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Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons

2024-07-04T16:05:07Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|Canadian Engineer and Military Officer}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons
| honorific_suffix = [[CMG]], [[DSO]]
| image = JLRParsons.png
| birth_date = January 8, 1876
| death_date = October 3, 1935
| birth_place = [[Orangeville, Ontario]], Canada
| death_place = [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], Canada
| allegiance = Canada
| branch = [[Corps of Guides (Canada)]]
| serviceyears = 1898-1919, 1931
| rank = [[Brigadier]]
}}
[[File:Major-General A.C. MacDonell and staff officers, 1st Canadian Infantry Division.jpg|thumb|Major-General A.C. MacDonell and staff officers, 1st Canadian Infantry Division. (Front row,L-R): Lieutenant-Colonel J.L.R. Parsons, Brigadier-General H.C. Thacker, Major-General A.C. Macdonnell, Lieutenant-Colonel J. Sutherland Brown, Colonel H.P. Wright. (Rear row, L-R): Lieutenant-Colonel H.F.H. Hertzberg, Hon. Lieutenant-Colonel F.G. Scott, Lieutenant J.M. Macdonnell]]
'''Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons''' [[CMG]] [[DSO]] (January 8, 1876 – October 3, 1935) was a Canadian [[geologist]], [[surveyor]] and [[Officer (armed forces)|military officer]] specializing in [[Military intelligence|intelligence]]. He was born in Ontario and joined the [[Canadian Militia|Canadian militia]] shortly after finishing school. Upon the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] he joined the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] where he worked as an [[Intelligence officer|Intelligence Officer]] throughout the war. After the war he returned to his engineering firm in [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], before eventually retiring to [[New Brunswick]].

== Education and professional life ==
Parsons was born on 8 Jan 1876 in [[Orangeville, Ontario|Orangeville Ontario]]. He attended [[Harbord Collegiate Institute|Harbord Collegiate]] in Toronto and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from [[Toronto University]] in 1897. He continued his education and graduated from the School of Practical Science in 1900. During the summer months he was engaged on [[geological survey]]s in [[Northern Ontario]] and after graduation he was employed by the Algoma Commercial Company at [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste Marie, Ontario]], until 1903 as a geologist. During this time he acquired his [[Dominion Land Survey|Dominion Land Surveyors Commission]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons |url=https://www.slsa.sk.ca/019 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=SLSA |language=en-CA}}</ref>

Parsons settled in Regina in 1904 and was with his brother Wellington Parsons in the firm ''Parsons Construction and Engineering Company Limited''. Parsons was appointed the first President of the Saskatchewan Land Surveyors Association upon its inauguration in 1910. Also in 1910 he married Minnie Weldon from [[Shediac|Shediac, New Brunswick]]. They had two children, a daughter Alma Kathleen and a son Rowlett Haliburton Parsons.<ref name=":0"/>

== Military career ==
Parsons first joined the [[The Queens Own Rifles|Queens Own Regiment]] in November 1898 as an [[infantry]] [[Private (rank)|private]]. Some time later he transferred to the [[Corps of Guides (Canada)|Canadian Corps of Guides]] as an officer and is listed as being an officer in the No. 2 Detachment of the Corps of Guides in [[Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=SR |title=Scarlet to Green : A History of Intelligence in the Canadian Army 1903-1963 |publisher=Canadian Intelligence and Security Association |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-9690547-0-2 |edition=First |pages=590}}</ref> At the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] Parsons joined the [[Royal Regina Rifles|28th Battalion also known as the Saskatchewan Regiment]].<ref name=":1" />

Appointed as the senior Canadian Corps intelligence officer from October 1916 until June 1917, he took over from [[Charles Hamilton Mitchell|Lt.-Col. Mitchell]], another former Corps of Guides officer. Parsons, along with Mitchell, were instrumental in establishing the [[Canadian Corps]]' intelligence organization and architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- Canadian Military Intelligence Association - L'Association Canadienne du Renseignement Militaire |url=http://www.cmia-acrm.ca/page/honours-master-part-1 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.cmia-acrm.ca |language=en-us}}</ref> S.R. Elliot credited him with much of the intelligence behind the planning for the Canadian offensive of 1917 which included the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]].<ref>Elliot, SR (2018). ''Scarlet to Green: A History of Canadian Army Intelligence 1903-1963'' (Second ed.). Victoria: Friesenpress. {{ISBN|978-1-7751136-0-7}}.</ref>

In June 1917 he was seriously injured in France near [[Camblain-l'Abbé|Camblain L’Abbe]]. His injuries were described as: “a cerebral concussion and abrasion with a possible fracture of the skull.”<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Library and Archives |date=2016-06-29 |title=Personnel Record FWW Item |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=571192 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.bac-lac.gc.ca}}</ref>

Throughout the war he also work as a member of the [[Canadian Corps|Canadian Corps HQ]], and Headquarters of the [[2nd Canadian Division|2nd]], [[1st Canadian Division|1st]] and [[5th Canadian Division]]s. He finished the war in the Canadian Section GHQ 1st Echelon and finished the war as [[Colonel]].<ref name=":1" />

== Post-war life ==
After the war Parsons was again active in his engineering company and other interests until his retirement in 1925.<ref name=":0"/> When Mr. Parsons retired from his business in Regina he moved to the [[The Maritimes|east coast of Canada]]. Then in 1931 he was appointed temporary [[Brigadier]], as District [[Officer commanding|Officer Commanding]] Military District Number 7. Due to ill health he retired, in 1935, to pension, medically unfit and granted [[honorary rank]] of Brigadier.<ref name=":0" />

Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons died on 10 March 1935 at [[Saint John, New Brunswick]].

== Honours and awards ==
* [[Order of St Michael and St George|Companion of the Order of St Michael & St George]] (1919)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1919 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31092/ |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Distinguished Service Order]] (1917)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1917 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29886/ |access-date=November 1, 2023 |website=}}</ref>
* [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur, Croix du Chevaliers (France)]] (1919)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 1919 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31150 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre (Belgium)]]
* [[Mentioned in dispatches|Mention in dispatches]] (1916,<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 13, 1916 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29890 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> 1918,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 1918 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30706 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> 1918,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 27, 1918 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31089 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> 1919<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 1919 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31448 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref>)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.slsa.sk.ca/019 Biography of Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons, Saskatchewan Land Surveyors Association]
* [https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=571192 Library and Archives Canada, Attestation Paper, Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons]
* [https://cefrg.ca/blog/1st-canadian-division-march-past-in-the-great-war/ 1st Canadian Division March Past in the Great War, Canadian Expeditionary Force Research Group 1914-1919]

[[Category:Canadian surveyors]]
[[Category:Canadian geologists]]
[[Category:Canadian military officers]]
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]

Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons

2024-07-04T16:03:54Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|Canadian Engineer and Military Officer}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons
| honorific_suffix = [[CMG]], [[DSO]]
| image = JLRParsons.png
| birth_date = January 8, 1876
| death_date = October 3, 1935
| birth_place = [[Orangeville, Ontario]], Canada
| death_place = [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], Canada
| allegiance = Canada
| branch = [[Corps of Guides (Canada)]]
| serviceyears = 1898-1919, 1931
| rank = [[Brigadier]]
}}
[[File:Major-General A.C. MacDonell and staff officers, 1st Canadian Infantry Division.jpg|thumb|Major-General A.C. MacDonell and staff officers, 1st Canadian Infantry Division. (Front row,L-R): Lieutenant-Colonel J.L.R. Parsons, Brigadier-General H.C. Thacker, Major-General A.C. Macdonnell, Lieutenant-Colonel J. Sutherland Brown, Colonel H.P. Wright. (Rear row, L-R): Lieutenant-Colonel H.F.H. Hertzberg, Hon. Lieutenant-Colonel F.G. Scott, Lieutenant J.M. Macdonnell]]
'''Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons''' [[CMG]] [[DSO]](January 8, 1876 – October 3, 1935) was a Canadian [[geologist]], [[surveyor]] and [[Officer (armed forces)|military officer]] specializing in [[Military intelligence|intelligence]]. He was born in Ontario and joined the [[Canadian Militia|Canadian militia]] shortly after finishing school. Upon the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] he joined the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] where he worked as an [[Intelligence officer|Intelligence Officer]] throughout the war. After the war he returned to his engineering firm in [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], before eventually retiring to [[New Brunswick]].

== Education and professional life ==
Parsons was born on 8 Jan 1876 in [[Orangeville, Ontario|Orangeville Ontario]]. He attended [[Harbord Collegiate Institute|Harbord Collegiate]] in Toronto and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from [[Toronto University]] in 1897. He continued his education and graduated from the School of Practical Science in 1900. During the summer months he was engaged on [[geological survey]]s in [[Northern Ontario]] and after graduation he was employed by the Algoma Commercial Company at [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste Marie, Ontario]], until 1903 as a geologist. During this time he acquired his [[Dominion Land Survey|Dominion Land Surveyors Commission]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons |url=https://www.slsa.sk.ca/019 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=SLSA |language=en-CA}}</ref>

Parsons settled in Regina in 1904 and was with his brother Wellington Parsons in the firm ''Parsons Construction and Engineering Company Limited''. Parsons was appointed the first President of the Saskatchewan Land Surveyors Association upon its inauguration in 1910. Also in 1910 he married Minnie Weldon from [[Shediac|Shediac, New Brunswick]]. They had two children, a daughter Alma Kathleen and a son Rowlett Haliburton Parsons.<ref name=":0"/>

== Military career ==
Parsons first joined the [[The Queens Own Rifles|Queens Own Regiment]] in November 1898 as an [[infantry]] [[Private (rank)|private]]. Some time later he transferred to the [[Corps of Guides (Canada)|Canadian Corps of Guides]] as an officer and is listed as being an officer in the No. 2 Detachment of the Corps of Guides in [[Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=SR |title=Scarlet to Green : A History of Intelligence in the Canadian Army 1903-1963 |publisher=Canadian Intelligence and Security Association |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-9690547-0-2 |edition=First |pages=590}}</ref> At the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] Parsons joined the [[Royal Regina Rifles|28th Battalion also known as the Saskatchewan Regiment]].<ref name=":1" />

Appointed as the senior Canadian Corps intelligence officer from October 1916 until June 1917, he took over from [[Charles Hamilton Mitchell|Lt.-Col. Mitchell]], another former Corps of Guides officer. Parsons, along with Mitchell, were instrumental in establishing the [[Canadian Corps]]' intelligence organization and architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- Canadian Military Intelligence Association - L'Association Canadienne du Renseignement Militaire |url=http://www.cmia-acrm.ca/page/honours-master-part-1 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.cmia-acrm.ca |language=en-us}}</ref> S.R. Elliot credited him with much of the intelligence behind the planning for the Canadian offensive of 1917 which included the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]].<ref>Elliot, SR (2018). ''Scarlet to Green: A History of Canadian Army Intelligence 1903-1963'' (Second ed.). Victoria: Friesenpress. {{ISBN|978-1-7751136-0-7}}.</ref>

In June 1917 he was seriously injured in France near [[Camblain-l'Abbé|Camblain L’Abbe]]. His injuries were described as: “a cerebral concussion and abrasion with a possible fracture of the skull.”<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Library and Archives |date=2016-06-29 |title=Personnel Record FWW Item |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=571192 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.bac-lac.gc.ca}}</ref>

Throughout the war he also work as a member of the [[Canadian Corps|Canadian Corps HQ]], and Headquarters of the [[2nd Canadian Division|2nd]], [[1st Canadian Division|1st]] and [[5th Canadian Division]]s. He finished the war in the Canadian Section GHQ 1st Echelon and finished the war as [[Colonel]].<ref name=":1" />

== Post-war life ==
After the war Parsons was again active in his engineering company and other interests until his retirement in 1925.<ref name=":0"/> When Mr. Parsons retired from his business in Regina he moved to the [[The Maritimes|east coast of Canada]]. Then in 1931 he was appointed temporary [[Brigadier]], as District [[Officer commanding|Officer Commanding]] Military District Number 7. Due to ill health he retired, in 1935, to pension, medically unfit and granted [[honorary rank]] of Brigadier.<ref name=":0" />

Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons died on 10 March 1935 at [[Saint John, New Brunswick]].

== Honours and awards ==
* [[Order of St Michael and St George|Companion of the Order of St Michael & St George]] (1919)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1919 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31092/ |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Distinguished Service Order]] (1917)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1917 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29886/ |access-date=November 1, 2023 |website=}}</ref>
* [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur, Croix du Chevaliers (France)]] (1919)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 1919 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31150 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre (Belgium)]]
* [[Mentioned in dispatches|Mention in dispatches]] (1916,<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 13, 1916 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29890 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> 1918,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 1918 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30706 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> 1918,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 27, 1918 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31089 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> 1919<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 1919 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31448 |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref>)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.slsa.sk.ca/019 Biography of Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons, Saskatchewan Land Surveyors Association]
* [https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=571192 Library and Archives Canada, Attestation Paper, Johnson Lindsay Rowlett Parsons]
* [https://cefrg.ca/blog/1st-canadian-division-march-past-in-the-great-war/ 1st Canadian Division March Past in the Great War, Canadian Expeditionary Force Research Group 1914-1919]

[[Category:Canadian surveyors]]
[[Category:Canadian geologists]]
[[Category:Canadian military officers]]
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]

Henry Wigram

2024-07-04T15:47:42Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|New Zealand politician, aviator and businessman (1857–1934)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
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'''Sir Henry Francis Wigram''' [[OBE]] (18 January 1857 – 6 May 1934) was a New Zealand businessman, politician and aviation promoter. He is best known for his role in developing a [[public transport]] system in [[Christchurch]] and as a key player in the establishment of the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]].

==Early life and business==
The son of Henry Knox Wigram, a [[barrister]], and a grandson of [[Octavius Wigram]] (1794–1878), Governor of the [[Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation]], Wigram was born in [[London]] and was educated at [[Harrow School]]. His mother was Mary Anne Pomeroy, a daughter of the [[Viscount Harberton|5th Viscount Harberton]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hon Mary Anne Wigram Pomeroy |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Hon-Mary-Anne-Wigram-Pomeroy/6000000057048387079 |website=Geni |date=May 2022 |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>

After working for the [[Bank of England]] and a shipping company, ill-health led him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he arrived in 1883. He returned to England briefly in 1885 in order to marry Agnes Vernon Sullivan. They had no children, and Agnes survived Henry by 23 years, dying in 1957.<ref name="DNZB Wigram">{{DNZB|Ogilvie|Gordon |3w14|Wigram, Henry Francis|12 July 2012||Gordon Ogilvie}}</ref>

Together with his brother, William Arthur Wigram, Henry bought a malthouse and brickworks business in the Heathcote Valley between Christchurch and [[Lyttelton, New Zealand|Lyttelton]]. They soon took over two other brickworks and pipeworks and founded a nail factory and seed company. His prominence in business led to Wigram being invited to chair the committee for the Canterbury Jubilee celebration in 1900, and he remained heavily involved in public affairs for the next thirty years.

==Mayor of Christchurch==
[[File:Henry Wigram, 1902.jpg|thumb|upright|Henry Wigram wearing mayoral chains]]
In 1902, Wigram was nominated for the [[Mayor of Christchurch|mayoralty]] and was elected unopposed on 23 April,<ref name="DNZB Wigram" /><ref>{{cite news |title=The Mayoral Elections |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP19020418.2.12 |access-date=10 May 2016 |work=[[The Press]] |volume=LIX |issue=11252 |date=18 April 1902 |page=3}}</ref> and re-elected unopposed a year later on 21 April 1903.<ref>{{cite news |title=City Council |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP19030422.2.71.3 |access-date=10 May 2016 |work=[[The Press]] |issue=11564 |date=22 April 1903 |page=10}}</ref> He worked on improving the [[Christchurch tramway system|tramway system]], which until that time used horse-drawn trams with three independent operators. The Christchurch Tramway Board was formed in 1903, with Wigram as deputy-chairman. In order to facilitate planning and the development of infrastructure, Wigram campaigned for a reduction in the eleven separate boroughs that made up Greater Christchurch, and was successful in getting Linwood, St Albans and Sydenham to amalgamate with the city. The Tramway Board commenced electric tram services in 1905.

==Legislative Council==
On 22 June 1903, Wigram was appointed to the [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] by the [[Liberal Government of New Zealand|Liberal Government]]. He retired from his business interests but retained a number of company directorships, including that of the ''[[Lyttelton Times]]'' newspaper. He resigned from the Legislative Council on 12 October 1920.

==Aviation==
Wigram became aware of the potential of aviation during a visit to England in 1908. Unsuccessful at persuading the New Zealand Government to become involved in aviation, he formed a private flying school in Christchurch in 1915.<ref name="AucklandMuseumWalsh">{{Cite web| url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/discover/collections/topics/%E2%80%8Bearly-aviation-and-true-trailblazers%E2%80%8B |last=Keith |first=Michael |title=Early aviation and true trailblazers|publisher=[[Auckland War Memorial Museum]] |date=20 October 2017 |access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> This was the second in the country, the Walsh brothers having opened the [[New Zealand Flying School]] at Auckland a year earlier.<ref name="AucklandMuseumWalsh"/>

Wigram purchased land at [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]] for his '''Canterbury Aviation Company''' (NZ) and at his own expense purchased three Caudron biplanes from Britain. The aim of the school was to train pilots for the war, to promote aviation in local defence and to pioneer commercial aviation.

By 1919, the school had built 10 aircraft and trained 182 pilots. Wigram offered the school to the government for defence purposes, but it took another four years and £10,000 donation before the government accepted. The airfield at Sockburn was renamed [[Wigram Aerodrome|Wigram]] in honour of its founder.

Wigram was also one of the founders of the Canterbury Aero Club and was the first patron of the New Zealand Aero Club in 1930. He was appointed a [[Knight Bachelor]] in the [[1926 New Year Honours (New Zealand)|1926 New Year Honours]], in recognition of his public services.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33119 |date=1 January 1926 |pages=2–3 |supp=y}}</ref>

In 1949, his widow Agnes presented the [[Lady Wigram Trophy]], and an annual motor race was established at the Wigram airbase.

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |title=The Story of Christchurch, New Zealand |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofchristchu00wigriala |last=Wigram |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Wigram |publisher=[[Lyttelton Times]] |location=Christchurch |year=1916}}

==References==
{{commons category|Henry Wigram}}
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Arthur Rhodes (politician)|Arthur Rhodes]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Mayor of Christchurch]] |years = 1902–1904}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Charles Gray (New Zealand politician)|Charles Gray]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Mayors of Christchurch}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wigram, Henry}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal New Zealand Air Force]]
[[Category:New Zealand businesspeople]]
[[Category:Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council]]
[[Category:New Zealand aviators]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:Bankers from London]]
[[Category:British emigrants to New Zealand]]
[[Category:New Zealand Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Mayors of Christchurch]]
[[Category:New Zealand Liberal Party MLCs]]
[[Category:Burials at St Peter's Church Cemetery, Upper Riccarton]]

Thomas Lowry (racehorse breeder)

2024-07-04T15:46:47Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=January 2024}}
[[File:TH Lowry.jpg|thumb|right|T.H. Lowry]]
'''Thomas Henry Lowry''' [[OBE]] (born 25 July 1865, [[Hastings, New Zealand]], died 23 September 1944, Okawa, Hastings) was a New Zealand farmer, cricketer and racehorse breeder.

Educated at [[Christ's College, Christchurch]] and at [[Jesus College, Cambridge|Jesus College]], [[Cambridge University]], Lowry inherited the family property, Okawa, of 20,000 acres,<ref>Bill Francis, ''Tom Lowry: Leader in a Thousand'', Trio, Wellington, 2010, p. 25.</ref> in the [[Hawke's Bay]] region of the [[North Island]] when his father died in 1880.<ref>Francis, p. 23.</ref> He married Helen ("Marsie") Watt, daughter of the New Zealand shipping magnate James Watt, in 1897.<ref>Francis, p. 23.</ref> One of Marsie's sisters married [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]]'s brother Francis; another married the British explorer [[Ewart Grogan]].<ref>Francis, p. 24.</ref>

Lowry played one [[first-class cricket]] match, captaining [[Hawke's Bay cricket team|Hawke's Bay]] to victory over [[Taranaki cricket team|Taranaki]] in 1892.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/3/3776.html Hawke's Bay v Taranaki 1891-92]</ref> He constructed a cricket ground, "The Grove", on his property, which is still in use.<ref>Francis, p. 25.</ref> He helped the Hawke's Bay Cricket Association bring out leading English professionals, including [[Albert Trott]] and [[Jack Board]], to coach local players.<ref>Francis, p. 31.</ref>

Lowry developed Okawa, which had been largely a sheep and cattle farm, into one of New Zealand's leading racehorse [[stud farm|studs]].<ref>[http://www.nzthoroughbred.co.nz/Archive/kids-project-05.aspx Ten champion New Zealand breeders] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223142506/http://www.nzthoroughbred.co.nz/Archive/kids-project-05.aspx |date=2014-02-23 }} Retrieved 20 February 2014.</ref> He owned several successful horses, such as Gondolier, Madrigal, Downfall ([[New Zealand Cup]], 1908), Bobrikoff (24 wins from 52 starts, including the 1912 [[Auckland Cup]]) and Balboa (Auckland Cup, 1915).<ref>Francis, pp. 127-28.</ref> His most prominent breeding success was the mare [[Desert Gold (horse)|Desert Gold]], who won her first 19 races, finished with 36 wins from 59 starts, and held the New Zealand record for the amount of money won for 30 years.<ref>Francis, pp. 128-29.</ref> In 1916, 1917 and 1918 Lowry was the leading owner in New Zealand in terms of stakes won.<ref>Francis, p. 129.</ref>

He and Marsie had five children between 1898 and 1904:<ref>Francis, p. 25.</ref> [[Tom Lowry|Tom]], who captained the [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University cricket team]] and the [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand Test team]] and inherited Okawa; Jim (who won a [[tennis]] [[Blue (university sport)|Blue]] at Cambridge University before returning to run part of Okawa);<ref>Francis, p. 157.</ref> Ralph ([[Rugby union]] Blue at Cambridge, another Lowry farmer, and the author of the book ''Taihape: Be Happy, Die Happy'');<ref>Francis, p. 157.</ref> Gertrude (known as "Beet") (who married Tom's Cambridge University friend [[Percy Chapman]], who captained the [[England cricket team|English Test cricket team]]);<ref>Francis, pp. 55-67.</ref> and Marion (who married [[Reg Bettington]], [[Oxford University]] cricket captain and later [[medical specialist]]).<ref>Francis, pp. 68-80.</ref>

Marsie was awarded the [[OBE]] in 1918 in recognition of her charitable work for soldiers during [[World War I]].<ref>Francis, p. 27.</ref> Early in [[World War II]] the Lowrys donated 10,000 pounds to the New Zealand Patriotic Fund for the construction of the "Lowry Hut" at [[Maadi]] Camp in [[Cairo]]. The "hut" was actually an extensive building incorporating a range of facilities for allied soldiers.<ref>Francis, p. 63.</ref> Their daughter Beet worked there throughout the war. [[Barbara Freyberg, Baroness Freyberg|Lady Freyberg]] said of her work: "her value as a morale-raiser to the [[NZEF]] [was] beyond price".<ref>Francis, p. 65.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/22/22329/22329.html T.H. Lowry at Cricket Archive]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowry, Thomas}}
[[Category:New Zealand cricketers]]
[[Category:Hawke's Bay cricketers]]
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Christ's College, Christchurch]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:New Zealand farmers]]
[[Category:New Zealand racehorse owners and breeders]]

Āpirana Ngata

2024-07-04T01:03:32Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|New Zealand politician and lawyer (1874–1950)}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
|name = Sir Āpirana Ngata
|honorific-suffix =
|image = Apirana Ngata.jpg
|caption = Āpirana Ngata in 1934
|order = 22nd [[Minister of Native Affairs]]
|primeminister = [[Joseph Ward|Sir Joseph Ward]] [[George Forbes (New Zealand politician)|George Forbes]]
|term_start = 10 December 1928
|term_end = 1 November 1934
|predecessor = [[Gordon Coates]]
|successor = [[George Forbes (New Zealand politician)|George Forbes]]
|order1 = [[Father of the House (New Zealand)|Father of the Parliament]]
|term_start1 = 18 November 1929
|term_end1 = 30 August 1943
|predecessor1 = [[Thomas Wilford]]
|successor1 = [[Peter Fraser]]
|constituency_MP2 = [[Eastern Maori]]
|parliament2 = New Zealand
|term_start2 = 20 December 1905
|term_end2 = 25 September 1943
|predecessor2 = [[Wi Pere]]
|successor2 = [[Tiaki Omana]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1874|7|3|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Te Araroa (town)|Te Araroa]], New Zealand
|death_date = {{death date and age|1950|7|14|1874|7|3|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Waiomatatini]], New Zealand
|spouse = {{marriage |[[Arihia Ngata|Arihia Kane Tamati]]|1895|18 April 1929|end=d.}}
|relatives = {{ubl|[[Paratene Ngata]] (father)|[[Hēnare Ngata]] (son)|[[Hōri Ngata]] (grandson)|[[Whai Ngata]] (great-grandson)}}
|party = [[New Zealand Liberal Party|Liberal]] [[United Party (New Zealand)|United]] [[New Zealand National Party|National]]
|religion =
}}
'''Sir Āpirana Turupa Ngata''' [[MBE]] (3 July 1874 – 14 July 1950) was a prominent New Zealand [[wikt:statesman|statesman]]. He has often been described as the foremost [[Māori people|Māori]] politician to have served in [[New Zealand Parliament|parliament]] in the mid-20th century, and is also known for his work in promoting and protecting [[Māori culture]] and [[Māori language|language]]. His legacy is one of the most prominent of any New Zealand leader in the 20th century, and is commemorated by his depiction on the [[New Zealand fifty-dollar note|fifty dollar note]].

Ngata practised as a lawyer before entering politics in 1897, when he established the [[Young Māori Party]] alongside numerous alumni of [[Te Aute College]], including future fellow cabinet minister [[Māui Pōmare]]. Here he challenged the traditional views of his people, advocating the abandonment of some traditional practices and customary healing in favour of science and [[Pākehā]]-style sanitation, which made him a controversial figure. In 1905, he was elected the [[New Zealand Liberal Party|Liberal]] Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Eastern Maori]], retaining this seat for nearly 40 years.

He served in government as [[Minister of Native Affairs]] from 1928 to 1934. In this he tried to accomplish as many reforms for Māori as possible, although he was forced to resign as minister in a widely publicised spending scandal. Nevertheless, he continued to serve as MP for Eastern Maori until he was ousted in 1943 by [[Rātana]] candidate (affiliated with [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]]) [[Tiaki Omana]], as Labour swept the [[Māori electorates]]. At the age of 69 he returned to his Ngāti Porou home 129 kilometres north of Gisborne, where he lived with his four sons and four daughters, and multiple grandchildren, until his death seven years later.<ref name="DNZB_AN" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Apirana-Turupa-Ngata|title=Sir Apirana Turupa Ngata {{!}} New Zealand politician|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ngata was born in [[Te Araroa (town)|Te Araroa]] (then called Kawakawa), a small coastal town about {{convert|175|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Gisborne, New Zealand]].<ref name="1966 Te Ara">{{cite book | title=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand | orig-year=1966 |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/ngata-sir-apirana-turupa/1 | editor-first=Alexander Hare | editor-last=McLintock | editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock | access-date= 8 December 2010 | chapter= Ngata, Sir Apirana Turupa | date= 22 April 2009}}</ref> His [[iwi]] was [[Ngāti Porou]]. His father was [[Paratene Ngata]], a tribal leader and expert in traditional [[folklore|lore]], and his mother was Katerina Naki, the daughter of an itinerant Scot, Abel Enoch.<ref name=DNZB_AN>{{DNZB|title=Ngata, Apirana Turupa|first= M. P. K. |last= Sorrenson |id=3n5 |accessdate=28 October 2020}}</ref> Ngata was greatly influenced both by his father and by his great-uncle [[Ropata Wahawaha]] (who had led loyal [[kūpapa]] Ngāti Porou forces against their [[Pai Mārire]] enemy (commonly known as Hauhau) in the [[East Cape War]] and later Te Kooti's escapees from the Chatham Islands).{{sfn|Binney|1995|pp=195–203}} Ngata was raised in a Māori environment, speaking the [[Māori language]], but his father also ensured that Ngata learnt about the [[Pākehā]] world, believing that this understanding would be of benefit to Ngāti Porou.

Ngata attended [[Waiomatatini]] Native School before moving on to [[Te Aute College]] until 1890. Ngata then went to Canterbury University College (now the [[University of Canterbury]]), where he studied for a Bachelor of Arts degree, awarded in 1893. From there he went to Auckland, where he took honours in political science in 1894. In 1895, he then took a law degree (LLB).<ref name="NZETC current members">{{cite book
|title = The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Taranaki, Hawke's Bay & Wellington Provincial Districts
|year = 1908
|url = https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc06Cycl-t1-body1-d2-d3-d3.html#name-208832-mention
|author=Cyclopedia Company Limited
|access-date = 10 December 2010
|location = Christchurch
|chapter = Mr. Apirana Turupa Ngata
|page = 301
}}</ref>

==First marriage and children==
[[File:Arihia Ngata.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Arihia Ngata, Ngata's first wife]]
In 1895, a year before finishing his second degree (law), Ngata married 16-year-old [[Arihia Ngata|Arihia Kane Tamati]] who was also of the Ngāti Porou iwi. Ngata had previously been engaged to Arihia's elder sister, Te Rina, but she died. Āpirana and Arihia had fifteen children, eleven of whom survived to adulthood; six girls and five boys.<ref name="1966 Te Ara" />

Shortly after Ngata's legal qualifications were recognised, he and his wife returned to Waiomatatini where they built a house, initially called 'Te Wharehou' and later known as 'The Bungalow'.<ref name=DNZB_AN /> Ngata quickly became prominent in the community, making a number of efforts to improve the social and economic conditions of Māori across the country. He also wrote extensively on the place of Māori culture in the modern age. At the same time, he gradually acquired a leadership role within Ngāti Porou, particularly in the area of land management and finance.

==Political career==
Ngata's first involvement with national politics came through his friendship with [[James Carroll (New Zealand politician)|James Carroll]], who was Minister of Native Affairs in the [[New Zealand Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] government. Ngata assisted Carroll in the preparation of two pieces of legislation, both of which were intended to increase the legal rights enjoyed by Māori. In the [[1905 New Zealand general election|1905 election]], Ngata himself stood as the Liberal candidate for the [[Eastern Maori]] electorate, challenging the incumbent [[Wi Pere]]. He was elected to Parliament.

===Early career===
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[[File:ApiranaNgata1905.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Ngata {{circa|1905}}]]
Ngata quickly distinguished himself in Parliament as a skilled orator. He worked closely with his friend Carroll, and also worked closely with [[Robert Stout]]. Ngata and Stout, members of the Native Land Commission, were often critical of the government's policies towards Māori, particularly those designed at encouraging the sale of Māori land. In 1909, Ngata assisted [[John Salmond (judge)|John Salmond]] in the drafting of the Native Land Act.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

In late 1909, Ngata was appointed to [[Cabinet of New Zealand|Cabinet]], holding a minor ministerial responsibility for Māori land councils. He retained this position until 1912, when the Liberal government was defeated. Ngata followed the Liberals into [[Parliamentary Opposition|Opposition]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

In the First World War, Ngata was highly active in gathering Māori recruits for military service, working closely with [[Reform Party (New Zealand)|Reform Party]] MP, [[Maui Pomare]]. Ngata's own Ngāti Porou were particularly well represented among the volunteers. The Māori commitment to the war by some iwi, can be attributed to Ngata and Pomare and this created a certain amount of goodwill from Pākehā towards iwi who had loyally supported the country; this assisted Ngata's later attempts to resolve land grievances.

Although in Opposition, Ngata enjoyed relatively good relations with his counterparts across the House in the Reform Party. He had a particularly good relationship with [[Gordon Coates]], who became [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]] in 1925 and later Princess [[Te Puea Herangi|Te Puea]] of Waikato. The establishment of several government bodies, such as the Māori Purposes Fund Control Board and the Board of Māori Ethnological Research, owed much to Ngata's involvement.

====Māori interests====
[[File:Apirana Ngata and Peter Buck alongside a tukutuku panel at Waiomatatini, 1923.jpg|thumb|Ngata and [[Te Rangi Hīroa]] alongside a [[tukutuku]] panel at Ngata's home, during an expedition by [[Elsdon Best]], [[James Ingram McDonald]] and Johannes Andersen.]]
Ngata was also active in a huge variety of other endeavours. The most notable, perhaps, was his involvement in academic and literary circles – in this period, he published a number of works on significant Māori culture, with {{lang|mi|Nga moteatea}}, a collection of Māori songs, being one of his better known works. Ngata was also heavily involved in the protection and advancement of Māori culture among Māori themselves, giving particular attention to promoting the [[haka]], [[Poi (juggling)|poi]] dancing, and traditional carving that had been begun by Te Puea.

In 1926 Ngata spearheaded government legislation which established the School of Māori Arts that later became the [[New Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute]]. The school was to preserve Māori arts and crafts amongst fears the skills and knowledge would be lost forever.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905937385 |title=Māori carving : the art of preserving Māori history. |date=2015 |others=Huia Publishers |isbn=978-1-77550-191-6 |location=Wellington |oclc=905937385}}</ref> One aspect of his advocacy of Māori culture was the construction of many new traditional meeting houses throughout the country.

Yet another of Ngata's interests was the promotion of Māori sport, which he fostered by encouraging intertribal competitions and tournaments. Finally, Ngata also promoted Māori issues within the [[Anglican Church in New Zealand]], encouraging the creation of a Māori [[Diocese|bishopric]]. In December 1928, [[Frederick Bennett (bishop)|Frederick Bennett]], was consecrated as suffragan bishop to the Waiapu diocese with the title [[Bishop of Aotearoa]].<ref name="HWW">{{cite web|first=Bruce |last= Biggs |title = Williams, Herbert William| date =30 October 2010|url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/3w20/williams-herbert-william |work=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> Ngata and [[Herbert Williams (bishop)|Bishop Herbert Williams]] campaigned for the recognition of Māori language as a subject for study in the University of New Zealand, with the study of Māori becoming eligible for a degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1928.<ref name="HWW" />

Throughout all this, Ngata also remained deeply involved in the affairs of his Ngāti Porou iwi, particularly as regards land development. He was instrumental in establishing the land incorporation scheme whereby unused Māori land with multiple owners was amalgamated under a farm manager—often Pākehā, who developed and ran the farm. In government he was able to arrange for the transfer of four blocks of farm land to [[Te Puea Herangi]] and her husband. He arranged grants and government loans to help her develop farms for Waikato. He fired the Pākehā farm manager and replaced him with Te Puea. He arranged a car for her so she could travel around her estates. In 1934, during the depression, the public, media and parliament became alarmed at the large sums of money being gifted to Te Puea and others. A royal commission was held and Ngata was found guilty of irregularities in expenditure and negligence in administration, but no major scandals were unearthed. His land projects up to 1934 had involved the expenditure of £500,000, most of which was recoverable. Ngata resigned in December 1934.{{sfn|King|1977|pp=156–157}} Ngata fought for higher living standards for the Māori people, and was very active during an economic depression in New Zealand in the Thirties, developing large farms which provided jobs and helped to restore the dignity of many Māori.{{sfn|Fry|1994|p=?}}

Ngata was [[knighthood|knighted]] as a [[Knight Bachelor]] in the [[1927 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)|1927 King's Birthday Honours]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33280 |date=3 June 1927 |page=3604 |supp=y}}</ref> only the third Māori (after Carroll and Pomare) to receive this honour.

===Ministerial career===
[[File:NZ Coalition Cabinet of 1931.jpg|thumb|right|Coalition Cabinet of 1931. Ngata is seated on the front row, second from right.]]
[[File:Members of the Liberal Party of the 17th parliament.jpg|thumb|upright=1|All 52 Members of the [[New Zealand Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] of the [[17th New Zealand Parliament|17th parliament]]]]
[[File:Horiana Te Atahaia Teriringi.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Te Rīringi, Ngata's second wife]]
In the [[1928 New Zealand general election|1928 election]], the United Party (a rebranding of the old Liberal Party, to which Ngata belonged) won an unexpected victory. Ngata was returned to Cabinet, becoming [[Minister of Māori Affairs|Minister of Native Affairs]]. He was ranked third within Cabinet, and occasionally served as acting [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand|Deputy Prime Minister]]. Ngata remained extremely diligent in his work, and was noted for his tirelessness. Much of his ministerial work related to land reforms, and the encouragement of Māori land development. Ngata continued to believe in the need to rejuvenate Māori society, and worked strongly towards this goal.

In 1929, Ngata's wife [[Arihia Ngata]] and his eldest son Mākarini died of [[dysentery]].<ref name="DNZB Arihia">{{DNZB|Walker|Ranginui J.|3n6|Arihia Kane Ngata|28 October 2020}}</ref> After Arihia's death, Ngata married Te Rīringi Tūhou in 1932.<ref name=DNZB_AN /><ref>{{cite web |title=Ngata, Horiana Te Atahaia Curtis Tuhou (Lady), 1876?–1948 |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22472213 |website=National Library of New Zealand |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

In 1932 Ngata and his Department of Native Affairs came under increasing criticism from other politicians. Many believed that Ngata was pressing ahead too fast, and the large amount of activity that Ngata ordered had caused organisational difficulties within the department. An inquiry into Ngata's department was held, and it was discovered that one of Ngata's subordinates had falsified accounts. Ngata himself was severely criticised for disregarding official regulations which he had often felt were inhibiting progress. It was also alleged that Ngata had shown favouritism to [[Ngāti Porou]] and Waikato, especially Te Puea and her husband Rawiri Tumokai Katipa. [[Bob Semple]], a leading [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]] politician, said the Royal Commission investigation showed one of the worst specimens of abuse of political power, maladministration, misappropriation of public funds as well as a betrayal of trust. Ngata, while denying any personal wrongdoing, accepted responsibility for the actions of his department and was dismissed from his ministerial position.

Māori leaders, such as Te Puea, were angry at Ngata for discrediting and embarrassing Māori.{{sfn|King|2003|pp=160–169}}

==Later life and legacy==
Although Ngata had resigned from Cabinet, he still remained in Parliament. He was awarded the [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]] in 1935.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19350506.2.12 | title=Official jubilee medals | date=6 May 1935 | volume=CXIX | issue=105 | work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]] | access-date=16 November 2013 | page=4}}</ref> In the [[1935 New Zealand general election|1935 election]], the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] was triumphant – Ngata went into Opposition, although the new Labour government retained many of his land reform programs. Ngata remained in Parliament until the [[1943 New Zealand general election|1943 election]], when he was finally defeated by a Labour-[[Rātana]] candidate, [[Tiaki Omana]]. He had been a member of parliament for almost 38 consecutive years, breaking the previous record of 32 years set by [[James Carroll (New Zealand politician)|James Carroll]] and coming close to [[Maurice O'Rorke]] overall record of nearly 39 years. Both marks were later surpassed by [[Rex Mason]].<ref name=long>{{cite news|url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/mps-and-parliaments-1854-onwards/longest-serving-members-of-parliament/|title=Longest serving members of Parliament|publisher=Parliament of New Zealand|access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref>

Ngata stood again for his seat in the [[1946 New Zealand general election|1946 election]], but was unsuccessful. He remained involved in politics despite leaving Parliament. He gave advice on Māori affairs to both [[Peter Fraser]] (a Labour Prime Minister) and [[Ernest Corbett]] (a National Minister of Māori Affairs), and arranged celebrations of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]'s centenary in 1940. In the Second World War, he once again helped gather Māori recruits. On 22 June 1950, he was appointed to Parliament's upper house, the [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]], but was too ill by this time to take his seat.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=160}}

In 1948, Ngata's second wife, Lady Te Rīringi, died, and he married Hēne Te Kira not long before his own death.<ref name=DNZB_AN />

On 7 May 1948, Ngata received an honorary doctorate in literature ([[Doctor of Letters|LittD]]) from the [[University of Victoria, Wellington|Victoria College]]. At the same ceremony, his youngest son [[Hēnare Ngata|Hēnare]] graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=University of New Zealand |title=Roll of Graduates |publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs Limited|location=Wellington |page=3 |url= http://library.vuw.ac.nz/files/misc/unz-roll1961.pdf |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Doctorate to Maori Scholar |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GISH19480508.2.25 |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=[[Gisborne Herald]] |volume=LXXV |issue=22632 |date=8 May 1948 |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sorrenson |first=M. P. K. |encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |title=Apirana Ngata and his son Hēnare, 1948
|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/797/apirana-ngata-and-his-son-henare-1948 |access-date=28 October 2020 |year=1996}}</ref>

[[File:NewZealandFiftyDollarNote1.png|thumb|Ngata on New Zealand's $50 [[Banknotes of the New Zealand dollar|banknote]]]]
Ngata died in Waiomatatini on 14 July 1950, following a brief illness, and was buried beside his first wife Lady Arihia behind their home 'The Bungalow' in Waiomatatini.<ref name=DNZB_AN /> He is remembered for his great contributions to Māori culture and language. His image has appeared on the [[New Zealand fifty-dollar note]] since 1999 along with Porourangi Meeting House, which is significant as it is located next to the original Ngata family home and Waiomatatini Marae, near [[Ruatōria]].<ref>{{cite web|date=28 February 2022|title=$50 Banknote – Reserve Bank of New Zealand|url=https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/money-and-cash/banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/50-banknote|website=[[Reserve Bank of New Zealand]]|access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>

Sir Āpirana and Lady [[Arihia Ngata]] guided the design of the St. Michael and All Angels' Chapel at [[Hukarere Girls College]], and the chapel was consecrated on 1 November 1953.<ref name="TAH1">{{cite web| title = High-Perched Hukarere: a chapel made by many hands|year=1953 |publisher= No 3, Te Ao hou p. 32–35 & 53 | url= http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao03TeA/c15.html| access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>

Several schools have [[House system|house]]s named after him, including [[Rangiora High School]], [[Tauranga Boys' College]], [[List of schools in the Bay of Plenty Region#Rotorua District|Rotorua Intermediate]], [[Cashmere High School]], [[Te Aute College]] (where Ngata went), [[List of schools in the Bay of Plenty Region#Western Bay of Plenty District|Te Puke High School]], [[Wainuiomata High School]] and [[Otumoetai Intermediate]].

Ngata has inspired all sorts of politicians today, who follow his blend of [[progressive conservatism]]. As controversial as he was adulated, Ngata's legacy is still very complicated. While many have praised him for tireless work to promote the Māori language (especially in a white-based, right-wing political environment), others have criticised and even derided him for corruption, conservatism and not taking the views of all his iwi into account while making incredibly important decisions on his own.

In 1999, Ngata was posthumously inducted into the [[New Zealand Business Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesshalloffame.co.nz/past-laureates/ |title=Past laureates |website=Business Hall of Fame |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>

==Family legacy==
On 19 October 2009, Āpirana Ngata's last surviving daughter, Mate Huatahi Kaiwai (born Ngata), died at her residence at [[Ruatoria]], East Cape, New Zealand, aged 94.<ref>{{cite hansard |jurisdiction=New Zealand |title= Obituaries – Mate Huatahi Kaiwai |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/document/49HansD_20091020_00000013/obituaries-mate-huatahi-kaiwai |house=New Zealand Parliament |date=20 October 2009 |volume=658 |page=7163 |speaker=Hon Parekura Horomia |position=MP for Labour—Ikaroa-Rāwhiti}}</ref> She was interred next to her late husband Kaura-Ki-Te-Pakanga Kaiwai and her son Tanara Kaiwai at Pukearoha Urupa. In the [[2004 New Year Honours (New Zealand)|2004 New Year Honours]] she had been made a Companion of the [[Queen's Service Order]] (QSO) for community service.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2004 | title=New Year honours list 2004 |date=31 December 2003 | publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet | access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

Ngata's youngest son, Sir Hēnare Ngata, died on 11 December 2011 aged 93. He was Māori vice-president of the National Party from 1967 to 1969 and stood as the National Party candidate for Eastern Māori in 1969.<ref>{{cite news|last=Te Puni |first=Alice |title=We lose Sir Henare|url= http://www.gisborneherald.co.nz/article/?id=25723 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120601184657/http://www.gisborneherald.co.nz/article/?id=25723 | archive-date=1 June 2012|work=[[Gisborne Herald]] |date=12 December 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Gustafson|1986|p=380}}

Ngata's grandson [[Hōri Mahue Ngata]] wrote a widely used Māori-English dictionary.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Ngata Dictionary |url=https://www.teaching.co.nz/page/mta-nz-about-ngata-dictionary |website=Modern Teaching Aids |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=David Kārena |title=More on kei and i and some notes on dialects |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/our-people/108605525/more-on-kei-and-i-and-some-notes-on-dialects |access-date=28 October 2020 |work=The Nelson Mail|date=17 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Māori Dictionary |url=https://www.maorilanguage.net/maori-dictionary/ |website=MāoriLanguage.net |publisher=Native Council |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last= Binney |first= Judith | author-link=Judith Binney |title= Redemption Songs: A Life of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki | publisher=Auckland University Press |year=1995}}
*{{cite book | title=The Dorling Kindersley History of the World | first=Plantagenet Somerset | last=Fry | author-link=Plantagenet Somerset Fry | year=1994 | publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] Ltd}}
*{{cite book |last = Gustafson |first = Barry |author-link = Barry Gustafson |title = The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party |year = 1986 |publisher = Reed Methuen |location = Auckland |isbn = 0-474-00177-6}}
*{{cite book | last = King | first = Michael | author-link = Michael King (historian) | title = Te Puea: A Biography | publisher = Hodder and Stoughton | year =1977 | location =Auckland | isbn =0-340-22482-7}}
*{{cite book | last = King | first = Michael | author-link = Michael King (historian) | title = Te Puea | publisher=[[Reed Publishing]] | year=2003}}
*{{cite book |last= Wilson |first= James Oakley |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 |edition= 4th |orig-year= First ed. published 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |oclc=154283103}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Apirana Ngata}}
* {{DNZB|title=Apirana Ngata biography|id=3N5|plainlink=y}} from the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]''

{{s-start}}
{{s-par | nz}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Wi Pere]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Eastern Maori|Member of Parliament for Eastern Maori]] | years=1905–1943 }}
{{s-aft | after= [[Tiaki Omana]] }}
{{end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ngata, Apirana}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council]]
[[Category:New Zealand Liberal Party MPs]]
[[Category:University of Auckland alumni]]
[[Category:University of Canterbury alumni]]
[[Category:People from Te Araroa]]
[[Category:New Zealand Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Māori culture]]
[[Category:Māori language]]
[[Category:New Zealand people of World War I]]
[[Category:New Zealand people of World War II]]
[[Category:19th-century New Zealand lawyers]]
[[Category:People educated at Te Aute College]]
[[Category:United Party (New Zealand) MPs]]
[[Category:New Zealand MPs for Māori electorates]]
[[Category:Māori MLCs]]
[[Category:Māori MPs]]
[[Category:New Zealand Māori lawyers]]
[[Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Ngata family|Apirana]]
[[Category:Ngāti Porou people]]
[[Category:Unsuccessful candidates in the 1946 New Zealand general election]]
[[Category:Unsuccessful candidates in the 1943 New Zealand general election]]

Archibald Hawke

2024-07-04T01:02:57Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
|name = Archibald Hawke
|honorific-suffix =
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|office7 = Member of the [[New Zealand Legislative Council]]
|term_start7 = 7 May 1918
|term_end7 = 6 May 1932
|birth_date = 1862 
|birth_place = Stirling, [[Port Augusta]], [[South Australia]]
|death_date = 27 September 1936
|death_place = [[Invercargill]], New Zealand
|restingplace = Eastern Cemetery, [[Invercargill]]
|restingplacecoordinates =
|birthname = Archibald Fotheringham Hawke
|nationality =
|party =
|spouse = Leah Lucy Hawke
|relations =
|children =
|residence =
|alma_mater =
|occupation =
|profession = Businessman
|cabinet =
|committees =
|portfolio =
|religion =
|signature =
}}
'''Archibald Fotheringham Hawke''' [[MBE]] (1862 – 27 September 1936) was a businessman from [[Invercargill]], and a member of the [[New Zealand Legislative Council]] from 1918 to 1932.

==Early life and business interests==
Hawke was born in Stirling, [[Port Augusta]], [[South Australia]] in 1862. His father was the owner of a station.<ref name="Wakatip obit" /> At Port Augusta, he attended a private school.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Scholefield | editor-first = Guy | editor-link = Guy Scholefield | title = A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L | volume = I | year = 1940 | publisher = [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)|Department of Internal Affairs]] | location = Wellington | url = https://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/documents/dnzb-1940/scholefield-dnzb-v1.pdf |access-date= 18 June 2016 | page=369}}</ref> The family emigrated to [[Invercargill]] when Hawke was ten.<ref name="Wakatip obit" /> He received his schooling at Invercargill Grammar School followed by Henry's private school.<ref name="LC appointment">{{cite news |title=Legislative Council Appointments |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ST19180507.2.43 |access-date=18 June 2016 |work=[[The Southland Times]] |issue=17957 |date=7 May 1918 |page=5}}</ref> After his schooling, he started with the merchants Calder, Blacklock and Co. When that company was sold, Hawke went to the stock and station agents Martin and Maitland. After a year, that business sold out to the [[National Mortgage and Agency Company of New Zealand]] (NMA) in May 1878.<ref name="Wakatip obit">{{cite news |title=Obituary |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=LWM19360929.2.18 |access-date=18 June 2016 |work=Lake Wakatip Mail |issue=4282 |date=29 September 1936 |page=4}}</ref> He stayed with that company for 40 years and after having worked in Invercargill, [[Christchurch]] (as accountant), and [[Dunedin]] (as sales agent), he returned to Invercargill in 1890 as the branch manager.<ref name="LC appointment" /><ref name="EP obit">{{cite news |title=Hon. A. F. Hawke |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19360928.2.128.2 |access-date=18 June 2016 |work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]] |volume=CXXII |issue=77 |date=28 September 1936 |page=11}}</ref> The company existed until 1972, when it merged with [[Wright Stephenson]].<ref name=TT58466>{{cite news | title=NMA Wright Stephenson Holdings Limited | work=[[The Times]] | date=1 May 1972 | page=20 | issue=58466}}</ref>

Hawke was an inaugural member of the Starr-Bowkett Building Societies, and was involved with the Permanent Investment Society. He was a large shareholder of [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]]'s largest company, the milk condensing plant of Murrays Ltd.<ref name="LC appointment" />

==Sports==
Hawke was active both as a sportsman and administrator. He played rugby union with the Invercargill club, cricket with the Invercargill Cricket Club, was a member of the rifle club (including the local champion for one year), and rowed with the Invercargill Rowing Club.<ref name="LC appointment" /> He was vice-president and president of the rifle club. Hawke and others helped establish rugby grounds including [[Rugby Park Stadium]].<ref name="LC appointment" /> Hawke was elected as the second president of the [[New Zealand Rugby Union]]. He was an administrator for the Southland Cricket Association (including president), the Invercargill Rowing Club (including president), the Invercargill Football Club (including president), and the Invercargill Cycling Club.<ref name="LC appointment" />

==Politics==
Hawke lived in [[Gladstone, Invercargill|Gladstone]], which was initially a separate [[Borough#New Zealand|borough]]. Hawke was a member of the Waihopai School committee, and served on the borough council for 14 years, for most of that time as mayor. He was one of the proponents of Greater Invercargill and the amalgamation was proceeded with. Beyond Gladstone, Hawke was at times a member of the Invercargill high schools board, the [[Bluff Harbour Board]] (including chairman for three years), the Hospital Board (including chairman for over ten years), the Charitable Aid Board (with all seven years as chairman). He was president for one term of the A&P (Agricultural and Pastoral) Association, and president of the local [[chamber of commerce]].<ref name="LC appointment" />

He was a member of the Legislative Council from 7 May 1918 to 6 May 1925; then 7 May 1925 to 6 May 1932, when his term ended. He was appointed by the [[Reform Government of New Zealand|Reform Government]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Wilson |first= James Oakley |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 |edition= 4th |orig-date= First ed. published 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |oclc=154283103 |page=155}}</ref>

==Family and death==
The Hawke family's main residence was in Gladstone and they had a second house in [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]].<ref name="Wakatip obit" />

Hawke died on 27 September 1936 at his Gladstone residence.<ref name="Wakatip obit" /> His wife had died four years earlier, and he was survived by two sons and three daughters.<ref name="Wakatip obit" /> He and his wife are buried at Invercargill's Eastern Cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://icc.govt.nz/cemetery-result/?id=41922 |title=Cemetery result |publisher=Invercargill City Council}}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawke, Archibald Fotheringham}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Eastern Cemetery, Invercargill]]
[[Category:Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Reform Party (New Zealand) MLCs]]
[[Category:People from Invercargill]]
[[Category:People from Port Augusta]]
[[Category:New Zealand Rugby Football Union officials]]
[[Category:New Zealand stock and station agents]]
[[Category:Australian emigrants to New Zealand]]

Stanley Vernon Goodall

2024-07-04T01:00:30Z

92.10.114.155:

'''Sir Stanley Vernon Goodall''', [[KCB]], [[OBE]] (18 April 1883 – 24 February 1965) was a British [[naval architect]]. A member of the [[Royal Corps of Naval Constructors]], he was [[Director of Naval Construction]] from 1936 to 1944.

== References ==

* https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/iicep.1966.8872
* http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Stanley_Vernon_Goodall

== External links ==

* {{NPG name|80816|Sir Stanley Vernon Goodall}}

[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:British naval architects]]

Edith Clarke (cookery teacher)

2024-07-04T00:59:32Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|English cookery teacher}}{{Infobox bio
| birth_name = Edith Nicolls
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1844|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Shooters Hill]], [[Kent]], United Kingdom
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1926|08|20|1844|10|27}}
| death_place = [[Earls Court]], [[London]], United Kingdom
| spouse = Charles Clarke (1876–)
| children = 3
}}
[[File:Plain cookery recipes, as taught in the school (IA b21526710).pdf|thumb|'''Clarke's popular recipe book ''Plain Cookery Recipes.''''' ]]
'''Edith Clarke''' (née '''Nicolls''' [[MBE]], 27 October 1844 – 20 August 1926) was a British cookery teacher and writer.

== Biography ==

She was born Edith Nicolls on 27 October 1844 at Shooters Hill, Kent, the only child of Lieutenant Edward Nicolls and his wife, Mary Ellen, née Peacock. Her father had died in March that year while attempting to save a man's life at sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peacock |first=Thomas Love |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVZsMtZ01xMC |title=The Works of Thomas Love Peacock: Including His Novels, Poems, Fugitive Pieces, Criticisms, Etc |date=1875 |publisher=R. Bentley |editor-last=Cole |editor-first=Henry |pages=xxxvii |language=en}}</ref> In August 1849, her mother married again, to novelist [[George Meredith]], and her half-brother Arthur was born in 1853. From 1857 until her death in 1861, Mary left the marriage, leaving Edith to live with her maternal grandmother Lady Eleanor Nicolls.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Meredith, George (1828–1909), novelist and poet |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-34991 |date=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34991 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

On 22 August 1876 Edith married civil servant Charles Clarke, and they had three daughters.

In 1875 she was appointed second principal of the [[The National Training School of Cookery|National Training School of Cookery]] in London, which had been established two years prior by family friend [[Henry Cole]]. She led the school for 44 years, giving practical demonstrations in cookery and producing cookery books.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Clarke [née Nicolls], Edith (1844–1926), promoter of household science teaching |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-55563 |date=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/55563 }}</ref> Her ''Plain Cookery Recipes'' (1883) went through 16 editions in 18 years.

She also campaigned to expand cookery teaching to poorer girls. By 1878, she had convinced the London school board to employ specialist cookery teachers in girls’ elementary schools, and she was an active member of the Association of Teachers of Domestic Subjects. She was appointed [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] in 1918 for her services to the advancement of domestic science.

She died on 20 August 1926 in her home in [[Earl's Court|Earls Court]], [[London]].

== Works ==
Under her maiden name, she contributed a biographical note to Henry Cole's 1895 edition of the works of her maternal grandfather, [[Thomas Love Peacock]].

Her publications for the National Training School of Cookery included ''Plain Cookery Recipes'' (1883),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=Edith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6bLxgEACAAJ |title=Plain cookery recipes |date=1892 |publisher=William Clowes & Sons |language=en}}</ref> ''High-Class Cookery Recipes'' (1885),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=Edith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnAEAAAAYAAJ |title=High-class Cookery Recipes: As Taught in the School |date=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen |language=en}}</ref> and ''Rules for the Management of Children's Classes by Demonstration and Practice'' (1896).<ref>{{Cite book |last=NICOLLS (Edith) |first=afterwards CLARKE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YUXzgEACAAJ |title=Rules for the Management of Children's Classes by Demonstration and Practice |date=1896 |publisher=National Training School of Cookery |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Edith}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English writers]]
[[Category:19th-century English women writers]]
[[Category:English cookbook writers]]
[[Category:British women food writers]]

James Hardress de Warrenne Waller

2024-07-04T00:55:27Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|Irish inventor and engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox engineer
|image =
|caption =
|name = James Hardress de Warrenne Waller
|nationality =
|birth_date = 31 July 1884
|birth_place = Tasmania, Australia
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1968|2|9|1884|7|31|df=y}}
|death_place = Devon, England
|education = [[NUI Galway|Queen's College Galway]]
|spouse =
|parents =
|children =
|discipline =
|practice_name =
|significant_design =
|significant_advance =
|honorific_suffix={{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE|DSO|size=100}}}}

'''James Hardress de Warrenne Waller''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE|DSO}} (31 July 1884 – 9 February 1968), was an Irish inventor and [[engineer]] who developed building systems using concrete known as Nofrango and the Ctesiphon system.

==Early life and family==
James Hardress de Warrenne Waller<ref name="Williams">{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Jeremy |title=Waller, James Hardress de Warrenne |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/waller-james-hardress-de-warrenne-a8862 |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> also known as James Hardress de Warenne Waller<ref name="DIA">{{cite web |title=waller, james hardress de warenne |url=https://www.dia.ie/architects/view/5490/waller-jameshardressdewarenne |website=Dictionary of Irish Architects |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> was born in [[Tasmania]] on 31 July 1884.<ref name="Obit">{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers |date=October 1968 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=443–444 |doi=10.1680/iicep.1968.32706 |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/pdf/10.1680/iicep.1968.32706 |access-date=30 September 2021 |language=en |issn=1753-7789|title=Obituary. James Hardress de Warrenne Waller (1884-1968) }}</ref> His parents were George Arthur, a farmer, and Sarah Waller (née Atkinson).<ref name="DIA" /> His father was from Prior Park, [[Nenagh]], County Tipperary, and his mother was from Cangort, [[County Offaly]]. Waller was the youngest of 10 children. He was educated in [[Hobart]], and trained under his brother, Richard FitzArthur Waller, as a pupil from 1902 to 1904. Travelling to Ireland, he studied engineering at [[NUI Galway|Queen's College Galway]], graduating in 1909. He then moved to [[University College Cork]] to study for an M.Sc. and ME under [[Conel William Long Alexander]], going on to study in [[New York City|New York]] for a period.<ref name="Williams" /><ref name="UCC">{{cite web |title=The second bridge |url=https://www.ucc.ie/en/heritage/places-and-spaces/thesecondbridge/ |website=University College Cork |access-date=2 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

On 25 August 1917, Waller married Beatrice Kinkead in Ireland. They had two daughters. Waller died in [[Devon]] on 9 February 1968.<ref name="Williams" />

==Career==
While still in Cork, Waller submitted a design for a new bridge to replace a wooden bridge on the UCC campus, over the [[River Lee]]. It was destroyed by during storm flooding in November 1916. It was later replaced with a new bridge known as the Alumni Bridge or Newman's Bridge.<ref name="UCC" /> Waller was then commissioned to build a bridge at [[Waterford]], across the River Slaney, from 1911 to 1913.<ref name="DIA" /> He formed a partnership with Alfred Dover Delap (1871–1943) under the name Delap and Waller. The partnership lasted until Delap's death, and despite Waller spending 12 years outside Ireland. At the outbreak of [[World War I]], Waller joined the 65th field company of the [[Royal Engineers]]. He took part in the [[Macedonian front|Salonika campaign]], during which he experimented with tents covered in mud and snow. In 1916 he was awarded the DSO for this military service, and later in 1918, an OBE. Waller founded a company in [[Poole]], England which manufactured concrete houses and battleships. The company only built one ship, launched just before the armistice, and one housing estate before it was bankrupted as he was out competed by those building in brick.<ref name="Williams" />

After the collapse of his company, Waller began to travel, first to [[Iraq]] where he saw the immense inverted catenary arch at the palace of [[Ctesiphon]] dating from the 6th century. He was then employed in northern Spain to supervise the construction of a railway.<ref name="DIA" /> Returning to Ireland, he developed a system of construction with lightweight concrete called Nofrango (meaning "no break") in the late 1920s.<ref name="UCC" /> Waller's first projects was at [[Foynes]], County Limerick, building a pier using concrete filled hessian bags to create a deep-water jetty.<ref name="DIA" /> His system was used to build a multi-storey factory for [[Jacob's]] in Dublin, which now houses the [[National Archives of Ireland|National Archives]]. He was also commissioned to build a housing development on Loreto Avenue, [[Rialto, Dublin|Rialto]] by [[Dublin Corporation]], at a cost of £229 per house.<ref name="Williams" /> In 1934, he co-founded the charity the [[Mount Street Club]].<ref name="DIA" />

During [[World War II]], Waller lived in London, working for the [[War Office]] building huts, stores and hangars.<ref name="DIA" /> After the war he returned to civilian developments. Waller invented and patented a new system of buildings, called the "Ctesiphon system", which entailed regularly spaced timber catenary arches that were then wrapped in tightly stretched hessian which was covered in layers of cement with a waterproofing agent.<ref name="Williams" /> The system avoided the need for shuttering and uncasting necessary for other concrete structures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roa-Fernández|first1=Jorge|last2=Galán-Marín|first2=Carmen|last3=Rivera-Gómez|first3=Carlos|date=2019|title=A Ferrocement Patent for Emergency Housing: The Technological Hut|journal=Buildings|language=en|volume=9|issue=12|pages=242|doi=10.3390/buildings9120242|doi-access=free}}</ref> He used this system during his time with the War Office.<ref name="DIA" /> He patented the system in 1955.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artigo Científico de Arquitectura 2|url=http://www.housedetailsmagazine.com/index.php/pt/arquitetura/artigo-cientifico-de-arquitectura-2|access-date=2021-10-02|website=www.housedetailsmagazine.com}}</ref> His system was adopted across the world. Later in his working life, Waller became preoccupied with famine, leading him to build factories in Africa, housing in India, Egypt, and Australia, as well as grain storage in Cyprus, and refugee accommodation in Jordan.<ref name="Williams" /> In the 1940s, he designed a circular hut, possibly designed to be earthquake-proof, known as the [[Quetta hut]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Draper|first=Karey Lee|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/146463385.pdf|title=Wartime Huts: The Development, Typology and Identification of Temporary Military Buildings in Britain 1914-1945 (Thesis)|publisher=University of Cambridge|year=2017|pages=216–217}}</ref> Two engineers in Spain whom Waller met in the 1920s, adopted his techniques, building an airport, farms, and villas to a high standard. The majority of the projects Waller built in Ireland, such as garages and farms, have since been demolished, but one surviving work is his whiskey store at [[Kilbeggan Distillery|Locke's Distillery]], Kilbeggan, County Westmeath.<ref name="Williams" /> The economy of the Ctesiphon system was met with hostility from building trades, particularly the Plasterers' Union.<ref name="DIA" />

His last commission was for Seagram Chivas distillery at Paisley, Scotland, with Seagram buying the patent for the Ctesiphon system. They never used the system again, but paid Waller and later his widow a pension. Waller retired in 1953, to Devon. The [[Irish Architectural Archive]] holds an album of his work, presented by his daughter Beatrice Carfrae.<ref name="Williams" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waller, James Hardress de Warrenne}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Irish engineers]]
[[Category:People from Tasmania]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish engineers]]

Ralph Hamer Husey

2024-07-04T00:53:26Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|British Army officer}}
[[Brigadier-General (British Army)|Brigadier-General]] '''Ralph Hamer Husey''', [[DSO]]*, [[MC]] (1882 – 30 May 1918) was a [[British Army]] officer who was killed during the [[First World War]].

He died in a German field hospital in France in May 1918. He had been in command of the [[25th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|25th Brigade]].

== References ==

* Davis, Frank; Maddocks, Graham (1995). ''Bloody Red Tabs - General Officer Casualties of the Great War, 1914-1918''. London: Leo Cooper, pp. 75–76.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British Army brigadiers]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in World War I]]

Edward Fitzhardinge Campbell

2024-07-04T00:52:28Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|Irish rugby player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox rugby biography
| name = Edward Campbell
| birth_name = Edward Fitzhardinge Campbell
| nickname =
| birth_date = 17 January 1880
| death_date = 13 December 1957
| birth_place =
| height =
| weight =
| ru_currentteam =
| ru_currentposition =
| ru_position = [[Rugby union positions#14. & 11. Wing|Wing]]
| ru_clubupdate =
| clubs1 = [[Monkstown Football Club|Monkstown]]
| years1 =
| apps1 =
| points1 =
| ru_province1 =
| ru_provinceyears1 =
| ru_provinceapps1 =
| ru_provincepoints1 =
| ru_provinceupdate =
| repyears1 = 1899-1900
| repteam1 = [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]]
| repcaps1 = 4
| reppoints1 = 3
| ru_ntupdate =
| other =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| school =
| university =
}}
'''Edward Fitzhardinge Campbell''' [[DSO]] (1880–1957) was an [[Ireland national rugby union team|Irish]] [[Rugby union|rugby]] international. He won four caps between [[1899 Home Nations Championship|1899]] and [[1900 Home Nations Championship|1900]].

==References==
*[http://www.espnscrum.com/ireland/rugby/player/1331.html Edward Campbell] at Scrum.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071121231854/http://www.irishrugby.ie/227_7678.php?includeref=dynamic&player=23698 IRFU Profile]
*{{cite book | author = Jones, Stephen | year = 1994 | title = Rothmans Rugby Union Yearbook 1994-95 | publisher = Headline | isbn = 0-7472-7850-4 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Edward Fitzhardinge}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Irish rugby union players]]
[[Category:Ireland international rugby union players]]
[[Category:Monkstown Football Club players]]
[[Category:Rugby union wings]]

{{Ireland-rugbyunion-bio-stub}}

John Brown (British Army officer, born 1880)

2024-07-04T00:51:33Z

92.10.114.155:

[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir John Brown''', [[KCB]], [[CBE]], [[DSO]], [[Territorial Decoration|TD]], [[Justice of the Peace|JP]], [[Deputy Lieutenant|DL]], [[Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects|FRIBA]], [[Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors|FRICS]] (10 February 1880 – 4 April 1958) was a British architect and [[British Army]] officer. The first [[Territorial Army (UK)|Territorial Army]] officer to reach the rank of [[Major general (United Kingdom)|major-general]], he was described by [[B. H. Liddell Hart|Sir Basil Liddell Hart]] as "the foremost figure and most dynamic leader in the Territorial Army during years when its strength and efficiency were declining, and by his power of generating enthusiasm he created a local revival which had a far-reaching effect."

== Biography ==
Born in Northampton, John Brown was the elder son of John Brown and Kate Davis (''née'' Allen).

During the Second World War, Brown served as Deputy Adjutant-General, the War Office, as Deputy Director-General, [[Territorial Army (UK)|Territorial Army]], and Inspector of Welfare and Education, War Office.

== References ==

* https://nenequirer.com/2021/12/10/the-boy-from-the-garibaldi/
* https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32112
* https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-235175
* Nicholas Smart, ''Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War''

== References ==

* {{NPG name|56605|Sir John Brown}}

[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors]]
[[Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Northampton]]
[[Category:20th-century British architects]]
[[Category:Army Reserve (United Kingdom)]]

Dyson Williams

2024-07-04T00:51:03Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|Welsh cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2017}}
'''Dyson Williams''' [[DSO]] [[MC]], later '''Dyson Brock Williams''' (13 October 1877 — 18 April 1922) was a [[Wales|Welsh]] [[cricket]]er. He was a right-handed batsman who played first-class cricket for [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]] during the 1921 season.

Williams was educated at [[Malvern School]], and played cricket during the school holidays for [[Swansea cricket club]]. Thanks to his many connections, and in spite of running a solicitors' practice alongside his cricketing career, he still managed to play occasionally until 1914, at which point the Welshman went off to serve with the Welsh Regiment in the [[First World War]]. Following his experiences during the war, which left him mentally and physically scarred, he took up gambling and losing a vast amount of his accrued money in the process. He killed himself with gas in his London apartment in 1922.<ref name="BOOK">{{cite book |last1=Frith |first1=David |authorlink1=David Frith |title=Silence Of The Heart: Cricket Suicides|year=2001 |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn = 184018406X}}</ref>

He played his first and only County Championship game during the 1921 season, against [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]], later becoming friends with [[Georges Carpentier]] and going to work in London for a boxing promoter. However, he kept losing money and was found dead in April 1922 in his London office.

Williams' brother Morgan played one match for Gentlemen of Glamorgan during the 1913 season.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/4/4729/4729.html Dyson Williams] at Cricket Archive {{subscription required}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Dyson}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Glamorgan cricketers]]
[[Category:People educated at Malvern College]]
[[Category:Welsh cricketers]]
[[Category:Suicides by gas]]
[[Category:Suicides in Greater London]]

Alfred Salenger

2024-07-04T00:49:10Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Use Australian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Alfred T. Salenger, OBE, 1918.jpg|thumb|Alfred Salenger, 1918]]
'''Alfred Theodore Salenger''' [[BEM]] (1879–1961) was the first Australian awarded the [[Order of the British Empire]] for his role in inventing a bomb-thrower for use in [[trench warfare]] in [[World War I]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> He was a designer and a partner in the firm of Messrs. Salenger Brothers - wholesale jewellers, of [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]], [[Sydney]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://www.naa.gov.au/ www.naa.gov.au/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205211522/http://www.naa.gov.au/ |date=5 February 2012 }} [[National Archives of Australia]]: A1337, 4925 Item ID 9502852 Application for registration of a design by Alfred Theodore Salenger for Jewellery - Class 3</ref>

== Early life ==
Salenger was born in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia in 1879 to warehouseman Julius Salenger and his wife Evelyn nee Beaver.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lane |first=Peter |date=2012 |title=S. Schlank & Co Ltd: medal and badge makers of Adelaide 1887-1971 |url=https://numismatics.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Vol-23-Article-4.pdf |journal=Journal of the Numismatic Association of Australia |volume=23 |pages=44 |issn=0815-998X |access-date=18 June 2022 |via=wordpress.com |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617191219/https://numismatics.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Vol-23-Article-4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> His grandfather Louis Beaver (previously Bibergeil) was an inventor and proprietor of jewellery stores in [[Manchester]] in England.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ipGX4cAqH0C&dq=louis+beaver+jeweller&pg=PA27-IA202 |title=English Patents of Inventions, Specifications: 1858, 2397 - 2467 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1859 |chapter=A.D. 1858 2nd November No. 2437 |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033342/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ipGX4cAqH0C&dq=louis+beaver+jeweller&pg=PA27-IA202 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Silberberg |first=Sue |title=A Networked Community: Jewish Melbourne in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Melbourne University Press |date=28 April 2020 |isbn=9780522876345 |pages=23–24, 157}}</ref> An uncle was the architect [[Isidor George Beaver]]. Constance Beaver, an aunt, was the mother of [[Harry Nathan, 1st Baron Nathan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 1947 |title=Lady Nathan Presides Over London County Council |page=12 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,204 |location=New South Wales, Australia |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article27894635 |via=National Library of Australia |accessdate=18 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033348/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27894635 |url-status=live }}</ref> Salenger's brother Herbert Michael Salenger was a partner of the firm of Messrs. Biddulph and Salenger, solicitors, of Sydney.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=11 January 1918 |title=SYDNEY INVENTORS. |page=8 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=24,966 |location=New South Wales, Australia |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28099959 |via=National Library of Australia |accessdate=14 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033349/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/28099959 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Salenger was a partner in the firm of Messrs.Salenger Bros. - wholesale jewellers, of George Street Sydney.<ref name=":0" />

In 1916 he began collaborating with Lieut. W. H. Gregory Geake who had invented an improved bomb-thrower for use in trench warfare.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Burness |first=Peter |title=Geake, William Henry Gregory (1880–1944) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/geake-william-henry-gregory-6293 |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en |access-date=2022-06-22 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518070806/https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/geake-william-henry-gregory-6293 |url-status=live }}</ref> Together they embarked from Sydney on the RMS Kaisar-i-Hind, arriving in England on 1 February 1917. They worked on many inventions for the A.I.F. Research Section of the British [[Munitions Inventions Department]] at Claremont Park, [[Esher]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 August 1919 |title=HOMEBUSH FAT STOCK MARKETS. |page=6 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]] |issue=12573 |location=New South Wales, Australia |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article239634619 |via=National Library of Australia |accessdate=14 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033349/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/239634619 |url-status=live }}</ref> The men of this section became known as the "Safety Seconds", for putting results before their own safety.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 August 1919 |title=SAFETY SECONDS. |page=4 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]] |issue=12573 |location=New South Wales, Australia |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article239634567 |via=National Library of Australia |accessdate=14 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033348/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/239634567 |url-status=live }}</ref> Salenger was responsible for restricting a fire which occurred while carrying out experiments, but there was an explosion that severed his fingers and badly injured the other arm. He was hospitalised for 2 months.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stilwell |first=Martin |date=20 January 2019 |title=Australian Munitions Workers |url=https://www.surreyinthegreatwar.org.uk/story/australian-munitions-workers/ |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=Surrey in the Great War: A County Remembers |publisher=A Surrey Heritage (Surrey County Council) project }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was cared for at [[Kingston Hospital|Kingston Infirmary]] in Surrey, alongside military casualties.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 1917 |title=INJURY TO MR. ALFRED SALENGER. |page=5 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=24,928 |location=New South Wales, Australia |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15754667 |via=National Library of Australia |accessdate=15 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033349/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15754667 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently Colonel [[Henry Edward Fane Goold-Adams|Henry Edward Goold-Adams]], Comptroller of Munitions Inventions, wrote to him saying that "the injury you have unfortunately sustained is just as much a credit to yourself and those that come after you as if the loss of your fingers had occurred in the field by the action of the enemy".<ref name=":0" />

Salenger Bros. were the Australian agents for the National Diamond Factories (Bernard Oppenheimer), Ltd., of London. [[Bernard Oppenheimer|Sir Bernard Oppenheimer]] established a scheme for training disabled war veterans, many of whom were amputees, in the skills of diamond cutting and polishing.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 1921 |title=SIR B. OPPENHEIMER |page=1 (FINAL SPORTING) |newspaper=[[The Sun (Sydney)|The Sun]] |issue=3324 |location=New South Wales, Australia |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221474134 |via=National Library of Australia |accessdate=17 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033350/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/221474134 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Order of the British Empire ==
In the [[1918 New Year Honours]] Salenger was awarded the Order of the British Empire for "courage and self-sacrifice in volunteering for work on dangerous experiments, in the course of which he lost four fingers". The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British [[order of chivalry]], rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the [[civil service]]. It was established on 4 June 1917 by [[King George V]]. Salenger was the first Australian to receive the award.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> He received his award in Kingston Town Hall on 29 May 1918 by Surrey’s [[Lord-lieutenant|Lord Lieutenant]] Lord Ashcombe [[Henry Cubitt, 2nd Baron Ashcombe|(Henry Cubitt]]).<ref name=":1" />

== Family ==
Salenger married Ursula May Hutchison in 1912 in Sydney, and they divorced in 1931.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 1931 |title=IN DIVORCE. |page=5 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=29,126 |location=New South Wales, Australia |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16776915 |via=National Library of Australia |accessdate=14 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033350/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/16776915 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1947 he married Maud Zell at [[Darlinghurst, New South Wales|Darlinghurst]], Sydney.

Salenger died on 5 April 1961, aged 81, and is buried at the [[Rookwood Cemetery|Rookwood Necropolis]] in Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Births, Deaths and Marriages search |url=https://familyhistory.bdm.nsw.gov.au/lifelink/familyhistory/search/deaths;jsessionid=05C763FEFA4C7A4A45BD70AE9767DCCD?0 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=familyhistory.bdm.nsw.gov.au |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033357/https://familyhistory.bdm.nsw.gov.au/lifelink/familyhistory/search/deaths;jsessionid=7140D4EA1368C48C1835FC9476A8A8AE?0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alfred Salenger |url=https://rookwoodcemetery.discovereverafter.com/search-results?search_first=alfred&search_last=salenger&cemetery=248&site=rookwoodcemetery&advanced-search=Search |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Rookwood Cemetery |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623033352/https://rookwoodcemetery.discovereverafter.com/search-results?search_first=alfred&search_last=salenger&cemetery=248&site=rookwoodcemetery&advanced-search=Search |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Commons category|Alfred Salenger}}<references />
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian inventors]]
[[Category:Australian jewellers]]
[[Category:Australian people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:World War I weapons of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Salenger, Alfred}}
[[Category:Weapon designers]]

Archibald Ross

2024-07-04T00:42:14Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|American marine engineer}}
{{for|the New Zealand politician|Archibald Hilson Ross}}
{{unreferenced|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Archibald John Campbell Ross
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1867
| birth_place =
| death_date ={{death year and age|1931|1867}}
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| other_names =
| occupation = Marine engineer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Sir Archibald John Campbell Ross''' [[KBE]] (1867{{snd}}19 March 1931) was a pioneering [[marine engineering|marine engineer]].

He was 18 years of age when he became a pupil of Messrs. [[R & W Hawthorn]] at their St. Peters Works at [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] in [[England]], and all his working life was spent with this well-known engineering and shipbuilding company. During Sir Archibald's regime, turbines and boilers for some of the heaviest units in the [[Royal Navy]] were built. He attended the [[National Labor Conference]] in Washington, USA, in 1910 as an employers' representative. His work on the Merchant Shipbuilding Advisory Committee and on the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] Shipbuilding Council was recognized officially in June 1921, when he was made a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the British Empire]], this followed the Commander of the British Empire honor he had been awarded three years previously.

He served two terms as president of the North-East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, and was a director of Messrs. Ruston-Bucyrus Ltd., specialists in excavating machinery which incorporated the old established firms of [[Ruston (engine builder)|Ruston and Hornsby]] Ltd. of [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]], England, and the Bucyrus-Erie Co. of South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the United States.

He was also a member of the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]], the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on the Council of the Institution of Naval Architects, and a member of the Institute of Metals.

He was a great lover of music and president of the [[Dancing England Rapper Tournament#Background|North of England Musical Tournament]].

He married in 1896 and had four sons, three of whom served in the Royal Navy. One son, [[George Campbell Ross]], Lieutenant Commander was Chief Engineering Officer of the battleship [[HMS Rodney (29)|HMS ''Rodney'']] and later Admiral of the Royal Navy. On 16 September 1929 he married Alice Behrens, daughter of the banker Paul Behrens (of Bank Salomon & Oppenheim) in Berlin, the first German women to marry an Englishman after World War I.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ross, Archibald}}
[[Category:British marine engineers]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:People from Newcastle upon Tyne]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tyne and Wear]]

Arthur Lewis Dixon

2024-07-04T00:33:50Z

92.10.114.155:

'''Sir Arthur Lewis Dixon''', [[CB]], [[CBE]] (30 January 1881 – 14 September 1969) was a British civil servant. He spent his entire career at the [[Home Office]], where he reformed and modernized both the police and fire services. In particular, he was responsible for the creation of the [[National Fire Service]] during the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=32837}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{NPG name|71914|Sir Arthur Lewis Dixon}}

[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Civil servants in the Home Office]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at Kingswood School, Bath]]
[[Category:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British Methodists]]

Ernest Hiley

2024-07-04T00:20:33Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{For|the British and New Zealand Railways administrator|E. H. Hiley}}

'''Sir Ernest Varvill Hiley''', [[KBE]] (1868–1949) was Conservative MP for [[Birmingham Duddeston (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Duddeston]]<ref name=craig>
Craig, F.W.S., ed. (1969) ''British parliamentary election results 1918-1949'' Glasgow: Political Reference Publications. p. 82. {{ISBN|0-900178-01-9}}</ref><ref name="leigh">{{Cite web |title=THE HOUSE OF COMMONS CONSTITUENCIES BEGINNING WITH "D" |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Dcommons3.htm |access-date=2023-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009184054/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Dcommons3.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name=whit>''[[Whitaker's Almanack]]'', 1923 edition</ref>

Originally a solicitor, he was town clerk of [[Leicester]] and [[Birmingham]]. He was knighted in 1917.<ref name="chamberlain">{{Cite book |last=Self |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8uoDQAAQBAJ&dq=ernest+varvill+hiley&pg=PT122 |title=The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters: Volume 2: The Reform Years, 1921-27 |date=2016-12-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-96379-4 |language=en}}</ref>

He was elected as an MP in 1922 but stood down in 1923, an unusually short term.<ref name=craig/><ref name=leigh/><ref name=whit/>

He later served on two [[Royal Commission]]s.<ref name=chamberlain/>

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-ernest-hiley | Sir Ernest Hiley}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-par|uk}}
{{S-bef| before = [[Eldred Hallas]] }}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Birmingham Duddeston (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Duddeston]]
| years = [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]] – [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923]]
}}
{{S-aft| after = [[John Burman (MP)|John Burman]] }}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hiley, Ernest}}
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Politics of Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English solicitors]]

{{England-Conservative-UK-MP-1860s-stub}}

Arthur Holbrook

2024-07-04T00:20:05Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Arthur Holbrook.jpg|thumb|upright|Arthur Holbrook]]
Colonel '''Sir Arthur Richard Holbrook''', [[KBE]], [[VD]], [[JP]], [[DL]] (28 April 1850 – 24 December 1946) was a British newspaper proprietor and Conservative MP for [[Basingstoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Basingstoke]].

He won the seat at a by-election in 1920, lost it in 1923, was re-elected in 1924, and stood down in 1929.

He was a newspaper proprietor; founder of the ''Southern Daily Mail''; Fellow of the Institute of Journalists; President of the Newspaper Society, 1913–14; Chairman of Portsmouth Conservative Association, 1885–98; and President of Portsmouth Chamber of Commerce, 1907–12. He commanded the [[Royal Army Service Corps]], Salisbury Plain District, 1914–19.<ref>‘HOLBROOK, Col Sir Arthur (Richard)’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2007; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2012; online edn, Oct 2012 [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U226926, accessed 15 May 2020]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{NPG name|128232|Sir Arthur Richard Holbrook}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Basingstoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Basingstoke]]
| years = [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]]-[[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929]]
| before = [[Reginald Fletcher, 1st Baron Winster|Reginald Fletcher]]
| after = [[Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth|Gerard Wallop]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Basingstoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Basingstoke]]
| years = [[1920 Basingstoke by-election|1920]]–[[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923]]
| before = [[Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes|Auckland Geddes]]
| after = [[Reginald Fletcher, 1st Baron Winster|Reginald Fletcher]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holbrook, Arthur}}
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:People from Bath, Somerset]]
[[Category:19th-century British newspaper founders]]
[[Category:British newspaper people]]
[[Category:Royal Army Service Corps officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Deputy Lieutenants]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]

{{England-Conservative-UK-MP-1850s-stub}}

Maurus Caruana

2024-07-04T00:16:12Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|Maltese of Archbishop}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Archbishop
| honorific-prefix = [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Sir Maurus Caruana
| honorific-suffix = [[O.S.B.]], [[K.G.C.]], [[K.B.E.]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta|Bishop of Malta]]
| image =Archbishop M. Caruana.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Roman Catholic]]
| archdiocese =
| province = [[Archdiocese of Palermo|Palermo]]
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta|Malta]]<ref name="morana">{{cite book|last1=Morana|first1=Martin|title=Bejn Kliem u Storja|date=2011|publisher=Books Distributors Limited|location=[[Malta]]|isbn=978-99957-0137-6|url=https://sites.google.com/site/kliemustorja/home/titlu/introduzzjoni/dwar-l-awtur/a/b/c/c/d|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005162338/https://sites.google.com/site/kliemustorja/home/titlu/introduzzjoni/dwar-l-awtur/a/b/c/c/d|archivedate=5 October 2016|language=Maltese}}</ref>
| elected =
| appointed = 22 January 1915
| term = 1915-1943
| term_start = 25 February 1915
| quashed =
| term_end = 17 December 1943
| predecessor = [[Pietro Pace]]
| opposed =
| successor = [[Mikiel Gonzi]]
| other_post = [[Titular Archbishop]] of Rhodes (1915-1928)

| ordination = 14 March 1891
| ordained_by = [[Hugh MacDonald (bishop of Aberdeen)|Hugh MacDonald]], [[Redemptorists|C.Ss.R.]]
| consecration = 22 January 1915
| consecrated_by = [[Rafael Merry del Val]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =

| birth_name = Luigi Carlo Giovanni Giuseppe Publio Caruana
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1867|11|16}}
| birth_place = [[Floriana]], [[Crown Colony of Malta]], [[British Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1943|12|17|1867|11|16}}
| death_place = [[Sliema]], Crown Colony of Malta, British Empire
| buried = St Gregory The Great Parish Church, Sliema, Malta
| nationality = Maltese
| religion =
| residence =
| parents = Enrico Caruana & Elizabetta Bonavia
| spouse = 
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| previous_post =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
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| attributes =
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| suppressed_date =

| other =
}}
'''[[Sir#British and Commonwealth honorifics|Sir]] Maurus Caruana, O.S.B.''', K.G.C., [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire|K.B.E.]] (November 16, 1867 – 17 December 1943), was a Maltese [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] who served as the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta|Bishop of Malta]] and the [[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Rhodes]].

==Early life==

He was born '''Luigi Carlo Giovanni Giuseppe Publio Caruana''' in [[Floriana]], in what was then the [[Crown Colony of Malta]], part of the [[British Empire]]. He was the youngest of the three sons of Enrico Caruana, assistant secretary to the Admiral Superintendent of the Malta Dockyards, and Elizabetta Bonavia. His older brothers went on to become a London banker and the Judge-[[Advocate General]] of the [[British Raj]] in India.<ref name=TM>{{cite journal|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150201/life-features/From-Fort-Augustus-Abbey-to-the-Bishopric-of-Malta.554489|journal=Times of Malta|date=February 1, 2015|first=Fabian|last=Mangion|title=From Fort Augustus Abbey to the Bishopric of Malta}}</ref>

Caruana's mother died on January 25, 1869, when Luigi was still in his infancy, and he was raised by his father. In 1876, at the age of nine, he was admitted to the [[minor seminary]] of the [[Diocese of Gozo]], and a year later he pursued his studies at St. Ignatius College in [[St. Julian's]], administered by the [[Jesuit Fathers]]. Wishing to become a Benedictine monk, in 1882 he was enrolled in the school operated by the monks of [[Fort Augustus Abbey]] in Scotland, where he continued his studies.<ref name=TM />

==Monk==

In 1884, Caruana was received as a [[postulant]] of the monastic community, and received the [[religious habit|monastic habit]] on March 21 of that year, celebrated by Benedictines as the [[feast day]] of St. Benedict, the founder of the Benedictine Order, and being given at that occasion the [[religious name]] of '''Maurus''', after one of the founder's most noted disciples. He made his temporary profession of [[religious vows]] the following year, and he made his [[solemn vows]] three years later, on November 11, 1888. He then pursued his study of theology and was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] a [[Catholic priest|priest]] on March 14, 1891, by [[Hugh MacDonald (bishop of Aberdeen)|Hugh MacDonald]], [[Redemptorists|C.Ss.R.]], the [[Bishop of Aberdeen]]. He was then sent to pursue his ecclesiastical studies in [[Rome]] at [[Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm|San Anselmo College]], an international center of studies run by the Benedictine Order.<ref name=TM />

After his return to his abbey, Caruana taught philosophy, theology and Latin literature at the abbey school. In 1899 he was appointed a [[parish priest]] at [[Dornie]], western [[Ross-shire]], in the [[Scottish Highlands]], for which he learned [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] to care for a widely scattered flock. In 1904, due to his talents and training, he was chosen to act as private secretary to the Maltese bishop, [[Ambrose Agius]], O.S.B. (1856-1911), another Benedictine monk, who, at the time, was [[Apostolic Delegate]] to the Philippines. This was to be his only experience of higher ecclesiastical office before he was appointed bishop.<ref name=TM />

In 1906, Caruana returned to Fort Augustus Abbey, where he was appointed choir master for the community. He also engaged in a preaching ministry in various locales in Scotland and England over the next few years, including [[Westminster Cathedral]] in [[London]], where he preached a course of [[Lent]]en sermons. He was especially welcome by the Italian immigrant community of the United Kingdom for his proficiency in their language.<ref name=TM />

==Bishop==

In December 1914, Caruana was sent to [[Brazil]] on a preaching mission. He decided to spend time with his family back in [[Malta]] on the way. While there, he was summoned to Rome the following month where he learned that [[Pope Benedict XV]] had named him the Bishop of Malta. He was consecrated at the [[Basilica]] of [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]] by the [[Secretary of State]] of the Holy See, [[cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Rafael Merry del Val]] on February 10 of the same year.<ref name=CH>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcar.html Catholic Hierarchy] Retrieved on 14 February 2014.</ref> The day was of significance, as it is celebrated in Malta as the Feast of St. [[Paul the Apostle|Paul's]] shipwreck there and by Benedictines as the Feast of [[St. Scholastica]], the sister of St. Benedict. He was also honored with being appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]].<ref name=TM />

The population of Malta received its new bishop with huge enthusiasm and he received a large donation from the public to commemorate the occasion, which he promptly turned to purchasing bread for the poor and for the upkeep of the seminary of the diocese. He became the first Maltese to be created a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in 1918, shortly after the Order had been established by King [[George V]].<ref name=TM />

On March 29, 1928, [[Monsignor]] Caruana was granted the personal title of archbishop by [[Pope Pius XI]], as the Titular See of Rhodes, which the Bishops of Malta had held concurrently since 1797, had been restored as a functioning diocese.<ref name=CH />

{{Blockquote
|text=Archbishop Caruana, broadcasting to the Maltese on December 26, [1942] exhorted them to make an all-out effort for victory [against the Axis powers]. "There is no other alternative", he said, "for all right-thinking men faced with the evidence of the inherent barbarity of the enemy, his anti-Christian temper, his persecution of religion, his contempt for the laws of civilization and his savage extermination of the Jews." He thanked the men of the merchant and Royal navies, and the R.A.F., for their courage and devotion.
|title="Pope Grants Plenary Indulgence in Air Raids"
|source=[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article172204439 ''The Advocate'' (January 7, 1943)]
}}

Caruana died during World War II, after he had led the island through the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|Siege of Malta]] by the [[Nazi]] [[Luftwaffe]]. He is buried in St Gregory The Great Parish Church, Sliema, Malta.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caruana, Maurus}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Floriana]]
[[Category:People educated at Fort Augustus Abbey]]
[[Category:Maltese knights]]
[[Category:Maltese Benedictines]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Malta]]
[[Category:Knights of Malta]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Malta]]
[[Category:Benedictine bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic titular archbishops]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Bishops of Malta]]

Dayrell Crackanthorpe

2024-07-03T23:38:23Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|British diplomat (1871 – 1950)}}
'''Dayrell Eardley Montague Crackanthorpe''', [[CMG]] (1871 – 1950) was a British diplomat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 1950 |title=Mr. D. E. M. Crackanthorpe |work=[[The Times]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 1950 |title=Dayrell Crackanthorpe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/02/11/archives/dayrell-crackanthorpe.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |pages=12}}</ref>

In 1914, Crackanthorpe was in charge of the British legation at Belgrade at the time of the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]].

He was British Minister to the Central American Republics from 1919 to 1922, but did not proceed to post.

He was the brother of the writer [[Hubert Crackanthorpe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Jad |date=Winter 2009 |title=The drowning of Hubert Crackanthorpe and the persecution of Leila Macdonald |journal=English Literature in Transition 1880-1920 |volume=52 |issue=1}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{NPG name|97428|Dayrell Montague Crackanthorpe}}

[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British diplomats]]
[[Category:20th-century British diplomats]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at St Paul's School, London]]
[[Category:High Sheriffs of Cumberland]]
[[Category:British landowners]]

Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe

2024-07-03T23:17:01Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|British Conservative politician and colonial governor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Viscount Bledisloe
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=|GCMG|KBE|KStJ|PC}}
| image = Viscount Bledisloe.jpg
| order = 4th
| office = Governor-General of New Zealand
| monarch = [[George V]]
| term_start = 19 March 1930
| term_end = 15 March 1935
| primeminister = [[Joseph Ward]] [[George Forbes (New Zealand politician)|George Forbes]]
| predecessor = [[Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet|Sir Charles Fergusson]]
| successor = [[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway|The Viscount Galway]]
| office1 = [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries#Parliamentary Secretaries to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries|Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries]]
| monarch1 = [[George V]]
| primeminister1 = [[Stanley Baldwin]]
| term_start1 = 11 November 1924
| term_end1 = 5 February 1928
| predecessor1 = [[Walter Smith (British politician)|Walter Smith]]
| successor1 = [[George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke|The Earl of Stradbroke]]
| office2 = [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food#Parliamentary Secretaries to the Ministry of Food Control|Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food Control]]
| monarch2 = [[George V]]
| primeminister2 = [[David Lloyd George]]
| term_start2 = 12 December 1916
| term_end2 = 2 July 1917
| predecessor2 = ''[[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food#Parliamentary Secretaries to the Ministry of Food Control|Office established]]''
| successor2 = [[J. R. Clynes|John Robert Clynes]]
|office3 = [[Member of the House of Lords]] [[Lords Temporal|Lord Temporal]]
|term_start3 = 15 October 1918
|term_end3 = 3 July 1958 [[Hereditary Peerage]]
|predecessor3 = ''[[Viscount Bledisloe|Peerage created]]''
|successor3 = [[Benjamin Bathurst, 2nd Viscount Bledisloe|The 2nd Viscount Bledisloe]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Wilton (UK Parliament constituency)|Wilton]]
| term_start4 = 15 January 1910
| term_end4 = 15 October 1918
| predecessor4 = [[Levi Lapper Morse]]
| successor4 = [[Hugh Morrison (English politician)|Hugh Morrison]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1867|9|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1958|7|3|1867|9|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lydney]], Gloucestershire, England
| spouse = Bertha Susan Lopes, Alina Kate Elaine Cooper-Smith
| children = 3
| profession =
| religion =
| nationality = British
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
}}
'''Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCMG|KBE|KStJ|PC}} (21 September 1867 – 3 July 1958) was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and colonial governor. He was [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] from 1930 to 1935.

==Early life==
Bathurst was born in London, the second son of Charles Bathurst, of [[Lydney Park]], Gloucestershire, and Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel Thomas Hay by Georgette Arnaud. He was educated at Sherborne School,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-08|title=Sherborne and the Bledisloe Cup|url=https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/sherborne-and-the-bledisloe-cup/|access-date=2020-10-10|website=The Old Shirburnian Society|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Eton College]] and then [[University College, Oxford]], where he graduated with a law degree in 1890. He then studied law and was admitted to the [[Inner Temple]] in 1892, when he gained a [[Master of Arts]] from Oxford. He was also [[called to the bar]].<ref name="DNZB Bathurst">{{cite web | url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4b39/bledisloe-charles-bathurst | title= Bledisloe, Charles Bathurst 1867 – 1958 | last= Marshall | first= Russell | date= 1998 |publisher=[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]] | access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> He inherited Lydney Park on the death of his elder brother.

==Member of Parliament and the First World War==
Bathurst worked as a [[barrister]] and conveyancer. In [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|1910]] he entered [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|parliament]] representing the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] as MP for the [[Wilton (UK Parliament constituency)|South or Wilton division]] of [[Wiltshire]]. He served as [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food]].

During the [[First World War]] of 1914–1918, Bathurst joined the Royal Engineers Special Reserves, and then served in Southern Command as Assistant Military Secretary at the War Office.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} He carried out the task of ensuring the country had a supply of sugar when asked to chair the Royal Commission on Sugar Supply until 1919. Bathurst was appointed a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) in 1917, and raised to the peerage as '''Baron Bledisloe''' of [[Lydney]] in the [[Gloucestershire|County of Gloucester]] on 15 October 1918. He remained in parliament until 1928, serving as [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries|Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries]] from 1924 onwards. The following year [[Bristol University]] granted him an honorary Doctorate of Science. He served as a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] from 1926. Stanley Baldwin appointed Lord Bledisloe to chair the Royal Commission on Land Drainage, probably owing to his own experiences on the banks of the [[River Severn|Severn]] in Gloucestershire. This was his last such honour before being posted overseas.

==Governor-General of New Zealand==
After leaving parliament, Lord Bledisloe was created a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] and invested a Knight of Grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem on appointment as the [[List of Governors-General of New Zealand|fourth]] [[Governor-General of New Zealand]], an office he held from 1930 until 1935, proving to be well liked and respected.

[[File:Opening of the new stand, Carlaw Park 1934.png|thumb|Lord Bledisloe at the opening of the new grandstand at [[Carlaw Park]] on 12 May 1934]]
His social conscience was much appreciated during the [[Great Depression|Depression]] era, as was his insistence that his salary should be cut as were the salaries of public servants at the time. Bledisloe also contributed to improved [[Pākehā]]–[[Māori people|Māori]] relations, purchasing the site where the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] was signed and presenting it to the nation as a memorial. In 1934, the site was dedicated as a national reserve. The dedication ceremony attracted thousands of people, both Māori and Pākehā. Bledisloe continued to take an interest in the site even after his term expired and he returned to England. He also contributed to the recognition of the [[Māori King Movement]] by developing a friendship with [[King Koroki]] and [[Te Puea Herangi]], and his willingness to use the title "king" without reticence.<ref name="DNZB Bathurst" />

Bledisloe also promoted various causes and events by the presentation of trophies, notably the [[Bledisloe Cup]], the trophy for an ongoing [[rugby union]] competition between New Zealand and Australia, first awarded in 1932, and currently contested annually.<ref name="DNZB Bathurst" /> He also initiated the New Zealand Chess Federation inter-club championship trophy, also called the [[Bledisloe Cup (chess)|Bledisloe Cup]].

Bledisloe was a [[Freemasonry|freemason]]. During his term as governor-general, he was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html|title=VICE REGAL GRAND MASTERS – WHO AND WHY?|work=Kent Henderson Freemansonry|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409023926/http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html|archive-date=9 April 2013}}</ref>

==Later life==
In 1935, Bledisloe was awarded the [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]],<ref name="EP">{{cite news | url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19350506.2.12 | title=Official jubilee medals | date=6 May 1935 | work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]] | access-date=2 July 2013 | page=4 }}</ref> honorary doctorate of civil laws (DCL) from Oxford, and honorary doctorate of Law (LLD) from Edinburgh. Upon returning to England he was elevated on 24 June 1935 to '''Viscount Bledisloe''', of [[Lydney]] in the County of Gloucester.<ref name="DNZB Bathurst" /> He continued to serve on a number of committees and councils, and was made a fellow of [[University College, Oxford]] and Pro-Vice Chancellor of [[University of Bristol|Bristol]]. He received the King's Coronation Medal from George VI in 1937 and was admitted at the same time as Fellow of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries]].

Bledisloe was a director of [[Lloyds Bank]] and the [[Australian Mutual Provident Society]]; and latterly also of the [[P & O Steamship Company]].

Lord Bledisloe chaired the [[Bledisloe Commission]], also known as the Rhodesia-Nyasaland Royal Commission, appointed in 1937–39 to examine the possible closer union of the three British territories in Central Africa: [[Southern Rhodesia]], [[Northern Rhodesia]] and [[Nyasaland]]. These territories were to some degree economically inter-dependent, and it was suggested that an association would promote their rapid development. (The three territories would ultimately unite as the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] in 1953.)

In 1943, he created the [[Empire Knowledge Trophies]], a school competition to promote the [[British Empire]] to grammar and secondary technical schools.<ref>Bledisloe trophy competition for more schools? Gloucester Journal 31 July 1956</ref> The competition was organized by the Gloucestershire Education Committee. Lord Blesdisloe himself often attended to present the prizes to the pupils.

On his 90th birthday he endowed the [[Royal Agricultural Society of England#Awards|Bledisloe Gold Medal for Landowners]] of the [[Royal Agricultural Society of England]], to be awarded annually for the application of science or technology to some branch of British husbandry.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rase.org.uk/index.php/about-us/awards/33-bledisloe-gold-medal-for-landowners|title= Bledisloe Gold Medal for Landowners|publisher=RASE|access-date= 17 December 2014|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://archive.today/20141217213447/http://www.rase.org.uk/index.php/about-us/awards/33-bledisloe-gold-medal-for-landowners|archive-date= 17 December 2014}}</ref>

Bledisloe died, aged 90, at Lydney on 3 July 1958, and was succeeded as Viscount Bledisloe by his eldest son, [[Benjamin Ludlow Bathurst, 2nd Viscount Bledisloe|Benjamin Ludlow Bathurst]].

==Family==
Charles Bathurst married Hon Bertha Susan, daughter of [[Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Ludlow]] by Cordelia Clark. They had two boys and a girl.
* [[Benjamin Bathurst, 2nd Viscount Bledisloe|Benjamin Ludlow, 2nd Viscount Bledisloe]] (1899–1979)
* Ursula Mary (1900–1975), married Horace Field Parshall Jr. (1903–1986) on 14 May 1929; divorced 1942.
* Hon. Henry Charles Hiley (1904–1969)
Bertha died in 1926 and Bathurst remarried in 1928 to Alina Kate Elaine Cooper-Smith (née Jenkins), the daughter of [[John Jones Jenkins, 1st Baron Glantawe|Lord Glantawe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Russell |date=1998 |title=Bledisloe, Charles Bathurst |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4b39/bledisloe-charles-bathurst |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=James |title=BLEDISLOE, Charles Bathurst, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.B.E., First Viscount |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/bledisloe-charles-bathurst-pc-gcmg-kbe-first-viscount |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966. |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=8 February 1956 |title=Lady Bledisloe |pages=18 |work=Birmingham Daily Post |via=British Newspaper Archive}}</ref> Alina died in 1956.<ref name=":0" />

==Sports==
[[File:Lord Bledsoe and Ben Davidson at Carlaw Park, 1930.png|left|thumb]]Upon its formation in 1888, Bathurst was invited to become President of [[Lydney Rugby Football Club]]. He held this position for 70 years until his death and was succeeded as by his eldest son, [[Benjamin Ludlow Bathurst, 2nd Viscount Bledisloe|Benjamin]]. The Australia – New Zealand [[Bledisloe Cup]], and [[Bledisloe Park]] sports ground in New Zealand, are named for Bledisloe.

==Styles==
*1867–1910: Charles Bathurst
*1910–1914: Charles Bathurst, [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
*1914–1917: [[Captain (land)|Captain]] Charles Bathurst, MP
*1917 – 24 October 1918: Captain Sir Charles Bathurst, [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire|KBE]], MP
*24 October 1918 – 1926: [[The Right Honourable]] The Lord Bledisloe, KBE
*1926–1930: The Right Honourable The Lord Bledisloe, KBE, PC
*1930 – 1 January 1935: [[Excellency|His Excellency]] The Right Honourable The Lord Bledisloe, [[GCMG]], KBE, PC
*1 January – 28 June 1935: The Right Honourable The Lord Bledisloe, GCMG, KBE, PC, [[KStJ]]
*28 June 1935 – 1958: The Right Honourable The [[Viscount Bledisloe]], GCMG, KBE, PC, KStJ

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Charles Bathurst Arms.svg
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = The arms of Charles Bathurst consist of:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Noel |title=THE ARMS OF VISCOUNT BLEDISLOE |url=http://www.geocities.ws/noelcox/Bledisloe.htm |website=www.geocities.ws |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Debrett's Peerage, and Titles of Courtesy |date=1921 |publisher=London, Dean |page=121, BLEDISLOE, BARON. (Bathurst.) |url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/120/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> ([https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/6463/media?page=4 Carved depiction])
|adopted =
|crest = A dexter arm in mail enbowed, holding in the hand all Proper, a club with spike Or.
|torse =
|helm =
|escutcheon = Sable two bars ermine, in chief three [[Cross pattée|cross-patée]] Or.
|supporters = On either side a [[cattle|bull]] guardant Gules, ringed, and a line therefrom reflexed over the back Or.
|compartment =
|motto = {{lang|fr|Tien ta foy}} (Keep thy faith)
|orders =
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism =
|previous_versions =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Hansard-contribs | captain-sir-charles-bathurst | the Viscount Bledisloe }}
* [http://www.lydneyrfc.co.uk Lydney Rugby Football Club]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Levi Lapper Morse]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Wilton (UK Parliament constituency)|Wilton]]|years=[[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|1910]]–[[1918 Wilton by-election|1918]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hugh Morrison (English politician)|Hugh Morrison]]}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Fergusson|Sir Charles Fergusson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor-General of New Zealand]]|years=1930–1935}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway|The Viscount Galway]]}}
{{s-sports}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of [[Lydney Rugby Football Club]]|years=1888–1958}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Benjamin Bathurst, 2nd Viscount Bledisloe|Benjamin Bathurst]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|rows=2|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Viscount Bledisloe]]|years=1935–1958}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Benjamin Bathurst, 2nd Viscount Bledisloe|Benjamin Bathurst]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Bledisloe]]|years=1918–1958}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors-General of New Zealand}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bledisloe, Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Cheam School]]
[[Category:People educated at Sherborne School]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies|Bathurst, Charles]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910|Bathurst, Charles]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910–1918|Bathurst, Charles]]
[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Governors-General of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights of Grace of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers]]
[[Category:Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Bathurst family|Charles]]
[[Category:New Zealand Freemasons]]
[[Category:Viscounts created by George V]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Military personnel from London]]
[[Category:National Council of Social Service presidents]]

Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall

2024-07-03T23:12:06Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|Senior Royal Air Force officer (1886–1963)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Newall
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|OM|GCMG|CBE|KStJ|AM}}
| image = Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall (close-up).jpg
| caption = Marshal of the RAF Sir Cyril Newall {{circa|1940}}
| birth_name = Cyril Louis Norton Newall
| birth_date = 15 February 1886
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|11|30|1886|2|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mussoorie]], [[British Raj|Indian Empire]]
| death_place = [[London]], England
| order = 6th
| office = Governor-General of New Zealand
| term_start = 22 February 1941
| term_end = 19 April 1946
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| primeminister = [[Peter Fraser]]
| successor = [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg|The Lord Freyberg]]
| predecessor = [[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway|The Viscount Galway]]
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]] (1905–18) [[Royal Air Force]] (1918–40)
| serviceyears = 1905–40
| rank = [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]]
| commands = {{nowrap|[[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (1937–40)}} [[Air Member for Supply and Organisation]] (1935–37) [[RAF Middle East Command|Middle East Command]] (1931–34) Wessex Bombing Area (1931) [[VIII Brigade RAF]] (1917–18) [[No. 41 Wing RAF|41st Wing RFC]] (1917) [[9th Wing RFC]] (1916–17) [[6th Wing RFC]] (1916) [[No. 12 Squadron RAF|No. 12 Squadron RFC]] (1915–16)
| battles = [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]] [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
| mawards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Member of the Order of Merit]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Albert Medal for Lifesaving|Albert Medal]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (3) [[Legion of Honour|Officer of the Legion of Honour]] (France) [[Order of the Crown of Italy|Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy]] [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Officer of the Order of Leopold]] (Belgium) [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de guerre]] (Belgium)
}}
[[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]] '''Cyril Louis Norton Newall, 1st Baron Newall''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|OM|GCMG|CBE|KStJ|AM}} (15 February 1886 – 30 November 1963) was a senior officer of the [[British Army]] and [[Royal Air Force]]. He commanded units of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] and Royal Air Force in the [[First World War]], and served as [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] during the first years of the [[Second World War]]. From 1941 to 1946 he was the [[Governor-General of New Zealand]].

Born to a military family, Newall studied at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], before taking a commission as a junior officer in the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]] in 1905. After transferring to the [[2nd Gurkha Rifles]] in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], he saw active service on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]], but after learning to fly in 1911 turned towards a career in military aviation. During the First World War he rose from flying instructor to command of [[No. 41 Wing RAF|41st Wing RFC]], the main strategic bombing force, and was awarded the [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal]] for putting out a fire in an explosives store.

He served in staff positions through the 1920s and was Air Officer Commanding the [[RAF Middle East Command|Middle East Command]] in the early 1930s before becoming [[Air Member for Supply and Organisation]] in 1935. Newall was appointed Chief of the Air Staff in 1937 and, in that role, supported sharp increases in aircraft production, increasing expenditure on the new, heavily armed, [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] and [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] fighters, essential to re-equip Fighter Command. However, he was sacked after the [[Battle of Britain]] after political intrigue caused him to lose Churchill's confidence. In 1941 he was appointed Governor-General of New Zealand, holding office until 1946.

==Early life==
Newall was born to Lieutenant Colonel William Potter Newall and Edith Gwendoline Caroline Newall (née Norton). After education at [[Bedford School]], he attended the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|id=35208|title=Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall|year=2004|last=Orange|first=Vincent}}</ref> After leaving Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]] on 16 August 1905.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27827|page=5620|date=15 August 1905}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 18 November 1908,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28209|page=9945|date=29 December 1908}}</ref> and transferred to the [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles]] on 16 September 1909.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28338|page=1047|date=11 February 1910}}</ref> He served on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]], where he first encountered his future colleague [[Hugh Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding|Hugh Dowding]]; at an exercise in 1909, Dowding's artillery section ambushed Newall's Gurkhas whilst they were still breakfasting.<ref>Wright, p. 25</ref>

Newall began to turn towards a career in aviation in 1911, when he learned to fly in a [[Bristol Biplane Type 'T'|Bristol Biplane]] at [[Larkhill]] whilst on leave in England.<ref name=odnb/> He held [[List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Royal Aero Club in 1911|certificate No. 144]] issued by the [[Royal Aero Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1911/1911%20-%200865.html|title=Aviators' Certificates|year=1911|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> He later passed a formal course at the [[Central Flying School]], [[RAF Upavon|Upavon]] in 1913, and began working as a pilot trainer there from 17 November 1913;<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28839|page=4620|date=12 June 1914}}</ref> it was intended that he would form part of a flight training school to be established in India, but he had not yet left England when the First World War broke out.<ref name=air>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Newall.htm|title= Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Newall|publisher=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>

==First World War==

On the outbreak of war, Newall was in England. On 12 September 1914, he was given the temporary rank of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28910|page=7479|date=22 September 1914}}</ref> and attached to the [[Royal Flying Corps]] as a flight commander, to serve with [[No. 1 Squadron RFC|No. 1 Squadron]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to the permanent rank of captain on 22 September, effective from 16 August.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28910|page=7501|date=22 September 1914}}</ref> On 24 March 1915 he was promoted to [[Major (rank)|major]] and appointed to command [[No. 12 Squadron RFC|No. 12 Squadron]], flying [[Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2|BE2c]] aircraft in France from September onwards.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29120 |supp=y|page=3413|date=6 April 1915}}</ref> The squadron took part in the [[Battle of Loos]], bombing railways and carrying out reconnaissance missions in October 1915.<ref name=prob15>Probert, p. 15</ref>

On taking command of the squadron, he chose to stop flying personally in order to concentrate on administration, a decision which was regarded dismissively by his men; relations were strained until January 1916, when he demonstrated his courage by walking into a burning bomb store to try to control a fire. He was awarded the [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal]] for this act on the personal recommendation of General [[Hugh Trenchard]], and in February 1916 was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] and given command of Training No. 6 Wing in England. In December 1916 he took command of No. 9 Wing in France, a long-range bomber and reconnaissance formation, and in October 1917 took command of the newly formed [[No. 41 Wing RAF|No. 41 Wing]].<ref name=air/> This was upgraded as the [[VIII Brigade RAF|8th Brigade]] in December, with Newall promoted accordingly to the temporary rank of [[brigadier-general]] on 28 December 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30526 |supp=y|page=2049|date=12 February 1918}}</ref> During 1918, it joined the [[Independent Bombing Force]], which was the main [[strategic bombing]] arm of the newly formed [[Royal Air Force]].<ref name=odnb/> In June 1918 Newall was appointed the Deputy Commander of the Independent Bombing Force, serving under Trenchard.<ref name=air/>

Newall was awarded the Croix d'Officier of the French [[Legion of Honour]] on 10 October 1918,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30945 |supp=y|page=11943|date=8 October 1918}}</ref> and appointed a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 1 January 1919,<ref name=air/> a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] on 3 June 1919<ref name=air/> and an Officer of the Belgian [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] on 18 April 1921.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32292|page=2997|date=15 April 1921}}</ref>
{{blockquote|quote=On the 3rd January, 1916, at about 3 pm, a fire broke out inside a large bomb store belonging to the Royal Flying Corps, which contained nearly 2,000 high explosive bombs, some of which had very large charges, and a number of incendiary bombs which were burning freely. Major Newall at once took all necessary precautions, and then, assisted by Air Mechanic Simms, poured water into the shed through a hole made by the flames. He sent for the key of the store, and with Corporal Hearne, Harwood and Simms entered the building and succeeded in putting out the flames. The wooden cases containing the bombs were burnt, and some of them were charred to a cinder.|source=– Citation for the [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal]], published in the ''London Gazette''.<ref name=am>{{London Gazette|issue=29588|page=4970|date=19 May 1916}}</ref>}}

==Between the wars==
[[File:The Independent Air Force Dinner at the Savoy Hotel.jpg|thumb|right|Newall (far left) at a dinner in honour of the Independent Air Force, 1919. He is standing next to Prince Albert, the future [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]. Further right are Hugh Trenchard and [[Christopher Courtney]].]]
Newall was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force as a lieutenant colonel on 1 August 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31486|page=9864|date=1 August 1919}}</ref> and promoted to [[group captain]] on 8 August 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31495|page=10090|date=8 August 1919}}</ref> He became deputy director of Personnel at the [[Air Ministry]] in August 1919 and then Deputy Commandant of the [[No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF|apprentices' technical training school]] in August 1922.<ref name=air/> He married Mary Weddell in 1922; she died in September 1924, and he remarried the following year to Olive Foster, an American woman. He had three children with Foster, a son and two daughters.<ref name=odnb/>

Newall was promoted to [[air commodore]] on 1 January 1925,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33007 |supp=y|page=8|date=30 December 1924}}</ref> and took command of the newly formed [[Auxiliary Air Force]] in May 1925.<ref name=air/> He was appointed to a [[League of Nations]] disarmament committee in December 1925<ref name=air/> and then became [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]] and Director of Operations and Intelligence on 12 April 1926.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33152|page=2705|date=20 April 1926}}</ref> He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] in the [[1929 Birthday Honours]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33501 |supp=y|page=3668|date=31 May 1929}}</ref> and, having been promoted to [[air vice marshal]] on 1 January 1930,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33566 |supp=y|page=14|date=31 December 1929}}</ref> he stood down as Deputy Chief on 6 February 1931.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33688|page=932|date=10 February 1931}}</ref> He became Air Officer Commanding Wessex Bombing Area in February 1931 and then Air Officer Commanding [[RAF Middle East Command|Middle East Command]] in September 1931.<ref name=air/> He then returned to the Air Ministry, where he became [[Air Member for Supply and Organisation]] on 14 January 1935,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34124|page=384|date=15 January 1935}}</ref> during the beginnings of the pre-war expansion and rearmament.<ref name=odnb/> He was advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] in the 1935 Birthday Honours<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34166 |supp=y|page=3595|date=31 May 1935}}</ref> and promoted to [[air marshal]] on 1 July 1935.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34176|page=4262|date=2 July 1935}}</ref> He attended the funeral of [[George V|King George V]] in January 1936.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34279 |supp=y|page=2768|date=29 April 1936}}</ref>

Philosophically, Newall remained a close follower of Trenchard during the interwar period; his time in the Independent Bombing Force had left him convinced that strategic bombing was an exceptionally powerful weapon, and one that could not effectively be defended against. In this, he was a supporter of the standard doctrine of the day, which suggested that the destructive power of a bomber force was sufficiently great that it could cripple an industrial economy in short order, and that so merely its ''presence'' could potentially serve as an effective deterrent.<ref name=odnb/><ref>Allen, pp. 24–26</ref> He was promoted to [[air chief marshal]] on 1 April 1937.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34385|page=2126|date=2 April 1937}}</ref>

==Chief of the Air Staff==
[[File:Air Council in session WWII IWM CH 966.jpg|thumb|The [[Air Council]] meeting in mid-1940; Newall is at the far end of the table, next to Sir [[Archibald Sinclair]].]]
On 1 September 1937, Newall was appointed as [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]], the military head of the RAF, in succession to Sir [[Edward Ellington]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34432|page=5561|date=3 September 1937}}</ref> The promotion was unexpected; of the prospective candidates mooted for the job, Newall has been widely seen by historians as the least gifted.<ref name=odnb/> The most prominent candidate was [[Hugh Dowding]], the head of [[RAF Fighter Command]] and senior in rank to Newall by three months, who had been informally told by Ellington in 1936 that he was expected to be appointed as the new Chief of the Air Staff. The decision was taken by the [[Secretary of State for Air|Air Minister]], [[Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton|Viscount Swinton]], without consulting Ellington for advice.<ref>Wright, pp. 60–63</ref>

[[File:Cyril Louis Norton Newall.jpg|thumb|left|A 1940 portrait of Newall by [[Reginald Grenville Eves]].]]
During 1936 and 1937, the Air Staff had been fighting with the Cabinet over the rearmament plans; the Air Staff wanted a substantial bomber force and only minor increases in fighters, whilst the Minister for Defence Co-ordination, [[Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote|Thomas Inskip]], successfully pushed for a greater role for the fighter force.<ref>Allen, pp. 65–66</ref> Newall was promoted during the middle of this debate, and proved perhaps more flexible than might have been expected. In 1938 he supported sharp increases in aircraft production, including double-shift working and duplication of factories, and pushed for the creation of a dedicated organisation to repair and refit damaged aircraft. He supported expenditure on the new, heavily armed, [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] and [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] fighters, essential to re-equip Fighter Command.<ref name=odnb/> He even began to distance himself, albeit slightly, from orthodox bomber philosophy, noting to the Minister for Air that "no one can say with absolute certainty that a nation can be knocked out from the air, because no-one has yet attempted it".<ref>Allen, p. 66</ref> Discussing plans for reacting to a war with Italy, in early 1939, he opposed a French proposal to force Italy's surrender by the use of heavy bombing raids against the north, arguing that it would be unlikely to force the country out of the war without the need for ground combat.<ref>Salerno, p. 91</ref>

Newall was advanced to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] in the 1938 Birthday Honours.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34518 |supp=y|page=3688|date=7 June 1938}}</ref> He was still Chief of the Air Staff at the outbreak of the Second World War on 1 September 1939; his main contribution to the war effort was his successful resistance to the transfer of fighter squadrons to aid the [[Battle of France|collapsing French]] thus preserving a large portion of Fighter Command which would become crucial during the [[Battle of Britain]].<ref name=odnb/> While he remained committed to the idea of a "[[knock-out blow]]" offensive by [[Bomber Command]], he also recognised that it was too weak to do so successfully, but still strongly opposed the use of the RAF for [[close air support]].<ref name=odnb/>

Following the end of the Battle of Britain, Newall was quickly forced into retirement and replaced as Chief of the Air Staff by [[Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford|Charles Portal]]. Contemporaries attributed this to the effects of overwork, which had certainly taken its toll,<ref name=odnb/> but there were also other aspects; Newall had lost political support, particularly following a dispute with [[Lord Beaverbrook]] over the control of aircraft production and repair.<ref>Ritchie, pp. 83–4</ref> Matters came to a head with the circulation of an anonymous memo attacking Newall, among other senior officers, as "a real weakness to the RAF and to the nation's defences".<ref>Ritchie, p. 85</ref> The author was Air Commodore [[Edgar McCloughry]], a disaffected staff officer who saw himself as passed over for promotion and who had been brought into Beaverbrook's inner circle.<ref>Ritchie, pp. 85–90</ref> Beaverbrook pressed [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] to dismiss Newall, gaining the support of influential ex-RAF figures such as Trenchard and [[John Salmond|Salmond]]. Trenchard had come out against Newall for his failure to launch a decisive strategic bombing offensive, while Salmond saw Newall's removal as the simplest way to replace Dowding as head of Fighter Command – despite Newall having also sought to sack Dowding.<ref>Ritchie, pp. 98–100</ref>

He was promoted to [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]] on 4 October 1940<ref name=air/> and retired from the RAF later that month.<ref name=air/> He was awarded the [[Order of Merit]] on 29 October,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34984|page=6347|date=1 November 1940}}</ref> and made a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 21 November.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35065|page=691|date=4 February 1941}}</ref>

==New Zealand and later life==
[[File:Cyril Newall Kimberley 1940s.jpg|thumb|left|Newall (shown centre) as Governor-General of New Zealand.]]
In February 1941 Newall was appointed [[Governor-General of New Zealand]], a post he would hold for the remainder of the war. His time there was mostly quiet – described by one biographer as "a nice long rest"<ref name=odnb/> – and he toured the country extensively, referring to the war "in every public address".<ref name="McLean 2006, p. 239">McLean (2006), p. 239</ref> Newall and his wife, who also carried out an extensive program of engagements, were broadly popular, but there were occasional tensions; shortly after his arrival, it was widely (but mistakenly) rumoured that he had slighted the "men" of the Army in favour of the "gentlemen" of the RNZAF in a speech.<ref name="McLean 2006, p. 239"/> A Freemason, Newall became [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of New Zealand's [[Grand Lodge]] while Governor-General.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html|title=Vice Regal Grand Masters: Who and Why?|publisher=Kent Henderson|access-date=30 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409023926/http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html|archive-date=9 April 2013}}</ref>

Politically, he had a lukewarm relationship with the Prime Minister, [[Peter Fraser]] – "I can't persuade myself that he is all he quite appears to be",<ref name="McLean 2006, p. 245">McLean (2006), p. 245</ref> Newall noted in a private report – but the two worked together effectively. Small problems occasionally flared up, such as that in October 1942, when Fraser was reprimanded for not personally informing Newall of the resignation of four ministers.<ref name="McLean 2006, p. 245"/> However, only one developed into a direct confrontation, when Newall became the last Governor-General to refuse to follow the advice of his cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/splendid-ornamentals|year=2010|title=Splendid ornamentals – the Governor-General|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> Newall was presented with a government recommendation to [[:wikt:remit|remit]] four prisoners sentenced to be flogged, but refused to do so. He argued that if the government was opposed to flogging, it should repeal the legislation rather than maintain a policy of always remitting the sentences. This would be constitutionally improper, as it meant that the executive was overriding the legislature, which had provided for the sentence, and the judiciary, which had given it. Fraser, and his deputy [[Walter Nash]], refused to accept this response, and the impasse stretched out for several days; in the end, a compromise was reached where Newall remitted the sentences but the government undertook to repeal the legislation. The repeal bill was then extended to cover [[capital punishment in New Zealand|capital punishment]] as well; the government had the same policy to always remit, and it was felt that both had to be handled in the same way.<ref>McLean (2006), pp. 245–6; Quentin-Baxter (1979), pp. 312–3; {{cite web|url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-FerTria-t1-back-d1-d9.html|title=The Trials of Eric Mareo|publisher=University of Wellington|access-date=30 July 2012}}; {{cite journal |last1=Quentin-Baxter |first1=R. Q. |title=The Governor-General's Constitutional Discretions: An Essay towards a Re-Definition |journal=Victoria University of Wellington Law Review |date=1980 |volume=10 |pages=289 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vuwlr10&div=29&id=&page=}}</ref>

A second conflict emerged just before the end of his term, when in 1945, the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]] government sought to abolish the [[country quota]], a system that gave additional electoral seats in rural areas. Farming groups – predominantly [[New Zealand National Party|National]]-supporting – strongly opposed the move, and argued that such a major change could only be made after gaining approval in a general election. Newall sympathised, and advised Fraser to wait until after the election, but did not feel it was appropriate to intervene; he assented to the bill.<ref>McLean (2006), p. 246</ref>

Following his return from New Zealand in 1946, Newall was raised to the peerage as [[Baron Newall]], of Clifton upon Dunsmoor, in the county of Warwick.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37658|page=3736|date=19 July 1946}}</ref> He spoke in the [[House of Lords]] rarely, making five speeches between 1946 and 1948 and one in 1959, mostly addressing defence issues.<ref>{{Hansard-contribs | mr-cyril-newall | Lord Newall}}</ref> Newall died at his home at Welbeck Street in London on 30 November 1963, at which time his son [[Francis Newall, 2nd Baron Newall|Francis]] inherited his title.<ref name=odnb/>

Newall is buried with his wife Olive at St Mary Magdalene in Tormarton, South Gloucestershire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://places.wishful-thinking.org.uk/GLS/Tormarton/MIs.html|title=Some Memorial Inscriptions – Tormarton, Gloucestershire: St Mary Magdalene's Churchyard and War Memorial|publisher=Worshipful Thinking|access-date=13 May 2023}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Cyril Newall Arms.svg
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = The arms of Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall consist of:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Noel |title=THE ARMS OF LORD NEWALL |url=http://www.geocities.ws/noelcox/Newall.htm |website=www.geocities.ws |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Susan |title=Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019 |date=20 April 2020 |publisher=eBook Partnership |isbn=978-1-9997670-5-1 |page=3794, NEWALL, BARON (Newall) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99tHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2676 |access-date=20 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ([https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/6463/media?page=6 Carved depiction])
|adopted =
|crest = Issuant from an [[Astral crown|Astral Crown]] Or an [[Eagle (heraldry)|eagle]] wings elevated Sable breathing flames proper.
|torse =
|helm =
|escutcheon = Per Pale Azure and Gules two lions Passant Guardant in Pale Or on a chief Ermine a rose of the second barbed and seeded between a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]] and a sprig of [[Silver fern|New Zealand fern]] all Proper.
|supporters = On either side a [[Pegasus#In heraldry|pegasus]] Argent gorged with an astral crown Or.
|compartment =
|motto = {{lang|la|Deo Juvante}} (With God's help)
|orders =
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism =
|previous_versions =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Commons category|Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall}}
*{{cite book|title=Who won the Battle of Britain?|last=Allen|first=H. R.|publisher=Panther|year=1976|isbn=0-586-04281-4}}
*{{cite book|last=McLean|first=Gavin|title=The governors : New Zealand's governors and governors-general|year=2006|publisher=Otago University Press|location=Dunedin|isbn=1-877372-25-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Probert|first= Henry|title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force|publisher=HMSO|year=1991|isbn=0-11-772635-4}}
*{{cite journal|volume=10|journal=Victoria University of Wellington Law Review|page=289|year=1979|title=The Governor-General's Constitutional Discretions: An Essay towards a Re-Definition|last=Quentin-Baxter|first=R. Q.}}
*{{cite journal|title=The French Navy and the Appeasement of Italy, 1937-9|journal=The English Historical Review|first=Reynolds M.|last=Salerno|volume=112|issue=445|date=February 1997|pages=66–104|jstor=578508|doi=10.1093/ehr/cxii.445.66}}
*{{cite journal|title=A Political Intrigue Against the Chief of the Air Staff: The Downfall of Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall|last=Ritchie|first=Sebastian|journal=War & Society|volume=16|number=1|year=1998|pages=83–104|doi=10.1179/072924798791201174}}
*{{cite book|title=Dowding and the Battle of Britain|last=Wright|first=Robert|year=1970|publisher=Corgi|isbn=0-552-08511-1}}

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{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Newall]]|years=1946–1963}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Francis Newall, 2nd Baron Newall|Francis Newall]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{WW2AirDefenceUK}}
{{Chief of the Air Staff}}
{{Governors-General of New Zealand}}
{{B-AotF-FM-MRAF-WW2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newall, Cyril, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Flying Corps officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Bedford School]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force generals of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Marshals of the Royal Air Force]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Governors-General of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Albert Medal (lifesaving)]]
[[Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)]]
[[Category:20th-century British military personnel]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:New Zealand Freemasons]]
[[Category:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England]]
[[Category:Barons created by George VI]]

George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway

2024-07-03T23:09:30Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|British politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Viscount Galway
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCMG|DSO|OBE|KStJ|PC}}
| image = George Monckton-Arundell.jpg
| order = 5th
| office = Governor-General of New Zealand
| monarch = [[George V]] [[Edward VIII]] [[George VI]]
| term_start = 12 April 1935
| term_end = 3 February 1941
| primeminister = [[George Forbes (New Zealand politician)|George Forbes]] [[Michael Joseph Savage]] [[Peter Fraser]]
| predecessor = [[Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe|The Lord Bledisloe]]
| successor = [[Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall|The Lord Newall]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1882|03|24|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1943|03|27|1882|03|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Blyth, Nottinghamshire]]
| alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]]

| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Colonel]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[First World War]]
| mawards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
}}
'''George Vere Arundel Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCMG|DSO|OBE|KStJ|PC}} (24 March 1882 – 27 March 1943) was a British politician. He served as the [[List of Governors-General of New Zealand|fifth Governor-General of New Zealand]] from 1935 to 1941.

==Early life==
[[File:The Monckton-Arundell family.jpg|thumb|240px|left|Simon, the 8th Viscount Galway, Isabel, Lucia, Celia and Mary (from left).]]
George Vere Arundell Monckton-Arundell Galway was born on 24 March 1882.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=McLintock|first1=Alexander Hare|last2=Bernard John Foster|first2=M. A.|last3=Taonga|first3=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|title=GALWAY, Sir George Vere Arundell Monckton-Arundell, Eighth Viscount|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/galway-sir-george-vere-arundell-monckton-arundell-eighth-viscount|access-date=2021-12-11|website=An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966.|language=en}}</ref> His parents were [[George Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway]] and [[Vere Gosling]].<ref name="8th Viscount (Peerage)">{{cite web|title=George Vere Arundell Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway |last=Lundy |first=Darryl |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p5452.htm#i54515 |publisher=The Peerage.com|access-date=13 November 2010}}{{Unreliable source?|failed=y |date=February 2013}}</ref> He had one sibling: Violet Frances Monckton-Arundell (wife of married Lt.-Col. Geoffrey Henry Julian FitzPatrick, son of Edward Skeffington-Smyth).<ref name="7th Viscount (Peerage)">{{cite web|title=George Edward Milnes Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway |last=Lundy |first=Darryl |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p23246.htm#i232459 |publisher=The Peerage.com |access-date=13 November 2010}}{{Unreliable source?|failed=y |date=February 2013}}</ref>

He received his education at a preparatory school in [[Berkshire]]<ref name="G-G announcement">{{cite news|title=Lord Galway |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19341103.2.101 |access-date=17 November 2010 |newspaper=Evening Post |volume=CXVIII |issue=108 |date=3 November 1934 |page=11}}</ref> before attending [[Eton College]] (1895–1900) and [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church College]], [[University of Oxford]] (1900–1904). He read Modern History and graduated with Bachelor of Arts and took the Master of Arts subsequently (this degree at Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin is an elevation in rank and not a postgraduate qualification).<ref name="8th Viscount (Peerage)" /><ref name="UoNottingham bio">{{cite web|title=Biography of George Vere Arundell Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway (1882–1943) |url=http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/galway/biographies/biographyofgeorgeverearundelmonckton-arundell,8thviscountgalway%281882-1943%29.aspx |publisher=University of Nottingham |access-date=13 November 2010}}</ref>

Lord Galway succeeded his father to the family's Irish peerage in 1931.<ref name="UoNottingham bio">{{cite web|title=Biography of George Vere Arundell Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway (1882–1943) |url=http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/galway/biographies/biographyofgeorgeverearundelmonckton-arundell,8thviscountgalway%281882-1943%29.aspx |publisher=University of Nottingham |access-date=13 November 2010}}</ref>

==Career==
===Military career===
Monckton-Arundell was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Nottinghamshire (Sherwood Rangers) Yeomanry]] on 1 January 1900, and promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 11 June 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27441 |page=3756 |date=10 June 1902}}</ref> In 1904, he joined the [[Life Guards (British Army)|First Life Guards]], the senior regiment of the [[British Army]] that makes up the [[Household Cavalry]], where he rose to the rank of [[colonel]]. During the First World War he was appointed as [[adjutant general]] and [[quartermaster general]]. He was of the Royal Artillery (1933–35). In 1933 he was appointed [[Colonel Commandant]] of the [[Honourable Artillery Company]] (HAC)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33917|page=1430|date=3 March 1933}}</ref> until 1935, when he relinquished it on appointment as Governor-General of New Zealand. Upon retirement from his post as governor-general he returned as Colonel Commandant of the HAC until his death.<ref name="UoNottingham bio" /><ref>Page 351-353, Regimental Fire, A History of the HAC in World war II, Author: Brigadier RF Johnson</ref><ref name="Te Ara">{{cite book | title=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand | orig-year=originally published in 1966 |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga |url = http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/galway-sir-george-vere-arundell-monckton-arundell-eighth-viscount/1 | editor=A. H. McLintock | access-date=15 November 2010 | chapter= Galway, Sir George Vere Arundell Monckton-Arundell, Eighth Viscount | date= 22 April 2009 }}</ref> He was also appointed [[Colonel#Colonel of the Regiment|Honorary Colonel]] of the [[7th (Robin Hood) Battalion, Sherwood Foresters]] (later 42nd (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, [[Royal Engineers]]) in 1933.<ref>''Army List''.</ref><ref>''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage''.</ref>

===Political ambitions===
In 1910, Monckton-Arundell attempted to follow his father into the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. He contested the [[Scarborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Scarborough constituency]] in the [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January]] and [[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|December]] elections of 1910, but was unsuccessful both times.<ref name="Evening Post bio">{{cite news|title=Lord Galway|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19350412.2.85.10 |access-date=17 November 2010 |newspaper=Evening Post |volume=CXIX |issue=87 |date=12 April 1935 }}</ref>

===Governor-General of New Zealand===
Viscount Galway was [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] from 12 April 1935 to 3 February 1941. His military background made an impression with cabinet ministers of the time. His term was twice extended because of the [[Second World War]].<ref name="Te Ara" /> Viscount Galway and his wife received numerous gifts during his time as governor-general. Some were returned to New Zealand around the time of the sale of the family house [[Serlby Hall]],<ref>{{Cite web | title = Biography of George Vere Arundell Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway (1882–1943) | work=Manuscripts and Special Collections | publisher=The University of Nottingham | url = http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/galway/biographies/biographyofgeorgeverearundelmonckton-arundell,8thviscountgalway(1882-1943).aspx | access-date =4 December 2010}}</ref> and were donated to the [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]] in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Collection items associated with Viscount Galway, GCMG, DSO, OBE, PC | work=Collections Online | publisher=Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa | url = http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/Party.aspx?irn=10681 | access-date =4 December 2010}}</ref>

[[File:George Monckton-Arundell, photographed by Herman John Schmidt.png|thumb|George Monckton-Arundell, photographed by Herman Schmidt, circa 1935]]

Galway was a freemason. During his term as governor-general, he was also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html |title=KentHenderson |access-date=27 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409023926/http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 }}</ref> In the [[1937 Coronation Honours (New Zealand)|1937 Coronation Honours]], he was appointed a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NEM19370511.2.42 |title=Honours list |date=11 May 1937 |work=Nelson Evening Mail |page=5 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>

===Later years===
Upon his return to England, Galway held the honorary post of Deputy [[Lord Lieutenant]] of [[Nottinghamshire]] under the [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland|7th Duke of Portland]].<ref name="Mosley2003"/>

==Personal life==
Viscount Galway married Lucia Margaret White, daughter of the [[Luke White, 3rd Baron Annaly|3rd Baron Annaly]], in 1922. They had four children:<ref name="UoNottingham bio" />

* Mary Victoria Monckton (1924–2010), who married David Henry Fetherstonhaugh, son of Lt.-Col. Timothy Fetherstonhaugh, in 1947. They divorced in 1972 and she married Maj. Robert Patricius Chaworth-Musters, son of Col. John Neville Chaworth-Musters, in 1974.<ref name="Pine1972">L. G. Pine, ''The New Extinct Peerage 1884-1971: Containing Extinct, Abeyant, Dormant and Suspended Peerages With Genealogies and Arms'' ([[London]], [[U.K.]]: Heraldry Today, 1972), page 197.</ref>
* Celia Ella Vere Monckton (1925–1997), who married [[Sir Joshua Rowley, 7th Baronet]], son of Lt.-Col. [[Sir Charles Rowley, 6th Baronet]], in 1959.<ref name="Mosley2003">Mosley, Charles, editor. ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes.'' [[Wilmington, Delaware]], [[U.S.A.]]: [[Burke's Peerage]] (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 2, page 1521.</ref>
* Isabel Cynthia Monckton (b. 1926), who married [[John King, Baron King of Wartnaby]], son of Albert John King, in 1970.<ref name="Mosley2003"/>
* [[Simon Monckton-Arundell, 9th Viscount Galway|Simon George Robert Monckton-Arundell]] (1929–1971), who married Lady Theresa Jane Fox-Strangways, daughter of [[Harry Fox-Strangways, 7th Earl of Ilchester]], in 1953.<ref name="Evening Post bio" />

He died suddenly on 27 March 1943 in [[Blyth, Nottinghamshire|Blyth]].<ref name="Te Ara" />

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = George_Monckton-Arundell_Arms.svg
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = The arms of George Monckton-Arundell consist of:<ref>{{cite book |title=Debrett's Peerage, and Titles of Courtesy |date=1921 |publisher=London, Dean |page=393, GALWAY, VISCOUNT. (Monckton-Arundell.) |url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/393/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> ([https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/6463/media?page=5 Carved depiction])
|adopted =
|crest = 1st, On a [[Chapeau#Anglophone heraldries|chapeau]] Azure doubled, turned up Ermine, a [[swallow]] Argent ([[Arundell family|Arundell]]); 2nd, A [[martlet]] Or ([[Viscount Galway|Monckton]]).
|torse =
|helm =
|escutcheon = Quarterly, 1st and 4th Sable, six swallows, three, two and one, Argent (Arundell); 2nd and 3rd Sable, on a chevron, between three martlets Or, as many [[Star (heraldry)|mullets]] of the field (Monckton).
|supporters = Two [[Unicorn#Heraldry|unicorns]] Ermine, crined, armed and unguled, each gorged with an Eastern diadem Or.
|compartment =
|motto = {{lang|la|Famam Extendere Factis}} (To extend my fame by deeds)
|orders =
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism =
|previous_versions =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|George Monckton-Arundell}}
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-george-monckton-arundell | the Viscount Galway }}
* [http://www.gg.govt.nz/node/1346 Short biography] by the office of the Governor-General

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef | before =[[Rudolph Feilding, 9th Earl of Denbigh|Earl of Denbigh]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Colonel Commandant and President, [[Honourable Artillery Company]]| years = 1933–1935}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue|Earl Fortescue]]}}
|-
{{S-gov}}
{{Succession box | before=[[Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe|The Viscount Bledisloe]]| title=[[Governor-General of New Zealand]] | years=1935–1941 | after=[[Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall|Sir Cyril Newall]]}}
{{S-reg|ie}}
{{Succession box | title=[[Viscount Galway]] | before=[[George Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway|George Monckton-Arundell]] | after=[[Simon Monckton-Arundell, 9th Viscount Galway|Simon Monckton-Arundell]] | years=1931–1943}}
{{S-end}}

{{Governors-General of New Zealand}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galway, George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:Governors-General of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:British Life Guards officers]]
[[Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:New Zealand Freemasons]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]

Aldred Lumley, 10th Earl of Scarbrough

2024-07-03T23:05:12Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|Anglo-Irish peer, soldier and landowner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Major-General]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl of Scarbrough
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|GBE|KCB|GCStJ|TD}}
| image = Aldred Lumley, 10th Earl of Scarbrough.jpg
| caption = Earl of Scarbrough in 1930, by [[Philip Alexius de László]]
| birth_name = Aldred Frederick George Beresford Lumley
| birth_date = 16 November 1857
| birth_place = [[Tickhill Castle]], [[Yorkshire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|3|4|1857|11|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham|Rotherham]], Yorkshire
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Lucy Cecilia Dunn-Gardner|1889}}
| children = Lady Serena Lumley
| mother = Frederica Drummond
| father = [[Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough]]
| education = [[Eton College]]
| occupation = soldier, politician, landowner
| profession =
| awards = 

| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| serviceyears = 1877–83; 1892–1921
| rank = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major General]]
| unit = [[Queen's Own Hussars|7th Hussars]] [[Imperial Yeomanry]] [[Yorkshire Dragoons]] [[Yorkshire Mounted Brigade]] [[Territorial Force]]
| commands =
| battles = [[Anglo-Zulu War]] [[First Boer War]] [[Second Boer War]]
}}

[[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] '''Aldred  Frederick George Beresford Lumley, 10th Earl of Scarbrough''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KG|GBE|KCB|GCStJ|TD}} (16 November 1857 – 4 March 1945), styled '''Viscount Lumley''' from 1868 to 1884, was an Anglo-Irish [[Peerage|peer]], soldier and landowner. He was noted for his long service in both the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] and politics, which included 60 years in the [[House of Lords]], and for his contributions to the growth of the seaside resort of [[Skegness]], [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Obituary: Lord Scarbrough, K.G. |work=[[The Times]] |page=6 |date=5 March 1945 }}</ref>

==Early life==

Lumley was born at [[Tickhill Castle]] in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], the second son of [[Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough]] and Frederica Drummond, granddaughter of the [[John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland|fifth Duke of Rutland]]. On his paternal grandmother's side of the family, he was descended from the Beresford family; his notable Irish relatives included Bishop [[George Beresford (bishop)|George Beresford]] and the [[Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone|Earl of Tyrone]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cokayne|first1=George|title=The Complete Peerage (Edition 1, Volume 7)|url=https://archive.org/stream/completepeerage07cokahrish/TN-313027_7#page/n77/mode/2up|website=archive.org|page=77|year=1895}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=W. Herbert|title=The West Riding of Yorkshire at the opening of the twentieth century: Contemporary biographies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA103|publisher=W.T. Pike|access-date=22 September 2016|page=103|year=1902}}</ref> He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]]. His elder brother Lyulph, Viscount Lumley died in 1868 at age 18, leaving Aldred as heir to the family titles.<ref name="times"/>

==Career==

In 1877, he was [[gazetted]] to the [[Queen's Own Hussars|7th Hussars]]. He served for six years and saw service in the [[Anglo-Zulu War]] in 1879. He was in Natal at the outbreak of the [[First Boer War]] in 1881. In 1883, he left the service to assist his ailing father in the managing of their estates at [[Sandbeck Park]] in South Yorkshire and [[Lumley Castle]] in County Durham. After his father's death the following year, he was forced to let the family seat of Sandbeck Park due to the [[Great Depression of British Agriculture|Great Agricultural Depression]].<ref name="times"/>

Scarbrough was an avid sailor and member of the [[Royal Yacht Squadron|Royal Yacht Club]]. For six years, he sailed around the world, visiting India, Africa, the West Indies, and Central and South America. He travelled with the explorer [[Frank Linsly James]] aboard {{HMS|Waterwitch|1892|6}} and was with him when James was killed by an elephant in 1890 in [[Gabon]].<ref name="times"/>

He was a member of the council of the [[Royal Niger Company]] and during this time visited Africa with Sir [[George Taubman Goldie|George Goldie]] to make treaties with tribal chiefs. During his travels, he developed a keen interest in botany.<ref name="times"/>

He was [[Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire]] from 1892 to 1904. On 24 October 1891 he was appointed [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] in command of the [[Yorkshire Dragoons]], a local [[Yeomanry]] regiment.<ref name="Army List">''Army List''.</ref> In early February 1900 he was appointed second in command of a Battalion of [[Imperial Yeomanry]], with the temporary rank of Major in the Army,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27160|page=691|date=2 February 1900}}</ref> and served with it in the [[Second Boer War]].<ref name = Burke>''Burke's Peerage''.</ref> After his return to the United Kingdom, he was appointed an ''[[aide-de-camp]]'' to King [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]] in the [[1902 Coronation Honours]] list on 26 June 1902,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27448 |supp=y |date=26 July 1902 |page=4190}}</ref> with the regular rank of [[Colonel (British Army)|colonel]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27454|page=4513| date=15 July 1902}}</ref> He served as such until the King's death in 1910. He was commander of the [[Yorkshire Mounted Brigade]], Chairman of the West Riding Territorial Association from 1908, and Director-General of the [[Territorial Force]] with the honorary rank of [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] from February 1917 until his retirement in 1921.<ref name="times"/><ref>Laurie Magnus, ''The West Riding Territorials in the Great War'', London: Keegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1920//Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004, {{ISBN|1-845740-77-7}}, pp. 6–7.</ref> He was appointed [[Colonel#Colonel of the Regiment|Honorary Colonel]] of the [[West Riding Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery|54th (West Riding & Staffordshire) Medium Brigade, Royal Artillery]], on 10 March 1923.<ref name="Army List"/>

Scarbrough was appointed [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] (GBE) shortly before his retirement from the Territorial Force in 1921 for his military service. He was knighted and was a Sub-Prior of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem]] from 1923 to 1943.<ref name="times"/>

==Skegness==

In addition to his estates in Yorkshire, the earl owned considerable land around the seaside town of [[Skegness]], [[Lincolnshire]],<ref name="times"/> which became accessible by railway in 1873. At that time it was a small fishing village. Recognising its potential value as a holiday destination, Scarbrough and his business agent planned to transform Skegness into a resort town. For three decades, he helped spur the town's growth with his plans, included constructing a large pier, a church, tree-lined promenades, parks, gardens, houses and hotels. A village of just 500 people in 1850, the town grew to 2,000 permanent residents by the turn of the century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Skegness History: The Earl, The Jolly Fisherman, Skegness Pier, Butlins Skegness|url=http://www.skegness.co.uk/skegness-history.htm|website=www.skegness.co.uk|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

==Family==
[[File:Lucy Cecilia, Countess of Scarbrough (d 1931), née Gardner.jpg|thumb|left|Countess of Scarbrough, photographed 27 November 1902.]]
On 8 April 1899, Scarbrough married Lucy Cecilia Dunn-Gardner (d. 24 November 1931), widow of Col. Robert Ashton (d. 1898), at Christ Church, [[Mayfair]]. Lucy was the daughter of Cecil Dunn-Gardner and was herself made a Dame of Grace of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem for her work with the hospital. His wife brought a stepson and stepdaughter to their marriage. She and the earl had a single daughter, Lady Serena Lumley (1901–2000), who married the Hon. Robert James, third son of [[Walter James, 2nd Baron Northbourne|Baron Northbourne]].<ref name="times"/><ref name="jamesobit">{{cite web|title=Lady Serena James|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1372095/Lady-Serena-James.html|website=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=22 September 2016|date=28 October 2000}}</ref> Their elder daughter [[Ursula Bethell, Baroness Westbury|Ursula James]] married [[Baron Westbury|David Allan Bethell, 5th Baron Westbury]] (1922–2001) in 1947; the princesses [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth]] and [[Princess Margaret|Margaret]] and the [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|Duke]] and [[Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester|Duchess of Gloucester]] attended their wedding at [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Marriages: Captain the Hon. David Bethell and Miss James |work=[[The Times]] |page=7 |date=22 October 1947 }}</ref> Their eldest son Richard Bethell, 6th Baron Westbury is the present baron.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord Westbury|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1359635/Lord-Westbury.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=22 September 2016|date=17 October 2001}}</ref> Their youngest daughter, Serena Fay James,(1929-2002) married Colin Griffith Campion (1933-2016) and they had 4 children: Georgina Serena, Christina Fay, Meriona Patricia and Marcus Robert Guy.

Scarbrough's stepdaughter [[Dorothy Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington|Dorothy Violet Ashton]] (1885–1956) married in 1914 [[Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington|Lord Gerald Wellesley]] (1885–1972), who succeeded his nephew as Duke in 1943. The marriage was not a great success, but produced a son and daughter. The son was [[Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington|the 8th Duke of Wellington]] (1915–2014). Lady Serena later refused the marriage proposal of her brother-in-law, by then Duke of Wellington, after their respective spouses had died.<ref name="jamesobit"/>

The earl died in 1945 and was succeeded in the family titles by his nephew, Sir [[Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough|Roger Lumley]].<ref name="times"/>

{{clear}}
==Honours==

<div style="text-align:center;">
[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|100x30px]]
[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|100x30px]]
[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|100x30px]]

[[File:South Africa Medal (1880).png|100x30px]]
[[File:Queen's South Africa Medal.png|100x30px]]
[[File:Service Medal of the Order of St John Ribbon.svg|100x30px]]
[[File:Ribbon - Efficiency Decoration (South Africa).png|100x30px]]

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|- style="background:silver;" align="center"
|Ribbon || Description || Notes
|-
|[[File:Order of the Garter UK ribbon.svg|40px]] || [[Order of the Garter]] (KG) ||
* Knight Companion
* 1929
|-
|[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|40px]] || [[Order of the British Empire]] (GBE) ||
* 12 February 1921
* Knight Grand Cross
* Military Division
|-
|[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|40px]] || [[Order of the Bath]] (KCB) ||
* Knight Commander
|-
|[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|40px]] || [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Order of St. John]] (GCStJ) ||
* 12 June 1926
* Bailiff Grand Cross
* <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33284|page=3836|date=14 June 1927}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:South Africa Medal (1880).png|40px]] || [[South Africa Medal (1880)|South Africa Medal]] ||
* With "1879" [[Medal bar|Clasp]]
|-
|[[File:Queen's South Africa Medal.png|40px]] || [[Queen's South Africa Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:Service Medal of the Order of St John Ribbon.svg|40px]] || [[Service Medal of the Order of St John]] ||
* Long service with the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Order of St John]]
|-
|[[File:Ribbon - Efficiency Decoration (South Africa).png|40px]] || [[Territorial Decoration]] (TD) ||
* Long Service in [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]]
|-
|}
</div>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-vac | last=[[William Wentworth-FitzWilliam, 6th Earl FitzWilliam|The Earl FitzWilliam]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of [[Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons|The Yorkshire Dragoons (Queen's Own)]] | years=1908–1935}}
{{s-aft | after=[[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Viscount Halifax]]}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire]] | before=[[William Wentworth-FitzWilliam, 6th Earl FitzWilliam|The Earl FitzWilliam]] | after=[[Henry Lascelles, 5th Earl of Harewood|The Earl of Harewood]] | years=1892–1904}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{succession box | title=[[Earl of Scarbrough]] | before=[[Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough|Richard Lumley]] | after=[[Lawrence Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough|Lawrence Lumley]] | years=1884–1945}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scarbrough, Aldred Lumley, 10th Earl Of}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:7th Queen's Own Hussars officers]]
[[Category:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord-Lieutenants of the West Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:Imperial Yeomanry officers]]
[[Category:Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons officers]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Earls of Scarbrough]]

Vere Monckton-Arundell, Viscountess Galway

2024-07-03T23:03:03Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|British poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox noble
| name = Vere Monckton-Arundell
| title = [[Viscount Galway|Viscountess Galway]]
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Vere Monckton-Arundell by Edward Hughes (1832-1908).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait of Lady Galway from 1889 by [[Edward Hughes (artist)|Edward Hughes]]
| birth_name= Vere Gosling
| birth_date = 1859
| birth_place = [[Godalming]], [[Borough of Waverley|Waverly]] [[Surrey]], England
| death_date = 3 January 1921
| death_place =
| occupation =
| spouse = [[George Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway]]
| noble family = [[Viscount Galway|Monckton]] (by marriage)
| issue = Violet Frances Monckton [[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway]]
| father = Ellis Gosling
| mother = Emma Susan Duncombe
}}
'''Vere Monckton-Arundell, Viscountess Galway''' (née '''Gosling''' [[DStJ]]; 1859 - 3 January 1921) was a British poet, writer, philanthropist, and woman of letters. In 1910, she co-founded an auxiliary hospital at her home, [[Serlby Hall]], with her husband. She was invested as a Lady of Justice of [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem]].

== Biography ==
Lady Galway was born Vere Gosling in 1859 in [[Godalming]], [[Surrey]], the only daughter of Emma Susan Duncombe and Ellis Gosling of [[Busbridge#Manor|Busbridge Hall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royal-magazin.de/england/nobles/galway-viscountess-diamond-choker-tiara-diadem.htm|title=Viscountess Galway | Antique Diamond Necklace Tiara Diadem Bandeau| Famous Important Jewels HistoryAntique Diamond Necklace | Vivien Leigh | Famous Important Jewels History|website=royal-magazin.de}}</ref>

On 24 July 1879, she married [[George Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway|George Edward Milnes Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of George E. M. Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway |url=http://nottingham.ac.uk/mss/online/family-estate/collections/galway/7th-viscount-galway.phtml |website=nottingham.ac.uk |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071110074903/http://nottingham.ac.uk/mss/online/family-estate/collections/galway/7th-viscount-galway.phtml |archive-date=10 November 2007}}</ref> She and her husband founded a military hospital at their home, [[Serlby Hall]], in 1910. The hospital functioned as an auxiliary hospital under Surgeon General Ford of York during [[World War I]]. The hospital was run and expenses covered by Lord and Lady Galway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doncaster1914-18.org.uk/story/vere-gosling-viscountess-galway/|title=Vere Gosling (Viscountess Galway) and Serlby Hall Hospital – Doncaster 1914-18|website=www.doncaster1914-18.org.uk}}</ref>

Lord and Lady Galway had two children, ''[[The Honourable]]'' Violet Frances Monckton and [[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway]].<ref name= peerage/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/2dd73dbf-b057-49fe-865d-7a29a331f0b8 |title=Correspondence from Vere Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscountess Galway (d 1921) to her son George Vere Monckton Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway | The National Archives |publisher=Discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk |date= |access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>

Lady Galway was appointed a Lady of Justice of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem]].<ref name= peerage>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p23860.htm#i238600|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com}}</ref>

Lady Galway wrote ''The Art of Conserving'' in 1905 and ''The Programme of King Harry's Revel Held at Serlby'' in August 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYYBMwEACAAJ|title=The Programme of King Harry's Revel Held at Serlby, August 1908 .|first=Vere MONCKTON-ARUNDELL (Viscountess|last=Galway.)|date=February 8, 1908|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWLdtgEACAAJ|title=The Art of Conserving|first=Viscountess Vere Monckton-Arundell|last=Galway|date=February 8, 1905|publisher=John & Ed. Bumpus|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/bju2fzb4|title=The art of conserving|website=Wellcome Collection}}</ref> She also wrote poetry. A book of her poetry, ''The Creed of Love and Other Poems'', was published in 1922, after her death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URk1ygEACAAJ|title=The Creed of Love and Other Poems|first=Viscountess Vere Monckton-Arundell|last=Galway|date=February 8, 1922|publisher=privately printed by Messrs. Hatchard|via=Google Books}}</ref> After her death, a collection of her letters was also published. The collection includes letters to her husband; her son; her brother, Ellis D. Gosling; [[Aldred Lumley, 10th Earl of Scarbrough]]; Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; Countess Eleanore zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn; and [[Donald Mackenzie Wallace|Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/a455eccd-8213-4c17-8f37-2941dca569dc|title=Correspondence and Papers of Vere Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscountess Galway (d 1931)|via=National Archive of the UK}}</ref>

She died on 3 January 1921.<ref name= peerage/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monckton-Arundell, Vere}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:Irish viscountesses|Galway]]
[[Category:English women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:English women poets]]
[[Category:English women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Ladies of Justice of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:People from Surrey (before 1889)]]

Arthur Wollaston Bartholomew

2024-07-03T22:57:43Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|British Army officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Arthur Bartholomew
| image =Arthur Wollaston Bartholomew.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Major General Arthur Wollaston Bartholomew
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1878|05|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|01|29|1878|05|05|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1900–1938
| rank = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major General]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Commander British Forces in Hong Kong|British Troops in China]] (1935–38)
| battles = [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Distinguished Service Order]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] '''Arthur Wollaston Bartholomew''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CB|CMG|CBE|DSO|ADC}} (5 May 1878 – 29 January 1945) was a senior [[British Army]] officer who served as [[Commander British Forces in Hong Kong|Commander of British Troops in China]] from 1935 to 1938.

==Military career==
Bartholomew was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] into the [[Royal Artillery]] as a [[second lieutenant]] on 26 May 1900<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27196|page=3335|date=25 May 1900}}</ref> and promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 19 March 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27431 |page=3013 |date=6 May 1902}}</ref>

He was a keen [[cricket]]er and played for [[Berkshire County Cricket Club]] in the [[Minor Counties Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Berkshire/Players/157/157197/157197.html |title=Cricket Archive |access-date=29 October 2017 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117171530/http://cricketarchive.com/Berkshire/Players/157/157197/157197.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He became an [[Adjutant]] in 1910<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28355|page=2411|date=8 April 1910}}</ref> and then served in the [[First World War]], initially as a Brigade Major<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28957|page=8763|date=30 October 1914}}</ref> and then as a [[General Staff Officer]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30359|supp=y|page=11255|date=30 October 1917}}</ref>

In 1929 he became an instructor at the [[Senior Officers' School]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33503|page=3691|date=4 June 1929}}</ref> and in 1931 he was made Commander Royal Artillery for [[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|4th Division]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33677|page=146|date=6 January 1931}}</ref> Then in 1933 he was appointed Inspector of the Royal Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33944|page=3635|date=30 May 1933}}</ref>

He became [[Commander British Forces in Hong Kong|Commander of British Troops in China]] in 1935.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34219|page=7165|date=10 March 1939}}</ref> He retired in 1938<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34581|supp=y|page=8071|date=20 December 1938}}</ref> and became Lieutenant of the [[Tower of London]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34606|page=1637|date=12 November 1935}}</ref> He was also [[Colonel Commandant]] of the [[Royal Artillery]] from 1942<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35830|supp=y|page=5550|date=18 December 1942}}</ref> until his death and [[Aide-de-Camp]] to [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]].<ref>[http://www.artfact.com/auction-lot/major-generals-patrol-pattern-tunic.-this-example-1-c-6776vi9sek Major General's patrol pattern tunic]</ref>

He lived at The Manor House in [[Ottery St Mary]] in [[Devon]].<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=005-debb&cid=3#3 Berkshire Record Office] National Archives</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Arthur Wollaston Bartholomew}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | before=[[Oswald Borrett|Sir Oswald Borrett]] | title=[[Commander British Forces in Hong Kong|Commander of British Troops in China]] | years=1935–1938 | after=[[Arthur Edward Grasett|Sir Edward Grasett]]}}
{{end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bartholomew, Arthur Wollaston}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Berkshire cricketers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British expatriates in China]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]

Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham

2024-07-03T22:56:26Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|British soldier and surveyor (1879–1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Brigadier]]
| honorific_suffix = {{Postnom|country=GBR-cats|CB|CMG|DSO|ADC|size=100}}
| other_names =
| honours = {{ubl|[[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order]] (1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29438 |date=11 January 1916 |page=574 |supp=y}}</ref>|[[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] ([[1918 New Year Honours|1918]])<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30450| date=28 December 1917 |page=3 |supp=5}}</ref>|[[Aide-de-Camp]] (1931)|[[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] ([[1935 New Year Honours|1935]])<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34119 |date=28 December 1934 |page=4 |supp=4}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham''' [[CB]] [[CMG]] [[DSO]] [[ADC]] (5 February 1879 – 10 December 1946) was a British soldier and [[surveyor]] who from 1930 to 1934 was [[Directors of the Ordnance Survey|Director of]] the [[Ordnance Survey]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cheetham |first=G. |date=15 March 1947 |title=Brigadier H. St. J. L. Winterbotham, C.B., C.M.G. |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=159 |issue=4037 |pages=362–363 |doi=10.1038/159362a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lilley |first=Keith |author-link=Keith Lilley |last2=Porter |first2=Catherine |last3=Rice |first3=Catharine |title=Behind the Lines: Frontline Geographies, Spatial Technologies and Mapping First World War Landscapes |url=https://www.academia.edu/18116074/Behind_the_Lines_Frontline_Geographies_Spatial_Technologies_and_Mapping_First_World_War_Landscapes}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born in [[Northampton]] and educated at [[Fettes College]] as well as the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Royal Military Academy]], Winterbotham was commissioned in the [[Royal Engineers]] in 1897.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Distinguished Service Medal Brigadier Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., A.D.C. |url=https://mfo.me.uk/getperson.php?personID=I15742&tree=W1 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Mitchell Families Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ismail-Zadeh |first=Alik |author-link=Alik Ismail-Zadeh |last2=Joselyn |first2=Jo Ann |author-link2=Jo Ann Joselyn |date=16 April 2019 |title=IUGG: beginning, establishment, and early development (1919–1939) |url=https://hgss.copernicus.org/articles/10/25/2019/ |journal=[[History of Geo- and Space Sciences]] |language=English |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.5194/hgss-10-25-2019 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He fought in the [[South African War]], and his service there was recognized by a [[Queen's South Africa Medal]] with three [[Medal bar|clasps]]. After the war, Winterbotham served as [[Adjutant|garrison adjutant]] in [[Saint Helena]], later returning to South Africa in 1908 to carry out a [[topographical survey]] until 1911.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collier |first=Peter |last2=Inkpen |first2=Robert J. |date=September 2003 |title=Photogrammetry in the Ordnance Survey from Close to MacLeod |journal=[[The Photogrammetric Record]] |language=en |volume=18 |issue=103 |pages=224–243 |doi=10.1111/0031-868X.t01-1-00009}}</ref> He joined the Ordnance Survey out of [[Southampton]] in 1911, being in charge of the Trigonometrical and Topographical Division.<ref name=":0" />

When [[World War I]] broke out in 1914, he left for [[France]] to serve as commander of a unit. During the war, it is remembered that he was nicknamed "The Astrologer" because he could pinpoint far-away targets with guns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McMaster |first=Peter |date=1991 |title=The Ordnance Survey: 200 years of mapping and on |journal=[[RSA Journal]] |volume=139 |issue=5421 |pages=581–593 |jstor=41375634}}</ref> For his service in the war, he was honored as both a [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order]] and a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael & St George]], as well as receiving a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] of [[lieutenant-colonel]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1920, Winterbotham returned to the same division of the Ordnance Survey, and from 1922 to 1929 was chief of the Geographical Section, General Staff. One year after his appointment to the directorship of the Ordnance Survey in 1930, he became an [[Aide-de-Camp]] to the King.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1931 |title=Army Notes |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071843109427283 |journal=[[Royal United Services Institution. Journal]] |language=en |volume=76 |issue=502 |pages=445–454 |doi=10.1080/03071843109427283}}</ref> From the 1930 general assembly until 1935, he served as Secretary General of the [[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 May 2019 |title=IUGG’s Centennial Anniversary – historical note II |url=https://iugg.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/IUGGej1905.pdf |journal=The IUGG Electronic Journal |publisher=[[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics]] |volume=19 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1968 |orig-date=31 July 1959 |title=WINTERBOTHAM (Harold St. John Lloyd) |url=https://catalog.kaowarsom.be/en/notices_winterbotham_harold_st_john_lloyd |journal=Biographie Belge d'Outre-Mer |language=fr |publisher=[[Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer]] |volume=VI}}</ref>

Winterbotham retired from both the Ordnance Survey and the Army in 1935;<ref name=":0" /> he was placed on [[retirement pay]] 5 February, and was granted the honorary title of [[Brigadier]].<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 34130
| date = 5 February 1935
| page = 843
}}</ref> In 1939, [[George Washington University]] awarded him an honorary [[Doctor of Science]] degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://provost.gwu.edu/honorary-degree-recipients |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Office of the Provost |publisher=[[The George Washington University]] |language=en}}</ref>

Winterbotham died in his [[Sutton Courtenay]] home on 10 December 1946, aged 68.<ref name=":0" />

During both of their lifetimes, Winterbotham and [[Charles Close]] were close geographical collaborators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=C.I.M. |date=September 1992 |title=A man for his time? Sir Charles Arden-Close 1865–1952 |url=https://ccs-web.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Issue34page1.pdf |journal=Sheetlines |publisher=The Charles Close Society |volume=34 |pages=1–9}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] (1919)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc276268/ |title=Congressional Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Distinguished Service Medal Issued by the War Department Since April 6, 1917 Up to and including General Orders, Number 126, War Department, November 11, 1919 |oclc=3492910 |via=UNT Digital Library}}</ref>{{Rp|page=999}}
* [[Victoria Medal (geography)|Victoria Medal]] (1920)<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and past recipients |url=https://www.rgs.org/about-us/our-work/medals-awards-and-prizes/society-medals-and-awards/history-and-past-recipients/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |publisher=[[Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/harold-st-john-lloyd-winterbotham-24-4q5hg9 Harold St John Lloyd Winterbotham], [[Ancestry.com]] record
* [https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=3167 Winterbotham, Brigadier Harold StJohn Loyd (surveying)], [[S2A3]] database entry

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winterbotham, Harold St. John Loyd}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Northampton]]
[[Category:People from Sutton Courtenay]]
[[Category:People educated at Fettes College]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:Ordnance Survey]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British surveyors]]
[[Category:Victoria Medal recipients]]

Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham

2024-07-03T22:56:07Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|British soldier and surveyor (1879–1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Brigadier]]
| honorific_suffix = {{Postnom|country=GBR-cats|CB|CMG|DSO|ADC|size=100}}
| other_names =
| honours = {{ubl|[[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order]] (1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29438 |date=11 January 1916 |page=574 |supp=y}}</ref>|[[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] ([[1918 New Year Honours|1918]])<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30450| date=28 December 1917 |page=3 |supp=5}}</ref>|[[Aide-de-Camp]] (1931)|[[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] ([[1935 New Year Honours|1935]])<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34119 |date=28 December 1934 |page=4 |supp=4}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham''' [[CB]] [[CMG]] [[DSO]](5 February 1879 – 10 December 1946) was a British soldier and [[surveyor]] who from 1930 to 1934 was [[Directors of the Ordnance Survey|Director of]] the [[Ordnance Survey]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cheetham |first=G. |date=15 March 1947 |title=Brigadier H. St. J. L. Winterbotham, C.B., C.M.G. |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=159 |issue=4037 |pages=362–363 |doi=10.1038/159362a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lilley |first=Keith |author-link=Keith Lilley |last2=Porter |first2=Catherine |last3=Rice |first3=Catharine |title=Behind the Lines: Frontline Geographies, Spatial Technologies and Mapping First World War Landscapes |url=https://www.academia.edu/18116074/Behind_the_Lines_Frontline_Geographies_Spatial_Technologies_and_Mapping_First_World_War_Landscapes}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born in [[Northampton]] and educated at [[Fettes College]] as well as the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Royal Military Academy]], Winterbotham was commissioned in the [[Royal Engineers]] in 1897.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Distinguished Service Medal Brigadier Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., A.D.C. |url=https://mfo.me.uk/getperson.php?personID=I15742&tree=W1 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Mitchell Families Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ismail-Zadeh |first=Alik |author-link=Alik Ismail-Zadeh |last2=Joselyn |first2=Jo Ann |author-link2=Jo Ann Joselyn |date=16 April 2019 |title=IUGG: beginning, establishment, and early development (1919–1939) |url=https://hgss.copernicus.org/articles/10/25/2019/ |journal=[[History of Geo- and Space Sciences]] |language=English |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.5194/hgss-10-25-2019 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He fought in the [[South African War]], and his service there was recognized by a [[Queen's South Africa Medal]] with three [[Medal bar|clasps]]. After the war, Winterbotham served as [[Adjutant|garrison adjutant]] in [[Saint Helena]], later returning to South Africa in 1908 to carry out a [[topographical survey]] until 1911.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collier |first=Peter |last2=Inkpen |first2=Robert J. |date=September 2003 |title=Photogrammetry in the Ordnance Survey from Close to MacLeod |journal=[[The Photogrammetric Record]] |language=en |volume=18 |issue=103 |pages=224–243 |doi=10.1111/0031-868X.t01-1-00009}}</ref> He joined the Ordnance Survey out of [[Southampton]] in 1911, being in charge of the Trigonometrical and Topographical Division.<ref name=":0" />

When [[World War I]] broke out in 1914, he left for [[France]] to serve as commander of a unit. During the war, it is remembered that he was nicknamed "The Astrologer" because he could pinpoint far-away targets with guns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McMaster |first=Peter |date=1991 |title=The Ordnance Survey: 200 years of mapping and on |journal=[[RSA Journal]] |volume=139 |issue=5421 |pages=581–593 |jstor=41375634}}</ref> For his service in the war, he was honored as both a [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order]] and a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael & St George]], as well as receiving a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] of [[lieutenant-colonel]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1920, Winterbotham returned to the same division of the Ordnance Survey, and from 1922 to 1929 was chief of the Geographical Section, General Staff. One year after his appointment to the directorship of the Ordnance Survey in 1930, he became an [[Aide-de-Camp]] to the King.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1931 |title=Army Notes |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071843109427283 |journal=[[Royal United Services Institution. Journal]] |language=en |volume=76 |issue=502 |pages=445–454 |doi=10.1080/03071843109427283}}</ref> From the 1930 general assembly until 1935, he served as Secretary General of the [[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 May 2019 |title=IUGG’s Centennial Anniversary – historical note II |url=https://iugg.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/IUGGej1905.pdf |journal=The IUGG Electronic Journal |publisher=[[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics]] |volume=19 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1968 |orig-date=31 July 1959 |title=WINTERBOTHAM (Harold St. John Lloyd) |url=https://catalog.kaowarsom.be/en/notices_winterbotham_harold_st_john_lloyd |journal=Biographie Belge d'Outre-Mer |language=fr |publisher=[[Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer]] |volume=VI}}</ref>

Winterbotham retired from both the Ordnance Survey and the Army in 1935;<ref name=":0" /> he was placed on [[retirement pay]] 5 February, and was granted the honorary title of [[Brigadier]].<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 34130
| date = 5 February 1935
| page = 843
}}</ref> In 1939, [[George Washington University]] awarded him an honorary [[Doctor of Science]] degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://provost.gwu.edu/honorary-degree-recipients |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Office of the Provost |publisher=[[The George Washington University]] |language=en}}</ref>

Winterbotham died in his [[Sutton Courtenay]] home on 10 December 1946, aged 68.<ref name=":0" />

During both of their lifetimes, Winterbotham and [[Charles Close]] were close geographical collaborators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=C.I.M. |date=September 1992 |title=A man for his time? Sir Charles Arden-Close 1865–1952 |url=https://ccs-web.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Issue34page1.pdf |journal=Sheetlines |publisher=The Charles Close Society |volume=34 |pages=1–9}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] (1919)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc276268/ |title=Congressional Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Distinguished Service Medal Issued by the War Department Since April 6, 1917 Up to and including General Orders, Number 126, War Department, November 11, 1919 |oclc=3492910 |via=UNT Digital Library}}</ref>{{Rp|page=999}}
* [[Victoria Medal (geography)|Victoria Medal]] (1920)<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and past recipients |url=https://www.rgs.org/about-us/our-work/medals-awards-and-prizes/society-medals-and-awards/history-and-past-recipients/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |publisher=[[Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/harold-st-john-lloyd-winterbotham-24-4q5hg9 Harold St John Lloyd Winterbotham], [[Ancestry.com]] record
* [https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=3167 Winterbotham, Brigadier Harold StJohn Loyd (surveying)], [[S2A3]] database entry

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winterbotham, Harold St. John Loyd}}
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[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Northampton]]
[[Category:People from Sutton Courtenay]]
[[Category:People educated at Fettes College]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:Ordnance Survey]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British surveyors]]
[[Category:Victoria Medal recipients]]

Sir William Algernon Ireland Kay, 6th Baronet

2024-07-03T22:50:05Z

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{{Infobox military person
|name= William Algernon Ireland Kay
|image=File:Brigadier W A I Kay.jpg
|image_size=150px
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1876|03|21|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Cheltenham]], England
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1918|10|04|1876|03|21|df=yes}}
|death_place= near [[Magny-la-Fosse]], France
|placeofburial= Vadencourt British Cemetery, [[Maissemy]], France
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Army]]
|serviceyears= 1895–1918
|rank= [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General]]
|unit= [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]
|commands= [[3rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|3rd Brigade]]
|battles= [[World War I]]
|awards= [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
[[Brigadier-General (British Army)|Brigadier-General]] '''Sir William Algernon Ireland Kay, 6th Baronet''', [[CMG]], [[DSO]] (March 1876 – 4 October 1918) was a [[British Army]] officer. He was killed in action in October 1918 in [[Magny-la-Fosse]], while reconnoitering a new area. At the time, he was in command of the [[3rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|3rd Brigade]].

==Early life==
Kay was born in 1876, the only son of Sir William Kay, Bart. and his wife, Emily, daughter of Thomas Ireland, of Ousden Hall, Suffolk. He was educated at [[Harrow School]] between 1890-1891 and subsequently, at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] in 1895.<ref name="Harrow School RoH">{{cite web|url=https://www.harrowschool-ww1.org.uk/DOCS/KAY_WAI.pdf|title= ''Roll of Honour Entry, Harrow School''}}</ref>

==Military service==
Kay commissioned into the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] in 1896 and subsequently served in the [[Hut Tax War of 1898]] in Sierra Leone and the [[Second Boer War]], being [[Mentioned in Dispatches]] during the latter campaign. During the [[First World War]] he deployed to the [[Western Front (World War I)|France]] in August 1914 as a part of the staff of the Commander of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]], Field Marshal Sir [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|John French]]. He was awarded one of the First [[Distinguished Service Order]]s of the First World War for conducting a 'reconnaissance of Great Value on 1 October, reaching a point within 100 yards of the enemy's outposts'.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 28968|supp=y|page=9108|date=6 November 1914}}</ref> He was wounded in October 1914 and returned to France in Spring 1915 on the Staff of [[24th Division (United Kingdom)|24th Division]], serving at the [[Battle of Loos]]. In 1916, he became G.S.O.I to 24th Division and saw further action during the [[Battle of the Somme]] and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Third Battle of Ypres]].

In October 1917 he became Commandant of the Small Arms School in [[Boulogne]], before being appointed as Commander of [[2nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Brigade]] in March 1918, but was again wounded on 17 March 1918. He returned to France in April 1918, to take command of [[3rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|3rd Brigade]] and was Killed in Action, alongside his Brigade Major, Captain William Somervail, by a German Gas Shell on 4 October 1918 whilst conducting a reconnaissance near Magny-La-Fosse.<ref name="Harrow School RoH">{{cite web|url=https://www.harrowschool-ww1.org.uk/DOCS/KAY_WAI.pdf|title= ''Roll of Honour Entry, Harrow School''}}</ref>

==Burial==
Brigadier General Kay and Captain Somervail are buried alongside each other at Vadencourt British Cemetery, Maissemy.<ref name="Harrow School RoH">{{cite web|url=https://www.harrowschool-ww1.org.uk/DOCS/KAY_WAI.pdf|title= ''Roll of Honour Entry, Harrow School''}}</ref> He died without issue and the Baronetcy became extinct upon his death.

== See also ==

* [[Kay baronets]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* Davis, Frank; Maddocks, Graham (1995). ''Bloody Red Tabs - General Officer Casualties of the Great War, 1914-1918''. London: Leo Cooper, pp. 78–79.
* https://www.harrowschool-ww1.org.uk/DOCS/KAY_WAI.pdf

== External links ==

* {{CWGC|id=2939459}}

[[Category:British Army brigadiers]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Kay baronets|6]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:King's Royal Rifle Corps officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:1876 births]]

Arthur Sanders (British Army officer)

2024-07-03T22:47:42Z

92.10.114.155:

[[Brigadier-General (British Army)|Brigadier-General]] '''Arthur Richard Careless Sanders''', [[CMG]], [[DSO & Bar]] (January 1877 – 20 September 1918) was a [[British Army]] officer. A [[Royal Engineers|Royal Engineer]], he was killed in action in [[Gouzeaucourt]], [[France]], days after being given command of the [[50th Brigade (United Kingdom)|50th Brigade]].

== References ==

* Davis, Frank; Maddocks, Graham (1995). ''Bloody Red Tabs - General Officer Casualties of the Great War, 1914-1918''. London: Leo Cooper, p. 102

== External links ==

* {{CWGC|id=275481}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British Army brigadiers]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Essex Regiment officers]]

Archdale Earle

2024-07-03T22:22:54Z

92.10.114.155:

{{short description|British Indian Administrator}}
'''Sir Archdale Earle''', [[KCSI]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (12 March 1861 – 10 November 1934)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F35158|title=The Discovery Service|last=Archives|first=The National|website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> was a British Indian administrator and former Chief Commissioner of [[Assam Province]].

==Biography==
Ealre was born in 1861 and educated from [[Uppingham School]] and [[Oxford University]]. In 1882, he joined [[Indian Civil Service]] (I.C.S.) as Assistant Collector and Magistrate in [[British India]]. He was appointed Private Secretary to Lieutenant Governor of [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1886. Earle became the Excise Commissioner, [[Bengal]] in 1901, Secretary to Board of Revenue in 1902 and served as Secretary to the Government of Bengal in between 1903 and 1905.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&dq=Archdale+Earle+Chairman+Corporation+Calcutta&pg=PA10|title=The India List and India Office List for ...|last=Office|first=Great Britain India|date=1819|publisher=Harrison and Sons|language=en}}</ref> He was also appointed Director of Public Instruction in 1906 after Alfred Croft.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dij297KbFDAC&dq=sir+Archdale+Earle&pg=PA8|title=Colonial Educators: The British Indian and Colonial Education Service 1858-1983|last=Whitehead|first=Clive|date=2003|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860648649|language=en}}</ref> Earle also served as Chairman, [[Corporation of Calcutta]] since 1909 to 1910.

In 1909 and 1911 he was designated as [[Order of the Indian Empire]], the Companion ([[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]) and the Knight Commander ([[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]), respectively. After serving as the Secretary to Government of India, Home Department he was appointed [[List of governors of Assam|Chief Commissioner of Assam]] in 1912.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Rao|first=C. Hayavadana|title=Earle, Sir Archdale|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary_(1915)/Earle,_Sir_Archdale|work=The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> During this period Sir Earle worked hard to establish colleges and educational institutes in India, associated with [[BRM Government Law College]] and [[Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/an-old-building-that-dazzles-with-a-legacy-in-legal-education-heritage-earle-law-college/cid/1558032|title=An old building that dazzles with a legacy in legal education - Heritage / Earle Law College|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Earle, Archdale}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
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[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:People educated at Uppingham School]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:British civil servants in British India]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]

Alfred Knox

2024-07-03T22:20:44Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|British Army general and politician (1870–1964)}}
{{About|the British general and politician|the British codebreaker and classical scholar|Dilly Knox}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| name = Sir Alfred Knox [[CB]]
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Колчак, Нокс и английские офицеры восточного фронта.jpg
| caption = Admiral Kolchak (seated) and General Alfred Knox (behind Kolchak) observing military exercises on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War. Date 1919.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1870|10|30|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|3|9|1870|10|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| nickname =
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[British Army]] [[British Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 1891−
| rank = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[Royal Ulster Rifles]] [[5th Punjab Infantry]]
| commands =
| battles = [[First World War]] [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Russian Civil War]]
| awards = [[Mentioned in dispatches]]
| laterwork =[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir Alfred William Fortescue Knox''' [[CB]] (30 October 1870 – 9 March 1964) was a career [[British Armed Forces|British military]] officer and later a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician.

==Military career==
Born in [[Ulster]], Knox joined the [[British Army]] when he attended the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], from where he was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Royal Ulster Rifles|Royal Irish Rifles]] on 2 May 1891, and was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 18 November 1893. He was posted to [[British Raj|British India]] where he joined the [[5th Punjab Infantry]], became a double company commander, and was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 10 July 1901.<ref>Hart′s Army list, 1902</ref> He was [[adjutant]] to the Southern Waziristan Militia, and as such took part in operations in [[Waziristan]] under Major-General [[Charles Egerton (Indian Army officer)|Charles Egerton]] in summer 1902, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 27499 |page=8254 |date= 28 November 1902 }}</ref>

In 1911 Knox was appointed the British Military Attaché in then [[Russian Empire]].<ref>Neal Ascherson, "After Seven Hundred Years," ''London Review of Books'' (24 May 2012), p. 8.</ref> A fluent speaker of Russian, he became a liaison officer to the [[Imperial Russian Army]] during [[First World War]]. During the 1917 [[Bolshevik coup]] in [[Russia]] he observed the [[Bolshevik]]s' taking of the [[Winter Palace]] on 7 November (25 October Old Style) 1917.

He wrote:<ref>{{cite book |title=With the Russian Army, 1914-1917 |first1=Alfred |last1=Knox |publisher=Hutchinson & co. |page=709 |url=https://archive.org/details/withrussianarmy02alfr/page/708/mode/2up }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The garrison of the Winter Palace originally consisted of about 2,000 all told, including detachments from junker and ensign schools, three squadrons of Cossacks, a company of volunteers and a company from the Women's Battalion. It had six guns and one armoured car, the crew of which, however, declared that it had only come "to guard the art treasures of the Palace and was otherwise neutral"!

The garrison had dwindled owing to desertions, for there were no provisions and it had been practically starved for two days. There was no strong man to take command and to enforce discipline. No one had any stomach for fighting; and some of the ensigns even borrowed great coats of soldier pattern from the women to enable them to escape unobserved.

The greater part of the junkers of the Mikhail Artillery School returned to their school, taking with them four out of their six guns. Then the Cossacks left, declaring themselves opposed to bloodshed! At 10 p.m. a large part of the ensigns left, leaving few defenders except the ensigns of the Engineering School and the company of women.}}

During the Russian Civil War, he was the head of the British Mission (''Britmis'') and notional ''Chef d'Arrière'' of the White Army in Siberia under [[Admiral Kolchak]]. He barely intervened in the combat operations, as Kolchak was unwilling to listen to his advice and to accept demands about a [[Russian Constituent Assembly]] after the war.<ref name="smele111">{{cite book |last1=Smele |first1=Jonathan |title=The "Russian" Civil Wars, 1916–1926|date= 2017|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|pages= 111–112}}</ref>

In 1921 Knox published his memoirs, ''With the Russian Army: 1914–1917''. In this book he also tells the story of heroine [[Elsa Brändström]].

==Political career==
At the [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924 general election]], he was elected as a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)|Wycombe]], defeating the sitting [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] MP [[Vera Woodhouse, Lady Terrington|Lady Terrington]]. He held his seat during the [[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929 general election]]<ref name="LG 21 June 1929">{{London Gazette |issue=33508 |date=21 June 1929 |pages=4106–4107 }}</ref> and through subsequent general elections, serving in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] until the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]]. In 1934, Knox argued against [[Indian independence movement|Indian self-government]] by stating "India, diverse in races and creed and united only by Britain, is not ready for democracy."<ref>This was a major political issue of the early 1930s. Following the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]] of 1930-32, the [[National Government (1931–1935)|National Government]] had produced a White Paper on the constitutional future of India in March 1933. After a further year and a half of debate, legislation was introduced, which became the [[Government of India Act 1935]], creating elected provincial governments in India.</Ref><ref>S.P. Agrawal and J.C. Aggarwal,''Information India : 1993–94''. Global View. New Delhi : Concept, 1997. {{ISBN|9788170225379}} (p. 379).</ref> His parliamentary questions mainly concerned the [[Stalinist]] [[Soviet Union]] and the threat of [[Hitler]] as well as the rearmament of Britain during the [[interwar period]]. Knox remained a strong opponent of Communism throughout his career and following the 1939 Soviet invasion of Finland during [[World War II]], he campaigned to [[Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War|give military support to the Finns]].<ref>"...General Alfred Knox MP, who in 1919 had been Churchill's special representative at the headquarters of Admiral Kolchak and who still regarded the anticommunist fight as his special vocation". Markku Ruotsila ''Churchill and Finland: A Study in Anticommunism and Geopolitics''. London ; Frank Cass, 2005. {{ISBN|0415349710}} (p. 92)</ref>

He died on 9 March 1964.

==In fiction==
Knox is depicted in the book ''[[August 1914 (novel)|August 1914]]'' by [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], as a somewhat troublesome [[attache]] as [[General Samsonov]] attempts to lead his army through [[East Prussia]].<ref>James M. Curtis, ''Solzhenitsyn's Traditional Imagination''. University of Georgia Press, 2008 {{ISBN|9780820331867}} (p.70)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Alfred Knox |sopt=t}}
*[http://www.spartacus-educational.com/RUSknox.htm Alfred Knox]
*{{Rayment-hc|external links=y|w|5|date=February 2012}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | major-general-sir-alfred-knox | Alfred Knox }}
* {{cite TIWW |article=Knox, Major-Gen. Sir Alfred Wm. Fortescue |page=128 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)|Wycombe]]
| years = [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]]–[[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]]
| before = [[Vera Woodhouse, Lady Terrington|Lady Terrington]]
| after = [[John Haire, Baron Haire of Whiteabbey|John Haire]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Knox, Alfred}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1924–1929]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1929–1931]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1931–1935]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935–1945]]
[[Category:Indian Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:British anti-communists]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Royal Ulster Rifles officers]]
[[Category:British military attachés]]
[[Category:People from Ulster]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]

Alfred Knox

2024-07-03T22:20:20Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|British Army general and politician (1870–1964)}}
{{About|the British general and politician|the British codebreaker and classical scholar|Dilly Knox}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| name = Sir Alfred Knox
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Колчак, Нокс и английские офицеры восточного фронта.jpg
| caption = Admiral Kolchak (seated) and General Alfred Knox (behind Kolchak) observing military exercises on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War. Date 1919.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1870|10|30|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|3|9|1870|10|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| nickname =
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[British Army]] [[British Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 1891−
| rank = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[Royal Ulster Rifles]] [[5th Punjab Infantry]]
| commands =
| battles = [[First World War]] [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Russian Civil War]]
| awards = [[Mentioned in dispatches]]
| laterwork =[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir Alfred William Fortescue Knox''' [[CB]] (30 October 1870 – 9 March 1964) was a career [[British Armed Forces|British military]] officer and later a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician.

==Military career==
Born in [[Ulster]], Knox joined the [[British Army]] when he attended the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], from where he was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Royal Ulster Rifles|Royal Irish Rifles]] on 2 May 1891, and was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 18 November 1893. He was posted to [[British Raj|British India]] where he joined the [[5th Punjab Infantry]], became a double company commander, and was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 10 July 1901.<ref>Hart′s Army list, 1902</ref> He was [[adjutant]] to the Southern Waziristan Militia, and as such took part in operations in [[Waziristan]] under Major-General [[Charles Egerton (Indian Army officer)|Charles Egerton]] in summer 1902, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 27499 |page=8254 |date= 28 November 1902 }}</ref>

In 1911 Knox was appointed the British Military Attaché in then [[Russian Empire]].<ref>Neal Ascherson, "After Seven Hundred Years," ''London Review of Books'' (24 May 2012), p. 8.</ref> A fluent speaker of Russian, he became a liaison officer to the [[Imperial Russian Army]] during [[First World War]]. During the 1917 [[Bolshevik coup]] in [[Russia]] he observed the [[Bolshevik]]s' taking of the [[Winter Palace]] on 7 November (25 October Old Style) 1917.

He wrote:<ref>{{cite book |title=With the Russian Army, 1914-1917 |first1=Alfred |last1=Knox |publisher=Hutchinson & co. |page=709 |url=https://archive.org/details/withrussianarmy02alfr/page/708/mode/2up }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The garrison of the Winter Palace originally consisted of about 2,000 all told, including detachments from junker and ensign schools, three squadrons of Cossacks, a company of volunteers and a company from the Women's Battalion. It had six guns and one armoured car, the crew of which, however, declared that it had only come "to guard the art treasures of the Palace and was otherwise neutral"!

The garrison had dwindled owing to desertions, for there were no provisions and it had been practically starved for two days. There was no strong man to take command and to enforce discipline. No one had any stomach for fighting; and some of the ensigns even borrowed great coats of soldier pattern from the women to enable them to escape unobserved.

The greater part of the junkers of the Mikhail Artillery School returned to their school, taking with them four out of their six guns. Then the Cossacks left, declaring themselves opposed to bloodshed! At 10 p.m. a large part of the ensigns left, leaving few defenders except the ensigns of the Engineering School and the company of women.}}

During the Russian Civil War, he was the head of the British Mission (''Britmis'') and notional ''Chef d'Arrière'' of the White Army in Siberia under [[Admiral Kolchak]]. He barely intervened in the combat operations, as Kolchak was unwilling to listen to his advice and to accept demands about a [[Russian Constituent Assembly]] after the war.<ref name="smele111">{{cite book |last1=Smele |first1=Jonathan |title=The "Russian" Civil Wars, 1916–1926|date= 2017|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|pages= 111–112}}</ref>

In 1921 Knox published his memoirs, ''With the Russian Army: 1914–1917''. In this book he also tells the story of heroine [[Elsa Brändström]].

==Political career==
At the [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924 general election]], he was elected as a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)|Wycombe]], defeating the sitting [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] MP [[Vera Woodhouse, Lady Terrington|Lady Terrington]]. He held his seat during the [[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929 general election]]<ref name="LG 21 June 1929">{{London Gazette |issue=33508 |date=21 June 1929 |pages=4106–4107 }}</ref> and through subsequent general elections, serving in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] until the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]]. In 1934, Knox argued against [[Indian independence movement|Indian self-government]] by stating "India, diverse in races and creed and united only by Britain, is not ready for democracy."<ref>This was a major political issue of the early 1930s. Following the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]] of 1930-32, the [[National Government (1931–1935)|National Government]] had produced a White Paper on the constitutional future of India in March 1933. After a further year and a half of debate, legislation was introduced, which became the [[Government of India Act 1935]], creating elected provincial governments in India.</Ref><ref>S.P. Agrawal and J.C. Aggarwal,''Information India : 1993–94''. Global View. New Delhi : Concept, 1997. {{ISBN|9788170225379}} (p. 379).</ref> His parliamentary questions mainly concerned the [[Stalinist]] [[Soviet Union]] and the threat of [[Hitler]] as well as the rearmament of Britain during the [[interwar period]]. Knox remained a strong opponent of Communism throughout his career and following the 1939 Soviet invasion of Finland during [[World War II]], he campaigned to [[Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War|give military support to the Finns]].<ref>"...General Alfred Knox MP, who in 1919 had been Churchill's special representative at the headquarters of Admiral Kolchak and who still regarded the anticommunist fight as his special vocation". Markku Ruotsila ''Churchill and Finland: A Study in Anticommunism and Geopolitics''. London ; Frank Cass, 2005. {{ISBN|0415349710}} (p. 92)</ref>

He died on 9 March 1964.

==In fiction==
Knox is depicted in the book ''[[August 1914 (novel)|August 1914]]'' by [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], as a somewhat troublesome [[attache]] as [[General Samsonov]] attempts to lead his army through [[East Prussia]].<ref>James M. Curtis, ''Solzhenitsyn's Traditional Imagination''. University of Georgia Press, 2008 {{ISBN|9780820331867}} (p.70)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Alfred Knox |sopt=t}}
*[http://www.spartacus-educational.com/RUSknox.htm Alfred Knox]
*{{Rayment-hc|external links=y|w|5|date=February 2012}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | major-general-sir-alfred-knox | Alfred Knox }}
* {{cite TIWW |article=Knox, Major-Gen. Sir Alfred Wm. Fortescue |page=128 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)|Wycombe]]
| years = [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]]–[[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]]
| before = [[Vera Woodhouse, Lady Terrington|Lady Terrington]]
| after = [[John Haire, Baron Haire of Whiteabbey|John Haire]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Knox, Alfred}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1924–1929]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1929–1931]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1931–1935]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935–1945]]
[[Category:Indian Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:British anti-communists]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Royal Ulster Rifles officers]]
[[Category:British military attachés]]
[[Category:People from Ulster]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]

User talk:92.10.114.155

2024-07-03T22:02:25Z

92.10.114.155: /* Post-nominals */ Reply

== Post-nominals ==

Hi,

I noticed you've been adding post-nominal letters to a number of pages. The easy way to do this is with a template. If you look at the source code for the infobox of the "[[Edwin Lutyens]]" page, you'll see this:

<code><nowiki>{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|KCIE|PRA|FRIBA}}</nowiki></code>

That's a template. You can see its page [[Template:Post-nominals|here]].

If you place the relevant letters in that template, the template will take care of linking to the correct page for each honour, avoiding disambiguation errors. It also tends to be more compact than linking each honour separately. There's an entry in the Manual of Style [[MOS:POSTNOM|here]].

Best wishes, [[User:Jean-de-Nivelle|Jean-de-Nivelle]] ([[User talk:Jean-de-Nivelle|talk]]) 21:55, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

:Dear Jean-de-Nivelle
:Thank you ever so much for getting in touch. I greatly appreciate your help and assistance. I shall try my best to look into what you have told me, though I am not the moat technical.
:I have made it my duty to ensure rhat those who have recieved fine honours from the United Kingdom. My country are correctly remembered and have the correct post-nominals.
:Kind regards [[Special:Contributions/92.10.114.155|92.10.114.155]] ([[User talk:92.10.114.155#top|talk]]) 22:02, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine

2024-07-03T21:22:31Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|Marchioness of Milford Haven}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Princess Victoria
| title = Marchioness of Milford Haven
| image = Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine.png
| caption = Portrait by [[Alexander Bassano]], {{circa|1878}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven]]|30 April 1884|11 September 1921|end=d.}}
| issue = {{Plainlist|
* [[Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Louise Mountbatten|Louise, Queen of Sweden]]
* [[George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven]]
* [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]}}
| father = [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]]
| mother = [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom]]
| full name = Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1863|4|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Windsor Castle]], Windsor, Berkshire, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|9|24|1863|4|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kensington Palace]], London, England
| burial_date = 28 September 1950
| burial_place = [[St Mildred's Church, Whippingham]], Isle of Wight
| house = [[House of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]]
}}

'''Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine''', then '''Princess Louis of Battenberg''', later '''Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven''' [[VA]] (5 April 1863 – 24 September 1950), was the eldest daughter of [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]], and [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom]], daughter of [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]].

Born in [[Windsor Castle]] in the presence of her maternal grandmother, Princess Victoria was raised in Germany and England. Her mother died while Victoria's brother and sisters were still young, which placed her in an early position of responsibility over her siblings. Over her father's disapproval, she married his [[morganatic]] first cousin [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]], an officer in the [[British Royal Navy]]. Victoria lived most of her married life in various parts of Europe at her husband's naval posts and visiting her many royal relations. She was perceived by her family as liberal in outlook, straightforward, practical and bright. The couple had four children: [[Princess Alice of Battenberg|Alice]], [[Louise Mountbatten|Louise]], [[George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven|George]], and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis]].

During [[World War I]], Victoria and her husband abandoned their German titles and adopted the surname of [[Mountbatten]], which was an [[anglicised]] version of the German "Battenberg". Two of her sisters—[[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine|Elisabeth]] and [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alix]], who had married into the [[Russian imperial family]]—were [[Murder of the Romanov family|murdered by communist revolutionaries]]. After [[World War II]], her daughter Louise became [[queen consort of Sweden]] and her son Louis was appointed the last [[viceroy of India]]. She was the maternal grandmother of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], consort of [[Queen Elizabeth II]]; and paternal great-grandmother of [[King Charles III]].

==Early life==
[[File:Princesses Irene, Victoria, Elisabeth and Alix of Hesse and by Rhine.jpg|left|thumb|Four of the Hesse sisters: (left to right) [[Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine|Irene]], Victoria, [[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)|Elisabeth]], and [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alix]], 1885]]
Victoria was born on [[Easter Sunday]] at [[Windsor Castle]] in the presence of her maternal grandmother, [[Queen Victoria]]. She was christened in the [[Lutheran]] faith in the Green Drawing Room at Windsor Castle, in the arms of the Queen on 27 April.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Hough|author-link=Richard Hough|title=Louis and Victoria: The Family History of the Mountbattens. Second edition|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|location=London|year=1984|isbn=0-297-78470-6|page=28}}</ref> Her godparents were Queen Victoria, [[Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge]], [[Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]] (represented by [[Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]]), the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]] and [[Prince Heinrich of Hesse and by Rhine]].<ref>Queen Victoria's Journals – ''Monday 27 April 1863''</ref>

Victoria's early life was spent at [[Bessungen]], a suburb of [[Darmstadt]], until the family moved to the [[:de:Neues Palais (Darmstadt)|New Palace in Darmstadt]] when she was three years old. There, she shared a room with her younger sister, [[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)|Elisabeth]], until adulthood. She was privately educated to a high standard and was, throughout her life, an avid reader.<ref>Hough, p. 30</ref>

[[File:Princess Victoria of Hesse-Darmstadt, 1871.webp|thumb|Victoria in 1871]]
During the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[Austro-Prussian War|invasion of Hesse in June 1866]], Victoria and Elisabeth were sent to Britain to live with their grandmother until hostilities were ended by the absorption of [[Electorate of Hesse|Hesse-Kassel]] and parts of [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]] into Prussia.<ref>Hough, p. 29</ref> During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, military hospitals were set up in the palace grounds at Darmstadt, and she helped in the soup kitchens with her mother. She remembered the intense cold of the winter, and being burned on the arm by hot soup.<ref>Hough, p. 34</ref>

In 1872, Victoria's eighteen-month-old brother, [[Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine|Friedrich]], was diagnosed with [[haemophilia]]. The diagnosis came as a shock to the royal families of Europe; it had been twenty years since Queen Victoria had given birth to her haemophiliac son, [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany]], and it was the first indication that the bleeding disorder in the royal family was hereditary.<ref>Hough, p. 36</ref> The following year, Friedrich fell from a window onto stone steps and died. It was the first of many tragedies to beset the Hesse family.<ref name="dnb"/>
[[File:Victoria Hesse NPG 95941 crop.jpg|thumb|Photograph by [[Alexander Bassano]], c. 1878]]
In early November 1878, Victoria contracted [[diphtheria]]. Elisabeth was swiftly moved out of their room and was the only member of the family to escape the disease. For days, Victoria's mother nursed the sick, but she was unable to save her youngest daughter, [[Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (1874–1878)|Marie]], who died in mid-November. Just as the rest of the family seemed to have recovered, Princess Alice fell ill. She died on 14 December, the anniversary of the death of her father, [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]].<ref>Hough, pp. 46–48</ref> As the eldest child, Victoria partly assumed the role of mother to the younger children and of companion to her father.<ref name="dnb">{{cite ODNB|first=Hugo |last=Vickers |author-link=Hugo Vickers |chapter=Mountbatten, Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie, marchioness of Milford Haven (1863–1950) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/66334 |editor=Matthew, H. C. G.|editor-link=Colin Matthew|editor2=Harrison, Brian|editor2-link=Brian Harrison (historian)|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-861411-1}}</ref> She later wrote, "My mother's death was an irreparable loss ... My childhood ended with her death, for I became the eldest and most responsible".<ref>Hough, p. 50</ref>

==Marriage and family==
At family gatherings, Victoria had often met [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]], who was her [[first cousin once removed]] and a member of a [[Morganatic marriage|morganatic branch]] of the Hessian royal family. Prince Louis had adopted British nationality and was serving as an officer in the [[Royal Navy]]. In the winter of 1882, they met again at Darmstadt, and were engaged the following summer.<ref>Hough, p. 57</ref>

After a brief postponement because of the death of her maternal uncle [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany]],<ref>Hough, p. 114</ref> Victoria married Prince Louis on 30 April 1884 at Darmstadt. Her father did not approve of the match; in his view Prince Louis—his own first cousin—had little money and would deprive him of his daughter's company, as the couple would naturally live abroad in Britain. However, Victoria was of an independent mind and took little notice of her father's displeasure.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ziegler|first=Philip|author-link=Philip Ziegler|title=Mountbatten|publisher=Collins|location=London|year=1985|isbn=0-00-216543-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/mountbattenoffic00phil/page/24 24]|url=https://archive.org/details/mountbattenoffic00phil/page/24}}</ref> Remarkably, that same evening, Victoria's father secretly married his mistress, Countess Alexandrine von [[Czapski family|Hutten-Czapska]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Michel|last1=Huberty |first2=F. Alain |last2=Giraud |first3=F. & B.|last3=Magdelaine |title=L'Allemagne Dynastique: Tome I Hesse-Reuss-Saxe |year=1976 |place=Le Perreu |page=345 |isbn=2-901138-01-2}}</ref> the former wife of Alexander von Kolemine, the Russian chargé d'affaires in Darmstadt. His marriage to a divorcee who was not of equal rank shocked the assembled royalty of Europe and through diplomatic and family pressure Victoria's father was forced to seek an annulment of his own marriage.<ref>Hough, pp. 117–122</ref>

Over the next sixteen years, Victoria and her husband had four children:

{| class="wikitable"
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Marriage
|-
|[[Princess Alice of Battenberg|Alice]]||25 February 1885||5 December 1969||Married 1903 [[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark]] Five children, including [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|the Duke of Edinburgh]]<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Philip |last=Ziegler|author-link=Philip Ziegler |chapter=Alice, Princess [Princess Alice of Battenberg; married name Princess Andrew of Greece] |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/66337 |editor=Matthew, H. C. G.|editor-link=Colin Matthew|editor2=Harrison, Brian|editor2-link=Brian Harrison (historian)|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-861411-1}}</ref>
|-
|[[Louise Mountbatten|Louise]]||13 July 1889||7 March 1965||Married 1923 King [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]] (his second marriage) One stillborn daughter
|-
|[[George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven|George]]||6 November 1892||8 April 1938||Married 1916 [[Nadejda Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven|Countess Nadejda Mikhailovna de Torby]] Two children<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Philip |last=Ziegler |chapter=Mountbatten, George Louis Victor Henry Sergius, second marquess of Milford Haven |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/66662 |editor=Matthew, H. C. G. |editor2=Harrison, Brian |year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-861411-1}}</ref>
|-
|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis]]||25 June 1900||27 August 1979||Married 1922 [[Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley]] Two children<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Philip |last=Ziegler |chapter=Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31480 |editor=Matthew, H. C. G. |editor2=Harrison, Brian |year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-861411-1}}</ref>
|-
|}

[[File:Wedding guests of Victoria Melita and Ernest Louis of Hesse.jpg|thumb|Victoria (back row, second from right) at the marriage of her brother [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Ernest Louis]] (back row, right) to [[Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (seated, second from right), 1894. [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his fiancé Alix are on the back row left, Irene and Elisabeth are seated front row left, and [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia]] (Elisabeth's husband) is seated right.]]
They lived in a succession of houses at [[Chichester, Sussex]], [[Walton-on-Thames]], and [[Schloss Heiligenberg (Jugenheim)|Schloss Heiligenberg]], [[Jugenheim]]. When Prince Louis was serving with the [[Mediterranean Fleet]], she spent some winters in [[Malta]].<ref name="dnb" /> In 1887, she contracted [[typhoid]] but, after being nursed through her illness by her husband, was sufficiently recovered by June to attend Queen Victoria's [[Golden Jubilee]] celebrations in London.<ref>Hough, pp. 158–159</ref> She was interested in science and drew a detailed geological map of Malta and also participated in archaeological digs both on the island and in Germany.<ref>Hough, p. 169</ref> In leather-bound volumes she kept meticulous records of books she had read, which reveal a wide range of interests, including socialist philosophy.<ref>Hough, pp. 213–214, 372 and 375</ref>

She personally taught her own children and exposed them to new ideas and inventions.<ref>Hough, p. 177</ref> She gave lessons to her younger son, Louis, until he was ten years of age. He said of her in 1968 that she was "a walking encyclopedia. All through her life she stored up knowledge on all sorts of subjects, and she had the great gift of being able to make it all interesting when she taught it to me. She was completely methodical; we had time-tables for each subject, and I had to do preparation, and so forth. She taught me to enjoy working hard, and to be thorough. She was outspoken and open-minded to a degree quite unusual in members of the Royal Family. And she was also entirely free from prejudice about politics or colour and things of that kind."<ref>{{cite book|last=Terraine|first=John|author-link=John Terraine|title=The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten|author2=Foreword by Lord Mountbatten|publisher=Arrow Books Ltd|location=London|year=1980|isbn=0-09-922630-8|page=6}}</ref>

In 1906, she flew in a [[Zeppelin]] [[airship]], and even more daringly later flew in a [[biplane]] even though it was "not made to carry passengers, and we perched securely attached on a little stool holding on to the flyer's back".<ref>Victoria Milford Haven quoted in Hough, p. 215</ref> Up until 1914, Victoria regularly visited her relatives abroad in both Germany and Russia, including her two sisters who had married into the Russian imperial family: Elisabeth, who had married [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich]], and Alix, who had married [[Emperor Nicholas II]]. Victoria was one of the Empress's relatives who tried to persuade her away from the influence of [[Rasputin]].<ref>Hough, p. 264</ref> On the outbreak of [[World War I|war]] between Germany and Britain in 1914, Victoria and her daughter, Louise, were in Russia at [[Yekaterinburg]]. By train and steamer, they travelled to [[St Petersburg]] and from there through [[Tornio]] to [[Stockholm]]. They sailed from [[Bergen]], [[Norway]], on "the last ship" back to Britain.<ref>Hough, p. 289</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:A Good Riddance - George V of the United Kingdom cartoon in Punch, 1917.png|thumb|A 1917 ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' cartoon depicting King George V sweeping away the German titles held by members of his family]]
Prince Louis was forced to resign from the navy at the start of the war when his German origins became an embarrassment, and the couple retired for the war years to [[Kent House, Isle of Wight|Kent House]] on the [[Isle of Wight]], which Victoria had been given by her aunt [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll]].<ref>Hough, p. 274</ref> Victoria blamed her husband's forced resignation on the Government "who few greatly respect or trust".<ref>{{cite book|first=Hugo|last=Vickers|title=Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|location=London|year=2000|isbn=0-241-13686-5|page=113}}</ref> She distrusted the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Winston Churchill]], because she thought him unreliable—he had once borrowed a book and failed to return it.<ref>Terraine, p. 10</ref> Continued public hostility to Germany led King [[George V of the United Kingdom]] to renounce his German titles, and at the same time on 14 July 1917 Prince Louis and Victoria renounced theirs, assuming an anglicised version of Battenberg—Mountbatten—as their surname.<ref>{{cite book |first=Marlene A. |last=Eilers |title=Queen Victoria's Descendants |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=Genealogical Publishing Co |year=1987 |page=187|isbn=978-0-938311-04-1}}</ref> Four months later Louis was re-ennobled by the King as [[Marquess of Milford Haven]]. During the war, Victoria's two sisters, [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alix]] and [[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)|Elisabeth]], were murdered in the [[October Revolution|Russian revolution]], and her brother, [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse]], was deposed. On her last visit to Russia in 1914, Victoria had driven past the very house in Yekaterinburg where Alix would be murdered.<ref>Hough, p. 288</ref> In January 1921, after a long and convoluted journey, Elisabeth's body was interred in [[Jerusalem]] in Victoria's presence. Alix's body was never recovered during Victoria's lifetime.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kerr|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Kerr (Royal Navy officer, born 1864)|title=Prince Louis of Battenberg|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co|location=London|year=1934|page=261}}</ref>

[[File:Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven.jpg|thumb|right|Victoria in 1932]]
Victoria's husband died in London in September 1921. After meeting her at the [[Naval and Military Club]] in [[Piccadilly]], he complained of feeling unwell and Victoria persuaded him to rest in a room they had booked in the club annexe. She called a doctor, who prescribed some medicine, and Victoria went out to fill the prescription at a nearby pharmacy. When she came back, Louis was dead.<ref>Hough, p. 333</ref> On her widowhood, Victoria moved into a [[grace-and-favour]] residence at [[Kensington Palace]] and, in the words of her biographer, "became a central matriarchal figure in the lives of Europe's surviving royalty".<ref>Hough, p. 338</ref> In 1930, her eldest daughter, Alice, suffered a nervous breakdown and was diagnosed as [[schizophrenic]].<ref>Vickers, pp. 200–205</ref> In the following decade Victoria was largely responsible for her grandson [[Prince Philip]]'s education and upbringing during his parents' separation and his mother's institutionalisation. Prince Philip recalled, "I liked my grandmother very much and she was always helpful. She was very good with children ... she took the practical approach to them. She treated them in the right way—the right combination of the rational and the emotional."<ref>Prince Philip quoted in Hough, p. 354</ref>

In 1937, Victoria's brother, Ernest Louis, died and soon afterwards her widowed sister-in-law, nephew, granddaughter and two of her great-grandchildren all died in an [[Sabena OO-AUB Ostend crash|air crash]] at [[Ostend]]. Victoria's granddaughter, [[Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark]], had married Victoria's nephew (Ernest Louis's son), [[Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse|George Donatus of Hesse]]. They and their two young sons, Louis and Alexander, were all killed. Cecilie's youngest child, [[Princess Johanna of Hesse and by Rhine|Johanna]], who was not on the plane, was adopted by her uncle [[Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine]], whose wedding the crash victims were en route to, but the little girl only survived her parents and older brothers by eighteen months, dying in 1939 of [[meningitis]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duff|first=David|year=1967|title=Hessian Tapestry|publisher=Muller|location=London|oclc=565356978|pages=350–353}}</ref>

Further tragedy soon followed when Victoria's son, George, died of bone cancer the following year. Her granddaughter, [[Lady Pamela Hicks]], remembered her grandmother's tears.<ref>Hough, p. 365</ref> In [[World War II]] Victoria was bombed out of Kensington Palace, and spent some time at Windsor Castle with King [[George VI]]. Her surviving son (Louis) and her two grandsons ([[David Mountbatten]] and Prince Philip) served in the Royal Navy, while her German relations fought with the opposing forces. She spent most of her time reading and worrying about her children; her daughter, Alice, remained in occupied Greece and was unable to communicate with her mother for four years at the height of the war.<ref>Hough, pp. 375 and 382</ref> After the Allied victory, her son, Louis, was made [[Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]]. He was offered the post of [[Viceroy of India]], but she was deeply opposed to his accepting, knowing that the position would be dangerous and difficult; he accepted anyway.<ref>Ziegler, p. 359</ref>

On 15 December 1948, the Dowager Marchioness attended the [[Infant baptism|christening]] of her great-grandson, [[Prince Charles]]. She was one of eight [[godparent|sponsors or godparents]], along with [[King George VI]], [[King Haakon VII of Norway]], [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], [[Princess Margaret]], [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark]], [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Lady Brabourne]], and [[David Bowes-Lyon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/hrh-the-prince-of-wales-an-exhibition-to-celebrate-his-sixtieth-0/the|title=The Christening of Prince Charles|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>

She fell ill with bronchitis (she had smoked since the age of sixteen<ref>Hough, p. 53</ref>) at Lord Mountbatten's home at [[Broadlands]], [[Hampshire]], in the summer of 1950. Saying "it is better to die at home",<ref>Ziegler, p. 506</ref> Victoria moved back to Kensington Palace, where she died on 24 September aged 87. She was buried four days later in the grounds of [[St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham]] on the [[Isle of Wight]].<ref name="dnb" />

[[File:Philip_de_László_-_Victoria_Mountbatten.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait by [[Philip de László]], 1937]]

==Legacy==
With the help of her [[lady-in-waiting]], [[Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden]], Victoria wrote a memoir, held in the Mountbatten archive at the [[University of Southampton]], which remains an interesting source for royal historians.<ref name="dnb"/><ref>The memoir is available [https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/F419AA816BFC4674981B7BEA9538BD33/MB21_transcript.pdf online].</ref> A selection of Queen Victoria's letters to Victoria have been published with a commentary by [[Richard Hough]] and an introduction by Victoria's granddaughter, [[Patricia Mountbatten]].<ref>Victoria; edited by Hough, Richard (1975). ''Advice to a grand-daughter: letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse.'' London: Heinemann. {{ISBN|0-434-34861-9}}.</ref>

Lord Mountbatten remembered her fondly: "My mother was very quick on the uptake, very talkative, very aggressive and argumentative. With her marvellous brain she sharpened people's wits."<ref>Earl Mountbatten of Burma quoted in Hough, p. 339</ref> Her granddaughter thought her "formidable, but never intimidating ... a supremely honest woman, full of commonsense and modesty".<ref>[[Lady Pamela Hicks]] quoted in Hough, p. 373</ref> Victoria wrote her own typically forthright epitaph at the end of her life in letters to and conversation with her son: "What will live in history is the good work done by the individual & that has nothing to do with rank or title ... I never thought I would be known only as your mother. You're so well known now and no one knows about me, and I don't want them to."<ref>Quoted in Hough, p. 387</ref>

==Honours==
* {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}: Dame of the [[House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse)|Order of the Golden Lion]], ''1 January 1883''<ref name="ordensliste">{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Goldener Löwen-orden|page=1|lang=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1914|publisher=Staatsverlag|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Prussia}}: [[Red Cross Medal (Prussia)|Red Cross Medal, 1st Class]]<ref name="handbuch">{{citation|title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogs Hessen|chapter=Genealogie|year=1904|page=2}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Catherine]]<ref name="handbuch"/>
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}:<ref name="handbuch"/>
** [[Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal]], ''1887''
** [[Royal Order of Victoria and Albert]], 1st Class<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Whitaker|title=An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TUMsAAAAMAAJ|year=1897|publisher=J. Whitaker|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TUMsAAAAMAAJ/page/n119 110]}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven'''
|2= 2. [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]]<ref name=Weir>{{cite book|last=Weir|first=Alison|author-link=Alison Weir|year=1996|title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy|edition=Revised|publisher=Pimlico|location=London|isbn=0-7126-7448-9|pages=305–307}}</ref>
|3= 3. [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom]]<ref name=Weir/>
|4= 4. [[Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Elisabeth of Prussia]]
|6= 6. [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]<ref name=Weir/>
|7= 7. [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]]<ref name=Weir/>
|8= 8. [[Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]]
|9= 9. [[Princess Wilhelmine of Baden]]
|10= 10. [[Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1783–1851)|Prince Wilhelm of Prussia]]
|11= 11. [[Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg]]
|12= 12. [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]<ref name=Weir/>
|13= 13. [[Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]<ref name=Weir/>
|14= 14. [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]]<ref name=Weir/>
|15= 15. [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]<ref name=Weir/>
}}

==References==
{{House of Hesse and by Rhine|louis4}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last = Massie | first = Robert K.|author-link=Robert K. Massie | title = The Romanovs: The Final Chapter | publisher = Ballantine Books | location = New York | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-345-40640-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Miller | first = Ilana D. | title = The Four Graces: Queen Victoria's Hessian Granddaughters | publisher = Kensington House Books | location = East Richmond Heights, California | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-9771961-9-7 }} A "sisters" biography of the four surviving daughters of Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, told from the point of view of Princess Victoria.
* {{cite book| last = Mountbatten | first = Victoria | title = Recollections of Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven | url = https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/F419AA816BFC4674981B7BEA9538BD33/MB21_transcript.pdf}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven}}
*[http://www.iow.uk.com/whippingham-church/cyandg.htm St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham, Isle of Wight]
*[http://www.southampton.ac.uk/archives/cataloguedatabases/mbintro.html The Mountbatten Archive at the University of Southampton]
*{{NPG name|name=Victoria, Marchioness of Milford Haven}}

{{Princesses of Hesse and by Rhine}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Victoria Of Hesse And By Rhine}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:British marchionesses|Milford Haven, Victoria]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham]]
[[Category:Battenberg family]]
[[Category:House of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
[[Category:Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert]]
[[Category:People from Windsor, Berkshire]]
[[Category:Daughters of dukes]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Catherine]]

Bruce Skinner

2024-07-02T22:12:58Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Bruce Skinner [[Order of the Bath|CB]] [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]] [[Royal Victorian Order|MVO]] [[OStJ]] [[Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons|MRCS]]
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = 3 April 1858
|birth_place =
|death_date = 3 May 1932
|death_place =
|rank = [[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|serviceyears =
|allegiance = {{UK}}
|branch = [[Image:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]
|commands = [[Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)|Surgeon-General]] [[Royal Army Medical College]]
|battles = [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] [[Second Boer War]] [[First World War]]
|awards = [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]], [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]], [[Member of the Royal Victorian Order]], [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Officer of the Venerable Order of Saint John]]
}}
[[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Bruce Morland Skinner''', {{post-nominals|sep=,|CB|CMG|MVO|OStJ|MRCS|}} (3 April 1858 – 3 May 1932<ref>[http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2520866&blobtype=pdf ''British Medical Journal'', 14 May 1932, p 915]. Accessed 2 January 2015</ref>) was a [[British Army]] officer and [[surgeon]] who served as [[Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)|Surgeon-General]] during the [[First World War]].

Skinner was the eldest son of Charles Bruce Skinner and Harriette Catherine Tudor.<ref>C. Hayavadana Rao, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)'', 401.</ref> He was educated at [[Bloxham School]] and the [[Royal Army Medical College]] before commissioning into the British Army as a [[Physician|medical officer]] in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]].<ref>''The London Gazette'' (16 March 1915) https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29102/page/2629/data.pdf</ref> He first saw active service on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] expedition of 1887 to 1888.<ref>C. Hayavadana Rao, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)'', 401.</ref> He was deployed to [[South Africa]] during the [[Second Boer War]] between 1899 and 1902, was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant-colonel]] on 29 July 1902,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27479|page=6277|date=3 October 1902}}</ref> and was made a [[Member of the Royal Victorian Order]] (MVO) in 1906. Skinner served as Honorary Surgeon to the [[Viceroy of India]] in 1910 and was Senior Medical officer in [[Rawalpindi]].<ref>C. Hayavadana Rao, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)'', 401.</ref> He was subsequently Commandant of the Royal Army Medical College.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)77512-5 |title=Presidential Address ON THE RELATION OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE TO WAR CONDITIONS |journal=The Lancet |volume=182 |issue=4702 |pages=1056–1057 |year=1913 }}</ref> He served in the First World War and was made a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 14 January 1916.<ref>''The London Gazette'' (14 January 1916) https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29438/supplement/565/data.pdf</ref> He became Temporary Surgeon-General on 1 November 1916 while working as the Director of Medical Services.<ref>''The London Gazette'' (5 December 1916) https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29848/page/11847/data.pdf</ref> He was invested as an [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Officer of the Venerable Order of Saint John]] on 25 October 1927.<ref>''The Edinburgh Gazette'' (25 October 1927) https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/14385/page/1194/data.pdf</ref>

He married Monica, the daughter of Henry Whitehouse of the Madras Civil Service.<ref>C. Hayavadana Rao, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)'', 401.</ref> They had three sons and a daughter.<ref>[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U217149 ‘SKINNER, Maj.-Gen. Bruce Morland’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; April 2014 accessed 2 Jan 2015]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skinner, Bruce}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:People educated at Bloxham School]]
[[Category:Royal Army Medical Corps officers]]

Bruce Skinner

2024-07-02T22:11:51Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Bruce Skinner [[Order of the Bath|CB]] [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]] [[Royal Victorian Order|MVO]] [[OStJ]] [[Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons|MRCS]]
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = 3 April 1858
|birth_place =
|death_date = 3 May 1932
|death_place =
|rank = [[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|serviceyears =
|allegiance = {{UK}}
|branch = [[Image:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]
|commands = [[Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)|Surgeon-General]] [[Royal Army Medical College]]
|battles = [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] [[Second Boer War]] [[First World War]]
|awards = [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]], [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]], [[Member of the Royal Victorian Order]], [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Officer of the Venerable Order of Saint John]]
}}
[[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Bruce Morland Skinner''', {{post-nominals|sep=,|CB|CMG|MVO|OStJ|MRCS}} (3 April 1858 – 3 May 1932<ref>[http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2520866&blobtype=pdf ''British Medical Journal'', 14 May 1932, p 915]. Accessed 2 January 2015</ref>) was a [[British Army]] officer and [[surgeon]] who served as [[Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)|Surgeon-General]] during the [[First World War]].

Skinner was the eldest son of Charles Bruce Skinner and Harriette Catherine Tudor.<ref>C. Hayavadana Rao, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)'', 401.</ref> He was educated at [[Bloxham School]] and the [[Royal Army Medical College]] before commissioning into the British Army as a [[Physician|medical officer]] in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]].<ref>''The London Gazette'' (16 March 1915) https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29102/page/2629/data.pdf</ref> He first saw active service on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] expedition of 1887 to 1888.<ref>C. Hayavadana Rao, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)'', 401.</ref> He was deployed to [[South Africa]] during the [[Second Boer War]] between 1899 and 1902, was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant-colonel]] on 29 July 1902,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27479|page=6277|date=3 October 1902}}</ref> and was made a [[Member of the Royal Victorian Order]] (MVO) in 1906. Skinner served as Honorary Surgeon to the [[Viceroy of India]] in 1910 and was Senior Medical officer in [[Rawalpindi]].<ref>C. Hayavadana Rao, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)'', 401.</ref> He was subsequently Commandant of the Royal Army Medical College.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)77512-5 |title=Presidential Address ON THE RELATION OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE TO WAR CONDITIONS |journal=The Lancet |volume=182 |issue=4702 |pages=1056–1057 |year=1913 }}</ref> He served in the First World War and was made a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 14 January 1916.<ref>''The London Gazette'' (14 January 1916) https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29438/supplement/565/data.pdf</ref> He became Temporary Surgeon-General on 1 November 1916 while working as the Director of Medical Services.<ref>''The London Gazette'' (5 December 1916) https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29848/page/11847/data.pdf</ref> He was invested as an [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Officer of the Venerable Order of Saint John]] on 25 October 1927.<ref>''The Edinburgh Gazette'' (25 October 1927) https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/14385/page/1194/data.pdf</ref>

He married Monica, the daughter of Henry Whitehouse of the Madras Civil Service.<ref>C. Hayavadana Rao, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)'', 401.</ref> They had three sons and a daughter.<ref>[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U217149 ‘SKINNER, Maj.-Gen. Bruce Morland’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; April 2014 accessed 2 Jan 2015]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skinner, Bruce}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:People educated at Bloxham School]]
[[Category:Royal Army Medical Corps officers]]

John Goodwin (British Army officer)

2024-07-02T22:10:45Z

92.10.114.155:

{{About|the Governor of Queensland|the Governor of Arizona Territory|John Noble Goodwin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Sir John Goodwin
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCB|KCMG|DSO|KStJ}}
| image = Sir John Goodwin.jpg
| imagesize =
| smallimage =
| caption =
| order = 14th
| office = Governor of Queensland
| term_start = 13 July 1927
| term_end = 7 April 1932
| lieutenant =
| monarch = [[George V]]
| premier = [[William McCormack]] [[Arthur Edward Moore]]
| predecessor = [[Matthew Nathan|Sir Matthew Nathan]]
| successor = [[Leslie Orme Wilson|Sir Leslie Orme Wilson]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1871|5|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kandy]], [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1960|9|29|1871|5|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Oxford]], [[Oxfordshire]], England
| nationality = British
| spouse = Lilian Isabel Ronaldson
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Military doctor
| signature =
| nickname =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1893–1923
| rank = [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]]
| unit = [[Royal Army Medical Corps]]
| commands = [[Director General Army Medical Services]] (1918–23)
| battles = [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] [[First World War]]
| mawards = [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Mentioned in dispatches]] (3) [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (United States) [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de guerre]] (Belgium)
}}
[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] '''Sir Thomas Herbert John Chapman Goodwin''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCB|KCMG|DSO|KStJ}} (24 May 1871 – 29 September 1960), known as '''Sir John Goodwin''', was a British soldier and medical practitioner, who served as the [[Governors of Queensland|Governor of Queensland]] from 1927 to 1932.

==Early life and military career==
Goodwin was born on 24 May 1871 in [[Kandy]], [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka) to a [[British Army]] surgeon father and an Australian mother. He was educated in England at Newton College, Devon, and undertook medical training at [[St Mary's Hospital, London]] where he graduated with a [[Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons]] and [[Royal College of Physicians]] in 1891.<ref name="adb">Paul D. Wilson, [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090048b.htm Goodwin, Sir Thomas Herbert John Chapman (1871–1960)], ''[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]'', Volume 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983, pp 49–50.</ref>

Commissioned a lieutenant in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps|British Army Medical Department]], Goodwin was stationed in India where he saw active service on the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier]] from 1897 to 1898 and was awarded to the [[Distinguished Service Order]].<ref name="adb" />

==Governor of Queensland==
Goodwin served as [[Governor of Queensland]] from 13 July 1927 to 7 April 1932.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/1dejkfd/alma99259733402061 Sir John Goodwin Photograph Albums 1927-1932], [[State Library of Queensland]]

{{Commons category|John Goodwin (governor)}}[[File:Queensland State Archives 3765 Portrait of Lady and Sir John Goodwin March 1928.png|thumb|left|Portrait of Lady and Sir John Goodwin, March 1928]]

[[File:Queensland State Archives 99 Paths constructed by Sir Thomas Herbert John Chapman Goodwin in the grounds of Government House Fernberg Road Paddington Brisbane c 1930.png|thumb|left|Paths constructed by Goodwin in the grounds of Government House]]{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=Lieutenant General [[Alfred Keogh|Sir Alfred Keogh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director General Army Medical Services]]|years=1918–1923}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|Lieutenant General [[William Boog Leishman|Sir William Leishman]]}}}}
{{S-gov}}
{{Succession box|
before = [[Matthew Nathan|Sir Matthew Nathan]] |
title = [[Governor of Queensland]] |
years = 1927–1932 |
after = [[Leslie Orme Wilson|Sir Leslie Orme Wilson]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Governors of Queensland}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goodwin, Thomas}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]
[[Category:Governors of Queensland]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:People from Kandy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Royal Army Medical Corps officers]]
[[Category:British Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:British expatriates in British Ceylon]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]

William Wordsworth Fisher

2024-07-02T22:09:16Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|Royal Navy admiral (1875-1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Admiral
| name = Sir William Fisher
| honorific_suffix = [[GCB]], [[GCVO]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1875|3|26|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|6|24|1875|3|26|df=yes}}
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| branch = {{navy|United Kingdom}}
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
| unit =
| commands = {{HMS|St Vincent|1908|6}} {{HMS|Iron Duke|1912|6}} [[Mediterranean Fleet]] [[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth|Portsmouth Command]]
| battles = [[World War I]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''Sir William Wordsworth Fisher''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCVO}} (26 March 1875 – 24 June 1937) was a [[Royal Navy]] officer who captained a battleship at the [[Battle of Jutland]] and became [[Mediterranean Fleet|Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet]]. [[Arthur Marder]] wrote that he was "the outstanding admiral of the inter-war period".

==Naval career==
Fisher was born at Blatchington in [[Sussex]], the son of historian [[Herbert William Fisher]]<ref name="papers">{{Cite web|title=The Papers of Admiral Sir William Fisher {{!}} ArchiveSearch|url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1917|access-date=2021-11-25|website=archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> and his wife Mary Louisa Jackson (1841–1916). He joined the [[Royal Navy]] in 1888<ref name=lh>[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/FISHER3.shtml Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives]</ref> and trained in [[HMS Prince of Wales (1860)|HMS ''Britannia'']].<ref name=papers/>

As a midshipman he served in {{HMS|Raleigh|1873|6}}, [[flagship]] of the [[Cape of Good Hope Station|Cape of Good Hope and West Africa Squadron]], for three years from 1890 to 1893, before joining {{HMS|Calypso|1883|6}} in the Training Squadron. After examinations and courses, and now a [[sub-lieutenant]], he joined the [[protected cruiser]] {{HMS|Hawke|1891|6}} in the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in January 1896. The ship was a byword for smartness. According to Fisher's biographer "she was remembered as the ship whose stream anchor was kept burnished like polished silver". He left her as a [[lieutenant]] with highly appreciative reports from his captains and was selected to qualify in gunnery.

He joined the gunnery course, for a first year at the [[Royal Naval College (Greenwich)|Royal Naval College, Greenwich]], on 14 September 1898, along with other lieutenants who were likewise to distinguish themselves in later years:, [[Frank Larken]], [[Tufton Percy Hamilton Beamish|Tufton Beamish]] and [[Ernest Taylor (Royal Navy officer)|Ernest Taylor]] (like Beamish, later also an [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]). The second year of the course was at [[Whale Island, Hampshire|Whale Island]] and the third and final year on a gunnery school staff, which for Fisher was to be Whale Island. His joined the modern [[pre-dreadnought battleship]] {{HMS|Canopus|1897|6}}, as a gunnery lieutenant in [[Malta]] in November 1901. In mid-1903 he was again ashore, on the senior staff of the [[HMS Cambridge (shore establishment)|gunnery school ''Cambridge'']] at Devonport and this was followed, on 1 January 1904, by an appointment as a senior staff officer at Whale Island. This appointment would normally have led to his becoming [[first lieutenant]] of Whale Island but Fisher fell out with Captain [[Percy Scott]], the famous gunnery expert then commanding 'The Island'.

Nevertheless, his reputation could weather minor storms, and he was selected by [[Arthur Leveson|Captain Arthur Leveson]], [[flag captain]] to Admiral Sir [[William May (Royal Navy officer)|William May]], as [[first lieutenant|first]] and gunnery lieutenant of the new [[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Atlantic Fleet]] flagship, {{HMS|King Edward VII}}, joining her in January 1905. He struck up a firm and lasting friendship with [[Dudley Pound]] in a busy eighteen months on board, leaving the ship early after selection for early promotion to [[Commander]], donning his 'brass hat' on 30 June 1906, aged 31.

His first appointment with three stripes, in September 1906, was as [[executive officer#United Kingdom|commander]] of the pre-dreadnought battleship {{HMS|Albemarle|1901|6}}, flagship of Rear-Admiral Atlantic Fleet, soon to be commanded by Captain [[Robert Falcon Scott]] and flying the flag of Rear-Admiral [[John Jellicoe]]. His success in her led to his joining, in the same role, in June 1908, the new [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Indomitable|1907|6}}, fitting out to take the [[Prince of Wales]] to [[Canada]] for a seven-day visit. This was soon followed by his becoming flag commander – gunnery adviser – to the Commander-in-Chief [[Home Fleet]], his old chief Admiral Sir [[William May (Royal Navy officer)|William May]], flying his flag in the new [[battleship]] {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}, where he developed gunnery tactics. When Admiral May was appointed [[Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth]], in the spring of 1911, Fisher followed as his flag commander, a post that allowed him to live at home with his new wife, cycling the four miles to work, for some nine months. Then he joined the new battlecruiser {{HMS|Princess Royal|1911|6}}, fitting out at [[Vickers]], [[Barrow-in-Furness]], but, before she was commissioned, he had left her, being promoted, at the age of 37, to captain on 1 July 1912.<ref name=papers/>

"W W", as he was known, joined the battleship {{HMS|St Vincent|1908|6}}, wearing the flag of Rear-Admiral [[Somerset Gough-Calthorpe]], on 10 December 1912. By 1916 she was a 'private ship' (flying no admiral's flag) and, for the early part of his service in [[World War I]], he was still [[Captain (nautical)|captain]] of the ''St Vincent'' and with her at the [[Battle of Jutland]].<ref name=lh/> He commanded that battleship for three years and five months and became Director of the Anti-Submarine Division at the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] in May 1917, where he stayed until January 1919, having overseen a host of new inventions to defeat the enemy [[submarine]] menace.<ref name=lh/>

He was appointed captain of the battleship {{HMS|Iron Duke|1912|6}} on 2 January 1919, the ship soon to join the Mediterranean Fleet. There, his initiative was put to good use in difficult diplomatic and political situations in [[Turkey]], [[Egypt]] and the [[Black Sea]]. In August 1919, ''Iron Duke'' became the flagship of the new Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Sir [[John de Robeck]] and he asked Fisher to be his [[Chief of Staff Mediterranean Fleet|Chief of Staff]], in the rank of [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore 2nd Class]]; he went with de Robeck in the same position to the [[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Atlantic Fleet]] in 1922, first as Commodore 1st Class and then as rear-admiral.

He went on to be Rear-Admiral in the [[1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|1st Battle Squadron]] of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1924 for a year and then spent ten months unemployed, on half pay, before taking over as [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Director of Naval Intelligence]] for eight months, during Rear-Admiral [[Alan Hotham]]'s illness. He was appointed [[Fourth Sea Lord|Fourth Sea Lord and Chief of Supplies and Transport]] in 1927 and promoted vice-admiral in January 1928.<ref name=lh/> He was made [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (United Kingdom)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]] in 1928, overseeing a period of naval economy. He became commander of the 1st Battle Squadron and second in command of the Mediterranean Fleet, hoisting his [[Maritime flag#Rank flags|flag]] in the battleship {{HMS|Revenge|06|6}}, at [[Marseilles]], in October 1930.<ref name=lh/>

After a six-month respite in England, from April 1932, he was promoted to full admiral and became [[Mediterranean Fleet|Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet]], hoisting his [[Maritime flag#Rank flags|flag]] in the battleship {{HMS|Resolution|09|6}}, on 31 October 1932.<ref name=lh/> During more than a decade as a [[flag officer]] with the Mediterranean Fleet, he developed a great affection for [[Malta]], and his love for the children of the village of [[Mġarr]] is marked by the name of Fisher Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/31068574@N05/4639927550/ |title=Dedication to Admiral Sir William Fisher|date=8 April 2010 |access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> He handed over command at the end of March 1936 and went on to be [[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth]], hoisting his flag in {{HMS|Victory}} on 7 July 1936. After the [[Coronation Naval Review#George VI|Coronation Naval Review]] and the King's Birthday Review, on [[Southsea#Southsea Common|Southsea Common]], he died in office, while on leave in the country, after just under a year in post, in late June 1937.<ref name=lh/>

==Family==
Fisher married Cecilia Warre-Cornish (1 May 1886 – 30 January 1965), daughter of [[Francis Warre-Cornish]], on 21 December 1907.<ref name=papers/><ref name="Times19071225">"Marriages." Times [London, England] 25 December 1907: 1. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 29 May 2012</ref> Their daughter Cecilia Rosamund Fisher (22 November 1909 – 1991)<ref>{{cite web |last=Lundy |first=Darryl |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p24400.htm#i243993 |title= Cecilia Rosamund Fisher at The Perage.com |publisher= The Peerage}}{{Unreliable source?|failed=y |date=September 2012}}</ref> married Captain [[Richard Coleridge, 4th Baron Coleridge]] (1905–1984),<ref>{{cite web |last=Lundy |first=Darryl |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p24397.htm#i243969 |title= Richard Duke Coleridge, 4th Baron Coleridge at The Peerage.com |publisher= The Peerage}}{{Unreliable source?|failed=y |date=September 2012}}</ref> of the Royal Navy on 28 August 1936; they had issue, two sons, including the present peer. Another daughter, Horatia Mary Fisher,<ref>{{cite web |last=Lundy |first=Darryl |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p19625.htm#i196242 |title= Horatia Mary Fisher at The Peerage.com |publisher= The Peerage}}{{Unreliable source?|failed=y |date=September 2012}}</ref> married Group Captain Geoffrey Mungo Buxton (1906–1979), a grandson maternally of the [[James Walter Grimston, 3rd Earl of Verulam|3rd Earl of Verulam]], and had three surviving daughters.

Fisher was the brother of [[H. A. L. Fisher]], [[Edmund Fisher (architect)|Edmund Fisher]], [[Charles Dennis Fisher|Charles Fisher]], [[Florence Henrietta Darwin]] and Adeline Vaughan Williams. His sister Cordelia Fisher married the author, critic and journalist [[Richard Curle]] and was the mother of the academic [[Adam Curle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/c51be206-a306-3ea1-9404-60fead28e3b0|title=The Adam Curle Archive|access-date=11 November 2020|publisher=[[Archives Hub]]}}</ref>

He was related to the Stephen family, and in 1910 his then command {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}} was targeted in the [[Dreadnought hoax|''Dreadnought'' hoax]] by [[Adrian Stephen]], his sister Virginia Stephen (later [[Virginia Woolf]]) and others.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Admiral Sir William Fisher'' by Admiral Sir [[William Milbourne James|William James]] (biography – published by Macmillan, 1943)

==External links==
* {{DP-xlink|http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/William_Wordsworth_Fisher}}

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{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth]] | before=[[John Kelly (Royal Navy officer)|Sir John Kelly]] | after=[[William Boyle, 12th Earl of Cork|The Earl of Cork and Orrery]]| years=1936–1937}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fisher, William Wordsworth}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
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[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich]]
[[Category:Lords of the Admiralty]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War I]]
[[Category:Directors of Naval Intelligence]]
[[Category:Dreadnought hoax]]
[[Category:19th-century Royal Navy personnel]]

Alfred Daniel Hall

2024-07-02T22:07:15Z

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{{Infobox person| image = Alfred_Daniel_Hall.png}}

Sir '''Alfred Daniel Hall''', [[KCB]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]],<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Russell | first1 = E. J. | author-link = E. John Russell| title = Alfred Daniel Hall. 1864-1942 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1942.0018 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = 228–250| year = 1942 | s2cid = 161964820 }}</ref> sometimes known as '''Sir Daniel Hall''' (22 June 1864 - 5 July 1942) was a British agricultural educator and researcher who founded [[Wye College]].<ref name="odnb">{{Cite ODNB | title=Hall, Sir (Alfred) Daniel (1864–1942)|last1=Brassley|first1=Paul| doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/33647 | year = 2004 }}</ref>

Hall was born in [[Rochdale|Rochdale, Lancashire]] where his father Edwin Hall was a flannel manufacturer. As a young boy he interacted with a naturalist group where one member collected mosses while another collected fossils and in time he too began to collect fossils in Rochdale, accompanying the Borough Surveyor S.S. Platt. He attended a private school of Theodore B. Pickles and received a scholarship to [[Manchester Grammar School]] in 1876. He studied science under Francis Jones and received a Brackenbury Scholarship at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], joining in 1881. He received a first in natural science (chemistry) in 1884 and became a schoolmaster at [[HMYOI Polmont|Blairlodge Academy]] followed by teaching at [[Hulme Grammar School]], Manchester and in 1888, Senior Science Master at [[King Edward's School, Birmingham]].

He married Mary Brooks, sister of a friend, while teaching at Birmingham. In 1891 he joined the University Extension Board and he sought to establish an agriculture college for which he selected Wye and through E.J. Halsey, the chairman of the County Council, space and resources were allocated for the establishment of the [[Wye College]]. The founding staff included Herbert Henry Cousins, chemist, [[John Percival (botanist)|John Percival]], botanist, Frank Braybrooke Smith, agriculturist, and [[Frederick Vincent Theobald|F.V. Theobald]], entomologist. Hall handled the teaching of chemistry. The college was formally opened in 1894 and had fourteen students. In 1902 he was persuaded to leave Wye and help rejuvenate research at the [[Rothamsted Research|Rothamsted Laboratory]]. In 1912 he left Rothamsted to work with the Development Commission. In 1919 he became a director of the [[John Innes Centre|John Innes Horticultural Institution]] and was also a part-time advisor for the Ministry of Agriculture. He was elected as a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1909<ref name="frs" /> and made [[Order of the Bath|KCB]] in 1918.<ref name="frs" />{{Botanist|A.D.Hall|Hall}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Works ==

* {{cite book |last1=Hall |first=A Daniel |title=The genus Tulipa |date=1940 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |location=London |lccn=agr41000420 |postscript=; viii+171 pages with 40 illustrations in colour by H. C. Osterstock}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title=Sir (Alfred) Daniel Hall|website=National Portrait Gallery|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp78497/sir-alfred-daniel-hall}}

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{{s-bef|before=Sir [[Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier|Sydney Olivier]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Permanent Secretary]] of the [[Board of Agriculture and Fisheries]]|years=1917–1919}}
{{s-aft|after=Sir [[Francis Floud]] {{small|(as Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries)}}}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hall, Alfred Daniel}}
[[Category:British botanists]]
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[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rochdale]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
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[[Category:People educated at Manchester Grammar School]]
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John Henry George Chapple

2024-07-02T22:06:41Z

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[[Paymaster Rear-Admiral]] '''Sir John Henry George Chapple''', [[KCB]], [[CVO]] (4 December 1859 – 5 March 1925) was a [[Royal Navy]] officer and courtier. He was the Royal Navy's first [[Paymaster Director-General]], as well as the first [[Supply officer (Royal Navy)|paymaster]] to (retroactively) reach flag rank.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Henry George Chapple|url=http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/John_Henry_George_Chapple|website=The Dreadnought Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 March 1925|title=Sir John Chapple|pages=17|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Navy logistics officers]]
[[Category:Members of the British Royal Household]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian War]]

George Milne, 1st Baron Milne

2024-07-02T21:57:54Z

92.10.114.155:

{{EngvarB|date=July 2023}}
{{other people|George Milne}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Field Marshal (British Army)|Field Marshal]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Milne
| image = George Francis Milne.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| caption = Field Marshal Lord Milne by [[Olive Edis]] (1920)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1866|11|05|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1948|03|23|1866|11|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland
| death_place = [[London]], England
| nickname =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1885–1933
| rank = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]
| unit = [[Royal Artillery]]
| commands = [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] [[Eastern Command (United Kingdom)|Eastern Command]] [[British Salonika Army|Salonika Army]] [[XVI Corps (United Kingdom)|XVI Corps]] [[27th Division (United Kingdom)|27th Division]]
| battles = [[Mahdist War]] [[Second Boer War]] [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle]] (Serbia)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=590}}</ref> [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] (Italy) [[Order of the Redeemer|Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer]] (Greece) [[War Cross (Greece)|War Cross]] (Greece) [[Legion of Honour|Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]] (France)
| laterwork = [[Constable of the Tower|Constable of the Tower of London]] (1933–38)
}}
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''George Francis Milne, 1st Baron Milne''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|GCMG|DSO|KStJ}} (5 November 1866 – 23 March 1948) was a senior [[British Army]] officer who served as [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] (CIGS) from 1926 to 1933. He served in the [[Second Boer War]] and during the [[First World War]] he served briefly on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] but spent most of the war commanding the British forces on the [[Macedonian front]]. As CIGS he generally promoted the [[mechanisation]] of British land forces although limited practical progress was made during his term in office.

==Military career==
Born in [[Aberdeen]] in November 1866, the son of George Milne and Williamina Milne (née Panton), and educated at MacMillan's School in [[Aberdeen]] and the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]],<ref name=odnb>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35034?docPos=1|title=George Francis Milne|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref> which he entered in March 1884,{{sfn|Nicol|1976|p=6}} Milne was commissioned into the [[Royal Artillery]] on 16 September 1885.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25514|page=4517|date=25 September 1885}}</ref>{{sfn|Nicol|1976|p=6}} He was initially posted to a battery at [[Trimulgherry]] in [[British Raj|India]] and then joined a battery at [[Aldershot]] in 1889 before being posted back to India to a battery at [[Meerut]] in 1891.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=208}} Promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 4 July 1895,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26640|page=3818|date=5 July 1895|nolink=y}}</ref> he joined the garrison artillery in [[Malta]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=209}} Next he was appointed battery captain at [[Hilsea]] and then attended the [[Staff College, Camberley]] in 1897.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=209}} There he became a friend of his classmate [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|William Robertson]].<ref name="Palmer 1998, p63-4">Palmer 1998, p63-4</ref>{{sfn|Nicol|1976|p=28}} He took part in the Nile Expedition in 1898, seeing action at [[Battle of Omdurman|Omdurman]] and scoring a direct hit on [[the Mahdi's tomb]] with his battery.<ref name="Palmer 1998, p63-4"/> He served in the [[Second Boer War]] in South Africa, where he was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General on 18 February 1900,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27203|page=3815|date=19 June 1900|nolink=y}}</ref> and was promoted to [[Major (British Army and Royal Marines)|major]] on 1 November 1900.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27260|page=8756|date=28 December 1900|nolink=y}}</ref> He was [[mentioned in despatches]] on 2 April 1901,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27305|page=2605|date=16 April 1901|nolink=y}}</ref> and awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) in the South Africa Honours list published on 26 June 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 27448 |supp=y |pages=4191–4192 |date= 26 June 1902 |nolink=y}}</ref> Following the end of the war in June 1902, Milne received the [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-colonel]] on 22 August 1902 (the honour was gazetted in the October 1902 South Africa honours list),<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27490|page=6897|date=31 October 1902|nolink=y}}</ref> and returned to the United Kingdom on the SS ''Orotava'' which arrived at Southampton in early September.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home|date=28 August 1902 |page=9 |issue=36858}}</ref>

He was appointed a Deputy-Assistant Quartermaster-General in the intelligence division at headquarters on 26 January 1903<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27553|page=3152|date=19 May 1903|nolink=y}}</ref> and then, having been promoted to [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] on 1 November 1905,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27851 |supp=y|page=7425|date=7 November 1905|nolink=y}}</ref> became a general staff officer at Headquarters [[46th (North Midland) Division|North Midland Division]] (a [[Territorial Force]] formation) in April 1908.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=209}} He joined the general staff at the headquarters of the [[6th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|6th Division]] in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] in 1909 and, having been appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] in the [[Queen's Birthday Honours|King's Birthday Honours]] 1912,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28617 |supp=y|page=4298|date=11 June 1912|nolink=y}}</ref> was, at the relatively young age of 47, promoted to [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier-general]] and became Brigadier General Royal Artillery (BGRA) for the [[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|4th Division]] at [[Woolwich]], then part of [[Kent]], on 1 October 1913.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28763 |supp=y|page=7063|date=10 October 1913|nolink=y}}</ref>{{sfn|Nicol|1976|p=54}}

==First World War==
===France===
At the outbreak of the [[First World War]] in July 1914, Milne was commanding the divisional artillery of the 4th Division which formed part of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) in France.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=209}} He fought on [[First Battle of the Marne|the Marne]] and [[First Battle of the Aisne|the Aisne]].<ref name="Palmer 1998, p63-4"/> He joined the general staff of [[III Corps (United Kingdom)|III Corps]] in January 1915 and, having been promoted to [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|major general]] on 23 February 1915, was mentioned in despatches for his service during the [[Second Battle of Ypres]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=209}}
He was appointed [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of the [[27th Division (United Kingdom)|27th Division]] in July 1915.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=210}}

===Salonika===
{{multiple image
| footer_align = center
| footer = Salonika front 1917
| align = left
| width1 = 292
| image1 = 242 6 Milne Henrys Franchet d'Espérey.jpg
| caption1 = Milne (left) with General [[Louis Franchet d'Espèrey|Franchet d'Espèrey]] (centre) and General [[Paul Prosper Henrys|Henrys]] (right)
| width2 = 150
| image2 = 173 7 Milne remet la GCMG à Michitch.jpg
| caption2 = General Milne (right) shaking hands with Field Marshal [[Živojin Mišić]] (left)
}}

Milne was appointed to command [[XVI Corps (United Kingdom)|XVI Corps]] in [[Thessaloniki|Salonika]] in January 1916 with orders to oppose [[Bulgaria]]n advances on the [[Macedonian front]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=210}} When he succeeded Lieutenant-General [[Bryan Mahon]] as Commander-in-Chief of the [[British Salonika Army]], Milne became overall Commander-in-Chief of British Troops in [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] on 9 May 1916.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29763 |supp=y|page=9336|date=22 September 1916|nolink=y}}</ref> As late as 3 June 1916 Milne was ordered by General [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|Robertson]], now [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] (CIGS), not to participate in any attack on the Bulgars.<ref name="Palmer 1998, p63-4"/> He was awarded the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|Order of the White Eagle]] (1st Class, with Swords) by the [[Peter I of Serbia|King of Serbia]] on 1 July 1916.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29977 |supp=y|page=2446|date=9 March 1917|nolink=y}}</ref>

The British Government accepted the need to maintain a presence in Salonika to keep the French happy, but Robertson, who often communicated by secret letters and "R" telegrams to generals in the field, privately told Milne that he did not favour offensive operations. Milne broadly agreed with Robertson that any attempt to attack across the mountains to cut the Nis-Sofia-Constantinople railway was logistically impractical, although he did stress that his forces must either advance or retreat from the [[malaria]]-infested Struma Valley and that the Bulgarians might be beaten if pressed hard.<ref>Woodward, 1998, pp30-3, 66–7</ref> On 23 July he was told to "{{not a typo|engag(e)}} the maximum of Bulgar forces" whilst the Romanians mobilised and attacked, followed by secret messages from Robertson that he should "guard against being committed for any serious action" until it was certain that Romania was coming in.<ref>Romania in fact entered the war at the end of August, see [[Romania in World War I]]</ref><ref name="Palmer 1998, p63-4"/> With Bulgaria seeming close to collapse in October and November 1916, Milne advised Robertson (5 November) that the Germans would do all they could to keep her in the war.<ref>Palmer 1998, p69</ref>

The [[60th (2/2nd London) Division]] was sent to Salonika in December.<ref name="Palmer 1998, p38-40">Palmer 1998, p38-40</ref> Milne was promoted to permanent [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant general]] on 1 January 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29886 |date=29 December 1916 |page=15 |supp=y |nolink=y}}</ref> On 3 January 1917 Milne arrived at the Rome Conference independently of the French General [[Maurice Sarrail|Sarrail]].<ref name="Palmer 1998, p38-40"/> The official French record of the Rome Conference did not even mention Milne as a participant.<ref>Palmer 1998, p77-8</ref> As a result of the Conference Milne was placed under Sarrail's command, with right of appeal to his own government – who overruled him when he protested against Sarrail's movement of a British brigade outside the British zone. This precedent was much discussed in the next few months when [[David Lloyd George]], the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], attempted to place the BEF on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] under General [[Robert Nivelle]].<ref>Woodward, 1998, p91</ref>

[[File:Graves Zeitenlik 1.jpg|thumb|left|300px|An allied cemetery at Thessaloniki (Salonika).]]

Milne undertook numerous offensives in support of his French and Serbian Allies with limited resources. His [[Battle of Doiran (1917)|attack at Lake Doiran]] in spring 1917 cost 5,000 dead and seriously wounded, one quarter of all British casualties throughout the entire Salonika Campaign. Another British attack in the Struma Valley was more successful.<ref>Palmer 1998, p88</ref> His troops were constantly suffering from malaria.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=210}} Milne was appointed a Grand Officer of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] by the [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|King of Italy]] on 31 August 1917<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30263 |supp=y|page=9101|date=31 August 1917|nolink=y}}</ref> and advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] on 1 January 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30450 |supp=y|page=1|date=28 December 1917|nolink=y}}</ref> Although Milne was repulsed again at [[Battle of Doiran (1918)|Lake Doiran]] in September 1918, French and Serbian units were successful in defeating the [[Bulgarian Army]] at the [[Battle of Dobro Pole]] which took place that same month.<ref name=odnb/> Bulgaria then signed an [[Armistice with Bulgaria (World War I)|armistice]].<ref name=odnb/>

==Post-war==
In September 1918, Milne became responsible for the military administration of a vast area around the [[Black Sea]] at a time of considerable internal disorder following the [[Russian Revolution]] and the start of the [[Turkish War of Independence]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=210}} Small British forces had twice occupied [[Baku]] on the Caspian, while an entire British division had occupied [[Batumi|Batum]] on the Black Sea, supervising German and Turkish withdrawal. British (including Indian and some Arab) troops were in Persia (partly to protect the oilfields at [[Abadan]]) and larger British forces were also deployed in Mesopotamia and Syria.<ref>Jeffery 2006 p233-4</ref>

Milne toured the Caucasus in early 1919 and thought "the country and the inhabitants are equally loathsome" and that British withdrawal "would probably lead to anarchy" but "the world would (not) lose much if the whole of the country cut each other’s throats. They are certainly not worth the life of a single British soldier". At the end of August 1919 the British withdrew from Baku (the small British naval presence was also withdrawn from the Caspian Sea), leaving only 3 battalions at Batum. [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], Foreign Secretary, wanted a British presence in the region, although to Curzon's fury (he thought it "abuse of authority") the CIGS, General [[Henry Hughes Wilson|Sir Henry Wilson]] (who had succeeded "Wully" Robertson in early 1918) gave Milne permission to withdraw if he deemed it necessary. After a British garrison at [[Bandar-e Anzali|Enzeli]] (on the Persian Caspian coast) was taken prisoner by Bolshevik forces on 19 May 1920, Lloyd George finally insisted on a withdrawal from Batum early in June 1920. Financial retrenchment forced a British withdrawal from Persia in the spring of 1921.<ref>Jeffery 2006 p247-9</ref>

Milne was appointed Grand Cross (First Class) of the [[Order of the Redeemer]] by the [[Alexander of Greece|King of the Hellenes]] in October 1918,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30945 |supp=y|page=11951|date=8 October 1918|nolink=y}}</ref> appointed a [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 1 January 1919,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31095 |supp=y|page=73|date=31 December 1918|nolink=y}}</ref> advanced to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 3 June 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31395|page=7424|date=6 June 1919|nolink=y}}</ref> and given the [[War Cross (Greece)|Greek Military Cross]] in July 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31465 |supp=y|page=9232|date=18 July 1919|nolink=y}}</ref> He was also awarded the Grand Cross of the French [[Legion of Honour]] in August 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31514 |supp=y|page=10606|date=19 August 1919|nolink=y}}</ref> and made a Knight of Grace of the [[Venerable Order of Saint John]] on 9 April 1920.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31861|page=4341|date=13 April 1920|nolink=y}}</ref> In March 1920 he occupied [[Constantinople]] and took over the administration of the city, which was collapsing.<ref name=odnb/>

==Later career and life==
Promoted to full [[general]] on 26 April 1920,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31893 |supp=y|page=5347|date=7 May 1920|nolink=y}}</ref> he was appointed [[Lieutenant]] of the [[Tower of London]] on 15 December 1920<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32166|page=12394|date=17 December 1920|nolink=y}}</ref> and General Officer Commanding [[Eastern Command (United Kingdom)|Eastern Command]] on 1 June 1923.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32832|page=4060|date=8 June 1923|nolink=y}}</ref> Having been made [[aide-de-camp general]] to [[George V|the King]] on 31 July 1923,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32849|page=5241|date=31 July 1923|nolink=y}}</ref> he became CIGS on 19 February 1926.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33134|page=1242|date=19 February 1926|nolink=y}}</ref> In that role he supported the publication of the study ''Mechanised and Armoured Formations'' (issued in 1929) and generally promoted the [[mechanisation]] of British land forces although limited practical progress was made during his term in office.<ref name=odnb/> Having been advanced to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] in the [[New Year Honours]] 1927,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33235 |supp=y|page=3|date=31 December 1926|nolink=y}}</ref> he was promoted to [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] on 30 January 1928<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33362|page=1494|date=2 March 1928|nolink=y}}</ref> before retiring in 1933.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=211}} On 26 January 1933 he was raised to the peerage as '''Baron Milne''', of Salonika and of [[Rubislaw, Aberdeen|Rubislaw]] in the County of Aberdeen.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33907|page=663|date=31 January 1933|nolink=y}}</ref>

He was also a Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery from 21 November 1918,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31113 |supp=y|page=438|date=7 January 1919|nolink=y}}</ref> [[Colonel (United Kingdom)#Ceremonial usage|Honorary Colonel]] of the [[1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers#Interwar|Hampshire Heavy Brigade, RA]], from 24 April 1926,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33154|page=2781|date=23 April 1926|nolink=y}}</ref> [[Master Gunner, St James's Park]] from 1929, [[Constable of the Tower|Constable of The Tower of London]] from 1933 and Colonel Commandant of the [[Royal Pioneer Corps|Pioneer Corps]] from 1940.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=211}}

During the [[World War II|Second World War]], which began in September 1939, he was an [[Air Raid Precautions#Wardens|Air Raid Warden]] in [[Westminster]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=211}} He also wrote a weekly column for the [[Sunday Chronicle]].<ref name=odnb/> He died in [[London]] on 23 March 1948, at the age of 81.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=211}}

==Marriage and children==
In 1905, he married Claire Maitland, daughter of [[Maitland baronets|Sir John Nisbet Maitland, 5th Baronet]]; they had a son and a daughter.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=209}}

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|escutcheon = Or, a cross moline pierced lozengeways of the field between four mullets Azure.
|crest = A dexter hand holding up an open book Proper, leaved Or.
|supporters = Dexter, an officer of the Royal Horse Artillery; sinister, an officer of the Greek Evzone Guard, both in full dress uniform.
|motto = Efficiunt Clarum Studia (Studies Make Illustrious)<ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage |year=1985}}</ref>
|image = [[File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|centre|150px]] [[File:Milne Escutcheon.png|centre|200px]]}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book| first=Tony| last=Heathcote|title=The British Field Marshals 1736–1997| publisher=Pen & Sword| location=Barnsley (UK)| year=1999| isbn=0-85052-696-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Keith|title=Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-820358-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|title=Victory 1918|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=1998|isbn=0-297-84124-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodward|first= David R |year=1998|title=Field Marshal Sir William Robertson|publisher=Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger|isbn= 0-275-95422-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Graham|title=Uncle George: Field-Marshal Lord Milne of Salonika and Rubislaw|year=1976|publisher=Reedminster|isbn=978-0859450041}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CN6RAgAAQBAJ |title=British General Staff: Reform and Innovation|first1= David|last1= French|first2=Brian Holden|last2= Reid|year=2002|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=978-0714653259}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|George Milne, 1st Baron Milne}}
*{{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Milne, Sir George Frederick |short=x}}
*[https://generals.dk/general/Milne/George_Francis/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Thomas Snow (British Army officer)|Thomas Snow]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[27th Division (United Kingdom)|GOC 27th Division]]|years=1915–1916}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Marshall (British Army officer, born 1865)|William Marshall]]}}
|-
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[XVI Corps (United Kingdom)|GOC XVI Corps]]|years=January – May 1916}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles James Briggs|Charles Briggs]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Bryan Mahon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[British Salonika Army|GOC British Salonika Army]]|years=1916–1918}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Henry Fuller Maitland Wilson|Henry Wilson]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne|Lord Horne]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Eastern Command (United Kingdom)|GOC-in-C Eastern Command]]|years=1923–1926}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Walter Braithwaite|Sir Walter Braithwaite]]}}
|-
{{succession box | title=[[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] | before=[[Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan|The Earl of Cavan]] | after=[[Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd|Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd]] | years=1926–1933}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne|Lord Horne]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Master Gunner, St. James's Park|Master Gunner, St. James's Park]]|years=1929–1946}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Viscount Alanbrooke]]}}
{{succession box | title=[[Constable of the Tower|Constable of the Tower of London]] | before=[[Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen|Lord Methuen]] | after=[[Claud Jacob|Sir Claud William Jacob]] | years=1933–1938}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Milne]]|years=1933–1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Douglass Milne, 2nd Baron Milne|George Douglass Milne]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of the General Staff}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Milne, George Francis, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Mahdist War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:British field marshals]]
[[Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Aberdeenshire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff]]
[[Category:Recipients of the War Cross (Greece)]]
[[Category:Constables of the Tower of London]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Barons created by George V]]
[[Category:Macedonian front]]

Reginald Tyrwhitt

2024-07-02T21:55:46Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|Royal Navy officer (1870–1951)}}
{{For|other people of this surname|Tyrwhitt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| name = Sir Reginald Yorke Tyrwhitt
| honorific_suffix = [[Baronet|Bt]], [[GCB]], [[DSO]]
| image = ReginaldTyrwhittportraitbyDodd.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of Tyrwhitt, by [[Francis Dodd (artist)|Francis Dodd]]
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1870|05|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Oxford]], [[Oxfordshire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1951|05|30|1870|05|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Sandhurst, Kent]]
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[Royal Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1883–1945
| rank = [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore|Nore Command]] (1930–33) [[China Station]] (1926–29) [[Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England, Northern Ireland|Coast of Scotland]] (1923–25) [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron (United Kingdom)|3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]] (1920–22) Senior Naval Officer, Gibraltar (1919) [[Harwich Force]] (1914–18) Destroyer Flotillas of the [[First Fleet (United Kingdom)|First Fleet]] (1913) [[2nd Destroyer Flotilla]] (1912) {{HMS|Good Hope|1901|6}} (1912) {{HMS|Bacchante|1901|6}} (1910–11) 4th Destroyer Flotilla (1909) {{HMS|Skirmisher|1905|6}} (1907) {{HMS|Attentive|1904|6}} (1906) {{HMS|Waveney|1903|6}} (1904) {{HMS|Hart|1895|6}} (1896)
| battles = [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Commander of the Legion of Honour]] (France) [[Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] (France) [[Military Order of Savoy|Officer of the Military Order of Savoy]] (Italy)
| relations = [[Mary Tyrwhitt|Dame Mary Tyrwhitt]] (daughter) [[St John Tyrwhitt|Sir St John Tyrwhitt, 2nd Baronet]] (son)
| laterwork =
}}
[[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] '''Sir Reginald Yorke Tyrwhitt, 1st Baronet''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep= |GCB|DSO}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|r|ᵻ|t}}; 10 May 1870 – 30 May 1951) was a [[Royal Navy]] officer. During the [[First World War]] he served as commander of the [[Harwich Force]]. He led a supporting naval force of 31 destroyers and two cruisers at the [[Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)|Battle of Heligoland Bight]] in August 1914, in which action the [[1st Battlecruiser Squadron]] under [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Sir David Beatty]] sank three German cruisers and one German destroyer with minimal loss of allied warships. Tyrwhitt also led the British naval forces during the [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in December 1914, when British seaplanes destroyed German [[Zeppelin]] airships and at the [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)|Battle of Dogger Bank]] in January 1915, in which action Tyrwhitt again supported Beatty's powerful battlecruiser squadron.

After the war, Tyrwhitt went on to be Senior Naval Officer, Gibraltar, commander of the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean Fleet and then [[Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England, Northern Ireland|Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland]]. He also served as [[Commander-in-Chief, China]] during a period of disturbances and tension with the Nationalist Government. His last appointment was as [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]].

==Naval career==
===Early years===
Born the son of the Rev. [[Richard St John Tyrwhitt]] and Caroline Tyrwhitt (née Yorke),<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36609?docPos=1|title=Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36609|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> Tyrwhitt joined the training ship [[HMS Prince of Wales (1860)|HMS ''Britannia'']] as a [[cadet]] on 15 July 1883.<ref name=heath243>Heathcote, p. 243</ref> He was assigned to the [[battleship]] {{HMS|Alexandra|1875|6}} in the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in August 1885 and, following his promotion to [[midshipman]] on 15 December 1885, he was appointed to the [[cruiser]] {{HMS|Calypso|1883|6}} in the Training Squadron in November 1888.<ref name=heath243/> He transferred to the armoured cruiser {{HMS|Australia|1886|6}} in 1889 and, following promotion to [[sub-lieutenant]] on 14 March 1890,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26224|page=5986|date=17 November 1891}}</ref> he transferred to the battleship {{HMS|Ajax|1880|6}} later that year.<ref name=heath243/> He joined the training [[brig]] {{HMS|Pilot|1879|6}} at [[Portsmouth]] in March 1892 and, having been promoted to [[lieutenant]] on 25 August 1892, he transferred to the light cruiser {{HMS|Cleopatra|1878|6}} on the [[North America and West Indies Station]] in late 1892.<ref name=heath243/> He became commanding officer of the [[destroyer]] {{HMS|Hart|1895|6}} in January 1896 and then became first lieutenant on the despatch vessel {{HMS|Surprise|1885|6}} in the Mediterranean Fleet in late 1896.<ref name=heath243/> He went on to be First Lieutenant in the cruiser {{HMS|Indefatigable|1891|6}} on the North America and West Indies Station in December 1899 and, having been promoted to [[commander]] on 1 January 1903,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27512|page=4|date=2 January 1903}}</ref> he became executive officer in the cruiser {{HMS|Aurora|1887|6}} early in 1903.<ref name=heath243/>

Tyrwhitt became commanding officer of the destroyer {{HMS|Waveney|1903|6}} in 1904, of the [[scout cruiser]] {{HMS|Attentive|1904|6}} in 1906 and of the scout cruiser {{HMS|Skirmisher|1905|6}} in 1907.<ref name=heath243/> Promoted to [[Captain (Royal Navy)|captain]] on 30 June 1908,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28151|supp=y|page=4644|date=23 June 1908}}</ref> he became captain of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla in the cruiser {{HMS|Topaze|1903|6}} in August 1909.<ref name=heath243/> He went on to be flag captain to the commander of the [[6th Cruiser Squadron]] in the Mediterranean Fleet first in the armoured cruiser {{HMS|Bacchante|1901|6}} in September 1910 and then in the armoured cruiser {{HMS|Good Hope|1901|6}} in early 1912 before becoming captain of the [[2nd Destroyer Flotilla]] in the scout cruiser {{HMS|Bellona|1909|6}} in August 1912.<ref name=heath243/> He became [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]] of all destroyers in the [[First Fleet (United Kingdom)|First Fleet]] in December 1913.<ref name=heath243/>

===First World War===
[[File:HMS Arethusa (1913).jpg|thumb|left|The cruiser {{HMS|Arethusa|1913|6}}, Tyrwhitt's flagship during the [[Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)|Battle of Heligoland Bight]]]]
Tyrwhitt was given command of the [[Harwich Force]] at the start of the [[First World War]] flying his broad pendant in the [[protected cruiser]] {{HMS|Amethyst|1903|6}}.<ref name=heath243/> With his flag in the light cruiser {{HMS|Arethusa|1913|6}}, Tyrwhitt led a supporting naval force of 31 destroyers and two cruisers at the [[Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)|Battle of Heligoland Bight]] in August 1914 in which action the [[1st Battlecruiser Squadron]] under [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Sir David Beatty]] sank three German cruisers and one German destroyer with minimal loss of allied warships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/heliogoland.htm|title=The Battle of Heligoland Bight, 1914|publisher=First World War|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> For this action Tyrwhitt was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] on 21 October 1914.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28948|supp=y|page=8501|date=20 October 1914}}</ref>

[[File:Rear-admiral Sir Reginald Y Tyrwhitt, Kcb, Dso, 1918 Art.IWMART1323.jpg|thumb|Reginald Tyrwhitt, 1918, by [[Glyn Philpot]]]]

Tyrwhitt also led the British naval forces during the [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in December 1914, when British seaplanes destroyed German [[Zeppelin]] airships, and at the [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)|Battle of Dogger Bank]] in January 1915, in which action Tyrwhitt again supported Beatty's powerful battlecruiser squadron.<ref name=heath244>Heathcote, p. 244</ref> During the [[Battle of Jutland]] in May 1916, the Admiralty held back Tyrwhitt's forces in case of a German attack on the coast.<ref name=heath244/> Tyrwhitt was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on 3 June 1916,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29608|supp=y|page=5563|date=2 June 1916}}</ref> appointed a Commander of the French [[Legion of Honour]] on 15 September,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29751|supp=y|page=9081|date=15 September 1916}}</ref> and made a naval [[aide-de-camp]] to [[George V|the King]] on 21 May 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30084|page=4943|date=22 May 1917}}</ref> He was also advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] on 15 July 1917,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30186|page=7125|date=17 July 1917}}</ref> and appointed an [[Military Order of Savoy|Officer of the Military Order of Savoy]] on 11 August.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30227|supp=y|page=8208|date=10 August 1917}}</ref>

Tyrwhitt took part in the [[Zeebrugge Raid]] and the [[First Ostend Raid|Ostend Raid]] on the night of 23 April 1918, for which he was awarded the French [[Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] on 23 July.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30807|supp=y|page=8599|date=19 July 1918}}</ref> At the end of the war he accepted the surrender of the German [[U-boat]]s at [[Harwich]].<ref name=heath244/> He was also promoted to [[rear admiral]] on 2 December 1919,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31698|page=15745|date=19 December 1919}}</ref> and created a baronet of [[Terschelling]] and of [[Oxford]] on 13 December.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31708|page=15988|date=30 December 1919}}</ref>

===After the war===
[[File:HMS Hawkins.jpg|thumb|The cruiser, {{HMS|Hawkins|D86|6}}, Tyrwhitt's flagship as [[Commander-in-Chief, China]]]]
Tyrwhitt became Senior Naval Officer, Gibraltar in July 1919, commander of the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron (United Kingdom)|3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]] in the Mediterranean Fleet with his flag in the light cruiser {{HMS|Cardiff|D58|6}} in 1921 and then [[Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England, Northern Ireland|Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland]] in June 1923.<ref name=heath244/> Promoted to [[vice admiral]] on 18 January 1925,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33015|page=591|date=27 January 1925}}</ref> he went on to be [[Commander-in-Chief, China]] with his flag in ''Hawkins'' in November 1926 during a period of disturbances and tension with the Nationalist Government.<ref name=heath245>Heathcote, p. 245</ref> Promoted to full [[admiral]] on 27 February 1929<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33474|page=1575|date=5 March 1929}}</ref> and advanced to [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 30 July 1929,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33521|page=4988|date=30 July 1929}}</ref> he went on to be [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]] in May 1930.<ref name=heath245/>

In the aftermath of the [[Invergordon Mutiny]] in September 1931, Tyrwhitt was instrumental in preventing Vice-Admiral [[Frederic Charles Dreyer|Frederic Dreyer]], the [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (United Kingdom)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]], from taking command of the [[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Atlantic Fleet]] and ending any hopes Dreyer had of becoming [[First Sea Lord]].<ref>Temple Patterson, p. 280</ref> Tyrwhitt was appointed [[List of First and Principal Naval Aides-de-Camp|First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp]] on 10 October 1932.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33872|page=6416|date=11 October 1932}}</ref> When he hauled down his flag for the last time in May 1933, Tyrwhitt was the last British [[flag officer]] who had served in the First World War to do so.<ref>Temple Patterson, p. 281</ref> Promoted to [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] on 31 July 1934,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34076|page=5054|date=7 August 1934}}</ref> he briefly served in the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref name=heath245/> He died at Ellenden Nursing Home in [[Sandhurst, Kent]] on 30 May 1951.<ref name=heath245/>

==Family==
In 1903 Tyrwhitt married Angela Corbally; they had two daughters and a son (Admiral [[St John Tyrwhitt|Sir St John Tyrwhitt]]).<ref name=heath243/> The elder daughter, [[Mary Tyrwhitt|Mary]], was the last director of the [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]], and first director of the [[Women's Royal Army Corps]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|author=Tyrwhitt, Dame Mary Joan Caroline [known as Bovvy Tyrwhitt] |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-65699 |title=Tyrwhitt, Dame Mary Joan Caroline [known as Bovvy Tyrwhitt] (1903–1997), army officer |date=27 December 1903 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/65699 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Heathcote |first=Tony |title=The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995 |publisher=Pen & Sword Ltd |year=2002 |isbn=0-85052-835-6}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Parkinson|first1=J. M.|year=2004|title=Re: The Saint Pierre Disaster, 8 May 1902|journal=Warship International|volume=XLI|issue=1|pages=45–46 |issn=0043-0374}}
* {{cite book |title=Tyrwhitt of the Harwich Force: The Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt |last=Temple Patterson |first=Alfred |year=1973 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's |location=London |isbn=0-356-04530-7 }}

==External links==
* {{DP-xlink|http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Reginald_Yorke_Tyrwhitt,_First_Baronet}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box|title=[[Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England, Northern Ireland|Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland]]|before=[[John Green (Royal Navy officer)|Sir John Green]]|after=[[Walter Cowan|Sir Walter Cowan]]|years=1923–1925}}
|-
{{Succession box| title=[[Commander-in-Chief, China]] | before=[[Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair|Sir Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair]] | after=[[Arthur Waistell|Sir Arthur Waistell]] | years=1926–1928}}
|-
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]] | years=1930–1933 | before=[[Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair|Sir Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair]] | after=[[Hugh Tweedie|Sir Hugh Tweedie]]}}
|-
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Hubert Brand|Sir Hubert Brand]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of First and Principal Naval Aides-de-Camp|First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp]] | years=1932–1934}}
{{s-aft | after=[[John Kelly (Royal Navy officer)|Sir John Kelly]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Tyrwhitt baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Terschelling and of Oxford)'''| years=1919–1951}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Sir St John Tyrwhitt, 2nd Baronet|St John Tyrwhitt]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyrwhitt, Sir Reginald, 1st Baronet}}
[[Category:1870 births|Tyrwhitt, Reginald]]
[[Category:1951 deaths|Tyrwhitt, Reginald]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Officers of the Military Order of Savoy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals of the fleet|Tyrwhitt, Reginald]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Oxford]]
[[Category:19th-century Royal Navy personnel]]

Gobind Singh (VC)

2024-07-02T21:52:06Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|Recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{about|the recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]]|the [[Sikh]] religious leader|Guru Gobind Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{No footnotes|article|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gobind Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[VC]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Gobind Singh VC.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1887|12|07}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1942|12|09|1882|12|07}}
| birth_place = Damoi, Nagaur district, Rajasthan, India
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India|23px}}
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}}
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Jemadar]]
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[28th Light Cavalry]] now [[7th Light Cavalry]]
[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War I]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]] 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website = 
}}
'''Gobind Singh''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (7 December 1887{{snd}}9 December 1942) was a soldier in the [[British Indian Army]], and recipient during the [[First World War]] of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] award for gallantry in the face of the enemy.

Gobind Singh was a [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]
[[Rajput]] and hailed from a small village named Damoi in the [[Nagaur district]]) of [[Rajasthan]], India. He was part of a squadron of Jodhpur Lancers (Sardar Risala) which was transferred to 3rd Madras Cavalry in Oct 1902, later renumbered as 28th Light Cavalry in 1903. He was 29 years old when he became a [[Lance-Daffadar]] in the [[28th Light Cavalry]], the present [[7th Light Cavalry]]. He was later attached to [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]] during the [[World War I|First World War]].

The [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]] was an all-important battle not only because it was an effort by the allied forces to break the Hindenburg Line of the Germans, but also because it was there that [[tank]]s were used successfully for the first time in the history of warfare.

On the night of 30 November and 1 December 1917 east of Poizière, [[Épehy]], [[France]], Lance-Dafadar Gobind Singh was in the midst of the Battle of Cambrai, when his regiment was cut off and surrounded by the enemy. An urgent message had to be sent to the brigade headquarters giving the position of the regiment. The route was a 2-mile stretch over open ground, under constant observation and enemy fire. Singh volunteered and not only delivered the message but also undertook a return message and a subsequent one. He survived enemy machine gun fire directed at him on all three occasions although his horses were killed every time. He was one of six men from India to receive the Victoria Cross during World War 1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/ww1-indian-vc-recipient-gobind-singh |title=WW1 Indian VC recipient Gobind Singh - Case study - GOV.UK |date= 20 June 2016 |access-date= 26 June 2023}}</ref>

== The Citation ==
{{quote|text=For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty in thrice volunteering to carry messages between the regiment and Brigade Headquarters, a distance of 1½ miles over open ground which was under the observation and heavy fire of the enemy. He succeeded each time in delivering his message, although on each occasion his horse was shot and he was compelled to finish his journey on foot.
|sign=London Gazette, 11 January 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30471 |page=725 |supp=y |date=11 January 1918 }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31340 |page=6084 |date=15 May 1919 }}</ref>}}

==Details==
{{Annotated image
| image = Carte destructions21.jpg
| image-width = 1000
| image-left = -400
| image-top = -0
| width = 500
| height = 250
| float = right
| annotations = 
| caption = Extract from the Special Map of Devastated Regions, 1920
}}
On 1 December 1917 when the 2nd Lancers was surrounded by the enemy brigade, the situation became very tense because the headquarters was about two miles from this place ([[Épehy]]-France).

At this time volunteers were called for to carry a message giving the position of the regiment to the headquarters on the outskirts of Pozieres. Lance Dafadar Gobind Singh and Sowar Jot Ram were selected and given duplicate messages and two different routes. Both of them started immediately on a gallop. Jot Ram was killed as he tried to make his way through the valley. L/Dfr. Gobind Singh was given the open, more difficult route which was under constant enemy fire. He had travelled about half a mile of the lower ground when his horse was killed by machine gun fire. For some time Singh lay still close to his horse, then judging he was no longer watched, he got up and began to run on foot. Immediately there was a burst of machine gun fire upon him. He trembled over as if shot and waited before getting up again and running. By repeating this process varied by wriggling along the ground, he reached the brigade headquarters.

A return message now had to be sent and he volunteered to take this too. He was given another horse and started back taking the high ground south of the valley until he reached the German post. Then dipping down and across the sunken road he had covered two-thirds the distance when his horse was shot and he had to make the rest of his way on foot amid raining machine gun fire.

An hour later another message had to be sent from the regiment. Although exhausted and wounded, Singh came forward again. He was told that he has already done his share but he insisted that it was a privilege and that he knew the ground better than anybody else. On the strength of this the Adjutant allowed him to go. This time he started from the lower end of the road, turned right and passed 'Catelet Copse' and went straight through the barrage in 'Épehy'. By this time the Germans had started heavy shelling and soon his comrades saw a shell land right behind his horse, cutting it in half. Singh disappeared in a cloud of smoke and was presumed dead, but the shell had only killed the horse and thrown him off it. Covered in blood and dust he soon got up and ran on and eventually got into dead ground in rentrant which [[debouch]]ed into the valley. Thence he made his way out of the sight of the enemy to Poizière. Thoroughly exhausted and badly wounded he arrived there at 11.55 AM. He volunteered to make the journey a fourth time, but was not allowed to do so because that would have been certain death.
For his conspicuous bravery and unwavering devotion to duty in saving his regiment and fellow men, Lance-Dafadar Gobind Singh was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]].

== The Medal ==

The medal is currently displayed by his regiment 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse), Indian Army.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020618045401/http://haynese.winthrop.edu/india/medals/VC/1GSingh.html Gobind Singh]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gobind}}
[[Category:Indian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Indian Army soldiers]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Indian State Forces officers]]

Edwin Lutyens

2024-07-02T21:45:13Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|English architect (1869–1944)}}
{{redirect|Lutyens|other uses|Lutyens (disambiguation)}}

{{use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox architect
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Edwin Lutyens
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|KCIE|PRA|FRIBA}}
| image = Edwin_Lutyens.jpg
| caption = Lutyens in 1921
| birth_name = Edwin Landseer Lutyens
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1869|3|29}}
| birth_place = [[Kensington]], London, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1944|1|1|1869|3|29}}
| death_place = [[Marylebone]], London, England<ref>{{cite web |publisher = [[Findmypast]] |title = England & Wales Deaths 1837–2007 |url = http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-deaths-1837-2007?firstname=edwin&lastname=lutyens }}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Royal College of Art]]
| awards =
| practice =
| significant_buildings = {{Plainlist|
* [[Castle Drogo]]
* [[India Gate]]
* [[Thiepval Memorial]]
* [[100 King Street]]
* [[The Cenotaph, Whitehall]]
* [[Lindisfarne Castle]]
* [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
* [[Hyderabad House]]
}}
| significant_projects = [[New Delhi]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Lady Emily Lutyens |Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton]]|1897}}
| children = 5, including [[Robert Lutyens|Robert]], [[Elisabeth Lutyens|Elisabeth]] and [[Mary Lutyens|Mary]]
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* [[Charles Augustus Henry Lutyens]]
* Mary Theresa Gallwey
}}
}}

'''Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens''' [[OM]] [[KCIE]] [[PRA]] [[FRIBA]]({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʌ|t|j|ə|n|z}} {{Respell|LUT|yənz}}; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-Lutyens |title = Sir Edwin Lutyens {{!}} British architect |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=31 August 2018 |language = en-GB }}</ref>) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many [[English country house]]s, [[war memorial]]s and public buildings. In his biography, the writer [[Christopher Hussey (historian)|Christopher Hussey]] wrote, "In his lifetime (Lutyens) was widely held to be our greatest architect since [[Christopher Wren|Wren]] if not, as many maintained, his superior".{{sfn|Hussey|1989|p=xvii}} The architectural historian [[Gavin Stamp]] described him as "surely the greatest British architect of the twentieth (or of any other) century".{{sfn|Stamp|2007|p=10}}

Lutyens played an instrumental role in the [[construction of New Delhi]], which would later on serve as the seat of the [[Government of India]].{{sfn|Vale|1992|p=92}} In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as "[[Lutyens' Delhi]]". In collaboration with Sir [[Herbert Baker]], he was also the main architect of several monuments in New Delhi such as the [[India Gate]]; he also designed the Viceroy's House, which is now known as the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].
Many of his works were inspired by Indian architecture.{{sfn|Goodman|Chant|1999|p=320}}{{sfn|Pile|2005|p=320}} He was elected Master of the [[Art Workers' Guild]] in 1933.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.artworkersguild.org/media/2358/past-master-list.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.artworkersguild.org/media/2358/past-master-list.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Past Master List|publisher=Art Workers' Guild}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-edwin-lutyens|title=The rise and fall and rise of Edwin Lutyens|journal=The Architectural Review|date=19 November 1981|author=Stamp. G}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Lutyens was born in [[Kensington]], London,<ref>{{cite web |title=England & Wales Births 1837–2006|publisher=Findmypast |url = http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-births-1837-2006?firstname=edwin&lastname=lutyens |url-access=subscription}}</ref> the tenth of thirteen children of Mary Theresa Gallwey (1832/33–1906) from [[Killarney]], Ireland, and Captain [[Charles Augustus Henry Lutyens]] (1829–1915), a soldier and painter.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=34638|title=Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer (1869–1944), architect |first=Gavin|last=Stamp|author-link=Gavin Stamp }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Oram|first1=Hugh|title=An Irishman's Diary on Sir Edwin Lutyens and Ireland |url = http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/an-irishman-s-diary-on-sir-edwin-lutyens-and-ireland-1.2166433 |access-date=18 March 2017|work=Irish Times|date=7 April 2015}}</ref> His sister, [[Mary Wemyss|Mary Constance Elphinstone Lutyens]] (1868–1951), wrote novels under her married name of Mrs George Wemyss.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Constance Elphinstone Wemyss (born Lutyens), 1868 – 1951 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/mary_lutyens |website=[[MyHeritage]] |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Source is a website based on automated analysis of primary sources, and may have limited editorial oversight. |date=January 2020}} He grew up in [[Thursley]], Surrey. He was named after a friend of his father, the painter and sculptor [[Edwin Henry Landseer]]. Lutyens studied architecture at [[Royal College of Art|South Kensington School of Art]], London, from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the [[Ernest George]] and [[Harold Peto]] architectural practice. It was here that he first met Sir [[Herbert Baker]]. For many years he worked from offices at 29 [[Bloomsbury Square]], London.

==Architectural career==
===Private practice===
[[File:Munstead Wood, floorplan, fig 22 (Modern Homes, 1909).jpg|thumb|left|Ground floor plan of [[Munstead Wood]]]]

He began his own practice in 1888, his first commission being a private house at Crooksbury, [[Farnham, Surrey]]. During this work, he met the garden designer and horticulturalist [[Gertrude Jekyll]]. In 1896 he began work on a house for Jekyll at [[Munstead Wood]] near [[Godalming]], Surrey. It was the beginning of a professional partnership that would define the look of many Lutyens country houses.

The "Lutyens–Jekyll" garden had hardy shrubbery and herbaceous plantings within a structural architecture of stairs and balustraded terraces. This combined style, of the formal with the informal, exemplified by brick paths, herbaceous borders, and with plants such as lilies, lupins, delphiniums and lavender, was in contrast to the formal bedding schemes favoured by the previous generation in the 19th century. This "natural" style was to define the "English garden" until modern times.

Lutyens' fame grew largely through the popularity of the new lifestyle magazine ''[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]'' created by [[Edward Hudson (magazine owner)|Edward Hudson]], which featured many of his house designs. Hudson was a great admirer of Lutyens' style and commissioned Lutyens for a number of projects, including [[Lindisfarne Castle]] and the ''Country Life'' headquarters building in London, at 8 [[Tavistock Street]]. One of his assistants in the 1890s was [[Maxwell Ayrton]].<ref>[http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200099 Ormrod Maxwell Ayrton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304021459/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200099 |date=4 March 2012 }} at scottisharchitects.org.uk, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref>

By the turn of the century, Lutyens was recognised as one of architecture's coming men. In his major study of English domestic buildings, ''[[Das englische Haus]]'', published in 1904, [[Hermann Muthesius]] wrote of Lutyens, "He is a young man who has come increasingly to the forefront of domestic architects and who may soon become the accepted leader among English builders of houses".{{sfn|Muthesius|1979|p=55}}

=== Works ===
{{Main|List of works by Edwin Lutyens}}
[[File:Lutyens houses and gardens (1921) (14783718963).jpg|thumb|Ground floor plan of [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] ]]

The bulk of Lutyens' early work consisted of private houses in an [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] style, strongly influenced by [[Tudor architecture]] and the [[vernacular architecture|vernacular]] styles of south-east England. This was the most innovative phase of his career. Important works of this period include Munstead Wood,{{sfn|Gradidge|1981|pp=27–31}} [[Tigbourne Court]], [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] and [[Goddards]] in [[Surrey]], [[Deanery Garden]] and [[Folly Farm, Sulhamstead|Folly Farm]] in Berkshire, [[Overstrand Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] and Le [[Bois des Moutiers]] in France.

After about 1900 this style gave way to a more conventional [[Classicism]], a change of direction which had a profound influence on wider British architectural practice. His commissions were of a varied nature from private houses to two churches for the new [[Hampstead Garden Suburb]] in London to [[Julius Drewe]]'s [[Castle Drogo]] near [[Drewsteignton]] in Devon and on to his contributions to [[Lutyens' Delhi|India's new imperial capital]], New Delhi (where he worked as chief architect with Herbert Baker and others). Here he added elements of local architectural styles to his classicism, and based his urbanisation scheme on [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] water gardens. He also designed the [[Hyderabad House]] for the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], as his Delhi palace and planned the layout for the [[Janpath]] and [[Rajpath]] roads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Debiparna |date=1 January 2017|title=10 Interesting Facts about Sir Edwin Lutyens, the Architect Who Designed Most of New Delhi |url=https://www.vagabomb.com/10-Interesting-Facts-about-Sir-Edwin-Lutyens-the-Architect-Who-Designed-Most-of-New-Delhi/ |access-date=11 November 2022|website=www.vagabomb.com}}</ref>

[[File:Portland.stone.cenotaph.london.arp.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Cenotaph]], [[Whitehall]], London]]

Before the end of the [[First World War]], he was appointed one of three principal architects for the Imperial War Graves Commission (now [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]) and was involved with the creation of [[World War I memorials|many monuments to commemorate the dead]]. Larger cemeteries have a [[Stone of Remembrance]], designed by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091629/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|url-status=dead|title=Canadian Encyclopedia Monuments, World Wars I and II|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The best known of these monuments are [[The Cenotaph]] in [[Whitehall]], [[Westminster]], and the [[Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme|Memorial to the Missing of the Somme]], [[Thiepval]]. The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by [[David Lloyd George]] as a temporary structure to be the centrepiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a [[catafalque]], a low empty platform, but it was Lutyens' idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete. Lutyens also designed many other war memorials, and others are based on or inspired by Lutyens' designs. Examples of Lutyens' other war memorials include the [[National War Memorial, Islandbridge|War Memorial Gardens]] in Dublin, the [[Tower Hill memorial]], the [[Manchester Cenotaph]] and the [[Arch of Remembrance]] memorial in Leicester.
[[File:Cenotaph sketch by Lutyens.jpg|thumb|Lutyens' design for [[The Cenotaph]]]]

Lutyens also refurbished [[Lindisfarne Castle]] for its wealthy owner.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=118–119}}

One of Lutyens' smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces, is [[The Salutation, Sandwich|The Salutation]], a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a {{convert|3.7|acre|adj=on}} garden, it was commissioned by [[Henry Farrer]], one of three sons of Sir [[William Farrer]].{{sfn|Newman|2013|p=539}}

[[File:100 King Street Manchester.jpg|thumb|upright|Lutyens' [[100 King Street|Midland Bank Building]] in Manchester, constructed in 1935|left]]
He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1918<ref name="gazette1">{{London Gazette|issue=30607|page=4026
|date=2 April 1918}}</ref> and elected a [[Royal Academician]] in March 1920.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/edwin-lutyens-pra |title=Sir Edwin Lutyens {{!}} Artist {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts|website=www.royalacademy.org.uk |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In 1924, he was appointed a member of the newly created [[Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment|Royal Fine Art Commission]], a position he held until his death.<ref name="gazette3">{{London Gazette|issue=32942|page=4429|date=3 June 1924}}</ref>

While work continued in New Delhi, Lutyens received other commissions including several commercial buildings in London and the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom in Washington, D.C.]].

In 1924 he completed the supervision of the construction of what is perhaps his most popular design: [[Queen Mary's Dolls' House]]. This four-storey [[Palladian]] villa was built in 1/12 scale and is now a permanent exhibit in the public area of [[Windsor Castle]]. It was not conceived or built as a plaything for children; its goal was to exhibit the finest British craftsmanship of the period.

Lutyens was commissioned in 1929 to design a new [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[Liverpool]]. He planned a vast building of brick and granite, topped with towers and a {{Convert|510|ft|m|abbr=|adj=on}} dome, with commissioned sculpture work by [[Charles Sargeant Jagger]] and [[W. C. H. King]]. Work on this building started in 1933, but was halted during [[World War II]]. After the war, the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed. A model of Lutyens' unrealised building was given to and restored by the [[Walker Art Gallery]] in 1975 and is now on display in the [[Museum of Liverpool]].<ref name=apollo>[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/ Conserving the Lutyens cathedral model, Liverpool museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202152343/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/ |date=2 February 2012 }}. Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</ref> The architect of the present [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral]], which was built over part of the crypt and consecrated in 1967, was Sir [[Frederick Gibberd]].

In 1945, a year after his death, ''A Plan for the City & County of [[Kingston upon Hull]]'' was published. Lutyens worked on the plan with Sir [[Patrick Abercrombie]] and they are credited as its co-authors. Abercrombie's introduction in the plan makes special reference to Lutyens' contribution. The plan was, however, rejected by [[Hull City Council]]. He was also involved in the Royal Academy's planning for post-war London, an endeavour dismissed by [[Osbert Lancaster]] as "... not unlike what the new [[Nuremberg]] might have been had [[Adolf Hitler|the Fuhrer]] enjoyed the inestimable advantage of the advice and guidance of the late Sir [[Aston Webb]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-edwin-lutyens/10029787.article|title=The rise and fall and rise of Edwin Lutyens|first1=Gavin|last1=Stamp|website=Architectural Review|date=19 November 1981}}</ref>

===Overseas commissions===
====Ireland (1906–1918)====
Works in [[Ireland]] include the [[Irish National War Memorial Gardens]] in [[Islandbridge]] in [[Dublin]], which consists of a bridge over the railway and a bridge over the [[River Liffey]] (unbuilt) and two tiered sunken gardens; [[Heywood House Gardens]], [[County Laois]] (open to the public), consisting of a hedge garden, lawns, tiered sunken garden and a belvedere; extensive changes and extensions to Lambay Castle, [[Lambay Island]], near Dublin, consisting of a circular battlement enclosing the restored and extended castle and farm building complex, upgraded cottages and stores near the harbour, a real tennis court, a large guest house (The White House), a boathouse and a chapel; alterations and extensions to [[Howth Castle]], [[County Dublin]]; the unbuilt [[Hugh Lane]] gallery straddling the [[River Liffey]] on the site of the [[Ha'penny Bridge]] and the unbuilt [[Hugh Lane Gallery]] on the west side of [[St Stephen's Green]]; and [[Costelloe Lodge]] at [[Casla]] (also known as Costelloe), [[County Galway]] (that was used for refuge by [[J. Bruce Ismay]], the Chairman of the [[White Star Line]], following the sinking of the [[R.M.S. Titanic|R.M.S. ''Titanic'']]). In 1907, Lutyens designed [[Tranarossan House]], located just north of [[Downings]] on the [[Rosguill]] Peninsula on the north coast of [[County Donegal]].<ref>[[Alistair Rowan]], ''[[The Buildings of Ireland]]: North West Ulster'', p. 169. [[Yale University Press]], [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] and London, 2003 (originally published by [[Penguin Books|Penguin]], London, 1979).</ref> The house was built of local granite for Mr and Mrs Phillimore, from London, as a holiday home. In 1937, Mrs Phillimore donated it to ''[[An Óige]]'' (Irish Youth Hostels Association) for the "youth of Ireland", and it has been a hostel ever since.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anoige.ie/tra-na-rosann/ |title=Trá na Rosann |website=Anoige |language=en-GB |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110045333/https://anoige.ie/tra-na-rosann/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== India (1912–1930) ====
{{Main|Lutyens' Delhi}}
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan Wide New Delhi India.jpg|thumb|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], formerly known as Viceroy's House, was designed by Lutyens.]]

Largely designed by Lutyens over 20 or so years (1912 to 1930), New Delhi, situated within the metropolis of [[Delhi]], popularly known as '[[Lutyens' Delhi]]', was chosen to replace [[Calcutta]] as the seat of the British Indian government in 1911;{{sfn|Irving|1981|p=29}} the project was completed in 1929 and officially inaugurated in 1931. In undertaking this project, Lutyens invented his own new order of classical architecture, which has become known as the [[Delhi Order]] and was used by him for several designs in England, such as [[Campion Hall, Oxford]]. Unlike the more traditional British architects who came before him, he was both inspired by and incorporated various features from the local and traditional Indian architecture—something most clearly seen in the great drum-mounted Buddhist dome of Viceroy's House, now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. This palatial building, containing 340 rooms, is built on an area of some {{convert|330|acre|ha}} and incorporates a private garden also designed by Lutyens. The building was designed as the official residence of the [[Viceroy of India]] and is now the official residence of the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-heritage-tour-from-tughlaq-to-british-era-cycle-your-way-to-historical-monuments/story-j3wSwSJyQcctJDwyFqBybI.html |title = Delhi heritage tour: From Tughlaq to British era, cycle your way to historical monuments |newspaper = Hindustan Times |date=8 June 2017 |access-date = 3 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://interiordesigningweb.com/2016/12/05/edwin-lutyens-pioneers/ |title=Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, English architect and designer |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220132703/http://interiordesigningweb.com/2016/12/05/edwin-lutyens-pioneers/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/indias-roads-whose-space-is-it-anyway-17555|title=India's roads: Whose space is it anyway? |date=3 July 2017 |access-date = 3 July 2017}}</ref>

The Delhi Order columns at the front entrance of the palace have bells carved into them, which, it has been suggested, Lutyens had designed with the idea that as the bells were silent the British rule would never come to an end. At one time, more than 2,000 people were required to care for the building and serve the Viceroy's household.

The new city contains both the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament buildings]] and [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|government offices]] (many designed by Herbert Baker) and was built distinctively of the local red sandstone using the traditional [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] style.

When composing the plans for New Delhi, Lutyens planned for the new city to lie southwest of the walled city of [[Shahjahanbad]]. His plans for the city also laid out the street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues.

Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the place where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market. It was there that Lutyens imagined the Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the D-shaped market seen today.

Many of the garden-ringed villas in the [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]] (LBZ)—also known as Lutyens' Delhi—that were part of Lutyens' original scheme for New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi. The LBZ was placed on the 2002 [[World Monuments Fund]] Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites. None of the bungalows in the LBZ were designed by Lutyens—he only designed the four bungalows in the Presidential Estate surrounding Rashtrapati Bhavan at Willingdon Crescent, now known as Mother Teresa Crescent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lutyens himself designed only four bungalows |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022220818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |archive-date = 22 October 2012}}</ref> Other buildings in Delhi that Lutyens designed include [[Baroda House]], [[Bikaner House]], [[Hyderabad House]], and [[Patiala House Courts Complex|Patiala House]].<ref>Prakash, Om (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC Cultural History Of India]''. New Age International, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-224-1587-3}}. p. 217.</ref>

In recognition of his architectural accomplishments for the British Raj, Lutyens was made a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) on 1 January 1930.<ref name="gazette2">{{London Gazette
|issue=33566
|page=5
|date=1 January 1930
|supp=y
}}</ref> As a chivalric order, the KCIE knighthood held precedence over his earlier [[knight bachelor|bachelor knighthood]].

A bust of Lutyens in the former Viceroy's House is the only statue of a Westerner left in its original position in New Delhi. Lutyens' work in New Delhi is the focus of [[Robert Grant Irving]]'s book ''Indian Summer''.

In spite of his monumental work in India, Lutyens held views on the peoples of the Indian sub-continent which would now be considered racist, although they were common at the time among many of his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jun/23/biography.art |title=The Architect And His Wife, The Life of Edwin Lutyens |access-date=25 January 2014 |newspaper = The Guardian }}</ref> He thought the Indian Indo-Saracenic style was "formless, not of carved decoration, an anathema...hardly qualified as architecture at all." Endless battles were fought between him and Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Hardinge]] over architectural style: Lutyens wanted classical, the architecture of the Empire – Hardinge wanted elements of the Indian vernacular for political reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=The Architect and His Wife: A Life of Edwin Lutyens |page=257}}</ref> An unapologetic spokesman of British imperialism he built the Viceroy's Palace as a symbol of glory of the Raj, and considered Indians to be primitive as yet on the verge of civilization who deserved to be ruled in perpetuity by the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=Pavan |title=Becoming Indian: The Unfinished Revolution of Culture and Identity |publisher=[[Allen Lane]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-670-08346-6 |pages=98–105}}</ref>

==== Spain (1915–1928)====
In [[Madrid]], Lutyens' work can be seen in the interiors of the [[Liria Palace]], a neoclassical building which was severely damaged during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29543345 | jstor=29543345 | title=Lutyens and Spain | last1=Stamp | first1=Gavin | last2=Richardson | first2=Margaret | journal=AA Files | year=1983 | issue=3 | pages=51–59 }}</ref> The palace was originally built in the 18th century for [[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick]], and still belongs to his descendants. Lutyens' reconstruction was commissioned by [[Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba]]. The Duke had been in contact with Lutyens while serving as the Spanish ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]].

Between 1915 and 1928, Lutyens also produced designs for a new palace for the Duke of Alba's younger brother, [[Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duke of Peñaranda]]. The palace of El Guadalperal, as it was to be called, would have been, if built, Edwin Lutyens's largest country house.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1017/arh.2017.10 | doi=10.1017/arh.2017.10 | title=Edwin Lutyens in Spain: The Palace of El Guadalperal | year=2017 | last1=Basarrate | first1=Íñigo | journal=Architectural History | volume=60 | pages=303–339 | s2cid=194864199 }}</ref>
[[File:JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH PEARSON and SIR EDWIN LANDSEER LUTYENS - 13 Mansfield Street Marylebone London W1G 9NZ.jpg|thumb|right|13 [[Mansfield Street, London|Mansfield Street]], Marylebone, Lutyens' London home from 1919 to his death in 1944]]

== Personal life ==
Lutyens married [[Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton]] (1874–1964) on 4 August 1897 at [[Knebworth]], Hertfordshire. She was third daughter of [[Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Countess of Lytton|Edith]] (née Villiers) and the [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|1st Earl of Lytton]], a former [[Viceroy of India]]. Lady Emily had proposed to Lutyens two years before the wedding, and her parents disapproved of the marriage.{{sfn|Lutyens|1980|p=52}} Their marriage was largely unsatisfactory, practically from the start, with Lady Emily developing interests in [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophy]], Eastern religions, and being drawn both emotionally and philosophically to [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]].{{sfn|Ridley|2002|pp=257–258}} They had five children:

* Barbara Lutyens (1898–1981), second wife of [[Euan Wallace]] (1892–1941), Minister of Transport.{{sfn|Percy|Ridley|1988|p=53}}
* [[Robert Lutyens]] (1901–1971), interior designer. Designed the façade used for over 40 [[Marks & Spencer]] stores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Lutyens |url = http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=202099 |website=Dictionary of Scottish Architects |access-date=13 July 2016 }}</ref>
* Ursula Lutyens (1904–1967), wife of the [[Matthew White Ridley, 3rd Viscount Ridley|3rd Viscount Ridley]]. They were the parents of the [[Matthew White Ridley, 4th Viscount Ridley|4th Viscount Ridley]] (1925–2012), and of the Cabinet Minister [[Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale|Nicholas Ridley]] (1929–1993). Nicholas Ridley was the father of Edwin Lutyens' biographer, [[Jane Ridley]].
* [[Elisabeth Lutyens|(Agnes) Elisabeth Lutyens]] (1906–1983), a well-known composer. Second marriage to the conductor [[Edward Clark (conductor)|Edward Clark]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=40709|title=Clark, (Thomas) Edward}}</ref>
* [[Mary Lutyens|(Edith Penelope) Mary Lutyens]] (1908–1999),<ref>{{cite web|title=(Edith Penelope) Mary Lutyens (1909–1999) |url = http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp101236/edith-penelope-mary-lutyens |website=National Portrait Gallery |access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> a writer known for her books about the philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti.

During the later years of his life, Lutyens suffered with several bouts of [[pneumonia]].

==Death==
In the early 1940s he was diagnosed with [[cancer]]. He died on 1 January 1944 and was [[cremated]] at [[Golders Green Crematorium]] in north London where he had designed the Philipson [[Mausoleum]] in 1914–1916. His ashes were interred in the crypt of [[St. Paul's Cathedral]], beneath a memorial designed by his friend and fellow architect [[William Curtis Green]].

== Major buildings and projects ==
{{Main category|Works of Edwin Lutyens}}
{{Main list|List of works by Edwin Lutyens}}
* 1897: [[Munstead Wood]], Surrey
* 1899: [[Orchards, Surrey]]
* 1900: [[Goddards]], Surrey
* 1901: [[Tigbourne Court]], Surrey
* 1901: [[Deanery Garden]], Sonning, Berkshire
* 1903: [[Papillon Hall, Lubenham]], Leicestershire
* 1906: [[Lincoln's Inn House, 42 Kingsway]], London
* 1911: [[British Medical Association]] in [[Tavistock Square]], London<ref name="BMA">{{cite web|title=About BMA House|url=https://bmahouse.org.uk/about/|access-date=12 July 2016|website=BMA House}}</ref>
* 1912: [[Great Dixter]], Northiam, East Sussex
* 1924-37 [[Midland Bank, Poultry]]
* 1928: [[Hyderabad House]], New Delhi
* 1929: [[Rashtrapathi Bhavan]], New Delhi
* 1930: [[Castle Drogo]], [[Drewsteignton]], Devon
* 1935: [[100 King Street|The Midland Bank]], Manchester
* 1936: [[Baroda House]], New Delhi
* 1936—1938: [[Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial]], Somme, France

== Recognition and legacy ==
[[File:Edwin Lutyens memorial.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Lutyens by [[Stephen Cox (sculptor)|Stephen Cox]] (2015)]]

Lutyens received the RIBA [[Royal Gold Medal]] in 1921, and the [[AIA Gold Medal|American Institute of Architects Gold Medal]] in 1925. In November 2015 the British government announced that all 44 of Lutyens' First World War memorials in Britain{{NoteTag|43 in England, 1 in Wales}} had now been listed on the advice of [[Historic England]], and were therefore all protected by law. This involved the one remaining memorial—the [[Gerrards Cross Memorial Building]] in [[Buckinghamshire]]—being added to the list, plus a further fourteen having their statuses upgraded.<ref>{{cite web |title = National Collection of Lutyens' War Memorials Listed |url = http://historicengland.org.uk/news-and-features/news/lutyens-war-memorials |website=[[Historic England]] |date = 7 November 2015 |publisher=Historic England |access-date=9 November 2015 }}</ref>

The architectural critic [[Ian Nairn]] wrote of Lutyen's Surrey "masterpieces" in the 1971 ''Surrey'' volume of the [[Pevsner Architectural Guides|''Buildings of England'' series]], while noting that; "the genius and the charlatan were very close together in Lutyens".{{sfn|Nairn|Pevsner|Cherry|1971|p=70}} In the introduction to the catalogue for the 1981 Lutyens exhibition at the [[Hayward Gallery]], the architectural writer Colin Amery described Lutyens as "the builder of some of our finest country houses and gardens".{{sfn|Amery|Richardson|Stamp|1981|p=8}}

In 2015 a memorial to Lutyens by the sculptor [[Stephen Cox (sculptor)|Stephen Cox]] was erected in Apple Tree Yard, Mayfair, London, adjacent to the studio where Lutyens prepared the designs for New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |last = Cox |first = Stephen |author-link = Stephen Cox (sculptor) |title=Apple Tree Yard Sculpture Honours Spirit of Lutyens |url = http://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/portfolio-item/apple-tree-yard-sculpture-honours-spirit-lutyens/ |website=The Lutyens Trust |access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hancock |first=Michaila |date=3 June 2015 |title=Eric Parry completes St James's Square office |url = https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/eric-parry-completes-st-jamess-square-office/8683365.article |magazine=[[Architects' Journal]] |location=London |access-date=10 May 2019 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="154">
File:Goddards, Abinger Common, Surrey-1093965338.jpg|[[Goddards]], Surrey (1898–1900)
File:Tigbourne Court DSC 1744.jpg|[[Tigbourne Court]], Surrey (1899–1901)
File:Greywalls1.jpg|Greywalls house, East Lothian, Scotland (1901)
File:Lutyens houses and gardens (1921) page 72.jpg| [[Little Thakeham]], West Sussex (1902)
File:Lutoffice8Jl6-3786.jpg|Daneshill Brick and Tile Company offices, near [[Old Basing]], Hampshire (1903)<ref>{{cite journal |last = Wright |first = Tony |title=Sir Edwin Lutyens and the Daneshill Brickworks|journal=British Brick Society Information |date=Feb 2002 |volume=87 |pages=22–26 |issn = 0960-7870 }}</ref>
File:Country Life Offices London.jpg|Country Life Offices, [[Tavistock Street]], London (1905)<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Life building, Tavistock Street, London |url = https://www.architecture.com/image-library/RIBApix/image-information/poster/country-life-building-tavistock-street-london/posterid/RIBA10382.html |publisher=RIBA |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>
File:Hestercombe, Great Plat.jpg|[[Hestercombe House]], Somerset, with [[Gertrude Jekyll]] (1904–1906)
File:Heathcote - geograph.org.uk - 378865.jpg|[[Heathcote, Ilkley]], Yorkshire (1906–1908)
File:Free Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb.jpg|[[Free Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb]], London (1908–1910)
File:South Africa - Anglo-Boer War Memorial-001.jpg|[[Anglo-Boer War Memorial (Johannesburg)|Anglo-Boer War Memorial]], Johannesburg (1910)
File:NashdomMist.jpg|[[Nashdom]], [[Taplow]], Buckinghamshire (1908–1911)
File:BMA House.JPG|[[British Medical Association]], [[Tavistock Square]], London (1911)<ref name="BMA" />
File:Henrietta Barnett School, London NW11.jpg|[[Henrietta Barnett School]], Hampstead Garden Suburb, London (1911)
File:9 2 228 0069-Art Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg|[[Johannesburg Art Gallery]], Klein Street (1910–1915)
File:Abbey House Hotel south elevation.JPG|[[Abbey House, Barrow-in-Furness]], Cumbria (1914)
File:British School at Rome by Edwin Luytens.jpg|Portico of the [[British School at Rome]] (1916)
File:Midland Railway War Memorial, Derby 10 (cropped).jpg|[[Midland Railway War Memorial, Derby]] (1920)
File:Mells Somerset2.JPG|[[Mells War Memorial]], Somerset (1921)
File:India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|The [[India Gate]], New Delhi (1921)
File:Hauser and Wirth 196 Piccadilly.jpg|Midland Bank, Piccadilly, London (1922–1923)
File:Lutyens Midland Bank.JPG|Midland Bank Headquarters, [[Poultry, London]] (1924)<ref>{{National Heritage List for England |num=1064598|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>
File:VictorySquare 1932.jpg|[[Victory Square, Vancouver|Victory Square Cenotaph, Vancouver]] (1924)
File:Lutyens Britannic House.JPG|Britannic House, [[Finsbury Circus]], London (1921–1925)
File:War Memorial Leicester, Summer 2009.jpg|[[Arch of Remembrance]], Leicester (1925)
File:Victoria park cenotaph.jpg|[[Cenotaph (Saskatchewan)|Cenotaph, Regina, Saskatchewan]] (1926)
File:British Ambassador's Residence, Washington, D.C.jpg|[[British Ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.|British Ambassador's residence, Washington, D.C.]] (1928)
File:Hallway in the Chancery and residence of the Ambassador of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C LCCN2011631264.tif|Hallway in British Ambassador's residence Washington, D.C. (1928)
File:EH1031597 Merchant Seamens Memorial 02.JPG|[[Tower Hill Memorial]], Trinity Square, London (1928)
File:67-68 Pall Mall.jpg|67–68 [[Pall Mall, London]] (1928)<ref>{{cite web |title = To Plan a Tour of Lutyens Buildings |url = http://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/to-plan-a-tour-of-lutyens-buildings/ |website=The Luytens Trust|access-date=13 July 2016 }}</ref>
File:Park Lane view.jpg|[[Grosvenor House Hotel]], Mayfair, London (1929)
File:Rashtrapati Bhavan-2.jpg|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], New Delhi (1912–1929)
File:Drogo-wyrd-01.jpg|[[Castle Drogo]], [[Devon]] (1911–1930)
File:Page Street (188242395).jpg|alt=Grosvenor estate, Page Street, London (1928-1930). Photo description: The buildings with their chess board facades and the courtyards seen from the street.|Social housing for Grosvenor Estate and Westminster Council, [[Page Street]], London (1928–1930)
File:Hampton Court Bridge 1.jpg|[[Hampton Court Bridge]], London (1933)
File:LPoolLutyens-wyrdlight-802726.jpg|Architectural model of unrealised design for [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral]] (1933)<ref>{{cite web|title=Conserving the Lutyens cathedral model|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/|website=Liverpool Museums|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>
File:Steps to Liverpool met crypt chapel.jpg|Crypt of Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral 1933–1941, the only part of Lutyens's design built
File:Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery -13.jpg|[[Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme]], France (1928–1932)
File:LodgeRunnymede.jpg|[[Urban H. Broughton|Broughton]] memorial lodge, [[Runnymede]], Surrey (1930–1932)<ref>{{National Heritage List for England |num=1189781 |access-date=13 July 2016 }}</ref>
File:St Jude's, Hampstead Garden Suburb.jpg|[[St Jude's Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb]], London (1909–1935)
File:Reuters Building, Fleet Street-378846213.jpg|Reuters & Press Association Building, 85 Fleet Street, London (1934–1938)
File:CampionHall.jpg|[[Campion Hall, Oxford]] (1936)
File:Circular Rose Garden pond in winter.jpg|[[Irish National War Memorial Gardens]], Dublin (1932–1940)
File:Runnymede Bridge (upstream).JPG|[[Runnymede Bridge]], Surrey (opened 1961)<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Baldwin |editor1-first=Peter |title = The motorway achievement |year=2004|publisher=Telford |location=London |isbn = 9780727731968 |page=308 |url = {{Google books|ndZVcax375EC|page=308|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref>
File:Tra Na Rosann Hostel.jpg|[[Tranarossan House]], [[Downings]], County Donegal, Ireland
</gallery>

== Publications ==
* Edwin Lutyens & Charles Bressey, ''The Highway Development Survey'', Ministry of Transport, 1937
* Edwin Lutyens & Patrick Abercrombie, ''A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull'', Brown (London & Hull), 1945.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Architecture|Biography|United Kingdom}}
* [[Herbert Tudor Buckland]], a contemporary Arts & Crafts architect
* [[Butterfly plan]]
* [[History of gardening]]
* [[:Category:Landscape design history|Landscape design history]] (category)
* [[Hestercombe Gardens]]
* [[Rosehaugh House]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Amery |first1=Colin
|last2=Richardson |first2=Margaret
|last3=Stamp |first3=Gavin |author3-link = Gavin Stamp
|title = Lutyens: The Work of the English Architect Sir Edwin Lutyens
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8N5PAAAAMAAJ&q=Lutyens:+The+Work+of+the+English+Architect+Sir+Edwin+Lutyens
|year=1981
|location=London
|publisher=[[Arts Council of Great Britain]]
|isbn = 9780728703032
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Brown |first=Jane
|title = Lutyens and the Edwardians
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NeBPAAAAMAAJ&q=Lutyens+and+the+Edwardians
|location=London
|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]
|year=1997
|isbn = 9780140242690
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Dunster |first=David
|title = Edwin Lutyens
|location=London
|publisher=[[Andreas Papadakis|Academy Editions]]
|year=1986
|isbn = 9780312239183
|oclc=757002578
}}
* {{cite book
|first1 = David C. |last1=Goodman
|first2=Colin |last2=Chant
|title=European Cities & Technology: Industrial to Post-industrial City
|publisher=Routledge
|year=1999
|isbn = 9780415200820
|oclc=807453904
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Gradidge|first=Roderick
|author-link = Roderick Gradidge
|title = Edwin Lutyens: Architect Laureate
|year=1981
|publisher = [[Allen & Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]]
|location=London
|isbn = 9780047200236
|oclc=924831360
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Hussey |first=Christopher
|author-link = Christopher Hussey (historian)
|title = The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=89RpQgAACAAJ&q=The+Life+of+Sir+Edwin+Lutyens
|location=[[Woodbridge, Suffolk|Woodbridge]]
|orig-year=1950
|year=1989
|publisher = Antique Collectors Club
|isbn = 978-0-907462-59-0
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Robert Grant|last=Irving
|title=Indian Summer: Lutyens, Baker and Imperial Delhi
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DbQoMQAACAAJ&q=Indian+Summer:+Lutyens,+Baker+and+Imperial+Delhi
|location=London
|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]
|year=1981
|isbn = 978-0-300-02422-7
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Lutyens |first=Edwin
|editor1= Clayre Percy
|editor2=Jane Ridley
|editor2-link=Jane Ridley
|title = The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to his wife, Lady Emily
|year=1989
|publisher =[[Hamish Hamilton]]
|location=London
|isbn = 9780241124765
|ref= {{sfnRef|Percy|Ridley|1988}}
|oclc=466283124
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Mary |last=Lutyens
|author-link = Mary Lutyens
|title = Edwin Lutyens
|location = London
|publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]
|year=1980
|isbn = 978-0-7195-3777-6
|oclc=469680629
}}
* {{cite book
|title = The English House
|last=Muthesius |first = H.
|author-link = Hermann Muthesius
|orig-year=1904
|year=1979
|edition=Single volume
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M4jRAQAACAAJ&q=editions:-7GFYV4ktzcC
|publisher=[[Granada plc|Granada Publishing]]
|location=Frogmore
|isbn = 978-0-258-97101-7
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Nairn |first1=Ian
|last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus
|last3=Cherry |first3=Bridget
|author1-link = Ian Nairn
|author2-link = Nikolaus Pevsner
|year=1971
|title=Surrey
|series=The Buildings of England
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5b6dCBlfCLUC&q=The+Buildings+of+England%3A+Surrey
|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]
|location=Middlesex, England
|isbn = 978-0-300-09675-0
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Newman |first=John
|author-link = John Newman (architectural historian)
|year=2013
|title = Kent: North East and East
|series = The Buildings of England
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KwIBmwEACAAJ&q=Kent+North+East+and+East
|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]
|location=London and New Haven, CT
|isbn = 9780300185065
}}
* {{cite book
|first=John F. |last=Pile
|title = A History of Interior Design
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVQJvcI1XeoC&q=lutyens+new+delhi&pg=PA320
|publisher=Laurence King Publishing
|year=2005
|isbn = 9781856694186
}}
* {{cite book
|first = Jane
|last = Ridley
|author-link = Jane Ridley
|title = Edwin Lutyens: His Life, His Wife, His Work
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e5FQAAAAMAAJ&q=Edwin+Lutyens:+His+Life,+His+Wife,+His+Work
|year = 2002
|location=London
|publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]]
|isbn = 978-0-7011-7201-5
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Stamp
|first = Gavin
|author-link = Gavin Stamp
|year = 2006
|title = The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fYI27dbGdX4C&q=the+memorial+to+the+missing+of+the+somme
|location = London
|edition = 2007
|publisher = [[Profile Books]]
|isbn = 978-1-86197-896-7
|ref = {{sfnRef|Stamp|2007}}
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Vale
|first=Lawrence J.
|title = Architecture, Power, and National Identity
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3Fm3XlYuSzAC&q=lutyens+new+delhi&pg=RA1-PA92
|year=1992
|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]
|location= New Haven and London
|isbn= 9780300049589
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wilhide
|first=Elizabeth
|title = Sir Edwin Lutyens: Designing in the English Tradition
|year=2000
|publisher=[[Pavilion Books]]
|location= London
|isbn= 9781857936889
|oclc=469379799
}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Hopkins|editor1-first=Andrew |editor2-link= Gavin Stamp |editor2-last = Stamp |editor2-first = Gavin |year=2002|title=Lutyens Abroad: the Work of Sir Edwin Lutyens Outside the British Isles |location = London|publisher=[[British School at Rome]] |isbn = 0-904152-37-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Petter|first=Hugh|year=1992 |title = Lutyens in Italy: The Building of the British School at Rome |location=London |publisher=British School at Rome |isbn = 0-904152-21-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Skelton|first1=Tim|last2=Gliddon|first2=Gerald|year=2008 |title = Lutyens and the Great War |location=London |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln Publishers|Frances Lincoln]] |isbn = 978-0-7112-2878-8 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{EB1922 Poster|Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer|Edwin Lutyens}}
* [http://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/ The Lutyens Trust]
* [http://www.city-journal.org/html/8_2_urbanities-architect.html Jane Ridley, "Architect for the metropolis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330163104/http://www.city-journal.org/html/8_2_urbanities-architect.html |date=30 March 2009 }}, ''City Journal'', Spring 1998
* [http://www.wardsbookofdays.com/29march.htm The creations of Sir Edwin Lutyens] – ''Ward's Book of Days'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217215148/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/cathedral/history/index.asp The cathedral that never was] – exhibition of Lutyens' cathedral model at the Walker Art Gallery (archived 17 December 2007)
* {{cite web |title=The history of the Bois des Moutiers |last1=Louvet|first1=Solange|last2=de Givry |first2=Jacques |url = http://www.boisdesmoutiers.com/HistoireBoisdesMoutiersNewGB.php }} – An 1898 house in France designed by Lutyens and its garden designed by Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll.
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/16010725@N06/albums/72157627816920018/ Collection of over 2000 photos of Lutyens' work] on [[Flickr]]

{{Clear}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-culture}}
{{s-bef |before=[[William Llewellyn (painter)|Sir William Llewellyn]] }}
{{s-ttl |title=[[List of officers of the Royal Academy of Arts#Presidents (PRA)|President of the Royal Academy]] |years=1938–1944 }}
{{s-aft |after=[[Alfred Munnings]]}}
{{s-court}}
{{s-bef |before = [[Sir Malcolm Fraser, 1st Baronet]] }}
{{s-ttl |title = [[Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor|Registrar of the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor]]|years = 1941–1944 }}
{{s-aft |after = [[Sir Thomas Lumley-Smith]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lutyens, Edwin}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from London]]
[[Category:People of the Victorian era]]
[[Category:Architects from London]]
[[Category:British neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts movement artists]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts architects]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects]]
[[Category:19th-century English architects]]
[[Category:20th-century English architects]]
[[Category:Royal Academicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Art]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
[[Category:Golders Green Crematorium]]
[[Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral]]
[[Category:Lutyens family]]
[[Category:Masters of the Art Worker's Guild]]
[[Category:Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal]]

Edwin Lutyens

2024-07-02T21:44:51Z

92.10.114.155:

{{Short description|English architect (1869–1944)}}
{{redirect|Lutyens|other uses|Lutyens (disambiguation)}}

{{use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox architect
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Edwin Lutyens
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|KCIE|PRA|FRIBA}}
| image = Edwin_Lutyens.jpg
| caption = Lutyens in 1921
| birth_name = Edwin Landseer Lutyens
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1869|3|29}}
| birth_place = [[Kensington]], London, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1944|1|1|1869|3|29}}
| death_place = [[Marylebone]], London, England<ref>{{cite web |publisher = [[Findmypast]] |title = England & Wales Deaths 1837–2007 |url = http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-deaths-1837-2007?firstname=edwin&lastname=lutyens }}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Royal College of Art]]
| awards =
| practice =
| significant_buildings = {{Plainlist|
* [[Castle Drogo]]
* [[India Gate]]
* [[Thiepval Memorial]]
* [[100 King Street]]
* [[The Cenotaph, Whitehall]]
* [[Lindisfarne Castle]]
* [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
* [[Hyderabad House]]
}}
| significant_projects = [[New Delhi]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Lady Emily Lutyens |Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton]]|1897}}
| children = 5, including [[Robert Lutyens|Robert]], [[Elisabeth Lutyens|Elisabeth]] and [[Mary Lutyens|Mary]]
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* [[Charles Augustus Henry Lutyens]]
* Mary Theresa Gallwey
}}
}}

'''Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens''' [[OM]] [[GCIE]] [[PRA]] [[FRIBA]]({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʌ|t|j|ə|n|z}} {{Respell|LUT|yənz}}; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-Lutyens |title = Sir Edwin Lutyens {{!}} British architect |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=31 August 2018 |language = en-GB }}</ref>) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many [[English country house]]s, [[war memorial]]s and public buildings. In his biography, the writer [[Christopher Hussey (historian)|Christopher Hussey]] wrote, "In his lifetime (Lutyens) was widely held to be our greatest architect since [[Christopher Wren|Wren]] if not, as many maintained, his superior".{{sfn|Hussey|1989|p=xvii}} The architectural historian [[Gavin Stamp]] described him as "surely the greatest British architect of the twentieth (or of any other) century".{{sfn|Stamp|2007|p=10}}

Lutyens played an instrumental role in the [[construction of New Delhi]], which would later on serve as the seat of the [[Government of India]].{{sfn|Vale|1992|p=92}} In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as "[[Lutyens' Delhi]]". In collaboration with Sir [[Herbert Baker]], he was also the main architect of several monuments in New Delhi such as the [[India Gate]]; he also designed the Viceroy's House, which is now known as the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].
Many of his works were inspired by Indian architecture.{{sfn|Goodman|Chant|1999|p=320}}{{sfn|Pile|2005|p=320}} He was elected Master of the [[Art Workers' Guild]] in 1933.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.artworkersguild.org/media/2358/past-master-list.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.artworkersguild.org/media/2358/past-master-list.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Past Master List|publisher=Art Workers' Guild}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-edwin-lutyens|title=The rise and fall and rise of Edwin Lutyens|journal=The Architectural Review|date=19 November 1981|author=Stamp. G}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Lutyens was born in [[Kensington]], London,<ref>{{cite web |title=England & Wales Births 1837–2006|publisher=Findmypast |url = http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-births-1837-2006?firstname=edwin&lastname=lutyens |url-access=subscription}}</ref> the tenth of thirteen children of Mary Theresa Gallwey (1832/33–1906) from [[Killarney]], Ireland, and Captain [[Charles Augustus Henry Lutyens]] (1829–1915), a soldier and painter.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=34638|title=Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer (1869–1944), architect |first=Gavin|last=Stamp|author-link=Gavin Stamp }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Oram|first1=Hugh|title=An Irishman's Diary on Sir Edwin Lutyens and Ireland |url = http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/an-irishman-s-diary-on-sir-edwin-lutyens-and-ireland-1.2166433 |access-date=18 March 2017|work=Irish Times|date=7 April 2015}}</ref> His sister, [[Mary Wemyss|Mary Constance Elphinstone Lutyens]] (1868–1951), wrote novels under her married name of Mrs George Wemyss.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Constance Elphinstone Wemyss (born Lutyens), 1868 – 1951 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/mary_lutyens |website=[[MyHeritage]] |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Source is a website based on automated analysis of primary sources, and may have limited editorial oversight. |date=January 2020}} He grew up in [[Thursley]], Surrey. He was named after a friend of his father, the painter and sculptor [[Edwin Henry Landseer]]. Lutyens studied architecture at [[Royal College of Art|South Kensington School of Art]], London, from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the [[Ernest George]] and [[Harold Peto]] architectural practice. It was here that he first met Sir [[Herbert Baker]]. For many years he worked from offices at 29 [[Bloomsbury Square]], London.

==Architectural career==
===Private practice===
[[File:Munstead Wood, floorplan, fig 22 (Modern Homes, 1909).jpg|thumb|left|Ground floor plan of [[Munstead Wood]]]]

He began his own practice in 1888, his first commission being a private house at Crooksbury, [[Farnham, Surrey]]. During this work, he met the garden designer and horticulturalist [[Gertrude Jekyll]]. In 1896 he began work on a house for Jekyll at [[Munstead Wood]] near [[Godalming]], Surrey. It was the beginning of a professional partnership that would define the look of many Lutyens country houses.

The "Lutyens–Jekyll" garden had hardy shrubbery and herbaceous plantings within a structural architecture of stairs and balustraded terraces. This combined style, of the formal with the informal, exemplified by brick paths, herbaceous borders, and with plants such as lilies, lupins, delphiniums and lavender, was in contrast to the formal bedding schemes favoured by the previous generation in the 19th century. This "natural" style was to define the "English garden" until modern times.

Lutyens' fame grew largely through the popularity of the new lifestyle magazine ''[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]'' created by [[Edward Hudson (magazine owner)|Edward Hudson]], which featured many of his house designs. Hudson was a great admirer of Lutyens' style and commissioned Lutyens for a number of projects, including [[Lindisfarne Castle]] and the ''Country Life'' headquarters building in London, at 8 [[Tavistock Street]]. One of his assistants in the 1890s was [[Maxwell Ayrton]].<ref>[http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200099 Ormrod Maxwell Ayrton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304021459/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200099 |date=4 March 2012 }} at scottisharchitects.org.uk, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref>

By the turn of the century, Lutyens was recognised as one of architecture's coming men. In his major study of English domestic buildings, ''[[Das englische Haus]]'', published in 1904, [[Hermann Muthesius]] wrote of Lutyens, "He is a young man who has come increasingly to the forefront of domestic architects and who may soon become the accepted leader among English builders of houses".{{sfn|Muthesius|1979|p=55}}

=== Works ===
{{Main|List of works by Edwin Lutyens}}
[[File:Lutyens houses and gardens (1921) (14783718963).jpg|thumb|Ground floor plan of [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] ]]

The bulk of Lutyens' early work consisted of private houses in an [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] style, strongly influenced by [[Tudor architecture]] and the [[vernacular architecture|vernacular]] styles of south-east England. This was the most innovative phase of his career. Important works of this period include Munstead Wood,{{sfn|Gradidge|1981|pp=27–31}} [[Tigbourne Court]], [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] and [[Goddards]] in [[Surrey]], [[Deanery Garden]] and [[Folly Farm, Sulhamstead|Folly Farm]] in Berkshire, [[Overstrand Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] and Le [[Bois des Moutiers]] in France.

After about 1900 this style gave way to a more conventional [[Classicism]], a change of direction which had a profound influence on wider British architectural practice. His commissions were of a varied nature from private houses to two churches for the new [[Hampstead Garden Suburb]] in London to [[Julius Drewe]]'s [[Castle Drogo]] near [[Drewsteignton]] in Devon and on to his contributions to [[Lutyens' Delhi|India's new imperial capital]], New Delhi (where he worked as chief architect with Herbert Baker and others). Here he added elements of local architectural styles to his classicism, and based his urbanisation scheme on [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] water gardens. He also designed the [[Hyderabad House]] for the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], as his Delhi palace and planned the layout for the [[Janpath]] and [[Rajpath]] roads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Debiparna |date=1 January 2017|title=10 Interesting Facts about Sir Edwin Lutyens, the Architect Who Designed Most of New Delhi |url=https://www.vagabomb.com/10-Interesting-Facts-about-Sir-Edwin-Lutyens-the-Architect-Who-Designed-Most-of-New-Delhi/ |access-date=11 November 2022|website=www.vagabomb.com}}</ref>

[[File:Portland.stone.cenotaph.london.arp.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Cenotaph]], [[Whitehall]], London]]

Before the end of the [[First World War]], he was appointed one of three principal architects for the Imperial War Graves Commission (now [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]) and was involved with the creation of [[World War I memorials|many monuments to commemorate the dead]]. Larger cemeteries have a [[Stone of Remembrance]], designed by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091629/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|url-status=dead|title=Canadian Encyclopedia Monuments, World Wars I and II|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The best known of these monuments are [[The Cenotaph]] in [[Whitehall]], [[Westminster]], and the [[Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme|Memorial to the Missing of the Somme]], [[Thiepval]]. The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by [[David Lloyd George]] as a temporary structure to be the centrepiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a [[catafalque]], a low empty platform, but it was Lutyens' idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete. Lutyens also designed many other war memorials, and others are based on or inspired by Lutyens' designs. Examples of Lutyens' other war memorials include the [[National War Memorial, Islandbridge|War Memorial Gardens]] in Dublin, the [[Tower Hill memorial]], the [[Manchester Cenotaph]] and the [[Arch of Remembrance]] memorial in Leicester.
[[File:Cenotaph sketch by Lutyens.jpg|thumb|Lutyens' design for [[The Cenotaph]]]]

Lutyens also refurbished [[Lindisfarne Castle]] for its wealthy owner.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=118–119}}

One of Lutyens' smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces, is [[The Salutation, Sandwich|The Salutation]], a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a {{convert|3.7|acre|adj=on}} garden, it was commissioned by [[Henry Farrer]], one of three sons of Sir [[William Farrer]].{{sfn|Newman|2013|p=539}}

[[File:100 King Street Manchester.jpg|thumb|upright|Lutyens' [[100 King Street|Midland Bank Building]] in Manchester, constructed in 1935|left]]
He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1918<ref name="gazette1">{{London Gazette|issue=30607|page=4026
|date=2 April 1918}}</ref> and elected a [[Royal Academician]] in March 1920.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/edwin-lutyens-pra |title=Sir Edwin Lutyens {{!}} Artist {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts|website=www.royalacademy.org.uk |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In 1924, he was appointed a member of the newly created [[Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment|Royal Fine Art Commission]], a position he held until his death.<ref name="gazette3">{{London Gazette|issue=32942|page=4429|date=3 June 1924}}</ref>

While work continued in New Delhi, Lutyens received other commissions including several commercial buildings in London and the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom in Washington, D.C.]].

In 1924 he completed the supervision of the construction of what is perhaps his most popular design: [[Queen Mary's Dolls' House]]. This four-storey [[Palladian]] villa was built in 1/12 scale and is now a permanent exhibit in the public area of [[Windsor Castle]]. It was not conceived or built as a plaything for children; its goal was to exhibit the finest British craftsmanship of the period.

Lutyens was commissioned in 1929 to design a new [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[Liverpool]]. He planned a vast building of brick and granite, topped with towers and a {{Convert|510|ft|m|abbr=|adj=on}} dome, with commissioned sculpture work by [[Charles Sargeant Jagger]] and [[W. C. H. King]]. Work on this building started in 1933, but was halted during [[World War II]]. After the war, the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed. A model of Lutyens' unrealised building was given to and restored by the [[Walker Art Gallery]] in 1975 and is now on display in the [[Museum of Liverpool]].<ref name=apollo>[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/ Conserving the Lutyens cathedral model, Liverpool museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202152343/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/ |date=2 February 2012 }}. Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</ref> The architect of the present [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral]], which was built over part of the crypt and consecrated in 1967, was Sir [[Frederick Gibberd]].

In 1945, a year after his death, ''A Plan for the City & County of [[Kingston upon Hull]]'' was published. Lutyens worked on the plan with Sir [[Patrick Abercrombie]] and they are credited as its co-authors. Abercrombie's introduction in the plan makes special reference to Lutyens' contribution. The plan was, however, rejected by [[Hull City Council]]. He was also involved in the Royal Academy's planning for post-war London, an endeavour dismissed by [[Osbert Lancaster]] as "... not unlike what the new [[Nuremberg]] might have been had [[Adolf Hitler|the Fuhrer]] enjoyed the inestimable advantage of the advice and guidance of the late Sir [[Aston Webb]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-edwin-lutyens/10029787.article|title=The rise and fall and rise of Edwin Lutyens|first1=Gavin|last1=Stamp|website=Architectural Review|date=19 November 1981}}</ref>

===Overseas commissions===
====Ireland (1906–1918)====
Works in [[Ireland]] include the [[Irish National War Memorial Gardens]] in [[Islandbridge]] in [[Dublin]], which consists of a bridge over the railway and a bridge over the [[River Liffey]] (unbuilt) and two tiered sunken gardens; [[Heywood House Gardens]], [[County Laois]] (open to the public), consisting of a hedge garden, lawns, tiered sunken garden and a belvedere; extensive changes and extensions to Lambay Castle, [[Lambay Island]], near Dublin, consisting of a circular battlement enclosing the restored and extended castle and farm building complex, upgraded cottages and stores near the harbour, a real tennis court, a large guest house (The White House), a boathouse and a chapel; alterations and extensions to [[Howth Castle]], [[County Dublin]]; the unbuilt [[Hugh Lane]] gallery straddling the [[River Liffey]] on the site of the [[Ha'penny Bridge]] and the unbuilt [[Hugh Lane Gallery]] on the west side of [[St Stephen's Green]]; and [[Costelloe Lodge]] at [[Casla]] (also known as Costelloe), [[County Galway]] (that was used for refuge by [[J. Bruce Ismay]], the Chairman of the [[White Star Line]], following the sinking of the [[R.M.S. Titanic|R.M.S. ''Titanic'']]). In 1907, Lutyens designed [[Tranarossan House]], located just north of [[Downings]] on the [[Rosguill]] Peninsula on the north coast of [[County Donegal]].<ref>[[Alistair Rowan]], ''[[The Buildings of Ireland]]: North West Ulster'', p. 169. [[Yale University Press]], [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] and London, 2003 (originally published by [[Penguin Books|Penguin]], London, 1979).</ref> The house was built of local granite for Mr and Mrs Phillimore, from London, as a holiday home. In 1937, Mrs Phillimore donated it to ''[[An Óige]]'' (Irish Youth Hostels Association) for the "youth of Ireland", and it has been a hostel ever since.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anoige.ie/tra-na-rosann/ |title=Trá na Rosann |website=Anoige |language=en-GB |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110045333/https://anoige.ie/tra-na-rosann/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== India (1912–1930) ====
{{Main|Lutyens' Delhi}}
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan Wide New Delhi India.jpg|thumb|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], formerly known as Viceroy's House, was designed by Lutyens.]]

Largely designed by Lutyens over 20 or so years (1912 to 1930), New Delhi, situated within the metropolis of [[Delhi]], popularly known as '[[Lutyens' Delhi]]', was chosen to replace [[Calcutta]] as the seat of the British Indian government in 1911;{{sfn|Irving|1981|p=29}} the project was completed in 1929 and officially inaugurated in 1931. In undertaking this project, Lutyens invented his own new order of classical architecture, which has become known as the [[Delhi Order]] and was used by him for several designs in England, such as [[Campion Hall, Oxford]]. Unlike the more traditional British architects who came before him, he was both inspired by and incorporated various features from the local and traditional Indian architecture—something most clearly seen in the great drum-mounted Buddhist dome of Viceroy's House, now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. This palatial building, containing 340 rooms, is built on an area of some {{convert|330|acre|ha}} and incorporates a private garden also designed by Lutyens. The building was designed as the official residence of the [[Viceroy of India]] and is now the official residence of the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-heritage-tour-from-tughlaq-to-british-era-cycle-your-way-to-historical-monuments/story-j3wSwSJyQcctJDwyFqBybI.html |title = Delhi heritage tour: From Tughlaq to British era, cycle your way to historical monuments |newspaper = Hindustan Times |date=8 June 2017 |access-date = 3 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://interiordesigningweb.com/2016/12/05/edwin-lutyens-pioneers/ |title=Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, English architect and designer |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220132703/http://interiordesigningweb.com/2016/12/05/edwin-lutyens-pioneers/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/indias-roads-whose-space-is-it-anyway-17555|title=India's roads: Whose space is it anyway? |date=3 July 2017 |access-date = 3 July 2017}}</ref>

The Delhi Order columns at the front entrance of the palace have bells carved into them, which, it has been suggested, Lutyens had designed with the idea that as the bells were silent the British rule would never come to an end. At one time, more than 2,000 people were required to care for the building and serve the Viceroy's household.

The new city contains both the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament buildings]] and [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|government offices]] (many designed by Herbert Baker) and was built distinctively of the local red sandstone using the traditional [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] style.

When composing the plans for New Delhi, Lutyens planned for the new city to lie southwest of the walled city of [[Shahjahanbad]]. His plans for the city also laid out the street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues.

Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the place where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market. It was there that Lutyens imagined the Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the D-shaped market seen today.

Many of the garden-ringed villas in the [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]] (LBZ)—also known as Lutyens' Delhi—that were part of Lutyens' original scheme for New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi. The LBZ was placed on the 2002 [[World Monuments Fund]] Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites. None of the bungalows in the LBZ were designed by Lutyens—he only designed the four bungalows in the Presidential Estate surrounding Rashtrapati Bhavan at Willingdon Crescent, now known as Mother Teresa Crescent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lutyens himself designed only four bungalows |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022220818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |archive-date = 22 October 2012}}</ref> Other buildings in Delhi that Lutyens designed include [[Baroda House]], [[Bikaner House]], [[Hyderabad House]], and [[Patiala House Courts Complex|Patiala House]].<ref>Prakash, Om (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC Cultural History Of India]''. New Age International, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-224-1587-3}}. p. 217.</ref>

In recognition of his architectural accomplishments for the British Raj, Lutyens was made a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) on 1 January 1930.<ref name="gazette2">{{London Gazette
|issue=33566
|page=5
|date=1 January 1930
|supp=y
}}</ref> As a chivalric order, the KCIE knighthood held precedence over his earlier [[knight bachelor|bachelor knighthood]].

A bust of Lutyens in the former Viceroy's House is the only statue of a Westerner left in its original position in New Delhi. Lutyens' work in New Delhi is the focus of [[Robert Grant Irving]]'s book ''Indian Summer''.

In spite of his monumental work in India, Lutyens held views on the peoples of the Indian sub-continent which would now be considered racist, although they were common at the time among many of his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jun/23/biography.art |title=The Architect And His Wife, The Life of Edwin Lutyens |access-date=25 January 2014 |newspaper = The Guardian }}</ref> He thought the Indian Indo-Saracenic style was "formless, not of carved decoration, an anathema...hardly qualified as architecture at all." Endless battles were fought between him and Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Hardinge]] over architectural style: Lutyens wanted classical, the architecture of the Empire – Hardinge wanted elements of the Indian vernacular for political reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=The Architect and His Wife: A Life of Edwin Lutyens |page=257}}</ref> An unapologetic spokesman of British imperialism he built the Viceroy's Palace as a symbol of glory of the Raj, and considered Indians to be primitive as yet on the verge of civilization who deserved to be ruled in perpetuity by the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=Pavan |title=Becoming Indian: The Unfinished Revolution of Culture and Identity |publisher=[[Allen Lane]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-670-08346-6 |pages=98–105}}</ref>

==== Spain (1915–1928)====
In [[Madrid]], Lutyens' work can be seen in the interiors of the [[Liria Palace]], a neoclassical building which was severely damaged during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29543345 | jstor=29543345 | title=Lutyens and Spain | last1=Stamp | first1=Gavin | last2=Richardson | first2=Margaret | journal=AA Files | year=1983 | issue=3 | pages=51–59 }}</ref> The palace was originally built in the 18th century for [[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick]], and still belongs to his descendants. Lutyens' reconstruction was commissioned by [[Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba]]. The Duke had been in contact with Lutyens while serving as the Spanish ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]].

Between 1915 and 1928, Lutyens also produced designs for a new palace for the Duke of Alba's younger brother, [[Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duke of Peñaranda]]. The palace of El Guadalperal, as it was to be called, would have been, if built, Edwin Lutyens's largest country house.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1017/arh.2017.10 | doi=10.1017/arh.2017.10 | title=Edwin Lutyens in Spain: The Palace of El Guadalperal | year=2017 | last1=Basarrate | first1=Íñigo | journal=Architectural History | volume=60 | pages=303–339 | s2cid=194864199 }}</ref>
[[File:JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH PEARSON and SIR EDWIN LANDSEER LUTYENS - 13 Mansfield Street Marylebone London W1G 9NZ.jpg|thumb|right|13 [[Mansfield Street, London|Mansfield Street]], Marylebone, Lutyens' London home from 1919 to his death in 1944]]

== Personal life ==
Lutyens married [[Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton]] (1874–1964) on 4 August 1897 at [[Knebworth]], Hertfordshire. She was third daughter of [[Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Countess of Lytton|Edith]] (née Villiers) and the [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|1st Earl of Lytton]], a former [[Viceroy of India]]. Lady Emily had proposed to Lutyens two years before the wedding, and her parents disapproved of the marriage.{{sfn|Lutyens|1980|p=52}} Their marriage was largely unsatisfactory, practically from the start, with Lady Emily developing interests in [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophy]], Eastern religions, and being drawn both emotionally and philosophically to [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]].{{sfn|Ridley|2002|pp=257–258}} They had five children:

* Barbara Lutyens (1898–1981), second wife of [[Euan Wallace]] (1892–1941), Minister of Transport.{{sfn|Percy|Ridley|1988|p=53}}
* [[Robert Lutyens]] (1901–1971), interior designer. Designed the façade used for over 40 [[Marks & Spencer]] stores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Lutyens |url = http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=202099 |website=Dictionary of Scottish Architects |access-date=13 July 2016 }}</ref>
* Ursula Lutyens (1904–1967), wife of the [[Matthew White Ridley, 3rd Viscount Ridley|3rd Viscount Ridley]]. They were the parents of the [[Matthew White Ridley, 4th Viscount Ridley|4th Viscount Ridley]] (1925–2012), and of the Cabinet Minister [[Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale|Nicholas Ridley]] (1929–1993). Nicholas Ridley was the father of Edwin Lutyens' biographer, [[Jane Ridley]].
* [[Elisabeth Lutyens|(Agnes) Elisabeth Lutyens]] (1906–1983), a well-known composer. Second marriage to the conductor [[Edward Clark (conductor)|Edward Clark]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=40709|title=Clark, (Thomas) Edward}}</ref>
* [[Mary Lutyens|(Edith Penelope) Mary Lutyens]] (1908–1999),<ref>{{cite web|title=(Edith Penelope) Mary Lutyens (1909–1999) |url = http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp101236/edith-penelope-mary-lutyens |website=National Portrait Gallery |access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> a writer known for her books about the philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti.

During the later years of his life, Lutyens suffered with several bouts of [[pneumonia]].

==Death==
In the early 1940s he was diagnosed with [[cancer]]. He died on 1 January 1944 and was [[cremated]] at [[Golders Green Crematorium]] in north London where he had designed the Philipson [[Mausoleum]] in 1914–1916. His ashes were interred in the crypt of [[St. Paul's Cathedral]], beneath a memorial designed by his friend and fellow architect [[William Curtis Green]].

== Major buildings and projects ==
{{Main category|Works of Edwin Lutyens}}
{{Main list|List of works by Edwin Lutyens}}
* 1897: [[Munstead Wood]], Surrey
* 1899: [[Orchards, Surrey]]
* 1900: [[Goddards]], Surrey
* 1901: [[Tigbourne Court]], Surrey
* 1901: [[Deanery Garden]], Sonning, Berkshire
* 1903: [[Papillon Hall, Lubenham]], Leicestershire
* 1906: [[Lincoln's Inn House, 42 Kingsway]], London
* 1911: [[British Medical Association]] in [[Tavistock Square]], London<ref name="BMA">{{cite web|title=About BMA House|url=https://bmahouse.org.uk/about/|access-date=12 July 2016|website=BMA House}}</ref>
* 1912: [[Great Dixter]], Northiam, East Sussex
* 1924-37 [[Midland Bank, Poultry]]
* 1928: [[Hyderabad House]], New Delhi
* 1929: [[Rashtrapathi Bhavan]], New Delhi
* 1930: [[Castle Drogo]], [[Drewsteignton]], Devon
* 1935: [[100 King Street|The Midland Bank]], Manchester
* 1936: [[Baroda House]], New Delhi
* 1936—1938: [[Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial]], Somme, France

== Recognition and legacy ==
[[File:Edwin Lutyens memorial.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Lutyens by [[Stephen Cox (sculptor)|Stephen Cox]] (2015)]]

Lutyens received the RIBA [[Royal Gold Medal]] in 1921, and the [[AIA Gold Medal|American Institute of Architects Gold Medal]] in 1925. In November 2015 the British government announced that all 44 of Lutyens' First World War memorials in Britain{{NoteTag|43 in England, 1 in Wales}} had now been listed on the advice of [[Historic England]], and were therefore all protected by law. This involved the one remaining memorial—the [[Gerrards Cross Memorial Building]] in [[Buckinghamshire]]—being added to the list, plus a further fourteen having their statuses upgraded.<ref>{{cite web |title = National Collection of Lutyens' War Memorials Listed |url = http://historicengland.org.uk/news-and-features/news/lutyens-war-memorials |website=[[Historic England]] |date = 7 November 2015 |publisher=Historic England |access-date=9 November 2015 }}</ref>

The architectural critic [[Ian Nairn]] wrote of Lutyen's Surrey "masterpieces" in the 1971 ''Surrey'' volume of the [[Pevsner Architectural Guides|''Buildings of England'' series]], while noting that; "the genius and the charlatan were very close together in Lutyens".{{sfn|Nairn|Pevsner|Cherry|1971|p=70}} In the introduction to the catalogue for the 1981 Lutyens exhibition at the [[Hayward Gallery]], the architectural writer Colin Amery described Lutyens as "the builder of some of our finest country houses and gardens".{{sfn|Amery|Richardson|Stamp|1981|p=8}}

In 2015 a memorial to Lutyens by the sculptor [[Stephen Cox (sculptor)|Stephen Cox]] was erected in Apple Tree Yard, Mayfair, London, adjacent to the studio where Lutyens prepared the designs for New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |last = Cox |first = Stephen |author-link = Stephen Cox (sculptor) |title=Apple Tree Yard Sculpture Honours Spirit of Lutyens |url = http://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/portfolio-item/apple-tree-yard-sculpture-honours-spirit-lutyens/ |website=The Lutyens Trust |access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hancock |first=Michaila |date=3 June 2015 |title=Eric Parry completes St James's Square office |url = https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/eric-parry-completes-st-jamess-square-office/8683365.article |magazine=[[Architects' Journal]] |location=London |access-date=10 May 2019 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="154">
File:Goddards, Abinger Common, Surrey-1093965338.jpg|[[Goddards]], Surrey (1898–1900)
File:Tigbourne Court DSC 1744.jpg|[[Tigbourne Court]], Surrey (1899–1901)
File:Greywalls1.jpg|Greywalls house, East Lothian, Scotland (1901)
File:Lutyens houses and gardens (1921) page 72.jpg| [[Little Thakeham]], West Sussex (1902)
File:Lutoffice8Jl6-3786.jpg|Daneshill Brick and Tile Company offices, near [[Old Basing]], Hampshire (1903)<ref>{{cite journal |last = Wright |first = Tony |title=Sir Edwin Lutyens and the Daneshill Brickworks|journal=British Brick Society Information |date=Feb 2002 |volume=87 |pages=22–26 |issn = 0960-7870 }}</ref>
File:Country Life Offices London.jpg|Country Life Offices, [[Tavistock Street]], London (1905)<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Life building, Tavistock Street, London |url = https://www.architecture.com/image-library/RIBApix/image-information/poster/country-life-building-tavistock-street-london/posterid/RIBA10382.html |publisher=RIBA |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>
File:Hestercombe, Great Plat.jpg|[[Hestercombe House]], Somerset, with [[Gertrude Jekyll]] (1904–1906)
File:Heathcote - geograph.org.uk - 378865.jpg|[[Heathcote, Ilkley]], Yorkshire (1906–1908)
File:Free Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb.jpg|[[Free Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb]], London (1908–1910)
File:South Africa - Anglo-Boer War Memorial-001.jpg|[[Anglo-Boer War Memorial (Johannesburg)|Anglo-Boer War Memorial]], Johannesburg (1910)
File:NashdomMist.jpg|[[Nashdom]], [[Taplow]], Buckinghamshire (1908–1911)
File:BMA House.JPG|[[British Medical Association]], [[Tavistock Square]], London (1911)<ref name="BMA" />
File:Henrietta Barnett School, London NW11.jpg|[[Henrietta Barnett School]], Hampstead Garden Suburb, London (1911)
File:9 2 228 0069-Art Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg|[[Johannesburg Art Gallery]], Klein Street (1910–1915)
File:Abbey House Hotel south elevation.JPG|[[Abbey House, Barrow-in-Furness]], Cumbria (1914)
File:British School at Rome by Edwin Luytens.jpg|Portico of the [[British School at Rome]] (1916)
File:Midland Railway War Memorial, Derby 10 (cropped).jpg|[[Midland Railway War Memorial, Derby]] (1920)
File:Mells Somerset2.JPG|[[Mells War Memorial]], Somerset (1921)
File:India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|The [[India Gate]], New Delhi (1921)
File:Hauser and Wirth 196 Piccadilly.jpg|Midland Bank, Piccadilly, London (1922–1923)
File:Lutyens Midland Bank.JPG|Midland Bank Headquarters, [[Poultry, London]] (1924)<ref>{{National Heritage List for England |num=1064598|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>
File:VictorySquare 1932.jpg|[[Victory Square, Vancouver|Victory Square Cenotaph, Vancouver]] (1924)
File:Lutyens Britannic House.JPG|Britannic House, [[Finsbury Circus]], London (1921–1925)
File:War Memorial Leicester, Summer 2009.jpg|[[Arch of Remembrance]], Leicester (1925)
File:Victoria park cenotaph.jpg|[[Cenotaph (Saskatchewan)|Cenotaph, Regina, Saskatchewan]] (1926)
File:British Ambassador's Residence, Washington, D.C.jpg|[[British Ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.|British Ambassador's residence, Washington, D.C.]] (1928)
File:Hallway in the Chancery and residence of the Ambassador of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C LCCN2011631264.tif|Hallway in British Ambassador's residence Washington, D.C. (1928)
File:EH1031597 Merchant Seamens Memorial 02.JPG|[[Tower Hill Memorial]], Trinity Square, London (1928)
File:67-68 Pall Mall.jpg|67–68 [[Pall Mall, London]] (1928)<ref>{{cite web |title = To Plan a Tour of Lutyens Buildings |url = http://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/to-plan-a-tour-of-lutyens-buildings/ |website=The Luytens Trust|access-date=13 July 2016 }}</ref>
File:Park Lane view.jpg|[[Grosvenor House Hotel]], Mayfair, London (1929)
File:Rashtrapati Bhavan-2.jpg|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], New Delhi (1912–1929)
File:Drogo-wyrd-01.jpg|[[Castle Drogo]], [[Devon]] (1911–1930)
File:Page Street (188242395).jpg|alt=Grosvenor estate, Page Street, London (1928-1930). Photo description: The buildings with their chess board facades and the courtyards seen from the street.|Social housing for Grosvenor Estate and Westminster Council, [[Page Street]], London (1928–1930)
File:Hampton Court Bridge 1.jpg|[[Hampton Court Bridge]], London (1933)
File:LPoolLutyens-wyrdlight-802726.jpg|Architectural model of unrealised design for [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral]] (1933)<ref>{{cite web|title=Conserving the Lutyens cathedral model|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/|website=Liverpool Museums|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>
File:Steps to Liverpool met crypt chapel.jpg|Crypt of Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral 1933–1941, the only part of Lutyens's design built
File:Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery -13.jpg|[[Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme]], France (1928–1932)
File:LodgeRunnymede.jpg|[[Urban H. Broughton|Broughton]] memorial lodge, [[Runnymede]], Surrey (1930–1932)<ref>{{National Heritage List for England |num=1189781 |access-date=13 July 2016 }}</ref>
File:St Jude's, Hampstead Garden Suburb.jpg|[[St Jude's Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb]], London (1909–1935)
File:Reuters Building, Fleet Street-378846213.jpg|Reuters & Press Association Building, 85 Fleet Street, London (1934–1938)
File:CampionHall.jpg|[[Campion Hall, Oxford]] (1936)
File:Circular Rose Garden pond in winter.jpg|[[Irish National War Memorial Gardens]], Dublin (1932–1940)
File:Runnymede Bridge (upstream).JPG|[[Runnymede Bridge]], Surrey (opened 1961)<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Baldwin |editor1-first=Peter |title = The motorway achievement |year=2004|publisher=Telford |location=London |isbn = 9780727731968 |page=308 |url = {{Google books|ndZVcax375EC|page=308|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref>
File:Tra Na Rosann Hostel.jpg|[[Tranarossan House]], [[Downings]], County Donegal, Ireland
</gallery>

== Publications ==
* Edwin Lutyens & Charles Bressey, ''The Highway Development Survey'', Ministry of Transport, 1937
* Edwin Lutyens & Patrick Abercrombie, ''A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull'', Brown (London & Hull), 1945.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Architecture|Biography|United Kingdom}}
* [[Herbert Tudor Buckland]], a contemporary Arts & Crafts architect
* [[Butterfly plan]]
* [[History of gardening]]
* [[:Category:Landscape design history|Landscape design history]] (category)
* [[Hestercombe Gardens]]
* [[Rosehaugh House]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Amery |first1=Colin
|last2=Richardson |first2=Margaret
|last3=Stamp |first3=Gavin |author3-link = Gavin Stamp
|title = Lutyens: The Work of the English Architect Sir Edwin Lutyens
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8N5PAAAAMAAJ&q=Lutyens:+The+Work+of+the+English+Architect+Sir+Edwin+Lutyens
|year=1981
|location=London
|publisher=[[Arts Council of Great Britain]]
|isbn = 9780728703032
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Brown |first=Jane
|title = Lutyens and the Edwardians
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NeBPAAAAMAAJ&q=Lutyens+and+the+Edwardians
|location=London
|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]
|year=1997
|isbn = 9780140242690
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Dunster |first=David
|title = Edwin Lutyens
|location=London
|publisher=[[Andreas Papadakis|Academy Editions]]
|year=1986
|isbn = 9780312239183
|oclc=757002578
}}
* {{cite book
|first1 = David C. |last1=Goodman
|first2=Colin |last2=Chant
|title=European Cities & Technology: Industrial to Post-industrial City
|publisher=Routledge
|year=1999
|isbn = 9780415200820
|oclc=807453904
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Gradidge|first=Roderick
|author-link = Roderick Gradidge
|title = Edwin Lutyens: Architect Laureate
|year=1981
|publisher = [[Allen & Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]]
|location=London
|isbn = 9780047200236
|oclc=924831360
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Hussey |first=Christopher
|author-link = Christopher Hussey (historian)
|title = The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=89RpQgAACAAJ&q=The+Life+of+Sir+Edwin+Lutyens
|location=[[Woodbridge, Suffolk|Woodbridge]]
|orig-year=1950
|year=1989
|publisher = Antique Collectors Club
|isbn = 978-0-907462-59-0
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Robert Grant|last=Irving
|title=Indian Summer: Lutyens, Baker and Imperial Delhi
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DbQoMQAACAAJ&q=Indian+Summer:+Lutyens,+Baker+and+Imperial+Delhi
|location=London
|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]
|year=1981
|isbn = 978-0-300-02422-7
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Lutyens |first=Edwin
|editor1= Clayre Percy
|editor2=Jane Ridley
|editor2-link=Jane Ridley
|title = The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to his wife, Lady Emily
|year=1989
|publisher =[[Hamish Hamilton]]
|location=London
|isbn = 9780241124765
|ref= {{sfnRef|Percy|Ridley|1988}}
|oclc=466283124
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Mary |last=Lutyens
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|title = Edwin Lutyens
|location = London
|publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]
|year=1980
|isbn = 978-0-7195-3777-6
|oclc=469680629
}}
* {{cite book
|title = The English House
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|author-link = Hermann Muthesius
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|publisher=[[Granada plc|Granada Publishing]]
|location=Frogmore
|isbn = 978-0-258-97101-7
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Nairn |first1=Ian
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|title=Surrey
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|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]
|location=Middlesex, England
|isbn = 978-0-300-09675-0
}}
* {{cite book
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|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]
|location=London and New Haven, CT
|isbn = 9780300185065
}}
* {{cite book
|first=John F. |last=Pile
|title = A History of Interior Design
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|publisher=Laurence King Publishing
|year=2005
|isbn = 9781856694186
}}
* {{cite book
|first = Jane
|last = Ridley
|author-link = Jane Ridley
|title = Edwin Lutyens: His Life, His Wife, His Work
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e5FQAAAAMAAJ&q=Edwin+Lutyens:+His+Life,+His+Wife,+His+Work
|year = 2002
|location=London
|publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]]
|isbn = 978-0-7011-7201-5
}}
* {{cite book
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|author-link = Gavin Stamp
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|title = The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme
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|location = London
|edition = 2007
|publisher = [[Profile Books]]
|isbn = 978-1-86197-896-7
|ref = {{sfnRef|Stamp|2007}}
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Vale
|first=Lawrence J.
|title = Architecture, Power, and National Identity
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3Fm3XlYuSzAC&q=lutyens+new+delhi&pg=RA1-PA92
|year=1992
|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]
|location= New Haven and London
|isbn= 9780300049589
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wilhide
|first=Elizabeth
|title = Sir Edwin Lutyens: Designing in the English Tradition
|year=2000
|publisher=[[Pavilion Books]]
|location= London
|isbn= 9781857936889
|oclc=469379799
}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Hopkins|editor1-first=Andrew |editor2-link= Gavin Stamp |editor2-last = Stamp |editor2-first = Gavin |year=2002|title=Lutyens Abroad: the Work of Sir Edwin Lutyens Outside the British Isles |location = London|publisher=[[British School at Rome]] |isbn = 0-904152-37-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Petter|first=Hugh|year=1992 |title = Lutyens in Italy: The Building of the British School at Rome |location=London |publisher=British School at Rome |isbn = 0-904152-21-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Skelton|first1=Tim|last2=Gliddon|first2=Gerald|year=2008 |title = Lutyens and the Great War |location=London |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln Publishers|Frances Lincoln]] |isbn = 978-0-7112-2878-8 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{EB1922 Poster|Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer|Edwin Lutyens}}
* [http://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/ The Lutyens Trust]
* [http://www.city-journal.org/html/8_2_urbanities-architect.html Jane Ridley, "Architect for the metropolis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330163104/http://www.city-journal.org/html/8_2_urbanities-architect.html |date=30 March 2009 }}, ''City Journal'', Spring 1998
* [http://www.wardsbookofdays.com/29march.htm The creations of Sir Edwin Lutyens] – ''Ward's Book of Days'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217215148/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/cathedral/history/index.asp The cathedral that never was] – exhibition of Lutyens' cathedral model at the Walker Art Gallery (archived 17 December 2007)
* {{cite web |title=The history of the Bois des Moutiers |last1=Louvet|first1=Solange|last2=de Givry |first2=Jacques |url = http://www.boisdesmoutiers.com/HistoireBoisdesMoutiersNewGB.php }} – An 1898 house in France designed by Lutyens and its garden designed by Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll.
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/16010725@N06/albums/72157627816920018/ Collection of over 2000 photos of Lutyens' work] on [[Flickr]]

{{Clear}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-culture}}
{{s-bef |before=[[William Llewellyn (painter)|Sir William Llewellyn]] }}
{{s-ttl |title=[[List of officers of the Royal Academy of Arts#Presidents (PRA)|President of the Royal Academy]] |years=1938–1944 }}
{{s-aft |after=[[Alfred Munnings]]}}
{{s-court}}
{{s-bef |before = [[Sir Malcolm Fraser, 1st Baronet]] }}
{{s-ttl |title = [[Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor|Registrar of the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor]]|years = 1941–1944 }}
{{s-aft |after = [[Sir Thomas Lumley-Smith]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lutyens, Edwin}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from London]]
[[Category:People of the Victorian era]]
[[Category:Architects from London]]
[[Category:British neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts movement artists]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts architects]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects]]
[[Category:19th-century English architects]]
[[Category:20th-century English architects]]
[[Category:Royal Academicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Art]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
[[Category:Golders Green Crematorium]]
[[Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral]]
[[Category:Lutyens family]]
[[Category:Masters of the Art Worker's Guild]]
[[Category:Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal]]