06 Ligue 1|2005-06]]||rowspan="2"|[[OGC Nice|Nice]]||21||0||1||0||3||0||25||0
|-
|[[2006-07 Ligue 1|2006-07]]||9||0||1||0||1||0||11||0
|-
{{Football player statistics 2|GER|YN}}
|-
|[[2006–07 Fußball-Bundesliga|2006–07]]||rowspan="3"|[[VfL Bochum|Bochum]]||rowspan="3"|[[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]||16||1||0||0||colspan="2"|—||16||1
|-
|[[2007–08 Fußball-Bundesliga|2007–08]]||33||2||2||0||colspan="2"|—||35||2
|-
|[[2008–09 Fußball-Bundesliga|2008–09]]||24||1||2||0||colspan="2"|—||26||1
|-
|[[2008–09 Fußball-Regionalliga|2008–09]]||rowspan="2"|[[VfL Bochum II|Bochum II]]||rowspan="2"|[[Regionalliga West]]||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1||0
|-
|[[2009–10 Fußball-Regionalliga|2009–10]]||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1||0
|-
|[[2009–10 Fußball-Bundesliga|2009–10]]||rowspan="2"|[[VfL Bochum|Bochum]]||[[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]||18||1||2||0||colspan="2"|—||20||1
|-
|[[2010–11 2. Fußball-Bundesliga|2010–11]]||[[2. Fußball-Bundesliga|2. Bundesliga]]||28||2||0||0||colspan="2"|—||28||2
{{Football player statistics 3|2|FRA}}108||2||6||0||8||0||122||2
{{Football player statistics 4|GER}}121||7||6||0||0||0||127||7
{{Football player statistics 5}}229||9||12||0||8||0||249||9
{{Football player statistics end}}

==International career==
Yahia began his youth international career with [[France]] in 1998 as he was called up to participate in the [[1999 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship|UEFA European Under-16 Championship]] (Qualifying round).<ref>http://www.uefa.com/worldcup/teams/player=46907/profile/index.html</ref> He made his debut on the 7th of October 1998 against Switzerland, with the final result being 3-3. This was his only appearance for the [[France national under-16 football team|France-Under 16]] as they were eliminated from the competition as they failed to qualify to the final tournament (group stage).<ref>http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=1999/round=1170/group=928.html</ref>

Yahia was called up to play for the [[France national under-18 football team|France-Under 18]] squad in 2000, a time when the team was trying to qualify for the 2001 [[UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship|European Championship]] to be held in [[Finland]] in July 2001. Yahia played his first game alongside [[Nadir Belhadj]] against Germany which they won 4-2.<ref>http://www.fff.fr/selections/m19ans/1068.shtml</ref> In his second game the team had to win if they had any chance of qualifying for the [[UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship|European Championship]], they failed to beat the [[Netherlands]] and by doing so they were unable to qualify, the final score against the [[Netherlands]] was 2-1. The [[France national under-18 football team|France-Under 18]] side finished bottom of Group 9, which consisted of [[France]], [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]].<ref>http://www.fff.fr/selections/m19ans/989.shtml</ref><ref>http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under19/history/season=2001/round=1313/group=1132.html</ref>

Yahia was the first footballer to profit from the change in FIFA's rules on international eligibility when he made his debut for Algeria in an Olympic Games qualifier against Ghana. He managed to score the only goal of the 1-0 win over Ghana with a 19th minute header for the Algerian under-23 side in Blida.<ref>http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/artikel.php?ID=49215</ref> [[Rabah Saâdane|Saâdane]] promoted Yahia to the senior national team after his impressive performance on his debut for Algeria's under-23 side in the Olympic qualifier against Ghana for the [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2004 Summer Olympics in Athens]].<ref name="Algeria edge closer"/>

Yahia started his senior international career on 15 January 2004 against Mali in a friendly in preparation for the [[2004 African Cup of Nations]] hosted in [[Tunisia]]. During this continental competition Yahia played a part in all the group games including the 2-1 victory over [[Egypt]] and the 1-1 draw against [[Cameroon]], the team progressed from group C alongside [[Cameroon]] to the quarter final where [[Algeria]] lost to [[Morocco]] 3-1 in extra time.


In November 2009, the [[Algeria]]n team flew out to [[Cairo]] for the final world cup qualifier game, when travelling from the airport to the hotel the coach came under attack as [[Egypt]]ians hurled rocks at the bus, shattering windows and showering the players and staff with broken glass several players were reported to be injured Yahia was understandably furious when they finally arrived to the hotel and said the following “They struck our bus with large bricks,” said a distraught Antar Yahia. "Players have open head wounds with blood. We were lying down in the bus. All the windows were broken. It makes you fear for your life. As long as our lives are not assured we’re afraid to play this match." Yahia then went on to say that the security guards dispatched for the team did nothing in response to the attacks. “They let them do it. You can’t launch five kilo rocks from 50 meters. They let them do it and watched. It’s shameful. In our home game we welcomed them with flowers,” he continued.<ref>http://goal.com/en-us/news/84/africa/2009/11/12/1621092/algerian-team-bus-attacked-with-rocks-in-egypt-three-players</ref>


The game was not cancelled and went a head as planned, Yahia had played the whole game but it just wasn't meant to be as [[Egypt]] scored a second goal in the final minutes of the game the final result was 2-0 to [[Egypt]] which meant they had the same goal difference and points. So a tie-breaker had to be played in [[Omdurman]], [[Sudan]]. On the 18th of November 2009 Yahia scored in the 40th minute giving [[Algeria]] a 1-0 lead against the Pharaohs, in the 67th minute Yahia went off injured but the only goal scored in the play off by Yahia against [[Egypt national football team|Egypt]] was enough to secure Algeria's place in the [[2010 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=285045&cc=5739|title=Yahia cracker seals play-off win|date=2009-11-18|work=ESPN|accessdate=2009-11-19}}</ref>

In December 2009, Yahia was selected by [[Rabah Saâdane|Saâdane]] to play in the [[2010 African Cup of Nations]] hosted in Angola, but due to an injury Yahia did not play any of the group games.

During Algeria's 2010 FIFA World Cup first round match against the United States, Yahia was ejected in the final minutes of the game after receiving his second yellow card of the match.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/donovans-lastminute-strike-sends-us-through-2008551.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Steve | last=Richards | title=Donovan's last-minute strike sends US through | date=24 June 2010}}</ref>

==National team statistics==
{{Football player national team statistics|ALG}}
|-
|2004||13||0
|-
|2005||3||2
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
|2007||6||1
|-
|2008||8||1
|-
|2009||6||1
|-
|2010||8||0
|-
!Total||48||5
|}

===International goals===
:''Scores and results list Algeria's goal tally first. "Score" column indicates the score after the player's goal.''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Goal # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1 || 19 June 2005 || [[Stade Ahmed Zabana]], [[Oran]] ([[Algeria]]) || {{fb|ZIM}} || 1-0 || 2-2 || [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)]]
|-
| 2 || 5 June 2007 || [[Camp Nou]], [[Barcelona]] ([[Spain]]) || {{fb|ARG}} || 1-1 || 3-4 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly match]]
|-
| 3 || 20 June 2008 || [[Stade Mustapha Tchaker]], [[Blida]] ([[Algeria]]) || {{fb|GAM}} || 1-0 || 1-0 || [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)]]
|-
| 4 || 5 September 2008 || [[Stade Mustapha Tchaker]], [[Blida]] ([[Algeria]]) || {{fb|SEN}} || 3-1 || 3-2 || [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)]]
|-
| 5 || 18 November 2009 || [[Al Merreikh Stadium]], [[Omdurman]] ([[Sudan]]) || {{fb|EGY}} || 1-0 || 1-0 || [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)]]
|-
| 6 || 29 February 2012 || [[Independence Stadium (Bakau)|Independence Stadium]], [[Bakau]] ([[Gambia]]) || {{fb|GAM}} || 1-1 || 2-1 || [[2013 Africa Cup of Nations qualification|2013 Africa Cup of Nations qualification (Preliminary round)]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:100%"
|+
!colspan="7"|'''U23 International goal'''
|- style="text-align:center"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 2 January 2004 || [[Stade Mustapha Tchaker]], [[Blida]], Algeria || {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana national football team|Ghana U23]] || 1–0 || 1–0 || [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2004 Olympics football tournament qualification]]
|-
|}

==Famous quotes==
Commenting on his goal against [[Essam El-Hadary]] in his famous game in Sudan; Algeria - Egypt: " I aimed low, he caught it, I shot it up high, he caught it... I hit it where the devil couldn't catch it."

==Honours==
On Saturday, 16 January 2010 in [[Luanda]], [[Angola]] Yahia was presented the award of best Arab player of 2009 by winning a poll created by the Arab television channel [[Middle East Broadcasting Center|MBC]]. One million people participated in the poll, Yahia gained the majority of the votes due to his astonishing performance and goal against Egypt in the World Cup play-off match with 48% outperforming his competitors respectively, Egyptian [[Mohamed Aboutrika]] came second, with 20.25% of votes while [[Algeria]]n [[Rafik Saifi]] gained 11% and was placed third overall in the poll. The award handing over ceremony was held in the place of the [[Algeria]]n delegation residence; in Continental Hotel, in the presence of all players and staff.<ref name=enna>{{cite web|url=http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/sports/2894.html|title=Antar Yahia receives award for best Arab player of 2009|date=2010-01-16|work='Ennahar (daily newspaper)|accessdate=2010-01-16}}</ref>

===Individual===
* '''Arab player of the Year''': 2009

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Lfpfr|first=Antar|last=Yahia}}
*[http://www.lfp.fr/joueur/index.asp?no_joueur=102572 Antar Yahia profile] at [http://www.lfp.fr/ lfp.fr] '''(French)'''
*[http://vflbochum.de/webcache/spielervisi_en_1890_14.htm Antar Yahia profile] at [http://vflbochum.de/ vflbochum.de]
*[http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=109 Antar Yahia profile] at [http://www.national-football-teams.com/ national-football-teams.com]
*{{FIFA player|212808|Antar Yahia}}

{{Navboxes colour
|title=Algeria squads
| bg = white
| fg = green
|bordercolor=
|list1=
{{Algeria Squad 2004 Africa Cup of Nations}}
{{Algeria Squad 2010 Africa Cup of Nations}}
{{Algeria Squad 2010 World Cup}}
}}
{{1. FC Kaiserslautern squad}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Yahia, Antar
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Algerian footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 21 March 1982
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Mulhouse]], [[France]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yahia, Antar}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Algerian footballers]]
[[Category:Algeria international footballers]]
[[Category:2004 African Cup of Nations players]]
[[Category:2010 Africa Cup of Nations players]]
[[Category:Algerian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:1. FC Kaiserslautern players]]
[[Category:FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players]]
[[Category:F.C. Internazionale Milano players]]
[[Category:SC Bastia players]]
[[Category:OGC Nice players]]
[[Category:VfL Bochum players]]
[[Category:VfL Bochum II players]]
[[Category:Ligue 1 players]]
[[Category:Fußball-Bundesliga players]]
[[Category:2. Fußball-Bundesliga players]]
[[Category:French people of Algerian descent]]
[[Category:Chaoui people]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Algerian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:People from Mulhouse]]
[[Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Algeria under-23 international footballers]]
[[Category:Al-Nassr FC players]]
[[Category:Algerian expatriates in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Algerian expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:France youth international footballers]]

[[ar:عنتر يحيى]]
[[ca:Antar Yahia]]
[[de:Anthar Yahia]]
[[es:Antar Yahia]]
[[fr:Antar Yahia]]
[[ko:안타르 야히아]]
[[id:Antar Yahia]]
[[it:Antar Yahia]]
[[mr:अंतर याहिया]]
[[ja:アンター・ヤヒア]]
[[no:Anthar Yahia]]
[[nn:Antar Yahia]]
[[pl:Anthar Yahia]]
[[pt:Antar Yahia]]
[[ru:Яхья, Антар]]
[[fi:Antar Yahia]]
[[uk:Антар Ях'я]]

Phulwari Sharif

2012-03-06T04:01:37Z

86.96.226.19: /* Some Important Places */

{{Infobox Indian jurisdiction |
native_name = Phulwari Sharif |
type = city |
latd = 25.57749| longd = 85.079361|
state_name = Bihar |
district = [[Patna district|Patna]] |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
altitude = |
population_as_of = 2001 |
population_total = 54000
|
area_magnitude= sq. km |
area_total = |
area_telephone = |
postal_code = |
vehicle_code_range = |
sex_ratio = |
unlocode = |
website =patna.nic.in |
footnotes = |
}}
'''Phulwari Sharif''' ({{lang-ur|{{nastaliq|پھلواری شریف}}}}, {{lang-hi|फुलवारी शरीफ़}}) is a [[notified area]] in [[Patna]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Geography==
Phulwari Sharif is located at {{Coord|25.57749|N|85.079361|E|source:itwiki_region:IN|format=dms}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Phulwari Sharif had a population of 53,166. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Phulwari Sharif has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 56%. In Phulwari Sharif, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Some Important Places==
''Khanqah Mujeebia, Sheesh Mahal, Shahi Sangi Masjid, Imarat Sharia...
The place has a long religious history that is intensely attached with the birth and development of the Sufi culture in our country. The Sufi saints of the ancient times had made Bihar one of the important centers of religious, social and cultural developments, and Phulwari Sharif was one such region where the Sufi saints had spread their message of love and toleration.

The small town of '''Phulwari Sharif''' has now turned into a prominent city and a notified area of the Patna, capital city of Bihar.Now it also comes under Patna Municipal Corporation and under the plan of Greater Patna. The present city of Phulwari Sharif constitutes majority of the Muslim population. The civilization of the city dates back to the days of inception of the Sufi culture in our country. The Phulwari Sharif had been frequented by most Sufi saints of that period, one of them being the famous Hazrat Pir Mujibullah.<ref>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/g_c/471496229/in/set-72157600102736684 Mujibiyya madrasah]</ref> Khanqah Mujeebia has been a continuous source of inspiration,education,Islamic values as well as love for all mankind. There are several wellknown people are living there, the top most names are '''Sajjada-Nashin Janab Huzoor Shah Ayatollah Qadri''', Shah Helal Ahmad Qadri, Shah Aminullah Qadri, etc.

'''Khanqah Mujeebia''' '''Khanqah Faridia'''& '''Sheesh Mahal''' where the Sufi saints had spread their message of love and Peace. Phulwari Sharif can also boast of a religious educational institution like '''Qazi Noorul Hasan Memorial School''', popularly known as the “Madarsa” which has played a cardinal role in spreading the light of enlightenment to the poor masses of the region.

'''Sangi Masjid''' of the place bears relics of the rich architectural past of the region. Built in red sand stone by the Mughal Emperor Humayun, the Mosque is one of the main attraction for the tourist and believers of the Muslim religion
near the mosque there is a shrine [Tomb} of Lal shah baba its known as '''Lal miyan ki dargah'''.

==Politics==
Shyam Rajak of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] won the Phulwari seat (assembly constituency no. 193), reserved for scheduled castes, thrice in a row. He defeated Arun Manjhi of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] in October 2005, Uday Kumar of JD(U) in February 2005, and Sanjeev Prasad Toni of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2000. Representing [[Janata Dal]] in 1995 he defeated Sanjeev Prasad Toni of Congress. Sanjeev Prasad Toni of Congress won the seat thrice, defeating Vidyanand Vikal of IPF in 1990, and Dashrath Paswan of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1985 and 1980. Ram Prit Paswan of [[Janata Party]] defeated Dasrath Paswan of CPI in 1977.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp193.htm
| title =193 - Phulwari (SC) Assembly Constituency | accessdate = 2009-06-05 | last = | first = | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

Phulwari assembly constituency is part of [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/loksabha/635-Pataliputra.aspx | title = General Election 2009 Assembly constituencies | accessdate = 2009-05-20 | last = | first = | work = Pataliputra| publisher = India elections.co.in}}</ref>

188 Phulwari (SC) assembly constituency covers Phulwarisarif and Punpun community development blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/delim/Draft/Bihar/Order%20&%20Notification_English_.pdf | title = Order No. 48, 2007| accessdate = 2010-05-04 | last = | first = | work = | publisher = Delimitation Commission of India }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Patna Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Patna district]]

[[bn:ফুলওয়ারী শরিফ]]
[[bpy:ফুলৱারী শরিফ]]
[[it:Phulwari Sharif]]
[[pt:Phulwari Sharif]]
[[vi:Phulwari Sharif]]

Aranthangi

2012-03-03T09:32:02Z

86.96.226.19: /* Vaseegara rowdy Groups aware of it */

{{Cleanup|date=May 2008}}
{{One source|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox Indian jurisdiction |
native_name = Aranthangi|
latd = 10.1631|longd =78.9962|
locator_position = right |
state_name = Tamil Nadu |
district = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]] |
area_telephone=04371|
postal_code = 614616|
type = city |
altitude = |
population_as_of = 2001 |
population_total = 34266|
area_magnitude= sq. km |
area_total = |
area_telephone =04371 |
postal_code =614616 |
vehicle_code_range = |
sex_ratio = |
unlocode = |
website = |
footnotes = |
}}
'''Aranthangi (Tamil: அறந்தாங்கி)''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Pudukkottai district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Aranthangi had a population of 34,266. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Aranthangi has an average literacy rate of 50%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 52% of the males and 48% of females literate. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. It consists one Govt polytechnic which came by the intuition of Mr. Thirunavaukarasar and one private arts and science college.

The second largest town in Pudukkottai district after the headquarters. Aranthangi was the most populous locality in the south of the Thanjavur district till it was added to Pudukkottai. It lies 10 deg. at north in latitude and 70 deg east in longitude and lies 32.31 M above Mean Sea Level.

The main centre of attraction is a ruined fort. The walls are not constructed of brick or stone. Large interstices are filled with mud. There are no ruins of palaces or any other striking building inside. There is no indication when the fort could have been built. But, a line of Tondaimans who were unconnected with those of Pudukkottai, were in power here in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and it is believed that they constructed it. The temple of Rajendra Chola Varma in the town seems to have been built in the eleventh century. The two main State Highways passing through this town namely Thanjavur-Sayalkudi road and Trichy Mimisal Road.

It is only town at around 30 km. The main source of income is agriculture. Paddy, groundnut and sugarcane are the major crops. Fishing also done by the people living in the nearby sea shore namely vettivayal, Kattumavadi, Mimisel, Kottaipattinam.

'''Aranthangi''' is ruled by Thondaimans (Different from Pudukkottai Thondaimans) in earlier days (Time is exactly unknown ref the book ''Pudukkottai Maavatta Varalaru''). This town can be reached by bus and trains. There was one runway constructed during the worldwar now but now it is demolished.
Until 1974 town was in Tanjore district and now it is the second largest town in Pudukkottai district. Town has 3 film theatres and lodges. Small river Vellar is going through the outer of the town.

'''Temperature'''
The minimum temperature of this town is 27.1°C and the maximum temperature is 46.4°C. The seasonal climate conditions are moderate and the weather is uniformly salubrious

'''Rain Fall'''

The town gets major rainfall during the North east monsoon period. The Annual normal rainfall varies from 300 mm to 800 mm.

'''Schools & Colleges'''

So many schools & colleges are located in this town.Half of the pupil got their education from Government and government eided schools. But still, some well developed and equipped private schools (both Matric & CBSE syllabus) also providing quality education in and around the town. The town have so many engineering, arts & science, laws, hotel management colleges in its surrounding. It has a government polytechnic college,which is top ranked among Tamil Nadu's polytechnic colleges

'''Temples, Mosques, Churches'''

Veeramakaliyamman Temple, Konnakkadu sri kamatchi amman temple',Vadakarai Murugan Koil, Perumal Temple, Siva Temple, Iyyappan Temple, Porkodaiyar Temple, Silattur MuthuMariyamman Temple, Madurai Veeran Temple,Vigneshvararpuram - Nalla Kathayiamman -Valmuneeshvarar Temple, Aranthangi periya pallivasal, karanikadu tharga, nagoor tharga, vettivayal mohaideen pallivasal, karuppur, ervadi tharga, nagudi pallivasal, Kurumbur Muthumariamman Temple etc.

== Politics ==

Aranthangi MLAs from 1952
*1952-1957 - M.Pandidurai
*1957-1962 - M.Kalander Maideen.B.E
*1962-1967 - DuraiArasan A
*1967-1971 - DuraiArasan A
*1971-1974 - Ramanathan Udayar
*1977-1999 - Thirunavukarasar
*1999-2001 - Anbarasu
*2001-2006 - Arasan.P
*2006-2011 - Udhayam Shanmugam
*2011May onwards - M.Rajanayagam

== Hospitals ==

Government hospital is located on the Pattukottai road and many private hospitals are available. Subramania Puram, Nagudi and Arasarkulam has separate Govt. Hospitals.

== Vaseegara rowdy Groups aware of it==
If you are wearing Vaseegara group tshirt police will arrest you.vaseegara was considered to be most rowdy group.they take part in rowdysm,gang war,etc.aware of this group.They didnt do anything to the people of aranthangi.They dnt even participated in social activities.

Vaseegara Groups is the largest rowdy group in the region since the group containing more than 250 members and still is counting. Even though they are very careful and concern about choosing their members they could not stop their members who are so keen and passionate to join them the prestigious group.

Vaseegara rowdy Group's members are spread all over the world and contributing their groups rowdy growth.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Trichy railway division]]
[[Category:Southern Railway Zone]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pudukkottai district]]

[[ca:Arantangi]]
[[es:Aranthangi]]
[[bpy:আরানথাঙ্গি]]
[[it:Aranthangi]]
[[new:अरन्तहनगी]]
[[pt:Aranthangi]]
[[ta:அறந்தாங்கி]]
[[vi:Aranthangi]]

Aranthangi

2012-03-03T09:29:02Z

86.96.226.19: /* Vaseegara Groups */

{{Cleanup|date=May 2008}}
{{One source|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox Indian jurisdiction |
native_name = Aranthangi|
latd = 10.1631|longd =78.9962|
locator_position = right |
state_name = Tamil Nadu |
district = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]] |
area_telephone=04371|
postal_code = 614616|
type = city |
altitude = |
population_as_of = 2001 |
population_total = 34266|
area_magnitude= sq. km |
area_total = |
area_telephone =04371 |
postal_code =614616 |
vehicle_code_range = |
sex_ratio = |
unlocode = |
website = |
footnotes = |
}}
'''Aranthangi (Tamil: அறந்தாங்கி)''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Pudukkottai district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Aranthangi had a population of 34,266. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Aranthangi has an average literacy rate of 50%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 52% of the males and 48% of females literate. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. It consists one Govt polytechnic which came by the intuition of Mr. Thirunavaukarasar and one private arts and science college.

The second largest town in Pudukkottai district after the headquarters. Aranthangi was the most populous locality in the south of the Thanjavur district till it was added to Pudukkottai. It lies 10 deg. at north in latitude and 70 deg east in longitude and lies 32.31 M above Mean Sea Level.

The main centre of attraction is a ruined fort. The walls are not constructed of brick or stone. Large interstices are filled with mud. There are no ruins of palaces or any other striking building inside. There is no indication when the fort could have been built. But, a line of Tondaimans who were unconnected with those of Pudukkottai, were in power here in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and it is believed that they constructed it. The temple of Rajendra Chola Varma in the town seems to have been built in the eleventh century. The two main State Highways passing through this town namely Thanjavur-Sayalkudi road and Trichy Mimisal Road.

It is only town at around 30 km. The main source of income is agriculture. Paddy, groundnut and sugarcane are the major crops. Fishing also done by the people living in the nearby sea shore namely vettivayal, Kattumavadi, Mimisel, Kottaipattinam.

'''Aranthangi''' is ruled by Thondaimans (Different from Pudukkottai Thondaimans) in earlier days (Time is exactly unknown ref the book ''Pudukkottai Maavatta Varalaru''). This town can be reached by bus and trains. There was one runway constructed during the worldwar now but now it is demolished.
Until 1974 town was in Tanjore district and now it is the second largest town in Pudukkottai district. Town has 3 film theatres and lodges. Small river Vellar is going through the outer of the town.

'''Temperature'''
The minimum temperature of this town is 27.1°C and the maximum temperature is 46.4°C. The seasonal climate conditions are moderate and the weather is uniformly salubrious

'''Rain Fall'''

The town gets major rainfall during the North east monsoon period. The Annual normal rainfall varies from 300 mm to 800 mm.

'''Schools & Colleges'''

So many schools & colleges are located in this town.Half of the pupil got their education from Government and government eided schools. But still, some well developed and equipped private schools (both Matric & CBSE syllabus) also providing quality education in and around the town. The town have so many engineering, arts & science, laws, hotel management colleges in its surrounding. It has a government polytechnic college,which is top ranked among Tamil Nadu's polytechnic colleges

'''Temples, Mosques, Churches'''

Veeramakaliyamman Temple, Konnakkadu sri kamatchi amman temple',Vadakarai Murugan Koil, Perumal Temple, Siva Temple, Iyyappan Temple, Porkodaiyar Temple, Silattur MuthuMariyamman Temple, Madurai Veeran Temple,Vigneshvararpuram - Nalla Kathayiamman -Valmuneeshvarar Temple, Aranthangi periya pallivasal, karanikadu tharga, nagoor tharga, vettivayal mohaideen pallivasal, karuppur, ervadi tharga, nagudi pallivasal, Kurumbur Muthumariamman Temple etc.

== Politics ==

Aranthangi MLAs from 1952
*1952-1957 - M.Pandidurai
*1957-1962 - M.Kalander Maideen.B.E
*1962-1967 - DuraiArasan A
*1967-1971 - DuraiArasan A
*1971-1974 - Ramanathan Udayar
*1977-1999 - Thirunavukarasar
*1999-2001 - Anbarasu
*2001-2006 - Arasan.P
*2006-2011 - Udhayam Shanmugam
*2011May onwards - M.Rajanayagam

== Hospitals ==

Government hospital is located on the Pattukottai road and many private hospitals are available. Subramania Puram, Nagudi and Arasarkulam has separate Govt. Hospitals.

== Vaseegara rowdy Groups aware of it==
If you are wearing Vaseegara group tshirt police will arrest you.vaseegara was considered to be most rowdy group.they take part in rowdysm,gang war,etc.aware of this group.

Vaseegara Groups is the largest rowdy group in the region since the group containing more than 250 members and still is counting. Even though they are very careful and concern about choosing their members they could not stop their members who are so keen and passionate to join them the prestigious group.

Vaseegara rowdy Group's members are spread all over the world and contributing their groups rowdy growth and the public of Aranthangi.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Trichy railway division]]
[[Category:Southern Railway Zone]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pudukkottai district]]

[[ca:Arantangi]]
[[es:Aranthangi]]
[[bpy:আরানথাঙ্গি]]
[[it:Aranthangi]]
[[new:अरन्तहनगी]]
[[pt:Aranthangi]]
[[ta:அறந்தாங்கி]]
[[vi:Aranthangi]]

Tuition centre

2012-02-25T09:51:49Z

86.96.226.19:

[[Image:Tuisyen003.jpg|thumb|250px|Tuition center in [[Malaysia]]]]
[[Image:Tuisyen002.jpg|thumb|250px|Tuition center in [[Malaysia]]]]
[[Image:Tuition001.jpg|thumb|250px|Tuition center (Malay: Pusat Tuisyen) in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]]]

'''Tuition center''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Pusat Tuisyen'') is a special term for private educational institutions; they are especially abundant and ubiquitous in [[Malaysia]], [[India]],The Middle East and [[Singapore]]. Many school teachers earn their supplementary income through tuition centers and agencies. Some teachers 'advertise' their tuition classes and coach those who attend their classes on how to tackle examination questions. Their focus is primarily rote learning. Some teachers earn up to RM10,000 or S$8,000 by giving private tuition and, because of this, perform less well at school. Notwithstanding, there is a huge, and still growing trend, among local parents who send their kids to tuition. Given the immense academic competition attributed to foreign scholars and the proliferating private-tuition trend parents have little choice but to engage tuition centers or opt for home tuition.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/9/12/nation/15399395&sec=nation Teachers warned against doing business without approval]</ref><ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/4/25/focus/17524711&sec=focus Do away with the tuition culture]</ref><ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/4/25/focus/17536493&sec=focus Everybody else is earning extra income]</ref><ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/4/23/focus/17519550&sec=focus Teachers reserving energy for tuition]</ref>

'''Tuitions are attended by 80% students in Malaysia,75% in Singapore,60% in The Middle East, and 77 % in India. Many students go for tuitions directly without even changing their school uniforms.This is a positive sign since many students who used to dislike School uniforms gets curbed of such unnecessary dislikes. Tuitions are getting increasingly popular in England as well.Many students are shy to admit that they go for tuitions, but this is a bad habit and tuitions are a good thing for many students in the world.

'''Home tuition''' is where the tutor travels to the client's home instead of doing the lessons in a tuition centre. Any [[tuition agency]] can provide tutors who do home visits. The advantage from a client's point of view is that they do not need to travel (possibly difficult or impossible if there are younger siblings) and parents generally feel safer in their own home.

The days of tuition centers as such may be numbered as online tuition becomes more popular. Students need not travel to a center (thus saving travel costs as well as site overheads), instead taking the lessons in their own home as part of a group which only 'meets' online.

==Tuition uniform==
Most tuition classes have a uniform,which generally varies by place.In India,it is normally a blue shirt,and navy blue pants,while in Malaysia,it white shirts and shorts/mini skirts,while in U.A.E,it is blue shirts and kakhi pants and in england,generally there are white shirts and grey skorts.

==illegal tuitions==
Some teachers carry out tuition classes without official permission,and such centres are bound to get national punishment,and there are ways to spot these illegal tuition centres
Ways to spot fake tuitions
*The students will not be required to wear uniforms
*Illegal tuitions take place in a tutor's home
*There are less than 100 students
*If there are uniforms,it would be of a particular school

However there might still be hope for tuition centers and agencies. According to the article, ''Tuition Nation, Tue, Jun 17, 2008'', by [[The Straits Times]], tuition centers made an <blockquote>
annual turnover of about $110.6 million in 2005 and $105.9 million in 2004. MOE statistics show that there are currently 1,231 registered private schools, of which 425 are tuition centres.
</blockquote>
Consequently, there has been a steady rise in the number of tuition centers and tuition agencies being set up every year.<ref>[http://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20080616-71121.html Tuition Nation]</ref>

==Web References==
<references />

==See also==
* [[In Home Tutoring]]
* [[College tuition]]
* [[Homeschooling]]
* [[Tuition agency]]
* [[Issues in Malaysian Education]]

== External links ==
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/9/20/focus/15479068&sec=focus Tuition culture a sign of ailing system]
* [http://blog.thestar.com.my/permalink.asp?id=1499 Bloggers: Tuition is wasting time]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/9/15/nation/15438911&sec=nation School duties first, not tuition]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/9/16/focus/15434131&sec=focus Punish teachers who solicit tuition]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/9/16/focus/15446574&sec=focus Time and money wasted on tuition]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/9/8/nation/15366899&sec=nation Parents caught up in tuition, too]

== See also ==
*[[Education in Malaysia]]
*[[Education in Singapore]]

[[Category:Education in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Education in Singapore]]

Ulama

2012-02-25T04:54:18Z

86.96.226.19: /* Role */

{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Islamic scholar|Muslim scholars in general|Muslim scholars}}

{{Usul al-fiqh}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2011}}
'''Ulama''' ({{lang-ar| علماء}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿUlamāʾ }}'', singular {{lang|ar|عالِم}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿĀlim}}'', "scholar"), also spelt ''ulema'', refers to the educated class of [[Muslim]] legal scholars engaged in the several fields of [[Islamic studies]]. They are best known as the arbiters of [[sharia]] law. While the ulama are well versed in legal [[fiqh]] (jurisprudence) being Islamic lawyers, some of them also go on to specialize in other fields, such as [[hadith]] or [[tafseer]].

In a broader sense, the term ''ulama'' is used to describe the body of Muslim clergy who have completed several years of training and study of Islamic sciences, such as a [[mufti]], [[qadi]], [[faqih]], or [[muhaddith]]. Some Muslims{{Which?|date=September 2011}} include under this term the village [[mullah]]s and [[imam]]s, who have attained only the lowest rungs on the ladder of Islamic scholarship; other Muslims{{Clarify|date=September 2011}} would say that clerics must meet higher standards to be considered ulama. This is why it is claimed{{Who|date=September 2011}} that in Western society there are for the most of the time no ulama present, with the outcome of Muslims in the West searching for qualified knowledge from Islamic countries, to attain some accepted qualification. The Internet gives some streams of ulama speaking on a video record, which is very rare.<ref>http://ulamaa.com</ref>

The word '''ulama''' in English is plural, and indeclinable.

==Role==

===Teaching===
{{see also|Madrasah|Ijazah}}

Ulama learned at Islamic religious schools,ddgd [[madrasah]]s, where they teach students about Islam and other areas of study. It is believed in Islam that a well-rounded education is something every Muslim must acquire in order to understand God’s religion in its entirety. By the end of their education, they acquire an [[Ijazah]], an [[academic degree]] in Islamic law and jurisprudence, a practice that dates back to the first several centuries of Islam.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Ulama also hold seminars where they give lectures and speeches about the area of Islam in which they specialize.

[[Afghanistan]]'s [[Taliban]] regime was also headed by a [[mullah]], [[Mohammed Omar|Mullah Omar]]. However, in most countries, they are merely local power figures.

===Judicature===
In certain Muslim countries, like Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, where there are [[sharia law|sharia courts]], Islamic clergy become [[judge]]s. Therefore, one of the jobs of ulama is the interpretation and maintenance of [[Sharia|Islamic law]] in such countries.

===Advisory===
In some countries like Saudi Arabia, Islamic clergy fulfill the role of a [[counsel]] for the king. There are also jobs for them in various governmental institutions.

===Preaching===
There are various jobs available for the Islamic clergy at mosques, such as leading public prayers, preaching, and delivering sermons, especially at [[Friday prayers]] and some have made [[dawah|missionary activities]] a lifelong activity.

===Ummah===
The ulama in most nations consider themselves to represent the ''[[ijma]]'' "consensus" of the [[Ummah]] "community of Muslims" (or to represent at least the scholarly or learned consensus). Many efforts to modernise Islam focus on the reintroduction of ''[[ijtihad]]'' and empowerment of the ''ummah'' to form their own ''ijma''.

== Madhhab ==
{{main|Madhhab}}
The ulama usually work within a tradition (''madhhab'') that starts with one of five classic jurists. A [[Sunni]] Muslim jurist usually belongs to one of the four main schools:

* [[Shafi'i]] (most common in [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Jordan]], and [[Palestine]])
* [[Hanafi]] (most common in [[Turkey]], [[the Balkans]], [[Central Asia]], [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Egypt]])
* [[Maliki]] (most common in [[North Africa]], [[West Africa]], and several of the [[Persian Gulf]] states)
* [[Hanbali]] (most common in [[Arabia]])

Some ulama are not associated with any school. They believe that it is necessary to derive rulings directly from the Qur'an and the Hadith, such as the [[Salafi]]/[[Ahl-e-Hadith]].

==History==
{{see|Sharia|Fiqh}}
[[File:Constantinople(1878)-ulema.png|thumb|180px|An [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] scholar.]]

The formative period of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] stretches back to the time of the early Muslim communities. In this period, jurists were more concerned with pragmatic issues of authority and teaching than with theory.<ref>Weiss (2002), pp.3,161</ref> Progress in theory happened with the coming of the early Muslim jurist [[Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i]] (767–820), who codified the basic principles of Islamic jurisprudence in his book ''ar-Risālah''. The book details the four roots of law (Qur'an, [[Sunnah]], ''[[ijma]]'', and ''[[qiyas]]'') while specifying that the primary Islamic texts (the Qur'an and the hadith) be understood according to objective rules of interpretation derived from scientific study of the Arabic language.<ref>Weiss (2002), p.162</ref>

The 19th and 20th centuries were marked by a considerable loss of authority and influence of the ulama in most Islamic states. Many [[secular]] [[Arab]] governments attempted to break the influence of the ulama after their rise to power. Religious institutions were nationalized and the system of ''[[waqf]]'' "religious donations", which constituted the classical source of income for the ulama, was abolished.

In 1961, the [[Egypt]]ian [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] government put the [[Al-Azhar University]], one of the highest Islamic intellectual authorities, under the direct control of the state. "The Azharis were even put in army uniforms and had to parade under the command of army officers" (G. Keppel, Jihad). In [[Turkey]], the traditional [[dervish]] [[khanqah|tekke]]s and Islamic schools were dissolved and replaced by state-controlled religious schools in the 1950s and 1960s. After the independence of [[Algeria]], President [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] also deprived the Algerian ulama of their power.

==Authors==
Many ulama have left behind them only a lifetime of mediating disputes and giving sermons; their respectable contributions did not include authorship. Other ulama have been prolific authors, writing translations of the [[Quran]] or Quranic commentaries, studies of [[hadith]], works of philosophy, religious admonition, etc. There are enormous bodies of religious literature that form not only the substance of the courses in Islamic seminaries, but inspirational reading for the ordinary Muslim. Most of this literature has not been translated into English, but remains in its original language (usually [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], or [[Turkish language|Turkish]]). Some has been printed; some remains in manuscript form.

==Ottoman ulama==
In order to become one of the ulama in the Ottoman Empire, one had to have studied at a madraseh and be an expert in all the religious sciences, specializing in one or two specifics. In addition, the student had to have been tested and approved by higher ranking ulama. Such assessment by experts gave the ulama legitimacy in the eyes of the public, because it imitated the way the Caliphs after the death of the Prophet [[Muhammad]] were appointed. In 14th and 15th century Ottoman Empire, there were not many madrasehs, and so the ulama traveled to countries such as Persia and Egypt to further their education. Upon the conquering of Istanbul however, the sultan converted eight churches into madrasehs and placed eight of the best ulama as the heads.<ref>Inalcik, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulemas." In the Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. New YOrk: Praeger, pp. 167.</ref>
The ulama in the Ottoman Empire had a large influence over politics because it was believed that secular institutions were all subordinate to religion; the ulama were emblems of religious piety, therefore rendering them powerful over state affairs.<ref>Inalcik, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulemas." In the Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. New York: Praeger, pp. 171.</ref>
Ulama worked as priest-like authorities who had the role of interpreting and enforcing Islamic shariah law. These jobs were distributed amongst two types of ulama: [[Mufti]]s, who interpreted Shariah law and the [[Qadi]], who enforced Shariah law.
The Ottomans had a strict hierarchy of ulama, with the [[Sheikh ul-Islam]] holding the highest rank. A Sheikh ul-Islam was chosen by a royal warrant amongst the qadis of important cities. The Sheikh ul-Islam had the power to confirm new sultans, but once the sultan was affirmed, it was the sultan who retained a higher authority than the Sheik ul-Islam. The Sheikh ul-Islam issued [[fatwas]], which were written interpretations of the Quran that had authority over the community. The Sheikh ul-Islam represented the law of shariah and in the 16th century its importance rose which led to increased power. Sultan Murad appointed a Sufi, Yayha, as his Sheikh ul-Islam during this time which lead to violent disapproval. The objection to this appointment made obvious the amount of power the Sheikh ul-Islam had, since people were afraid he would alter the traditions and norms they were living under by issuing new fatwas.<ref>Zilfi, Madeline C. 1986. "The Kadizadelis: Discordan Revivalism in Seventeenth Century Istanbul." Journal of Near Easrern Studies 45 (4): 259.</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Islam]]
*[[Islamic jurisprudence]]
*[[List of Islamic studies scholars]]
*[[Mullah]]
*[[Shi'a clergy]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| last = Zaman
| first = Muhammad Qasim
| title = The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change
| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]
| year = 2002
| isbn = 0691096805 }}

==Further reading==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [[Halil Inalcik|Inalcik, Halil]]. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In The Ottoman Empire: The Classical AGe 1300–1600. New YOrk: Praeger, pp. 165–178.

* Heyd. Uriel. "Some Aspects of The Ottoman Fetva." School of Oriental and African Studies Bulletin; 32 (1969), p. 35–56.

* Bein, Amit. ''Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition'' (2011) [http://www.amazon.com/Ottoman-Ulema-Turkish-Republic-Guardians/dp/0804773114/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1304349943&sr=1-1 Amazon.com]

* Hatina, Meir. ''Ulama, Politics, and the Public Sphere: An Egyptian Perspective'' (2010). ISBN 978-1-60781-032-2

'''Guidelines to the Jurisprudence of Ottoman Ulema''' –
Mehmet Ipsirli http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=416

* Tasar, Murat. "The Ottoman Ulema: their understanding of knowledge and scholarly contribution." The Turks. 3: Ottomans. Editors: Hasan Celâl Güzel, C.Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2002, pp. 841–850.

* Zilfi, Madeline C. 1986. "The Kadizadelis: Discordant Revivalism in Seventeenth Century Istanbul." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45 (4): 251–269.

[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Islamic terms]]
[[Category:Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:Religious leadership roles]]
[[Category:Sharia]]
[[Category:Islamic legal occupations]]

[[ace:Ulama]]
[[bn:ওলামা]]
[[bs:Ulema]]
[[ca:Ulema]]
[[cs:Ulamá]]
[[da:Ulama]]
[[de:Ulama]]
[[et:Ulama]]
[[es:Ulema]]
[[eo:Ulemo]]
[[eu:Ulema]]
[[fr:Ouléma]]
[[gl:Ulema]]
[[ko:울라마]]
[[hi:उलेमा]]
[[id:Ulama]]
[[it:Ulema]]
[[he:עולמא]]
[[jv:Ngulama]]
[[lt:Ulama]]
[[hu:Ulema]]
[[ms:Ulama]]
[[nl:Oelema]]
[[ja:ウラマー]]
[[pl:Ulem]]
[[pt:Ulemá]]
[[ru:Улем]]
[[sk:Ulamá]]
[[sr:Улема]]
[[sh:Ulema]]
[[sv:Ulama]]
[[te:ఉలేమా]]
[[tr:İlmiye sınıfı]]
[[uk:Улем]]
[[zh:烏理瑪]]

Alexandra Krosney

2012-02-10T09:04:27Z

86.96.226.19:

{{Infobox person
| name = Alexandra Krosney
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| othername =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|01|28}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2002–present
| spouse =
}}

'''Alexandra Krosney''' (born January 28, 1990<ref>[http://twitter.com/#!/alexkrosney/status/124958141942214656 You're all so sweet...] @alexkrosney Alexandra Krosney's official Twitter account</ref> in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]) is an American film and television actress. She currently co-stars as Kristen Baxter on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] sitcom ''[[Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)|Last Man Standing]]''.<ref name="ABC Medianet">{{cite web|url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=003304&type=krosney |title=ALEXANDRA KROSNEY |publisher=ABC Medianet |accessdate=January 27, 2011}}</ref>

She is known to be naked in alot of her movies and I hope she read this and send me an E-Mail at UAExDEVIL@live.com and I live in Dubai
==Career==
Some of Krosney's other television include ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'', ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', ''[[Cory in the House]]'', ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[Nikita (TV series)|Nikita]]'', ''[[Numb3rs]]'', ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' and the animated series ''[[Transformers: Prime]]''.<ref name="ABC Medianet"/>

Krosney also appeared in the television films ''[[Read It and Weep]]'' (2006), ''[[Shredderman Rules]]'' (2007) and ''[[The Last Day of Summer (film)|The Last Day Of Summer]]'' (2007).

==Filmography==
*''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'' as Amy Cullen
*''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' as Nadia Harcourt
*''[[Strong Medicine]]'' as Francis Raibly
*''[[Numb3rs]]'' as Josephine Kirtland
*''[[Criminal Minds]]'' as Eileen Bechtold
*''[[Crossing Jordan]]'' as Leann Dawber
*''[[Grounded for Life]]'' as Angelica
*''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' as Trina
*''[[Without a Trace]]'' as Rebecca Howard
*''[[Cory in the House]]'' as Ashley
*''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' as Young Eloise Hawking
*''[[Family Affair#Revival series|Family Affair]]'' as Remy
*''[[Psych]]'' as Lucy
*''[[Nikita (TV series)|Nikita]]'' as Sara
*''[[Transformers: Prime]]'' as Sierra (voice role)
*''[[Medium (TV series)|Medium]]'' as Keelin McKinney
*''[[Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)|Last Man Standing]]'' as Kristen Baxter (series regular)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{Twitter|AlexKrosney}}

{{US-tv-actor-1990s-stub}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Krosney, Alexandra
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Actress
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 28, 1990
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krosney, Alexandra}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:American child actors]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[de:Alexandra Krosney]]
[[fr:Alexandra Krosney]]
[[fi:Alexandra Krosney]]

Alexandra Krosney

2012-02-10T09:01:32Z

86.96.226.19:

{{Infobox person
| name = Alexandra Krosney
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| othername =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|01|28}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2002–present
| spouse =
}}

'''Alexandra Krosney''' (born January 28, 1990<ref>[http://twitter.com/#!/alexkrosney/status/124958141942214656 You're all so sweet...] @alexkrosney Alexandra Krosney's official Twitter account</ref> in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]) is an American film and television actress. She currently co-stars as Kristen Baxter on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] sitcom ''[[Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)|Last Man Standing]]''.<ref name="ABC Medianet">{{cite web|url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=003304&type=krosney |title=ALEXANDRA KROSNEY |publisher=ABC Medianet |accessdate=January 27, 2011}}</ref>

She is known to be naked in alot of her movies
==Career==
Some of Krosney's other television include ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'', ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', ''[[Cory in the House]]'', ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[Nikita (TV series)|Nikita]]'', ''[[Numb3rs]]'', ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' and the animated series ''[[Transformers: Prime]]''.<ref name="ABC Medianet"/>

Krosney also appeared in the television films ''[[Read It and Weep]]'' (2006), ''[[Shredderman Rules]]'' (2007) and ''[[The Last Day of Summer (film)|The Last Day Of Summer]]'' (2007).

==Filmography==
*''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'' as Amy Cullen
*''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' as Nadia Harcourt
*''[[Strong Medicine]]'' as Francis Raibly
*''[[Numb3rs]]'' as Josephine Kirtland
*''[[Criminal Minds]]'' as Eileen Bechtold
*''[[Crossing Jordan]]'' as Leann Dawber
*''[[Grounded for Life]]'' as Angelica
*''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' as Trina
*''[[Without a Trace]]'' as Rebecca Howard
*''[[Cory in the House]]'' as Ashley
*''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' as Young Eloise Hawking
*''[[Family Affair#Revival series|Family Affair]]'' as Remy
*''[[Psych]]'' as Lucy
*''[[Nikita (TV series)|Nikita]]'' as Sara
*''[[Transformers: Prime]]'' as Sierra (voice role)
*''[[Medium (TV series)|Medium]]'' as Keelin McKinney
*''[[Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)|Last Man Standing]]'' as Kristen Baxter (series regular)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{Twitter|AlexKrosney}}

{{US-tv-actor-1990s-stub}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Krosney, Alexandra
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Actress
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 28, 1990
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krosney, Alexandra}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:American child actors]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[de:Alexandra Krosney]]
[[fr:Alexandra Krosney]]
[[fi:Alexandra Krosney]]

SM Supermalls

2012-01-21T17:04:55Z

86.96.226.19: /* Branches in Philippines */

{{Infobox company
| name = SM Supermalls
| company_logo = [[File:SM Supermalls Logo.png|250px]]
| type = [[Shopping malls]]
| location = [[Pasay City]], [[Philippines]]
| locations = 43 SM Supermalls branches in the Philippines
| key_people = [[Henry Sy|Henry Sy, Sr.]] (Founder, Chairman and CEO)
| area_served = [[Philippines]]
| slogan = ''We've got it all for you!''
| homepage = [http://smsupermalls.com/smsupermalls/index.php?p=633 SM Supermalls Official Website]
[http://twitter.com/#!/smsupermalls SM Supermalls Twitter Account]
}}

'''SM Supermalls''', owned by [[SM Prime Holdings, Inc.]], is a chain of shopping malls in the Philippines, with 43 malls across the Philippines as well as branches in China.

The company that operates the malls was started by [[Henry Sy, Sr.]] in 1958 as '''Shoemart''', with a store in Manila. In 1960's Shoemart expands its shoe store chain. It is one of the pioneers in the new urban centers in Makati and Cubao.<ref>{{cite journal|title=SM Through the Years 1958-2008|issue=2008|page=2|accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref> By the 1970s, Shoemart was a full-line [[SM Department Store|Department Store]], shifting its name from Shoemart to SM, with stores at Makati Commercial Center in Makati City; followed by SM Cubao in Cubao, Quezon City; SM at Harrison Plaza in Malate, Manila; and the first outside of Metro Manila, [[SM Delgado|SM Iloilo]] on Delgado St. in Iloilo City. In the 1980s, the company diversified and ventured into the supermarket and home appliance store business, then finally opening the first "Supermall" store in 1985 in Quezon City called [[SM City North EDSA|SM City]].

In 1990's SM spearheads what is known as the malling phenomenon in the Philippines with the opening of SM City Sta. Mesa in 1990 and SM Megamall in 1991. Malling becomes a way of life for millions of Filipinos as SM Malls are opened in the metro and provincial areas.<ref>{{cite journal|title=SM Through the Years 1958-2008|issue=2008|page=7|accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref>

SM Supermalls have also launched SM Cares, a program of SM Prime's corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Carried out in all the 40 SM malls nationwide, SM Cares' cover the environmental conservation (energy, air and water), and care and assistance to customers of SM malls with special needs such as Persons with Disability (PWD), Special Children, The Elderly and nursing mothers.<ref>{{cite web|title=SM Cares for PWD Program wins Anvil Award of Excellence|url=http://autismsocietyphilippines.blogspot.com/2010/03/sm-cares-for-pwds-program-wins-anvil.html|publisher=Autism Society Philippines|accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Corporate Social Responsibility|url=http://www.sminvestments.com/smic/?p=253|publisher=SM Investments Corporation|accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SM Cares - SM Supermalls|url=http://www.smsupermalls.com/smsupermalls/index.php?p=828|publisher=SM Supermalls|accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref> As part of its ongoing program assist and create consciousness about persons with disabilities, the SM Supermalls also celebrated the 13th National Autism Consciousness Week with a series of activities at the [[SM Mall of Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Angels Walk For Autism at the SM Mall of Asia|accessdate=8 August 2011|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer - Lifestyle Fashion & Beauty|date=March 13, 2009}}</ref>

<gallery>
Image:SM North The Block.jpg|[[SM City North EDSA]]
Image:Sm megamall.jpg|[[SM Megamall]]
Image:MoA 003.jpg|[[SM Mall of Asia]]
Image:SM Cebu2.jpg|[[SM City Cebu]]
Image:SMSouthmallLasPiñas.JPG|[[SM Southmall]]
Image:SM_City_Iloilo_logo_facade.jpg|[[SM City Iloilo]]
Image:SM Mall-CagayandeOro.JPG|[[SM City Cagayan de Oro]]
Image:Sm davao.JPG|[[SM City Davao]]
Image:SM City Dasmariñas.jpg|[[SM City Dasmariñas]]
Image:SM City Clark.jpg|[[SM City Clark]]
Image:SM_City_Bacolod_North_Wing.jpg|[[SM City Bacolod]]
Image:SMMarikina2.jpg|[[SM City Marikina]]
Image:SM City Calamba Facade.jpg|[[SM City Calamba]]
Image:WTMP Foodtrippings B23.JPG‎|[[SM City San Lazaro]]
Image:WTMP_Foodtrippings_A5.JPG|[[SM City Manila]]
Image:SM Marketmall December 6.jpg|SM Marketmall Dasmariñas
</gallery>

==Branches in Philippines==
{{location map+ |Metro Manila |float=right |height=|width=300 |caption=Locations of SM Supermalls within Metro Manila and surrounding areas; red pogs denote malls built prior to 2000, blue pogs for malls built from 2000 and 2005, green pogs for malls built since 2006, and orange pogs for classic standalone stores. (Note: 6 Provincial Malls that near to NCR in this NCR locator map) |places=
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |marksize=6 |lat=14.657 |long=121.030 |label=North EDSA |position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |marksize=6 |lat=14.604 |long=121.018 |label=Santa Mesa |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |marksize=6 |lat=14.584 |long=121.056 |label=Megamall |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |marksize=6 |lat=14.432 |long=121.010 |label=Southmall |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |marksize=6 |lat=14.442 |long=120.950 |label=Bacoor |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |marksize=6 |lat=14.733 |long=121.058 |label=Fairview |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.589 |long=120.983 |label=Manila |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.483 |long=120.992 |label=Sucat |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.754 |long=120.956 |label=Marilao |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.486 |long=121.043 |label=Bicutan |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.618 |long=120.985 |label=San Lazaro |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.685 |long=120.976 |label=Valenzuela |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.383 |long=120.977 |label=Molino |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.535 |long=120.982 |label=Mall of Asia |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.584 |long=121.077 |label=Pasig |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.565 |long=121.140 |label=Taytay |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.377 |long=121.045 |label=Muntinlupa |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.626 |long=121.084 |label=Marikina |position=top}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.449 |long=120.980 |label=Las Piñas |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.707 |long=121.037 |label=Novaliches |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Orange pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.598 |long=120.981 |label=Quiapo |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Orange pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.549 |long=121.026 |label=Makati |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Orange pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.619 |long=121.055 |label=Cubao |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Metro Manila |mark=Orange pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.562 |long=120.989 |label=Harrison |position=right}}
}}

{{location map+ |Philippines |float=right |height=|width=300 |caption=Locations of SM Supermalls within the rest of the Philippines built prior to 2005; SM Delgado, a classic standalone store, is denoted by an orange pog. SM City North EDSA is used a reference to locate Metro Manila. |places=
{{location map~ |Philippines |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=14.657 |long=121.030 |label=North EDSA |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |mark=Orange pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=10.698 |long=122.567 |label=Delgado |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=10.311 |long=123.918 |label=Cebu |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=10.714 |long=122.551 |label=Iloilo |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=15.053 |long=120.697 |label=Pampanga |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=7.049 |long=125.588 |label=Davao |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=8.456 |long=124.623 |label=Cagayan de Oro |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=13.947 |long=121.625 |label=Lucena |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=16.408 |long=120.599 |label=Baguio |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=14.301 |long=120.957 |label=Dasmariñas|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=13.755 |long=121.068 |label=Batangas |position=left}}
}}
{{location map+ |Philippines |float=right |height=|width=300 |caption=Locations of SM Supermalls within the rest of the Philippines built since 2005.|places=
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=15.168 |long=120.580 |label=Clark |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=14.312 |long=121.098 |label=Maainag |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=14.312 |long=121.098 |label=Santa Rosa |position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=10.671 |long=122.943 |label=Bacolod |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=15.879 |long=120.602 |label=Rosales |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=14.906 |long=120.891 |label=Baliwag |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=14.409 |long=120.856 |label=Rosario |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=13.621 |long=123.191 |label=Naga |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=15.477 |long=120.594 |label=Tarlac |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=14.202 |long=121.155 |label=Calamba |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Philippines |marksize=6 |lat=14.202 |long=121.155 |label=Calamba |position=right}}
}}
The following is a list of SM shopping malls in the Philippines and their consecutive opening dates. ''Italic'' denotes under construction or planned malls. The new gross foor area is based on the new press release of SM.<ref name=autogenerated2>http://www.smprime.com/uploads/DownloadableForms/SMPHI%20AR2010.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:92%;"
|-
! Name !! Opening Date!! Land area (m²)<ref>{{cite journal|journal=SM Supermalls Mall Profile|year=2011|issue=April|accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref>!! Floor area (m²) !! class="unsortable"|Location
|-
| [[SM City North EDSA]] ||{{sort|1985|25 Nov 1985}} || {{Number table sorting|161000}} || {{Number table sorting|424,691}} || [[EDSA]] cor. North Avenue, [[Quezon City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Sta. Mesa]] (formerly ''SM Centerpoint'') ||{{sort|1990|28 Sep 1990}} || {{Number table sorting|30000}} || {{Number table sorting|133327}} || Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard cor. Araneta Avenue, Brgy. Doña Imelda, Quezon City, [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM Megamall]] ||{{sort|1991|28 Jun 1991}} || {{Number table sorting|105000}} || {{Number table sorting|346,789}}|| EDSA cor. Doña Julia Vargas Avenue, [[Ortigas Center]], [[Quezon City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Cebu]] ||{{sort|1993|04 Nov 1993}} || {{Number table sorting|128000}} || {{Number table sorting|274,236}} || Juan Luna Avenue cor. Cabahug and Kaoshiung Streets, North Reclamation Area, [[Cebu City]], [[Cebu]]
|-
| [[SM Southmall]] ||{{sort|1995|02 Apr 1995}} || {{Number table sorting|200000}} || {{Number table sorting|205120}} || Alabang Zapote Road, Pilar Village, Brgy. Almanza Uno, [[Las Piñas City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Bacoor]] ||{{sort|1997|25 Jul 1997}} || {{Number table sorting|88000}} || {{Number table sorting|120,202}} || [[Aguinaldo Highway|General Aguinaldo Highway]] cor. Tirona Highway, Brgy. Habay II, [[Bacoor, Cavite|Bacoor]], [[Cavite]]
|-
| [[SM City Fairview]] ||{{sort|1997|25 Oct 1997}} || {{Number table sorting|200000}} || {{Number table sorting|122,681}} || Quirino Highway cor. Regalado Avenue & Beltfast Avenue, Brgy. Greater Lagro & Brgy Pasong Putik, Novaliches, [[Quezon City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Iloilo]] ||{{sort|1999|22 Jun 1999}} || {{Number table sorting|175000}} || {{Number table sorting|105,953}} || Sen. Benigno Aquino Jr. Avenue, Jaro West Diversion Road, [[Mandurriao]], [[Iloilo City]], [[Iloilo]]
|-
| [[SM City Manila]] ||{{sort|2000|14 Apr 2000}} || {{Number table sorting|25000}} || {{Number table sorting|167,812}} || Natividad Almeda-Lopez (formerly called Concepcion) corner A. Villegas (formerly called Arroceros) and San Marcelino Streets, [[Ermita, Manila|Ermita]], [[Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Pampanga]] ||{{sort|2000|24 Oct 2000}} || {{Number table sorting|316000}} || {{Number table sorting|132,484}} || Olongapo-Gapan Road, Barangay Lagundi, [[Mexico, Pampanga]] (East Wing) and Barangay San Jose, [[City of San Fernando|City of San Fernando, Pampanga]], [[Pampanga]]
|-
| [[SM City Sucat]] ||{{sort|2001|13 Jul 2001}} || {{Number table sorting|101000}} || {{Number table sorting|98,106}} || Dr. A. Santos Avenue, Brgy. San Dionisio, [[Parañaque City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Davao]] ||{{sort|2001|16 Nov 2001}} || {{Number table sorting|132,000}} || {{Number table sorting|124,440}} || Quimpo Boulevard cor. Tulip Drive, Ecoland Subd., Brgy. Matina, [[Davao City]]
|-
| [[SM City Cagayan de Oro]] ||{{sort|2002|15 Nov 2002}} || {{Number table sorting|52000}} || {{Number table sorting|87940}} || Masterson Avenue cor. Gran Via St., Pueblo de Oro Township, Uptown Carmen, [[Cagayan de Oro City]], [[Misamis Oriental]]
|-
| [[SM City Bicutan]] ||{{sort|2002|29 Nov 2002}}|| {{Number table sorting|39000}} || {{Number table sorting|113,671}} || Doña Soledad Avenue cor. West Service Road (beside Exit 14, Bicutan Exit), Brgy. Don Bosco, Bicutan, [[Parañaque City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Lucena]] ||{{sort|2003|03 Oct 2003}} || {{Number table sorting|80000}} || {{Number table sorting|78655}} || Maharlika Highway cor. Dalahican Road, Brgy. Ibabang Dupay, [[Lucena City]], [[Quezon]]
|-
| [[SM City Baguio]] ||{{sort|2003|21 Nov 2003}} || {{Number table sorting|80000}} || {{Number table sorting|183,950}} || Luneta Hill, Upper Session Road cor. Governor Pack Road, [[Baguio City]], [[Benguet]]
|-
| [[SM City Marilao]] ||{{sort|2003|28 Nov 2003}} || {{Number table sorting|130000}} || {{Number table sorting|93910}} || MacArthur Highway, Brgy. Ibayo, [[Marilao, Bulacan |Marilao]], [[Bulacan]]
|-
| [[SM City Dasmariñas]] ||{{sort|2004|21 May 2004}} || {{Number table sorting|124000}} || {{Number table sorting|121,285}} || [[Governor's Drive]], Brgy. Sampaloc 1, [[Dasmariñas City]], [[Cavite]]
|-
| [[SM City Batangas]] ||{{sort|2004|12 Nov 2004}} || {{Number table sorting|85000}} || {{Number table sorting|80,350}} || Pastor Village, Brgy. Pallocan Kanluran, [[Batangas City]], [[Batangas]]
|-
| [[SM City San Lazaro]] ||{{sort|2005|15 Jul 2005}} || {{Number table sorting|40000}} || {{Number table sorting|178,516}} || Felix Huertas Street cor. Arsenio H. Lacson Street (C-2 Road), [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]], [[Manila]]
|-
| [[SM Center Valenzuela]] ||{{sort|2005|28 Oct 2005}} || {{Number table sorting|25000}} || {{Number table sorting|70,681}} || MacArthur Highway, Brgy. Karuhatan, [[Valenzuela City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM Center Molino]] ||{{sort|2005|18 Nov 2005}} || {{Number table sorting|48000}} || {{Number table sorting|52,061}} || Paliparan-Molino-Zapote Road cor. Citihomes Subdivision Access Road, Brgy. Molino IV, [[Bacoor, Cavite|Bacoor]], [[Cavite]]
|-
| [[SM City Sta. Rosa]] ||{{sort|2006|17 Feb 2006}} || {{Number table sorting|171000}} || {{Number table sorting|86,463}} || Old National Highway, Brgy. Tagapo, [[Santa Rosa City]], [[Laguna]]
|-
| [[SM City Clark]] ||{{sort|2006|12 May 2006}} || {{Number table sorting|165,000}} || {{Number table sorting|101,840}} || M.A. Roxas Avenue, Clark Special Economic Zone, [[Angeles City]], [[Pampanga]], Philippines
|-
| [[SM Mall of Asia]] ||{{sort|2006|21 May 2006}} || {{Number table sorting|195,000}} || {{Number table sorting|406,961}} || SM Central Business Park, [[Bay City (Metro Manila)]], [[Pasay City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM Center Pasig]] ||{{sort|2006|19 Aug 2006}} || {{Number table sorting|21000}} || {{Number table sorting|29,602}} || Eulogio Rodriguez Jr. Avenue (C-5 Road) cor. Doña Julia Vargas Ave., Frontera Verde, [[Ortigas Center]], Brgy. Ugong, [[Pasig City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Lipa]] ||{{sort|2006|22 Sep 2006}} || {{Number table sorting|103000}} || {{Number table sorting|77,301}} || Ayala Highway, Brgy. Marauoy, [[Lipa City]], [[Batangas]]
|-
| [[SM City Bacolod]] ||{{sort|2007|02 Mar 2007}} || {{Number table sorting|170000}} || {{Number table sorting|71,752}} || Rizal Street, Reclamation Area, [[Bacolod City]], [[Negros Occidental]]
|-
| [[SM City Taytay]] ||{{sort|2007|09 Nov 2007}} || {{Number table sorting|63000}} || {{Number table sorting|98,928}} || Manila East Road, Brgy. Dolores, [[Taytay, Rizal|Taytay]], [[Rizal]]
|-
| [[SM Center Muntinlupa]] ||{{sort|2007|16 Nov 2007}} || {{Number table sorting|36000}} || {{Number table sorting|54,292}} || National Road, Brgy. Tunasan, [[Muntinlupa City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Marikina]] ||{{sort|2008|05 Sep 2008}} || {{Number table sorting|59000}} || {{Number table sorting|178,485}} || Riverbanks Center, Marcos Highway, Brgy. [[Calumpang]], [[Marikina City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Rosales]] ||{{sort|2008|28 Nov 2008}} || {{Number table sorting|122000}} || {{Number table sorting|63,330}} || MacArthur Highway, Brgy. Carmen East, [[Rosales, Pangasinan|Rosales]], [[Pangasinan]]
|-
| [[SM City Baliwag]] ||{{sort|2008|12 Dec 2008}} || {{Number table sorting|93000}} || {{Number table sorting|61,262}} || Doña Remedios Trinidad Highway, Brgy. Pagala, [[Baliwag]], [[Bulacan]]
|-
| [[SM City Naga]] ||{{sort|2009|01 May 2009}} || {{Number table sorting|44000}} || {{Number table sorting|74,275}} || Ninoy and Cory Aquino Avenue, Central Business District II, Brgy. Triangulo, [[Naga City]], [[Camarines Sur]]
|-
| [[SM Center Las Piñas]] ||{{sort|2009|02 Oct 2009}} || {{Number table sorting|29000}} || {{Number table sorting|40,267}} || Alabang-Zapote Road, Brgy. Pamplona Dos, [[Las Piñas City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Rosario]] ||{{sort|2009|20 Nov 2009}} || {{Number table sorting|54000}} || {{Number table sorting|59,326}} || General Trias Drive, Brgy. Tejeros Convention, [[Rosario, Cavite|Rosario]], [[Cavite]]
|-
| [[SM City Tarlac]] ||{{sort|2010|30 Apr 2010}} || {{Number table sorting|34000}} || {{Number table sorting|101,629}} || MacArthur Highway, Brgy. San Roque, [[Tarlac City]], [[Tarlac]]<ref>Zinnia B. Dela Peña. Wednesday, April 29, 2009. "SM Prime earmarks P12 billion for expansion of RP, China malls". Philippine Star. [http://www.smprime.com/smprime/index.php?p=587&type=2&sec=49&aid=3140 SM Prime Holdings]</ref>
|-
| [[SM City San Pablo]] ||{{sort|2010|01 Oct 2010}} || {{Number table sorting|69000}} || {{Number table sorting|59,643}} || Maharlika Highway, Riverina Residential and Commercial Estates, Brgy. San Rafael, [[San Pablo City]], [[Laguna]]<ref>Kristine Jane R. Liu. February 26, 2009. "Developers building more malls in time for economic recovery". Business World. [http://www.smprime.com/News.php?BlurbID=2041 SM Prime Holdings] {{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[SM City Calamba]] ||{{sort|2010|15 Oct 2010}} || {{Number table sorting|55000}} || {{Number table sorting|67,384}} || National Road, Calamba City Triangle, Brgy. Real, [[Calamba City]], [[Laguna]]
|-
| [[SM City Novaliches]] ||{{sort|2010|22 Oct 2010}} || {{Number table sorting|77000}} || {{Number table sorting|60,560}} || Quirino Highway, Brgy. San Bartolome, Novaliches, [[Quezon City]], [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| [[SM City Masinag]] ||{{sort|2011|6 May 2011}} || {{Number table sorting|37000}} || {{Number table sorting|90,261}} || Marcos Highway, Brgy. Mayamot, Masinag, [[Antipolo City]], [[Rizal]]<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|-
| SM Marketmall Dasmariñas ||{{sort|2011|9 Dec 2011}} || {{Number table sorting|10,000}} || {{Number table sorting|21,700}} || Former Kadiwa Public Market, Kadiwa Road, [[Dasmarinas City]], [[Cavite]]<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|-
| [[SM City Olongapo]] || {{sort|2012|15 Feb 2012}} || 30,000 || 42,000 || Magsaysay Drive cor. Gordon Avenue, [[Olongapo City]], [[Zambales]]<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|-
| ''[[SM City San Fernando]]'' || {{sort|2012|March 2012}} || ? || 40,000 || V. Tomico Street cor. Consunji Street, Brgy. Sto. Rosario, [[City of San Fernando, Pampanga|City of San Fernando]], [[Pampanga]]<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|-
| ''[[SM City Consolacion]]'' || 2012 || {{Number table sorting|46926}} || {{Number table sorting|70000}}<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.smprime.com/smprime/?p=587&type=2&sec=49&aid=8603 |title=HIGHLANDS PRIME ALLOTS P1 B FOR CAPEX |publisher=Sm Prime |date= |accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> || Cebu North Road, Barangay Lamac, [[Consolacion, Cebu|Consolacion]], [[Cebu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/sm-signs-lease-consolacion-mall |title=SM signs lease for Consolacion mall |publisher=Sun.Star |date=2010-10-11 |accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref>
|-
| ''SM Center Commonwealth'' || 2012 || ? || ? || Capitol Park Homes Access Road cor. Commonwealth Avenue, Brgy. Matandang Balara, [[Quezon City]], [[Metro Manila]]<ref>Kristine Jane R. Liu. February 26, 2009. "Developers building more malls in time for economic recovery". Business World. [http://www.smprime.com/smprime/index.php?p=587&type=2&sec=49&aid=2466 SM Prime Holdings]</ref>
|-
| ''SM City South Novaliches'' || 2012 || ? || {{Number table sorting|27,000}} || Former SM Hypermarket and Makro Novaliches, Quirino Highway, Brgy. Talipapa, [[Quezon City]], [[Metro Manila]]<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|-
| ''SM Center Sucat - BF || 2012 || ? || {{Number table sorting|27,300}} || Dr. A. Santos Avenue cor. Teoville East & West Subdivision Access Road, Brgy. BF Homes, Sucat, [[Parañaque City]], [[Metro Manila]]<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|-
| ''SM City General Santos'' || {{sort|2012|April 2012}} || {{Number table sorting|88,675}} || {{Number table sorting|150,000}} || San Miguel Street cor. Santiago Blvd., [[General Santos City]], [[South Cotabato]]<ref>Manuel T. Cayon. September 20, 2011. "SM to open Mindanao's biggest mall in GenSan". Business Mirror. [http://www.smprime.com/smprime/?p=587&type=2&sec=49&aid=9761 SM Prime Holdings]</ref>
|-
| ''[[SM City Taguig|SM Aura]]'' || 2013 || {{Number table sorting|125,000}} || {{Number table sorting|157,495}} || Carlos P. Garcia Avenue (C-5) cor. McArthur Drive, [[Bonifacio Global City]], [[Taguig City]], [[Metro Manila]]<ref>Honey Madrilejos-Reyes. March 3, 2009. "SM Prime to Build Shopping Complex Near The Fort". Business Mirror. [http://www.smprime.com/smprime/index.php?p=587&type=2&sec=49&aid=2505 SM Prime Holdings]</ref>
|-
| ''SM City North Davao'' ''(Also called ''SM City Lanang'')'' || 2012 || {{Number table sorting|640000}} || {{Number table sorting|287400}} || Former Lanang Golf and Country Club, J.P. Laurel Avenue, Lanang District, [[Davao City]]<ref>Kristine Jane R. Liu and Carmelito Q. Francisco. April 29, 2009. "SM Prime to open one mall every year in mainland China". Business World. [http://www.smprime.com/smprime/index.php?p=587&type=2&sec=49&aid=3143 SM Prime Holdings]</ref>
|-
| ''[[SM Seaside City Cebu]]'' || {{sort|2013|2nd Quarter of 2013}}<ref name=autogenerated3 /> || {{Number table sorting|403100}} || {{Number table sorting|391043}} || South Road Properties, [[Cebu City]], [[Cebu]]<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sm-seals-srp-stake |title=SM seals SRP stake |publisher=Sun.Star |date=2010-01-15 |accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref>
|-
| ''SM City Butuan'' || 2013 || ? || ? || National Highway, [[Butuan City]], [[Agusan del Norte]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smprime.com/smprime/?p=587&type=2&sec=49&aid=9761 |title=SM to Open Mindanao Malls |publisher=Smprime.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref>
|-
| ''SM City Tagum'' || ? || ? || ? || Canocotan, National Highway, [[Tagum|Tagum City]], [[Davao del Norte]]<ref> [http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2011/09/21/tagum-city-eyed-another-sm-mall-180591 SM Prime Holdings, Inc. eyes another mall in Tagum City] Sun.Star Davao, Retrieved September 21, 2011</ref>
|-
| ''SM City Cauayan'' || 2014(?) || ? || ? || Rizal National Highway, [[Cauayan, Isabela|Cauayan City]], [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]]<ref>[http://www.smcity.cn/en/news_more.php?id=145 SM to build SM City Cauayan], Retrieved January 5, 2012</ref>
|-
|''SM City Mandaue'' || ? || ? || ? || National Highway, [[Mandaue City]], [[Cebu (province)|Cebu]]<ref>[http://www.smcity.cn/en/news_more.php?id=145 SM to build SM City Mandaue], Retrieved November 11, 2011</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://smsupermalls.com

{{SMPH}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sm Supermalls}}
[[Category:SM Prime Holdings]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Real estate companies of the Philippines]]

Isabela (province)

2012-01-21T16:48:17Z

86.96.226.19: /* Economy and tourism */

{{Infobox province
| name = Isabela
| native_name =
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of the Philippines|Province]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Vlag Fil Isabela.gif
| flag_size = 120x80px
| image_seal = Ph_seal_isabela.png
| seal_size = 100x80px
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname = Queen Province of the Philippines, Rice Granary of the North
| motto =
| image_map = Ph_locator_map_isabela.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of the Philippines with Isabela highlighted
| latd = 17|latm = 00|lats = |latNS = N
| longd = 122|longm = 00|longs = |longEW = E
| coordinates_type = region:PH_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes = [http://www.comelec.gov.ph COMELEC]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Philippines}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Cagayan Valley]] (Region II)
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = May 01, 1856
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Ilagan, Isabela|Ilagan]]
| leader_party =
| government_type = [[Province]] of the [[Philippines]]
| leader_title = [[Governor]]
| leader_name = Faustino "Bojie" G. Dy III ([[Nationalist People's Coalition|NPC]]/[[Lakas Kampi CMD|Lakas-Kampi-CMD]])
| leader_title1 = [[Vice Governor]]
| leader_name1 = Rodolfo T. Albano III ([[Lakas Kampi CMD|Lakas-Kampi-CMD]])
| area_total_km2 = 12556.8
| area_rank = 2nd out of 80
| area_note =
| population_total = 1275251
| population_as_of = 2007
| population_rank = 15th out of 80
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = 65th out of 80
| population_note =
| elevation_m =
| demographics_type1 = Divisions
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|Independent cities]]
| demographics1_info1 = 1
| demographics1_title2 = [[Cities of the Philippines|Component cities]]
| demographics1_info2 = 1
| demographics1_title3 = [[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipalities]]
| demographics1_info3 = 35
| demographics1_title4 = [[Barangay]]s
| demographics1_info4 = 1,018 including [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|independent cities]]: 1,055
| demographics1_title5 = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Districts]]
| demographics1_info5 = [[Legislative districts of Isabela|1st to 4th districts of Isabela]] (shared with [[Santiago City]])
| blank_name_sec1 = Spoken languages
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]], [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]], [[Ilokano language|Ilocano]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PHT]]
| utc_offset = +8
| postal_code_type = [[List of ZIP codes in the Philippines|ZIP Code]]
| postal_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Isabela''' is the second largest [[Province of the Philippines|province]] of the [[Philippines]] next to [[Palawan]]. It is located in the [[Cagayan Valley]] [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]] in [[Luzon]]. Its capital is [[Ilagan, Isabela|Ilagan]] and borders, clockwise from the south, [[Aurora, Philippines|Aurora]], [[Quirino]], [[Nueva Vizcaya]], [[Ifugao]], [[Mountain Province]], [[Kalinga Province|Kalinga]], and [[Cagayan]]. This primarily agricultural [[province]] is the [[rice]] and [[Maize|corn]] granary of [[Luzon]] due to its plain and rolling terrain.

==History==
Prior to 1856, there were only two provinces in the [[Cagayan Valley Region]]: [[Cagayan]] and [[Nueva Vizcaya]]. The Province of Cagayan at that time consisted of all towns from [[Tumauini]] to the north in [[Aparri]] and all other towns from [[Ilagan]], [[Roxas, Isabela|Roxas]] southward to [[Aritao]] comprised the Province of old [[Nueva Vizcaya]]. In order to facilitate the work of the [[Catholic missionaries]] in the [[evangelization]] in the Cagayan Valley, a [[royal decree]] was issued on May 1, 1856 that created the Province of Isabela consisting of the towns of [[Gamu]], [[Angadanan Viejo|Old Angadanan]] (now [[Alicia, Isabela|Alicia]]), Bindang (now [[Roxas, Isabela|Roxas]]) and Camarag (now [[Echague]]), Carig (now [[Santiago City]]) and [[Palanan]], all detached from Nueva Vizcaya; while [[Cabagan, Isabela|Cabagan]] and [[Tumauini, Isabela|Tumauini]] were taken from the Cagayan province. The province was put under the jurisdiction of a [[governor]] with the capital seat at Ilagan, where it remains at the present. It was initially called [[Isabela de Luzon]] to differentiate from other places in the Philippines bearing the name of Isabela. The new province was named in honor of [[Queen Isabela II]] of [[Spain]].<ref name=briefhistory>{{cite news|title=Brief History of Isabela|url=http://www.flyphilippines.com.ph/isabela/info.php|accessdate=18 June 2011|newspaper=Fly Philippines}}</ref>

Although the province did not play a major role in the revolt against Spain, it was in [[Palanan]] that the final pages of the [[Philippine Revolution]] were written when the American forces led by General [[Frederick Funston]] finally captured [[General Emilio Aguinaldo]] on March 23, 1901.

Isabela was reorganized as a province under the American regime through Act No. 210, passed August 24, 1901.<ref>[http://lawph.com/statutes/act210.html Act No. 210, passed August 24, 1901.]</ref> Its first provincial governor was Rafael Maramag, a former Municipal President (then a term for Municipal Mayor) of the capital town [[Ilagan]]. Rafael Maramag was also the first Municipal President of [[Ilagan]] and was succeeded by his brother Gabriel. Isabela was ruled by the Dy family for 34 years, from 1969 to 2004. The dynasty started with the patriarch of the family, Faustino Dy, Sr. who served as the Cauayan Mayor from 1965-1969 and as a Governor of Isabela for 22 years (1969-1992). He was replaced by his son, Benjamin G. Dy in the gubernatorial seat from 1992 to 2001. Another Dy took the gubernatorial seat in 2001 when Faustino Dy Jr. won the [[Philippine general election, 2001|2001 elections]] after having served first as a Representative of the 2nd district of the province from 1992 to 2001. It was only in the [[Philippine general election, 2004|2004 elections]] that the Dys' ruling over the gubernatorial seat was taken away from the family when [[Grace Padaca]] won.

The Americans built schools and other buildings and instituted changes in the overall political system. The province’s economy, however, remained particularly agricultural with rice replacing corn and tobacco as the dominant crop. [[World War II]] stagnated the [[province]]’s economic growth but it recovered dramatically after the war. In 1942, the Japanese Imperial forces occupied Isabela. In 1945, liberation of Isabela commenced with the arrival of the Philippine Commonwealth Troops and guerrillas attacked by the Japanese Imperial forces in [[World War II]]. Isabela today is the premier province of the north, one of the most progressive in the country and [[Cauayan City|Cauayan]],the agro industrial center and the commercial center of region 2 is a component city while [[Santiago City|Santiago]], the Commercial Center of Region 02, was declared an independent city on July 7, 1994.

A new wave of immigration began in the late 19th and 20th centuries with the arrival of the [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] who came in large numbers. They now constitute the largest group in the province. Other ethnic groups followed and Isabela became the “melting pot of the north”.<ref name= briefhistory/>

In 1995, Republic Act Number 7891 was passed legislating that Isabela be divided into two new provinces: Isabela del Norte and Isabela del Sur.<ref>{{cite news|last=Republic of the Philippines|first=Commission on Elections|title=Resolution No. 2796 .|url=http://www.google.com/#q=In+1995+Isabela+del+Norte+and+Isabela+del+Sur&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Akf9TZ2mO8bx0gG91KjSAw&ved=0CBgQpwUoCw&source=lnt&tbs=cdr:1%2Ccd_min%3A01%2F01%2F1994%2Ccd_max%3A01%2F01%2F1996&tbm=nws&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=59851f9bd0dd24cd&biw=1001&bih=560|accessdate=19 June 2011|newspaper=[[Manila Standard Today]]|date=26 May 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Robles|first=Chan|title=REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7891 - AN ACT DIVIDING THE PROVINCE OF ISABELA INTO TWO PROVINCES NAMELY: ISABELA DEL NORTE AND ISABELA DEL SUR|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno7891.html|work=Philippine Laws, Statutes & Codes, and Republic Acts|publisher=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library|accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref> A referendum was held on the same year with a strong majority voting not to separate the [[province]].<ref name=marcosmania>{{cite news|last=Catindig|first=Raymund|title=Marcos Mania still alive in Isabela 25 years after EDSA|url=http://www.vjnews.org/2011/02/28/marcos-mania-still-alive-in-isabela-25-years-after-edsa/|accessdate=19 June 2011|newspaper=Valley Journal News Online|date=February 28, 2011}}</ref>

==People and culture==
According to the latest Philippine Census, Isabela is the most populated province among the five provinces in [[Cagayan Valley]] (Region II). It has a population of 1,401,495 people and comprising 45.93 percent of the 3 million people in the region. At the national level, the province contributed 1.58 percent to the total population of 88.57 million. There are 254,928 households in the province.

For all ages, the sex ratio in Isabela was about 105 with 660,627 males and 626,948 females in the 2000 Census of Population and Housing (Census 2000). There are more males than females below 50 years old.

[[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] are the most prominent group in Isabela. Of the total household population, 68.71 percent classified themselves as Ilocanos. The next two prominent groups(ethnic) are [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]] (14.05 percent) and [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] (10.02 percent). The remaining 7.22 percent are either Gaddang, Paranan, Yogad, or are from other ethnic groups.

==Economy and tourism==
Isabela is a first class in terms of income classification. [[Agriculture]], mainly [[rice]] with a relatively large corn crop, is the biggest industry in Isabela. Farming is highly mechanized as most of the agricultural lands are irrigated. With the presence of the [[Isabela State University]], joint ventures, other foreign assisted projects, and the [[Magat Dam]], agriculture has a high level of productivity. It is also the hub of trade, commerce, and other economic activities due to its central location in the region. The wood industry used to be a top earner for the province but due to the logging ban imposed in the [[Cagayan Valley Region]], activities in this industry have considerably declined. However, furniture making using narra and other indigenous forest materials continues.

Some potential investments are in fisheries and tourism. Isabela has a fertile fishing ground on the [[Pacific Coast]]. The reservoir of the [[Magat Dam]] is utilized for fish cage operations, such as tilapia production for domestic markets.

[[Tourism]] is relatively a new industry being developed in the [[province]]. Support services and accommodation facilities are likewise being developed. Tourism focuses mainly in two cities [[Cauayan City]] the mushroom capital of the north and [[Santiago City]] and can be noted by the presence of the only [[McDonalds]] in the province. [[Tourism]] is also being developed in the areas of [[Palanan, Isabela|Palanan]] where white sand beaches can be found.

There are 2 airports in the province - [[Cauayan Airport]] which serves as the primary airport for the province with service to [[Manila]] and vice versa. The other one is in [[Palanan]], which is inaccessible by land.

==Geography==
Isabela comprises an aggregate land area of 10,665 square kilometers, representing almost 40 percent of the regional territory. It is the largest [[province]] in the island of [[Luzon]] and the second largest [[province]] in the [[Philippines]] in terms of land area. It is located on the right-most part of the Northern Luzon facing the [[Pacific Ocean]] and comprising parts of the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]]. Isabela is one of the provinces which is often hit by [[typhoons]] due to its location.

===Physical===
The [[province]] is divided into three physiographic areas. The eastern area, straddled by the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountain range, is rugged and thickly forested. A substantial portion is uncharted. These unexplored hinterlands are home to a rich variety of [[flora]] and [[fauna]], while others are government reservations. The western area is a sprawling fertile valley hemmed by the [[Cordillera Central (Luzon)|Central Cordillera]]. It is criss-crossed by the mighty [[Cagayan River]], Siffu river, and Magat River. Its mountains rise to a peak of about 8,000 feet, and are home to one of the world’s largest remaining low-altitude rainforests, with numerous unknown endemic species of [[flora]] and [[fauna]] and exceptional biological diversity. The area is popularly known as the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park]]. Isabela has 600,000 [[hectares]] of [[Cagayan Valley]]’s 900,000 hectares of [[forest]] cover.<ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/114671/Isabela-gov-sees-big-job-ahead-vs-illegal-logging gmanews.tv/story, Isabela gov sees big job ahead vs illegal logging]</ref><ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/video/27703/iWitness-Si-GOB-at-ang-mga-BUGADOR iWitness: Si GOB at ang mga BUGADOR, 08/25/2008]</ref>

Isabela is subdivided into 35 municipalities and 2 cities.

{{wide image|Isabela District Locator.png|800px|alt=Isabela District Locator Color-Coded|A color-coded division of the province according to District. The symbols are indicated in the picture.}}

===Cities===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! City
! Income Class
! District
! Population (2007)
! Area (km²)
|-
| [[Cauayan City]]
|align="center"| 1st class component city
|align="center"| 3rd
|align="right"| 110,235
|align="right"|336.40
|-
| [[Santiago City]]
|align="center"| 1st class, independent component
|align="center"| 4th
|align="right"| 125,980
|align="right"| 275.0
|}

===Municipalities===

{{Philippine Census
| title= Population Census of Isabela
| 1990=
| 1995= 1160721
| 2000= 1287575
| 2007= 1401495
| estimate=
| estyear=
| estref=
}}
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Municipality
! Income Class
! District
! Population (2007)
! Area (km²)
|-
|[[Alicia, Isabela|Alicia]] ||align="right"| 2nd Class<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/municipality.asp?muncode=023101000&regcode=02&provcode=31| title =Philippine Standard Geographic Codes by the National Statistical Coordination Board|accessdate = 2010-01-16}}</ref> ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 61,447 ||align="right"| 154.10
|-
|[[Angadanan, Isabela|Angadanan]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 39,743 ||align="right"| 204.40
|-
|[[Aurora, Isabela|Aurora]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 31,547 ||align="right"| 300.56
|-
|[[Benito Soliven, Isabela|Benito Soliven]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 25,151 ||align="right"| 184.40
|-
|[[Burgos, Isabela|Burgos]] ||align="right"| 5th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 21,898 ||align="right"| 73.10
|-
|[[Cabagan, Isabela|Cabagan]] ||align="right"| 2nd Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 43,562 ||align="right"| 430.40
|-
|[[Cabatuan, Isabela|Cabatuan]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 34,079 ||align="right"| 80.77
|-
|[[Cordon, Isabela|Cordon]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 38,139 ||align="right"| 144.00
|-
|[[Delfin Albano, Isabela|Delfin Albano (Magsaysay)]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 24,899 ||align="right"| 189.00
|-
|[[Dinapigue, Isabela|Dinapigue]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 4,807 ||align="right"| 873.69
|-
|[[Divilacan, Isabela|Divilican]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 4,602 ||align="right"| 889.49
|-
|[[Echague, Isabela|Echague]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 67,553 ||align="right"| 680.80
|-
|[[Gamu, Isabela|Gamu]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 27,479 ||align="right"| 129.40
|-
|[[Ilagan, Isabela|Ilagan]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 131,243 ||align="right"| 1,166.26
|-
|[[Jones, Isabela|Jones]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 41,237 ||align="right"| 670.14
|-
|[[Luna, Isabela|Luna]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 15,884 ||align="right"| 45.70
|-
|[[Maconacon, Isabela|Maconacon]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 3,991 ||align="right"| 538.66
|-
|[[Mallig, Isabela|Mallig]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 27,245 ||align="right"| 133.40
|-
|[[Naguilian, Isabela|Naguilian]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 27,977 ||align="right"| 169.81
|-
|[[Palanan, Isabela|Palanan]] ||align="right"| 2nd Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 16,254 ||align="right"| 880.24
|-
|[[Quezon, Isabela|Quezon]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 22,050 ||align="right"| 268.26
|-
|[[Quirino, Isabela|Quirino]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 21,192 ||align="right"| 126.20
|-
|[[Ramon, Isabela|Ramon]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 45,258 ||align="right"| 135.17
|-
|[[Reina Mercedes, Isabela|Reina Mercedes]] ||align="right"| 5th Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 21,874 ||align="right"| 57.14
|-
|[[Roxas, Isabela|Roxas]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 53,461 ||align="right"| 184.80
|-
|[[San Agustin, Isabela|San Agustin]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 20,681 ||align="right"| 278.40
|-
|[[San Guillermo, Isabela|San Guillermo]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 16,865 ||align="right"| 325.49
|-
|[[San Isidro, Isabela|San Isidro]] ||align="right"| 5th Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 21,387 ||align="right"| 71.90
|-
|[[San Manuel, Isabela|San Manuel]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 28,420 ||align="right"| 112.77
|-
|[[San Mariano, Isabela|San Mariano]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 44,718 ||align="right"| 1,469.50
|-
|[[San Mateo, Isabela|San Mateo]] ||align="right"| 2nd Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 57,885 ||align="right"| 120.60
|-
|[[San Pablo, Isabela|San Pablo]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 20,561 ||align="right"| 637.90
|-
|[[Santa Maria, Isabela|Santa Maria]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 20,695 ||align="right"| 140.00
|-
|[[Santo Tomas, Isabela|Santo Tomas]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 22,172 ||align="right"| 150.00
|-
|[[Tumauini, Isabela|Tumauini]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 55,041 ||align="right"| 467.30
|-
|}

The municipalities of [[Ilagan, Isabela|Ilagan]] and [[Roxas, Isabela|Roxas]] are candidates for cityhood and is scheduled for assessment on 2012.<ref name="IlaganRoxas">Ilagan and Roxas for cityhood: http://www.voiceofsierramadre.com/2011/03/24/home-to-worlds-biggest-butaka-bids-anew-for-cityhood/ Retrieved October 15, 2011.</ref> Ilagan, which failed to become a city after 13 years of proposal would be the country’s second biggest city after [[Davao City]] in terms of the land area if its stalled cityhood dream will be eventually realized.<ref name="IlaganRoxas" /> While Roxas, files its economic and financial profile however it would not be converted immediately into city until 2015.<ref name="IlaganRoxas" />

==Language==

Major languages in Isabela are [[Ilokano language|Ilocano]] followed by [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]], [http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Yogad Yogad], [http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Gaddang Gaddang]. People especially in the capital and commercial centers speak and understand [[English language|English]] and [[Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Pilipino]].

==Major Industries==
[[Agriculture]] is the [[industry|major industry]] of the people of [[Isabela]]. [[Farming]] is highly mechanized as most of the agricultural lands are irrigated. With the presence of the [[Isabela State University]], joint ventures and other foreign assisted projects and the [[Magat Dam]] contribute to the high productivity in agriculture. It is also the hub of trade and commerce and other economic activities due to its central location in the region. The wood industry used to be a top earner for the province but due to the logging ban imposed in the [[Cagayan Valley Region]], activities in this industry considerably declined. However, [[furniture|furniture making]] using [[narra]]{{dn|date=January 2012}} and other indigenous forest materials continue to exist.

Potential investments are in [[fisheries]] and [[tourism]]. Isabela has a fertile fishing ground on the [[Pacific Coast]]. The reservoir of the Magat Dam is utilized for fish cage operations for [[tilapia]] production for domestic markets. Tourism is relatively a new industry being developed in the province. Support services and accommodation facilities are likewise being developed.

==Tourists Attractions==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* Sierra Madre Natural Forest Park (Eastern Coast of Isabela)
* Maconacon Falls (Maconacon, Isabela)
* Hanging Bridge (Maconacon, Isabela)
* White Sand Beaches (Dinapigue, Palanan, Divilacan) - Typical of coastal areas along the Sierra Madre Mountains of Cagayan Valley.
* Dibulo Falls (Dinapigue, Isabela)
* Dinapigue Sea Wall (Dinapigue, Isabela)
* Bonsai Park (Dinapigue, Isabela)
* Waterworld Grand Resort (Ramon, Isabela)
* Magat High Rise Dam (Ramon, Isabela) - [[Asia]]’s biggest dam project at the time of its construction. It serves the primary function of power generation and irrigation. Its reservoir area of 4,450 hectares has a great potential for water-based recreation like fishing, boating and water skiing, among others.
* Camp Vizcarra (Ramon, Isabela)
* Pinzal Falls (Ilagan, Isabela)
* Abuan River (Ilagan, Isabela)
* Ilagan Sanctuary (Ilagan, Isabela)
* Sta. Victoria Caves (Ilagan, Isabela)
* Worlds Largest Butaka (Ilagan, Isabela) - It is 11 feet 4 inches high, 20 feet 8 inches long, and 9 feet 7 inches wide. It weighs 2,368 kilos and was constructed by 25 workers in 29 days.
* Desert Island (Divilacan, Isabela)
* Water Impounding Dam (Roxas, Isabela)
* Borubor Falls (Roxas, Isabela)
* Honeymoon Island (Divilacan, Isabela)
* La Salette Shrine (Santiago City) - located in Balintocatoc Hills, contains life-sized statues of religious icons.
* Obelisk (Jones, Isabela)
* Dimanek Falls (San Mariano, Isabela) - Located near boundary ridge between Palanan and San Mariano, Isabela.
* Crocodile Watching (Crocodylus Mindorensis) - at San Mariano at night.
* Aguinaldo Shrine (Palanan, Isabela) - Historic Capture and Heroism of General [[Emilio Aguinaldo]].
* Dilaknadanum (Palanan, Isabela) - is the home Agta people, another minorities on the coast of Isabela. Such a beautiful place, with forest, beaches, rivers and small farmsteads uprivers.
* Dicotcotan Beach (Palanan, Isabela)
* Sta. Maria Triangular Park (Sta. Maria, Isabela)

{{col-2}}
'''Churches'''
* Parish of St. Mathias (Tumauini, Isabela) - Work on the church started in 1783. It has been faithfully restored after being damaged during [[World War II]] and is acknowledged as the most artistic brick structure in the Philippines. The cyclindrical bell tower is the only one of its kind in the country.
* Our Lady of the Pillar Church (Cauayan City)
* San Pablo Church (San Pablo, Isabela)
* Our Lady of Atocha (Alicia, Isabela)- The church and convent as seen today in the town of Alicia, beautiful and solid, was built by Fr. Tomas Calderon, OP and inaugurated in 1849, with Fr. Francisco Gainza, OP, then vicar of Carig (now Santiago City). Famous for their antique Spanish architectural designs, these churches are found along the national highway and are accessible by land transport.
* St. James Parish Church (Santiago City)

'''Festivals'''
* Bambanti Festival (Isabela Day)
* Pagay Festival (Alicia)
* Binnadangan Festival (Roxas)
* Nateng Festival (Mallig)
* Gakit Festival (Angadanan)
* Pattaradday Festival (Santiago City)
* Nuang Festival (San Agustin) - Carabao Race
* Gawagaway-yan Festival (Cauayan City)
*
{{col-end}}

==Notable residents==
*[[Gilbert Teodoro]] - former secretary of the national defense of the republic of the Philippines
*[[Jejomar Binay]] - Vice President of the Philippines
*[[Ruthlane Uy Asmundson]] - Mayor of [[Davis, California]], USA
*[[Faustino Dy Jr.]] - Chairperson of Nationalist People's Coalition or NPC
*[[Ebe Dancel]] - Vocalist of Sugarfree
*[[Phil Villas]] - Rap Battle MC, founder of the hiphop record label "Homemade music Ent."
*[[Marlene Aguilar Pollard]] - Writer, Author & Publisher of many International awards
*[[Maria Luisa de Asis Gonzales]] - Model & Beauty Queen 1985 Maja-Internacional 2nd Runner-Up & Best in National Costume
*[[Benjamin Gayla Lucas]] - Awarded Most Outstanding Senior Citizen Of The Philippines 1998
*[[Mark Clemence Telan]] - PBA Player
*[[Rogemar Menor]] - PBA Player
*[[Mateo Noriel Luga|General Mateo Noriel Luga]]
*[[Heherson Alvarez]] - Senator
*[[Edgardo "Boy" Vinarao]] - (Echague, Isabela) Film Editor and Movie director
*[[Freddie Aguilar]] - Singer/ composer
*[[Ricky Calimag]] - (Echague, Isabela) - PBA player
*[[Cynthia Baculi-Condez]] - (Cauayan, Isabela) - Recipient, Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
* [http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/pop0.html 1995 Philippine Census Information]
* [http://www.census.gov.ph/census2000/index.html 2000 Philippine Census Information]
* [http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2008/pr0830tx.html 2007 Philippine Census Information]

{{Geographic location
| North=[[Cagayan]]
| West=[[Mountain Province]] [[Ifugao]]
| Center=Isabela
| East=''[[Philippine Sea]]''
| South=[[Quirino]], [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]
| Northwest=[[Kalinga]]
| Southwest=[[Nueva Vizcaya]]
}}
{{Luzon lateral}}
{{Isabela}}

[[Category:Isabela (province)| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Philippines]]

[[ace:Propinsi Isabela]]
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[[es:Provincia de Isabela]]
[[eo:Isabelo (provinco)]]
[[fa:ایزابلا (استان)]]
[[fr:Isabela (province)]]
[[ko:이사벨라 주]]
[[ilo:Isabela]]
[[id:Isabela (provinsi)]]
[[it:Provincia di Isabela]]
[[pam:Isabela]]
[[mk:Изабела (провинција)]]
[[nl:Isabela (provincie)]]
[[ja:イサベラ州]]
[[no:Isabela]]
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[[pl:Isabela (prowincja)]]
[[ru:Исабела (провинция)]]
[[sv:Isabela (provins)]]
[[tl:Isabela (lalawigan)]]
[[tr:Isabela (il)]]
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[[war:Isabela (lalawigan)]]
[[zh:伊莎貝拉省]]

Isabela (province)

2012-01-21T16:46:27Z

86.96.226.19: /* Economy and tourism */

{{Infobox province
| name = Isabela
| native_name =
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of the Philippines|Province]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Vlag Fil Isabela.gif
| flag_size = 120x80px
| image_seal = Ph_seal_isabela.png
| seal_size = 100x80px
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname = Queen Province of the Philippines, Rice Granary of the North
| motto =
| image_map = Ph_locator_map_isabela.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of the Philippines with Isabela highlighted
| latd = 17|latm = 00|lats = |latNS = N
| longd = 122|longm = 00|longs = |longEW = E
| coordinates_type = region:PH_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes = [http://www.comelec.gov.ph COMELEC]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Philippines}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Cagayan Valley]] (Region II)
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = May 01, 1856
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Ilagan, Isabela|Ilagan]]
| leader_party =
| government_type = [[Province]] of the [[Philippines]]
| leader_title = [[Governor]]
| leader_name = Faustino "Bojie" G. Dy III ([[Nationalist People's Coalition|NPC]]/[[Lakas Kampi CMD|Lakas-Kampi-CMD]])
| leader_title1 = [[Vice Governor]]
| leader_name1 = Rodolfo T. Albano III ([[Lakas Kampi CMD|Lakas-Kampi-CMD]])
| area_total_km2 = 12556.8
| area_rank = 2nd out of 80
| area_note =
| population_total = 1275251
| population_as_of = 2007
| population_rank = 15th out of 80
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = 65th out of 80
| population_note =
| elevation_m =
| demographics_type1 = Divisions
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|Independent cities]]
| demographics1_info1 = 1
| demographics1_title2 = [[Cities of the Philippines|Component cities]]
| demographics1_info2 = 1
| demographics1_title3 = [[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipalities]]
| demographics1_info3 = 35
| demographics1_title4 = [[Barangay]]s
| demographics1_info4 = 1,018 including [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|independent cities]]: 1,055
| demographics1_title5 = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Districts]]
| demographics1_info5 = [[Legislative districts of Isabela|1st to 4th districts of Isabela]] (shared with [[Santiago City]])
| blank_name_sec1 = Spoken languages
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]], [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]], [[Ilokano language|Ilocano]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PHT]]
| utc_offset = +8
| postal_code_type = [[List of ZIP codes in the Philippines|ZIP Code]]
| postal_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Isabela''' is the second largest [[Province of the Philippines|province]] of the [[Philippines]] next to [[Palawan]]. It is located in the [[Cagayan Valley]] [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]] in [[Luzon]]. Its capital is [[Ilagan, Isabela|Ilagan]] and borders, clockwise from the south, [[Aurora, Philippines|Aurora]], [[Quirino]], [[Nueva Vizcaya]], [[Ifugao]], [[Mountain Province]], [[Kalinga Province|Kalinga]], and [[Cagayan]]. This primarily agricultural [[province]] is the [[rice]] and [[Maize|corn]] granary of [[Luzon]] due to its plain and rolling terrain.

==History==
Prior to 1856, there were only two provinces in the [[Cagayan Valley Region]]: [[Cagayan]] and [[Nueva Vizcaya]]. The Province of Cagayan at that time consisted of all towns from [[Tumauini]] to the north in [[Aparri]] and all other towns from [[Ilagan]], [[Roxas, Isabela|Roxas]] southward to [[Aritao]] comprised the Province of old [[Nueva Vizcaya]]. In order to facilitate the work of the [[Catholic missionaries]] in the [[evangelization]] in the Cagayan Valley, a [[royal decree]] was issued on May 1, 1856 that created the Province of Isabela consisting of the towns of [[Gamu]], [[Angadanan Viejo|Old Angadanan]] (now [[Alicia, Isabela|Alicia]]), Bindang (now [[Roxas, Isabela|Roxas]]) and Camarag (now [[Echague]]), Carig (now [[Santiago City]]) and [[Palanan]], all detached from Nueva Vizcaya; while [[Cabagan, Isabela|Cabagan]] and [[Tumauini, Isabela|Tumauini]] were taken from the Cagayan province. The province was put under the jurisdiction of a [[governor]] with the capital seat at Ilagan, where it remains at the present. It was initially called [[Isabela de Luzon]] to differentiate from other places in the Philippines bearing the name of Isabela. The new province was named in honor of [[Queen Isabela II]] of [[Spain]].<ref name=briefhistory>{{cite news|title=Brief History of Isabela|url=http://www.flyphilippines.com.ph/isabela/info.php|accessdate=18 June 2011|newspaper=Fly Philippines}}</ref>

Although the province did not play a major role in the revolt against Spain, it was in [[Palanan]] that the final pages of the [[Philippine Revolution]] were written when the American forces led by General [[Frederick Funston]] finally captured [[General Emilio Aguinaldo]] on March 23, 1901.

Isabela was reorganized as a province under the American regime through Act No. 210, passed August 24, 1901.<ref>[http://lawph.com/statutes/act210.html Act No. 210, passed August 24, 1901.]</ref> Its first provincial governor was Rafael Maramag, a former Municipal President (then a term for Municipal Mayor) of the capital town [[Ilagan]]. Rafael Maramag was also the first Municipal President of [[Ilagan]] and was succeeded by his brother Gabriel. Isabela was ruled by the Dy family for 34 years, from 1969 to 2004. The dynasty started with the patriarch of the family, Faustino Dy, Sr. who served as the Cauayan Mayor from 1965-1969 and as a Governor of Isabela for 22 years (1969-1992). He was replaced by his son, Benjamin G. Dy in the gubernatorial seat from 1992 to 2001. Another Dy took the gubernatorial seat in 2001 when Faustino Dy Jr. won the [[Philippine general election, 2001|2001 elections]] after having served first as a Representative of the 2nd district of the province from 1992 to 2001. It was only in the [[Philippine general election, 2004|2004 elections]] that the Dys' ruling over the gubernatorial seat was taken away from the family when [[Grace Padaca]] won.

The Americans built schools and other buildings and instituted changes in the overall political system. The province’s economy, however, remained particularly agricultural with rice replacing corn and tobacco as the dominant crop. [[World War II]] stagnated the [[province]]’s economic growth but it recovered dramatically after the war. In 1942, the Japanese Imperial forces occupied Isabela. In 1945, liberation of Isabela commenced with the arrival of the Philippine Commonwealth Troops and guerrillas attacked by the Japanese Imperial forces in [[World War II]]. Isabela today is the premier province of the north, one of the most progressive in the country and [[Cauayan City|Cauayan]],the agro industrial center and the commercial center of region 2 is a component city while [[Santiago City|Santiago]], the Commercial Center of Region 02, was declared an independent city on July 7, 1994.

A new wave of immigration began in the late 19th and 20th centuries with the arrival of the [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] who came in large numbers. They now constitute the largest group in the province. Other ethnic groups followed and Isabela became the “melting pot of the north”.<ref name= briefhistory/>

In 1995, Republic Act Number 7891 was passed legislating that Isabela be divided into two new provinces: Isabela del Norte and Isabela del Sur.<ref>{{cite news|last=Republic of the Philippines|first=Commission on Elections|title=Resolution No. 2796 .|url=http://www.google.com/#q=In+1995+Isabela+del+Norte+and+Isabela+del+Sur&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Akf9TZ2mO8bx0gG91KjSAw&ved=0CBgQpwUoCw&source=lnt&tbs=cdr:1%2Ccd_min%3A01%2F01%2F1994%2Ccd_max%3A01%2F01%2F1996&tbm=nws&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=59851f9bd0dd24cd&biw=1001&bih=560|accessdate=19 June 2011|newspaper=[[Manila Standard Today]]|date=26 May 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Robles|first=Chan|title=REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7891 - AN ACT DIVIDING THE PROVINCE OF ISABELA INTO TWO PROVINCES NAMELY: ISABELA DEL NORTE AND ISABELA DEL SUR|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno7891.html|work=Philippine Laws, Statutes & Codes, and Republic Acts|publisher=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library|accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref> A referendum was held on the same year with a strong majority voting not to separate the [[province]].<ref name=marcosmania>{{cite news|last=Catindig|first=Raymund|title=Marcos Mania still alive in Isabela 25 years after EDSA|url=http://www.vjnews.org/2011/02/28/marcos-mania-still-alive-in-isabela-25-years-after-edsa/|accessdate=19 June 2011|newspaper=Valley Journal News Online|date=February 28, 2011}}</ref>

==People and culture==
According to the latest Philippine Census, Isabela is the most populated province among the five provinces in [[Cagayan Valley]] (Region II). It has a population of 1,401,495 people and comprising 45.93 percent of the 3 million people in the region. At the national level, the province contributed 1.58 percent to the total population of 88.57 million. There are 254,928 households in the province.

For all ages, the sex ratio in Isabela was about 105 with 660,627 males and 626,948 females in the 2000 Census of Population and Housing (Census 2000). There are more males than females below 50 years old.

[[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] are the most prominent group in Isabela. Of the total household population, 68.71 percent classified themselves as Ilocanos. The next two prominent groups(ethnic) are [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]] (14.05 percent) and [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] (10.02 percent). The remaining 7.22 percent are either Gaddang, Paranan, Yogad, or are from other ethnic groups.

==Economy and tourism==
Isabela is a first class in terms of income classification. [[Agriculture]], mainly [[rice]] with a relatively large corn crop, is the biggest industry in Isabela. Farming is highly mechanized as most of the agricultural lands are irrigated. With the presence of the [[Isabela State University]], joint ventures, other foreign assisted projects, and the [[Magat Dam]], agriculture has a high level of productivity. It is also the hub of trade, commerce, and other economic activities due to its central location in the region. The wood industry used to be a top earner for the province but due to the logging ban imposed in the [[Cagayan Valley Region]], activities in this industry have considerably declined. However, furniture making using narra and other indigenous forest materials continues.

Some potential investments are in fisheries and tourism. Isabela has a fertile fishing ground on the [[Pacific Coast]]. The reservoir of the [[Magat Dam]] is utilized for fish cage operations, such as tilapia production for domestic markets.

[[Tourism]] is relatively a new industry being developed in the [[province]]. Support services and accommodation facilities are likewise being developed. Tourism focuses mainly in two cities[[Cauayan City]]the mushroom capital of the north and [[Santiago City]] and can be noted by the presence of the only [[McDonalds]] in the province. [[Tourism]] is also being developed in the areas of [[Palanan, Isabela|Palanan]] where white sand beaches can be found.

There are 2 airports in the province - [[Cauayan City Airport]] which serves as the primary airport for the province with service to [[Manila]] and vice versa. The other one is in [[Palanan]], which is inaccessible by land.

==Geography==
Isabela comprises an aggregate land area of 10,665 square kilometers, representing almost 40 percent of the regional territory. It is the largest [[province]] in the island of [[Luzon]] and the second largest [[province]] in the [[Philippines]] in terms of land area. It is located on the right-most part of the Northern Luzon facing the [[Pacific Ocean]] and comprising parts of the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]]. Isabela is one of the provinces which is often hit by [[typhoons]] due to its location.

===Physical===
The [[province]] is divided into three physiographic areas. The eastern area, straddled by the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountain range, is rugged and thickly forested. A substantial portion is uncharted. These unexplored hinterlands are home to a rich variety of [[flora]] and [[fauna]], while others are government reservations. The western area is a sprawling fertile valley hemmed by the [[Cordillera Central (Luzon)|Central Cordillera]]. It is criss-crossed by the mighty [[Cagayan River]], Siffu river, and Magat River. Its mountains rise to a peak of about 8,000 feet, and are home to one of the world’s largest remaining low-altitude rainforests, with numerous unknown endemic species of [[flora]] and [[fauna]] and exceptional biological diversity. The area is popularly known as the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park]]. Isabela has 600,000 [[hectares]] of [[Cagayan Valley]]’s 900,000 hectares of [[forest]] cover.<ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/114671/Isabela-gov-sees-big-job-ahead-vs-illegal-logging gmanews.tv/story, Isabela gov sees big job ahead vs illegal logging]</ref><ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/video/27703/iWitness-Si-GOB-at-ang-mga-BUGADOR iWitness: Si GOB at ang mga BUGADOR, 08/25/2008]</ref>

Isabela is subdivided into 35 municipalities and 2 cities.

{{wide image|Isabela District Locator.png|800px|alt=Isabela District Locator Color-Coded|A color-coded division of the province according to District. The symbols are indicated in the picture.}}

===Cities===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! City
! Income Class
! District
! Population (2007)
! Area (km²)
|-
| [[Cauayan City]]
|align="center"| 1st class component city
|align="center"| 3rd
|align="right"| 110,235
|align="right"|336.40
|-
| [[Santiago City]]
|align="center"| 1st class, independent component
|align="center"| 4th
|align="right"| 125,980
|align="right"| 275.0
|}

===Municipalities===

{{Philippine Census
| title= Population Census of Isabela
| 1990=
| 1995= 1160721
| 2000= 1287575
| 2007= 1401495
| estimate=
| estyear=
| estref=
}}
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Municipality
! Income Class
! District
! Population (2007)
! Area (km²)
|-
|[[Alicia, Isabela|Alicia]] ||align="right"| 2nd Class<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/municipality.asp?muncode=023101000&regcode=02&provcode=31| title =Philippine Standard Geographic Codes by the National Statistical Coordination Board|accessdate = 2010-01-16}}</ref> ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 61,447 ||align="right"| 154.10
|-
|[[Angadanan, Isabela|Angadanan]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 39,743 ||align="right"| 204.40
|-
|[[Aurora, Isabela|Aurora]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 31,547 ||align="right"| 300.56
|-
|[[Benito Soliven, Isabela|Benito Soliven]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 25,151 ||align="right"| 184.40
|-
|[[Burgos, Isabela|Burgos]] ||align="right"| 5th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 21,898 ||align="right"| 73.10
|-
|[[Cabagan, Isabela|Cabagan]] ||align="right"| 2nd Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 43,562 ||align="right"| 430.40
|-
|[[Cabatuan, Isabela|Cabatuan]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 34,079 ||align="right"| 80.77
|-
|[[Cordon, Isabela|Cordon]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 38,139 ||align="right"| 144.00
|-
|[[Delfin Albano, Isabela|Delfin Albano (Magsaysay)]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 24,899 ||align="right"| 189.00
|-
|[[Dinapigue, Isabela|Dinapigue]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 4,807 ||align="right"| 873.69
|-
|[[Divilacan, Isabela|Divilican]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 4,602 ||align="right"| 889.49
|-
|[[Echague, Isabela|Echague]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 67,553 ||align="right"| 680.80
|-
|[[Gamu, Isabela|Gamu]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 27,479 ||align="right"| 129.40
|-
|[[Ilagan, Isabela|Ilagan]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 131,243 ||align="right"| 1,166.26
|-
|[[Jones, Isabela|Jones]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 41,237 ||align="right"| 670.14
|-
|[[Luna, Isabela|Luna]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 15,884 ||align="right"| 45.70
|-
|[[Maconacon, Isabela|Maconacon]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 3,991 ||align="right"| 538.66
|-
|[[Mallig, Isabela|Mallig]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 27,245 ||align="right"| 133.40
|-
|[[Naguilian, Isabela|Naguilian]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 27,977 ||align="right"| 169.81
|-
|[[Palanan, Isabela|Palanan]] ||align="right"| 2nd Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 16,254 ||align="right"| 880.24
|-
|[[Quezon, Isabela|Quezon]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 22,050 ||align="right"| 268.26
|-
|[[Quirino, Isabela|Quirino]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 21,192 ||align="right"| 126.20
|-
|[[Ramon, Isabela|Ramon]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 45,258 ||align="right"| 135.17
|-
|[[Reina Mercedes, Isabela|Reina Mercedes]] ||align="right"| 5th Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 21,874 ||align="right"| 57.14
|-
|[[Roxas, Isabela|Roxas]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 53,461 ||align="right"| 184.80
|-
|[[San Agustin, Isabela|San Agustin]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 20,681 ||align="right"| 278.40
|-
|[[San Guillermo, Isabela|San Guillermo]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 16,865 ||align="right"| 325.49
|-
|[[San Isidro, Isabela|San Isidro]] ||align="right"| 5th Class ||align="right"| 4th ||align="right"| 21,387 ||align="right"| 71.90
|-
|[[San Manuel, Isabela|San Manuel]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 28,420 ||align="right"| 112.77
|-
|[[San Mariano, Isabela|San Mariano]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 2nd ||align="right"| 44,718 ||align="right"| 1,469.50
|-
|[[San Mateo, Isabela|San Mateo]] ||align="right"| 2nd Class ||align="right"| 3rd ||align="right"| 57,885 ||align="right"| 120.60
|-
|[[San Pablo, Isabela|San Pablo]] ||align="right"| 3rd Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 20,561 ||align="right"| 637.90
|-
|[[Santa Maria, Isabela|Santa Maria]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 20,695 ||align="right"| 140.00
|-
|[[Santo Tomas, Isabela|Santo Tomas]] ||align="right"| 4th Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 22,172 ||align="right"| 150.00
|-
|[[Tumauini, Isabela|Tumauini]] ||align="right"| 1st Class ||align="right"| 1st ||align="right"| 55,041 ||align="right"| 467.30
|-
|}

The municipalities of [[Ilagan, Isabela|Ilagan]] and [[Roxas, Isabela|Roxas]] are candidates for cityhood and is scheduled for assessment on 2012.<ref name="IlaganRoxas">Ilagan and Roxas for cityhood: http://www.voiceofsierramadre.com/2011/03/24/home-to-worlds-biggest-butaka-bids-anew-for-cityhood/ Retrieved October 15, 2011.</ref> Ilagan, which failed to become a city after 13 years of proposal would be the country’s second biggest city after [[Davao City]] in terms of the land area if its stalled cityhood dream will be eventually realized.<ref name="IlaganRoxas" /> While Roxas, files its economic and financial profile however it would not be converted immediately into city until 2015.<ref name="IlaganRoxas" />

==Language==

Major languages in Isabela are [[Ilokano language|Ilocano]] followed by [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]], [http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Yogad Yogad], [http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Gaddang Gaddang]. People especially in the capital and commercial centers speak and understand [[English language|English]] and [[Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Pilipino]].

==Major Industries==
[[Agriculture]] is the [[industry|major industry]] of the people of [[Isabela]]. [[Farming]] is highly mechanized as most of the agricultural lands are irrigated. With the presence of the [[Isabela State University]], joint ventures and other foreign assisted projects and the [[Magat Dam]] contribute to the high productivity in agriculture. It is also the hub of trade and commerce and other economic activities due to its central location in the region. The wood industry used to be a top earner for the province but due to the logging ban imposed in the [[Cagayan Valley Region]], activities in this industry considerably declined. However, [[furniture|furniture making]] using [[narra]]{{dn|date=January 2012}} and other indigenous forest materials continue to exist.

Potential investments are in [[fisheries]] and [[tourism]]. Isabela has a fertile fishing ground on the [[Pacific Coast]]. The reservoir of the Magat Dam is utilized for fish cage operations for [[tilapia]] production for domestic markets. Tourism is relatively a new industry being developed in the province. Support services and accommodation facilities are likewise being developed.

==Tourists Attractions==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* Sierra Madre Natural Forest Park (Eastern Coast of Isabela)
* Maconacon Falls (Maconacon, Isabela)
* Hanging Bridge (Maconacon, Isabela)
* White Sand Beaches (Dinapigue, Palanan, Divilacan) - Typical of coastal areas along the Sierra Madre Mountains of Cagayan Valley.
* Dibulo Falls (Dinapigue, Isabela)
* Dinapigue Sea Wall (Dinapigue, Isabela)
* Bonsai Park (Dinapigue, Isabela)
* Waterworld Grand Resort (Ramon, Isabela)
* Magat High Rise Dam (Ramon, Isabela) - [[Asia]]’s biggest dam project at the time of its construction. It serves the primary function of power generation and irrigation. Its reservoir area of 4,450 hectares has a great potential for water-based recreation like fishing, boating and water skiing, among others.
* Camp Vizcarra (Ramon, Isabela)
* Pinzal Falls (Ilagan, Isabela)
* Abuan River (Ilagan, Isabela)
* Ilagan Sanctuary (Ilagan, Isabela)
* Sta. Victoria Caves (Ilagan, Isabela)
* Worlds Largest Butaka (Ilagan, Isabela) - It is 11 feet 4 inches high, 20 feet 8 inches long, and 9 feet 7 inches wide. It weighs 2,368 kilos and was constructed by 25 workers in 29 days.
* Desert Island (Divilacan, Isabela)
* Water Impounding Dam (Roxas, Isabela)
* Borubor Falls (Roxas, Isabela)
* Honeymoon Island (Divilacan, Isabela)
* La Salette Shrine (Santiago City) - located in Balintocatoc Hills, contains life-sized statues of religious icons.
* Obelisk (Jones, Isabela)
* Dimanek Falls (San Mariano, Isabela) - Located near boundary ridge between Palanan and San Mariano, Isabela.
* Crocodile Watching (Crocodylus Mindorensis) - at San Mariano at night.
* Aguinaldo Shrine (Palanan, Isabela) - Historic Capture and Heroism of General [[Emilio Aguinaldo]].
* Dilaknadanum (Palanan, Isabela) - is the home Agta people, another minorities on the coast of Isabela. Such a beautiful place, with forest, beaches, rivers and small farmsteads uprivers.
* Dicotcotan Beach (Palanan, Isabela)
* Sta. Maria Triangular Park (Sta. Maria, Isabela)

{{col-2}}
'''Churches'''
* Parish of St. Mathias (Tumauini, Isabela) - Work on the church started in 1783. It has been faithfully restored after being damaged during [[World War II]] and is acknowledged as the most artistic brick structure in the Philippines. The cyclindrical bell tower is the only one of its kind in the country.
* Our Lady of the Pillar Church (Cauayan City)
* San Pablo Church (San Pablo, Isabela)
* Our Lady of Atocha (Alicia, Isabela)- The church and convent as seen today in the town of Alicia, beautiful and solid, was built by Fr. Tomas Calderon, OP and inaugurated in 1849, with Fr. Francisco Gainza, OP, then vicar of Carig (now Santiago City). Famous for their antique Spanish architectural designs, these churches are found along the national highway and are accessible by land transport.
* St. James Parish Church (Santiago City)

'''Festivals'''
* Bambanti Festival (Isabela Day)
* Pagay Festival (Alicia)
* Binnadangan Festival (Roxas)
* Nateng Festival (Mallig)
* Gakit Festival (Angadanan)
* Pattaradday Festival (Santiago City)
* Nuang Festival (San Agustin) - Carabao Race
* Gawagaway-yan Festival (Cauayan City)
*
{{col-end}}

==Notable residents==
*[[Gilbert Teodoro]] - former secretary of the national defense of the republic of the Philippines
*[[Jejomar Binay]] - Vice President of the Philippines
*[[Ruthlane Uy Asmundson]] - Mayor of [[Davis, California]], USA
*[[Faustino Dy Jr.]] - Chairperson of Nationalist People's Coalition or NPC
*[[Ebe Dancel]] - Vocalist of Sugarfree
*[[Phil Villas]] - Rap Battle MC, founder of the hiphop record label "Homemade music Ent."
*[[Marlene Aguilar Pollard]] - Writer, Author & Publisher of many International awards
*[[Maria Luisa de Asis Gonzales]] - Model & Beauty Queen 1985 Maja-Internacional 2nd Runner-Up & Best in National Costume
*[[Benjamin Gayla Lucas]] - Awarded Most Outstanding Senior Citizen Of The Philippines 1998
*[[Mark Clemence Telan]] - PBA Player
*[[Rogemar Menor]] - PBA Player
*[[Mateo Noriel Luga|General Mateo Noriel Luga]]
*[[Heherson Alvarez]] - Senator
*[[Edgardo "Boy" Vinarao]] - (Echague, Isabela) Film Editor and Movie director
*[[Freddie Aguilar]] - Singer/ composer
*[[Ricky Calimag]] - (Echague, Isabela) - PBA player
*[[Cynthia Baculi-Condez]] - (Cauayan, Isabela) - Recipient, Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
* [http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/pop0.html 1995 Philippine Census Information]
* [http://www.census.gov.ph/census2000/index.html 2000 Philippine Census Information]
* [http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2008/pr0830tx.html 2007 Philippine Census Information]

{{Geographic location
| North=[[Cagayan]]
| West=[[Mountain Province]] [[Ifugao]]
| Center=Isabela
| East=''[[Philippine Sea]]''
| South=[[Quirino]], [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]
| Northwest=[[Kalinga]]
| Southwest=[[Nueva Vizcaya]]
}}
{{Luzon lateral}}
{{Isabela}}

[[Category:Isabela (province)| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Philippines]]

[[ace:Propinsi Isabela]]
[[zh-min-nan:Isabela (séng)]]
[[bcl:Isabela]]
[[ceb:Isabela]]
[[de:Isabela (Provinz)]]
[[es:Provincia de Isabela]]
[[eo:Isabelo (provinco)]]
[[fa:ایزابلا (استان)]]
[[fr:Isabela (province)]]
[[ko:이사벨라 주]]
[[ilo:Isabela]]
[[id:Isabela (provinsi)]]
[[it:Provincia di Isabela]]
[[pam:Isabela]]
[[mk:Изабела (провинција)]]
[[nl:Isabela (provincie)]]
[[ja:イサベラ州]]
[[no:Isabela]]
[[pag:Isabela]]
[[pl:Isabela (prowincja)]]
[[ru:Исабела (провинция)]]
[[sv:Isabela (provins)]]
[[tl:Isabela (lalawigan)]]
[[tr:Isabela (il)]]
[[vi:Isabela (tỉnh)]]
[[war:Isabela (lalawigan)]]
[[zh:伊莎貝拉省]]

Dubai

2012-01-08T10:43:18Z

86.96.226.19: /* Education */ wikify

{{About|the city and emirate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= September 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Dubai
|official_name = Emirate of Dubai
|native_name = {{lang|ar|دبي}}
|settlement_type = [[Emirate]]
|translit_lang1_type = [[Arabic script|Arabic]]
|translit_lang1_info = دبي
|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|image_flag = Flag of Dubai.svg
|pushpin_map = Dubai
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Dubai in the UAE
|pushpin_mapsize = 280
|image_map1 = LocationUnitedArabEmirates.png
|seat = Dubai
|government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]<ref name=constmonarchy>{{cite web|title=UAE Constitution |url=http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/uae/constitution/constitution01.php |publisher=Helplinelaw.com |accessdate=21 July 2008}}</ref>
|subdivision_type1 = Country
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|Emirate]]
|subdivision_name2 = {{flagu|Dubai}}
|parts_type = Subdivisions
|parts = Towns and villages
|p1 = [[Jebel Ali]]
|p2 = [[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]]
|p3 = Al Hunaiwah
|p4 = [[Al Aweer]]
|p5 = Al Hajarain
|p6 = Al Lusayli
|p7 = Rome
|p8 = London
|p9 = Paris
|p10 = New York
|p11 = Nevada
|p12 = Al Malaiha
|p13 = Al Madam
|p14 = Margham
|p15 = Urqub Juwayza
|p16 = Al Wasal|leader_title = [[Monarch|Ruler]]
|leader_name = [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]
|leader_title1 = [[Crown Prince]]
|leader_name1 = [[Hamdan Bin Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]
|established_title1 = Incorporated (town)
|established_date1 = 9 June 1833
|established_title2= Independence from UK
|established_date2 = 2 December 1971
|founder = [[Al Maktoum|Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 4114
|area_city_km2 = 1287.4
|area_footnotes =<ref>Area of [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|"Dubai emirate"]], includes artificial islands.</ref>
|population_as_of = 2010
|population_city = 2262000
|population_metro = 3410737
|population_total = 2262000
|population_density_km2 = 408.18
|population_density_sq_mi =1057
|population_blank1_title = Nationality  (2005)<ref name=GUM />
|population_blank1 = 42.3% [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Indian]] 17% [[Emirati people|Emirati]] 13.3% [[Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates|Pakistani]] 9.1% [[Turks]] 7.5% [[Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates|Bangladesh]]i 2.5% [[Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates|Filipino]] 1.5% [[Sri Lankans in the United Arab Emirates|Sri Lanka]]n 0.9% European 0.3% [[Americans in the United Arab Emirates|American]] 5.7% other countries
|utc_offset = +4
|timezone = UAE standard time
|latd=25 |latm=15 |lats=00 |latNS=N
|longd=55 |longm=18 |longs=00 |longEW=E
|website = [http://www.dubai.ae/v7/en.portal Dubai Emirate] [http://www.dm.gov.ae/wps/portal/MyHomeEn Dubai Municipality]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Dubai''' ({{lang-ar|دبيّ}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Dubeii}}''; {{IPA-ar|du'beii|IPA}}; {{IPA-en|duːˈbaɪ}} {{respell|doo|BY|'}}) is a city and [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|emirate]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE). The emirate is located south of the [[Persian Gulf]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|Abu Dhabi]].<ref name=dxbpopulation>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-12&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a |title=United Arab Emirates: metropolitan areas |publisher=World-gazetteer.com |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref> Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's [[Federal National Council|legislature]].<ref name=dxbshj>The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. D Long, B Reich. p.157</ref> Dubai City is located on the emirate's northern coastline.

The earliest mention of Dubai is in 1095, and the earliest settlement known as Dubai town dates from 1799. Dubai was formally established in 1833 by Sheikh Maktoum bin Buti al Maktoum when he persuaded 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe, living in what is now part of Saudi Arabia, to follow him to the Dubai Creek by the Al Abu Falasa clan of [[Bani Yas]], and it remained under clan control when the United Kingdom assumed the protection of Dubai in 1892.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/8575461/Give-me-a-break-stop-knocking-Dubai.html |title=Give me a break: stop knocking Dubai |publisher=Telegraph |date=16 June 2011 |accessdate=12 August 2011 |location=London}}</ref> Its geographical location made it an important trading hub and by the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port. In 1966, the year oil was discovered, Dubai and the emirate of [[Qatar]] set up a new monetary unit to replace the [[Gulf Rupee]]. The oil economy led to a massive influx of foreign workers, quickly expanding the city by 300% and bringing in international oil interests. The modern emirate of Dubai was created after the UK left the area in 1971. At this time Dubai, together with Abu Dhabi and four other emirates, formed the [[United Arab Emirates]]. The following year [[Ras al Khaimah]] joined the federation while [[Qatar]] and [[Bahrain]] chose to remain independent nations. In 1973, the monetary union with Qatar was dissolved and the [[UAE Dirham]] introduced throughout the UAE. A free trade zone was built around the [[Jebel Ali]] port in 1979, allowing foreign companies unrestricted import of labor and export capital. The [[Gulf War]] of 1990 had a negative financial effect on the city, as depositors withdrew their money and traders withdrew their trade, but subsequently the city recovered in a changing political climate and thrived.

Today, Dubai City has emerged as a [[global city]] and a business hub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2008/10/15/the_2008_global_cities_index?page=0,0|title=The 2008 Global Cities Index|date=15 October 2008|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=20 April 2010}}</ref> Although Dubai's economy was built on the [[oil industry]], the emirate's model of business drives its economy, with the effect that its main revenues are now from [[Tourism in Dubai|tourism]], real estate, and financial services, similar to that of Western countries.<ref name=oilrev>[http://www.ameinfo.com/122863.html Oil share dips in Dubai GDP] ''[[AMEInfo]]'' (9 June 2007) Retrieved on 15 October 2007.</ref><ref name="ArBusEcon">[http://www.arabianbusiness.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7297:dubai-economy-set-to-treble-by-2015&Itemid=1 Dubai economy set to treble by 2015]{{dead link|date=October 2010}} ''ArabianBusiness.com'' (3 February 2007) Retrieved on 15 October 2007.</ref><ref name="Ddooo">{{cite web|title=Dubai diversifies out of oil |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/66981.html |publisher=[[AMEInfo]] |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=12 August 2008}}</ref> Dubai has recently attracted world attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events. This increased attention has highlighted labour rights and human rights issues concerning its largely South Asian workforce.<ref>[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]] (2006) [http://newleftreview.org/?page=article&view=2635 Fear and Money in Dubai], ''[[New Left Review]]'' 41, pp. 47–68</ref> Almost half the population of Dubai comprises of [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Indians]]. Dubai's property market experienced a major deterioration in 2008 and 2009 as a result of the worldwide economic downturn following the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010]].<ref name="Propertywire.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.propertywire.com/news/middle-east/job-losses-property-decline-dubai-200812032193.html |title=Job losses hasten property decline in Dubai but medium-long term outlook upbeat | Middle East | News |publisher=Propertywire.com |date=3 December 2008 |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

== Etymology ==
In the 1820s, Dubai was referred to as ''Al Wasl'' by British historians. Few records pertaining to the cultural history of the UAE or its constituent [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|emirates]] exist and because of the region's oral traditions, folklore and myth were not written down. The linguistic origins of the word ''Dubai'' are disputed; some believe it to have originated from the [[Persian language]], while some believe that Arabic is its linguistic root. According to Fedel Handhal, a researcher in the history and culture of the UAE, the word ''Dubai'' may have come from the word ''Daba'' (a derivative of ''Yadub'', which means ''to creep''); referring to the slow flow of [[Dubai Creek]] inland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, but to its alternative meaning of ''[[locust]]''.<ref name=etymology2>[http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/How_did_Dubai,_Abu_Dhabi_and_other_cities_get_their_names?_Experts_reveal_all/24335.htm How did Dubai, Abu Dhabi and other cities get their names? Experts reveal all]. UAEInteract.com. 10 March 2007</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Dubai}}
Although stone tools have been found at many sites, little is known about UAE's early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found.<ref name=hist_trad/> Many ancient towns in the area were trading centers between the Eastern and Western worlds. The remnants of an ancient [[mangrove swamp]], dated at 7,000 BC, were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near [[Dubai Internet City]]. The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland, becoming a part of the city's present coastline.<ref name=hist_trad>{{cite web|url=http://uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf_2006/English_2006/eyb4.pdf |title=History and Traditions of the UAE |format=PDF |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=The old...turned new |url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/01/10/25/30288.html |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |date=25 October 2001 |accessdate=15 March 2008}}</ref> Pre Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th century.<ref name=preislam/> Prior to Islam, the people in this region worshiped ''[[Bajir]]'' (or ''Bajar'').<ref name=preislam>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=uae+bajir&q |title=United Arab Emirates: A perspective|last= Ibrahim Al Abed, Peter Hellyer|year=2001|publisher=Trident Press |accessdate=31 July 2009|isbn=978-1-900724-47-0}}</ref> The [[Byzantine]] and [[Sassanian]] (Persian) empires constituted the great powers of the period, with the Sassanians controlling much of the region. After the spread of Islam in the area, the [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]], of the eastern Islamic world, invaded south-east [[Arabia]] and drove out the Sassanians. Excavations by the [[Dubai Museum]] in the region of ''Al-Jumayra'' ([[Jumeirah]]) found several artifacts from the Umayyad period.<ref name=balbi>[http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/03.pdf The Coming of Islam and the Islamic Period in the UAE]. King, Geoffrey R.</ref>

[[File:Al Fahidi Fort.jpg|thumb|left|Al Fahidi Fort, built in 1799, is the oldest existing building in Dubai – now part of the [[Dubai Museum]]]]
The earliest recorded mention of Dubai is in 1095, in the "Book of Geography" by the [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]]-Arab [[geographer]] [[Abu Abdullah al-Bakri]]. The [[Venice|Venetian]] pearl merchant Gaspero Balbi visited the area in 1580 and mentioned Dubai (''Dibei'') for its [[pearl hunting|pearling]] industry.<ref name=balbi />  Since 1799, there has been a settlement known as Dubai town.<ref name=britannica/> In the early 19th century, the Al Abu Falasa clan ([[House of Al-Falasi]]) of [[Bani Yas]] clan established Dubai, which remained a dependent of Abu Dhabi until 1833.<ref name=loc>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UAE.pdf |title=United Arab Emirates |format=PDF |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref> On 8 January 1820, the [[sheikh]] of Dubai and other sheikhs in the region signed the "General Maritime Peace Treaty" with the British government.<ref name=hist_trad /> In 1833, following tribal feuding, the Al Maktoum dynasty (also descendants of the House of Al-Falasi) of the Bani Yas tribe left their ancestral home of the [[Liwa Oasis]], South-west of the settlement of [[Abu Dhabi]] and quickly took over Dubai from the Abu Fasala clan without resistance.<ref name=loc />

[[File:AlRas Deira Mid1960s.jpg|thumb|The [[Al Ras]] district in [[Deira (Dubai)|Deira]], Dubai in the 1960s]]
[[File:Windtower Heritage Village Dubai March 2008.JPG|thumb|right|upright|[[Wind Tower]]s in Dubai]]
Dubai came under the protection of the United Kingdom by the "Exclusive Agreement" of 1892, in which the UK agreed to protect Dubai against the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=loc /> Two catastrophes struck the town during the 1800s. First, in 1841, a [[smallpox]] epidemic broke out in the [[Bur Dubai]] locality, forcing residents to relocate east to [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]]. Then, in 1894, fire swept through Deira, burning down most homes.<ref name=hist_karim>{{cite web|url=http://www.alshindagah.com/september99/architecture.htm |title=Modernity and tradition in Dubai architecture. Karim, Luiza |publisher=Alshindagah.com |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref> However, the town's geographical location continued to attract traders and merchants from around the region. The emir of Dubai was keen to attract foreign traders and lowered trade tax brackets, which lured traders away from [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] and [[Bandar Lengeh]], which were the region's main trade hubs at the time. Persian merchants naturally looked across to the Arab shore of the Persian Gulf finally making their homes in Dubai. They continued to trade with Lingah, however, as do many of the dhows in Dubai Creek today, and they named their district Bastakiya, after the Bastak region in southern Persia.<ref name=hist_karim /><ref name=asianaffairs>Davidson, Christopher, ''The Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai: Contrasting Roles in the International System''. March 2007.</ref>

Dubai's geographical proximity to Iran made it an important trade location. The town of Dubai was an important port of call for foreign tradesmen, chiefly those from Iran, many of whom eventually settled in the town. By the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port.<ref name=britannica/> Dubai was known for its pearl exports until the 1930s; the pearl trade was damaged irreparably by World War I, and later on by the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s. With the collapse of the pearling industry, Dubai fell into a deep depression and many residents starved or migrated to other parts of the Persian Gulf.<ref name=hist_trad />

In the early days since its inception, Dubai was constantly at odds with [[Abu Dhabi]]. In 1947, a border dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi on the northern sector of their mutual border, escalated into war.<ref name=dxbadconflict>[http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=120 The UAE: Internal Boundaries And The Boundary With Oman]. Archived Editions. Walker, J.</ref> Arbitration by the British and the creation of a buffer frontier running south eastwards from the coast at Ras Hasian resulted in a temporary cessation of hostilities.<ref
name=rashasian>The Middle East and North Africa. Schofield, C. p 175</ref> Electricity, telephone services, and an airport were established in Dubai in the 1950s, when the British moved their local administrative offices there from [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]].<ref name=jstordubai>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0016-7428%28198907%2979%3A3%3C345%3ADC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 Dubai City]. [[Alexander Melamid|Melamid, Alexander]]. Jul 1989</ref>  After years of exploration following large finds in neighbouring Abu Dhabi, oil was eventually discovered in Dubai in 1971, albeit in far smaller quantities, after which the town granted concessions to international oil companies. The discovery of oil led to a massive influx of foreign workers, mainly Indians and Pakistanis. Between 1968 and 1975 the city's population grew by over 300%.<ref name=pop7>{{cite web|url=http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/AB00H5001.pdf |title=Historic population statistics |format=PDF |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref>

On 2 December 1971 Dubai, together with Abu Dhabi and five other emirates, formed the [[United Arab Emirates]] after the former protector, Britain, left the [[Persian Gulf]] in 1971.<ref name=nyt1971>"Six Persian Gulf Emirates Agree to a Federation". ''New York Times''. 19 Jul 1971. pg. 4</ref> In 1973, Dubai joined the other emirates to adopt a uniform currency: the UAE [[United Arab Emirates Dirham|dirham]].<ref name=britannica/> In the 1970s, Dubai continued to grow from revenues generated from oil and trade, even as the city saw an influx of immigrants fleeing the [[Lebanese civil war]].<ref name=nyt2>"Beirut Showing Signs of Recovery From Wounds of War". ''New York Times''. 26 May 1977. pg.2</ref> Border disputes between the emirates continued even after the formation of the UAE; it was only in 1979 that a formal compromise was reached that ended hostilities.<ref name=lonelyplanet>Dubai. Carter, T and Dunston, L. ''Lonely Planet Publications''</ref> The [[Jebel Ali]] port was established in 1979. Jafza ([[Jebel Ali Free Zone]]) was built around the port in 1985 to provide foreign companies unrestricted import of labour and export capital.<ref name=UAEFreeZones>{{cite web|url=http://www.uaefreezones.com/fz_jebel_ali.html|title=Free Zones in the UAE|publisher=uaefreezones.com|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref>

The [[Gulf War]] of 1990 had a huge effect on the city. Depositors withdrew massive amounts of money from Dubai banks due to uncertain political conditions in the region. Later in the 1990s many foreign trading communities—first from [[Kuwait]], during the Gulf War, and later from [[Bahrain]], during the [[Shia]] unrest—moved their businesses to Dubai.<ref name="asianaffairs"/> Dubai provided refuelling bases to [[allied forces]] at the Jebel Ali free zone during the Gulf War, and again during the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]]. Large increases in oil prices after the Gulf War encouraged Dubai to continue to focus on free trade and tourism.<ref name=propertyfront>{{cite web|url=http://www.propertyfrontiers.com/pdfs/dubaireport.pdf |title=Dubai Focus |format=PDF |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Dubai}}
[[File:Dubai map city.svg|thumb|City level map of Dubai]]
Dubai is situated on the [[Persian Gulf]] coast of the United Arab Emirates and is roughly at sea level ({{convert|16|m|abbr=on|disp=s}} above). The emirate of Dubai shares borders with Abu Dhabi in the south, [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] in the northeast, and the [[Sultanate of Oman]] in the southeast. [[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]], a minor [[exclave]] of the emirate, is surrounded on three sides by Oman and by the emirates of [[Ajman]] (in the west) and [[Ras Al Khaimah]] (in the north). The Persian Gulf borders the western coast of the emirate. Dubai is positioned at {{Coord|25.2697|N|55.3095|E|}} and covers an area of {{convert|1588|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}, which represents a significant expansion beyond its initial {{convert|1500|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} designation due to [[Land reclamation#Land amounts added|land reclamation from the sea]].

Dubai lies directly within the [[Arabian Desert]]. However, the topography of Dubai is significantly different from that of the southern portion of the UAE in that much of Dubai's landscape is highlighted by sandy desert patterns, while gravel deserts dominate much of the southern region of the country.<ref name=geo1>[http://uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/14.pdf Environmental Development and Protection in the UAE]. Aspinall, Simon</ref> The sand consists mostly of crushed shell and coral and is fine, clean and white. East of the city, the salt-crusted coastal plains, known as ''sabkha'', give way to a north-south running line of dunes. Farther east, the dunes grow larger and are tinged red with iron oxide.<ref name=pop7/>
[[File:Desert of Dubai 2010.jpg|thumb|View of Dubai Desert]]

The flat sandy desert gives way to the Western [[Hajar Mountains]], which run alongside Dubai's border with Oman at Hatta. The Western Hajar chain has an arid, jagged and shattered landscape, whose mountains rise to about 1,300 meters in some places. Dubai has no natural river bodies or oases; however, Dubai does have a natural inlet, [[Dubai Creek]], which has been dredged to make it deep enough for large vessels to pass through. Dubai also has multiple gorges and waterholes which dot the base of the Western Al Hajar mountains. A vast sea of sand dunes covers much of southern Dubai, and eventually leads into the desert known as [[The Empty Quarter]]. [[Seismic]]ally, Dubai is in a very stable zone—the nearest seismic fault line, the ''Zagros Fault'', is 200 km (124.27 mi) from the UAE and is unlikely to have any seismic impact on Dubai.<ref name=seismic>[http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/science/a-straight-line-to-disaster Far enough from the fault lines.] The National, 23 April 2008</ref> Experts also predict that the possibility of a [[tsunami]] in the region is minimal because the Persian Gulf waters are not deep enough to trigger a tsunami.<ref name=seismic/> [[File:City of Dubai at Night, United Arab Emirates.jpg|thumb|The Dubai-[[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]]-[[Ajman]] metropolitan area at night]]

The sandy desert surrounding the city supports wild grasses and occasional date palms. Desert hyacinths grow in the ''sabkha'' plains east of the city, while acacia and [[prosopis cineraria|ghaf]] trees grow in the flat plains within the proximity of the Western Al Hajar mountains. Several indigenous trees such as the date palm and [[neem]] as well as imported trees like the [[eucalypts]] grow in Dubai's natural parks. The [[houbara bustard]], [[striped hyena]], [[caracal]], [[Fennec Fox|desert fox]], falcon and [[Arabian oryx]] are common in Dubai's desert. Dubai is on the migration path between Europe, Asia and Africa, and more than 320 migratory bird species pass through the emirate in spring and autumn. The waters of Dubai are home to more than 300 species of fish, including the [[hammour]]. The typical marine life off the Dubai coast includes tropical Fish, jellyfish, coral, [[dugong]], dolphins, whales and sharks. Various types of turtles can also be found in the area including the [[Hawksbill|Hawksbill turtle]] and [[Green Turtle]] which are listed as endangered species.<ref>[http://www.gowealthy.com/gowealthy/wcms/en/home/articles/entertainment/events-and-festivals/Flora-fauna-of-Dubai-B0odU6b3Lu.html Flora and fauna of Dubai] gowealthy.com</ref><ref>[http://www.uaeinteract.com/nature/default.asp Natural UAE] UAE Interact Retrieved 29 April 2010</ref>

[[Dubai Creek]] runs northeast-southwest through the city. The eastern section of the city forms the locality of [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]] and is flanked by the emirate of [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] in the east and the town of [[Al Aweer]] in the south. The [[Dubai International Airport]] is located south of Deira, while the [[Palm Deira#The Palm, Deira|Palm Deira]] is located north of Deira in the [[Persian Gulf]]. Much of Dubai's real-estate boom is concentrated to the west of the Dubai Creek, on the [[Jumeirah]] coastal belt. [[Port Rashid]], [[Jebel Ali]], [[Burj Al Arab]], the [[Palm Jumeirah]] and theme-based free-zone clusters such as [[Business Bay]] are all located in this section.

==Climate ==
{{Main|Climate of Dubai}}
Dubai has a very hot [[arid climate]]. Summers in Dubai are extremely hot, windy and dry, with an average high around {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}} and overnight lows around {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Most days are sunny throughout the year. Winters are warm with an average high of {{convert|23|°C|0|abbr=on}} and overnight lows of {{convert|14|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Precipitation, however, has been increasing in the last few decades with accumulated rain reaching {{convert|150|mm|2|abbr=on}} per year.<ref>[http://www.dubaiairport.com/dubaimet/MET/Climate.aspx Climate in Dubai across the year]. Dubai Meteorological office.</ref>

{{Dubai weatherbox}}

== Governance and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:Dubai Cop Car.JPG|thumb|[[Dubai Police Force|Dubai]] police car, a [[BMW]] 5 Series Sedan]]
Dubai's government operates within the framework of a [[constitutional monarchy]], and has been ruled by the [[Al Maktoum]] family since 1833. The current ruler, His Highness Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], is also the Vice President and Prime Minister of the [[United Arab Emirates]] and member of the Supreme Council of the Union (SCU). Dubai appoints eight members in two-term periods to the [[Federal National Council]] (FNC) of the UAE, the supreme federal legislative body.<ref name=uaegovt>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/90.htm|title=Executive and Legislative Branches|publisher=US Library of Congress|accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref>

The [[Dubai Municipality]] (DM) was established by the then ruler of Dubai, [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum]] in 1954 for purposes of city planning, citizen services and upkeep of local facilities.<ref name=dmhistory>[http://login.dm.gov.ae/wps/wcm/connect/e75de38048826210a159a925592b70e0/orgEnglish.gif?MOD=AJPERES Organizational Chart]. Dubai Municipality</ref> DM is chaired by [[Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], deputy ruler of Dubai and comprises several departments such as the Roads Department, Planning and Survey Department, Environment and Public Health Department and Financial Affairs Department. In 2001, Dubai Municipality embarked on an [[e-Government]] project with the intention of providing 40 of its city services through its web portal, [http://dubai.ae/ dubai.ae]. Thirteen such services were launched by October 2001, while several other services were expected to be operational in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dm.gov.ae/wps/portal/switch_en?TARGET=en&WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/dmegov/dm+internet+en/home-en/announcements-en/announcement080224-02 |title=Dubai Municipality's e-government initiative |format=PPT |date=2 December 2005 |accessdate=22 April 2010}}</ref> Dubai Municipality is also in charge of the city's sanitation and sewage infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wheeler |first=Julia |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7663883.stm |title=Raw sewage threat to booming Dubai |publisher=BBC News |date=13 October 2008 |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref>

The [[Dubai Police Force]], founded in 1956 in the locality of [[Naif]], has law enforcement jurisdiction over the emirate; the force is under direct command of Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum, ruler of Dubai.

Dubai and [[Ras al Khaimah]] are the only emirates that do not conform to the [[federal judicial system of the United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulf-law.com/uaecolaw_legalsystem.html|title=Background on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Legal System|publisher=Gulf-Law.com|accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> The emirate's judicial courts comprise the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeal, and the Court of Cassation. The Court of First Instance consists of the Civil court, which hears all civil claims; the Criminal Court, which hears claims originating from police complaints; and [[Sharia law|Sharia Court]], which is responsible for matters between Muslims. Non-Muslims do not appear before the Sharia Court. The Court of Cassation is the supreme court of the emirate and hears disputes on matters of law only.<ref name="judicial">{{cite web|url=http://dubai.usconsulate.gov/dubai/the_uae_court_system.html|title=Dubai – UAE Consulate of the United States|publisher=Consulate of the United States|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref>

== Human rights ==
{{Main|Human rights in Dubai}}
Article 25 of the [[Constitution of the United Arab Emirates|Constitution of the UAE]] provides for the equitable treatment of persons with regard to [[race (classification of human beings)|race]], nationality, [[religious beliefs]] or [[social status]]. However, many of Dubai's 250,000 foreign labourers live in conditions described by [[Human Rights Watch]] as being "less than human."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/11/11/building-towers-cheating-workers |title=Human Rights Watch – Building Towers, Cheating Workers: Exploitation of Migrant Construction Workers in the United Arab Emirates |publisher=Hrw.org |date=11 November 2006 |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=hrw>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4861540.stm |title=UAE to Allow Construction Unions |publisher=BBC News |date=30 March 2006 |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="dubaifire">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6277613.stm |title=Dubai Fire Investigation Launched |publisher=BBC News |date=19 January 2007 |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref> [[NPR]] reports that workers "typically live eight to a room, sending home a portion of their salary to their families, whom they don't see for years at a time." On 21 March 2006, workers at the construction site of [[Burj Khalifa]], upset over bus timings and working conditions, rioted: damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction tools.<ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2006/March/theuae_March745.xml&section=theuae Labour unrest hampers Burj Dubai work] Khaleej Times (AP report), 22 March 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2006/March/theuae_March779.xml&section=theuae&col= "Burj Dubai workers who protested may be sued"] Khaleej Times, 24 March 2006</ref><ref name="gulfnll">[http://www.gulfnews.com/indepth/labour/index.html Labour in the UAE] Gulf News articles on Labour Law in the UAE, protests, etc</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/137561.html |title=Burj Dubai strike continues |publisher=AMEinfo |date=8 November 2007 |accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> The global financial crisis has caused the working class of Dubai to be affected especially badly, with many workers not being paid but also being unable to leave the country.<ref name="darksd">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johann-hari/the-dark-side-of-dubai-1664368.html |title=The dark side of Dubai |work=The Independent |location=London |date= 7 April 2009|accessdate=31 July 2009 }}</ref>

Alleged labour injustices in Dubai have attracted the attention of various human rights groups, which have tried to persuade the government to become a signatory to two of the [[International Labour Organization]]'s eight core conventions, which allows for the formation of labour unions. The Dubai government, however, denied any kind of labour injustices and stated that the watchdog's accusations were misguided.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4861540.stm UAE to allow construction unions] ''BBC News'', 30 March 2006. Retrieved 24 April 2006.</ref> Towards the end of March 2006, the government announced steps to allow construction unions. UAE labour minister Ali al-Kaabi said: "Labourers will be allowed to form unions".<ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2006/March/theuae_March1033.xml&section=theuae UAE plans to form labour unions, legalise collective bargaining] Khaleej Times. 30 March 2006.</ref>

Prostitution, though illegal, is conspicuously present in the emirate because of its very large male/female imbalance. Research conducted by the [[American Center for International Policy Studies]] (AMCIPS) found that Russian and Ethiopian women are the most common prostitutes, as well as women from some African countries, while Indian prostitutes are part of a well organised trans-Oceanic prostitution network.<ref name="pbsdsex"/> A 2007 [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] documentary entitled ''Dubai: Night Secrets'' reported that prostitution in clubs is tolerated by authorities and many foreign women work there without being coerced.<ref name="pbsdsex">Mimi Chakarova. [http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/09/dubai_sex_for_s.html Dubai: Night Secrets], ''[[Frontline (US TV series)|PBS Frontline]]'', 13 September 2007</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Deparle |first=Jason |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/06/world/middleeast/06dubai.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1&hp&oref=slogin |title=Fearful of Restive Foreign Labor, Dubai Eyes Reforms |location=Dubai;United Arab Emirates |work=New York Times |date=6 August 2007 |accessdate=12 August 2011}}</ref>

Two high-profle sexual assault incidents have received widespread attention outside of Dubai. Alexandre Robert, a 15-year-old French-Swiss living in Dubai with his hotel manager father, was repeatedly raped at knifepoint by three men.<ref>{{cite news|last=Walt |first=Vivienne |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680682,00.html |title=Outrage Over Dubai Rape Case |location=Dubai;United Arab Emirates |work=TIME |date=5 November 2007 |accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref> A British national stewardess for [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] was viciously raped by a cab driver who was driving her home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1283384/Air-hostess-kidnapped-raped-Dubai-desert.html |title=British air hostess 'kidnapped and raped in Dubai desert' |work=DailyMail.co.uk |location=Dubai |date= 2 June 2010 |accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Dubai}}
{{See also|Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Bahá'í Faith in the United Arab Emirates|Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 17%; float: left; font-size: 0.85em;"
|- style="background:#a8bdec; font-weight:bold;"
|| Year
|| Population
|-
|18221 || 1,200<ref name="pophist1">{{cite web|url=http://www.alshindagah.com/september99/architecture.htm|title=Modernity and tradition in Dubai architecture by Luiza Karim|last=Karin|first=Luiza|date=September , 1999|publisher=alshindagah.com|accessdate=19 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|19001 || 10,000<ref name="pophist2">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/19960101-re_/http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/papers/antalya/143.pdf|title=3D Modelling and Visualisation OF Al Baskita in Dubai IN Dubai, United Arab Emerites|last=Hadjari|first=Karim|accessdate=19 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|19301 || 20,000<ref name="pophist3">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/19960101-re_/http://www.uae-embassy.de/DeutschHome/Tourismus/4DubaiGuide.pdf|title=Tourism in Dubai|accessdate=19 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|19401 || 38,000<ref name=pophist1 />
|-
|19541 || 20,000<ref name=pophist1 />
|-
|19601 || 40,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/unarabet.htm|title=The United Arab Emigrates – Historical demographical data of the urban centers|last=Lahmeyer |first= Jan |year=2001|publisher=.populstat|accessdate=19 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 1968 || 58,971<ref name="pophist5">{{cite web|url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/04.pdf|title=The Tribal Society of the UAE and its Traditional Economy|last=Heard-Bey|first=Frauke |publisher=uaeinteract.com|accessdate=19 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 1975 || 183,000<ref name="pophist6">{{cite web|url=http://tedad.ae/english/about_census/background.html|title=Census 2005 U.A.E.|publisher=tedad.ae|accessdate=19 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|1985 || 370,800<ref name="pophist7">{{cite web|url=http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/AB00H5001.pdf|title=Roundabouts vs. Intersections: The Tale of Three UAE Cities|last=Younes|first=Bassem |publisher=ite.org|accessdate=19 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 1995 || 674,000<ref name=pophist7 />
|-
| 2005 || 1,204,000
|-
|colspan=2|'''1''' The town of Dubai first conducted a census in 1968. All population figures in this table prior to 1968 are estimates obtained from various sources.
|}

According to the census conducted by the Statistics Centre of Dubai, the population of the emirate was 1,771,000 as of 2009, which included 1,370,000 males and 401,000 females.<ref name=pop1>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsc.gov.ae/EN/Pages/DubaiInFigures.aspx |title=Dubai in Figures 2009. Government of Dubai. Statistical Center |publisher=Dsc.gov.ae |accessdate=31 October 2010}}</ref> The region covers 497.1 square miles (1,287.4 km²). The population density is 408.18/km² – more than eight times that of the entire country.
Dubai is the [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|second most expensive city]] in the region, and 20th most expensive city in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |title=Cost of living – The world's most expensive cities |publisher=City Mayors}}</ref>

As of 2005, 17% of the population of the emirate was made up of [[Emirati people|UAE nationals]]. Approximately 85% of the expatriate population (and 71% of the emirate's total population) was Asian, chiefly [[Demographics of India|Indian]] (51%), [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] (16%), [[Bangladesh]]i (9%) and [[Filipino people|Filipino]] (3%) and a sizeable community of [[Somali people|Somali]]s numbering around 30,000.<ref name=GUM>{{cite web|url=http://www.gstudynet.org/gum/UAE/Dubai2005.htm |title=Dubai Metropolitan Statistical Area |accessdate=7 April 2009}}</ref><ref name=migrationinformation>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/dataHub/GCMM/Dubaidatasheet.pdf "Country and Metropolitan Stats in Brief]. MPI Data Hub</ref> A quarter of the population however reportedly traces their origins to Iran.<ref>''"[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E1EF839550C778CDDAB0994DD404482 Young Iranians Follow Dreams to Dubai]"'' The [[New York Times]], by Hassan M. Fattah. Published: 4 December 2005</ref> In addition, 16% of the population (or 288,000 persons) living in collective labour accommodation were not identified by ethnicity or nationality, but were thought to be primarily Asian.<ref name="pop4">{{cite web|url=http://www.hsbc.com/1/PA_1_1_S5/content/assets/retirement/2006_for_report_world.pdf|title=HSBC Reveals "The Future of Retirement: What the World Wants" Survey Results|date=26 April 2006|publisher=HSBC|accessdate=19 April 2010}}</ref> The median age in the emirate was about 27 years. The crude [[birth rate]], as of 2005, was 13.6%, while the crude death rate was about 1%.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaivisitguide.com/population-in-Dubai.html|title=Population in Dubai|publisher=dubaivisitguide|accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
Although Arabic is the official language, English is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the city and is very widely spoken by the majority of its residents either as a primary or secondary language. Other languages spoken by Dubai's many foreign residents include [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], spoken by around 30% of the Emirate, based on figures that immigrants from [[Kerala]] form around 60% of the Indian Dispora in Dubai, followed by [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]], in addition to many other languages.<ref>[http://www.justlanded.com/english/Dubai/Dubai-Guide/Language/Languages Languages spoken in Dubai] Retrieved 13 August 2011.</ref>

Article 7 of the UAE's Provisional Constitution declares Islam the official state religion of the UAE. The government subsidises almost 95% of mosques and employs all [[Imam]]s; approximately 5% of mosques are entirely private, and several large mosques have large private endowments.<ref name=loc_religion>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UAE.pdf Country Profile: United Arab Emirates (UAE)]. United States Library of Congress</ref>

Dubai also has large [[Hindu]], Christian, [[Bahá'í]], [[Sikh]], [[Buddhist]], and other religious communities residing in the city.<ref>[http://www.dubaidreams.net/465/about/religion-in-dubai/ Religion in Dubai]. Dubaidreams</ref> Non-Muslim groups can own their own houses of worship, where they can practice their religion freely, by requesting a land grant and permission to build a compound. Groups that do not have their own buildings must use the facilities of other religious organisations or worship in private homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – United Arab Emirates |publisher=State.gov |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref> Non-Muslim religious groups are permitted to openly advertise group functions; however, proselytising or distributing religious literature is strictly prohibited under penalty of criminal prosecution, imprisonment, and deportation for engaging in behaviour offensive to Islam.<ref name=loc_religion />
{{Clear}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Dubai}}
[[File:Dubai Jumeirah Lake Towers (Under Construction).jpg|thumb|Construction cranes tower above the Dubai skyline in 2008, at the height of the recent construction boom]]
[[File:Dubai World Trade Center.jpg|thumb|[[Dubai World Trade Center|World Trade Center]] with [[Deira]] skyline in the background. Dubai has established itself as the preeminent regional hub for finance, trade, tourism, and shopping.]]
Dubai's gross domestic product as of 2008 was US$ 82.11 billion.<ref name=gdp>{{cite web|url=http://dsc.gov.ae/EN/Pages/GrossDomesticProduct.aspx |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Emirate of Dubai 2006–2008 |publisher=Dubai Statistics Centre |accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> Although Dubai's economy was built on the back of the oil industry,<ref name=oilgas2>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/marketplace/ibi/dubai.htm |title=Dubai – Overview |work=USA Today |accessdate=22 July 2007}}</ref> revenues from oil and natural gas currently account for less than 6% of the emirate's revenues.<ref name="oilrev"/> It is estimated that Dubai produces 50,000 to {{convert|70000|oilbbl}} of oil a day<ref>[http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/dubais-oil-discoverydubais-debt_440035.html Dubai's oil discovery and Dubai's debt] Moneycontrol Business News. 4 Feb 2010.</ref> and substantial quantities of gas from offshore fields. The emirate's share in UAE's gas revenues is about 2%. Dubai's oil reserves have diminished significantly and are expected to be exhausted in 20 years.<ref name=oilgas>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/oil_gas.htm#Dubai|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080705161411/http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/oil_gas.htm#Dubai|archivedate=5 July 2008 |title=UAE Oil and Gas |publisher=Uae.gov.ae |date=19 June 1999 |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref> Real estate and construction (22.6%),<ref name="Ddooo"/> trade (16%), ''[[entrepôt]]'' (15%) and financial services (11%) are the largest contributors to Dubai's economy.<ref name=dubchamber>[http://www.dcci.gov.ae/content/Bulletin/Issue10/SectorMonEn_ISSUE10.pdf Prospects of Dubai Economic Sectors]. Dubai Chamber of Commerce. 2003</ref> Dubai's top [[exportation|exporting]] destinations include India (US$ 5.8 billion), Switzerland (US$ 2.37 billion) and Saudi Arabia (US$ 0.57 billion). Dubai's top re-exporting destinations include India (US$ 6.53 billion), Iran (US$ 5.8 billion) and Iraq (US$ 2.8 billion). The emirate's top import sources are India (US$ 12.55 billion), China (US$ 11.52 billion) and the United States (US$ 7.57 billion). As of 2009 India was Dubai's largest trade partner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsc.gov.ae/Publication/Direct%20Foreign%20Trade%2009%20En.pdf |title=Foreign direct trade |publisher=Dubai Statistics Centre |accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref>

Historically, Dubai and its twin across the Dubai creek, Deira (independent of Dubai City at that time), were important ports of call for Western manufacturers. Most of the new city's banking and financial centres were headquartered in the port area. Dubai maintained its importance as a trade route through the 1970s and 1980s. Dubai has a free trade in gold and, until the 1990s, was the hub of a "brisk smuggling trade"<ref name=britannica>[http://concise.britannica.com/dday/print?articleId=31319&fullArticle=true&tocId=9031319 "Dubayy"]. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008</ref> of gold [[ingot]]s to India, where gold import was restricted. Dubai's [[Jebel Ali]] port, constructed in the 1970s, has the largest man-made harbour in the world and was ranked seventh globally for the volume of container traffic it supports.<ref name=jebelali>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf |title=World Port Rankings – 2008 |publisher=American Association of Port Authorities |date=15 April 2008 |accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> Dubai is also a hub for service industries such as information technology and finance, with industry-specific [[free economic zone|free zones]] throughout the city. [[Dubai Internet City]], combined with [[Dubai Media City]] as part of TECOM (Dubai Technology, Electronic Commerce and Media Free Zone Authority) is one such enclave whose members include IT firms such as [[EMC Corporation]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Microsoft]], and [[IBM]], and media organisations such as [[Middle East Broadcasting Center|MBC]], [[CNN]], [[BBC]], [[Reuters]], [[Sky News]] and AP.

The government's decision to diversify from a trade-based, oil-reliant economy to one that is service and tourism-oriented made [[real estate|property]] more valuable, resulting in the property appreciation from 2004–2006. A longer-term assessment of Dubai's property market, however, showed depreciation; some properties lost as much as 64% of their value from 2001 to November 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dubai's Palm Jumeirah sees prices fall as crunch moves in |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/3489393/Dubais-Palm-Jumeirah-sees-prices-fall-as-crunch-moves-in.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=20 November 2008 |accessdate=20 November 2008 | first=Louise | last=Armitstead}}</ref> The large scale real estate development projects have led to the construction of some of the tallest skyscrapers and largest projects in the world such as the [[Emirates Towers]], the [[Burj Khalifa]], the [[Palm Islands]] and the world's second tallest, and most expensive hotel, the [[Burj Al Arab]].<ref name=burjalarab>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/545499.stm |title=World's Tallest Hotel Opens Its Doors |publisher=BBC News |date=1 December 1999 |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref> The [[Dubai Financial Market]] (DFM) was established in March 2000 as a secondary market for trading securities and bonds, both local and foreign. As of [[fourth quarter of a calendar year|fourth quarter]] 2006, its trading volume stood at about 400 billion shares, worth $95 billion in total. The DFM had a [[market capitalization|market capitalisation]] of about $87 billion.<ref name=pop4 />

Dubai's property market experienced a major downturn in 2008 and 2009 as a result of the slowing economic climate.<ref name="Propertywire.com"/> Mohammed al-Abbar, Chief Executive Officer of [[Emaar]] told the international press in December 2008 that Emaar had credits of $70 billion and the state of Dubai additional $10 billion while holding estimated $350 billion in real estate assets. By early 2009, the situation had worsened with the [[Late 2000s recession|global economic crisis]] taking a heavy toll on property values, construction and employment.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/world/middleeast/12dubai.html "Laid-Off Foreigners Flee as Dubai Spirals Down"] article by Robert F. Worth in ''The New York Times'' 11 February 2009</ref> As of February 2009 Dubai's foreign debt was estimated at approximately $80 billion, although this is a tiny fraction of the sovereign debt worldwide.<ref>Warner, Jeremy (27 November 2009) [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jeremywarner/100002318/dubai-is-just-a-harbinger-of-things-to-come-for-sovereign-debt/ Dubai is just a harbinger of things to come for sovereign debt]. The Telegraph</ref>

Dubai is also known as City of Gold, a major part of economy based on Gold trades in Dubai, Dubai's total gold trading volumes in H1 2011 reached 580 tonnes (average price US$1,455)<ref> curren-pk (16 November 2011) {{Cite web|url=http://www.currency.com.pk/uae-gold-rate-dubai-exchange-rate.html |title= Gold rate in Dubai}} </ref>

A ''City Mayors'' survey rated Dubai as 44th among the world's best financial cities in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/financial-cities.html |title=Citgy Mayors: World's best financial cities |publisher=Citymayors.com |date=10 June 2008 |accessdate=26 August 2009}}</ref> while another report by ''City Mayors'' indicated that Dubai was the world's 33rd richest city in 2009, in terms of [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |title=World's richest cities by purchasing power |publisher=City Mayors |accessdate=26 August 2009}}</ref> Dubai is also an international financial centre and has been ranked 37th within the top 50 global financial cities as surveyed by the Mastercard Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index (2007),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/index_2007_us.pdf |title=MW-IndexRpt-CoComm FA.indd |format=PDF |accessdate=10 October 2008}}</ref> and 1st within the Middle East.

=== Tourism and retail ===
{{See also|Tourism in Dubai}}
[[File:Mall dubai.jpg|thumb|[[Dubai Mall]] is the largest mall in the world based on total area and sixth largest by [[gross leasable area]].<ref>http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=the-dubai-mall</ref><ref>[http://www.gulfnews.com/business/General/10256699.html gulfnews.com, Dubai Mall: A milestone harks back to humble origins]</ref><ref>http://www.mydestination.com/dubai/shopping/19445/dubai-mall</ref>]]
Tourism is an important part of the Dubai government's strategy to maintain the flow of foreign cash into the emirate. Dubai's lure for tourists is based mainly on shopping, but also on its possession of other ancient and modern attractions. {{As of|2010}}, Dubai was the 8th most visited city of the world.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://travel.usnews.com/features/Worlds_Most_Visited_Cities/ |title=World's Most Visited Cities | U.S. News Travel |first=Miriam B. |last= Weiner |work=travel.usnews.com |year=2012 [last update] |accessdate=7 January 2012}}</ref> Dubai is expected to accommodate over 15 million tourists by 2015.<ref>[http://www.arabianbusiness.com/548543-dubai-can-achieve-15m-tourist-target-by-2015---expert Dubai can achieve 15m tourist target by 2015 – expert]. arabian business. 3 March 2009.</ref>
Dubai is the most populous emirate of the seven emirates of [[United Arab Emirates]]. It is distinct from other members of the UAE in that a large part of the emirate's revenues are from tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pr.dubaitourism.ae/2004/12/21/|title=Dubai Hotels Post 42% Revenue Growth|last=El Sayed|first= Saad |date=21 December 2004|work=Press Release|publisher=Government of Dubai|accessdate=22 April 2010}}</ref>

Dubai has been called the "shopping capital of the Middle East".<ref name=shopp>[http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/articles/article_detail.asp?artid=406 Duabi.. Ashopping paradise]. eyeofdubai.com</ref> Dubai alone has more than 70 shopping malls, including the world's largest shopping mall, [[Dubai Mall]]. The city draws large numbers of shopping tourists from countries within the region and from as far as Eastern Europe, Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. While boutiques, some electronics shops, department stores and supermarkets operate on a fixed-price basis, most other outlets consider friendly negotiation a way of life.<ref>[http://visitabudhabi.ae/en/thigs.to.do/souks.and.shopping.malle.aspx?gclid=CNGF25bvnasCFUMLfAodQC5nig Shopping in Dubai] Dept. of tourism and commerce</ref>

Dubai is also known for its [[souk]] districts located on either side of the creek. Traditionally, [[dhow]]s from the Far East, China, Sri Lanka, and India would discharge their cargo and the goods would be bargained over in the souks adjacent to the docks.<ref>[http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/dubaiguide/whattosee.asp Dubai guide] Eye of dubai. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</ref> Many boutiques and jewellery stores are also found in the city. Dubai is known as "the City of Gold" and [[Dubai Gold Souk|Gold Souk]] in Deira houses nearly 250 gold retail shops.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krane|first=Jim|title= City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism|publisher=St. Martin's Press|date=September , 2009|isbn=978-0-312-53574-2}}</ref> [[Dubai Duty Free Company]] at the Dubai International Airport offers merchandise catering to the multinational passengers using the airport.

== Cityscape ==
=== Architecture ===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Dubai}}
[[File:Burj Khalifa building.jpg|thumb|The [[Burj Khalifa]] is currently the tallest structure in the world.]]
Dubai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various [[architectural styles]]. Many modern interpretations of [[Islamic architecture]] can be found here, due to a boom in construction and architectural innovation in the Arab World in general, and in Dubai in particular, supported not only by top Arab or international architectural and engineering design firms such as [[Al Hashemi]] and [[Aedas]], but also by top firms of New York and Chicago.<ref>Karim, Luiza [http://www.alshindagah.com/september99/architecture.htm Modernity and tradition in Dubai architecture]. AlShindagah, 1999</ref> As a result of this boom, modern Islamic – and world – architecture has literally been taken to new levels in skyscraper building design and technology. Dubai now boasts more completed or topped-out skyscrapers higher than 2/3 km, 1/3 km, or 1/4 km [[List of cities with most skyscrapers|than any other city]]. A culmination point was reached in 2010 with the completion of the [[Burj Khalifa]] (Khalifa Tower), now by far the world's tallest building at 829.84 m (2,722.57 ft). The Burj Khalifa's design is derived from the patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture, with the triple-lobed footprint of the building based on an abstracted version of the desert flower [[hymenocallis]] which is native to the Dubai region.<ref>[http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/language/en-us/the-tower/design.aspx Design of Burj Khalifa]. burjkhalifa.ae. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</ref> The completion of the Khalifa Tower, following the construction boom that began in the 1980s, accelerated in the 1990s, and took on a rapid pace of construction unparalled in modern human history during the decade of the 2000s, leaving Dubai with the world's tallest skyline as of 4 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title = World's Ten Tallest Cities
| work=Ultrapolis Project| accessdate =3 November 2010| url = http://www.ultrapolisproject.com/ultrapolis_world_tallest_skylines_cities.htm
}}</ref><ref>"[http://ultrapolisproject.com/Tallest_25_Skylines_Cities.htm Calculated Average Height of the Twenty-five Tallest (CAHTT)]", ''UltrapolisProject.com''. Retrieved on 3 November 2010.</ref>


=== Burj al Arab ===
[[File:Burj Al Arab and 360 degree club, Dubai, UAE.jpg|thumb|right|Burj al Arab and 360 degree club]]
The [[Burj Al Arab]] (Arabic: برج العرب, "Tower of the Arabs") is a luxury hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates managed by the Jumeirah Group and built by Said Khalil. Its construction started in 1994 and ended in 1999. It was designed by Tom Wright of WS Atkins PLC. The hotel cost $650,000,000 to build. At 321 metres (1,053 ft) and 60 floors, it was the tallest building used exclusively as a hotel until being succeeded by [[Rose Tower|Rose Rayhaan by Rotana]] in 23 December 2009, again in Dubai. The Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial island 280 metres (919 ft) out from Jumeirah beach, and is connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. It is an iconic structure, designed to symbolize Dubai's urban transformation and to mimic the sail of a boat.

Burj Al Arab characterizes itself as the world's only "7-star" property, a designation considered by travel professionals to be hyperbole. All major travel guides and hotel rating systems have a 5-star maximum, which some hotels attempt to out-do by ascribing themselves "6-star" status. Yet according to the Burj Al Arab's official site, the hotel is a "5-star deluxe hotel".

The Burj Al Arab was built to resemble the sail of a Dhow, a type of Arabian vessel. Its design features a steel exoskeleton wrapped around a reinforced concrete tower. Two wings spread in a V to form a vast mast, while the space between them is enclosed in a massive atrium by a teflon-coated fibreglass sail. During the day, the white fabric allows a soft, milky light inside the hotel, whereas a clear, glass front would produce blinding amounts of glare and a constantly increasing temperature. At night, both inside and outside, the fabric is lit by colour changing lights. Near the top of the building is a suspended helipad supported by a cantilever which has featured some of the hotel's notable publicity events.

The hotel's interior was designed by Kunan Chew. It features the tallest atrium lobby in the world at 180 metres. It is formed by the building's V-shaped span, dominates the interior of the hotel, and takes up over 1/3 of the interior space. Despite its size, the Burj Al Arab holds only 28 double-story floors which accommodate 202 bedroom suites. It is one of the most expensive hotels in the world. The cost of staying at a suite begins at $1,000 per night. The Royal Suite is the most expensive, at $28,000 per night.

One of its restaurants, Al Muntaha, is located 200 metres above the Persian Gulf, offering a view of Dubai. It is supported by a full cantilever that extends 27 metres from either side of the mast, and is accessed by a panoramic elevator. Another restaurant, the Al Mahara, which is accessed by a simulated submarine voyage, features a large seawater aquarium, holding roughly {{convert|35000|cuft|m3}} of water. The tank, made of acrylic glass in order to withstand the water pressure, is about 18 centimetres thick.

=== Sanitation issues ===
Currently, human waste is collected daily from thousands of septic tanks across the city and driven by tankers to the city's only sewage treatment plant at Al-Awir. Dubai's rapid growth means that it is stretching its limited sewage treatment infrastructure to its limits. Because of the long queues and delays, some tanker drivers resort to illegally dumping the effluent into storm drains or behind dunes in the desert. Sewage dumped into storm drains flows directly into the Persian Gulf, near the city's prime swimming beaches. Doctors have warned that tourists using the beaches run the risk of contracting serious illnesses like typhoid and hepatitis.<ref>Haslam, Chris (23 November 2008) [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/news/article5207225.ece Poo-bai: floods of sewage threaten Dubai beaches] ''The Sunday Times''. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</ref> Dubai municipality says that it is committed to catching the culprits and has imposed fines of up to $25,000 and threatened to confiscate tankers if dumping persists. The municipality maintains that test results show samples of the water are "within the standard".<ref>Wheeler, Julia (13 October 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7663883.stm Raw sewage threat to booming Dubai]</ref>

== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in Dubai}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
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| header =
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| footer =
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| width = 220
| image1 = Dubai Bus on 26 December 2007 Pict 2.jpg|thumb
| width1 = 220
| alt1 = Dubai Bus
| caption1 = A Dubai Bus in [[Dubai Marina]]
| image2 = Aeroport de dubai terminal 3 aile.jpg|thumb
| width2 = 220
| alt2 = Terminal 3 at Dubai International Airport
| caption2 = Terminal 3 at [[Dubai International Airport]] is the second [[List of largest buildings in the world|largest building in the world by floor space]]<ref>Gale, Ivan (25 January. 2009) [http://www.thenational.ae/article/20090125/BUSINESS/646489398/1057/rss Dubai airport passengers top 37m], ''The National''. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</ref>
| image3 = Metro Dubai 001.jpg
| width3 = 220
| alt3 = [[Dubai Metro]] on its opening day
| caption3 = The [[Red Line (Dubai Metro)|Red Line]] on the [[Dubai Metro]]. The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8247330.stm|title=Will metro change Dubai car culture?|date=11 September 2009|publisher=BBC News }}</ref>
| image4 = Dubai Flusstaxi.jpg|thumb
| width4 = 220
| alt4 = Abra on Dubai Creek
| caption4 = ''[[Abra (boat)|Abras]]'' are the traditional mode of transport between [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]] and [[Bur Dubai]].
}}

Transport in Dubai is controlled by the Roads and Transport authority. The public transport network faces huge congestion and reliability issues which a large investment programme is attempting to address, including over AED 70 billion of improvements planned for completion by 2020, when the population of the city is projected to exceed 3.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/12/14/10174695.html |title=Gulfnews: Dubai traffic woes inflict losses of Dh4.6b a year |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref> In 2009, according to Dubai Municipality statistics, there were an estimated 1,021,880 cars in Dubai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/environment/public-transport-regains-allure-as-car-free-day-gets-under-way-1.584210 |title=Gulfnews: Public transport regains allure as Car-free Day gets under way |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=17 February 2010 |accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> In January 2010, the number of Dubai residents who use public transport stood at 6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/rta-wants-30-of-dubai-residents-on-public-transport-1.571138 |title=Gulfnews: Rta wants 30 of dubai residents on public transport |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=21 January 2010 |accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> Although the government has invested heavily in the Dubai's road infrastructure, this has not kept pace with the increasing number of vehicles. This, coupled with the [[induced traffic]] phenomenon, has led to growing problems of congestion.<ref name="gulftalent.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.gulftalent.com/home/hr-article23.html |title=Dubai Overtakes Cairo in Traffic Congestion – GulfTalent.com |publisher=GulfTalent.com |date=7 February 2007 |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref>

=== Road ===
Five main routes – [[E 11 (UAE)|E 11]] (Sheikh Zayed Road), [[E 311 (UAE)|E 311]] (Emirates Road), [[E 44 road (United Arab Emirates)|E 44]] (Dubai-Hatta Highway), [[E 77 (UAE)|E 77]] (Dubai-Al Habab Road) and [[E 66 (UAE)|E 66]] (Oud Metha Road) – run through Dubai, connecting the city to other towns and emirates. Additionally, several important intra-city routes, such as [[D 89 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 89]] (Al Maktoum Road/Airport Road), [[D 85 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 85]] (Baniyas Road), [[D 75 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 75]] (Sheikh Rashid Road), [[D 73 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 73]] (Al Dhiyafa Road), [[D 94 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 94]] (Jumeirah Road) and [[D 92 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 92]] (Al Khaleej/Al Wasl Road) connect the various localities in the city. The eastern and western sections of the city are connected by [[Al Maktoum Bridge]], [[Al Garhoud Bridge]], [[Al Shindagha Tunnel]], [[Business Bay Crossing]] and [[Floating Bridge, Dubai|Floating Bridge]].<ref>[http://www.rta.ae/wpsv5/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLN4g3NvMASYGZJkb6kWhijggRX4_83FT9IH1v_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UA8kPctg!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82XzBfMzZJ Completed projects]. RTA Dubai</ref>

The Public Bus Transport system in Dubai is run by the Roads and Transport Authority (RTA). The bus system services 140 routes and transported over about 109.5 million people in 2008. By the end of 2010, there will be 2,100 buses in service across the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/article/20090609/NATIONAL/706089859/1010 |title=Dubai buses may be privatised – The National Newspaper |publisher=Thenational.ae |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref> In 2006, the Transport authority announced the construction of 500 air-conditioned (A/C) Passenger Bus Shelters, and planned for 1,000 more across the emirates in a move to encourage the use of public buses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/air-conditioned-bus-shelters-for-dubai-1.195356|title=Gulfnews: Air-conditioned bus shelters for Dubai|publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=6 March 2010 |accessdate=10 March 2006}}</ref>

Dubai also has an extensive taxi system, by far the most frequently used means of public transport within the Emirate.<ref>[http://www.dubaicity.com/about_dubai/Dubai_transportation.htm Dubai Transportation] dubaicity.com</ref>{{verify credibility|date=November 2011}} Dubai Taxi Corporation operates the taxi services as part of the Roads & Transport Authority. There are both government-operated and private cab companies. The DTC taxis are easily identifiable with their cream color.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubai.com/v/cityinfo/#block_1686 |title=Getting Around in Dubai |publisher=dubai.com/ |accessdate=14 September 2011}}</ref> There are more than 3000 taxis operating within the emirate. Taxi cabs in Dubai make an average of 192,000 trips every day, lifting about 385,000 persons. In 2009 taxi trips exceeded 70 million trips serving around 140.45 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/dubai-metro-gives-boost-to-public-transport-in-city-1.592986|title=Gulfnews: Dubai Metro gives boost to public transport in city|publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=6 March 2010 |accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dtc.dubai.ae/ |title=Dubai Taxi Corporation |publisher=Dtc.dubai.ae |date=29 September 2010 |accessdate=31 October 2010}}</ref>

=== Air ===
[[Dubai International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: DXB), the hub for the [[Emirates Airline]], serves the city of Dubai and other emirates in the country. The airport was the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|15th busiest airport in the world]] by passenger traffic handling 40.9 million passengers in 2009. The airport was also the [[World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic|6th busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic]].<ref>{{cite web| title = 2008 Annual Report| publisher=Dubai Airport| year = 2009| url = http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080429/BUSINESS/400804065 Dubai world’s sixth busiest airport| accessdate =30 February 2009}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub, the airport is the [[World's busiest airports by cargo traffic|7th busiest cargo airport in world]], handling 1.927 million tonnes of cargo in 2009, a 5.6% increase compared to 2008<ref>{{cite web| title = Dubai International Airport| publisher=Dubai Airport| year = 2010| url = http://www.dubaiairport.com/en/Pages/home.aspx | accessdate =30 February 2009}}</ref> and was also the 4th busiest International freight traffic airport in world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-1377-1382_666_2__|title=Year to date International Freight Traffic|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Airports Council International|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> [[Emirates Airline]] is the national airline of Dubai. As of 2009, it operated internationally serving 101 destinations in 61 countries across six continents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates.com/english/about/news/news_detail.aspx?article=411638&offset=0|title=Emirates Announces 2009 Expansion Plan – Airline to increase capacity by 14 per cent|date=18 February 2009|publisher=Emirates Airline|accessdate=22 April 2010}}</ref>

The development of [[Al Maktoum International Airport]] was announced in 2004. The first phase of the airport, featuring one A380 capable runway, 64 remote stands, one cargo terminal with annual capacity for 250,000 tonnes of cargo and a passenger terminal building designed to accommodate five million passengers per year, has been opened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/al-maktoum-international-airport-begins-operations-1.646783|title=Al Maktoum International airport begins operations|date=27 June 2010|publisher=Gulf News|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> When completed, Dubai World Central-Al Maktoum International will be the largest airport in the world with five runways, four terminal buildings and capacity for 160 million passengers and 12 million tons of cargo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/al-maktoum-international-airport-receives-first-flight-1.644057|title=Al Maktoum International airport receives first flight|date=21 June 2010|publisher=Gulf News|accessdate=21 June 2010}}</ref>

=== Metro rail ===
A $3.89 billion [[Dubai Metro]] project is currently operational. It currently consists of two lines (Red line and Green line) which run through the major financial and residential areas of the city. The Metro system was partially opened on September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai RTA – Dubai Metro – Blue Line|date=11 September 2009|publisher=zawya|url=http://www.zawya.com/projects/project.cfm/pid151106013921?cc}}</ref> UK-based international service company [[Serco Group]] is responsible for operating the metro. Dubai Metro is the world's second cheapest metro transportation system after Tehran Metro in Iran.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} The metro comprises the [[Green Line (Dubai Metro)|Green Line]] from Al Rashidiya to the main city center and the [[Red Line (Dubai Metro)|Red Line]] from the airport to [[Jebel Ali]]. A [[Blue Line (Dubai Metro)|Blue]] and a [[Purple Line (Dubai Metro)|Purple Line]] have also been planned. As of 2005, the Dubai Metro (Green and Blue Lines) will have 70 km (43.5 mi) of track and 43 stations, 37 above ground and ten underground.<ref name=dubaimetro>{{cite web|url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Dubai_Municipality_signs_Dh12.45_billion_Metro_contract/16483.htm |title=Dubai Municipality signs Dhs12.45 billion Metro contract |date=30 May 2005|publisher=UAE Interact}}</ref> The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

===Palm Jumeirah Monorail===
{{main|Palm Jumeirah Monorail}}
The Palm Jumeirah Monorail is a [[monorail]] line on the [[Palm Jumeirah]]. It connects the Palm Jumeirah to the mainland, with a planned further extension to the [[Red Line (Dubai Metro)|Red Line]] of the [[Dubai Metro]].<ref name="gn">{{cite web|title=Middle East's first monorail to start services in Palm Jumeirah by April |url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/08/08/07/10235187.html |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |date=7 August 2008 |accessdate=11 August 2008}}</ref> The line opened on 30 April 2009.<ref name="timeout">{{cite web|title=Palm monorail tried and tested |url=http://www.timeoutdubai.com/knowledge/news/8723-palm-monorail-tried-and-tested |publisher=Timeoutdubai |date=6 May 2009 |accessdate=2010-48-29}}</ref>  Two trams systems are expected to be built in Dubai by 2011. The first is the Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System and the second is the Al Sufouh Tram. The Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System is a 4.6 km (2.86 mi) tram service that is planned to service the area around the Burj Khalifa, and the second tram will run 14.5 km (9 mi) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates.

Dubai has announced it will complete a link of the UAE high speed rail system which will eventually hook up with the whole GCC and then possibly Europe. The High Speed Rail will serve passengers and cargo.<ref>{{cite web|title=The GCC Rail Revolution |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature43064/ |publisher=Railway|date=29 September 2008 |accessdate=11 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GCC Rail Network |url=http://www.zawya.com/projects/project.cfm/pid190607012406 |publisher=zawya projects |date=14 April 2010 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Waterways ===
There are two major commercial ports in Dubai, [[Port Rashid]] and [[Jebel Ali|Port Jebel Ali]]. Port Jebel Ali is the world's largest man-made harbour, the biggest port in the Middle East,<ref>{{cite web|title=Port of Jebel Ali |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/ARE_Port_of_Jebel_Ali_1423.php |publisher=worldportsource.com |date=14 August 2008 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> and the 7th-busiest port in the world.<ref name=jebelali/>
One of the more traditional methods of getting across [[Bur Dubai]] to [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]] is through ''[[abra (boat)|abras]]'', small boats that ferry passengers across the [[Dubai Creek]], between abra stations in Bastakiya and [[Baniyas Road]].<ref>[http://www.dubai-online.com/blog/video-dubai-souk-abra-station/ Abra-services] dubai-online</ref> The Marine Transport Agency has also implemented the Dubai Water Bus System. Water bus is a fully air conditioned boat service across selected destinations across the creek. One can also avail the tourist water bus facility in Dubai. Latest addition to the water transport system is the Water Taxi.<ref>{{cite web|title=RTA launches Water Bus System on Dubai Creek |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/129309.html |publisher=AMEinfo |date=16 July 2007 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{See also|Culture of the United Arab Emirates}}
[[File:Deira Souk on 9 May 2007 Pict 2.jpg|thumb|A traditional ''[[souk]]'' in [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]]]]
[[File:Clock tower deira.png|thumb|The [[Deira Clocktower]] is an important landmark in the city]]
The UAE culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam and traditional Arab and Bedouin culture. In contrast, the city of Dubai is a highly cosmopolitan society with a diverse and vibrant culture. The influence of Islamic and Arab culture on its architecture, music, attire, cuisine and lifestyle are very prominent as well. Five times every day, Muslims are called to prayer from the [[minaret]]s of mosques which are scattered around the country. Since 2006, the weekend has been Friday-Saturday, as a compromise between Friday's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend of Saturday-Sunday.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jonathan Sheikh-Miller |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/95027.html |title=UAE Weekend Switchover |publisher=AMEinfo |accessdate=22 March 2010}}</ref>

In 2005, 84% of the population of metropolitan Dubai was foreign-born, about half of them from India.<ref name=migrationinformation /> The city's cultural imprint as a small, ethnically homogenous pearling community was changed with the arrival of other ethnic groups and nationals—first by the Iranians in the early 1900s, and later by Indians and Pakistanis in the 1960s.

Major holidays in Dubai include [[Eid al Fitr]], which marks the end of [[Ramadan]], and [[National Day]] (2 December ), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates. Annual entertainment events such as the [[Dubai Shopping Festival]]<ref>[http://www.traveldealsfinder.com/travel-packages/dubai-shopping-festival Dubai Shopping Festival 2011] More Details</ref> (DSF) and [[Dubai Summer Surprises]] (DSS) attract over 4 million visitors from across the region and generate revenues in excess of $2.7 billion.<ref name=dsf>[http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/dsf/milestones.asp DSF Milestones]. Dubaicityguide</ref><ref>[http://gulfnews.com/in-focus/dubai-shopping-festival/sales-will-account-for-8-of-dubai-s-gdp-1.269917 Sales will account for 8% of Dubai's GDP]. Gulf News. 3 May 2009.</ref> Large shopping malls in the city, such as [[Deira City Centre]], [[Mirdiff City Centre]], [[BurJuman]], [[Mall of the Emirates]], [[Dubai Mall]] and [[Ibn Battuta Mall]] as well as traditional ''souks'' attract shoppers from the region.

=== Food ===
[[Arab cuisine|Arabic food]] is very popular and is available everywhere in the city, from the small ''[[shawarma]]'' diners in [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]] and [[Al Karama, Dubai|Al Karama]] to the restaurants in Dubai's hotels. Fast food, South Asian, and Chinese cuisines are also very popular and are widely available. The sale and consumption of pork, though not illegal, is regulated and is sold only to non-Muslims, in designated areas of supermarkets and airports.<ref name=pork>[http://www.stat-usa.gov/agworld.nsf/505c55d16b88351a852567010058449b/898e8206171d628385256d02006df0d7/$FILE/TC3003.PDF Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}. ''GAIN Report''. United States Department of Agriculture</ref> Similarly, the sale of alcoholic beverages is regulated. A liquor permit is required to purchase alcohol; however, alcohol is available in bars and restaurants within hotels.<ref name="Dubai Culture"/> ''[[Hookah|Shisha]]'' and ''[[coffee|qahwa]]'' boutiques are also popular in Dubai. Dubai is known for its nightlife. Clubs and bars are found mostly in hotels due to the liquor laws. The ''[[New York Times]]'' described Dubai as "the kind of city where you might run into Michael Jordan at the Buddha Bar or stumble across Naomi Campbell celebrating her birthday with a multiday bash".<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/travel/09party.html?_r=1&ex=1212987600&en=f13e9687f3c7e636&ei=5087&excamp=GGTRdubaitravel&WT.srch=1&WT.mc_ev=click&WT.mc_id=TR-S-E-GG-NA-CT-dubai_travel|title=Clubs Bloom in the Desert |last=Sherwood|first=Seth|date=9 December 2007|work=The New York Times |accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Dress and etiquette ===
The Islamic dress code is not compulsory, unlike in neighbouring [[Saudi Arabia]]. Most Emirati males prefer to wear a [[thawb|kandura]], an ankle-length white shirt woven from wool or cotton, and most Emirati women wear an [[abaya]], a black over-garment covering most parts of the body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grapeshisha.com/UAE-National-clothing.html |title=Clothing in the UAE |publisher=Grapeshisha.com |accessdate=15 July 2009}}</ref> This attire is particularly well-suited for the UAE's hot and dry climate. Western-style clothing is, however, dominant because of the large expatriate population, and this practice is beginning to grow in popularity among Emiratis.

Etiquette is an important aspect of UAE culture and tradition, to which visitors are expected to conform. Recently, many expatriates have disregarded the law and been arrested for indecent clothing, or lack thereof, at beaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/nation/General/10323797.html |title=Blame Europeans for topless displays, British women say |publisher=Gulfnews |accessdate=15 July 2009}}</ref> Western-style dress is tolerated in appropriate places, such as bars or clubs, but the UAE has maintained a strict policy of protecting highly public spaces from cultural insensitivity.

=== Entertainment ===
{{See also|Music of the United Arab Emirates}}
The United Arab Emirates is a part of the [[khaliji (music)|khaliji]] tradition, and is also known for [[Bedouin]] folk music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitabudhabi.ae/en/what.to.do/art.and.culture/literature.and.poetry.aspx |title=Welcome to Abu Dhabi – Literature and Poetry |publisher=Visitabudhabi.ae |date=1 July 2009 |accessdate=15 July 2009}}</ref>
During celebrations singing and dancing also take place and many of the traditional songs and dances have survived to the present time. Yowalah is the traditional dance of the UAE. Young girls would dance by swinging their long black hair and swaying their bodies in time to the strong beat of the music. Men would re-enact battles fought or successful hunting expeditions, often symbolically using sticks, swords or rifles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/heritage-culture/photo-of-the-week-1.24779 |title=Photo of the week |date=21 September 2006|publisher=Gulf News|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref>

Hollywood and Indian movies are popular in Dubai. Since 2004, the city has hosted the annual [[Dubai International Film Festival]] which serves as a showcase Arab film making talent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaifilmfest.com/en/about-diff/what-is-diff.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080822190629/http://www.dubaifilmfest.com/en/about-diff/what-is-diff.html|archivedate=22 August 2008|title=About Dubai Film Festival (DFF)|publisher=7th Dubai International Film Festival|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> Musicians [[Amr Diab]], [[Diana Haddad]], [[Tarkan (singer)|Tarkan]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Santana (band)|Santana]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Elton John]], Pink, [[Shakira]], [[Celine Dion]], [[Coldplay]], [[Keane (band)|Keane]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[A R Rahman]], [[Roxette]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/153573.html|title=du sponsors AR Rahman Live in Concert|date=16 April – 2008|publisher=ameinfo.com|accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> have performed in the city.<ref name="Dubai Culture">[http://www.dubai-livethedream.com/dubai-culture.html Dubai Culture] dubai-livethedream.com</ref> [[Kylie Minogue]] was reportedly paid 3.5 million dollars to perform at the opening of the [[Atlantis, The Palm|Atlantis resort]] on 20 November 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/kylie-being-paid-3-5mn-for-atlantis-gig-43510.html|title=Kylie 'being paid $3.5mn' for Atlantis gig|last=Ferris-Lay |first= Claire |date=11 September 2008|publisher=Arab Business.com|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> The [[Dubai Desert Rock Festival]] is also another major festival consisting of Heavy metal and rock artists.

== Sports ==
{{See also|Traditional Sports in UAE}}
[[File:DTC1.jpg|thumb|[[Aviation Club Tennis Centre|Dubai Tennis Stadium]]]]
Football and cricket are the most popular sports in Dubai. five teams ([[Al Wasl FC]], [[Al-Ahli Dubai]], [[Al Nasr SC]], [[Al Shabab Al Arabi Club]] and [[Dubai Club]]) represent Dubai in [[UAE Pro-League]].<ref name="Dubai Culture"/> Al-Wasl have the second-most number of championships in the UAE League, after Al Ain. Cricket is followed by Dubai's large community of Indians and the residents from other cricket playing nations (Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, England, Australia and South Africa). In 2005, the International Cricket Council (ICC) moved its headquarters from London to Dubai. The city has hosted several Pakistan matches and two new grass grounds are being developed in Dubai Sports City.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/icc-moves-to-new-headquarters-in-sports-city-1.64511 ICC moves to new headquarters in Sports City]. Gulf News 18 April 2009</ref> Dubai also hosts both the annual Dubai Tennis Championships and The Legends Rock Dubai tennis tournaments, as well as the Dubai Desert Classic golf tournament and the Dubai World Championship, all of which attract sports stars from around the world. The Dubai World Cup, a thoroughbred horse race, is held annually at the Meydan Racecourse.
Dubai also hosts the traditional [[rugby union]] tournament [[Dubai Sevens]], part of the [[Sevens World Series]]. In 2009, Dubai hosted the [[2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens]].

=== Potential Olympic bid ===
Dubai had expressed great interest in a 2020 Olympic bid but had not formally announced it would bid. Dubai's hosting of Sportaccord 2010 has been a great way to show off Dubai's sport infrastructure. Dubai has already won the rights to host the [[2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|10th FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/dubai-on-track-for-2020-olympic-bid-1.493938|title=Dubai on track for 2020 Olympic bid|date=20 July 2009|publisher=gulfnews.com|accessdate=31 May 2010}}</ref> Statement from Dubai's ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum: "We will have to take an honest look at our weaknesses as well as our strengths," Sheikh Mohammed said on 25 April. "I can assure you of this, though: if we decide to make a bid for the Olympics, we will be in it to win".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2010-04-25-1027158796_x.htm|title=Dubai still considering Olympic bid|date=25 April 2010|work=USA Today |accessdate=31 May 2010 | first=Barbara | last=Surk}}</ref> On 29 July 2011, it was announced that Dubai would not bid for the [[2020 Olympics]] but would instead focus on bidding for the [[2024 Olympics|2024]] Games (similar to [[Toronto]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/29/olympics-emirates-dubai-idUSL3E7IT28F20110729 |title=Olympics-Dubai opts out of 2020 bid, targets 2024 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=12 August 2011 |first=Erika |last=Solomon |date=29 July 2011}}</ref> As reported by Olympic news outlet [http://www.aroundtherings.com/articles/view.aspx?id=37577 Around the Rings], the United Arab Emirates Olympic Committee shifted the focus to 2024, event though "...as much of 70 percent of the 'hard' infrastructure was already in place or planned." Dubai is also looking into the possibility of bidding for the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/youth_olympic_bids/1216135871.html |title=Dubai considers Youth Olympic Games bid |publisher=GamesBids.com |accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Dubai}}
{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Dubai}}
[[File:Knowledge Village 1.jpg|thumb|Dubai Knowledge Village was built to allow Universities to open branches and campuses in Dubai.]]

The school system in Dubai does not differ from that of the United Arab Emirates. As of 2009, there are 79 public schools run by the Ministry of Education that serve Emiratis and expatriate Arab people as well as 145 private schools.<ref name=pop1 /> The medium of instruction in public schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language, while most of the private schools use English as their medium of instruction. Most private schools cater to one or more expatriate communities.

The New Indian Model School, Dubai (NIMS), Delhi Private School, Our Own English High School, the Dubai Modern High School, and The Indian High School, Dubai offer either a CBSE or an Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Indian syllabus. Similarly, there are also several reputable Pakistani schools offering FBISE curriculum for expatriate children.<ref name=schlist>[http://www.dubaifaqs.com/schools-dubai.php List of schools in Dubai] Dubai school finder. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</ref>

Dubai English Speaking School, Jumeirah Primary School, Jebel Ali Primary School, Cambridge International School, Jumeirah English Speaking School, King's School and the Horizon School all offer British primary education up to the age of eleven. [[Dubai Gem Private School]], [[Dubai British School]], Dubai College, English College Dubai, Jumeirah English Speaking School – Arabian Ranches, Jumeirah College and St. Mary's Catholic High School are British eleven-to-eighteen secondary schools offering General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-Levels. Emirates International School, Cambridge High School and Wellington International School provides full student education up to the age of 18, and offers International General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-Levels. Deira International School, Dubai International Academy and Jumeirah English Speaking School offer the International Baccalaureate program with the IGCSE program. Dubai American Academy, American School of Dubai and the Universal American School of Dubai offer curriculum of the United States.<ref name=schlist />

The Ministry of Education of the United Arab Emirates is responsible for accreditation of schools.

The Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA) was established in 2006 to develop education and human resource sectors in Dubai, and license educational institutes.<ref>[http://www.khda.gov.ae/En/AboutUs/AboutKHDA.aspx About KHDA], ''KHDA'', 2006</ref>

Approximately 10% of the population has university or postgraduate degrees. Many expatriates tend to send their children back to their home country or to Western countries for university education and to India for technology studies. However, a sizeable number of foreign accredited universities have been set up in the city over the last ten years. Some of these universities include Manchester Business School,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbs.ac.uk/mba/global/|title=Global MBA programmes |publisher=University of Manchester Business School|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> [[RIT Dubai]], Michigan State University Dubai (MSU Dubai),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dubai.msu.edu/|title=About MSU Dubai|publisher=Michigan State University – Dubai|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> [[Middlesex University#Dubai|Middlesex University Dubai campus]],<ref name="MDXDubai">{{cite web|url=http://www.mdx.ac.uk/aboutus/Location/dubai/index.aspx|title=Dubai|publisher=Middlesex University|accessdate=25 December 2010}}</ref> the Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani – Dubai (BITS Pilani), Murdoch University Dubai, Heriot-Watt University Dubai, Hult International Business School, American University in Dubai (AUD), Gulf Medical University [[Gulf Medical College]], the American College of Dubai, Mahatma Gandhi University (Off-Campus Centre), Institute of Management Technology – Dubai Campus, SP Jain Center Of Management, University of Wollongong in Dubai, and MAHE Manipal. In 2004, the Dubai School of Government in collaboration with Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and Harvard Medical School Dubai Center (HMSDC) were established in Dubai. In 2010 [[London College of Fashion]] began to run its twice-yearly portfolio of fashion short courses. The Dubai Public Libraries is the public library system in Dubai.<ref>[http://login.dm.gov.ae/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3hHP193S3cfQwN_TxdjAyNTXz8fzyBPY4NgA_3g1Dz9gmxHRQBrFZ2t/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/DMEGOV/dm+internet+en/your+daily+life-en/living+in+dubai-en/knowledge+and+information-en/dplabout About DPL] Dubai Government</ref>

== Media ==
{{See also|Radio and television channels of Dubai}}
[[File:Dubai Zabeel Park.jpg|thumb|View of Etisalat tower from Zabeel Park]]
Dubai has a well-established network, radio, television and electronic media which serve the city. Dubai is the home of the Arabian Radio Network, which broadcasts eight FM radio stations including the first talk radio station in the Middle East, Dubai Eye 103.8. Dubai-based FM radio stations such as Radio 1 and Radio 2 (104.1 and 99.3), Dubai92 (92.0), Al Khaleejia (100.9) and Hit FM (96.7) provide programming in English, Arabic and South Asian languages. Multiple international channels available through cable, while satellite, radio and local channels are provided via the Arabian Radio Network and Dubai Media Incorporated systems. The UAE's most popular English radio station, [[Channel 4 FM]], took to the air in 1997 and became the UAE's first private commercial radio station.

Many international news agencies such as Reuters, APTN, Bloomberg L.P. and Middle East Broadcasting Center (MBC) as well as network news channels operate in Dubai Media City and Dubai Internet City. Additionally, several local network television channels such as Dubai One (formerly Channel 33), and Dubai TV (EDTV) provide programming in English and Arabic respectively. Dubai is also the headquarters for several print media outlets. ''Dar Al Khaleej'', ''Al Bayan'' and ''Al Ittihad'' are the city's largest circulating Arabic language newspapers,<ref name=alkhaleej>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/New_Chart.pdf Largest-Circulation Arabic Newspapers]. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ''Arab Reform Bulletin'', December 2004</ref> while ''Gulf News'' and ''7DAYS'' are the largest circulating English newspapers.<ref name=gulfnewskhaleejtimes>[http://www.zawya.com/pdfstory.cfm?storyid=GN_03022010_040214&l=000000100204 Gulf News continues to lead the way]. zawya. February 2010</ref>

Etisalat, the government-owned telecommunications provider, held a virtual monopoly over telecommunication services in Dubai prior to the establishment of other, smaller telecommunications companies such as Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (EITC—better known as Du) in 2006. Internet was introduced into the UAE (and therefore Dubai) in 1995. The current network has an Internet bandwidth of 7.5 Gbit/s with capacity of 49 STM1 links.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/etisalat-ramps-up-uae-bandwidth-62960.html|title=Etisalat ramps up UAE bandwidth|date=11 June 2006|publisher=arabianbusiness.com|accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> Dubai houses two of four Domain Name System (DNS) data centres in the country (DXBNIC1, DXBNIC2).<ref name="dxbittopology">{{cite web|url=http://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/inet/05/hashim.pdf|title=UAEnicat a Glance|last=Hashim|first=Abdulla|date=5 May 2005|publisher=isoc.org|accessdate=21 April 2010}}</ref>
Censorship is common in Dubai and used by the government to control content that it believes violates the cultural and political sensitivities of Emirates.<ref name=etisalatmon>[http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/united_arab_emirates.pdf United Arab Emirates]. OpenNet Interactive. 2008</ref> Homosexuality, drugs, and the theory of evolution are generally considered taboo.<ref name="Dubai Culture"/><ref name="Bedell">{{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article5741679.ece|title=Geraldine Bedell's novel banned in Dubai because of gay character|last=Jack|first=Malvern|date=16 February 2009|work=The Times |location=UK |accessdate=22 April 2010 }}</ref>

Internet content is regulated in Dubai. Etisalat uses a proxy server to filter Internet content that the government deems to be inconsistent with the values of the country, such as sites that provide information on how to bypass the proxy; sites pertaining to dating, gay and lesbian networks, and pornography; sites pertaining to the [[Bahá'í Faith]] and sites originating from [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opennet.net/studies/uae|title=Internet Filtering in the United Arab Emirates in 2004–2005: A Country Study|date=5 May 2005|publisher=OpenNet Initiative|accessdate=9 June 2010}}</ref> Emirates Media and Internet (a division of Etisalat) notes that as of 2002, 76% of Internet users are male. About 60% of Internet users were Asian, while 25% of users were Arab. Dubai enacted an Electronic Transactions and Commerce Law in 2002 which deals with digital signatures and electronic registers. It prohibits Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from disclosing information gathered in providing services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tecom.ae/law/law_2.htm|title= Electronic Transactions and Commerce Law No.2/2002|publisher=Dubai Technology and Media Free Zone Authority |accessdate=9 June 2010}}</ref> The penal code contains official provisions that prohibit digital access to pornography; however, it does not address cyber crime or data protection.<ref name=privacy>[http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd%5B347%5D=x-347-103788 Silenced – United Arab Emirates]. Privacy International (21 September 2003). Retrieved 23 April 2010.</ref>
{{Clear}}

== International relations ==
{{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#United_Arab_Emirates_.28UAE.29|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in UAE}}

=== Twin towns and sister cities ===
Dubai is [[town twinning|twinned]] with the following cities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149 | title = Dubai’s sister cities | publisher=dubaicityguide | accessdate=14 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uaeinteract.com/news/default.asp?ID=328 | title =Twinning Cities Agreements | publisher=UAE Official Website | accessdate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Dublin]], Ireland
* {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic
* {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], Iraq
* {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Twinning_agreement_brings_a_taste_of_Spain_to_Dubai/21927.htm |title=Twinning agreement brings a taste of Spain to Dubai UAE – The Official Web Site – News |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon
* {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Brisbane]], Australia
* {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela
* {{Flagicon|Czech_Republic}} [[Cheb]], Czech Republic
* {{Flagicon|USA}} Detroit, Michigan, United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Dubai_Detroit_ink_sister-city_accord/9548.htm |title=Dubai, Detroit ink sister-city accord UAE – The Official Web Site – News |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Dundee]], Scotland, United Kingdom
* {{Flagicon|GER}} [[Frankfurt]], Germany
* {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Geneva]], Switzerland
* {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
||
* {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Granada]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Dubai,_Granada_discuss_cooperation/34149.htm |title=Dubai, Granada discuss cooperation UAE – The Official Web Site – News |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], People's Republic of China
* {{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]
* {{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada
* {{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey
* {{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia
* {{Flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Kabul]], Afghanistan
* {{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lahore]], Pakistan
* {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Kish Island]], Iran
* {{Flagicon|KWT}} [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait
* {{Flagicon|USA}} Los Angeles, United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Los_Angeles_cultural_body_takes_Dubai_as_sister_city/11860.htm |title=Los Angeles cultural body takes Dubai as sister city UAE – The Official Web Site – News |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Monterrey]], [[Nuevo León]], Mexico
||
* {{Flagicon|Russia}} Moscow, Russian Federation
* {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], Colombia
* {{Flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States <ref>[http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149 Dubai sister/twin cities list]</ref>
* {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Japan
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai]], India
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, India]]
* {{Flagicon|France}} Paris, France
* {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Phoenix, Arizona]], United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Dubai_partners_with_the_U.S._city_of_Phoenix_/35613.htm |title=Dubai partners with the U.S. city of Phoenix UAE – The Official Web Site – News |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
* {{Flagicon|CHN}} Shanghai, People's Republic of China
* {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint-Petersburg]], Russian Federation
* {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Tangier]], Morocco
* {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran
* {{Flagicon|Libya}} [[Benghazi]], Libya
* {{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Nove Mesto nad Vahom]], Trenciansky kraj, Slovakia
* {{Flagicon|North Korea}} [[Pyongyang]], North Korea
* {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Busan]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.busan.go.kr/02_government/07_17.jsp |title=Dynamic Busan – City Government – Sister Cities – Dubai |publisher=English.busan.go.kr |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref>
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Wild-wadi.jpg|[[Jumeirah Beach]]
File:Dubai marina2.jpg|[[Dubai Marina]] at night
File:Dubai night skyline.jpg|Dubai skyline at night
File:Etisalat Tower 2, Dubai World Trade Centre, and Dubai World Trade Centre Residence on 28 December 2007.jpg|[[Dubai World Trade Center]]
File:Jumaira Beach Hotel.jpg|Aerial view of the [[Jumeirah Beach Hotel]]
File:Jumeirah Islands on 24 May 2007.jpg|[[Jumeirah Islands]] as seen from [[Almas Tower]]
File:Sheikh Zayed Road on 28 December 2007.jpg|[[Sheikh Zayed Road]]
File:Deira Skyline on 8 May 2007.jpg|The [[Bur Dubai]] creek area, facing [[Deira]]
File:Deira by night.jpg|[[Deira]] by night
File:Dubai 2010.JPG|Dubai skyline (2010)
File:Atlantispic1.jpg|[[Atlantis, the Palm]]
File:Mall dubai.jpg|[[The Dubai Mall]]
File:SkiDubai.JPG|[[Ski Dubai]]
File:Burj Al Arab Dubai.jpg|[[Burj Al Arab]]
File:Dubai Media City on 1 May 2007.jpg|[[Dubai Media City]] on 1 May 2007
File:Deira Fish market,Dubai.jpg|Deira Fish market, Dubai on 06 October 2011
</gallery>

==See also==
{{satop|Geography|Eurasia|Asia|Western Asia|Middle East|United Arab Emirates|Dubai}}
*[[List of cities with most skyscrapers]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
[http://www.mycarpoint.com Dubai auto news]

== References ==
* Syed Ali. ''Dubai: Gilded Cage'' (Yale University Press; 2010) 240 pages. Focuses on the Arab emirate's treatment of foreign workers.
* Heiko Schmid: ''Economy of Fascination: Dubai and Las Vegas as Themed Urban Landscapes'', Berlin, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-443-37014-5
* John M. Smith: ''Dubai The Maktoum Story'', Norderstedt 2007, ISBN 3-8334-4660-9

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Dubai}}
* [http://www.wikitravel.org/en/Dubai Dubai travel guide] at [[Wikitravel]]
* [http://www.dubai.ae/en.portal www.Dubai.ae] – Dubai Government Official Website
* [http://www.dubai-information-site.com/ Dubai City Information Portal]
* [http://www.dubaitourism.ae/ www.Dubaitourism.ae] – Dubai Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM) Government website
* [http://login.dm.gov.ae/wps/portal/MyHomeEn/ www.DM.gov.ae] – Dubai Municipality website
* [http://www.dsc.gov.ae/en/Pages/Home.aspx www.dsc.gov.ae] – Dubai Statistics Centre
* [http://www.dewa.gov.ae/default.aspx www.dewa.gov.ae] – Dubai Electricity & Water Authority

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Dubai
|North =
|Northeast =
|East = [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|Abu Dhabi]]
|Southwest =
|West =
|Northwest = ''[[Persian Gulf]]''
}}

{{Dubai topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Neighborhoods in Dubai}}
{{Dubai landmarks}}
{{Developments in Dubai}}
{{Emirates of the United Arab Emirates}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}

[[Category:Dubai| ]]
[[Category:Persian Gulf]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Emirates of the United Arab Emirates]]

[[ace:Dubai]]
[[ang:Dubai]]
[[ar:إمارة دبي]]
[[an:Dubai]]
[[frp:Doubayi]]
[[ast:Dubai]]
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[[be:Эмірат Дубай]]
[[be-x-old:Дубай]]
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[[bs:Dubai]]
[[br:Dubai]]
[[bg:Дубай]]
[[ca:Dubai]]
[[cy:Dubai]]
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[[et:Dubai emiraat]]
[[el:Ντουμπάι]]
[[es:Dubái]]
[[eo:Dubajo]]
[[ext:Dubai]]
[[eu:Dubai]]
[[fa:دبی]]
[[hif:Dubai]]
[[fr:Dubaï (émirat)]]
[[fy:Dubai (emiraat)]]
[[ga:Dubai]]
[[gl:Dubai]]
[[ko:두바이]]
[[hy:Դուբայի Էմիրություն]]
[[hi:दुबई]]
[[hr:Dubai]]
[[io:Dubai]]
[[id:Dubai]]
[[os:Дубай]]
[[is:Dúbæ]]
[[it:Dubai]]
[[he:דובאי]]
[[kn:ದುಬೈ]]
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[[kk:Дубай]]
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[[nl:Dubai (emiraat)]]
[[ja:ドバイ]]
[[no:Dubai]]
[[nn:Dubai]]
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[[uz:Dubay]]
[[pnb:دبئی]]
[[pms:Dubai]]
[[pl:Dubaj]]
[[pt:Dubai]]
[[ro:Dubai]]
[[ru:Дубай (эмират)]]
[[sah:Дубай]]
[[se:Dubai]]
[[sco:Dubai]]
[[sq:Dubai]]
[[scn:Dubai]]
[[simple:Dubai]]
[[sl:Dubaj]]
[[so:Dubay]]
[[ckb:دوبەی]]
[[sr:Дубаи]]
[[sh:Dubai]]
[[fi:Dubai]]
[[sv:Dubai]]
[[tl:Dubai]]
[[ta:துபை]]
[[te:దుబాయ్]]
[[th:ดูไบ]]
[[tr:Dubai]]
[[uk:Дубай]]
[[ur:دبئی]]
[[ug:دۇبائى]]
[[vi:Dubai]]
[[war:Dubai]]
[[wuu:迪拜]]
[[yi:דוביי]]
[[yo:Dubai]]
[[zh-yue:杜拜]]
[[diq:Dubai]]
[[zh:杜拜]]

Maitha bint Mohammed Al Maktoum

2012-01-08T10:25:40Z

86.96.226.19: Corrected spelling of Maktoum

{{Dubai Royal Family}}
'''Maitha bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ''' (born March 5, 1980) is a [[karate]] and [[taekwondo]] athlete and sheikha of [[Dubai]].<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |title=The 20 Hottest Young Royals - 17. Sheikha Maitha bint Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/23/royals-celebrity-monarchs-biz-billies-cz_ls_0527royals_slide_18.html|publisher=''[[Forbes]]'' |date=2008-05-27 |accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref>
Representing the [[United Arab Emirates]] in the [[2006 Asian Games]], she won the silver medal at the Women's Over 60 Kilogram [[Karate at the 2006 Asian Games|karate event]].<ref name="Maitha">[http://www.nettyroyal.nl/maitha.html SHEIKHA MAITHA BINT MOHAMMED AL-MAKTOUM OF DUBAI]</ref> She is the daughter of [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]].

In March 2008, the UAE [[National Olympic Committee]] announced Sheikha Maitha's participation at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]. She participated in [[Taekwondo at the 2008 Summer Olympics|taekwondo]] in the 67 kg category for women.
<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shaikha Maitha bound for Beijing Olympics
|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/indepth/olympics08/sports/10199968.html|publisher=''[[Gulf News]]'' |date=2008-03-24|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref>

In 2008, she was included as 17th on the list of the "[[Forbes Magazine's List of The 20 Hottest Young Royals|20 Hottest Young Royals]]" as compiled by [[Forbes Magazine]].<ref name="Forbes"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-sports|oly}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Saeed bin Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Saeed Al Maktoum]]
| title = [[Standard-bearer|Flagbearer]] for {{UAE}}
| years = [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing 2008]]
| after = '''TBD'''
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Al Maktoum, Maitha bint Mohammed bin Rashid
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1980-03-05
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Al Maktoum, Maitha bint Mohammed bin Rashid}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Maktoum family|Maitha]]
[[Category:United Arab Emirati taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:United Arab Emirati karateka]]
[[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic taekwondo practitioners of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:United Arab Emirati princesses]]

{{UAE-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-royal-stub}}

[[ja:マイサー・ビント・ムハンマド・ビン・ラーシド・アール・マクトゥーム]]
[[no:Maitha bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]

Robert Renwick

2012-01-05T11:17:44Z

86.96.226.19:

{{for|the British industrialist|Robert Renwick, 1st Baron Renwick}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Robert Renwick
| image = Replace this image male.svg
| imagesize = 125px
| caption =
| fullname = Robert Peter Renwick
| nicknames = Robbie
| nationality = Scottish
| citizenship = United Kingdom
| strokes = Freestyle
| club = Cults Otters,City Of Aberdeen Swim Team (COAST) City of Glasgow
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|07|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|m=1.82|precision=0}}
| weight =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men’s [[swimming (sport)|swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{GBR2}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[FINA World Championships - Short Course|World Championships – Short Course]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2008 FINA Short Course World Championships|2008 Manchester]]|4×200 m freestyle}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2008 FINA Short Course World Championships|2008 Manchester]]|400 m freestyle}}
{{MedalCountry | {{SCO}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]]|4×200 m freestyle}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}}
}}
'''Robert Peter "Robbie" Renwick''' is a Scottish swimmer who first rose to prominence by swimming the anchor leg in the Scottish men's 4×200 metre freestyle relay team at the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]]. However, the team won silver, after Renwick was narrowly touched out by the opposing English relay team.

Robert qualified for Team GB at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in two events, the 200 m freestyle and the 4×200 m freestyle relay. He achieved this by finishing second, behind [[Ross Davenport]], in the 2008 Long Course British Championships (incorporating the Olympic trials). His time in the final was 1:48.29.

Renwick won the gold medal in the 200m freestyle at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].

Educated at [[Cults Academy]] in [[Aberdeen]], he is currently a student at the [[University of Strathclyde]] where he is reading Sports Engineering in the Department of Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management.

==External links==
*[http://www.olympics.org.uk/athleterecord.aspx?at=6638 British Olympic Association athlete profile]

{{Footer Commonwealth Champions 200m Freestyle Men}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Renwick, Robert
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 21 July 1988
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Renwick, Robert}}
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish swimmers]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Scotland]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Scotland]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Strathclyde]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:People educated at Cults Academy]]
[[Category:Male freestyle swimmers]]

{{Scotland-sport-bio-stub}}
{{UK-swimming-bio-stub}}

[[de:Robert Renwick]]
[[fr:Robert Renwick]]
[[it:Robert Renwick]]
[[nl:Robert Renwick]]

Clariant

2012-01-05T09:26:11Z

86.96.226.19: Clarification on location of registered HQ / corporate centre. Muttenz remains the HQ, but senior management and corporate functions are in Pratteln.

{{Infobox company
| name = Clariant
| logo = [[Image:Clariant-Logo2-canvas.PNG‎|220px|Clariant]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{SWX|CLN}}
| foundation = 1995
| founder =
| location_city = [[Muttenz]]
| location_country = [[Switzerland]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = Chemicals, manufacturing
| products = [[Speciality chemicals]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| slogan = Exactly your chemistry
| homepage = [http://www.clariant.com www.clariant.com]
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Clariant''' ({{SWX|CLN}}) is a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] speciality [[chemical]] company which was formed in 1995 as a spin off from [[Sandoz]].

== Business ==
The company has a turnover of around US$8 billion and is headquartered in [[Muttenz]] with a corporate centre in [[Pratteln]], both near [[Basel]], [[Switzerland]].
Clariant manufactures a range of specialty chemicals based largely on [[pigment]], [[surfactant]] and [[polymer]] chemistry.

The company expanded by the incorporation of the speciality chemicals business of [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]] (Germany) in 1997 and the acquisition of British Tar Products (BTP plc) in 2000. In 2011 Clariant acquired German speciality chemical company Süd-Chemie.

Clariant's largest business units make functional chemicals such as [[biocide]]s, industrial ingredients, and [[detergent]]s as well as chemicals and [[dye]]s for textiles, leather, and paper. Clariant's other segments make [[pigment]]s for inks, paints, and plastics and masterbatches, which are highly concentrated additives for plastics and textiles. It is also among the leading manufacturers of [[de-icing]] agents and [[fire retardant]]s, and chemicals used in the oil & gas and mining industries. Active in 150 countries on five continents, Clariant is now focusing on its fast-growing fine and [[specialty chemicals]] and on expanding operations in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clariant.com/C12576850036A6E9/news/09438133ADB5745CC125793B0029AC60/$File/20111101_ClariantstrengthensAsianpresence.pdf|title=Clariant strengthens Asian presence|publisher=Clariant|accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref>

The company is a supply of chemicals and colors for the [[textile]], [[leather]], [[paper]], [[packaging]], [[plastics]], [[printing]], [[Petroleum industry|oil & gas]], [[detergent]], [[mining]], [[personal care]] and [[metalworking]] industries.

== Key Personnel ==
* Chairman: Jürg Witmer
* Vice-chairman: Rudolf Wehrli
* CEO: Hariolf Kottmann
* CFO: Patrick Jany
* Executive Committee member responsible for Businesse Units Industrial & Consumer Specialties, Textile Chemicals, Oil & Mining Services and Leather Services as well as for the Functions Group Procurement and Supply Chain Management: Mathias Lütgendorf
* Executive Committee member responsible for Business Units Pigments, Masterbatches, Paper Specialties, Detergents & Intermediates, Additives and Emulsions as well as for the Functions Group Technology and ESHA: Christian Kohlpaintner
* Executive Committee member responsible for Business Units Catalysts & Energy and Functional Materials: Hans-Joachim Müller

== Notes and references ==

{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[List of oilfield service companies]]

==External links==
* [http://www.clariant.com Clariant website]

[[Category:Specialty chemical companies]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of Switzerland]]

[[de:Clariant]]
[[es:Clariant]]
[[fr:Clariant]]
[[it:Clariant]]
[[nl:Clariant]]
[[ja:クラリアント]]
[[pt:Clariant]]
[[ru:Clariant]]

Clariant

2012-01-02T09:18:12Z

86.96.226.19: Undid revision 469090499 by ClueBot NG (talk)

{{Infobox company
| name = Clariant
| logo = [[Image:Clariant-Logo2-canvas.PNG‎|220px|Clariant]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{SWX|CLN}}
| foundation = 1995
| founder =
| location_city = [[Muttenz]]
| location_country = [[Switzerland]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = Chemicals, manufacturing
| products = [[Speciality chemicals]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| slogan = Exactly your chemistry
| homepage = [http://www.clariant.com www.clariant.com]
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Clariant''' ({{SWX|CLN}}) is a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] speciality [[chemical]] company which was formed in 1995 as a spin off from [[Sandoz]].

== Business ==
The company has a turnover of around US$8 billion and is headquartered in [[Pratteln]], near [[Basel]], [[Switzerland]].
Clariant manufactures a range of specialty chemicals based largely on [[pigment]], [[surfactant]] and [[polymer]] chemistry.

The company expanded by the incorporation of the speciality chemicals business of [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]] (Germany) in 1997 and the acquisition of British Tar Products (BTP plc) in 2000. In 2011 Clariant acquired German speciality chemical company Süd-Chemie.

Clariant's largest business units make functional chemicals such as [[biocide]]s, industrial ingredients, and [[detergent]]s as well as chemicals and [[dye]]s for textiles, leather, and paper. Clariant's other segments make [[pigment]]s for inks, paints, and plastics and masterbatches, which are highly concentrated additives for plastics and textiles. It is also among the leading manufacturers of [[de-icing]] agents and [[fire retardant]]s, and chemicals used in the oil & gas and mining industries. Active in 150 countries on five continents, Clariant is now focusing on its fast-growing fine and [[specialty chemicals]] and on expanding operations in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clariant.com/C12576850036A6E9/news/09438133ADB5745CC125793B0029AC60/$File/20111101_ClariantstrengthensAsianpresence.pdf|title=Clariant strengthens Asian presence|publisher=Clariant|accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref>

The company is a supply of chemicals and colors for the [[textile]], [[leather]], [[paper]], [[packaging]], [[plastics]], [[printing]], [[Petroleum industry|oil & gas]], [[detergent]], [[mining]], [[personal care]] and [[metalworking]] industries.

== Key Personnel ==
* Chairman: Jürg Witmer
* Vice-chairman: Rudolf Wehrli
* CEO: Hariolf Kottmann
* CFO: Patrick Jany
* Executive Committee member responsible for Businesse Units Industrial & Consumer Specialties, Textile Chemicals, Oil & Mining Services and Leather Services as well as for the Functions Group Procurement and Supply Chain Management: Mathias Lütgendorf
* Executive Committee member responsible for Business Units Pigments, Masterbatches, Paper Specialties, Detergents & Intermediates, Additives and Emulsions as well as for the Functions Group Technology and ESHA: Christian Kohlpaintner
* Executive Committee member responsible for Business Units Catalysts & Energy and Functional Materials: Hans-Joachim Müller

== Notes and references ==

{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[List of oilfield service companies]]

==External links==
* [http://www.clariant.com Clariant website]

[[Category:Specialty chemical companies]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of Switzerland]]

[[de:Clariant]]
[[es:Clariant]]
[[fr:Clariant]]
[[it:Clariant]]
[[nl:Clariant]]
[[ja:クラリアント]]
[[pt:Clariant]]
[[ru:Clariant]]

Clariant

2012-01-02T09:14:25Z

86.96.226.19:

{{Infobox company
| name = Clariant
| logo = [[Image:Clariant-Logo2-canvas.PNG‎|220px|Clariant]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{SWX|CLN}}
| foundation = 1995
| founder =
| location_city = [[Muttenz]]
| location_country = [[Switzerland]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = Chemicals, manufacturing
| products = [[Speciality chemicals]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| slogan = Exactly your chemistry
| homepage = [http://www.clariant.com www.clariant.com]
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Clariant''' ({{SWX|CLN}}) is a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] speciality [[chemical]] company which was formed in 1995 as a spin off from [[Sandoz]].

== Business ==
The company has a turnover of around US$8 billion and is headquartered in [[Pratteln]], near [[Basel]], [[Switzerland]].
Clariant manufactures a range of specialty chemicals based largely on [[pigment]], [[surfactant]] and [[polymer]] chemistry.

The company expanded by the incorporation of the speciality chemicals business of [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]] (Germany) in 1997 and the acquisition of British Tar Products (BTP plc) in 2000. In 2011 Clariant acquired German speciality chemical company Süd-Chemie.

Clariant's largest business units make functional chemicals such as [[biocide]]s, industrial ingredients, and [[detergent]]s as well as chemicals and [[dye]]s for textiles, leather, and paper. Clariant's other segments make [[pigment]]s for inks, paints, and plastics and masterbatches, which are highly concentrated additives for plastics and textiles. It is also among the leading manufacturers of [[de-icing]] agents and [[fire retardant]]s, and chemicals used in the oil & gas and mining industries. Active in 150 countries on five continents, Clariant is now focusing on its fast-growing fine and [[specialty chemicals]] and on expanding operations in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clariant.com/C12576850036A6E9/news/09438133ADB5745CC125793B0029AC60/$File/20111101_ClariantstrengthensAsianpresence.pdf|title=Clariant strengthens Asian presence|publisher=Clariant|accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref>

The company is a supply of chemicals and colors for the [[textile]], [[leather]], [[paper]], [[packaging]], [[plastics]], [[printing]], [[Petroleum industry|oil & gas]], [[detergent]], [[mining]], [[personal care]] and [[metalworking]] industries.

== Key Personnel ==
* Chairman: Jürg Witmer
* Vice-chairman: Rudolf Wehrli
* CEO: Hariolf Kottmann
* CFO: Patrick Jany
* Executive Committee member responsible for Businesse Units Industrial & Consumer Specialties, Textile Chemicals, Oil & Mining Services and Leather Services as well as for the Functions Group Procurement and Supply Chain Management: Mathias Lütgendorf
* Executive Committee member responsible for Business Units Pigments, Masterbatches, Paper Specialties, Detergents & Intermediates, Additives and Emulsions as well as for the Functions Group Technology and ESHA: Christian Kohlpaintner
* Executive Committee member responsible for Business Units Catalysts & Energy and Functional Materials: Hans-Joachim Müller

== Notes and references ==

{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[List of oilfield service companies]]

==External links==
* [http://www.clariant.com Clariant website]

[[Category:Specialty chemical companies]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of Switzerland]]

[[de:Clariant]]
[[es:Clariant]]
[[fr:Clariant]]
[[it:Clariant]]
[[nl:Clariant]]
[[ja:クラリアント]]
[[pt:Clariant]]
[[ru:Clariant]]

Clariant

2012-01-02T09:07:55Z

86.96.226.19: Cite weblink relating to Asian presence

{{Infobox company
| name = Clariant
| logo = [[Image:Clariant-Logo2-canvas.PNG‎|220px|Clariant]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{SWX|CLN}}
| foundation = 1995
| founder =
| location_city = [[Muttenz]]
| location_country = [[Switzerland]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = Chemicals, manufacturing
| products = [[Speciality chemicals]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| slogan =
| homepage = [http://www.clariant.com www.clariant.com]
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Clariant''' ({{SWX|CLN}}) is a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] speciality [[chemical]] company which was formed in 1995 as a spin off from [[Sandoz]].

== Business ==
The company has a turnover of around US$8 billion and is headquartered in [[Pratteln]], near [[Basel]], [[Switzerland]].
Clariant manufactures a range of specialty chemicals based largely on [[pigment]], [[surfactant]] and [[polymer]] chemistry.

The company expanded by the incorporation of the speciality chemicals business of [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]] (Germany) in 1997 and the acquisition of British Tar Products (BTP plc) in 2000. In 2011 Clariant acquired German speciality chemical company Süd-Chemie.

Clariant's largest business units make functional chemicals such as [[biocide]]s, industrial ingredients, and [[detergent]]s as well as chemicals and [[dye]]s for textiles, leather, and paper. Clariant's other segments make [[pigment]]s for inks, paints, and plastics and masterbatches, which are highly concentrated additives for plastics and textiles. It is also among the leading manufacturers of [[de-icing]] agents and [[fire retardant]]s. Active in 150 countries on five continents, Clariant is now focusing on its fast-growing fine and [[specialty chemicals]] and on expanding operations in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clariant.com/C12576850036A6E9/news/09438133ADB5745CC125793B0029AC60/$File/20111101_ClariantstrengthensAsianpresence.pdf|title=Clariant strengthens Asian presence|publisher=Clariant|accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref>

The company is a supply of chemicals and colors for the [[textile]], [[leather]], [[paper]], [[packaging]], [[plastics]], [[printing]], [[Petroleum industry|oil & gas]], [[detergent]], [[mining]], [[personal care]] and [[metalworking]] industries.

== Key Personnel ==
* Chairman: Jürg Witmer
* Vice-chairman: Rudolf Wehrli
* CEO: Hariolf Kottmann
* CFO: Patrick Jany
* Executive Committee member responsible for Businesse Units Industrial & Consumer Specialties, Textile Chemicals, Oil & Mining Services and Leather Services as well as for the Functions Group Procurement and Supply Chain Management: Mathias Lütgendorf
* Executive Committee member responsible for Business Units Pigments, Masterbatches, Paper Specialties, Detergents & Intermediates, Additives and Emulsions as well as for the Functions Group Technology and ESHA: Christian Kohlpaintner
* Executive Committee member responsible for Business Units Catalysts & Energy and Functional Materials: Hans-Joachim Müller

== Notes and references ==

{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[List of oilfield service companies]]

==External links==
* [http://www.clariant.com Clariant website]

[[Category:Specialty chemical companies]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of Switzerland]]

[[de:Clariant]]
[[es:Clariant]]
[[fr:Clariant]]
[[it:Clariant]]
[[nl:Clariant]]
[[ja:クラリアント]]
[[pt:Clariant]]
[[ru:Clariant]]

Culture of the United Arab Emirates

2011-12-31T09:22:38Z

86.96.226.19: /* Holidays */

The United Arab Emirates has a diverse and multicultural society.<ref name=migrationinformation>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/dataHub/GCMM/Dubaidatasheet.pdf "Country and Metropolitan Stats in Brief]. MPI Data Hub</ref> The country's cultural imprint as a small, ethnically homogenous [[pearling]] community was changed with the arrival of other [[ethnic group]]s and nationals — first by the [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] in the early 1900s, and later by [[India]]ns and [[Pakistan]]is in the 1960s. Dubai has been criticized for perpetuating a class-based society, where [[Foreign worker|migrant workers]] are in the [[Social class|lower classes]].<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johann-hari/the-dark-side-of-dubai-1664368.html The Dark Side of Dubai], [[Johann Hari]], [[The Independent]], 7 April 2009.</ref> Despite the diversity of the population, only minor and infrequent episodes of [[ethnic tension]]s, primarily between expatriates, have been reported in the city. Major holidays in Dubai include ''[[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid al Fitr]]'', which marks the end of ''[[Ramadan]]'', and [[National Day]] (2 December), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gowealthy.com/gowealthy/wcms/en/home/articles/entertainment/events-and-festivals/Official-holidays-in-UAE-kvOQ0zrKKl.html |title=Official holidays in UAE |publisher=Gowealthy.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

Emirati culture mainly revolves around the religion of [[Islam]] and traditional [[Arab]], and Bedouin culture. Being a highly cosmopolitan society, the UAE has a diverse and vibrant culture. The influence of Islamic and Arab culture on its [[architecture]], [[music]], [[Clothing|attire]], [[cuisine]] and [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] are very prominent as well. Five times every day, [[Muslim]]s are called to prayer from the [[minaret]]s of [[mosque]]s which are scattered around the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/culture.htm |title=UAE Culture |publisher=Uae.gov.ae |date=2000-06-01 |accessdate=2009-07-15}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The weekend begins on [[Friday]] due to Friday being the holiest day for Muslims. All [[List of Muslim majority countries|Muslim countries]] have a Friday-Saturday or Thursday-Friday weekend.<ref>{{cite web|author=Advanced Digital Technology www.adtworld.com |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/indepth/newweekend/index.html |title=New UAE Weekend |publisher=Gulfnews |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

This unique [[socioeconomic development]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] has meant that the UAE is generally more liberal than its neighbors. While Islam is the main religion, Emiratis have been known for their tolerance, and [[Church (building)|Churches]], [[Hindu temple]]s, [[Sikh Gurdwara]] can be found alongside [[mosque]]s, However there are no [[Synagogue|Jewish synagogue]] in the United Arab Emirates. The country is home to several communities that have faced persecution elsewhere. Cosmopolitan atmosphere is gradually growing. As a result you will find there a variety of Asian-influenced schools, cultural centers and themed restaurants. Increasing number of European centers, schools, and restaurants are also can be seen in today's UAE.

==Emirati People==
{{Life in the United Arab Emirates}}

The Emirati people are members of the native Arab tribes that dominated the land for centuries. Descendants of Bany Yas tribe Al Nahyan and Al Maktoum royal families in Abu Dhabi and Dubai respectively represent the majority of Emiratis. Al Qawasim as well have played a vital role in the history of the United Arab Emirates.

Due to growth in trade, expatriates from Arab countries, the Indian subcontinent and Europe came to the UAE seeking better lives and higher-income jobs.

The population as a whole is estimated by the U.S. State Department to be at 4.4 million people with 15-20% of these being citizens. The population growth rate is 4% per year. The primary religion in the United Arab Emirates is Islam with the population estimated to be 96% Muslim. Hinduism and Christianity follow in minority as stated by the United States State Department. The official language is Arabic, but English, Hindi, Urdu and Persian are found to be spoken among the different peoples. The U.S. State Department estimates the people of the UAE to have an average life expectancy of seventy-seven years.

==Museums and art galleries==
[[File:Louvre Abu Dhabi graphic.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Louvre Abu Dhabi]]]]
Many emirates have established [[museums]] of regional repute, most famously [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] with its Heritage District containing 17 museums,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sharjahmuseums.ae |title=Sharjah Museums Department}}</ref> which in 1998 was the Cultural Capital of the Arab World.<ref>http://www.sharjahtourism.ae/en/category/about-sharjah/</ref> [[Abu Dhabi]]'s cultural foundation is also an important place for the presentation of indigenous and foreign art. In [[Dubai]], the area of [[Al Quoz]] has attracted a number of art galleries.<ref>http://www.dubaifaqs.com/art-galleries-in-dubai.php</ref>

Abu Dhabi has embarked on the path to become an art center of international caliber, by creating a culture district on [[Saadiyat Island]]. There, six grand projects are planned: the Sheikh Zayed National Museum by [[Foster + Partners]], the modern art museum [[Guggenheim Abu Dhabi]] to be built by [[Frank Gehry]], the classical museum [[Louvre Abu Dhabi]] by [[Jean Nouvel]], a maritime museum by [[Tadao Ando]], a Performing Arts Center by [[Zaha Hadid]], and a Biennale Park with 16 pavilions.<ref>http://www.saadiyat.ae/en/#cultural</ref>

Dubai also plans to build a [[Kunsthal]] museum and a district for galleries and artists.<ref>http://www.arabianbusiness.com/558467-dubai-eyeing-new-fashion-design-district</ref>

== Architecture==
[[File:Sheikh Makhtoum house courtyard March 2008c.JPG|thumb|[[Wind Tower]] in Dubai]]
The United Arab Emirates's architecture is largely inspired by [[Islamic architecture]]. UAE reflected the traditional lifestyles and customs of the people. Building materials were simple but were superbly adapted to the demands of lifestyle and climate. Easily portable tents provided shelter during tribal wanderings in the winter season. Inland more permanent houses were built of stone guss and were roofed with palm trees leaves. Fossilized coral, cut in blocks, bonded with sarooj, or a lime mixture derived from seashells, and plastered with chalk and water paste, was used extensively in coastal regions. Privacy and ventilation were important influences in the layout of the houses.

==Dress==
While the Islamic [[Social aspects of clothing|dress code]] is not compulsory, unlike neighboring [[Saudi Arabia]], many of the older and young Emarati men prefer wearing [[thawb]] or a dishdash, an ankle-length white shirt woven from wool or cotton while the minority of women wear [[abaya]], black over-garment covering most parts of the body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grapeshisha.com/UAE-National-clothing.html |title=Clothing in the UAE |publisher=Grapeshisha.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> This attire is particularly well-suited for the UAE's hot and dry climate. Western-style clothing is also fairly popular, especially among the youth.

Etiquette is an important aspect of UAE Culture and Tradition, and whilst in the UAE visitors are expected to show appropriate manners and etiquette. There have been several recent cases of expatriates not respecting the laws and being arrested, for example, for not wearing enough clothing at beaches, some even being completely nude.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/nation/General/10323797.html |title=Blame Europeans for topless displays, British women say |publisher=Gulfnews |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

Before the discovery of oil, [[pearling]] formed a crucial part of UAE's economy. Pearl fishery, known as ghaus, suffered decline after the advent of Japanese pearl farming. However, the UAE pearl industry laid the foundation of its rich [[maritime history]]. [[Dhow]]s, large wooden ships made from teak wood imported from [[India]], became an indistinct part of the countries maritime fleet and dhow building is still practiced in this Persian Gulf state and perform an important role of trade between countries like [[Iran]], [[India]], and Eastern [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|author=UAEinteract.com |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Dhow_race_keeps_tradition_alive/34043.htm |title=Dhow race keeps tradition alive UAE - The Official Web Site - News |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

== Food ==

{{main|Cuisine of United Arab Emirates}}

==Literature and poetry ==
The main themes in Emirati poetry for Arab Poets range from [[satire]], [[chivalry]], [[self-praise]], [[patriotism]], [[religion]], [[family]] and [[love]], and could range from descriptive to narrative.

Poetry in the United Arab Emirates has a great influence on culture, being a Persian Gulf Arab country were poetry has been part of since the dawn of time.
The style and form of ancient poetry in the UAE was strongly influenced by the 8th century Persian Gulf Arab scholar, Al Khalil bin Ahmed, which followed sixteen metres. This form underwent slight modification (Al Muwashahat) during the period of [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic civilization]] in Andalucia ([[Spain]]), where “the line or bait adhered to the two hemistitches form, each with an equal number of feet, all the second hemistitches ending in the same rhyming letter and sound throughout the poem.”1 The indigenous [[Arabic poetry]] form, however, was not spared from western influence; sometime in the 20th century [[prose poetry]] started to make their way into the local literary scene.

Ibn Majid who was born between 1432 and 1437 in [[Ras Al Khaimah]] was an iconic poet. Coming from a family of successful sailors, Ibn Majid has a total of 40 surviving compositions, 39 of which are verses.

The greatest luminaries in the UAE literary realm during the 20th century, particularly for [[Classical Arabic]] poetry, were Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880–1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887–1959) and Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905–1976). Three other poets from [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], known as the Hirah group, also thrived during the 20th century including Khalfan Musabah (1923–1946), Sheikh Saqr Al Qasimi (1925–1993), an ex-ruler of Sharjah, and Sultan bin Ali al Owais (1925–2000). The Hirah group’s works are observed to have been heavily influenced by the Apollo and [[Romantic poetry|romantic poets]].<ref>http://www.visitabudhabi.ae/en/what.to.do/art.and.culture/literature.and.poetry.aspx</ref>

== Music and dance ==
{{Main|Music of the United Arab Emirates|Cinema of the United Arab Emirates}}

The United Arab Emirates is a part of the [[Persian Gulf]] [[Khaliji (music)|khaleeji]] tradition, and is also known for [[Bedouin]] folk music.
[[Liwa (music)|Liwa]] is a type of music and dance performed mainly in communities which contain descendants of East Africans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitabudhabi.ae/en/what.to.do/art.and.culture/literature.and.poetry.aspx |title=Welcome to Abu Dhabi - Literature and Poetry |publisher=Visitabudhabi.ae |date=2009-07-01 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>
During celebrations singing and dancing also took place and many of the songs and dances, handed down from generation to generation, have survived to the present time. Young girls would dance by swinging their long black hair and swaying their bodies in time to the strong beat of the music. Men would re-enact battles fought or successful hunting expeditions, often symbolically using sticks, swords or rifles.
[[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] and [[Bollywood]] movies are popular in Dubai. The UAE has an active music scene, with musicians [[Amr Diab]], [[Diana Haddad]], [[Tarkan (singer)|Tarkan]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Santana (band)|Santana]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Elton John]], [[P!nk|Pink]], [[Bon Jovi]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Shakira]], [[Celine Dion]], [[Coldplay]], and [[Phil Collins]] having performed in the country. [[Kylie Minogue]] was paid 4.4 million dollars to perform at the opening of the [[Atlantis, The Palm|Atlantis resort]] on November 20, 2008.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,24334183-5005368,00.html | title=Kylie Minogue paid $4.4m for hotel gig | date=2008-09-11}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> The [[Dubai Desert Rock Festival]] is also another major festival consisting of Heavy metal and rock artists.<ref>http://www.desertrockfestival.com/?page_id=6</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sport in the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:DTC1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Dubai Tennis Championships]] 2006]]
Football is the Popular [[National sport|National Sport]] of the United Arab Emirates. Emarati Soccer clubs [[Al Ain FC|Al-Ain]], [[Al Wasl FC|Al-Wasl]], [[Al-Shabab (United Arab Emirates)|Al-Shabbab ACD]], [[Sharjah FC|Al-Sharjah]], [[Al-Wahda FC (Abu Dhabi)|Al-Wahda]], and [[Al-Ahli Football Club - Dubai|Al-Ahli]] clubs are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexuae.com/Top/Recreation_and_Sports/Clubs |title=Clubs, Sports Clubs UAE United Arab Emirates |publisher=Indexuae.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> The great rivalries keep the streets of the UAE energized as people fill the streets when their favorite team wins. The [[United Arab Emirates Football Association]] was first established in 1971 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game, organizing [[youth program]]s and improving the abilities of not only its players, but of the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams. The [[United Arab Emirates national football team|U.A.E. football team]] qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] in [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] - with [[Egypt national football team|Egypt]] it was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying after [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] and [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] in [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]] and [[Iraq national football team|Iraq]] and [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] again in [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]].<ref>{{cite web|author=UAEinteract.com |url=http://uaeinteract.com/news/default.asp?ID=172 |title=UAE - The Official Web Site - News |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>
The UAE also recently won the [[Gulf Cup of Nations|Gulf Cup soccer championship]] held in [[Abu Dhabi]] January 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/indepth/gulfcup2007/index.html |title=Gulf Cup 2007 |publisher=Gulfnews |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

[[Cricket]] is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely due to the expatriate population from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] has hosted 4 international [[Test cricket|Test match]]es so far.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/GENERAL/TIMELINES/uae.shtml |title=UAE Cricket Timeline |publisher=Cricketeurope4.net |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> [[Sheikh Zayed Stadium]] and [[Al Jazira Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] also host [[International structure of cricket|international cricket]]. [[Dubai]] has two cricket stadiums (Dubai [[Cricket field|Cricket Ground]] No.1 and No.2) with a third, 'S3' currently under construction as part of [[Dubai Sports City]]. Dubai is also home to the [[International Cricket Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/other/content/ground/country.html?country=27 |title=Cricinfo - Grounds - United Arab Emirates |publisher=Content-uk.cricinfo.com |date=2008-06-17 |accessdate=2009-01-12}}</ref>
The [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team]] qualified for the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and narrowly missed out on qualification for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Advanced Digital Technology www.adtworld.com |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/sport/Cricket/10243207.html |title=Not stumped by UAE cricket issues - Khan |publisher=Gulfnews |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

Other popular sports include [[camel racing]], [[Falconry]], [[Endurance riding]], and [[Tennis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/sports.htm |title=UAE Sports |publisher=Uae.gov.ae |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Holidays==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Date !! [[English language|English]]
!colspan="2"| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
|-
| January 1 || New Year's Day
| ''Ra's as-Sana al-meladiah'' || <big> رأس السنة الميلادية </big>
|-
| variable || Day of the Sacrifice
| ''[[Eid ul-Adha]]'' || <big> عيد الأضحى </big>
|-
| variable || [[Islamic calendar|Islamic]] New Year
| ''Ra's as-Sana al-Hijria'' || <big> رأس السنة الهجرية </big>
|-
| variable || The Night Journey
| [[Night Journey|''Al-Isra'a wal-Mi'raj'']] || <big> الإسراء والمعراج </big>
|-
| December 2{{nbsp|2}} || National Day
|[[yawm al watani]] ||اليوم الوطني||
|-
| variable || End of [[Ramadan]]
| ''[[Eid ul-Fitr]]'' || <big> عيد الفطر </big> m
|}

==See Also==
* [[Abu Dhabi Music & Arts Foundation]]
* [[Abu Dhabi Festival]]
* [[Takatof]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{United Arab Emirates topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of The United Arab Emirates}}
[[Category:United Arab Emirati culture]]

[[es:Cultura de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos]]
[[fr:Culture des Émirats arabes unis]]

Culture of the United Arab Emirates

2011-12-31T09:18:52Z

86.96.226.19: /* Holidays */

The United Arab Emirates has a diverse and multicultural society.<ref name=migrationinformation>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/dataHub/GCMM/Dubaidatasheet.pdf "Country and Metropolitan Stats in Brief]. MPI Data Hub</ref> The country's cultural imprint as a small, ethnically homogenous [[pearling]] community was changed with the arrival of other [[ethnic group]]s and nationals — first by the [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] in the early 1900s, and later by [[India]]ns and [[Pakistan]]is in the 1960s. Dubai has been criticized for perpetuating a class-based society, where [[Foreign worker|migrant workers]] are in the [[Social class|lower classes]].<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johann-hari/the-dark-side-of-dubai-1664368.html The Dark Side of Dubai], [[Johann Hari]], [[The Independent]], 7 April 2009.</ref> Despite the diversity of the population, only minor and infrequent episodes of [[ethnic tension]]s, primarily between expatriates, have been reported in the city. Major holidays in Dubai include ''[[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid al Fitr]]'', which marks the end of ''[[Ramadan]]'', and [[National Day]] (2 December), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gowealthy.com/gowealthy/wcms/en/home/articles/entertainment/events-and-festivals/Official-holidays-in-UAE-kvOQ0zrKKl.html |title=Official holidays in UAE |publisher=Gowealthy.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

Emirati culture mainly revolves around the religion of [[Islam]] and traditional [[Arab]], and Bedouin culture. Being a highly cosmopolitan society, the UAE has a diverse and vibrant culture. The influence of Islamic and Arab culture on its [[architecture]], [[music]], [[Clothing|attire]], [[cuisine]] and [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] are very prominent as well. Five times every day, [[Muslim]]s are called to prayer from the [[minaret]]s of [[mosque]]s which are scattered around the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/culture.htm |title=UAE Culture |publisher=Uae.gov.ae |date=2000-06-01 |accessdate=2009-07-15}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The weekend begins on [[Friday]] due to Friday being the holiest day for Muslims. All [[List of Muslim majority countries|Muslim countries]] have a Friday-Saturday or Thursday-Friday weekend.<ref>{{cite web|author=Advanced Digital Technology www.adtworld.com |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/indepth/newweekend/index.html |title=New UAE Weekend |publisher=Gulfnews |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

This unique [[socioeconomic development]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] has meant that the UAE is generally more liberal than its neighbors. While Islam is the main religion, Emiratis have been known for their tolerance, and [[Church (building)|Churches]], [[Hindu temple]]s, [[Sikh Gurdwara]] can be found alongside [[mosque]]s, However there are no [[Synagogue|Jewish synagogue]] in the United Arab Emirates. The country is home to several communities that have faced persecution elsewhere. Cosmopolitan atmosphere is gradually growing. As a result you will find there a variety of Asian-influenced schools, cultural centers and themed restaurants. Increasing number of European centers, schools, and restaurants are also can be seen in today's UAE.

==Emirati People==
{{Life in the United Arab Emirates}}

The Emirati people are members of the native Arab tribes that dominated the land for centuries. Descendants of Bany Yas tribe Al Nahyan and Al Maktoum royal families in Abu Dhabi and Dubai respectively represent the majority of Emiratis. Al Qawasim as well have played a vital role in the history of the United Arab Emirates.

Due to growth in trade, expatriates from Arab countries, the Indian subcontinent and Europe came to the UAE seeking better lives and higher-income jobs.

The population as a whole is estimated by the U.S. State Department to be at 4.4 million people with 15-20% of these being citizens. The population growth rate is 4% per year. The primary religion in the United Arab Emirates is Islam with the population estimated to be 96% Muslim. Hinduism and Christianity follow in minority as stated by the United States State Department. The official language is Arabic, but English, Hindi, Urdu and Persian are found to be spoken among the different peoples. The U.S. State Department estimates the people of the UAE to have an average life expectancy of seventy-seven years.

==Museums and art galleries==
[[File:Louvre Abu Dhabi graphic.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Louvre Abu Dhabi]]]]
Many emirates have established [[museums]] of regional repute, most famously [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] with its Heritage District containing 17 museums,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sharjahmuseums.ae |title=Sharjah Museums Department}}</ref> which in 1998 was the Cultural Capital of the Arab World.<ref>http://www.sharjahtourism.ae/en/category/about-sharjah/</ref> [[Abu Dhabi]]'s cultural foundation is also an important place for the presentation of indigenous and foreign art. In [[Dubai]], the area of [[Al Quoz]] has attracted a number of art galleries.<ref>http://www.dubaifaqs.com/art-galleries-in-dubai.php</ref>

Abu Dhabi has embarked on the path to become an art center of international caliber, by creating a culture district on [[Saadiyat Island]]. There, six grand projects are planned: the Sheikh Zayed National Museum by [[Foster + Partners]], the modern art museum [[Guggenheim Abu Dhabi]] to be built by [[Frank Gehry]], the classical museum [[Louvre Abu Dhabi]] by [[Jean Nouvel]], a maritime museum by [[Tadao Ando]], a Performing Arts Center by [[Zaha Hadid]], and a Biennale Park with 16 pavilions.<ref>http://www.saadiyat.ae/en/#cultural</ref>

Dubai also plans to build a [[Kunsthal]] museum and a district for galleries and artists.<ref>http://www.arabianbusiness.com/558467-dubai-eyeing-new-fashion-design-district</ref>

== Architecture==
[[File:Sheikh Makhtoum house courtyard March 2008c.JPG|thumb|[[Wind Tower]] in Dubai]]
The United Arab Emirates's architecture is largely inspired by [[Islamic architecture]]. UAE reflected the traditional lifestyles and customs of the people. Building materials were simple but were superbly adapted to the demands of lifestyle and climate. Easily portable tents provided shelter during tribal wanderings in the winter season. Inland more permanent houses were built of stone guss and were roofed with palm trees leaves. Fossilized coral, cut in blocks, bonded with sarooj, or a lime mixture derived from seashells, and plastered with chalk and water paste, was used extensively in coastal regions. Privacy and ventilation were important influences in the layout of the houses.

==Dress==
While the Islamic [[Social aspects of clothing|dress code]] is not compulsory, unlike neighboring [[Saudi Arabia]], many of the older and young Emarati men prefer wearing [[thawb]] or a dishdash, an ankle-length white shirt woven from wool or cotton while the minority of women wear [[abaya]], black over-garment covering most parts of the body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grapeshisha.com/UAE-National-clothing.html |title=Clothing in the UAE |publisher=Grapeshisha.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> This attire is particularly well-suited for the UAE's hot and dry climate. Western-style clothing is also fairly popular, especially among the youth.

Etiquette is an important aspect of UAE Culture and Tradition, and whilst in the UAE visitors are expected to show appropriate manners and etiquette. There have been several recent cases of expatriates not respecting the laws and being arrested, for example, for not wearing enough clothing at beaches, some even being completely nude.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/nation/General/10323797.html |title=Blame Europeans for topless displays, British women say |publisher=Gulfnews |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

Before the discovery of oil, [[pearling]] formed a crucial part of UAE's economy. Pearl fishery, known as ghaus, suffered decline after the advent of Japanese pearl farming. However, the UAE pearl industry laid the foundation of its rich [[maritime history]]. [[Dhow]]s, large wooden ships made from teak wood imported from [[India]], became an indistinct part of the countries maritime fleet and dhow building is still practiced in this Persian Gulf state and perform an important role of trade between countries like [[Iran]], [[India]], and Eastern [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|author=UAEinteract.com |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Dhow_race_keeps_tradition_alive/34043.htm |title=Dhow race keeps tradition alive UAE - The Official Web Site - News |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

== Food ==

{{main|Cuisine of United Arab Emirates}}

==Literature and poetry ==
The main themes in Emirati poetry for Arab Poets range from [[satire]], [[chivalry]], [[self-praise]], [[patriotism]], [[religion]], [[family]] and [[love]], and could range from descriptive to narrative.

Poetry in the United Arab Emirates has a great influence on culture, being a Persian Gulf Arab country were poetry has been part of since the dawn of time.
The style and form of ancient poetry in the UAE was strongly influenced by the 8th century Persian Gulf Arab scholar, Al Khalil bin Ahmed, which followed sixteen metres. This form underwent slight modification (Al Muwashahat) during the period of [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic civilization]] in Andalucia ([[Spain]]), where “the line or bait adhered to the two hemistitches form, each with an equal number of feet, all the second hemistitches ending in the same rhyming letter and sound throughout the poem.”1 The indigenous [[Arabic poetry]] form, however, was not spared from western influence; sometime in the 20th century [[prose poetry]] started to make their way into the local literary scene.

Ibn Majid who was born between 1432 and 1437 in [[Ras Al Khaimah]] was an iconic poet. Coming from a family of successful sailors, Ibn Majid has a total of 40 surviving compositions, 39 of which are verses.

The greatest luminaries in the UAE literary realm during the 20th century, particularly for [[Classical Arabic]] poetry, were Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880–1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887–1959) and Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905–1976). Three other poets from [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], known as the Hirah group, also thrived during the 20th century including Khalfan Musabah (1923–1946), Sheikh Saqr Al Qasimi (1925–1993), an ex-ruler of Sharjah, and Sultan bin Ali al Owais (1925–2000). The Hirah group’s works are observed to have been heavily influenced by the Apollo and [[Romantic poetry|romantic poets]].<ref>http://www.visitabudhabi.ae/en/what.to.do/art.and.culture/literature.and.poetry.aspx</ref>

== Music and dance ==
{{Main|Music of the United Arab Emirates|Cinema of the United Arab Emirates}}

The United Arab Emirates is a part of the [[Persian Gulf]] [[Khaliji (music)|khaleeji]] tradition, and is also known for [[Bedouin]] folk music.
[[Liwa (music)|Liwa]] is a type of music and dance performed mainly in communities which contain descendants of East Africans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitabudhabi.ae/en/what.to.do/art.and.culture/literature.and.poetry.aspx |title=Welcome to Abu Dhabi - Literature and Poetry |publisher=Visitabudhabi.ae |date=2009-07-01 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>
During celebrations singing and dancing also took place and many of the songs and dances, handed down from generation to generation, have survived to the present time. Young girls would dance by swinging their long black hair and swaying their bodies in time to the strong beat of the music. Men would re-enact battles fought or successful hunting expeditions, often symbolically using sticks, swords or rifles.
[[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] and [[Bollywood]] movies are popular in Dubai. The UAE has an active music scene, with musicians [[Amr Diab]], [[Diana Haddad]], [[Tarkan (singer)|Tarkan]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Santana (band)|Santana]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Elton John]], [[P!nk|Pink]], [[Bon Jovi]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Shakira]], [[Celine Dion]], [[Coldplay]], and [[Phil Collins]] having performed in the country. [[Kylie Minogue]] was paid 4.4 million dollars to perform at the opening of the [[Atlantis, The Palm|Atlantis resort]] on November 20, 2008.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,24334183-5005368,00.html | title=Kylie Minogue paid $4.4m for hotel gig | date=2008-09-11}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> The [[Dubai Desert Rock Festival]] is also another major festival consisting of Heavy metal and rock artists.<ref>http://www.desertrockfestival.com/?page_id=6</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sport in the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:DTC1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Dubai Tennis Championships]] 2006]]
Football is the Popular [[National sport|National Sport]] of the United Arab Emirates. Emarati Soccer clubs [[Al Ain FC|Al-Ain]], [[Al Wasl FC|Al-Wasl]], [[Al-Shabab (United Arab Emirates)|Al-Shabbab ACD]], [[Sharjah FC|Al-Sharjah]], [[Al-Wahda FC (Abu Dhabi)|Al-Wahda]], and [[Al-Ahli Football Club - Dubai|Al-Ahli]] clubs are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexuae.com/Top/Recreation_and_Sports/Clubs |title=Clubs, Sports Clubs UAE United Arab Emirates |publisher=Indexuae.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> The great rivalries keep the streets of the UAE energized as people fill the streets when their favorite team wins. The [[United Arab Emirates Football Association]] was first established in 1971 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game, organizing [[youth program]]s and improving the abilities of not only its players, but of the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams. The [[United Arab Emirates national football team|U.A.E. football team]] qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] in [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] - with [[Egypt national football team|Egypt]] it was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying after [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] and [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] in [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]] and [[Iraq national football team|Iraq]] and [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] again in [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]].<ref>{{cite web|author=UAEinteract.com |url=http://uaeinteract.com/news/default.asp?ID=172 |title=UAE - The Official Web Site - News |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>
The UAE also recently won the [[Gulf Cup of Nations|Gulf Cup soccer championship]] held in [[Abu Dhabi]] January 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/indepth/gulfcup2007/index.html |title=Gulf Cup 2007 |publisher=Gulfnews |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

[[Cricket]] is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely due to the expatriate population from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] has hosted 4 international [[Test cricket|Test match]]es so far.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/GENERAL/TIMELINES/uae.shtml |title=UAE Cricket Timeline |publisher=Cricketeurope4.net |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> [[Sheikh Zayed Stadium]] and [[Al Jazira Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] also host [[International structure of cricket|international cricket]]. [[Dubai]] has two cricket stadiums (Dubai [[Cricket field|Cricket Ground]] No.1 and No.2) with a third, 'S3' currently under construction as part of [[Dubai Sports City]]. Dubai is also home to the [[International Cricket Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/other/content/ground/country.html?country=27 |title=Cricinfo - Grounds - United Arab Emirates |publisher=Content-uk.cricinfo.com |date=2008-06-17 |accessdate=2009-01-12}}</ref>
The [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team]] qualified for the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and narrowly missed out on qualification for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Advanced Digital Technology www.adtworld.com |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/sport/Cricket/10243207.html |title=Not stumped by UAE cricket issues - Khan |publisher=Gulfnews |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

Other popular sports include [[camel racing]], [[Falconry]], [[Endurance riding]], and [[Tennis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/sports.htm |title=UAE Sports |publisher=Uae.gov.ae |date= |accessdate=2009-07-15}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Holidays==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Date !! [[English language|English]]
!colspan="2"| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
|-
| January 1 || New Year's Day
| ''Ra's as-Sana al-meladiah'' || <big> رأس السنة الميلادية </big>
|-
| variable || Day of the Sacrifice
| ''[[Eid ul-Adha]]'' || <big> عيد الأضحى </big>
|-
| variable || [[Islamic calendar|Islamic]] New Year
| ''Ra's as-Sana al-Hijria'' || <big> رأس السنة الهجرية </big>
|-
| variable || The Night Journey
| [[Night Journey|''Al-Isra'a wal-Mi'raj'']] || <big> الإسراء والمعراج </big>
|-
| December 2{{nbsp|2}} || National Day
| ''Al-yawm- al-Watani'' || <big> العيد الوطني </big>
|-
| variable || End of [[Ramadan]]
| ''[[Eid ul-Fitr]]'' || <big> عيد الفطر </big> m
|}

==See Also==
* [[Abu Dhabi Music & Arts Foundation]]
* [[Abu Dhabi Festival]]
* [[Takatof]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{United Arab Emirates topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of The United Arab Emirates}}
[[Category:United Arab Emirati culture]]

[[es:Cultura de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos]]
[[fr:Culture des Émirats arabes unis]]

Dronfield

2011-12-20T06:56:24Z

86.96.226.19: Tony Currie link corrected

{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}
{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|latitude= 53.3024
|longitude= -1.4664
|static_image = [[File:Dronfield Library.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption= Dronfield Library
|official_name= Dronfield
|population = 21,330
|shire_district= [[North East Derbyshire]]
|shire_county = [[Derbyshire]]
|region= East Midlands
|constituency_westminster= [[North East Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Derbyshire]]
|post_town= DRONFIELD
|postcode_district = S18
|postcode_area= S
|dial_code= 01246
|os_grid_reference= SK355785
}}

'''Dronfield''' is a [[town]] in [[North East Derbyshire]] in the North Midlands region of [[England]]. It comprises the three communities of Dronfield, [[Dronfield Woodhouse]] and [[Coal Aston]]. It is sited in the valley of the small [[River Drone]], and lies between the town of [[Chesterfield]] and the city of [[Sheffield]]. The [[Peak District National Park]] lies 3 miles to the west. Dronfield is known to have been in existence prior to the 1086 [[Domesday Book]], and has a 12th-century [[parish church]]. In 1662 [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] granted the town a market, although this later ceased. The industrial history of the town includes coal mining, the wool trade, the production of soap and steel, and engineering. Today a range of manufacturing firms still operate within the town. Dronfield's population has increased dramatically in post-war years from 6,500 in 1945 to its current size of just over 21,000.<ref>http://www.derbyshire.gov.uk/community/about_your_county/census/north_east_derbyshire/default.asp</ref> The town's name is thought to mean "the open land where there are drones (male bees)".<ref>[http://www.dronfield.gov.uk/History.shtml Dronfield | About Dronfield | History]</ref> Dronfield's [[Association football|football]] ground is currently the home of the world's oldest football team.

==Geography==

Dronfield is sited in the valley of the River Drone in North East Derbyshire, England. It lies roughly midway between the town of Chesterfield to the south and the city of Sheffield to the north, for which it is a popular [[commuter]] town.

The [[A61 road|A61 trunk road]] Dronfield–Unstone Bypass cuts through the town, although this is not directly accessible from the town centre itself. Instead a network of secondary roads serves local traffic: the B6054, B6056, B6057 and B6158. Dronfield is also served via rail through [[Dronfield railway station]].

Dronfield covers an area of {{convert|3457|acre|km2}} and has as neighbours the [[village]]s and [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]] of [[Unstone]], [[Holmesfield]], [[Barlow, Derbyshire|Barlow]], [[Apperknowle]], Hundall and [[Eckington, Derbyshire|Eckington]].

Situated close to the [[Pennines]] and many of the beauty spots of [[Derbyshire]], Dronfield also has easy access to the [[Peak District National Park]] just {{convert|3|mi|km}} away.

==History==

Dronfield is a [[market town]], but little is known about its early history. It is known to have been in existence before the 1086 [[Domesday Book]] and suffered after the [[Norman conquest]] when [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] sought to [[Harrying of the North|bring the North of England under control]]. Its name is thought to mean "the open land where there are drones (male bees)".<ref>[http://www.dronfield.gov.uk/History.shtml Dronfield | About Dronfield | History]</ref>

The Church of [[St John the Baptist]] is known to have been built by 1135 when Oscot was rector with the parish of Dronfield covering Little Barlow, [[Coal Aston]], Povey, [[Holmesfield]], Apperknowle, [[Dore]] and [[Totley]]. Its churchyard contains the stump of a preaching cross which may be [[Anglo-Saxon]]; if so, it would pre-date the main church.

The Guild of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] was established in 1349 in the hall of the chantry priests. However, due to the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] and the subsequent suppression of the guilds and chantries in 1547, it became a local inn which still operates today as the Green Dragon Inn.

Between the 16th and 19th centuries, Dronfield grew around various industries, the most widespread of which was [[coal mining]] with pits at Stubley being mentioned in the 16th century and a map of Hill Top in the 17th century shows some workings. Further mines were opened at Coal Aston in 1785 and Carr Lane in Dronfield Woodhouse in 1795.

The town also benefited from trade with the [[lead mining]] and grindstone industries in the Peak District. The wealth of the Rotheram family, who became the [[Lord of the Manor|Lords of the Manor]] of Dronfield, was based on the lead trade. Notable buildings in the town include several 16th- and 17th-century houses.

During the 16th century, Dronfield with its sheep farmers had a significant number of families working in the wool trade, engaged in spinning and weaving and also the production and selling of cloth. Soaper Lane was the centre of the soap-making and tanning industry in town, being next to the river, with a dye works also situated there.

In 1662 Dronfield was granted a market by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], but in the 18th century, due to the nearness of [[Sheffield]] and [[Chesterfield, England|Chesterfield]], the market went into decline and ceased to exist.

In 1882, William Cammell's steelworks, which specialised in rolling rails, was 'removed' to [[Workington]] in west Cumbria.<ref>Byers Richard (2003), The History of Workington, An Illustrated History from 1866 to 1955, Richard Byers Pub. Cockermouth. p108 and 109</ref> Steelworkers and their families moved too. It is estimated that 1,500 townspeople made the trip to Workington. 'Dronnies', as the people of Workington called the newcomers, formed [[Workington AFC]] in 1888.<ref>Byers Richard (2003), The History of Workington, An Illustrated History from 1866 to 1955, Richard Byers Pub. Cockermouth. p109</ref>

In 1993 [[Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School]] (formerly the 'Dronfield School' and previously 'Dronfield Grammar School') suffered major damage when its 'modern' 1960s system built blocks were completely gutted by fire, requiring all firefighting resources from all nearby towns and Sheffield to control the blaze. The historic Victorian quadrangle and library, as well as the sixth-form block, survived. The remains of the modern school was subsequently demolished and mobile cabins were used as classrooms until 1996 when the school was rebuilt.

==Landmarks==

Despite its recent growth, Dronfield's centre has managed to keep its ancient character with a number of historic buildings still intact. These include [[Dronfield Manor]] which is now the town's [[library]], [[Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School]] which was established in 1579 through a bequest in the will of Henry Fanshawe (which was implemented by his nephew Thomas Fanshawe), and a 15th-century building with a [[king post]] roof, long used as a [[Barn (building)|barn]]. The 12th-century [[parish church]] exhibits a fine {{convert|138|ft|m|adj=on}} [[spire]].

[[File:St John the Baptist Dronfield.jpg|right|thumb|St. John the Baptist Parish Church]]

===St. John the Baptist Parish Church===
Built in the 12th century, the parish church of St. John the Baptist is built following the style of early [[Gothic architecture]] and features a number of stained glass windows. Its spire can be seen from most of Dronfield. It has its own choir and its own music group run by young members of the church.

====Misericords====
St John the Baptist has two [[misericord]]s, both 20th-century additions (one of the stalls bears the inscription “To the glory of God and in memory of Nellie Gertrude Lucas of Red House, Dronfield, these clergy desks were given by her husband, Easter 1923”):

* Angel in attitude of prayer
* Angel with arms folded across breasts

===Peel Monument===
The "Peel Monument", situated on the town's [[High Street]], was built in 1854 out of [[gritstone]] as a tribute to [[Sir Robert Peel]], to commemorate his repeal of the [[Corn Laws]] in 1846. The monument is very distinctive, and is often portrayed in images of the town.

===The Cottage===
Near to the Peel Monument on High Street is a 16th-century house known as 'The Cottage'. It is believed that it was once owned by [[Lord Byron]] (1788–1824), though there is no proof that he was a Dronfield resident.

===Cliffe Park===

Located off Callywhite Lane, Cliffe Park has a number of amenities for local residents including a children's adventure play area, tennis courts and a bowling green.

===The River Drone===
The [[River Drone]] is a small river that runs through Dronfield. It then joins the Barlow Brook at Unstone, and then flows into the [[River Rother, South Yorkshire|River Rother]] at [[Old Whittington|Whittington Moor]], Chesterfield.

===Gosforth Fields Sports Complex===

In January 2010, a new £2.5 million sports complex opened on the old Gosforth School site. Run by three local teams, AFC Dronfield, Dronfield Town & Dronfield RFU, the complex included a state-of-the-art 3G pitch, 10 full-size pitches, superb changing facilities and a social area. It is being hailed as the best facilities in the north for amateur level sports. It was officially opened by [[Trevor Brooking|Sir Trevor Brooking]] and John Owen.

Gosforth Fields is the home of Dronfield Rugby Club.<ref>[http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/dronfield/ Dronfield Rugby Club]</ref>

==Demographics==

Dronfield's population has increased dramatically in post-war years from 6,500 in 1945 to its current size of just over 21,000. This mainly reflects its position as a dormitory community for workers from nearby [[Chesterfield]] and [[Sheffield]] (which has in the past attempted to bring the town within its own boundaries){{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}. Today the town comprises the three once separate but now physically contiguous [[communities]] of [[Coal Aston]], Dronfield, and [[Dronfield Woodhouse]].

Dronfield Woodhouse once claimed to have the largest [[privately owned]] housing estate in [[Europe]] ("Gosforth Valley") when it was first built in the 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} During the same decade, on October 16, 1975, the £6.5m {{convert|5|mi|adj=on}} A61 Dronfield–Unstone Bypass was opened running through the western side of the town, to allow easier access for travel between the larger populated areas of [[Sheffield]] to the north and [[Chesterfield]] to the south.

==Economics==
{{Expert-subject|Derbyshire|section|date=February 2009}}
The town has a range of businesses, mainly located on the Callywhite Lane Industrial Estate at the eastern end of the town off the main Sheffield to Chesterfield road. The main businesses in the town were originally associated with engineering trades, but over recent years have diversified. The principal business is the William Lees Iron Foundry, which dates back to the 1800s and was responsible for major growth in the town at that time. The foundry mainly supplies [[malleable iron]] [[Casting (metalworking)|castings]] to the [[automotive]] industry.

Major companies with works in Dronfield include:
*[[Charles Boot|Henry Boot]] Plc. - Builders, area offices
*Banner Plant - Plant Hire Yard & HQ, a division of Henry Boot Plc.
*Padley & Venables Ltd - Manufacturers of rock cutting tools and bits.
*Hodkin & Jones - Decorative plaster mouldings HQ & factory.
*[[Land Instruments International]] [http://www.landinst.com ] - Manufacturers of infrared temperature measurement and combustion efficiency and environmental monitoring equipment. Land was taken over in 2006 by [[AMETEK]] Inc.
*Gunstones Bakery ([[Northern Foods]]) - Suppliers of baked products to M&S, etc. The firm was founded in Sheffield in 1862, moving to Dronfield in 1950, and taken over by Northern Foods in 1970.
The Sheffield firm of Ponsford's Furniture have opened their new distribution warehouse in the town. Various smaller companies occupy units on the estate. Some modern high-tech businesses have premises in the town, such as Radius (formerly Slinn Computers) a packaging software systems supplier.

==Present day==
[[File:Dronfield Peel monument.jpg|thumb|250px|The Peel Monument on High Street at the entrance to the civic centre]]
Town-centre shoppers are well served by car parking facilities, the main shops, civic amenities and sports centre with swimming pool lying conveniently in the upper town around the civic centre.

The town's football ground, located next to the Coach and Horses pub, is now home to the world's oldest [[Association football|football]] team, [[Sheffield F.C.]].

There is a [[rugby league]] side that goes by the name of Dronfield Drifters RLFC.

Dronfield is served both by a weekly [[local newspaper]] (the ''Dronfield Advertiser'') and by a monthly magazine (''The Dronfield Eye''). ''The Dronfield Eye'' (colloquially known as "The Eye") also publishes the annual Dronfield Directory, which lists details of hundreds of local groups, societies and organisations.

Dronfieldonline is a locally run website, providing information online for the Dronfield community. It contains information about the area, including schools, property, local news, events provided by and for the people of Dronfield, and links to local clubs and associations. The site also has a full business directory and fully supports local business and enterprise.

Notable events are the annual Dronfield Gala and the Dronfield Woodhouse and Coal Aston Well Dressings which are held in July.

The ''[http://www.thewalk.org.uk Dronfield 2000 Rotary Walk]'' is a {{convert|14.5|mi|km|adj=on}} circular walk that circumnavigates the town.

The [http://www.ne-derbyshire.gov.uk/leisure--culture/leisure/dronfield leisure centre] is next to the civic centre.

The cricket pitch on Stonelow Road is the home of the local Coal Aston Cricket Club. The ground has high-quality facilities including home and away changing rooms, a tea room, an electronic scoreboard, a seating area in front of the pavilion and an astro-turf practice net.

==Twinning==

* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Sindelfingen]], [[Germany]] - home of [[Mercedes-Benz]].

A [[park]] in Dronfield Woodhouse was renamed after Sindelfingen in the early 1990s to celebrate this partnership (established in 1972).

==Other facilities==

Dronfield has many pubs, including:
the Blue Stoops,
the Bridge,
the Coach & Horses,
the Green Dragon,
the Three Tuns (formerly the Hallowes), a real-ale pub serving up to 12 real ales, run by the Spire Brewery,
the Hearty Oak,
the Hyde Park,
the Jolly Farmer,
the Miners Arms,
the Dronfield Arms (formerly the Sidings),
the Talbot Arms,
the Victoria,
the White Swan,
the Cross Daggers,
the Yew Tree,
the Chequers

Dronfield also has as well several social clubs: The Contact Club, Dronfield Woodhouse Sports & Social Club, Hill Top Sports & Social Club and the Pioneer Club, to name a few.

Dronfield is also home to 1890 (Dronfield) ATC Squadron.

===Education===
* The [[Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School]] on Green Lane takes its intake is from all of the 8 schools within Dronfield and the surrounding area, occasionally including pupils from Sheffield.
* William Levick Primary School had a school roll of 209 pupils as of 2009.<ref name="ofsted">[http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/oxedu_providers/full/%28urn%29/112541 Willam Levick Primary School info], [[Ofsted]]</ref>

==Notable people==
Either born or have lived in Dronfield 
* [[Rick Allen (drummer)|Rick Allen]], drummer with [[Def Leppard]]
* [[Dave Berry (musician)|Dave Berry]], musician
* [[Bruce Chatwin]], novelist and travel writer 
* [[Gary Cahill]], [[Bolton Wanderers]] defender
* [[Roy Goodall]], former England football captain
* [[Vinnie Jones]], actor and former footballer
* [[Howard Kendall]], ex-[[Sheffield United]] and [[Everton FC|Everton]] manager
* [[Mel Sterland]], ex-[[Sheffield Wednesday]], [[Leeds United]] and [[Glasgow Rangers]] footballer
* [[Kevin Pressman]], ex-Sheffield Wednesday goalkeeper, attended Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School
* [[Kevin Gage]], ex-Sheffield United, [[Wimbledon FC|Wimbledon]] and [[Aston Villa]] footballer - now landlord of the Green Dragon pub on High Street
* [[Tony Currie (footballer)|Tony Currie]], ex-Sheffield United, Leeds United and England footballer
* [[Paul Tomlinson]], ex-Sheffield United and [[Bradford City]] footballer, now owns the Hyde Park Inn
* [[Peter Springett]], played in goal for [[Queens Park Rangers]] and later Sheffield Wednesday, [[Barnsley FC|Barnsley]] and [[Scarborough FC|Scarborough]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc}}
* [http://www.dronfield.gov.uk Dronfield Town Council]
* [http://www.dronfield.derbyshire.sch.uk Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School Site]
* [http://www.derbyshireuk.net/dronefield.html Short synopsis of Dronfield]
* [http://www.dronfieldrotary.org.uk Dronfield Rotary Club]
* [http://www.peelcentre.org The Peel Centre]
* [http://www.dwhparish.org.uk St John the Baptist Church, Dronfield]
* [http://www.sportdronfield.co.uk Sport Dronfield at Gosforth Fields]
* [http://www.dronfieldrugby.co.uk Dronfield Rugby Union Club]
* [http://www.stansguide.co.uk Stan's Guide to the pubs in Dronfield]
* [http://www.dronfield.net Dronfield directory]
* [http://www.dronfieldonline.co.uk Dronfield Community Website]
* [http://www.thewalk.org.uk The Dronfield Round Walk]
* [http://www.hilltopclub.co.uk Hill Top Sports & Social Club]
* [http://www.dronfieldcivicsociety.org.uk Dronfield Civic Society]
* [http://www.dronfieldcamera.org/ Dronfield Camera Club]

{{Derbyshire}}

[[Category:Towns in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Towns and villages of the Peak District]]

[[it:Dronfield]]
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Talk:Zebra shark

2011-12-07T07:31:55Z

86.96.226.19: /* Comments */

{{ArticleHistory
| action1 = GAN
| action1date = 23:22, 20 May 2009
| action1link = Talk:Zebra shark/GA1
| action1result = listed
| action1oldid = 291271068

| currentstatus = GA
| topic = natsci
| dykdate = 20 May 2009
}}
{{WPCD|small=yes}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Sharks/SharksTalk|class=GA|importance=Mid}}

A new paper has just been released regarding annually recurring parthenogenisis occurring at the Burj Al Arab aquarium in Dubai. Is available at Wiley Online and makes very interesing reading.

== Comments ==

I think that this is the same as the [[Leopard shark]] - let me know if I'm off base... [[User:Mark Richards|Mark Richards]] 00:48, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

You are correct: [http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=41878 IUCN Redlist] - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] 01:05, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Though ''Stegostoma fasciatum'' may be refered to as both [[Zebra Shark]] and [[Leopard Shark]], ''Triakis semifasciatum'', which lives on the western coast of North America is only refered to as a ''Leopard Shark'', never a Zebra shark. Due to it's distict range and more specific common name, I believe that ''Triakis semifasciatum'' deserves it's own [[Leopard Shark|article]]. [[User:GregoryKeeney|Gregory]] 16:31, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

== Anatomy and appearance ==

"It is a very sleek and slender shark, about 11.5 ft long. (SNIP) Maximum known length is about 2.3 meters."

Well, that just can't be right. A quick check on Google shows 3.5m (11.5 ft) as the accepted adult size, which is well over 2.3 meters. I'm going to fix this. [[User:Fehrgo|Fehrgo]] 06:23, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
{{Talk:Zebra shark/GA1}}

==Heading "Relationship to humans"==
I changed this from "Relationship to humans" to "Relationship with humans" on the basis that the former gives the impression that there is some sort of evolutionary link between shark and human, as in "a chimpanzee's relationship to humans is found in its similar genetic make-up". There may well be such a shark–human relationship, for all I know, but it's not exactly what's being discussed in the paras below. This has now been reverted back to "Relationship to humans". I'm not going to go changing it back again; perhaps there is a third way? [[User:Ericoides|Ericoides]] ([[User talk:Ericoides|talk]]) 21:52, 20 May 2009 (UTC)
:I'll change it to "human interactions", which I've seen used by a shark book. -- [[User:Yzx|Yzx]] ([[User talk:Yzx|talk]]) 22:06, 20 May 2009 (UTC)
::Great, that's better, but I'm going to change this to "Interaction with humans", which I think is better still as it makes the shark – not humans – the subject of the phrase. Cheers, [[User:Ericoides|Ericoides]] ([[User talk:Ericoides|talk]]) 06:51, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
:::I disagree; "Interaction with humans" makes it sound like the shark is initiating the interacting, when really for the most part it's the other way around. -- [[User:Yzx|Yzx]] ([[User talk:Yzx|talk]]) 07:20, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
::::OK, we'll agree to disagree... [[User:Ericoides|Ericoides]] ([[User talk:Ericoides|talk]]) 07:22, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
:::::Hum, not sure there is anything wrong with the original relationship?? I get more google books hits on relationship [http://books.google.com/books?q=shark++Relationship+humans&btnG=Search+Books 1219] than interaction [http://books.google.com/books?q=shark++human+interactions&btnG=Search+Books 807], but neither word is really right?? --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 09:49, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
I don't mind the original Relationship to humans, but whatever it is we should strive for consistency. Hundreds if not thousands of animal articles use this header. [[User:Reywas92|Reywas92]][[User talk:Reywas92|'''Talk''']] 23:54, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

According to this: <ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5428522/Sharks-can-be-cuddled-like-dolphins-say-scientists.html</ref> the ones that have gone through some training in aquariums don't mind being "cuddled"... that is certainly interesting! [[Special:Contributions/74.131.118.54|74.131.118.54]] ([[User talk:74.131.118.54|talk]]) 02:32, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Ben Shapiro

2011-11-29T20:05:08Z

86.96.226.19: /* Political ideology */

'''Benjamin Aaron Shapiro''' (born January 15, 1984)<ref>[http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/calbirths?c=search&first=benjamin+&last=shapiro&spelling=Exact&4_year=1984&4_month=0&4_day=0&5=&7=&SubmitSearch.x=65&SubmitSearch.y=30&SubmitSearch=Submit California Births, 1905-1995]</ref> is an American [[American conservatism|conservative]] political commentator, radio talk show host, attorney, and media consultant. A native of [[Los Angeles]], Shapiro graduated from high school at age 16 and graduated from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] and [[Harvard Law School]]. He has written four books, starting with ''Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth'' in 2004, and writes a column for [[Creators Syndicate]].

==Early life and education==
Shapiro attended [[Yeshiva University High Schools of Los Angeles]] and graduated early after skipping third and ninth grades.<ref name="AP Brainwashed">{{cite web|last=Pope|first=Justin|title=School liberalism blasted|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/print/595082988/School-liberalism-blasted.html|work=Deseret News|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=June 27, 2011|date=June 10, 2004}}</ref> He then enrolled at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) at the age of 16, majoring in [[political science]], and graduating ''summa cum laude'' in 2004.<ref name="About Ben"/> At UCLA, Shapiro lived off-campus.<ref name="Frontpage Brainwashed"/> He also wrote a column for the ''[[Daily Bruin]]'' student newspaper at UCLA from 2000 to 2002. The ''Daily Bruin'' suspended Shapiro after he complained on radio talk shows that the newspaper refused to print his column accusing Muslim student groups of supporting terrorism.<ref name="AP Brainwashed"/> He received his [[Juris Doctor]] ([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]]), ''cum laude'', from [[Harvard Law School]] in 2007.<ref name="About Ben"/> He formerly practiced law at the Los Angeles office of [[Goodwin Procter]] LLP. He now does independent legal consulting for major media clients.<ref name="About Ben">{{cite web|last=Shapiro|first=Ben|title=About Ben Shapiro|url=http://www.benjaminshapiro.com/index.php/about|publisher=BenjaminShapiro.com|accessdate=June 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Writing career==
Shapiro was hired by [[Creators Syndicate]] at age 17 to become the youngest nationally syndicated columnist in the U.S.
He has written a book on his experiences in college, titled ''Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth'' (ISBN 0-7852-6148-6), which was published in 2004 by [[WND Books]].<ref name="AP Brainwashed"/> In ''Brainwashed'', Shapiro accused professors of being "totalitarian" and "indoctrination" through "[m]aking a case for one side and completely discarding the other side. He also criticized campus [[speech codes]].<ref name="Frontpage Brainwashed"/> In the ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', Marjorie Kehe wrote: "Shapiro makes sweeping - and many would say absurd - charges that they promote atheism, absolute sexual freedom (including pedophilia and statutory rape, which are crimes), and rampant environmentalism."<ref name="CSM 2004">{{cite web|last=Kehe|first=Marjorie|title=Brainwashing on campus?|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0524/p12s01-legn.html|work=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=June 27, 2011|date=May 24, 2004}}</ref> UCLA professor Robert N. Watson accused Shapiro of personal attacks and fabrications.<ref>{{cite web|last=Watson|first=Robert N.|title=Shattered Shapiro: Author of flimsy exposé in league with Blair, Glass|url=http://www.dailybruin.com/index.php/article/2004/05/shattered-shapiro-author-of-fl|work=Daily Bruin|accessdate=June 27, 2011|date=May 11, 2004}}</ref>

His next book, ''Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Future'' (ISBN 0-89526-016-6), was published by [[Regnery Publishing|Regnery]] in June 2005. [[Michelle Malkin]] recommended the book for summer reading in a feature by the conservative magazine ''[[National Review]]'': "Ben argues valiantly on behalf of modesty in a flesh-baring world."<ref>{{cite web|title=Bring a Book to The Beach|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/214821/bring-book-beach/nro-symposium|work=National Review|accessdate=June 27, 2011|date=July 1, 2005}}</ref>

His following book, ''Project President: Bad Hair and Botox on the Road to the White House'' (ISBN 1-5955-5100-X), was published in 2008. Shapiro's latest book, ''[[Primetime Propaganda: The True Hollywood Story of How the Left Took Over Your TV]]'' was published by Harper Collins in June 2011. In that book, Shapiro argues that Hollywood has a left-wing agenda construed in the messages in primetime entertainment programming and interviewed many in the entertainment industry including [[Vin Di Bona]].<ref name="LAT 2011">{{cite news|last=Goldstein|first=Patrick|title='Propaganda' is hard to prove|url=http://articles.latimes.com/print/2011/jun/13/news/sns-lat-propaganda-hard-to-prove-20110613|accessdate=June 27, 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 13, 2011}}</ref> His example of the children's show ''[[Sesame Street]]'' as left-wing propaganda was widely spread before publication.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hartmann|first=Thom|title=Is Sesame Street subverting children with a liberal bias?|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8W1NURCkQHM|work=The Big Picture with Thom Hartmann|publisher=YouTube|date=June 8, 2011}}</ref> In interviews with producers of those shows, Shapiro obtained admissions that the shows ''[[Happy Days]]'' and ''[[M*A*S*H]]'' promoted a left-wing, pacifist agenda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lawson|first=Mark|title=Is US TV too leftwing?|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2011/jun/29/is-us-tv-too-leftwing|work=The Guardian|accessdate=June 29, 2011|date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> Based on the revelations in Shapiro's book, the Caucus for Producers, Writers and Directors passed a unanimous resolution condemning political discrimination within Hollywood.

==Radio==
Shapiro guest hosts regularly for major talk show hosts including nationally syndicated hosts [[Jerry Doyle (radio host)|Jerry Doyle]] and [[Rusty Humphries]]. On Sundays, he hosts ''The Ben Shapiro Show'' on the [[Orlando, Florida]] talk radio station [[WEUS]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Weekend Schedule and Hosts|url=http://www.big810am.com/SchedulesHosts/WeekendHosts.aspx|publisher=WEUS|accessdate=June 3, 2011}}</ref>

==Political ideology==
Shapiro has taken conservative stances on many social issues. He favors stronger military and law enforcement spending, as well as more restrictive laws against [[abortion]] and [[pornography]]. He has also spoken favorably of tighter [[immigration]] restrictions and expanded government [[wiretapping]] powers of suspected [[terrorist]]s. Shapiro is also strongly critical of the [[Liberalism|liberal]] beliefs of [[American Jews]]. Shapiro is also a very strong advocate for abstinence before marriage. He is also a staunch critic of [[judicial activism]], supporting judges whom he believes interpret the [[United States Constitution]] according to its [[originalism|original meaning]]. He has advocated significantly modifying the [[jury system]] as it exists in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shapiro|first=Ben|title=Should We Abolish the Jury System?|url=http://patriotpost.us/opinion/ben-shapiro/2011/07/06/should-we-abolish-the-jury-system/|accessdate=11 July 2011|newspaper=The Patriot Post|date=6 July 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/606JXYNbF|archivedate=11 July 2011}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ben Shapiro is an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jew]].<ref name="Frontpage Brainwashed">{{cite web|last=Glazov|first=Jamie|title=Brainwashed|url=http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=13097|work=FrontPage Magazine|accessdate=June 27, 2011|date=May 13, 2004}}</ref> Shapiro married in [[Acre, Israel]] in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shapiro|first=Ben|title=I Got Married Last Week|url=http://www.creators.com/opinion/ben-shapiro/i-got-married-last-week.html|publisher=Creators Syndicate|accessdate=June 3, 2011|date=July 16, 2008}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://benjaminshapiro.com/ Shapiro's website]
* [http://www.outloudopinion.com Podcasts of Shapiro's recent articles]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shapiro, Ben
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1984
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shapiro, Ben}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American child writers]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American Orthodox Jews]]
[[Category:American talk radio hosts]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]

Oasis (band)

2011-10-30T09:03:23Z

86.96.226.19: /* Resurgence in popularity: 2005–2007 */

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Oasis
| image = Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg
| caption = Vocalist [[Liam Gallagher]], and guitarist [[Noel Gallagher]] performing in [[San Diego]], [[California]] on 18 September 2005
| image_size = 250
| landscape = yes
| background = group_or_band
| genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Britpop]], [[alternative rock]]
| origin = [[Manchester]], England
| years_active = 1991–2009
| label = [[Creation Records|Creation]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]], [[Big Brother Recordings|Big Brother]], [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
| associated_acts = [[The Rain]], [[Beady Eye]], [[Ride (band)|Ride]], [[Heavy Stereo]], [[Hurricane No. 1|Hurricane #1]], [[Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds (band)|Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds]]
| past_members = [[Liam Gallagher]] [[Noel Gallagher]] [[Paul Arthurs|Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs]] [[Paul McGuigan (musician)|Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan]] [[Tony McCarroll]] [[Alan White (Oasis drummer)|Alan White]] [[Gem Archer]] [[Andy Bell (musician)|Andy Bell]]
| website = {{url|oasisinet.com}}
}}

'''Oasis''' were an English [[Rock music|rock]] band formed in [[Manchester]] in 1991. Originally known as [[The Rain]], the group was formed by [[Liam Gallagher]] (vocals and tambourine), [[Paul Arthurs|Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs]] (guitar), [[Paul McGuigan (musician)|Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan]] (bass guitar) and [[Tony McCarroll]] (drums, percussion), who were soon joined by Liam's older brother [[Noel Gallagher]] (lead guitar and vocals). They have had eight UK number-one singles and eight UK number-one albums, and won fifteen [[NME Awards]], nine [[Q Awards]], four [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] and six [[BRIT Awards]], including one in 2007 for outstanding contribution to music and one for the best album of the last 30 years as voted by the [[BBC Radio 2]] listeners; they have been nominated for three [[Grammy Award]]s. As of 2009, the band have sold an estimated 70 million records worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/reviews/some-might-say-oasis-are-still-world-beaters-after-slane-gig-14351086.html |title=Some might say Oasis are still world beaters after Slane gig |work=The Belfast Telegraph |date=22 June 2009|accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref> Also the band was listed in the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' in 2010 for “Longest Top 10 UK Chart Run By A Group” after an unprecedented run of 22 top 10 hits in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Oasis-Coldplay-Take-That-enter-Guinness-World-Records-2010-Book/blog/713512/7691.html |title=Oasis, Coldplay & Take That enter Guinness World Records 2010 Book - Guinness World Records Blog post |publisher=Community.guinnessworldrecords.com |date= |accessdate=23 Jun. 2010}}</ref> The band also holds the Guinness World Record for being the "Best band Britain has produced in the Last Decade" in the UK between the years 1995 and 2005, spending 765 weeks in the Top 75 singles and albums charts.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/oasis/24788 Oasis receive Outstanding Brit Award ]. Retrieved 4 May 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.oasisinet.com/NewsArticle.aspx?n=775 Oasis get the guinness' in]. Retrieved 4 May 2010.</ref>

Its members were signed to [[independent record label]] [[Creation Records]] and afterwards released their record-setting debut album ''[[Definitely Maybe]]'' in 1994. The following year, the band recorded ''[[(What's the Story) Morning Glory?]]'' (1995) with their new drummer [[Alan White (Oasis drummer)|Alan White]] in the midst of rivalry with [[Britpop]] peers [[Blur (band)|Blur]] in the charts. The Gallagher brothers featured regularly in [[tabloid newspaper]]s for their sibling disputes and wild lifestyles. In 1997, Oasis released their third album, ''[[Be Here Now (album)|Be Here Now]]'', and although it became the fastest-selling album in UK chart history, the album's popularity tapered off quickly. The band lost members Paul McGuigan and Paul Arthurs as they went on to record and release ''[[Standing on the Shoulder of Giants]]'' in 2000 and were replaced by [[Gem Archer]] and [[Andy Bell (musician)|Andy Bell]] who joined the group for the tour in support of ''Giants''. The band found renewed success and popularity starting with 2005's ''[[Don't Believe the Truth]]''.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7249473.stm BBC News Article Q]. Retrieved 21 February 2009.</ref>

In August 2009, Noel Gallagher announced his departure from the band after a backstage altercation with Liam before a festival appearance.<ref name="BBCNoelGleaves">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8228053.stm "Oasis split as Noel quits group"], ''BBC News'', 29 August 2009</ref><ref name="leparisien-split">{{Cite news|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/loisirs-et-spectacles/oasis-annule-son-concert-a-rock-en-seine-et-se-separe-28-08-2009-619494.php|title=Oasis annule son concert à Rock-en-Seine et se sépare|work=Le Parisien |location=France|date=29 August 2009|accessdate=29 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="ouestfrance-split">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/actu/actuDetFdj_-Oasis-annonce-la-fin-du-groupe_39382-1050490_actu.Htm|publisher=[[Ouest France]]|title=Oasis annonce la fin du groupe rock|date=29 August 2009|accessdate=29 August 2009}}</ref> The band, comprising the remaining members of Oasis and led by Liam Gallagher, decided to continue working together under the name [[Beady Eye]].<ref name="End of Oasis">{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/liam-gallagher-renames-oasis_1131186 |title=Oasis - Liam Gallagher renames Oasis |publisher=Contactmusic.com |date=2010-02-05 |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>

==History==
===Formation and first years: 1991–1994===

Oasis evolved from an earlier band called [[The Rain]], composed of Paul McGuigan (bass guitar), Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs (guitar), Tony McCarroll (drums) and [[Chris Hutton]] (vocals). Unsatisfied with Hutton, Arthurs auditioned acquaintance Liam Gallagher as a replacement. Liam suggested that the band name be changed to Oasis. This change was inspired by an [[Inspiral Carpets]] tour poster that hung in the Gallagher brothers' bedroom. One of the venues the poster listed was the [[Oasis Leisure Centre]] in [[Swindon]].<ref>Harris, John. ''Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock''. Da Capo Press, 2004. ISBN 0-306-81367-X, pg. 124–25</ref>

Oasis played their first ever live gig on 18 August 1991 at the [[Boardwalk (music club)|Boardwalk]] club in Manchester. Liam's brother Noel Gallagher, who was a [[road crew|roadie]] for Inspiral Carpets, went with the band to watch his younger brother's band play. Whilst Noel and his friends did not think Oasis sounded particularly spectacular, he did begin to consider the possibility of using his brother's group as a possible outlet for a series of songs he'd been writing for several years. Noel approached the group about joining with the proviso that he would become the band's sole songwriter and leader, and that they would commit to an earnest pursuit of commercial success. "He had loads of stuff written," Arthurs recalled. "When he walked in, we were a band making a racket with four tunes. All of a sudden, there were loads of ideas."<ref>Harris, pg. 125–26</ref> Oasis under Noel Gallagher crafted a musical approach that relied on simplicity, with Arthurs and McGuigan restricted to playing barred chords and root bass notes; McCarroll playing basic rhythms, and the band's amplifiers turned up to create distortion, Oasis created a sound "so devoid of finesse and complexity that it came out sounding pretty much unstoppable."<ref>Harris, pg. 127–28</ref>

After over a year of live shows, rehearsals and a recording of a proper demo (known as the ''[[Live Demonstration]]'' tape), the band's big break came in May 1993 when they were spotted by Creation Records co-owner [[Alan McGee]]. Oasis were invited to play a gig at [[King Tut's Wah Wah Hut]] club in [[Glasgow]], Scotland, by a band called Sister Lovers, who shared their rehearsal rooms. Oasis, along with a group of friends, found the money to hire a van and make the journey to Glasgow. When they arrived, they were refused entry to the club as they were not on that night's set list, which reportedly caused the band to bully their way in (although both the band and McGee have given contradicting statements about how they actually managed to get into the club on that night).<ref>VH1 Behind the Music, [[VH1]], 2000</ref> They were given the opening slot and impressed McGee, who was there to see [[18 Wheeler (band)|18 Wheeler]], one of his own bands, that night. McGee was so impressed by what he saw he signed the band to Creation four days later.<ref>Harris, pg. 129</ref> Due to problems securing an American contract, Oasis ended up signing a worldwide contract with [[Sony]], which in turn licensed Oasis to Creation in the UK.<ref>Harris, pg. 131</ref>

Following a limited white label release of the demo of their song "Columbia", their first single, "[[Supersonic (Oasis song)|Supersonic]]", was released in April 1994, reaching number 31 in the charts.<ref>Harris, pg. 149</ref> The release was followed by "[[Shakermaker]]". This song would become the subject of a plagiarism suit, with Oasis paying $500,000 in damages. Their third single, "[[Live Forever]]", was their first to enter the top ten of the UK charts. After troubled recording and mixing sessions, their debut album, ''Definitely Maybe'', was released in September 1994, entering the charts at number one, and at the time becoming the fastest selling debut album in the UK.<ref>Harris, pg. 178</ref>

The best part of a year of constant live performances and recordings, along with a [[hedonistic]] lifestyle, were taking their toll on the band. This behaviour culminated during a gig in Los Angeles in September 1994 where Liam was under the influence of [[Methamphetamine|crystal meth]], leading to an inept performance during which he made offensive remarks about American audiences and assaulted Noel with a [[tambourine]].<ref name="Moran">Moran, Caitlin (2009) "[http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/celebrity/article6820506.ece Of course Oasis has split up again]", ''[[The Times]]'', 4 September 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2010.</ref> The incident upset Noel to such an extent that he temporarily quit the band immediately after and flew to San Francisco (it was from this incident that the song "[[Talk Tonight]]" was written). He was tracked down by Creation's Tim Abbot and they made a trip to [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]]. Once there, Gallagher was persuaded to continue with the band. He reconciled with his brother and the tour resumed in [[Minneapolis]].<ref>Harris, pg. 189</ref> The group followed up the fourth single from ''Definitely Maybe'', "[[Cigarettes & Alcohol]]", with the Christmas single "[[Whatever (Oasis song)|Whatever]]", which entered the British charts at number three.<ref>Harris, pg. 213</ref> This song would later carry a co-writer's credit for [[Neil Innes]], who sued and also won damages.<ref name="Bunbury">Bunbury, Stephanie (2003) "[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/03/29/1048653903916.html Laughing matters]", ''[[The Age]]'', 30 March 2003. Retrieved 17 December 2010.</ref>

===Britpop and Knebworth: 1994–1998===
[[File:oasis 1997.jpg|thumb|Oasis, 1997. L-R: Alan White, Paul McGuigan, Noel Gallagher, Paul Arthurs, and Liam Gallagher.]]
Oasis had their first UK number one single in April 1995 with "[[Some Might Say]]". At the same time, drummer Tony McCarroll was ousted from the band. McCarroll said, on leaving Oasis, that he was "unlawfully expelled from the partnership" for what he called a "personality clash" with the brothers. The Gallaghers, on the other hand, doubted McCarroll's musical ability, with Noel saying: "I like Tony as a geezer but he wouldn't have been able to drum the new songs".<ref>[http://www.supanet.com/entertainment/music_feature/news/52861/Almost_famous.html Supanet entertainment music feature]. Retrieved 3 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/288881.stm BBC News Article]. Retrieved 3 February 2008.</ref> McCarroll was replaced by [[Alan White (Oasis drummer)|Alan White]], formerly of [[Starclub]] and younger brother of renowned studio percussionist [[Steve White (drummer)|Steve White]], whom [[Paul Weller (singer)|Paul Weller]] recommended to Noel. White made his debut for the band at a ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' performance of "Some Might Say". Oasis began recording material for their second album in May of that year in Rockfield Studios near [[Monmouth]].<ref>Harris, pg. 226</ref> The band, by this point, had recorded the concert that would see release in August as ''[[Live by the Sea]]''.

During this period, the British press seized upon a supposed rivalry between Oasis and Britpop band [[Blur (band)|Blur]]. Previously, Oasis did not associate themselves with the Britpop movement and were not invited to perform on the BBC's "Britpop Now" programme introduced by Blur singer Damon Albarn. On 14 August 1995, Blur and Oasis released new singles on the same day, setting up "[[The Battle of Britpop]]" that dominated the national news. Blur's "[[Country House]]" outsold Oasis' "[[Roll with It (Oasis song)|Roll with It]]" 274,000 copies to 216,000 during the week.<ref>Harris, pg. 235</ref> Oasis' management came up with several reasons for this, claiming "Country House" sold more because it was less expensive (£1.99 vs £3.99) and because there were two different versions of "Country House" with different B-sides forcing serious fans to buy two copies.<ref>Harris, pg. 233</ref> An alternative explanation given at the time by Creation was that there were problems associated with the barcode on the "Roll with It" single case, which did not record all sales.<ref>Author unknown. "Cockney revels". ''[[NME]]''. 26 August 1995.</ref> Noel Gallagher told ''[[The Observer]]'' in September that he hoped [[Damon Albarn]] and [[Alex James (musician)|Alex James]] of Blur would "catch AIDS and die", which caused a media furore.<ref>"Noel Gallagher in Blur Aids outburst". ''Melody Maker''. 23 September 1995.</ref> He subsequently apologised for this in a formal letter to various publications.<ref>Harris, pg. 251</ref>

Bassist Paul McGuigan briefly left the band in September 1995, citing nervous exhaustion. He was replaced by [[Scott McLeod (bassist)|Scott McLeod]], formerly of [[The Ya Ya's]], who was featured on some of the tour dates as well as in the "Wonderwall" video before leaving abruptly while on tour in the USA. McLeod later contacted Noel Gallagher claiming he felt he had made the wrong decision. Gallagher curtly replied "I think you have too. Good luck signing on", referring to the [[Jobseeker's Allowance]].<ref>[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/glastonbury2004/story/0,,1242267,00.html Guardian news article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> To complete the tour, McGuigan was successfully convinced to return to the band.

Although a softer sound led to mixed reviews, Oasis' second album, ''[[(What's the Story) Morning Glory?]]'' was a commercial success, becoming the [[List of best-selling albums in the United Kingdom|fourth best-selling album]] in UK Chart history with over four million copies sold.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6151050.stm BBC news article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> The album spawned two further hit singles "[[Wonderwall (song)|Wonderwall]]" and "[[Don't Look Back in Anger]]", which also reached numbers two and one respectively. It also contained the non-UK single "[[Champagne Supernova]]" — featuring guitar playing and backing vocals by Paul Weller — that received widespread critical acclaim and peaked at number one on the [[Alternative Songs|US modern rock chart]].
The group played their first headline outdoor concerts at [[Maine Road]] Football Ground, Manchester on 27 April and 28 April 1996. Highlights from the second night featured on the video ''[[...There and Then]]'', released later the same year. As their career reached its zenith, Oasis performed back-to-back concerts at Knebworth on 10 August and 11 August. The band sold out both shows within minutes. The audience of 250,000 people over two nights (2.5 million people applied for tickets, and 375,000 were actually sold, meaning the possibility of 53 sold out nights),<ref>Harris, pg. 298–99</ref> was at the time a record-breaking number for an outdoor concert held in the UK, and to this day the largest demand for a show in British history.<ref name=liveforever>{{cite video | people = | title = Live Forever: The Rise and Fall of Brit Pop| medium = DVD| publisher=[[Passion Pictures]] | location = London| date = 2004}}</ref>

The rest of the month proved to be difficult for the group. Oasis were due to record an episode of ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] but Liam pulled out, citing a sore throat. He watched the performance from a balcony with cold beer and cigarettes, heckling Noel's singing between songs. Four days later the group left for a tour of American arenas but Liam refused to go; the band decided to continue the tour with Noel on vocals.<ref>Harris, pg. 310</ref> Liam rejoined the tour on 30 August, but a few weeks later Noel flew home without the band, who followed on another flight.<ref>Harris, pg. 312</ref> This event prompted media speculation that the group were splitting up. The brothers soon reconciled and decided to complete the tour.<ref>Harris, pg. 313</ref>
{{listen
|filename=Oasis D'You Know What I Mean.ogg
|title="D'You Know What I Mean?"
|description=The lead single from ''[[Be Here Now (album)|Be Here Now]]'', "D'You Know What I Mean" became the [[1997 in British music#Top 40 singles|12th biggest selling single of 1997]] in the UK.
}}

Oasis spent the end of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997 at [[Abbey Road Studios]] in London and Ridge Farm Studios in [[Surrey]] recording their third album. Quarrels between the Gallagher brothers plagued the recording sessions. ''[[Be Here Now (album)|Be Here Now]]'' was released in August 1997. Preceded by the UK number one single "[[D'You Know What I Mean?]]", the album was their most anticipated effort, and as such became the subject of considerable media attention. By the end of the first day of release, ''Be Here Now'' sold over 350,000 units and by the end of business on Saturday of that week sales had reached 696,000, making it the fastest-selling album in British history.<ref>Harris, pg. 342.</ref> The album debuted at number two on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart in the United States, but its first week sales of 152,000—below expected sales of 400,000 copies—were considered a disappointment.<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5924518/live_forever Rolling Stone news article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> Although early media reviews were positive, once the hype had died down, the album was criticised for being bloated and derivative with most of the critics focused on the extensive length of several songs, the heavier sound, and overproduction.

By this time the Britpop movement was in decline, and the band had failed to meet expectations with their third album. After the conclusion of the [[Be Here Now Tour]] in early 1998, amidst much media criticism the group kept a low profile. Later in the year, Oasis released a compilation album of fourteen B-sides, entitled ''[[The Masterplan]]''. "The really interesting stuff from around that period is the B-sides. There's a lot more inspired music on the B-sides than there is on ''Be Here Now'' itself, I think", related Noel in an interview in 2008.<ref>[http://www.thewavemag.com/pagegen.php?pagename=article&articleid=26083 Wave Magazine News article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008. {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Transitional period: 1999–2004===
In early 1999, the band began work on their fourth studio album. First details were announced in February with Mark "Spike" Stent revealed to be taking a co-producing role. Things were not going well and the shock departure of founding member Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs was announced in August. This departure was reported at the time as amicable, with Noel stating that Arthurs wanted to spend more time with his family. Arthurs' statement clarified his leaving as "to concentrate on other things".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/415855.stm BBC News article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> However, Noel has since offered a contradicting version: that a series of violations of Noel's "no drink or drugs" policy (imposed by Noel so that Liam could sing properly) for the album's sessions resulted in a confrontation between the two.<ref name="book">{{Cite book| author=St. Michael, Mick | title=Oasis: In Their Own Words | publisher=Omnibus Pr | year=1996 | isbn=0-7119-5695-2}}</ref> Two weeks later the departure of bassist Paul McGuigan was announced. The Gallagher brothers held a press conference shortly thereafter where they assured reporters that "the future of Oasis is secure. The story and the glory will go on."<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/oasis/articles/story/5923147/gallagher_brothers_say_oasis_bassists_departure_wont_kill_the_band "Gallagher brothers say oasis bassists departure wont kill the band"]. ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref>

[[Image:GemArcher.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Guitarist [[Gem Archer]] performing at an Oasis concert.]]
The now three-piece Oasis chose to continue recording the album, with Noel Gallagher re-recording most of Arthurs' guitar and McGuigan's bass parts. After the completion of the recording sessions, the band began searching for replacement members. The first new member to be announced was new lead/rhythm guitarist [[Gem Archer|Colin "Gem" Archer]], formerly of [[Heavy Stereo]], who later claimed to have been approached by Noel Gallagher only a couple of days after Arthurs' departure was publicly announced.<ref>[http://mad4gem.tripod.com/biography.htm tripod.com], Mad for gem, biography. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref> Finding a replacement bassist took more time and effort. The band were rehearsing with [[David Potts]], but he quickly resigned, and they brought in [[Andy Bell (musician)|Andy Bell]], former guitarist/songwriter of [[Ride (band)|Ride]] and [[Hurricane No. 1|Hurricane #1]] as their new bassist. Bell had never played bass before and had to learn to play it, (with Noel since saying that Liam said "if he can play the guitar, he can play the fookin' bass.") along with a handful of songs from Oasis' back catalogue, in preparation for a scheduled tour of America in December 1999.
With the folding of Creation Records, Oasis formed their own label, [[Big Brother Recordings|Big Brother]], which released all of Oasis' subsequent records in the UK and Ireland. Oasis' fourth album, ''[[Standing on the Shoulder of Giants]]'', was released in February 2000 to good first-week sales. It peaked at number one on the British charts and number 24 on the ''Billboard'' charts.<ref>[http://www.oasisinet.com/site.php?site=album&atype=0&country=172&idx=19 Oasis - Official Website - Discography]{{dead link|date=February 2011}} retrieved on 15 December 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/index.jsp?pid=36756&aid=412763 Billboard.com - Discography - Oasis - Standing on the Shoulders of Giants]{{dead link|date=February 2011}} retrieved on 15 December 2007</ref> Three singles were released from the album: "[[Go Let It Out]]", "[[Who Feels Love?]]" and "[[Sunday Morning Call]]", all of which were top five UK singles.<ref>[http://www.thetop40charts.co.uk/top40/ Top 40 Singles] retrieved on 15 December 2007</ref> The "Go Let It Out" video was shot before Bell joined the group and therefore featured the unusual lineup of Liam on rhythm guitar, Archer on lead guitar and Noel on bass. With the departure of the founding members, the band made several small changes to their image and sound. The cover featured a new "Oasis" logo, designed by Gem Archer, and the album was also the first Oasis release to include a song written by Liam Gallagher, entitled "Little James". The songs also had more experimental, psychedelic influences.<ref name="allmusicstanding">[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r466450|pure_url=yes}} allmusic {{{ Standing on the Shoulders of Giants > Overview }}}]. Written by Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Retrieved on 15 December 2007.</ref> The album received only lukewarm reviews<ref name="allmusicstanding"/> and, as of now, ''Standing'' is the band's lowest selling studio album.

To support the record the band staged an eventful world tour. While touring in [[Barcelona]] in 2000, Oasis were forced to cancel a gig when an attack of [[tendinitis]] caused Alan White's arm to seize up, and the band spent the night drinking instead. After a row between the two brothers, Noel declared he was quitting touring overseas altogether, and Oasis were supposed to finish the tour without him.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/760729.stm "Oasis Noel quits tour"] BBC News, retrieved on 15 December 2007</ref> Noel eventually returned for the Irish and British legs of the tour, which included two major shows at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]]. A live album of the first show, called ''[[Familiar to Millions]]'', was released in late 2000 to mixed reviews.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r507419|pure_url=yes}} {{{ Familiar to Millions > Overview }}}]. Written by Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Retrieved on 15 December 2007</ref>

Throughout 2001, Oasis split time between sessions for their fifth studio album and live shows around the world. Some gigs included the month-long [[Tour of Brotherly Love]] with [[The Black Crowes]] and [[Spacehog]] and a show in Paris supporting [[Neil Young]]. The album, ''[[Heathen Chemistry]]'', Oasis' first album with new members Andy Bell and Gem Archer, was released in July 2002. The album reached number 1 in the UK and number 23 in US,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2113780.stm BBC NEWS | Elvis and Oasis enjoy chart success]. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref><ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r595973|pure_url=yes}} {{{ Heathen Chemistry > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums }}}]. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref> although critics gave it mixed reviews.<ref name="allmusicheathen">[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r595973|pure_url=yes}} allmusic {{{ Heathen Chemistry > Overview}}}]. Written by Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/20520-heathen-chemistry Pitchfork: Heathen Chemistry review]. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref> There were four singles released from the album: "[[The Hindu Times]]", "[[Stop Crying Your Heart Out]]", "[[Little by Little (Oasis song)|Little by Little]]/[[She Is Love]]", and the Liam-penned "[[Songbird (Oasis song)|Songbird]]", Oasis' first single not written by Noel. The record blended the band's sonic experiments from their last albums, but also went for a more basic rock sound.<ref name="allmusicheathen"/> ''Heathen Chemistry'' was a much more balanced recording process for the band, with all of the members, apart from White, penning songs. [[Johnny Marr]] provided additional guitar as well as backup vocals on a couple of songs.

After the album's release, the band embarked on a successful world tour that was once again filled with incidents. In late summer 2002, whilst the band were on tour in the US, Noel, Bell and touring keyboardist [[Jay Darlington]] were involved in a car accident in Indianapolis. While none of the band members sustained any major injuries, some shows were cancelled as a result. In December 2002, the latter half of the German leg of the band's European tour had to be postponed after Liam Gallagher, Alan White and three other members of the band's entourage were arrested after a violent brawl at a [[Munich]] nightclub. The band had been drinking heavily and tests showed that Liam had used cocaine.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3685545.stm BBC News article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> Liam lost two front teeth and kicked a police officer in the ribs, while Alan suffered minor head injuries after getting hit with an [[ashtray]].<ref name="Scotsman">[http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2383329 Oasis singer could face jail for bar brawl] by [[Alan Hall]]. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref> Two years later Liam was fined around £40,000.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20041123/ai_n12823072 Independent News article]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}. Retrieved 9 March 2008. {{Wayback | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20041123/ai_n12823072 | date=20071217191717 }}{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The band finished their tour in March 2003 after returning to those postponed dates.
Liam Gallagher said Oasis began recording a sixth album in late December 2003 with producers [[Death in Vegas]] at Sawmills Studios in Cornwall. The album was originally planned for a September 2004 release to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the release of ''Definitely Maybe''. However, long-time drummer Alan White, who at this time had played on nearly all of the band's material, left the band in early January 2004. At the time, his brother Steve White stated on his own website that "the spirit of being in a band was kicked out of him" and he wanted to be with his current girlfriend.<ref>[http://www.whiteydrums.com/ Drumming website]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> White was replaced by [[Zak Starkey]], drummer of [[The Who]] and the son of [[The Beatles]]' [[Ringo Starr]]. Though Starkey performed on studio recordings and toured with the band, he was not officially a member and the band were a four-piece for the first time in their career. Starkey played publicly for the first time at [[Poole]] Lighthouse.

A few days later, Oasis, with Starkey, headlined the [[Glastonbury Festival]] for the second time in their career and performed a greatest hits set, which included two new songs — Gem Archer's "A Bell Will Ring" and Liam Gallagher's "The Meaning of Soul". The performance received negative reviews, with ''NME'' calling it a "disaster."<ref>[http://www.nme.com/reviews/oasis/7678 NME news article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> The ''BBC'''s Tom Bishop called Oasis' set "lacklustre and uneventful ... prompting a mixed reception from fans", mainly because of Liam's uninspired singing and Starkey's lack of experience with the band's material.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/3842947.stm BBC News Article]. Retrieved 3 February 2008.</ref>

===Resurgence in popularity: 2005–2007===
After much turbulence, the band's sixth album was finally recorded in Los Angeles-based Capitol Studios from October to December the same year. Producer [[Dave Sardy]] took over the lead producing role from Noel,<ref>[http://www.kathyszaksite.com/oasis20042.html Zak Starkey fan site]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> who decided to step back from these duties after a decade of producing leadership over the band. In May 2005, after three years and as many scrapped recording sessions, the band released their sixth studio album, ''[[Don't Believe the Truth]]'', fulfilling their contract with [[Sony BMG]]. It followed the path of ''Heathen Chemistry'' as being a collaborative project again, rather than a Noel-written album.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/reviews/oasis/7660 NME news article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> The album was the first in a decade not to feature drumming by Alan White, marking the recording debut of Zak Starkey. The record was generally hailed as the band's best effort since ''Morning Glory'' by fans and critics alike, Beezleboss rulesnumber one singles: "[[Lyla (song)|Lyla]]" and "[[The Importance of Being Idle (song)|The Importance of Being Idle]]", whilst "[[Let There Be Love (Oasis song)|Let There Be Love]]" entered at number 2. Oasis picked up two awards at the Q Awards: one a special People's Choice Award and the second for ''Don't Believe the Truth'' as Best Album.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071025032327/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/10/11/naward111.xml Telegraph news article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> Following in the footsteps of Oasis' previous five albums, ''Don't Believe the Truth'' also entered the UK album charts at number one.
[[File:Liamg.jpg|thumb|right|The band performing at [[Shoreline Amphitheatre]] in September 2005.]]

In May 2005, the band's new line-up embarked on a large scale world tour. Beginning on 10 May 2005 at the [[London Astoria]], and finishing on 31 March 2006 in front of a sold out gig in [[Mexico City]], Oasis played more live shows than at any time since the ''Definitely Maybe'' tour, visiting 26 countries and headlining 113 shows for over 3.2 million people. The tour passed without any major incidents and was the band's most successful in more than a decade. The tour included sold out shows at New York's [[Madison Square Garden]] and LA's [[Hollywood Bowl]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/06/04/bmoasis2.xml Daily Telegraph news article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> A [[rockumentary]] film made during the tour, entitled ''[[Lord Don't Slow Me Down]]'' was released in October 2007. A second DVD included live footage from an Oasis gig in Manchester from 2 July 2005.

Oasis released a compilation double album entitled ''[[Stop the Clocks]]'' in 2006, featuring what the band considers to be their "definitive" songs.<ref>[http://www.chartattack.com/news/42050/oasis-reveal-stop-the-clocks-track-list Oasis Reveal Stop The Clocks Track List (September 2006)]. Retrieved 9 November 2008.</ref> During November 2006, Noel and Gem, backed by drummer Terry Kirkbride, began a short tour to promote ''Stop the Clocks''. They played around a dozen shows in various countries bftyfyufklbnlvkdbn sfiobecausethey areshit!!!!! BEEZLEBOSS the world.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}

The band received the BRIT Award for outstanding contribution to music in February 2007, playing several of their most famous songs afterwards. Oasis released their first ever digital-only release, "[[Lord Don't Slow Me Down (song)|Lord Don't Slow Me Down]]", in October 2007. The song debuted at number ten in the UK singles chart.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/oasis/31293 NME News article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref>

The band's resurgence in popularity since the success of ''Don't Believe The Truth'' was highlighted in February 2008 when, in a poll to find the fifty greatest British albums of the last fifty years conducted by ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' magazine and [[HMV]], two Oasis albums were voted first and second (''Definitely Maybe'' and ''(What's The Story) Morning Glory?'' respectively). Two other albums by the band appeared in the list - ''Don't Believe The Truth'' came in at number fourteen, and the album that has previously been heavily criticised by some of the media, ''Be Here Now'', made the list at No.22.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage3.htm#Q |title=Rocklist.net...Q Magazine Lists |publisher=Rocklistmusic.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>

===''Dig Out Your Soul'' and departure of Alex Moores: 2008–2009===
[[File:Noel Gallagher playing Champagne Supernova.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Noel Gallagher]] playing live in 2008]]
In May 2008, Zak Starkey left the band after recording ''[[Dig Out Your Soul]]'', the band's seventh studio album. He was replaced by former [[The Icicle Works|Icicle Works]] drummer [[Chris Sharrock]] on their tour and like Zak, Chris was not an official member of the band and Oasis remained as a four-piece.

In June 2008, the band re-signed with Sony BMG for a three-album deal.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.live4ever.us/2008_06_01_newsroomarchives |title=The Oasis Newsroom |publisher=Live4ever.us |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> Oasis recorded for a couple of months in 2007 between July and September—completing work on two new songs and demoing the rest. They took a two-month break, because of the birth of Noel's son. The band re-entered the studio on 5 November 2007 and finished recording around March 2008<ref>[http://www.oasisinet.com/site.php?site=news&idx=759 Oasis Net news article]. Retrieved 9 March 2008. {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> with producer Dave Sardy. The first single from the record was "[[The Shock of the Lightning]]" written by Noel Gallagher, and it was pre-released on 29 September 2008. ''[[Dig Out Your Soul]]'', the band's seventh studio album, was released on 6 October and went to number one in the UK and number five on the Billboard 200. The band's again-new lineup started touring for a projected 18-month long tour, with support from [[Kasabian]], [[The Enemy (UK band)|The Enemy]] and [[Twisted Wheel (band)|Twisted Wheel]].<ref name=tourdates>{{cite web|title=Oasis tour dates|url=http://www.ents24.com/web/artist/108/Oasis.html|accessdate=3 January 2009}}</ref> Noel Gallagher gave conflicting information about what he planned for the group's future following the tour. In one interview, he stated that he wanted the band members "to go off and do [their] own projects", and added "it would be interesting to see what comes out. See how the four parts make up the whole."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.uk.msn.com/music/news/Article.aspx?cp-documentid=9895293&ocid=today&GT1=61501 |title=Noel: I stole keepsake from Abbey Rd |publisher=MSN |date=2 October 2008 |accessdate=3 October 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Yet three weeks after ''Dig Out Your Soul'' was released Noel stated that he had already written and demoed ''Dig Out Your Soul'''s follow-up album.<ref name="followup">Graff, Gary. [http://www.billboard.com/search/?keyword=%22Oasis+Feeling+Thematic%2C+Kinks-y+on+New+Songs%22&x=45&y=8#/news/oasis-feeling-thematic-kinks-y-on-new-songs-1003878167.story "Oasis Feeling Thematic, Kinks-y on New Songs"]. [[billboard.com]]. 27 Oct 2008.</ref> Comparing the new material to "mid-era Kinks," Noel stated that the material was vastly different than ''Dig Out Your Soul''.<ref name="followup"/> Though he gave no time-table, Noel also stated that he was planning to release a solo album "... hopefully sooner rather than later" as well.<ref name="followup"/>

On 7 September 2008 while performing at [[Virgin Festival]] in Toronto, a member of the audience ran on stage and physically assaulted Noel.<ref name="Attack!">Thompson, Robert. [http://www.billboard.com/#/news/noel-gallagher-describes-on-stage-attack-1004077919.story?tag=hpfeed "Noel Gallagher Describes on-Stage Attack"]. [[billboard.com]]. 24 March 2010.</ref> Noel suffered three broken and dislodged ribs as a result from the attack, and the group had to cancel several shows while he recovered.<ref name="Attack!"/>

On 25 February 2009, Oasis received the [[List of NME Award winners#Shockwaves NME Awards 2009|NME Award]] for Best British Band of 2009<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/feb/26/oasis-win-nme-awards |title=Oasis win best British band at NME awards |work=Guardian |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=1 March 2009 | location=London | first=Tim | last=Jonze}}</ref> as well as best blog for Noel's 'Tales from the Middle of Nowhere'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/shockwaves-nme-awards-2008-big-gig/42311 |title=Oasis, Alex Turner, Killers: Shockwaves NME Awards 2009 nominations | News |publisher=Nme.Com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>

On 4 June 2009, Oasis played the first of three concerts at Manchester's Heaton Park and after having to leave the stage twice due to a generator failure, came on the third time to declare the gig was now a free concert; it delighted the 70,000 ticket holders, 20,000 of whom claimed the refund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idiomag.com/peek/92609/oasis|title=Oasis Refund £1 million - Souvenir Checks Worth Selling|accessdate=23 July 2009|date=21 July 2009|publisher=[[idiomag]]}}</ref> The band's two following gigs at the venue, on 6 and 7 June, proved a great success, with fans turning out in their thousands despite the changeable weather and first night sound issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idiomag.com/peek/92558/oasis|title=Oasis Wembley Stadium Sound Blip|accessdate=15 July 2009|date=10 July 2009|publisher=[[idiomag]]}}</ref> Speculation had been rife that Noel Gallagher intended to go solo; however on 12 July 2009, it was announced through the Oasis publicist that this was not true.

On 28 August 2009, following a fight between the Gallaghers in a backstage area, which reportedly resulted in Liam breaking Noel's guitar, the group's manager announced the cancellation of their concert at the [[Rock en Seine]] festival near Paris just minutes before it was about to begin, along with the cancellation of the European tour and a statement that the group "does not exist anymore".<ref name="leparisien-split" /><ref name="ouestfrance-split"/><ref name="noelquitstatement">{{cite web|url=http://www.oasisinet.com/NewsArticle.aspx?n=773|title=A statement from Noel|date=28 August 2009|accessdate=28 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a174501/oasis-split-as-noel-gallagher-quits-band.html |title=Music - News - Oasis split as Noel Gallagher quits band |publisher=Digital Spy |date=28 August 2009 |accessdate=3 October 2009}}</ref> The band's split up was announced by [[Kele Okereke]], lead singer of fellow British band [[Bloc Party]] (who had previously been criticised by the Gallagher brothers), who then stated that they (Bloc Party) were then, by default, the festival's headline act. Okereke also dedicated their opening track "[[Mercury (song)|Mercury]]" to the Oasis fans in the crowd, and then referred to the Gallagher brothers as "those inbred twins".

Two hours later a statement from Noel appeared on the band's website writing that "with some sadness and great relief...I quit Oasis tonight. People will write and say what they like, but I simply could not go on working with Liam a day longer". On 5 September 2009, it was reported in ''News of the World'' that Liam Gallagher was planning to continue with Oasis despite Noel's absence.<ref>{{cite web|last=South |first=Ray |url=http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/showbiz/xs/489489/Liam-Oasis-will-not-split.html?OTC-RSSATTR=xs |title=Liam: Oasis will not split | Singer to keep band going after brother Noel quit. |work=News Of The World |date= |accessdate=3 October 2009}}</ref>

===Post-breakup: ''Time Flies'', Beady Eye and Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds (2009–present)===
On 16 February 2010, Oasis won the award for Best Brit Album of the Last 30 Years at [[2010 BRIT Awards]].<ref>Kate Harper. {{cite web|url=http://www.chartattack.com/news/79447/lady-gaga-lily-allen-jay-z-win-brit-awards |title=Oasis Album Declared Best Of Past 30 Years At BRIT Awards |work=Chart Attack |date=16 February 2010|accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> Liam Gallagher collected the award alone, before presenting his speech. His speech thanked Bonehead, McGuigan and Alan White but not his brother, Noel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/brit-awards-2009/49781 |title=Liam Gallagher snubs Noel as Oasis win Brit Album Of 30 Years award |publisher=Nme.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> Liam threw his microphone and the band's award into the crowd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spinner.com/2010/02/18/liam-gallagher-hits-back-at-brits-host-peter-kay/ |title=Liam Gallagher Hits Back at Brits Host Peter Kay |publisher=Spinner.com |date=2010-02-18 |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> On 15 March 2010, Liam defended his actions at the awards ceremony, saying "I'm sick of it all being about me and Noel, the last couple of months has pretty much been all about me and him so I thought it was only right to mention the other lads who played on the album and the best fans in the world." and "I thought it was a nice gesture to give this to the fans, obviously it was misinterpreted as per usual." about throwing the award.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hudson |first=Alex |url=http://exclaim.ca/News/Liam_Gallagher_Explains_Noel_Snub_at_Brit_Awards?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+NewsExclaimca+%28%21+Exclaim.ca+-+News%29 |title=Liam Gallagher Explains Noel Snub at Brit Awards |publisher=Exclaim.ca |date=2010-03-15 |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>

Noel Gallagher performed solo concerts on 25 and 26 March, as part of a series of [[Teenage Cancer Trust]] shows, alongside acts such as [[Depeche Mode]], [[Them Crooked Vultures]], [[Suede (band)|Suede]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], and [[The Who]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/oasis/49490|title=Noel Gallagher announces first post-Oasis solo gigs}}</ref> Noel continued to play Oasis songs live, as he had in the past, including songs originally sung by Liam. British newspaper ''The Sun'' gave Noel a five out of five score for his concert.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/metrolife/music/819253-noel-gallagher-plays-first-solo-gig-since-oasis-split |title=Noel Gallagher plays first solo gig since Oasis split |publisher=Metro.co.uk |date=26 Mar. 2010 |accessdate=23 Jun. 2010}}</ref>

Also that month, Liam Gallagher showed a sign of peace towards his brother when he was asked in an interview who the "ultimate frontman" is, and he replied: "Noel Gallagher. What makes a good frontman? Behaving yourself, and not jumping around like a bastard."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/25/oasis-star-liam-gallagher-offers-olive-branch-to-brother-noel-following-split-115875-22136970/ |title=Oasis star Liam Gallagher offers olive branch to brother Noel following split |work=Daily Mirror |location=UK |date= |accessdate=23 Jun. 2010}}</ref> Liam was voted rock's best frontman by ''Q'' magazine.<ref name="musicrooms1">[http://www.musicrooms.net/alternative/4679-Noel-Gallagher-Pokes-Fun-JLS-And-Scousers.html ]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7519708/Liam-Gallagher-crowned-best-frontman.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Liam Gallagher crowned best frontman | date=26 March 2010 | accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978130126|title=British Music Mag's "Best Frontman of All Time" Is ... Liam Gallagher of Oasis?|author=Kevin Zimmerman}}</ref>

''[[Time Flies... 1994–2009]]'', a compilation album containing singles by the group, was released on 14 June 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloginity.com/entertainment/music-reviews/oasis-time-flies-1994-2009-will-be-released-june-14th-2010/17454/ |title=Oasis – ‘Time Flies... 1994–2009′ Will Be Released 14 June 2010 |publisher=Bloginity.com |date= |accessdate=23 Jun. 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rttnews.com/Content/EntertainmentNews.aspx?Section=2&Id=1259031&SM=1 |title=Oasis Singles Collection To Be Released In June |publisher=Rttnews.com |date= |accessdate=23 Jun. 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.stv.tv/music/167356-time-flies-for-oasis/ |title=Time Flies for Oasis | Music | STV Entertainment |publisher=Entertainment.stv.tv |date=1 Apr. 2010 |accessdate=23 Jun. 2010}}</ref> The decision to make the compilation a singles collection, and the track order, were decided by Noel Gallagher, who released a number of videos to the Oasis YouTube account relating to the collection. Certain editions also featured a new Oasis live album, taken from the band's final tour.

====Beady Eye====
{{main|Beady Eye}}

The remaining members of Oasis, following the departure of Noel, decided to stick together and form a new band. On 19 November 2009, Liam announced that he would be recording new material with Gem Archer, Andy Bell (now on guitar), Chris Sharrock and [[Jeff Wootton]], with a possible album release in July 2010.<ref name="liam2010">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_10000000/newsid_10003000/10003070.stm |title=Liam Gallagher outlines solo LP plan |publisher=BBC |date=19 November 2009 |accessdate=19 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="Ref-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/oasis/48692|title=Liam Gallagher: I don't wish Noel any bad, I love him to death}}</ref> Gallagher also stated that live keyboardist Jay Darlington would also be joining the group.<ref name="Ref-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/oasis/48716|title=Andy Bell To Return To Guitar}}</ref> The band spent some time deliberating over if they would use the Oasis name or use another one, and as late as December 2009 were still considering this. With regards to the use of the name, Liam Gallagher commented "if we don't come up with something else by the time we're ready to release the album it'll be Oasis".<ref>Liam Gallagher: I'll Always Be Busy When Noel Rings Me Up - London Evening Standard [http://www.thisislondon.co.ukshowbiz/article-23777699-liam-gallagher-ill-always-be-busy-when-noel-rings-me-up.do]</ref> Eventually, the band decided on the moniker [[Beady Eye]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rock.about.com/b/2010/01/31/liam-gallagher-heading-to-studio-in-april-for-first-post-oasis-album.htm |title=Liam Gallagher Heading to Studio in April for First Post-Oasis Album |publisher=Rock.about.com |date=2010-01-31 |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/oasis/49611 |title=Liam Gallagher ditches Oasis name for his new group |publisher=Nme.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>

====Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds====
{{main|Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds}}

Noel Gallagher started his solo career soon after the release of Beady Eye's ''Different Gear, Still Speeding''. He said in a press conference that he had enough material for two albums. In July 2011, he released his debut single "The Death of You and Me", which got positive reviews and was said to sound like "The Importance of Being Idle". In October 2011, Gallagher's debut album '[[Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds (album)|Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds]]' was released to positive reviews and eventually sold 55,000 copies after two days of sale, more than twice as many copies as its nearest rival, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_%28Matt_Cardle_album%29 Letters] by The X Factor winner [[Matt Cardle]]. On October 23, 2011 the album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, with first-week sales of 122,530 copies.

==Musical style==
Oasis were most heavily influenced by [[The Beatles]], an influence which was frequently labelled as an "obsession" by the British media.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4669276.ece Song of the Year 1995: Oasis Wonderwall] - Times They have been criticized for taking too much from [[The Beatles]]. Online</ref><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/05/12/bmcold12.xml Can Coldplay steal Oasis's crown?] - Daily Telegraph</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1452393.stm The Beatles' musical footprints] - [[BBC News Online]]</ref> In addition members of Oasis have cited [[The Stone Roses]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U39eTlwvf6A |title=Noel Gallagher about Stone Roses |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> [[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asPX9UlIGn0&feature=related |title=Original Oasis about stealing from other musicians |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2009-10-25 |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> [[Sex Pistols]], [[Slade]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/oasis-p44888 |title=Oasis |publisher=AllMusic |date= |accessdate=2011-10-22}}</ref> and [[The Smiths]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1MsuoNJQ3U |title=Noel Gallagher on The Smiths |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> as an influence or inspiration.

Legal action was taken in the case of [[Neil Innes]] (formerly of the [[Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band]] and [[The Rutles]]) who sued after the song "[[Whatever (Oasis song)|Whatever]]" borrowed from his "How Sweet to Be an Idiot". He was awarded royalties and a co-writer credit. Noel Gallagher claimed in 2010 that the plagiarism was unintentional and he was unaware of the similarities until informed of Innes's legal case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4Incr7Z3kQ&feature=related |title=Whatever - 'Time Flies...1994-2009' Clip |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2010-05-19 |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> Oasis were also sued by [[Coca-Cola]] and forced to pay $A500,000 in damages; When asked about the incident, Noel Gallagher joked "Now we all drink [[Pepsi]]." "[[Shakermaker]]" allegedly lifted words and melody from "[[I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)|I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/oasis/news/artists/8865/55193/55218 |title=Oasis | Rolling Stone Music |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> When promotional copies of ''[[(What's the Story) Morning Glory?]]'' were originally distributed, they contained a song called "Step Out". The promotional CD was quickly withdrawn and replaced with a version that omitted the controversial song, which was allegedly similar to the [[Stevie Wonder]] song "[[Uptight (Everything's Alright)]]". The song later appeared as the B-side to "[[Don't Look Back in Anger]]", albeit now listing "Wonder, et. al" as cowriters. The initial promotional CD of the album featuring "Step Out" is now a collectors item.

==Legacy and influence==

Many bands and artists have cited Oasis as an influence or inspiration, including [[The Killers]],<ref>[http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Sep-18-Sun-2005/living/3337781.html In depth: killers rising, Mike Kalil, ''Review Journal''] 18 September 2005</ref> [[Arctic Monkeys]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}, [[The Enemy (UK band)|The Enemy]], [[Lily Allen]], [[Maroon 5]], [[The Libertines]] {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}, [[Coldplay]], [[The Coral]],<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.myspace.com/thecoral |title=The Coral's official Myspace |publisher=Myspace.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> [[Ryan Adams]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/ryan-adams/39407|title=Ryan Adams compares Oasis to Led Zeppelin}}</ref> [[The Rifles (band)|The Rifles]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/artist.nsf/artistnames/the%20rifles |title=The Rifles biography |publisher=Contactmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> [[The Pigeon Detectives]],<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.myspace.com/thepigeondetectives |title=The Pigeon Detectives on Myspace |publisher=Myspace.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> and [[Kasabian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kasabian/articles/story/7683844/kasabian_swim_with_oasis|title=Kasabian Swim With Oasis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyorker.co.uk/news/music/3787/1#CommentItem8082 |title=Top 10: most influential albums of all time |publisher=Theyorker.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>

[[No Way Sis]] were a cover band from Glasgow who had a top 40 hit in the UK with "I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing" a cover of the [[The New Seekers|New Seekers]] song sung in the manner of Oasis.<ref>[http://www.westnet.com/consumable/1997/01.18/revnoway.html Review of band/single]. Retrieved 29 February 2008.</ref> The Japanese band [[Little by Little (band)|Little by Little]] derived their name from the Oasis [[Little by Little (Oasis song)|song of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.goo.ne.jp/artist/ARTLISD1163697/index.html|title=Little by Little|publisher=[[goo (search engine)|goo]]|accessdate=7 May 2010|language=Japanese}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Oasis discography|List of Oasis songs}}
* ''[[Definitely Maybe]]'' (1994)
* ''[[(What's the Story) Morning Glory?]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Be Here Now (album)|Be Here Now]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Standing on the Shoulder of Giants]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Heathen Chemistry]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Don't Believe the Truth]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Dig Out Your Soul]]'' (2008)

==Awards==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Oasis}}

==References==
;Footnotes
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite news
| last = Cohen
| first = Jason
| title = The Trouble Boys - Cross the Atlantic With a Hot Record, Two Battling Brothers and Attitude to Spare
| work=Rolling Stone
| publisher=
| pages = 50–52, 104
| issue =
| date =18 May 1995
| url =
| accessdate = }}
*Harris, John. ''Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock''. Da Capo Press, 2004. ISBN 0-306-81367-X
*{{Cite news
| last = Mundy
| first = Chris
| title = Ruling Asses - Oasis have conquered America, and they won't shut up about it
| work=Rolling Stone
| publisher=
| pages = 32–35, 68
| issue =
| date =2 May 1996
| url =
| accessdate = }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Wiki_Oasis.ogg|9 July 2006}}
{{Commons and category}}
{{Wikipedia-Books|Oasis}}
* {{Official website|http://www.oasisinet.com}}
* {{myspace|oasis|Oasis}}
*[http://www.tunesbaby.com/videos/oasis/?x=sy-1200156659 Official Music Videos]

{{Oasis}}
{{UK best-selling albums (by year) 1990–2009}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}
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[[Category:Musical groups from Manchester]]
[[Category:English rock music groups]]
[[Category:Britpop groups]]
[[Category:English alternative rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1991]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:Creation Records artists]]
[[Category:Musical quintets]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
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[[Category:Neo-psychedelia groups]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in England]]

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Satyendranath Dutta

2011-10-22T08:21:43Z

86.96.226.19: /* Other works */

'''Satyendranath Dutta''' (also spelt as '''Satyendranath Datta''' or '''Satyendra Nath Dutta''') ({{lang-bn|সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত}}) (1882-1922), a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet, is considered the wizard of rhymes (or ছন্দের যাদুকর - ''chhonder jadukar'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]). Satyendranath Dutta was an expert in many disciplines of intellectual enquiry including medieval Indian history, culture, and mythology.

==His Life==
He was the son of Rajaninath Duttaa, who was a trader. He was born at Chupi in [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] on February 11, 1882. His grandfather, [[Akshay Kumar Datta]], was a great thinker, [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo]] social reformer and writer who was the guiding spirit of the [[Tattwabodhini Patrika]]. After passing the school leaving examination from the Central Collegiate School, he received his graduate level education from the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta|General Assembly’s Institution]] in [[Kolkata]]. Although he left (what is now) [[Scottish Church College]] without taking a degree, his training there helped him immensely for the future. After unsuccessfully to join the ranks of his father in their family business, he quit that to devote his energies entirely to scholarly pursuits.

He composed poems and initially composed poems for the Bengali magazine ''Bharati''. Although his stylistic nuances during this stage reflect the influence of [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], Akshay Kumar Boral, and Debendranath Sen, his later poetry illustrates a greater resonance with the poetry of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Nevertheless, he maintained his distinctive poetic style. He was well known for his material skill, and devised several metres while keeping intact the sound system and [[phraseology]] of Bangla. This is why he was known as 'the magician of metrics' or 'the king of metres'. His famous essay, ''Chhanda-Sarasvati'', on metrics, was published in the [[Baishakh]]i issue of the ''Bharati'' magazine in 1918. He was the first poet to compose poems using words from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] and thus expanded the versatility of the [[Bengali language]]. Being a [[Polyglot (person)|polyglot]], he translated poems from [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]], thus giving Bengali readers a taste of foreign poetry and metric nuances. He tried to bridge the gap between Bengali literature and world literatures. The main thematic refrains of his poetry are [[patriotism]], [[humanism]], [[tradition]], worship of power, among others. He also wrote poems on the depressed classes or [[Dalit]]s, such as the sweeper community.

Satyendranath Dutta wrote under several pseudonyms: ''Nabakumar'', ''Kaviratna'', ''Ashitipar Sharma'', ''Tribikram Varman'', ''Kalamgir'' etc.

He died on June 25, 1922. Rabindranath has immortalized Satyendranath in a poem written after his death.

==His works==
===Books of Poems===
* ''Sabita''(The Sun, 1900)
* ''Sandhiksan'' (The Opportune Moment, 1905)
* ''Benu O Bina'' (1906)
* ''Hom Shikha'' (The Blaze of the Yagya, 1907)
* ''Fuler Fasal'' (The Harvest of Flowers, 1911)
* ''Kuhu O Keka'' (1912)
* ''Tulir Likhon'' (Written with a Brush, 1914)
* ''Abhra-Avir'' (1916)
* ''Hasantika'' (1919)
* ''Bela Sheser Gan'' (Song at Dusk, 1923)
* ''Biday-Arati'' (Farewell Hymn, 1924)
* ''Kavyasanchayan'' (Collected Poems, 1930)
* ''Shishu-Kavita'' (Children's Poetry, 1945)
* ''Bhorai'' (The song of DAWN)
==Other works==
* ''there no other ass hole like me sayendranath dutta'' (Destined to be sad from Birth - novel, 1912)
* ''fuck me hard'' (Chinese incense - essays, 1912)
* ''my ass'' (play, 1913)

==References==
*''Banglapedia article''
*''Bangla Sahitya'' (Bengali Literature), the national text book of intermediate level of [[Bangladesh]] published in 1996 by all educational boards.
*''Dakhil Bangla Sahitya''
*''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) in Bengali edited by Subodh Chandra Sengupta and Anjali Bose

==External links==
*[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/D_0322.htm Banglapedia article]

{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Dutta, Sattendranath
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1882
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1922
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Sattendranath}}
[[Category:1882 births|Dutta, Sattendranath]]
[[Category:1922 deaths|Dutta, Sattendranath]]
[[Category:Bengali poets|Dutta, Sattendranath]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets|Dutta, Sattendranath]]
[[Category:Bengali writers|Dutta, Sattendranath]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers|Dutta, Sattendranath]]
[[Category:Brahmos|Dutta, Satyendranath]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College, Calcutta alumni|Dutta, Satyendranath]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni|Dutta, Satyendranath]]
[[Category:People from Bardhaman district|Dutta, Satyendranath]]
[[Category:Translators to Bengali]]

[[bn:সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত]]

Olive oil

2011-10-21T11:20:09Z

86.96.226.19: /* Islam */

{{distinguish2|the cartoon character [[Olive Oyl]]}}
{{Infobox oils
|name=Olive oil
|image=Italian olive oil 2007.jpg
|imagesize=100px
|caption=A bottle of olive oil
|composition=
|fat=
|water=
|solids=
|sterols=
|fatcomposition=y
|sat= [[Palmitic acid]]: 7.5–20.0% [[Stearic acid]]: 0.5–5.0% [[Arachidic acid]]: <0.6% [[Behenic acid]]: <0.3% [[Myristic acid]]: <0.05% [[Lignoceric acid]]: <0.2%
|interster=
|trans=
|unsat=yes
|monoun=[[Oleic acid]]: 55.0–83.0% [[Palmitoleic acid]]: 0.3–3.5%
|polyun=[[Linoleic acid]]: 3.5–21.0 % [[alpha-Linolenic acid|α-Linolenic acid]]: <1.0%
|o3=
|o6=
|o9=
|properties=y
|energy={{convert|3700|kJ|kcal|abbr=on}}
|melt= {{convert|−6.0|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
|boil= {{convert|300|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
|smoke= {{convert|190|°C|°F|abbr=on}} (virgin) {{convert|210|°C|°F|abbr=on}} (refined)
|roomtemp=
|sfi20=
|sg20=0.9150–0.9180 (@ 15.5 °C)
|visc20= 84 [[centipoise|cP]]
|refract=1.4677–1.4705 (virgin and refined) 1.4680–1.4707 (pomace)
|iodine=75–94 (virgin and refined) 75–92 (pomace)
|acid=maximum: 6.6 (refined and pomace) 0.6 (extra-virgin)
|aciddeg=
|ph=
|sapon=184–196 (virgin and refined) 182–193 (pomace)
|unsapon=
|reichert=
|polenske=
|kirschner=
|shortening=
|peroxide= 20 (virgin) 10 (refined and pomace)
}}

'''Olive oil''' is an oil obtained from the [[olive (fruit)|olive]] (''[[Olea europaea]]''; family [[Oleaceae]]), a traditional tree [[crop]] of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. It is commonly used in [[cooking]], [[cosmetics]], [[pharmaceuticals]], and [[soap]]s and as a [[fuel]] for traditional [[oil lamp]]s. Olive oil is used throughout the world, but especially in the Mediterranean countries.

== History ==
[[Image:Olive Press in Pompeji.JPG|thumb|left|Olive press in Pompeii (79 AD)]]

[[Image:Klazomenai.jpg|thumb|150px|Ancient Greek olive oil production workshop in [[Kilizman]], [[Turkey]]]]

[[Image:The Manufacture of Oil drawn and engraved by J Amman in the Sixteenth Century.png|thumb|240px|right|''The Manufacture of Oil'', drawn and engraved by J. Amman in the [[sixteenth century]].]]

The olive tree is native to the Mediterranean basin; wild olives were collected by [[Neolithic]] peoples as early as the 8th millennium BC.<ref name="Davidson, s.v. Olives">Davidson, ''s.v.'' Olives</ref> The wild olive tree originated in [[Asia Minor]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/web/aa-ingles/oliveWorld/olivo.html |title=International Olive Council |accessdate=October 5, 2011}}</ref> in modern [[Turkey]].

It is not clear when and where olive trees were first domesticated: in Asia Minor in the 6th millennium; along the [[Levant]]ine coast stretching from the [[Sinai Peninsula]] to modern Turkey in the 4th millennium;<ref name="Davidson, s.v. Olives"/> or somewhere in the [[Mesopotamian]] [[Fertile Crescent]] in the 3rd millennium.

A widespread view exists that the first cultivation took place on the island of [[Crete]]. Archeological evidence suggest that olives were being grown in Crete as long ago as 2,500 B.C. The earliest surviving olive oil [[amphora]]e date to 3500 BC (Early Minoan times), though the production of olive is assumed to have started before 4000 BC. An alternative view retains that olives were turned into oil by 4500 BC by [[Canaan]]ites in present-day [[Israel]].<ref>Ehud Galili ''et al.'', "Evidence for Earliest Olive-Oil Production in Submerged Settlements off the Carmel Coast, Israel", ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' '''24''':1141–1150 (1997); Pagnol, p. 19, says the 6th millennium in [[Jericho]], but cites no source.</ref>
[[Image:Turkey.Bodrum042.jpg|thumb|left|225px|<center>Ancient oil press Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, Bodrum, Turkey</center>]]

[[Homer]] called it "liquid gold." In ancient Greece, athletes ritually rubbed it all over their bodies. Olive oil has been more than mere food to the peoples of the Mediterranean: it has been medicinal, magical, an endless source of fascination and wonder and the fountain of great wealth and power. Indeed the importance of the olive industry in ancient economies cannot be overstated. The tree is extremely hardy and its useful lifespan can be measured in centuries. Its wide and deep root system ensures its survival without additional watering, even in the water-sparse Mediterranean. It thrives close to the sea, where other plants cannot tolerate the increased salt content of underground water. Other than pruning in late spring, it needs minimal cultivation and its fruit matures in the late autumn in the Northern Mediterranean) or through the winter (further south), when other staple food harvests are over and there is no other agricultural work to be done. Olive collecting and processing is relatively straightforward, and needs minimal, mechanical technology. Olive oil, being almost pure fat, is dense in calories yet healthy, without adverse health effects. Unlike cereals which can be destroyed by humidity and pests in storage, olive oil can be very easily stored and will not go rancid for at least a year (unless needlessly exposed to light or extremely hot weather), by which time a fresh harvest will be available. The combination of these factors helped ensure that the olive industry has become the region's most dependable food and cash crop since [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] times.

Besides food, olive oil has been used for religious [[ritual]]s, [[medicine]]s, as a [[fuel]] in [[oil lamp]]s, [[Soap#Soap making|soap-making]], and skin care application. The importance and antiquity of olive oil can be seen in the fact that the English word ''oil'' derives from c. 1175, ''olive oil'', from Anglo-Fr. and O.N.Fr. ''olie'', from O.Fr. ''oile'' (12c., Mod.Fr. ''huile''), from L. ''oleum'' "oil, olive oil" (cf. It. ''olio''), from Gk. ''elaion'' "olive tree",<ref>''Random House Unabridged Dictionary'', s.v. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/olive "olive"] and [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oil "oil"]</ref> which may have been borrowed through trade networks from the Semitic Phoenician use of ''el'yon'' meaning "superior", probably in recognized comparison to other vegetable or animal [[fat]]s available at the time. [[Robin Lane Fox]] suggests<ref>Fox, ''Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer'', 2008:127.</ref> that the Latin borrowing of Greek ''elaion'' for oil (Latin ''oleum'') is itself a marker for improved Greek varieties of oil-producing olive, already present in Italy as Latin was forming, brought by [[Euboea]]n traders, whose presence in Latium is signaled by remains of their characteristic pottery, from the mid-eighth century.

Recent genetic studies suggest that species used by modern cultivators descend from multiple wild populations, but a detailed history of domestication is not yet understood.<ref>Guillaume Besnarda, André Bervillé, "Multiple origins for Mediterranean olive (''Olea europaea'' L. ssp. ''europaea'') based upon mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms", ''Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences—Series III—Sciences de la Vie'' '''323''':2:173–181 (February 2000); Catherine Breton, Michel Tersac and André Bervillé, "Genetic diversity and gene flow between the wild olive (oleaster, ''Olea europaea'' L.) and the olive: several Plio-Pleistocene refuge zones in the Mediterranean basin suggested by simple sequence repeats analysis", ''Journal of Biogeography'' '''33''':11:1916 (November 2006)</ref>

Many ancient presses still exist in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and some dating to the Roman period are still in use today.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

=== Eastern Mediterranean ===
Over 5,000 years ago oil was being extracted from olives in the Eastern Mediterranean. In the centuries that followed, olive presses became common, from the Atlantic shore of North Africa to [[Persia]] and from the [[Po Valley]] to the settlements along the [[Nile]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

Olive trees and oil production in the Eastern Mediterranean can be traced to archives of the ancient city-state [[Ebla]] (2600–2240 BC), which were located on the outskirts of the [[Syria]]n city [[Aleppo]]. Here some dozen documents dated 2400 BC describe lands of the king and the queen. These belonged to a library of clay tablets perfectly preserved by having been baked in the fire that destroyed the palace. A later source is the frequent mentions of oil in [[Tanakh]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

Dynastic [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] before 2000 BC imported olive oil from Crete, Syria and [[Canaan]] and oil was an important item of commerce and wealth. Remains of olive oil have been found in jugs over 4,000 years old in a tomb on the island of [[Naxos Island|Naxos]] in the [[Aegean Sea]]. [[Sinuhe]], the Egyptian exile who lived in northern Canaan about 1960 BC, wrote of abundant olive trees.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/sinuhe.htm |last1=Gardiner |first1=Alan H. |year=1916 |title=Notes on the Story of Sinuhe |publisher=Librairie Honoré Champion |location=Paris}}</ref>

Until 1500 BC, eastern coastal areas of the Mediterranean were most heavily cultivated. Olive trees were certainly cultivated by the [[Late Minoan]] period (1500 BC) in Crete, and perhaps as early as the [[Early Minoan]].<ref>F. R. Riley, "Olive Oil Production on Bronze Age Crete: Nutritional properties, Processing methods, and Storage life of Minoan olive oil", ''Oxford Journal of Archaeology'' '''21''':1:63–75 (2002)</ref> The cultivation of olive trees in Crete became particularly intense in the post-palatial period and played an important role in the island's economy. The Minoans used olive oil in religious ceremonies. The oil became a principal product of the [[Minoan civilization]], where it is thought to have represented wealth. The Minoans put the pulp into [[settling tank]]s and, when the oil had risen to the top, drained the water from the bottom.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Olive tree growing reached [[Iberian peninsula|Iberia]] and [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] cities well before the 8th century BC through trade with the [[Phoenicia]]ns and [[Carthage]], then spread into Southern [[Gaul]] by the [[Celt]]ic tribes during the 7th century BC.

The first recorded oil extraction is known from the Hebrew Bible and took place during [[the Exodus]] from Egypt, during the 13th century BC.{{date=Exodus 27:20}} During this time, the oil was derived through hand-squeezing the berries and stored in special containers under guard of the priests. A commercial mill for non-sacramental use of oil was in use in the tribal Confederation and later in 1000 BC, the [[fertile crescent]], and area consisting of present day Palestine, Lebanon, and Israel. Over 100 olive presses have been found in Tel Miqne (Ekron), where the Biblical [[Philistines]] also produced oil. These presses are estimated to have had output of between 1,000 and 3,000 tons of olive oil per season.

Olive trees were planted in the entire Mediterranean basin during evolution of the [[Roman republic]] and [[Roman empire|empire]]. According to the historian [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], Italy had "excellent olive oil at reasonable prices" by the first century AD, "the best in the Mediterranean", he maintained, a claim probably disputed by many ancient olive growers. Thus olive oil was very common in [[Hellene]] and [[Latin]] cuisine. According to [[Herodotus]], [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [[Plutarch]], [[Pausanias]], [[Ovid]] and more, the city of [[Athens]] obtained its name because Athenians considered olive oil essential, preferring the offering of the goddess [[Athena]] (an olive tree) over the offering of [[Poseidon]] (a spring of [[salt]] water gushing out of a cliff).

The [[Sparta]]ns were the Hellenes who used oil to rub themselves while exercising in the [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasia]]. The practice served to [[Spartan pederasty|eroticise]] and highlight the beauty of the male body. From its beginnings early in the seventh century BC, the decorative use of olive oil quickly spread to all of Hellenic city states, together with naked appearance of athletes, and lasted close to a thousand years despite its great expense.<ref>Thomas F. Scanlon, "The Dispersion of Pederasty and the Athletic Revolution in sixth-century BC Greece", in ''Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West,'' ed. B. C. Verstraete and V. Provencal, Harrington Park Press, 2005</ref><ref>Nigel M. Kennell, "Most Necessary for the Bodies of Men: Olive Oil and its By-products in the Later Greek Gymnasium" in Mark Joyal (ed.), ''In Altum: Seventy-Five Years of Classical Studies in Newfoundland,'' 2001; pp. 119–33</ref>

==Varieties==

Among the many different olive varieties or [[Olive#Cultivars|cultivars]] there are: in [[Greece]] Koroneiki, Lianolia, Chondrolia (aka Throumbolia), Tsounati and more.

In Spain, the most important varieties are the Picual, Arbequina, Hojiblanca, and Manzanilla de Jaén; in France, [[Picholine]]; in California, Mission; in Portugal, Galega; in [[Croatia]], Oblica and Leccino. The oil from the varieties varies in flavour and stability (shelf life).{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

In Italy, Frantoio, Leccino Pendolino, and Moraiolo are the most famous varieties of cultivars.

==Production and consumption==

Three countries are the major olive oil producers in the world. First is Spain, second is Italy and third is Greece. Together, they produce more than 75% of the world production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/636/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=636#ancor |title=FAOSTAT Crops processed 2009 data for olive oil |accessdate=October 5, 2011 }}</ref>

Australia now produces a substantial amount of olive oil. Many Australian producers only make premium oils, while a number of corporate growers operate groves of a million trees or more and produce oils for the general market. Australian olive oil is exported to Asia, Europe and the United States.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.oliveoiltimes.com/features/australia-olive-oil-industry/5971
|title = Australia Charts Five-Year Course for Olive Oil Industry
|publisher = Olive Oil Times
|date= August 31, 2010
|author=Sarah Schwager
}}</ref>

In North America, Italian and Spanish olive oils are the best-known, and top-quality [[#Retail grades in IOC member nations|extra-virgin]] oils from Spain, Italy, and Greece are sold at high prices, often in "prestige" packaging. A large part of U.S. olive oil imports come from Spain, Italy, and Turkey. The U.S. imported {{convert|47800000|USgal|m3|sigfig=3}} of olive oil in 1998, of which {{convert|34600000|USgal|m3|sigfig=3}} came from Italy.<ref>{{cite book
|author=G. Steven Sibbett, Louise Ferguson, Joann L Coviello, Margaret Lindstrand
|publisher=ANR Publications
|title=Olive Production Manual
|year=2005
|page=158
}}</ref>

The Republic of South Africa,<ref>[http://www.southafrica.info/business/trade/export/olive-oil-270705.htm Cape olive oil among world's best]</ref> Argentina<ref>http://www.sinavimo.gov.ar/cultivo/olivo</ref> and Chile<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.biteofthebest.com/olisur-extra-virgin-olive-oils-from-chile/
|title = Olisur Extra Virgin Olive Oils from Chile
|publisher = http://www.biteofthebest.com/
|date = October 26, 2010
}}</ref> also produce extra virgin olive oil.

==Regulation==
{{Main|Olive oil regulation and adulteration}}
[[Image:Consejo oleicola DSCF0508.JPG|thumb|right|300px|International Olive Oil Council building]]
The International Olive Council (IOC) is an [[intergovernmental organization]] based in [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], with 23 member states.<ref>[http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/web/aa-ingles/corp/institution/aa-institution-ini.html International Olive Council]</ref> It promotes olive oil around the world by tracking production, defining quality standards, and monitoring authenticity. More than 85% of the world's olives are grown in IOC member nations. The [[United States]] is not a member of the IOC, and the [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]] does not legally recognize its classifications (such as extra-virgin olive oil). The USDA uses a different system, which it defined in 1948 before the IOC existed. On October 25, 2010, the United States adopted new olive oil standards, a revision of those that had been in place since 1948, which affect importers and domestic growers and producers by ensuring conformity with the benchmarks commonly accepted in the U.S. and abroad.<ref>[http://www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-basics/olive-oil-grades/usda-olive-oil-standards-begin/8087 New U.S. Olive Oil Standards in Effect Today] Olive Oil Times</ref>

Olive oil is classified by how it was produced, by its [[chemistry]], and by panels that perform olive oil taste testing.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schwager |first=Sarah |title=Group Says Olive Oil Tasting Panels Create "False Concern" |url=http://www.oliveoiltimes.com/features/industry-groups-say-olive-oil-tasting-panels-create-false-concern/11959 |publisher=Olive Oil Times}}</ref> The IOC officially governs 95% of international production and holds great influence over the rest. The EU regulates the use of different [[protected designation of origin]] labels for olive oils.<ref>[http://www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-basics/olive-oil-varieties/pdo-pgi-tsg/2238 Olive Oil Times]</ref>

U.S. Customs regulations on "country of origin" state that if a non-origin nation is shown on the label, then the real origin must be shown on the same side of the label and in comparable size letters so as not to mislead the consumer.<ref>Durant, John. U.S. Customs Department, Director Commercial Rulings Division [http://rulings.customs.gov/index.asp?ru=561712&qu=%22HQ+561712%22&vw=detail Country of origin marking of imported olive oil; 19 CFR 134.46; "imported by" language] 2000-09-05.</ref><ref>United States International Trade Commission Rulings [http://www.faqs.org/rulings/rulings2006HQ967925.html See reference to HQ 560944 ruling of the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) on April 27, 1999 "''blending of Spanish olive oil with Italian olive oil in Italy does not result in a substantial transformation of the Spanish product''"] 2006-02-28.</ref> Yet most major U.S. brands continue to put "imported from Italy" on the front label in large letters and other origins on the back in very small print.<ref name="false_olive_oil_labeling_pretending_to_be_made_in_Italy">{{cite web |url=http://oliveoilonly.org/impurity/olive-oil-labels-false-labeling.htm |author=McGee, Dennis |title=Deceptive Olive Oil Labels on Major Brands (includes photos)|accessdate=2008-11-09 }}</ref> "In fact, olive oil labeled 'Italian' often comes from Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco, Spain, and Greece."<ref>[http://www.beyondhealth.com/c.1015947/site/articles/OliveOilScandal.pdf Raymond Francis. ''The Olive Oil Scandal.'' Beyond Health. 1998]</ref> These products are a mixture of olive oil from more than one nation and it is not clear what percentage of the olive oil is really of Italian origin. This practice makes it difficult for high quality, lower cost producers outside of Italy to enter the U.S. market, and for genuine Italian producers to compete.

===Adulteration===
The adulteration of oil can be no more serious than passing off inferior, but safe, product as superior olive oil, but there are no guarantees. It is believed that almost 700 people died as a consequence of consuming [[rapeseed oil|rapeseed]] oil adulterated with [[aniline]] intended for use as an industrial lubricant, but sold in 1981 as olive oil in Spain (see [[toxic oil syndrome]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE0DC1630F932A15756C0A96F948260 |title=Trial in Spain on Toxic Cooking Oil Ends in Uproar |last=Riding |first=Alan |date=1989-05-21 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=2008-11-16}}</ref>

An article by [[Tom Mueller]] in the August 13, 2007, issue of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' alleges that regulation, particularly in Italy, is extremely lax and corrupt. Mueller states that major Italian shippers routinely adulterate olive oil and that only about 40% of olive oil sold as "extra virgin" actually meets the specification.<ref>Mueller, Tom. [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/08/13/070813fa_fact_mueller Slippery Business] ''The New Yorker''. 2007-08-13.</ref> In some cases, [[colza oil]] (Swedish turnip) with added color and flavor has been labeled and sold as olive oil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1204304521.23/ |title=EUbusiness.com}}</ref> This extensive fraud prompted the Italian government to mandate a new labeling law in 2007 for companies selling olive oil, under which every bottle of Italian olive oil would have to declare the farm and press on which it was produced, as well as display a precise breakdown of the oils used, for blended oils.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/07/nfood07.xml |title=Murky Italian olive oil to be pored over | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | first=Malcolm | last=Moore | date=2007-05-07 | accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref> In February 2008, however, EU officials took issue with the new law, stating that under EU rules such labeling should be voluntary rather than compulsory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1204304521.23/ |title=Eubusiness.com}}</ref> Under EU rules, olive oil may be sold as Italian even if it only contains a small amount of Italian oil.<ref name="telegraph"/>

In March 2008, 400 Italian police officers conducted "Operation Golden Oil", arresting 23 people and confiscating 85 farms after an investigation revealed a large-scale scheme to relabel oils from other [[Mediterranean]] nations as Italian.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/05/witaly105.xml |title=Italian police crack down on olive oil fraud - Telegraph | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | first=Malcolm | last=Moore | date=2008-03-05 | accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref> In April 2008, another operation impounded seven olive oil plants and arrested 40 people in nine provinces of northern and southern Italy for adding [[chlorophyll]] to [[Sunflower oil|sunflower]] and [[soybean oil]], and selling it as extra virgin olive oil, both in Italy and abroad; 25,000 liters of the fake oil were seized and prevented from being exported.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.scotsman.com/world/Forty-arrested-in-new-39fake39.4005000.jp |title=Forty arrested in new 'fake' olive oil scam - Scotsman.com News | location=Edinburgh | work=The Scotsman|first=Nick|last=Pisa|date=2008-04-22}}</ref>

On March 15, 2011, the Florence, Italy prosecutor's office, working in conjunction with the forestry department, indicted two managers and an officer of Carapelli, one of the brands of the Spanish company Grupo SOS (which recently changed its name to Deoleo). The charges involved falsified documents and food fraud. Carapelli lawyer Neri Pinucci said the company was not worried about the charges and that "the case is based on an irregularity in the documents."<ref>[http://www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-business/details-expected-thursday-investigations-deodorized-olive-oils/14291 Investigations Into Deodorized Olive Oils] Olive Oil Times. 2011-03-29.</ref>

=== Commercial grades ===
All production begins by transforming the olive fruit into [[olive paste]]. This paste is then [[malaxation|malaxed]] (slowly churned or mixed) to allow the microscopic oil droplets to concentrate. The oil is extracted by means of pressure (traditional method) or [[centrifuge|centrifugation]] (modern method). After extraction the remnant solid substance, called [[Olive_mill_pomace|pomace]], still contains a small quantity of oil.

The grades of oil extracted from the olive fruit can be classified as:
* ''Virgin'' means the oil was produced by the use of physical means and no chemical treatment. The term ''virgin oil'' referring to production is different from ''Virgin Oil'' on a retail label (see next section).
* ''Refined'' means that the oil has been chemically treated to neutralize strong tastes (characterized as defects) and neutralize the acid content (free [[fatty acids]]). Refined oil is commonly regarded as lower quality than virgin oil; oils with the retail labels ''extra-virgin olive oil'' and ''virgin olive oil'' cannot contain any refined oil.
* ''[[Olive Pomace Oil|Olive pomace oil]]'' means oil extracted from the pomace using solvents, mostly [[hexane]], and by heat.

[[Quantitative analysis (chemistry)|Quantitative analysis]] can determine the oil's [[acidity]], defined as the percent, measured by weight, of [[Fatty acid#Free fatty acids|free]] [[oleic acid]] it contains. This is a measure of the oil's chemical degradation; as the oil degrades, more fatty acids are freed from the [[glyceride]]s, increasing the level of free acidity and thereby increasing [[Rancidification|rancidity]]. Another measure of the oil's chemical degradation is the [[organic peroxide]] level, which measures the degree to which the oil is oxidized, another cause of rancidity.

To classify it by taste, olive oil is subjectively judged by a panel of professional tasters in a [[blind taste test]]. This is also called its ''organoleptic'' quality.

=== Retail grades in IOC member nations ===
[[File:Olio prodotto in Liguria.JPG|thumb|180px|Italian label for "extra vergine" oil]]
In countries that adhere to the standards of the IOC<ref>[http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/web/aa-ingles/corp/institution/aa-institution-ini.html]{{Dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref> the labels in stores show an oil's grade.

* '''Extra-virgin olive oil''' comes from virgin oil production only, contains no more than 0.8% acidity, and is judged to have a superior taste. Extra Virgin olive oil accounts for less than 10% of oil in many producing countries; the percentage is far higher in the Mediterranean countries (Greece: 80%, Italy: 45%, Spain 30%). It is used on salads, added at the table to soups and stews and for dipping.
* '''Virgin olive oil''' comes from virgin oil production only, has an acidity less than 2%, and is judged to have a good taste.
* '''Pure olive oil'''. Oils labeled as ''Pure olive oil'' or ''Olive oil'' are usually a blend of refined and virgin production oil.
* '''Olive oil''' is a blend of virgin and refined production oil, of no more than 1.5% acidity. It commonly lacks a strong flavor.
* '''[[Olive Pomace Oil|Olive pomace oil]]''' is refined pomace olive oil often blended with some virgin oil. It is fit for consumption, but may not be described simply as ''olive oil''. It has a more neutral flavor than pure or virgin olive oil, making it unfashionable among connoisseurs; however, it has the same fat composition as regular olive oil, rendering it the same health benefits. It also has a high smoke point, and thus is widely used in restaurants as well as home cooking in some countries.
* '''Lampante oil''' is olive oil not suitable as food; ''lampante'' comes from olive oil's long-standing use in oil-burning lamps. Lampante oil is mostly used in the industrial market.
* '''Refined olive oil''' is the olive oil obtained from virgin olive oils by refining methods that do not lead to alterations in the initial glyceridic structure. It has a free acidity, expressed as oleic acid, of not more than 0.3 grams per 100 grams (0.3%) and its other characteristics correspond to those fixed for this category in this standard. This is obtained by refining virgin olive oils with a high acidity level and/or organoleptic defects that are eliminated after refining. Over 50% of the oil produced in the Mediterranean area is of such poor quality that it must be refined to produce an edible product{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}. Note that no solvents have been used to extract the oil, but it has been refined with the use of charcoal and other chemical and physical filters. An obsolete equivalent is "pure olive oil".

=== Retail grades in the United States from the USDA ===
As of October 25, 2010, the U.S. Standards for Grades of Olive Oil and Olive-Pomace Oil went into effect.<ref name="usda"/>

As the United States is not a member, the IOC retail grades have no legal meaning in that country; terms such as "extra virgin" may be used without legal restrictions.

The [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) currently has a four-part grading of olive oil based on acidity, absence of defects, odor and flavor:<ref name="usda"/>

*'''U.S. Extra Virgin Olive Oil''' for oil with excellent flavor and odor and free fatty acid content of 0.8g per 100g (0.8%);
*'''U.S. Virgin Olive Oil''' for oil reasonably good flavor and odor and free fatty acid content of not more than 2g per 100g (2%);
*'''U.S. Virgin Olive Oil Not Fit For Human Consumption Without Further Processing''' is a virgin oil of poor flavor and odor;
*'''U.S. Olive Oil''' is an oil mix of both virgin and refined oils;
*'''U.S. Refined Olive Oil''' is an oil made from refined oils with some restrictions on the processing;

These grades are voluntary. Certification is available from the USDA on a fee-for-service basis.<ref name="usda" />

=== Previous USDA ratings ===
The [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) previously listed four grades of olive oil. These grades were established in 1948, and are based on acidity, absence of defects, odor and flavor:<ref name="usda">{{cite web |url=http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3011889 |title=United States Standard for Grades of Olive Oil |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref>
*'''U.S. Grade A''' or '''U.S. Fancy''' possesses a free fatty acid content of not more than 1.4% and is "free from defects";
*'''U.S. Grade B''' or '''U.S. Choice''' possesses a free fatty acid content of not more than 2.5% and is "reasonably free from defects";
*'''U.S. Grade C''' or '''U.S. Standard''' possesses a free fatty acid content of not more than 3.0% and is "fairly free from defects";
*'''U.S. Grade D''' or '''U.S. Substandard''' possesses a free fatty acid content greater than 3.0% and "fails to meet the requirements of U.S. Grade C".

These grades are entirely voluntary and are available from the USDA on a fee-for-service basis.<ref name="usda" />

=== Label wording ===
* The different names for olive oil indicate the degree of processing the oil has undergone as well as the quality of the oil. Extra-virgin olive oil is the highest grade available, followed by virgin olive oil. The word "virgin" indicates that the olives have been pressed to extract the oil; no heat or chemicals have been used during the extraction process, and the oil is pure and unrefined. Virgin olive oils are the healthiest, since they contain the highest levels of polyphenols, antioxidants that have been linked with better health.<ref>Bone density scan ... Olive oil ... Bursitis." Women's Health Advisor 14.7 (2010): 8. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 28 Mar. 2011.</ref>
* "Made from refined olive oils" means that the taste and acidity were chemically controlled. {{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
* ''Cold pressed'' or ''Cold extraction'' means "that the oil was not heated over a certain temperature (usually {{convert|80|F|C}}) during processing, thus retaining more nutrients and undergoing less degradation."<ref>[http://www.healthdiaries.com/eatthis/first-cold-pressed-and-cold-pressed-extra-virgin-olive-oil.html Health Diaries.]</ref>
* ''First cold pressed'' means "that the fruit of the olive was crushed exactly one time-i.e., the ''first press.'' The ''cold'' refers to the temperature range of the fruit at the time it is crushed."<ref>[http://consumers.californiaoliveranch.com/frequently-asked-questions/what-does-first-cold-pressed-olive-olive-oil-really-mean/ California Olive Ranch.]</ref> In Calabria (Italy) the olives are collected in October. In regions like Tuscany or Liguria, the olives collected in November and ground often at night are too cold to be processed efficiently without heating. The paste is regularly heated above the environmental temperatures, which may be as low as 10-15 °C, to extract the oil efficiently with only physical means. Olives pressed in warm regions like Southern Italy or Northern Africa may be pressed at significantly higher temperatures although not heated. While it is important that the pressing temperatures be as low as possible (generally below 25 °C) there is no international reliable definition of "cold pressed". Furthermore, there is no "second" press of virgin oil, so the term "first press" means only that the oil was produced in a press vs. other possible methods.
*''[[Protected designation of origin|'''PDO''']]'' and ''[[Protected designation of origin|'''PGI''']]'' refers to olive oils with "exceptional properties and quality derived from their place of origin as well as from the way of their production".<ref>[http://www.agrocert.gr/pages/Content.asp?cntID=26&catID=15 Agrocert.gr]</ref>
* The label may indicate that the oil was bottled or packed in a stated country. This does not necessarily mean that the oil was produced there. The origin of the oil may sometimes be marked elsewhere on the label; it may be a mixture of oils from more than one country.<ref name="false_olive_oil_labeling_pretending_to_be_made_in_Italy"/>
*The U.S. Food and Drug Administration permitted a claim on olive oil labels stating: "Limited and not conclusive scientific evidence suggests that eating about two tablespoons (23g) of olive oil daily may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease."<ref name=Drummond>Drummond, Linda, ''Sunday Telegraph'' (Australia), October 17, 2010 Sunday, Features; p. 10.</ref>

==Unique extra virgin olive oils==
* List of Greek ''[[Protected designation of origin]] '''PDO''' and [[Protected Geographical Indication]] ('''PGI''') '' Extra Virgin Olive oils:<ref>[http://www.minagric.gr/en/2.4.PDO6.html Minagric.gr]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Certification !! Name
|-
| P.G.I. || Agios Mattheos Corfu
|-
| P.D.O. || Apokoronas Chania Crete
|-
| P.D.O. || Arxanes Irakliou Crete
|-
| P.D.O. || Viannos Irakliou Crete
|-
| P.D.O. || Vorios Mylopotamos Rethymnis Crete
|-
| P.D.O. || Trizinia
|-
| P.D.O. || Thrapsano
|-
| P.G.I. || Zakynthos
|-
| P.G.I. || Thassos
|-
| P.G.I. || Kefalonia
|-
| P.D.O. || Kolymvari Chania Crete
|-
| P.D.O. || Kranidi Argolidas
|-
| P.D.O. || Krokees Lakonias
|-
| P.G.I. || Olympia
|-
| P.G.I. || Chania Crete
|-
| P.G.I. || Lakonia
|-
| P.G.I. || Lesvos ''or'' Mytilini
|-
| P.D.O. || Lygourio Asklipiiou
|-
| P.D.O. || Peza Irakliou Crete
|-
| P.D.O. || Petrina Lakonias
|-
| P.G.I. || Preveza
|-
| P.D.O. || Finiki Lakonias
|-
| P.G.I. || Rodos
|-
| P.G.I. || Samos
|-
| P.D.O. || Kalamata
|-
| P.D.O. || Sitia Lasithiou Crete
|-
| P.D.O. || Selino Crete
|}

== Global consumption ==
[[File:european-olive-oils.jpg|thumb|Olive oils from Turkey, Italy, Spain, and Greece]]Greece has by far the largest per capita consumption of olive oil worldwide, over 26 liters per person per year; [[Spain]] and [[Italy]], around 14 l; [[Tunisia]], [[Portugal]], [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], around 8 l. [[Northern Europe]] and North America consume far less, around 0.7 l, but the consumption of olive oil outside its home territory has been rising steadily.

=== Global market ===
The main producing and consuming countries are:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" align="center"
!style="background:#efefef" width="150"|Country
!style="background:#efefef" width="150"|Production in tons (2009)<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/636/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=636#ancor ''"FAOSTAT Crops processed 2009 data for olive oil"'']</ref>
!style="background:#efefef" width="150"|Production % (2009)
!style="background:#efefef" width="150"|Consumption (2005)<ref name="un_statistics">[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] [http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/olive/market.htm Site]</ref>
!style="background:#efefef" width="150"|Annual per capita consumption (kg)<ref>''"California and World Olive Oil Statistics""'' [http://cesonoma.ucdavis.edu/HORTIC/california_and_world_trends.pdf PDF] at [[UC Davis]].</ref>
|-
| align="center"|[[World]]
| align="center"|2,907,985
| align="center"|100%
| align="center"|100%
| align="center"|0.43
|-
| align="center"|[[Spain]]
| align="center"|1,199,200
| align="center"|41.2%
| align="center"|20%
| align="center"|13.62
|-
| align="center"|[[Italy]]
| align="center"|587,700
| align="center"|20.2%
| align="center"|30%
| align="center"|12.35
|-
| align="center"|[[Greece]]
| align="center"|332,600
| align="center"|11.4%
| align="center"|9%
| align="center"|23.7
|-
| align="center"|[[Syria]]
| align="center"|168,163
| align="center"|5.8%
| align="center"|3%
| align="center"|7
|-
| align="center"|[[Tunisia]]
| align="center"|150,000
| align="center"|5.2%
| align="center"|2%
| align="center"|11.1
|-
| align="center"|[[Turkey]]
| align="center"|143,600
| align="center"|4.9%
| align="center"|2%
| align="center"|1.2
|-
| align="center"|[[Morocco]]
| align="center"|95,300
| align="center"|3.3%
| align="center"|2%
| align="center"|1.8
|-
| align="center"|[[Portugal]]
| align="center"|53,300
| align="center"|1.8%
| align="center"|2%
| align="center"|7.1
|-
| align="center"|[[France]]
| align="center"|6,300
| align="center"|0.2%
| align="center"|4%
| align="center"|1.34
|-
| align="center"|[[United States]]
| align="center"|2,700
| align="center"|0.1%
| align="center"|8%
| align="center"|0.56
|-
| align="center"|Others
| align="center"|169,122
| align="center"|5.8%
| align="center"|18%
| align="center"|1.18
|}

== Extraction ==
[[File:Cold press olive oil machine at Saba Habib in Israel 2.jpg|thumb|A cold press olive oil machine in [[Israel]].]]
{{Main|Olive oil extraction}}

Olive oil is produced by grinding olives and extracting the oil by mechanical or chemical means. Green olives usually produce more bitter oil, and overripe olives can produce oil that is rancid, so for good extra virgin olive oil care is taken to make sure the olives are perfectly ripened. The process is generally as follows:

#The olives are ground into paste using large millstones (traditional method) or steel drums (modern method).
#If ground with mill stones, the olive paste generally stays under the stones for 30 to 40 minutes. A shorter grinding process may result in a more raw paste that produces less oil and has a less ripe taste, a longer process may increase oxidation of the paste and reduce the flavor. After grinding, the olive paste is spread on fiber disks, which are stacked on top of each other in a column, then placed into the press. Pressure is then applied onto the column to separate the vegetal liquid from the paste. This liquid still contains a significant amount of water. Traditionally the oil was shed from the water by gravity (oil is less dense than water). This very slow separation process has been replaced by centrifugation, which is much faster and more thorough. The centrifuges have one exit for the (heavier) watery part and one for the oil. Olive oil should not contain significant traces of vegetal water as this accelerates the process of organic degeneration by microorganisms. The separation in smaller oil mills is not always perfect, thus sometimes a small watery deposit containing organic particles can be found at the bottom of oil bottles.
#In modern steel drum mills the grinding process takes about 20 minutes. After grinding, the paste is stirred slowly for another 20 to 30 minutes in a particular container (malaxation), where the microscopic oil drops unite into bigger drops, which facilitates the mechanical extraction. The paste is then pressed by centrifugation/ the water is thereafter separated from the oil in a second centrifugation as described before. The oil produced by only physical (mechanical) means as described above is called virgin oil. Extra virgin olive oil is virgin olive oil that satisfies specific high chemical and organoleptic criteria (low free acidity, no or very little organoleptic defects).
#Sometimes the produced oil will be filtered to eliminate remaining solid particles that may reduce the shelf life of the product. Labels may indicate the fact that the oil has ''not'' been filtered, suggesting a different taste. Unfiltered fresh olive oil that has a slightly cloudy appearance is called [[cloudy olive oil]]. This form of olive oil used to be popular only among olive oil small scale producers but is now becoming "trendy", in line with consumer's demand for more ecological and less-processed "green" products.

The remaining paste (pomace) still contains a small quantity (about 5–10%) of oil that cannot be extracted by further pressing, but only with chemical solvents. This is done in specialised chemical plants, not in the oil mills. The resulting oil is not "virgin" but "pomace oil". The term "first press", sometimes found on bottle labels, is technically meaningless, as there is no "second" press.

The label term "cold-extraction" on extra virgin olive oils indicates that the olive grinding and stirring was done at a temperature of maximum {{Convert|25|C|F}}, as treatment in higher temperatures risks decreasing the olive oils' quality (texture, taste and aroma).<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-basics/olive-oil-grades/olive-pomace-oil/6210
|title = Olive Pomace Oil: Not What You Might Think
|publisher = Olive Oil Times
|date = September 9, 2010
|author = Daniel Williams
}}</ref>

== Constituents ==
Olive oil is composed mainly of the mixed triglyceride esters of [[oleic acid]] and [[palmitic acid]] and of other [[fatty acid]]s, along with traces of [[squalene]] (up to 0.7%) and [[sterol]]s (about 0.2% [[phytosterol]] and [[tocosterol]]s). The composition varies by cultivar, region, altitude, time of harvest, and extraction process.

Olive oil contains a group of related [[natural product]]s with potent [[antioxidant]] properties that give extra-virgin unprocessed olive oil its [[bitter (taste)|bitter]] and pungent [[taste]] and are [[ester]]s of [[tyrosol]] and [[hydroxytyrosol]], including [[oleocanthal]] and [[oleuropein]].<ref name="phenolics">[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=608432&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0954422405000089 The phenolic compounds of olive oil: structure, biological activity and beneficial effects on human health] E. Tripoli, M. Giammanco, G. Tabacchi, D. Di Majo, S. Giammanco, and Maurizio La Guardia. ''Nutrition Research Reviews'' '''18''', 98–112 (2005) DOI: 10.1079/NRR200495</ref>

== Nutrition and health effects ==
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Olive oil | kJ=3701 | carbs=0 g | fat=100 g | protein=0 g | satfat=14 g | monofat=73 g | polyfat=11 g | omega3fat=<1.5 g| omega6fat=3.5–21 g | vitE_mg=14 | vitK_ug=62 | note=100 g olive oil is 109 ml | source_USDA=1 | right=1}}
Olive oil contains a wide variety of valuable antioxidants that are not found in other oils. [[Hydroxytyrosol]] is thought to be the main antioxidant compound in olives, and believed to play a significant role in the many health benefits attributed to olive oil. Epidemiological studies suggest that olive oil has a protective effect against certain malignant tumours in the breast, prostate, endometrium and digestive tract. Research has revealed that the type rather than the quantity of fat seems to have more implications for cancer incidence.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2011/01/17/medicinal-use-of-olive-oil-2.html Down.com]</ref>

Evidence from epidemiological studies also suggests that a higher proportion of [[monounsaturated fat]]s in the diet is linked with a reduction in the risk of [[coronary heart disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Keys A |title=The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=124 |issue=6 |pages=903–15 |year=1986 |month=December |pmid=3776973 |doi= |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3776973 |author-separator=, |author2=Menotti A |author3=Karvonen MJ |display-authors=3 |last4=Aravanis |first4=C |last5=Blackburn |first5=H |last6=Buzina |first6=R |last7=Djordjevic |first7=BS |last8=Dontas |first8=AS |last9=Fidanza |first9=F}}</ref> This is significant because olive oil is considerably rich in monounsaturated fats, most notably [[oleic acid]].

In the United States, producers of olive oil may place the following health claim on product labels:
: Limited and not conclusive scientific evidence suggests that eating about 2 [[tablespoon|tbsp.]] (23 g) of olive oil daily may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease due to the monounsaturated fat in olive oil. To achieve this possible benefit, olive oil is to replace a similar amount of [[saturated fat]] and not increase the total number of calories you eat in a day.<ref>United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] [http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01129.html Site]</ref>

This decision was announced November 1, 2004, by the Food and Drug Administration after application was made to the FDA by producers. Similar labels are permitted for foods rich in [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s such as [[Almond]]s and [[hemp]] seed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Olive Oil Makers Win Approval to Make Health Claim on Label |author=Marian Burros |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/politics/02olive.htm |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 2, 2004 |accessdate=October 5, 2011}}</ref>

There is a large body of clinical data to show that consumption of olive oil can provide heart health benefits such as favourable effects on [[cholesterol]] regulation and [[LDL]] cholesterol [[oxidation]], and that it exerts antiinflamatory, antithrombotic, antihypertensive as well as vasodilatory effects both in animals and in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Covas MI |title=Olive oil and the cardiovascular system |journal=Pharmacol. Res. |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=175–86 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17321749 |doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.010 |url=}}</ref> Additionally, Olive oil protects against heart disease as it controls the "bad" levels of LDL cholesterol and raises levels of the "good" cholesterol, HDL.<ref name=Drummond />

As they are the least processed forms of olive oil, extra virgin or virgin olive oil have more monounsaturated fatty acids than other olive oil. These types also contain more polyphenols, which may have benefits for the heart.<ref>Mayo Clinic. [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/food-and-nutrition/AN01037 "Olive Oil: What are the health benefits?"].</ref>

===Phenolic content===
Some clinical evidence suggests that it is olive oil's [[natural phenol|phenolic]] content, rather than its fatty acid profile, that is responsible for at least some of its cardioprotective benefits. For example, a clinical trial published<ref>{{cite journal |author=Turner R |title=Antioxidant and anti-atherogenic activities of olive oil phenolics |journal=Int J Vitam Nutr Res |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |year=2005 |month=January |pmid=15830923 |doi= 10.1024/0300-9831.75.1.61|url= |author-separator=, |author2=Etienne N |author3=Alonso MG |display-authors=3 |last4=De Pascual-Teresa |first4=Sonia |last5=Minihane |first5=Anne Marie |last6=Weinberg |first6=Peter D. |last7=Rimbach |first7=Gerald}}</ref> in 2005 compared the effects of different types of olive oil on arterial elasticity. Test subjects were given a serving of 60 g of white bread and 40 ml of olive oil each morning for two consecutive days. The study was conducted in two stages. During the first stage, the subjects received polyphenol-rich oil (extra virgin oil contains the highest amount of [[polyphenol antioxidant]]s like [[oleuropein]] or [[tyrosol]]). During the second phase, they received oil with only one fifth the phenolic content. The elasticity of the arterial walls of each subject was measured using a pressure sleeve and a [[Doppler effect|Doppler]] [[laser]]. It was discovered that after the subjects had consumed olive oil high in polyphenol antioxidants, they exhibited increased arterial elasticity, while after the consumption of olive oil containing fewer polyphenols, they displayed no significant change in arterial elasticity. It is theorized that, in the long term, increased elasticity of arterial walls reduces vascular stress and consequentially the risk of two common causes of death—[[myocardial infarction|heart attacks]] and [[stroke]]. This could, at least in part, explain the lower incidence of both diseases in regions where olive oil and olives are consumed on a daily basis.

=== Skin care ===
In addition to the internal health benefits of olive oil, topical application is quite popular with fans of natural health remedies. Extra virgin olive oil is the preferred grade for moisturizing the skin, especially when used in the [[oil cleansing method]] (OCM). OCM is a method of cleansing and moisturizing the face with a mixture of extra virgin olive oil, castor oil (or another suitable carrier oil) and a select blend of essential oils.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Olive oil has been known for generations not only for its healing qualities but also as a natural, deep penetration moisturizer, regenerating skin cells and softening the tissue.<ref>O'Meagher, Gillian. ''The West Australian'' (Perth), March 22, 2011 Tuesday, BOD; Pg. 4.</ref> Olive oil is also used by some to reduce ear wax buildup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tchain.com/otoneurology/disorders/hearing/wax2.html |title=Otoneurology - disorders - hearing}}</ref>

Olive oil can be used as an effective [[shaving oil]] to shave facial and other body hair.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Studies on mice showed that application of olive oil immediately following exposure to [[UVB]] rays has a preventive effect on the formation of tumors and [[skin cancer]].<ref>[http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/11/2085 Carcin.oxfordjournals.org], Arief Budiyanto, Nazim U. Ahmed, An Wu, Toshinori Bito, Osamu Nikaido, Toshihiko Osawa, Masato Ueda, Masamitsu Ichihashi, "Protective effect of topically applied olive oil against photocarcinogenesis following UVB exposure of mice", ''Carcinogenesis'', Vol. 21, No. 11, pp. 2085–2090, Nov. 2000.</ref><ref>[http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=345517 Grande.nal.usda.gov], Ichihashi, M : Ahmed, N U : Budiyanto, A : Wu, A : Bito, T : Ueda, M : Osawa, T, "Preventive effect of antioxidant on ultraviolet-induced skin cancer in mice. ", ''J-Dermatol-Sci.'', Vol. 23, Suppl. 1S45-50, Mar. 2000.</ref>

It is also widely used in cosmetics, soaps and are immensely beneficial in adding smoothness and softness to dry scaly skins especially during winter seasons.<ref>[http://www.oliveoil.pt/medicinal-uses-of-olive-oil.html Oliveoil.pt]</ref>

=== Medicinal use ===
Olive oil is unlikely to cause [[allergy|allergic reactions]], and as such is used in preparations for [[lipophilic]] drug ingredients. It does have [[demulcent]] properties, and mild [[laxative]] properties, acting as a stool softener. It is also used at room temperature as an [[ear wax]] softener.
Olive oil is also a potent blocker of intestinal contractions, and can be used to treat excessive [[Borborygmus]].

[[Oleocanthal]] from olive oil is a non-selective inhibitor of [[cyclooxygenase]] (COX) similar to classical [[NSAID]]s like [[ibuprofen]]. It has been suggested that long-term consumption of small quantities of this compound from olive oil may be responsible in part for the low incidence of [[heart disease]] associated with a [[Mediterranean diet]].

===Other===
Another health benefit of olive oil seems to be its property to displace [[omega-6 fatty acid]]s, while not having any impact on [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s. This way, olive oil helps to build a more healthy balance between omega-6 fats and omega-3 fats.<ref name="OliveOilOmega6">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039655 Med Sci Monit. "Dietary supplementation with olive oil leads to improved lipoprotein spectrum and lower n-6 PUFAs in elderly subjects." 2004 Apr;10(4):PI49-54.]</ref>

Unlike saturated fats, olive oil lowers total cholesterol and LDL levels in the blood.<ref name="BestOliveOil">[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070811224755.htm Mayo Clinic. "Olive Oil: Which Type Is Best?." ScienceDaily 14 August 2007. 19 November 2007]</ref> It is also known to lower [[blood sugar]] levels and blood pressure.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ferrara LA, Raimondi AS, d'Episcopo L, Guida L, Dello Russo A, Marotta T. |title=Olive oil and reduced need for antihypertensive medications |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=160|issue=6 |pages=837–842 |date=27 March 2000|pmid=10737284 |doi=10.1001/archinte.160.6.837 }} [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/160/6/837 Olive Oil and Reduced Need for Antihypertensive Medications] archinte.ama-assn.org</ref>

Olive oil contains the monounsaturated fatty acid [[oleic acid]], antioxidants such as vitamin [[E]] and [[carotenoids]], and [[oleuropein]], a chemical that may help prevent the oxidation of LDL particles.<ref name=coni2001>{{cite web |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/0733h74286635088/ |title=Protective effect of oleuropein, an olive oil biophenol, on low density lipoprotein oxidizability in rabbits |year=2001 |author=Coni et al.}}</ref>

Preliminary research indicates that olive oil could possibly be a chemopreventive agent for [[peptic ulcer]] or [[gastric cancer]], but confirmation requires further ''in vivo'' study.<ref name="OliveUlcer">{{cite journal |author=Romero C, Medina E, Vargas J, Brenes M, De Castro A |title=In vitro activity of olive oil polyphenols against Helicobacter pylori |journal=J Agric Food Chem. |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=680–6 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17263460 |doi=10.1021/jf0630217 }} [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070212101701.htm "New Potential Health Benefit Of Olive Oil For Peptic Ulcer Disease."] ScienceDaily 14 February 2007</ref> Olive oil was also found to reduce oxidative damage to DNA and RNA, which may be a factor in preventing cancer.<ref name="OliveCancer">{{cite journal |author=Machowetz A |title=Effect of olive oils on biomarkers of oxidative DNA stress in Northern and Southern Europeans |journal=FASEB J. |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=17110467 |doi=10.1096/fj.06-6328com |author-separator=, |author2=Poulsen HE |author3=Gruendel S |display-authors=3 |last4=Weimann |first4=A. |last5=Fito |first5=M. |last6=Marrugat |first6=J. |last7=De La Torre |first7=R. |last8=Salonen |first8=J. T. |last9=Nyyssonen |first9=K. }} [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061211221122.htm "New Year's Resolution No. 1: Prevent Cancer, Use Olive Oil."] ScienceDaily 12 December 2006.</ref>

Unsaturated oils, such as olive oil, have a short shelf life and are prone to becoming rancid from [[oxidation]], which will produce toxic byproducts and a bitter taste.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/f3q2357767465434/ Springerlink.com]</ref> Protection of unsaturated oils from heat and light will delay spoilage.

== Uses ==
[[File:Vinegar & Oil.JPG|rihgt|thumb|240px|[[Vinegar]] and olive oil]]
[[File:Olives in olive oil.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Olive]]s in olive oil]]

=== Culinary use ===
Olive oil is the main cooking oil in countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.

Extra virgin olive oil is mostly used as a [[salad dressing]] and as an ingredient in salad dressings. It is also used with foods to be eaten cold. If uncompromised by heat, the flavor is stronger. It also can be used for [[sautéing]].

The higher the temperature to which the olive oil is heated, the more one should prefer the use of refined olive oils. When extra virgin olive oil is heated above {{convert|350|°F|°C|abbr=on}}, the unrefined particles within the oil are burned. This leads to deteriorated taste. Also, the pronounced taste of extra virgin olive oil is not a taste most people like to associate with their deep fried foods. Refined olive oils are perfectly suited for [[deep frying]] foods and should be replaced after several uses. {{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

Choosing a cold-pressed olive oil can be similar to selecting a [[wine]]. The flavour of these oils varies considerably and a particular oil may be more suited for a particular dish. Also, people who like lots of tannins in their red wines might prefer more bitter olive oils.

An important issue often not realized in countries that do not produce olive oil is that the freshness makes a big difference. A very fresh oil, as available in an oil producing region, tastes noticeably different from the older oils available elsewhere. In time, oils deteriorate and become stale. One-year old oil may be still pleasant to the taste, but it is surely less fragrant than fresh oil. After the first year, olive oil should be used for cooking, not for foods to be eaten cold, like salads.

The taste of the olive oil is influenced not only by the soil on which the olive trees grow, but also by the moment when the olives have been harvested and ground.

Olive oil has more uses than as food; it also works as a natural and safe lubricant, such as lubricating the machinery that is used within the kitchen (grinders, blenders, cookware, etc.)

{{Comparison of cooking fats}}

===Religious use===
[[Image:Olive tree.jpg|thumb|240px|Olive tree in Portugal]]
Olive oil also has religious symbolism for healing and strength and to consecration—God's setting a person or place apart for special work. This may be related to its ancient use as a medicinal agent and for cleansing athletes by slathering them in oil then scraping them.

====Judaism====
In [[Jewish]] observance, olive oil is the only fuel allowed to be used in the seven-branched [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]] in the [[Mishkan]] service during [[the Exodus]] of the tribes of [[Israel]] from [[Egypt]], and later in the permanent [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. It was obtained by using only the first drop from a squeezed olive and was consecrated for use only in the Temple by the priests, which is where the expression ''pure olive oil'' originates, stored in special containers. A menorah similar to the Menorah used in the Mishkan is now used during the [[Jewish holiday|holiday]] of [[Hanukkah]] that celebrates the miracle of the last of such containers being found during the re-dedication of the Temple (163 BC), when its contents lasted for far longer than they were expected to, allowing more time for more oil to be made. Although candles can be used to light the [[hanukkiah]], oil containers are preferred, to imitate the original Menorah. Another use of oil in Jewish religion is for anointing the kings of the Kingdom of Israel, originating from King David. [[Tzidkiyahu]] was the last anointed King of Israel. One unusual use of olive oil in the [[Talmud]] is for bad breath, by creating a water-oil-salt mouthwash.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} The Talmud also states that frequent consumption of olive oil is good for one's memory.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.comeandhear.com/horayoth/horayoth_13.html#PARTb|title=Talmud, Horayot 13b
|accessdate= 2010-03-08}}</ref>

====Christianity====
The Catholic and Orthodox Churches use olive oil for the [[Oil of Catechumens]] (used to bless and strengthen those preparing for Baptism) and Oil of the Sick (used to confer the Sacrament of [[Anointing of the Sick]] or [[Unction]]). Olive oil mixed with a perfuming agent such as [[Balsam of Mecca|balsam]] is [[consecrated]] by [[bishop]]s as Sacred [[Chrism]], which is used to confer the sacrament of [[Confirmation (sacrament)|Confirmation]] (as a symbol of the strengthening of the Holy Spirit), in the rites of [[Baptism]] and the [[Holy Orders|ordination]] of [[priest]]s and bishops, in the consecration of [[altar]]s and [[church (building)|church]]es, and, traditionally, in the anointing of monarchs at their [[coronation]]. [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] ([[Mormons]]) and a number of other religions use olive oil when they need to consecrate an oil for anointings.

[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] still use oil lamps in their churches, home prayer corners and in the cemeteries. A vigil lamp consists of a votive glass containing a half-inch of water and filled the rest with olive oil. The glass has a metal holder that hangs from a bracket on the wall or sits on a table. A cork float with a lit wick floats on the oil. To douse the flame, the float is carefully pressed down into the oil. Makeshift oil lamps can easily be made by soaking a ball of cotton in olive oil and forming it into a peak. The peak is lit and then burns until all the oil is consumed, whereupoon the rest of the cotton burns out. Olive oil is a usual offering to churches and cemeteries.

In the Orthodox Church, olive oil is a product not consumed during [[lent]] or [[penance]] while Orthodox [[monks]] use it sparingly in their diet. Exceptions are in feast days and Sundays.

====Islam====
In [[Islam]], olive oil is mentioned in the [[Quran]]ic verse: "Allah is the light of the Heavens and the Earth. An example of His light is like a [[lantern]] inside which there is a torch, the torch is in a glass bulb, the glass bulb is like a bright planet lit by a blessed olive tree, neither Eastern nor Western, its oil almost glows, even without fire touching it, light upon light." The Qur'an also mentions olives as a sacred plant: "By the fig and the olive, and the [[Mount Sinai]], and [[Mecca|this secure city]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/tafsir/syed_qutb/Surah_95.htm |title=Online library |publisher=youngmuslims.ca}}</ref> Olive oil is also reported to have been recommended by the Prophet [[Muhammad]] (peace & blessings be upon Him) in the following terms: "Consume olive oil and anoint it upon your bodies since it is of the blessed tree."

===Other===
Olive oil is also used in soap making and as lamp oil. It also makes an excellent lubricant, and can be used in place of machine oil.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

Olive oil has also been used as both solvent and ligand in the synthesis of cadmium selenide [[quantum dots]].<ref>{{cite journal |year=2006 |author=Sameer Sapra, Andrey L. Rogach and Jochen Feldmann |title=Phosphine-free synthesis of monodisperse CdSe nanocrystals in olive oil |volume=16 |pages=3391–3395 |doi=10.1039/B607022A |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2006/JM/b607022a |issue=33}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{cookbook}}
{{columns-list|2|
* [[Amurca]]
* [[Cuisine]]
**[[Albanian cuisine]]
** [[Croatian cuisine]]
** [[Cuisine of the Mediterranean]]
** [[French cuisine]]
** [[Greek cuisine]]
** [[Iraqi cuisine]]
** [[Israeli cuisine]]
** [[Italian cuisine]]
** [[Lebanese cuisine]]
** [[Moroccan cuisine]]
** [[Palestinian cuisine]]
** [[Portuguese cuisine]]
** [[Spanish cuisine]]
** [[Syrian cuisine]]
** [[Tunisian cuisine]]
** [[Turkish cuisine]]
* [[Mediterranean diet]]
* [[Olive leaf]]
* [[Olive oil extraction]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* Alan Davidson, ''The Oxford Companion to Food"', Oxford, 1999. ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
* Jean Pagnol, ''L'Olivier'', Aubanel, 1975. ISBN 2-7006-0064-9.
* Mort Rosenblum, ''Olives: The Life and Lore of a Noble Fruit'', North Point Press, 1996. ISBN 0-86547-503-2.

{{fatsandoils}}
{{Olives}}
{{Salad dressings}}

==External links==
* [http://www.foodinitaly.org/olive-oil-in-italy-an-overview An Academic Olive Oil Overview]

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[[Category:Cooking oils]]
[[Category:Mediterranean cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[Category:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]

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