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Jomo Kenyatta International Airport

2023-04-14T11:09:23Z

95.143.53.196: /* Ground transport */

{{Short description|International airport in Nairobi, Kenya}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
| nativename = ''Uwanja wa Kimataifa wa Jomo Kenyatta''
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image = Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA).jpg
| image-width = 250
| IATA = NBO
| ICAO = HKJK
| WMO = 63740
| type = Public/Military
| owner =
| operator = [[Kenya Airports Authority]]
| city-served = [[Nairobi|Nairobi Metropolitan Region]]
| location = [[Embakasi]], [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]
| hub = <div>
* [[Kenya Airways]]
* [[Jambojet]]
* [[Fly540]]
* [[African Express Airways]]</div>
| elevation-f = 5,330
| elevation-m = 1,624
| coordinates = {{coord|01|19|07|S|36|55|33|E|region:KE|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|kaa.go.ke}}
| pushpin_map = Kenya
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_label = '''NBO'''
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Kenya
| metric-elev = y
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 06/24
| r1-length-f = 13,507
| r1-length-m = 4,200
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = 2020
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 984,769 {{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
| stat2-header = Aircraft Movements
| stat2-data = 2,000 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kaa.go.ke/?ddownload=4716 | title=Passenger and Cargo Traffic-April 2018 | access-date=28 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727083653/https://www.kaa.go.ke/?ddownload=4716 | archive-date=27 July 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| stat3-header = Economic Impact
| stat3-data = 0.01% of GDP ($781 Million / KES 1.8 Billion) <ref name="passengers">{{cite web | url=https://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/Benefits-of-Aviation-Kenya-2011.pdf | title=JKIA's Contribution to economy | access-date=5 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084719/https://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/Benefits-of-Aviation-Kenya-2011.pdf | archive-date=27 March 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| footnotes = Latitude and longitude provided by [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106084714/https://www.kaa.go.ke/airports/nairobi-jomo-kenyatta-intl-airport/airport-information-nairobi/facts-and-figures-nairobi Kenya Airports Authority]
}}
'''Jomo Kenyatta International Airport''' {{Airport codes|NBO|HKJK}}, is an [[international airport]] serving [[Nairobi]], the capital and largest city of [[Kenya]]. The other three important international airports in Kenya include [[Kisumu International Airport]], [[Moi International Airport]] and [[Eldoret International Airport]]. JKIA is located in the [[Embakasi]] suburb {{convert|18|km|0}} southeast of Nairobi's central business district, the airport has scheduled flights to destinations in over 50 countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://info.flightmapper.net/airport/NBO | title=Jomo Kenyatta, Nairobi (NBO) flight index | access-date=7 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814230547/http://info.flightmapper.net/airport/NBO | archive-date=14 August 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> Originally named '''Embakasi Airport''', the airport's name was changed in 1978 after [[Jomo Kenyatta]], Kenya's [[List of Presidents of Kenya|first President]] and [[Prime Minister of Kenya|Prime Minister]]. The airport served over 7 million passengers in 2016,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001232614/aviation-sector-in-new-high-as-passenger-numbers-hit-record-10-million | title=JKIA passenger numbers hit record high | access-date=5 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314073709/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001232614/aviation-sector-in-new-high-as-passenger-numbers-hit-record-10-million | archive-date=14 March 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> making it the seventh busiest airport in passenger traffic on the continent.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://twitter.com/AfroVisualData/status/857929970244612096 | title=AfroVisual Data "Africa's Top 10 Busiest Airports in 2016" | access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>

The postal code for Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) is '''00501'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nash |title=Nairobi Postal Code is 00100 - Complete List - 2023 [BEST] |url=https://nashthuo.com/nairobi-postal-code/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=nashthuo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

==History==
===1950s and 1960s===
[[File:Embakasi Airport in 1958 now JKIA.jpg|thumb|left|Embakasi Airport in 1958]]
[[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - East Africa 1975 - 05 - 005 - Embakasi Airport (later Jomo Kenyatta International Airport), Kenya. The lawn of the airport with vans - Nairobi, Kenya.jpg|thumb|left|Embakasi Airport in 1975.]]
Discussions about building the airport date back to 1945. At that time, the colonial power—Britain—and its national airline, [[BOAC]], were worried that the existing airport at Eastleigh was inadequate for post-War civilian airliners. The costs of improving Eastleigh versus developing a new airport occupied planners for 8 years. Who would pay was a major issue.<ref>Pirie, Gordon: "[https://theconversation.com/nairobis-airports-windows-on-kenyas-colonial-past-and-top-down-planning-154208 Nairobi's airports -- windows on Kenya's colonial past and top-down planning]".</ref>

Plans for the airport were drawn up in 1953, work started in January 1954, and by mid-1957 it was found possible to bring the operational date forward to mid-March 1958.{{cn|date=October 2022}} The task was by no means straightforward, and many problems —largely of a civil engineering nature—had to be overcome before the runway could be built. An extensive amount of the airport's construction was done utilizing forced labor, many of whom were [[Mau Mau Uprising|Mau Mau rebels]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rodney |first=Walter |title=How Europe Underdeveloped Africa |url=https://twitter.com/Tom_Courtright/status/1590006871032991745}}</ref> Due to the enormous pressure to finish the airport and the high amount of labor necessary, it was not uncommon to work the laborers to the point where some of them died of exhaustion. The working conditions were so poor that were reports of [[suicide]]s and [[Self-harm|self-mutilation]] among the laborers.<ref>Elkins, Caroline; "Britain's Gulag - The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya (2014), p. 187f; {{ISBN|978-1-847-92294-6}}"</ref> The site chosen, on a great lava plain, is a pilot's and a controller's dream: {{convert|18|km}} from the centre of Nairobi (the city's two other airports, Eastleigh and Wilson, are closer), its approaches are free from any obstruction for at least {{convert|18|km|abbr=on}} in any direction. The nearest mountain ("high ground") would be a misnomer when Embakasi itself is {{convert|1624|m}} [[AMSL]]), {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} away, and 10 degrees off the runway centre-line.{{cn|date=October 2022}} Visibility rarely falls below this obstruction-distance in the clear air of the plains, and it may have been possible to see the summit of Mount Meru in Northern Tanzania, about {{convert|220|km|abbr=on}} away; both Kilimanjaro {{convert|213|km|abbr=on}} away and Mount Kenya could be clearly seen.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

On Sunday 9 March 1958, ''Embakasi Airport'' (now JKIA) was opened by the last colonial governor of Kenya, [[Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale|Sir Evelyn Baring]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Nairobi's New Airport | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1958/1958%20-%200313.PDF | access-date=7 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305164858/https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1958/1958%20-%200313.PDF | archive-date=5 March 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> The airport was due to be opened by [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]; however, she was delayed in Australia due to an engine failure on her Qantas [[Lockheed Super Constellation]] aircraft. Due to this, the Queen was unable to attend the ceremony.

The {{convert|3048|m}} runway at the then Embakasi Airport was a big improvement on Eastleigh's {{convert|2432|m}} [[murram]] runway, which in the rainy months was unsuitable for Britannias. The runway was {{convert|3048|m}} long between thresholds, and was sited roughly 06-24. The 06 approach was used on 90 per cent of the time. A basic strip {{convert|3292|m}} long and {{convert|152|m}} wide was prepared for the {{convert|46|m}} wide runway.{{cn|date=October 2022}} There were {{convert|8|m}} shoulders each side; and consequently {{convert|48|m}} run-offs beyond the shoulders. After cambering, weak spots were reset, and finally paving machinery was used to lay the asphalt surface. The result was an engineering success of which the contractors were very proud; so accurate was the cambering that the wet surface of the runway dried out evenly on each side of the centre-line. Physically, the great care taken in the engineering resulted in a load classification number of 100 being achieved. The surface at the time was strong enough to accept the [[Boeing 707]] at maximum gross weight, although {{convert|4572|m}} rather than {{convert|3048|m}} length was the probable all-weather length requirement. There was no physical limit to extending the paved length to this figure, but more definite plans for the operation of the big jets into Kenya was required before such an increase was contemplated.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

At the time in 1958, Nairobi was one of the few towns in the world that could boast of a 1965 airport with an expansion option at hand. The number of aircraft movements then was less than 600 per month. The airport architect was strongly influenced by the design of Kloten, Zurich, in the planning and design of Embakasi, although similarities were by no means obvious. Both airports are arranged so that arrival passengers can see completely through the building; the minimum of signs is required. And although Embakasi was designed to meet Nairobi's particular needs, both airports shared a lightness and spaciousness that was at the time extraordinarily refreshing. The fitting and colour schemes employed at the then Embakasi Airport were first-class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/EastAfrica/NairobiAirport/Nairobi%20Airports.htm|title=Nairobi Airports|access-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610112910/http://www.mccrow.org.uk/EastAfrica/NairobiAirport/Nairobi%20Airports.htm|archive-date=10 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1970s, 1980s and 1990s===
[[File:KQ B707 in NBO 77.jpg|thumb|left|A Kenya Airways Boeing 707 at a Nairobi Airshow in 1977]]

In 1972, the [[World Bank]] approved funds for further expansion of the airport, including a new international and domestic passenger terminal building, the airport's first dedicated cargo and freight terminal, new taxiways, associated aprons, internal roads, car parks, police and fire stations, a State Pavilion, airfield and roadway lighting, fire hydrant system, water, electrical, telecommunications and sewage systems, a dual carriageway passenger access road, security, drainage and the building of the main access road to the airport (Airport South Road). The total cost of the project was over US$29 million (US$111.8 million in 2013 dollars).<ref name="nairobiairport">{{cite web | title=Nairobi Airport Project | url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P001235/nairobi-airport-project?lang=en | publisher=The World Bank | access-date=7 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317022637/http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P001235/nairobi-airport-project?lang=en | archive-date=17 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 March 1978, construction of the current terminal building was completed on the other side of the airport's single runway and opened by President Kenyatta.<ref name="terminal4">{{cite web| title=Kenya Airport Authority concedes terminal 4 may not be ready until 2014| url=http://www.eturbonews.com/32290/kenya-airport-authority-concedes-terminal-4-may-not-be-ready-unt| publisher=eTurboNews| date=15 November 2012| access-date=7 August 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514202200/http://www.eturbonews.com/32290/kenya-airport-authority-concedes-terminal-4-may-not-be-ready-unt| archive-date=14 May 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> The airport was again renamed, this time in honour of President Kenyatta after his death about five months later on 22 August 1978.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

In October 1993, a British Airways [[Concorde]] landed at the airport for purposes of testing the aircraft's performance at high altitude.<ref>{{cite web | title=Concord landing in Nairobi Kenya Video |website = [[YouTube]]| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwrqAvJkiwQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/zwrqAvJkiwQ| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live| access-date=6 May 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===2000–present===
On 10 June 2008, [[Kenya Vision 2030]] was launched by President [[Mwai Kibaki]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vision2030.go.ke/projects/?pj=184 | title=Kenya Vision 2030 JKIA | access-date=6 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630012940/http://vision2030.go.ke/projects/?pj=184 | archive-date=30 June 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Under the vision, JKIA's aging infrastructure was to be upgraded to World Class standards. New terminals and runway upgrades were to be added in phases. The African Development Bank carried out an Environmental Impact Assessment on the development of Phase 1 of the proposed Green Field Terminal (GFT) which was expected to increase the capacity of JKIA to about 18.5 million passengers annually by the year 2030. The Greenfield Terminal project was to encompass the construction of a four level terminal building comprising a central processing area, a transit hotel, landside retail centers, arrivals and departures plaza. Ancillary facilities which would have included an access road, car parking, access taxiways, Ground Service Equipment (GSE) and bus parking areas.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/P-KE-DA0-004_KENYA_ESIA_Summary_JKIA_GreenField_Terminal_Building_Eng.pdf | title=Afdb JKIA Greenfield Terminal Environmental Impact Assessment | access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref>

On 29 March 2016, the KES 56 billion (US$560 Million) Greenfield Terminal Project was terminated by [[Kenya Airports Authority]] because the contractor failed to secure funds thus ending Kenya's vision of having the largest terminal in Africa.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/03/30/why-sh56-billion-jkia-greenfield-terminal-project-collapsed_c1321767 | title=Greenfield Terminal Project cancelled | access-date=6 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609204045/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/03/30/why-sh56-billion-jkia-greenfield-terminal-project-collapsed_c1321767 | archive-date=9 June 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2017, the airport was awarded a Category One Status by the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] of the United States, thus allowing possible direct flights between the US and Nairobi. Five other African countries have direct flights to the US (South Africa, Ethiopia, Egypt, Morocco, and Cabo Verde).<ref name="Reporter">{{cite web|first=Desie|last=Heita|url=https://www.newera.com.na/2017/05/22/air-namibia-granted-right-to-fly-into-us/|title=Air Namibia granted right to fly into US|website=New Era|date=22 May 2017|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522095711/https://www.newera.com.na/2017/05/22/air-namibia-granted-right-to-fly-into-us/|archive-date=22 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/JKIA-Category-1-status-direct-Kenya-US-flights/2560-3825284-wqeko4/index.html| title=JKIA achieves Category One Status| access-date=6 May 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503033326/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/JKIA-Category-1-status-direct-Kenya-US-flights/2560-3825284-wqeko4/index.html| archive-date=3 May 2017| url-status=live}}</ref>

===2013 fire===
{{main|Nairobi airport fire}}
[[File:JKIA fire.jpg|thumb|Aftermath of 2013 Fire at JKIA]]
On 7 August 2013, a fire originating in the immigration area caused massive damage to the airport and forced it to suspend operations temporarily. Unit 3, usually dedicated to domestic operations, was used temporarily for international traffic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-kenya-airport-fire-economy-20130807,0,1745295.story |title="Kenya scrambles to limit economic fallout from massive airport fire", ''Los Angeles Times'', reported by Nicholas Soi and Robyn Dixon, 7 August 2013 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=7 August 2013 |access-date=7 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808230358/http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-kenya-airport-fire-economy-20130807,0,1745295.story |archive-date=8 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The worst fire in the airport's history occurred on the fifteenth anniversary of the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]] in Nairobi and [[Dar es Salaam]], but no connection was immediately obvious and no terrorist group has claimed responsibility. The cause is not believed to be intentional, as no explosive devices were discovered during the initial investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/thecounties/article/2000090537/uhuru-dismisses-any-acts-of-terrorism-in-jkia-fire |title="President Uhuru Kenyatta dismisses any acts of terrorism in Jomo Kenyatta International Airport fire," ''Standard Media'', reported by PSCU, 9 August 2013 |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416144336/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/thecounties/article/2000090537/uhuru-dismisses-any-acts-of-terrorism-in-jkia-fire |archive-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-airport-fire-idUSBRE97605T20130807 |title="Fire guts Kenya's main airport, chokes regional gateway", ''Reuters'', reported by Drazen Jorgic, 7 August 2013 |website=[[Reuters]] |date=7 August 2013 |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924183646/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/07/us-kenya-airport-fire-idUSBRE97605T20130807 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Kenyan officials, firefighting efforts were hampered by some of the [[first responders]] choosing to loot the airport instead of fighting the blaze.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130810040339/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/first-responders-looted-nairobi-airport-banks-shops-while-building-burned/article13662141 "First responders looted Nairobi airport banks, shops while building burned", ''Associated Press'', reported by Jason Straziuso and Tom Odula, published in ''The Globe and Mail'', 8 August 2013]</ref> International arrivals had been bused to a temporary facility set up in the ground floor of the new parkade until the reconstruction of the damaged areas. In June 2015, a new, fully functional temporary terminal building became operational. This terminal building was planned for a design life of 10 years, until completion of the planned new permanent facility.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.roderhts.com/case-studies/nairobi-airport-terminal/ |title="Nairobi Airport Terminal Building", ''Röder HTS Höcker'', accessed 17 September 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222174733/http://www.roderhts.com/case-studies/nairobi-airport-terminal/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Facilities==

===Terminals===

[[File:Terminal 1A JKIA airside.jpg|thumb|Terminal 1A Airside in 2017]]
There are two terminals. Terminal 1 is arranged in a semi-circular orientation and is divided into four parts: 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1E are used for international arrivals and departures while terminal 1D is used for domestic departures and arrivals.<ref>[https://www.kaa.go.ke/airports/nairobi-jomo-kenyatta-intl-airport/airport-information-nairobi/facts-and-figures-nairobi "Facts and Figures – Nairobi", ''Kenya Airports Authority'', 9 December 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106084714/https://www.kaa.go.ke/airports/nairobi-jomo-kenyatta-intl-airport/airport-information-nairobi/facts-and-figures-nairobi |date=6 January 2014 }}</ref> Terminal 2 is used by low-cost carriers. The original terminal, located on the north side of the runway, is used by the [[Kenya Air Force]] and is sometimes referred as ''Old Embakasi Airport''.<ref name="mediamaxnetwork.co.ke">{{cite web | url=http://www.mediamaxnetwork.co.ke/business/280980/jkia-terminal-expansion-aims-25m-passengers/ | title=JKIA Terminal expansion targets 25m Passengers | access-date=5 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216070121/http://www.mediamaxnetwork.co.ke/business/280980/jkia-terminal-expansion-aims-25m-passengers/ | archive-date=16 December 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Figures from [[Kenya Airports Authority|KAA]] indicate that the airport's Terminal 1-A has a capacity of 2.5 million passengers <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kaa.go.ke/press_release/jkias-terminal-ia-arrivals-terminal-to-commence-operations/|title=JKIA's Terminal IA Arrivals Terminal to Commence Operations|date=26 April 2016|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211133451/https://www.kaa.go.ke/press_release/jkias-terminal-ia-arrivals-terminal-to-commence-operations/|archive-date=11 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kenyan government is targeting over 25 million passengers annually by 2025 on the expansion of JKIA's terminals.<ref name="mediamaxnetwork.co.ke"/> In 2016, JKIA accounted for more than 70 per cent of overall passenger traffic in the country. It also had over 7 million passengers pass through it. Domestic travellers through the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) made up 40% cent of overall passengers in 2016. This is an increase from 32% five years prior (2012).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001232614/aviation-sector-in-new-high-as-passenger-numbers-hit-record-10-million | title=Passenger numbers hit record high | access-date=5 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314073709/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001232614/aviation-sector-in-new-high-as-passenger-numbers-hit-record-10-million | archive-date=14 March 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Terminal 1A International Departures and Arrivals====
Terminal 1A has a capacity of 2.5 million passengers a year and 3 levels, 30 check-in counters, 12 departure gates, ample seating and food & retail options. The Arrivals area houses 5 baggage carousels. This terminal is used primarily by Skyteam member airlines.

====Terminal 1B International Departures====
Terminal 1B houses common-use check-in counters, with security check points leading to the departure lounge on level 1. On level one is the Aspire lounge as well as duty-free shopping outlets and cafe's

====Terminal 1C International Departures====
This terminal houses common-use check-in counters, with security check points leading to the departure lounge on level 1. On level 1 are duty-free shops, Kenya Airways Simba Lounge and the Turkish Airlines Lounge and a cafe.

====Terminal 1D Domestic Flights====
Serves departing and arriving passengers on domestic flights. Occupied only by Kenya Airways and its subsidiary, Jambojet.

====Terminal 1E International Arrivals====
Following the closure of the main International Arrivals and Departures terminal after a [[Nairobi airport fire|fire]], a parking facility was converted into the temporary International Arrivals terminal.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130815104316/http://www.chieftain.com/news/world/1708375-120/fire-airport-flights-nairobi "Inferno roars through E. Africa's largest airport", ''Associated Press'', reported by Jason Straziuso and Tom Odula, published in ''The Pueblo Chieftain'', 7 August 2013]</ref>

This terminal was subsequently opened to serve arriving passengers on airlines operating out of Terminals 1B and 1C.

'''NOTE:''' Remodeling & extending Terminals 1B, 1C & 1D is scheduled for 2017, after which JKIA is predicted to be able to handle 12M passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifly.com/nairobi-airport|title=Nairobi Kenyatta International NBO Airport - Embacasi, Nairobi, Kenya|website=www.ifly.com|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621200631/http://www.ifly.com/nairobi-airport|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Terminal 2 Low-cost Carriers====
Serves mainly [[low-cost carrier]] airlines (LCCs). The prefabricated terminal opened in April 2015 with a capacity of 2.5M passengers - originally intended to relieve overcrowding. Terminal 2 houses international & domestic check-in desks and boarding gates. Current lounges at Terminal 2 include the Mara Lounge and Mount Kenya Lounge - both at airside, Level 1 and open 24 hours.

===Lounges===
{{Unreferencedsect|date=April 2023}}
In January 2015, The Simba Lounge and Pride Lounge which are situated on the second floor of Terminal 1A were opened. The two facilities, with a combined capacity of 350 people, were developed at a cost of KES 135 million ($1.35 Million), and are for the use of KQ's Premier World and SkyTeam's Sky Priority passengers. There is also a Turkish Airlines TAV Lounge (T1B), as well as the Swissport Aspire Lounge (T1C). Both are regular lounges, which can be accessed by elite status or a paid-pass.

===Second runway===
In January 2017, a new [[instrument landing system]]-equipped runway {{convert|5500|m|ft}} in length was approved for construction at a cost of KES 37 Billion shillings (approximately US$370 million).<ref name="Runway">{{cite web|url=http://www.constructionkenya.com/4222/new-runway-jkia-decades-waiting/|title=New runway for Jomo Kenyatta International Airport after decades of waiting|website=www.constructionkenya.com|date=30 January 2017|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517035153/http://www.constructionkenya.com/4222/new-runway-jkia-decades-waiting/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to KAA's managing director John Anderson, construction of the new runway which will be bigger than the existing one will begin this year (2017). It will also double aircraft movement from 25 to 45 per hour. The new runway will be a category 2 runway and will complement the older runway built in the 1970s. The proposed design of the project is a {{convert|4.8|km|mi}} long and {{convert|75|metre|foot}} wide runway. The current runway is {{convert|60|m|ft}} wide and {{convert|4.2|km|mi}} long. This is an ICAO code F which can handle the new generation wide bodied aircraft like the [[Airbus A380]] and the Boeing [[747-8]]. The new runway will have fog lights, currently the present runway is only lit at the sides. The runway will also enable long haul flights to destinations like New York city carrying up to 32 tonnes of passengers and cargo.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.constructionkenya.com/4222/new-runway-jkia-decades-waiting/| title=JKIA New Runway| date=30 January 2017| access-date=5 May 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517035153/http://www.constructionkenya.com/4222/new-runway-jkia-decades-waiting/| archive-date=17 May 2017| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==


===Passenger===

{{Airport destination list

| {{nowrap|[[African Express Airways]]<ref>[http://africanexpress.net/ africanexpress.net - Booking] retrieved 13 February 2021</ref>}} | [[Bosaso Airport|Bosaso]], [[Garowe Airport|Garowe]], [[Hargeisa International Airport|Hargeisa]], [[Juba International Airport|Juba]], [[Aden Adde International Airport|Mogadishu]]

| [[Air Arabia]] | [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]

| [[Air France]] | [[Paris–Charles de Gaulle]]

| [[Air India]] | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230307-ainbo|title=AIR INDIA NS23 KENYA OPERATION CHANGES|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref>

| [[Air Mauritius]] | [[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport|Mauritius]]

| [[Air Tanzania]] | [[Julius Nyerere International Airport|Dar es Salaam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/shipping-logistics/air-tanzania-ups-stake-for-east-african-skies-3627352?view=htmlamp|title = Air Tanzania ups stake for East African skies | Business Daily}}</ref>

| [[Airlink]] | [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]] (begins 24 April 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://simpleflying.com/airlink-launches-daily-nairobi-flights/ | title=South Africa's Airlink Launches New Daily Nairobi Service}}</ref>

| [[British Airways]] | [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]]

| [[China Southern Airlines]] | [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/284092/china-southern-adds-changsha-nairobi-service-from-late-june-2019/|title=China Southern adds Changsha – Nairobi service from late-June 2019|publisher=routesonline|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429110537/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/284092/china-southern-adds-changsha-nairobi-service-from-late-june-2019/|archive-date=29 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]]<ref>{{cite web |title=China Southern Adds Guangzhou – Islamabad / Nairobi Service in 1Q23 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221227-czjan23can |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

| [[Daallo Airlines]] | [[Aden Adde International Airport|Mogadishu]]

| [[Egyptair]] | [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]]

| [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]

| [[Ethiopian Airlines]] | [[Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]]

| [[Fly540]] | [[Eldoret International Airport|Eldoret]], [[Homa Bay Airport|Homa Bay]], [[Juba International Airport|Juba]], [[Kisumu International Airport|Kisumu]], [[Manda Airport|Lamu]], [[Lodwar Airport|Lodwar]], [[Moi International Airport|Mombasa]], [[Abeid Amani Karume International Airport|Zanzibar]]

| [[Jambojet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/jambojet-woos-travellers-with-sh1-000-fare-in--4082138|title=Jambojet woos travellers with Sh1,000 fare in one-day drive|publisher=Business Daily|date=11 January 2023}}</ref> | [[Eldoret International Airport|Eldoret]], [[Goma International Airport|Goma]], [[Manda Airport|Lamu]], [[Kisumu International Airport|Kisumu]], [[Malindi Airport|Malindi]], [[Moi International Airport|Mombasa]], [[Ukunda Airport|Ukunda/Diani Beach]]

| [[Jubba Airways]] | [[Aden Adde International Airport|Mogadishu]]

| [[Kenya Airways]] | [[Port Bouet Airport|Abidjan]],<ref name="routesonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269397/kenya-airways-ends-abuja-gaborone-service-from-nov-2016/|title=Kenya Airways ends Abuja / Gaborone service from Nov 2016|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515083606/http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269397/kenya-airways-ends-abuja-gaborone-service-from-nov-2016/|archive-date=15 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kotoka International Airport|Accra]], [[Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]], [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[Ivato Airport|Antananarivo]], [[Bamako–Sénou International Airport|Bamako]], [[Bangui M'Poko International Airport|Bangui]], [[Chileka International Airport|Blantyre]], [[Maya-Maya Airport|Brazzaville]], [[Bujumbura International Airport|Bujumbura]], [[Cape Town International Airport|Cape Town]], [[Blaise Diagne International Airport|Dakar–Diass]], [[Julius Nyerere International Airport|Dar es Salaam]], [[Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport|Djibouti]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Dzaoudzi Pamandzi International Airport|Dzaoudzi]], [[Entebbe International Airport|Entebbe]], [[Lungi International Airport|Freetown]],<ref name="routesonline.com"/> [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/292980/kenya-airways-plans-to-resume-guangzhou-service-from-mid-august-2020/|title=Kenya Airways plans to resume Guangzhou service from mid-August 2020}}</ref> [[Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport|Harare]], [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]], [[Juba Airport|Juba]], [[Khartoum International Airport|Khartoum]], [[Kigali International Airport|Kigali]], [[Kilimanjaro International Airport|Kilimanjaro]], [[N'djili Airport|Kinshasa–N'djili]], [[Kisumu Airport|Kisumu]], [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport|Lagos]], [[Léon-Mba International Airport|Libreville]], [[Kamuzu International Airport|Lilongwe]], [[Livingstone Airport|Livingstone]], [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]], [[Quatro de Fevereiro Airport|Luanda]], [[Lubumbashi International Airport|Lubumbashi]], [[Lusaka International Airport|Lusaka]], [[Seychelles International Airport|Mahé]], [[Malindi Airport|Malindi]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/284175/kenya-airways-resumes-malindi-service-from-june-2019/ |title=Kenya Airways resumes Malindi service from June 2019 |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111011/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/284175/kenya-airways-resumes-malindi-service-from-june-2019/ |archive-date=3 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Maputo International Airport|Maputo]], [[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport|Mauritius]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kenya-airways.com/uploadedFiles/Content/About_Us/Media_Room/Press_Releases/PRESS%20RELEASE-%20KQ%20Mauritius.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023337/https://www.kenya-airways.com/uploadedFiles/Content/About_Us/Media_Room/Press_Releases/PRESS%20RELEASE-%20KQ%20Mauritius.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Moi International Airport|Mombasa]], [[Roberts International Airport|Monrovia–Roberts]], [[Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport|Moroni]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Nampula Airport|Nampula]], [[Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe International Airport|Ndola]], [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/294477/kenya-airways-nov-2020-international-operations-as-of-19oct20/|title=Kenya Airways Nov 2020 International Operations as of 19OCT20|publisher=Airlineroute|date=20 October 2020|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> [[Paris–Charles de Gaulle]], [[Victoria Falls Airport|Victoria Falls]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-36798-Kenya+Airways+moves+Vic+Fals+launch/business.aspx|title=Kenya Airways moves Vic Fals launch|website=www.newzimbabwe.com|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526034341/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-36798-Kenya+Airways+moves+Vic+Fals+launch/business.aspx|archive-date=26 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Abeid Amani Karume International Airport|Zanzibar]]

| [[KLM]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]]

| {{nowrap|[[LAM Mozambique Airlines]]}} | [[Julius Nyerere International Airport|Dar es Salaam]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/284466/lam-mozambique-consolidates-dar-es-salaam-nairobi-service-from-late-may-2019/ |title=LAM Mozambique consolidates Dar es Salaam / Nairobi service from late-May 2019 |access-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720171303/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/284466/lam-mozambique-consolidates-dar-es-salaam-nairobi-service-from-late-may-2019/ |archive-date=20 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Maputo International Airport|Maputo]], [[Pemba Airport (Mozambique)|Pemba]]

| [[Lufthansa]] | [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]]

| [[Malawi Airlines]] | [[Kamuzu International Airport|Lilongwe]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/271143/malawian-airlines-schedules-new-ns17-routes/|title=Malawian Airlines schedules new NS17 routes|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023240/http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/271143/malawian-airlines-schedules-new-ns17-routes/|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[Precision Air]] | [[Julius Nyerere International Airport|Dar es Salaam]], [[Kilimanjaro International Airport|Kilimanjaro]], [[Zanzibar International Airport|Zanzibar]]

| [[Qatar Airways]] | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]

| [[RwandAir]] | [[Entebbe International Airport|Entebbe]], [[Kigali International Airport|Kigali]]

| [[Saudia]] | [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]]

| [[South African Airways]] | [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]]

| [[Turkish Airlines]] | [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onemileatatime.com/istanbul-airport-transition-delay/|title=Istanbul New Airport Transition Delayed Until April 5, 2019 (At The Earliest)|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227232218/https://onemileatatime.com/istanbul-airport-transition-delay/|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[Uganda Airlines]] | [[Entebbe International Airport|Entebbe]]

}}

=== Cargo ===
{{Airport destination list

| [[Astral Aviation]] | [[Julius Nyerere International Airport|Dar es Salaam]], [[Entebbe International Airport|Entebbe]], [[Juba Airport|Juba]], [[Kigali International Airport|Kigali]], [[Aden Adde International Airport|Mogadishu]], [[Mwanza Airport|Mwanza]]

| [[Cargolux]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[Luxembourg Findel Airport|Luxembourg]], [[Maastricht Aachen Airport|Maastricht/Aachen]], [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]]

| [[EgyptAir Cargo]] | [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]]

| [[Emirates SkyCargo]] | [[Al Maktoum International Airport|Dubai–Al Maktoum]], [[Maastricht Aachen Airport|Maastricht/Aachen]]

| [[FedEx Express]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2022/05/fedex-express-launches-its-first-regular-flight-into-kenya/ | title=FedEx Express launches its first regular flight into Kenya | date=26 May 2022 }}</ref> | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]

| [[Lufthansa Cargo]] | [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]], [[O.R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]]

| [[Martinair]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[O.R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]]

| [[Network Airline Management]] | [[London–Stansted]]

| [[Qatar Airways Cargo]] | [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]], [[Doha International Airport|Doha]]

|{{nowrap|[[Saudia Cargo]]}} | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]], [[Maastricht Aachen Airport|Maastricht/Aachen]]

| [[Silk Way Airlines]] | [[Heydar Aliyev International Airport|Baku]], [[London Stansted Airport|London–Stansted]], [[Maastricht Aachen Airport|Maastricht/Aachen]]
| [[Singapore Airlines Cargo]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[O.R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg-O.R. Tambo]], [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]], [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]

| [[Turkish Cargo]] | [[Entebbe International Airport|Entebbe]], [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]], [[Khartoum International Airport|Khartoum]], [[N'djili Airport|Kinshasa]], [[Maastricht Aachen Airport|Maastricht/Aachen]]

}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cargo at JKIA > Kenya Airports Authority |url=https://www.kaa.go.ke/corporate/cargo/cargo-at-jkia/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Kenya Airports Authority |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Flightradar24 |title=Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/airport/nbo |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Flightradar24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Flightradar24 |title=Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/nbo/routes |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Flightradar24 |language=en}}</ref>

== Other facilities ==
* Amaica, a restaurant offering authentic Kenyan and African cuisine has its store in Terminal 1A Level 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eatout.co.ke/nairobi/amaica-jkia|title=Amaica JKIA, Embakasi, Nairobi - Restaurant & Reviews|website=EatOut|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807000707/http://eatout.co.ke/nairobi/amaica-jkia|archive-date=7 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* American fast food chain [[Hardee's]] has an outlet at JKIA Terminal 1-A.
* [[African Express Airways]] has its head office on the airport property.<ref>[http://www.africanexpress.co.ke/index.htm "AFRICAN EXPRESS AIRWAYS CONTACTS", African Express Airways, accessed 13 August 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005175828/http://www.africanexpress.co.ke/index.htm |date= 5 October 2013 }}</ref>
* The Kenya Airports Authority also has its head office at the airport.<ref>"[http://www.kenyaairports.co.ke/kaa/misc/disclaimer.html Terms of Use] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012191127/http://www.kenyaairports.co.ke/kaa/misc/disclaimer.html |date=12 October 2010 }}." [[Kenya Airports Authority]]. Retrieved on 26 May 2011. "Kenya Airports Authority is a company registered in Kenya, whose registered office is at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi, Kenya.</ref>

==Statistics==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=NBO}}

== Ground transport==
The main entrance to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is on Airport South Road, which can be accessed by an exit from the A109 highway (Mombasa Road).As well as the new 2022 expressway which can connect you to the airport with no turns or traffic from the city.

Passengers can also travel to and from the airport via city Bus Route Number 34.

A link to the [[Nairobi_airport_rail_link|Nairobi Commuter Rail network]] has been proposed.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

==Accidents and incidents==

* On 20 November 1974, [[Lufthansa Flight 540]], a [[Lufthansa]] Boeing 747-130, D-ABYB, LH 540, "[[Hessen]]" ([[German state]]), delivered 1970, crashed on takeoff from runway 24 in [[Nairobi]] killing 59 of the 157 on board. The aircraft was on a flight from Frankfurt to Nairobi then Johannesburg. This was the first fatal accident and third hull loss of a Boeing 747.
* On 17 May 1989, a [[Boeing 707]]-330B operated by [[Somali Airlines]] aborted takeoff and then overran the wet runway and crashed into a rice field. The plane had 70 passengers and crew on board, but no fatalities resulted. The airplane was damaged beyond repair.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890517-0 |title=Accident description, ''Aviation Safety Network'', 17 May 1989 |access-date=10 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227061838/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890517-0 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 4 December 1990, a [[Boeing 707]]-321C freighter operated by [[Sudania Air Cargo]] struck an electricity pole {{convert|5|km|mi}} short of runway 06 and crashed in flames. Visibility was {{convert|500|m|ft}} in fog with a {{convert|30|m|ft}} cloud base. All 10 persons on board died. The airplane was damaged beyond repair.<ref>{{cite web | title=Accident Description | publisher=Aviation Safety Network | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19901204-0 | access-date=8 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317020432/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19901204-0 | archive-date=17 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 6 June 2012, [[EgyptAir]] Flight 849, an [[Airbus A320]], blew a tire while landing and veered off runway 06. Portions of the aircraft obstructed the runway, necessitating closure of the airport. Inbound flights were diverted to other airports in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. None of the 123 passengers and crew was injured.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-06-06/kenya-reopens-nairobi-airport-after-egyptair-plane-removed | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130807144036/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-06-06/kenya-reopens-nairobi-airport-after-egyptair-plane-removed | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 August 2013 | title=Kenya Reopens Nairobi Airport After EgyptAir Plane Removed | date=6 June 2012| publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek | access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref>
* On 2 July 2014, a [[Fokker 50]] crashed after takeoff due to a mechanical failure, killing all four people on board.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Fokker 50 5Y-CET Nairobi-Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20140702-0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424180939/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20140702-0|archive-date=24 April 2017|access-date=2017-07-01|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
* On 4 January 2015, a [[Fokker 50]] carrying 6 people crashed after a landing gear failure. Of the 6 on board, no injuries were reported. Jomo Kenyatta Airport was temporarily closed and all flights were diverted to [[Moi International Airport]], [[Mombasa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Fokker 50 5Y-SIB Nairobi-Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20150104-0|access-date=2022-02-07|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|group=Associated Newspapers Ltd.}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Jomo Kenyatta International Airport}}
* [https://www.kaa.go.ke Kenya Airports Authority – Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]
* {{NWS-current|HKJK}}
* {{ASN|NBO}}

{{Portal bar|Kenya|Aviation}}
{{Nairobi}}
{{Airports in the Kenya}}
{{African Airports TOP 10}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Transport in Nairobi|Airport]]
[[Category:Airports in Kenya]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1958]]
[[Category:Jomo Kenyatta|Airport]]

Macworld

2022-11-22T14:20:27Z

95.143.53.196: /* History of Macworld */ Germany, France

{{About|a technology publication|the tradeshow|Macworld/iWorld}}
{{short description|Title-Rotche Capuyan Ouano Legal Ownership Right Properties International Business Information}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=May 2009}}
{{POV|date=April 2017}}
}}

{{Infobox magazine
| title = Macworld
| image_file = MacWorld_Apr04.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = The April 2004 issue of ''Macworld''
| image_alt = A magazine cover with a large headline reading "Panther Secrets" and a photo of a computer
| editor = Jon Phillips
| editor_title = Editor-in-chief
| frequency = monthly
| category = [[:Category:Computer magazines|Computing]] / [[Macintosh|Mac]]
| company = [[Mac Publishing]] ([[International Data Group|IDG]])
| firstdate = {{start date and age|1984}}
| finaldate = {{end date|2014|9}} (print)
| country = {{Collapsible list|framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
|1=United States (0741-8647)
|2=United Kingdom (1356-9503)
|3=Australia (2200-2375)
|4=Germany
|5=Italy
|6=Spain
|7=Sweden
|8=Turkey
|9=Indonesia
|10=Netherlands
}}
| issn = 0741-8647
| oclc = 607262846
| website = [https://www.macworld.com www.macworld.com]
}}

'''''Macworld''''' is a website dedicated to products and software of [[Apple Inc.]], published by Foundry, a subsidiary of IDG Inc. It started life as a print magazine in 1984 and had the largest audited circulation (both total and newsstand) of Macintosh-focused magazines in North America, more than double its nearest competitor, ''[[MacLife]]'' (formerly ''MacAddict''). ''Macworld'' was founded by [[David Bunnell]] and Cheryl Woodard (publishers) and [[Andrew Fluegelman]] (editor). It was the oldest Macintosh magazine still in publication, until September 10, 2014, when [[International Data Group|IDG]], its parent company, announced it was discontinuing the print edition and laid off most of the staff, while continuing an online version.<ref>{{cite news|title=Macworld shuts down print product, lays off staff|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/09/10/macworld-ends-magazine/15400981/|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|first=Roger | last=Yu |date=10 September 2014}}</ref>

==History of Macworld==
In 1997, the publication was renamed ''Macworld, incorporating MacUser'' (a name reflected subtly on the magazine's Table of Contents page) to reflect the consolidation of the [[Ziff-Davis]]-owned ''[[MacUser (US edition)|MacUser]]'' magazine into the [[International Data Group]]-owned ''Macworld'' within the new Mac Publishing joint venture between the two publishers.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=IDG and Ziff to Merge Mac Publications |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/5143/idg_and_ziff_to_merge_mac_publications.html |magazine=[[PC World]] |author=Macworld Staff |date=4 August 1997 |publisher=PCWorld Communications, Inc. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329115344/http://www.pcworld.com/article/5143/idg_and_ziff_to_merge_mac_publications.html |archive-date=2010-03-29 |access-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> In 1999, the combined company also purchased the online publication [[MacCentral Online]], because ''Macworld'' didn't have a powerful online news component at the time. In late 2001 International Data Group (IDG) bought out Ziff-Davis' share of Mac Publishing, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of IDG.

The magazine was published in many countries, either by other IDG subsidiaries or by outside publishers who have licensed the brand name and its content. These editions included Australia, Germany (1990-2015 ''Macwelt''), Italy, Spain, Sweden (''MacWorld''), Turkey, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Indonesia. Its content was also incorporated into a number of other IDG publications. In France, IDG bought ''Golden'' magazine, released in 1991, renamed it into ''Macworld France'' in 1996.<ref>https://macintoshgarden.org/apps/golden-french-magazine-cd-collection Golden, in: macintoshgarden.org</ref> Two years later, it has been merged with ''Univers Mac'' and renamed ''Univers Macworld''.<ref>https://macintoshgarden.org/apps/macworld-france-magazine-cd-collection Macworld France, in: macintoshgarden.org</ref> Publication ended probably in 2004.<ref>https://www.generation-nt.com/reponses/univers-macworld-entraide-204870.html?page=1 generation-nt.com</ref>

At one time, the magazine's publisher licensed its name to another IDG subsidiary, [[IDG World Expo]], for the Macworld Conference & Expo (later [[Macworld/iWorld]]), which took place every January at the [[Moscone Center|Moscone Convention Center]] in San Francisco.

''Macworld'' has also published in [[Indonesia]] by [[Megindo Tunggal Sejahtera]], between 2008 until December 2011.

==Podcast==
The Macworld Podcast is a weekly [[podcast]] published by ''Macworld''. The Macworld Podcast began life on April 26, 2005 as the "Geek Factor Podcast," hosted by Cyrus Farivar, but was upgraded into the official "Macworld Podcast" with its fifth installment in August 2005. It was hosted at various times by Chris Breen, Philip Michaels, Serenity Caldwell, Glenn Fleishman, and Susie Ochs. Following a hiatus in 2017, today the Macworld Podcast is manned by Michael Simon, Roman Loyola and Jason Cross.

== See also ==
* ''[[Macworld Australia]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== links ==
* [https://www.macworld.com ''Macworld'' (US)]
* [https://www.macworld.co.uk/ ''Macworld UK'']
*[https://archive.org/details/macworld-magazine?tab=collection Archived Macworld magazines] on the [[Internet Archive]]

{{IDG}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macworld}}
[[Category:1984 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2014 disestablishments in California]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Computer magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defunct computer magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Computer magazines published in Germany]]
[[Category:International Data Group]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Computer magazines published in Italy]]
[[Category:Macintosh magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1984]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 2014]]
[[Category:Magazines published in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Online magazines with defunct print editions]]
[[Category:Computer magazines published in Australia]]
[[Category:Computer magazines published in Spain]]
[[Category:Computer magazines published in Sweden]]

Muyumba

2021-02-09T07:02:36Z

95.143.53.196:

[[Muyumba (Congo)]] is a village on the [[Lualaba River]].

'''Muyumba''' is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

*[[Francine Muyumba]] (born 1987), Congolese activist and politician
*[[Tristan Muyumba]] (born 1997), French-Congolese footballer

{{surname}}

{{Short pages monitor}}

Manono, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2021-02-09T07:00:37Z

95.143.53.196: /* Location and economy */

{{Infobox settlement

| name = Manono
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = Flying over Manono, Katanga.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Manono from the air
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|7.294704|S|27.454491|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
| subdivision_type1 = Province
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tanganyika Province|Tanganyika]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 = Territory
| subdivision_name3 = Manono
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|National language]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Manono''' is a town and [[Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|territory]] in [[Tanganyika Province]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].

==Location and economy==
Manono lies on the western bank of the [[Lukushi River|Lukushi]], a tributary of the [[Luvua River]]. The town is a [[river port]], with [[barge]]s bringing cargo from [[Lubumbashi]].<ref name="bbc">
{{cite web
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7637282.stm
|title= Beer and normality in DR Congo
|accessdate=2009-03-23
|publisher= BBC News
|date= 2008-11-27}}
</ref> Manono is also connected to a disused [[railway line]]<ref name="bbc"/><ref>National Geographic Atlas of the World: Revised Sixth Edition, [[National Geographic Society]], 1992</ref> to [[Muyumba]]<ref>The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979).</ref>. Economic activity is centered on [[mining]], with the surrounding area containing approximately 100 million tonnes of [[minerals]], including [[spodumene (lithium)]], [[columbite]], [[tin]] and [[tantalite]].<ref name="bbc"/><ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.mindat.org/loc-4333.html
|title= Manono, Katanga (Shaba), Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
|accessdate=2009-03-23
|publisher= mindat.org}}
</ref> The collapse of the world tin price in the 1980s severely hit the town's economy.<ref name="bbc"/> However, since 2017 exploration has been underway for lithium minerals and tin at the historical tin mine in the Manono - Kitotolo region with mining expected to commence in 2019 inclusive of hydrolelectric and road access upgrades...<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avzminerals.com.au/manono-mine/|title=Manono Project|website=AVZ Minerals Limited|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref>

==Climate==
Manono has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Aw'').

{{Weather box
|location = Manono
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan mean C = 25.0
|Feb mean C = 25.2
|Mar mean C = 25.7
|Apr mean C = 25.8
|May mean C = 25.4
|Jun mean C = 24.2
|Jul mean C = 24.4
|Aug mean C = 25.5
|Sep mean C = 26.5
|Oct mean C = 26.1
|Nov mean C = 25.2
|Dec mean C = 24.8
|year mean C = 25.3
|Jan precipitation mm = 172
|Feb precipitation mm = 146
|Mar precipitation mm = 199
|Apr precipitation mm = 122
|May precipitation mm = 17
|Jun precipitation mm = 2
|Jul precipitation mm = 0
|Aug precipitation mm = 6
|Sep precipitation mm = 44
|Oct precipitation mm = 90
|Nov precipitation mm = 161
|Dec precipitation mm = 181
|year precipitation mm =
|source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref name = "Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/4601/|title = Climate: Manono|accessdate = 12 April 2014
|publisher = Climate-Data.org}}</ref>
}}

==Civil war==
Manono was seriously affected by the [[Second Congo War]] (1998-2003), with many buildings destroyed. [[Rally for Congolese Democracy]] rebels and allied [[Rwanda]]n soldiers took control of Manono in 1999.<ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/irin688.html
|title= IRIN Update 688 for 8 June [19990608]
|accessdate=2009-03-23
|publisher= UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
|date= 1999-06-08}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.sardc.net/Editorial/sanf/2000/Iss19/DRC.html
|title= Southern African News Features
|accessdate= 2009-03-23
|publisher= sardc.net
|date= 2000-10-01
|archive-url= https://archive.is/20130222065512/http://www.sardc.net/Editorial/sanf/2000/Iss19/DRC.html
|archive-date= 2013-02-22
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>
A [[hydro-electric]] power plant used to provide electricity, however it was destroyed during the war.
The town used to have a [[brewery]] which supplied the surrounding region, however it was destroyed during the war.<ref name="bbc"/>

==Recent times==
The [[UN]] carried out arms decommissioning in 2008, offering to accept guns in exchange for a bicycle. The scheme was successful in removing weapons.<ref>
{{cite web
|url= https://www.theguardian.com/society/joepublic/2008/nov/04/congo-international-aid-agency-goal
|title= The tragedy of Congo
|accessdate=2009-03-23
|publisher= guardian.co.uk
|date= 2008-11-04}}
</ref> The town is served by the [[Manono Airport]].<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.world-airport-codes.com/democratic-republic-of-congo/manono-4466.html
|title= Manono Airport (MNO) Details - Democratic Republic Of Congo
|accessdate= 2009-03-23
|publisher= world-airport-codes.com
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081231024703/http://www.world-airport-codes.com/democratic-republic-of-congo/manono-4466.html
|archive-date= 2008-12-31
|url-status= dead
}}</ref> Manono has a [[cathedral]] which was built by [[Belgian]] [[missionaries]], and was severely damaged during the war.<ref name="bbc"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manono, Democratic Republic Of The Congo}}
[[Category:Populated places in Tanganyika Province]]

Kizzy Crawford

2020-05-26T13:32:34Z

95.143.53.196: /* External links */

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Kizzy Crawford
| image = File:Kizzy Crawford.jpg
| caption = Crawford performing on Ochr 1's Antena programme in 2016
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Kizzy Meriel Crawford
| alias = Kizzy
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|4|25}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| origin = [[Wales]]
| instrument = guitar, vocals, violin
| genre = folk, soul, pop, indie, jazz
| occupation = musician, singer, songwriter.
| years_active = 2012–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|www.kizzyofficial.com/}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
| alt = Crawford performing on Ochr 1's Antena programme in 2016
}}

'''Kizzy Meriel Crawford''' (born 1996),{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} known as '''Kizzy''', is a [[Barbados|Bajan]]-[[Wales|Welsh]] singer songwriter from [[Merthyr Tydfil County Borough|Merthyr Tydfil]], who sings in both [[English language|English]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]], using traditional and modern sources.

==Cultural heritage==
In a 2013 press interview she explained: {{quote|I have a fantastic cultural heritage to be proud of - Welsh, English and Barbadian; and this is reflected in my music as well as drawing on soul, indie, folk, jazz and songs and songwriters from the '60s and '70s".<ref name=WOartsconnect>{{cite news|author=Mark Smith |title=Young singer Kizzy Crawford, from Merthyr Tydfil, wins Arts Connect Original Singer-Songwriter prize |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/young-singer-kizzy-crawford-merthyr-2497748 |work=Wales Online |date=24 January 2013}}</ref>}}

==2012 - Present==
Crawford won the [[Arts Connect]] Original Singer-Songwriter prize in 2012 resulting in work with [[Amy Wadge]] including recording her first single ''Starling'' and its video with Arts Connect's ''Sonig'' - youth music industry initiative.<ref name=WOartsconnect /><ref>rctcbc.gov.uk [http://www.rctcbc.gov.uk/en/news/archive/2013/january/talented-songwriter-set-for-stardom-.aspx Talented songwriter 'set for stardom' ] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20131211012132/http://www.rctcbc.gov.uk/en/news/archive/2013/january/talented-songwriter-set-for-stardom-.aspx |date=2013-12-11 }}</ref>

She performed her song "The Starling" live on [[BBC Radio Wales]]'s ''[[Bethan Elfyn]] Show'' in August 2013.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01dn7p6 BBC Radio Wales - Bethan Elfyn, 03/08/2013, Kizzy Crawford ] 2 August 2013 "Kizzy performs her track 'Starling' live on the Bethan Elfyn show."</ref> This was then released as her debut single in November 2013 followed by her EP ''Temporary Zone'' in December, released by [[Cardiff]] record label See Monkey Do Monkey. Together with many radio and TV appearances in Wales during 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Cymru|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p019pyn6|accessdate=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref>http://www.s4c.co.uk/nosonlawen/en/portfolio/kizzy-crawford-enfys-yn-y-glaw-2/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shermancymru.co.uk/performance/cerdd/free-gig-huwm-cy/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225041307/http://www.shermancymru.co.uk/performance/cerdd/free-gig-huwm-cy/ |archive-date=2013-12-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> she has also performed live at various venues including FOCUS Wales Festival, the [[Sŵn]] festival,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://swnfest.com/artist/kizzy-crawford/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225074230/http://swnfest.com/artist/kizzy-crawford/ |archive-date=2013-12-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Green Man Festival]],<ref>http://www.greenman.net/rising/2013/kizzy-meriel-crawford</ref> [[Caerphilly Castle]] and Maes B at the [[National Eisteddfod of Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eisteddfod.org.uk/english/2013/eisteddfod-week/activities/?eventID=679 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225093854/http://www.eisteddfod.org.uk/english/2013/eisteddfod-week/activities/?eventID=679 |archive-date=2013-12-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01f4j5p Gethin Evans a Kizzy Crawford] (interview), ''[[BBC Radio Cymru]]'', 14 August 2013. Retrieved 2015-09-05.</ref> Kizzy also performed at Festival No 6.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/eg9j3d/acts/a324wh#p02fhwks</ref>

In 2014, Kizzy signed to publishing company BDi Music.<ref> [http://www.bdimusic.com/roster/25-kizzy-crawford Kizzy Crawford], BDi Music. Retrieved 13 February 2019.</ref>

Crawford appeared on the [[BBC Wales]] [[Six Nations Championship|6 nations]] 2014 promotions singing [[Calon Lân]],<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01qmc3z</ref> and in April 2014 was named as one of twelve BBC Horizons acts for 2014-15.<ref>{{cite web|title=Horizons: Welsh emerging artists chosen for project|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-27157802|website=BBC|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref>

She performed her new single "Golden Brown", and also [[Calon Lân]], live on BBC Radio 4's Saturday Live programme on 20 September 2014<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04hm8js</ref> Later that year she performed at Glastonbury on the BBC Introducing stage<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p021vwl3/p021vwjs</ref> and has since performed at several other high-profile festivals including Womex<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/1xvLV8vfWGVwm6F641sVRdl/kizzy-crawford</ref> Blissfields, Hay Festival and Cheltenham Jazz.<ref>http://www.cheltenhamfestivals.com/jazz/whats-on/2015/kizzy-crawford/</ref>

In 2015, she released the single 'Shout Out / Yr Alwad', a co-write with Owen Powell (Catatonia / Duffy), the track was selected as the soundtrack to the Visit Wales 2015 National TV & Online Campaign.<ref>http://www.visitwales.com/explore/personalities/new-advert-kizzy</ref>

Crawford performed at the Euro 16 Welsh team homecoming gig at Cardiff City Football Stadium alongside the Manic Street Preachers.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-36744386</ref>

In 2016, several of Kizzy’s compositions were selected as part of the WJEC A Level Music Syllabus - her music sat in the contemporary section alongside The Manics, Gruff Rhys & The Super Furry Animals. Later Kizzy was invited to perform & discuss that accolade live on Woman’s Hour for BBC Radio 4.<ref> https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07tqpt8 </ref>

Later in 2016, Kizzy collaborated with Jazz pianist and composer Gwilym Simcock on a new collaboration ‘Birdsong - Can Yr Adar’, based on the Welsh rainforest within Carngafallt. They co-wrote new music and performed and toured it live with Sinfonia Cymru across Wales and culminating in a performance at London Jazz Festival. In 2018, the Birdsong-Can Yr Adar CD was released via Basho Records to coincide with a second UK tour. The recording was listed as a Top 100 2018 album by renowned jazz journalist Ted Gioia.<ref> http://tedgioia.com/bestalbumsof2018.html </ref>

In 2017, Kizzy performed live with BBC National Orchestra of Wales and at Cambridge Folk Festival.<ref> http://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/live/CambridgeFF2017.php/</ref> She played a supporting role as PC Emma Jones in the award winning BBC drama [[Keeping Faith (TV series)|Keeping Faith]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC: Keeping Faith|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09wd0lr|accessdate=25 January 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, Kizzy signed to record label Freestyle and will release her debut album in 2019.<ref> https://freestylerecords.kudosrecords.co.uk/release/fsrkizdig001/kizzy-crawford-progression </ref>

== Personal life ==
In September 2019, Crawford sang ''[[Calon Lân]]'' with her sister, Eady, at a rally in Merthyr Tydfil expressing her support for [[Welsh independence]] by [[YesCymru]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-49619554|title=Sport and arts figures join independence rally|date=2019-09-07|access-date=2019-09-11|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Discography==
* ''The Starling'' (Sonig, 2013)
* ''Temporary Zone'' (See Monkey Do Monkey, 2013)
* ''Golden Brown'' 2014
* ''Shout Out / Yr Alwad'' 2015
* '' Pili Pala'' 2015
* '' Birdsong'' 2018

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.kizzymerielcrawford.com}}

{{Authority control}}{{Commons category}}{{Welsh musicians}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Crawford, Kizzy Meriel}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female guitarists]]
[[Category:Welsh musicians]]
[[Category:Welsh guitarists]]
[[Category:People from Merthyr Tydfil]]
[[Category:Welsh-language singers]]
[[Category:Welsh-speaking musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century guitarists]]
[[Category:Welsh female singers]]

Crawford (name)

2020-05-26T13:30:56Z

95.143.53.196: Kizzy Crawford

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2017}}
'''Crawford''' is a [[surname]] and a [[given name]].

==Origin==
The surname ''Crawford'' originates from a locative name,<ref>[[#H1|Hanks; Coates; McClure (2016)]] pp. 608–609; [[#C1|Cottle (1969)]] p. 79.</ref> possibly derived from a [[place name]] composed of the [[Old English]] elements ''crāwe'' ("[[crow]]") and ''ford'' ("[[Ford (crossing)|ford]]").<ref>[[#H2|Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006)]] p. 65; [[#H3|Hanks; Hodges (1991)]] p. 129.</ref> Examples of such place names include: [[Crawford, South Lanarkshire]], Scotland,<ref>[[#H1|Hanks; Coates; McClure (2016)]] pp. 608–609; [[#H2|Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006)]] p. 65; [[#H1|Reaney; Wilson (1995)]] p. 115; [[#H3|Hanks; Hodges (1991)]] p. 129; [[#B1|Black (1971)]] p. 182; [[#C1|Cottle (1969)]] p. 79.</ref> [[Crawford, Dorset]], England,<ref name="combine1">[[#H2|Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006)]] p. 65; [[#H3|Hanks; Hodges (1991)]] p. 129; [[#C1|Cottle (1969)]] p. 79.</ref> and [[Crawford, Lancashire]], England.<ref name="combine1"/> The surname is most probably derived from the Scottish place name.<ref>[[#H1|Hanks; Coates; McClure (2016)]] pp. 608–609.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The place name is first recorded as ''Crauford'', in about 1150.<ref> [[#M1|Mills (2003)]] § Crawford.</ref>|group=note}} In some cases, the surname may be a variant of ''Crowfoot'', a surname derived from a [[nickname]].<ref>[[#H3|Hanks; Hodges (1991)]] pp. 129, 132.</ref>

The surname ''Crawford'' corresponds to the [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''MacCreamhain'',<ref>[[#M2|Mark (2003)]] p. 720.</ref> and the [[Irish language|Irish]] ''de Cráfort'', ''Mac Crábhagáin'', and ''Mac Raith''.<ref>[[#D1|de Bhulbh (1997)]] p. 166.</ref>

Early examples of forms of the surname include: John de Crauford, in 1147–1160 (Scotland),<ref>[[#H1|Hanks; Coates; McClure (2016)]] pp. 608–609; [[#H1|Reaney; Wilson (1995)]] p. 115; [[#B1|Black (1971)]] p. 182.</ref> Galfridus de Crauford, in 1188–1202 (Scotland), and Nicolaus de Crauford, in 1205 (England).<ref>[[#H1|Reaney; Wilson (1995)]] p. 115.</ref>

The [[given name]] ''Crawford'', generally a masculine name, is derived from the surname.<ref>[[#H2|Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006)]] p. 65.</ref>

==Distribution==

As a surname, Crawford is the 289th most common name in Great Britain, with 30,292 bearers. It is most common in [[South Lanarkshire]] where it is the 5th most common surname with 3,384 bearers and in [[Highland (council area)|Highland]] where it is the 8th most common surname with 3,394 bearers. Other concentrations include [[Belfast]] (25th, 3,328), [[Greater Manchester]] (58th, 3,378), [[Lancashire]] (327th, 1,852), [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] (341st, 1,796) and [[Essex]] (374th, 1,722), and [[Yorkshire]].{{cn|date=December 2018}} The countries with the highest percentages of Crawford families are [[Canada]], [[Jamaica]], [[Northern Ireland]], and [[Scotland]].{{cn|date=December 2018}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=5|1881 distribution<ref name="combine2">[http://forebears.io/surnames/crawford Crawford Surname Meaning & Statistics] Crawford</ref>
|-
! Country!!Number!!Crawford rank!! Ratio/freq
|-
| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland]]||8,842||68||1: 423
|-
| {{flagicon|England}} [[England]]||5,794||623||1: 4,207
|-
| {{flagicon|Wales}} [[Wales]]|| 94||993||1: 16,685
|-
| {{flagicon|Jersey}} [[Jersey]]|| 12||761||1: 4,324
|-
| {{flagicon|Isle of Man}} [[Isle of Man]]||5 ||1,028||1: 10,854
|-
| {{flagicon|Guernsey}} [[Guernsey]]|| 2||1,834||1: 16,328
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=5|2014 distribution<ref name="combine2"/>
|-
! Country!!Number!!Crawford rank!! Ratio/freq
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]||181,790 ||139|| 1: 1,762
|-
| {{flagicon|England}} [[England]]|| 19,633|| 309|| 1: 2,750
|-
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]||15,512 ||239|| 1: 2,284
|-
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]||12,918 ||191|| 1: 1,824
|-
| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland]]||6,773 || 77|| 1: 783
|-
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]||6,721 ||977|| 1: 8,035
|-
| {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]]||3,839||105|| 1: 1,184
|-
| {{flagicon|Northern Ireland}} [[Northern Ireland]]||3,422 || 58|| 1: 526
|-
| {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaica]]||2,284 ||193|| 1: 1,190
|-
| {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Ireland]]||983 ||719|| 1: 4,673
|}

== Surname ==
* Aaron Crawford, drummer with the band [[Flee the Seen]]
* [[Aaron Crawford (Canadian football)]] (born 1986), Canadian football player
* [[Alan Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
**[[Alan Crawford (Australian rules footballer)]] (1916–1988), Australian rules footballer
**[[Alan Crawford (English footballer)]] (born 1953), English footballer and manager
**[[Alan Pell Crawford]] (born 1953), American author and journalist
* [[Alexander Crawford]] (1842–1886), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
* [[Allan Crawford (music publisher)]] Australian music publisher with [[Radio Atlanta]]
* [[Anne Crawford]] (1920–1956), British actress
* [[Bill Crawford (American football)]] (born 1937), Canadian player of American football
* [[Bill Crawford (cartoonist)]] (1913–1982), American editorial cartoonist
* [[Bill Crawford (footballer)]] (1872–1955), English pro footballer
* [[Bill Crawford (Indiana politician)]] (1936–2015), Democrat in Indiana House of Representatives
* [[Billy Crawford]] (born 1982), American-Filipino singer
* [[Bob Crawford (ice hockey, born 1959)]] (born 1959), Canadian ice hockey player, brother of Marc and Lou
* [[Bob Crawford (Florida politician)]] (born 1948), Florida Commissioner of Agriculture
* [[Bobby Crawford (ice hockey)]] (born 1960), American ice hockey player
* [[Bobby Crawford (footballer)]] (1901–1965), Scottish footballer
* [[Brandon Crawford]], baseball player
* [[Broderick Crawford]] (1911–1986), American actor
* [[Candice Crawford]] (born 1986), American beauty queen crowned Miss Missouri in 2008
* [[Carol A. Gotway Crawford]], American statistician
* [[Carl Crawford]] (born 1981), baseball player
* [[Carol Crawford]] (died 1982), backgammon and bridge player
* [[Carolin Crawford]], British Astronomer and communicator of science
* [[Caroline Crawford]], American Motown singer
* [[Carolyn Crawford]], American politician
* [[Casey Crawford]] (born 1987), American basketball player
* [[Casey Crawford (American football)]] (born 1977), American football player
* [[Chace Crawford]] (born 1985), American actor starring in ''Gossip Girl''
* [[Charles Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[Charles Crawford (racing driver)]] (1897–1958), American racecar driver
** [[Charles Crawford (diplomat)]] (born 1954), British diplomat
** [[Charles Crawford (army officer)]], (1866–1945), United States army officer and author
** [[Charles B. Crawford]] (1884–1951), head coach of the University of Virginia college football program, 1910
** [[Charles H. Crawford]] (1879–1931), Los Angeles criminal and political figure
** [[Charles Crawford (American football)]] (born 1964), American football running back
** [[Charles W. Crawford]] (1873–1984), British Royal Navy officer and philatelist
** [[Charles W. Crawford (chemist)]] (1888–1957), American chemist
* [[Chris Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[Chris Crawford (basketball, born 1975)]], American professional basketball player with the Atlanta Hawks from 1997 to 2005
** [[Chris Crawford (basketball, born 1992)]], American professional basketball player for the Canton Charge
** [[Chris Crawford (game designer)]] (born 1950), American computer game developer
* [[Christopher Crawford (tennis)]], on [[List of United States Davis Cup team representatives]]
* [[Christina Crawford]] (born 1939), American writer and actress
* [[Christina Crawford (wrestler)]] (born 1988), American professional wrestler
* [[Cindy Crawford]] (born 1966), American model
* [[Corey Crawford]] (born 1984), Canadian ice hockey goaltender
* [[Craig Crawford]] (born 1956), American journalist
* [[Crawford family murder]], Australian family murdered by their father
* [[Curtis J. Crawford]] American business executive and author
* [[Dan Crawford]] (1870–1925), Scottish missionary in Africa
* [[Danny Crawford]] (born 1953), American basketball referee
* [[Dave Crawford (coach)]] (1889–1974), American football and basketball coach
* [[Dave Crawford (musician)]] (1943–1988), American musician, songwriter and record producer
* [[David Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[David Crawford (astronomer)]] (born 1931), American astronomer
** [[David Crawford (Australian footballer)]] (born 1983), Australian rules footballer
** [[David Crawford (businessman)]], Australian non-executive director
** [[David Crawford (colonel)]] (c.1625–1710), member of the House of Burgesses and plantation owner in Virginia
** [[David Crawford (diplomat)]] (1928–1981), British ambassador to Qatar and to Bahrain
** [[David Crawford (footballer, born 1873)]] (1873–1937), Scottish international footballer for St Mirren and Rangers
** [[David Crawford (footballer, born 1985)]], Scottish footballer for Partick Thistle
** [[David Crawford (footballer, born 1992)]], Scottish footballer for Hibernian
** [[David Crawford (historian)]] (1665–1726), Scottish Historiographer Royal
** David Crawford, American actor who played David Robinson in the 1962 film ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird (film)|To Kill a Mockingbird]]''
* [[Doug Crawford]], Canadian neuroscientist
* [[Ed Crawford]] (born 1964), American lead singer of Firehose, also known as "ed fROMOHIO"
* [[Ed Crawford (American football)]] (1934–2017), American college athlete and NFL player
* [[Edward Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[Edward F. Crawford (attorney)]] (1919–1975), American lawyer and politician from New York
** [[Edward F. Crawford (businessman)]] (born 1938), American businessman and U.S. Ambassador to Ireland
** [[Edward James Frederick Crawford]] (c.1809–1880), South Australian brewer
** [[Edward Crawford Magrath]] (1881–1961), English-born Australian politician
** [[Edward Crawford Turner]] (1872–1950), American lawyer
* [[Elbert Crawford]] (born 1966), American football player
* [[F. M. Crawford]] (Frederic Mull Crawford, 1883–1953), American college basketball coach
* [[F. S. Crawford]] (Frazer Smith Crawford, 1829–1890), photo-lithographer in South Australia, authority on plant pests
* [[Francis Marion Crawford]] (1854–1909), American author
* [[Fred L. Crawford]] (1888–1957), politician from the U.S. state of Michigan
* [[Gavin Crawford]], Canadian comedian and actor
* [[George Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
**[[George Crawford (American businessman)]] (1861–1935), founder and executive with Columbia Gas & Electric
**[[George Crawford (Australian politician)]] (1926–2012), Victorian state politician
**[[George Crawford (baseball)]], Major League Baseball outfielder, 1890
**[[George Crawford (Canadian politician)]] (1793–1870), founding member of the Canadian Senate
**[[George Crawford (cricketer)]] (1890–1975), English first-class cricketer
**[[George Crawford (footballer)]] (1905–1975), English footballer
**[[George A. Crawford]] (1827–1891), Kansas politician
**[[George Gordon Crawford]] (1869–1936), American industrialist
**[[George W. Crawford]] (1798–1872), United States politician from Georgia
**[[George Williamson Crawford]] (1877–1972), Connecticut lawyer
**[[George Crawford Hyndman]] (1796–1867), Irish auctioneer and biologist
**[[George Crawford McKindsey]] (1829–1901), Canadian politician
**[[George Crawford Platt]] (1842–1912), Medal of Honor recipient in the American Civil War
* [[Graeme Crawford]] (born 1947), Scottish footballer
* [[Hank Crawford]] (1934–2009), American alto saxophonist, arranger and songwriter
* [[Harold Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[Harold Crawford (footballer)]], see [[Hugh McDonald (footballer)]]
** [[Harold Crawford (architect)]], see [[Viola Cooperative Creamery]]
* [[Harry Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[Harry Crawford (politician)]] (born 1952), American politician in Alaska
** [[Harry Crawford (footballer)]] (born 1991), English footballer
** Harry Leo Crawford ([[Eugenia Falleni]]), a transgender man convicted of murder
* [[Hasely Crawford]] (born 1950), track-and-field athlete
* [[Hector Crawford]] (1913–1991), Australian radio and television producer
* [[Henry Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
**[[Henry Clay Crawford]] (1856–1929), American politician
**[[Homewood Crawford]] (Sir Henry Homewood Crawford, 1850–1936), English solicitor
**[[Shag Crawford]] (Henry Crawford, 1916–2007), American baseball umpire
**[[Henry O. Crawford]] (1901–1967), American football and track and field coach
* [[H. R. Crawford]], member of the Council of the District of Columbia
* [[Hugh Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
* [[Ilse Crawford]] (born 1962), British designer
* [[Isabella Valancy Crawford]] (1850–1887), Canadian Confederation poet
* [[Inez Mabel Crawford]] (1869–1938), registrar for the Daughters of the American Revolution
* [[Jack Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[Jack Crawford (cricketer)]] (1886–1963), Surrey and South Australia all-rounder
** [[Jackie Crawford]] (1896–1975), English footballer during the 1920s and 1930s
** [[Jack Crawford (American football)]] (born 1988), American football player
** [[Jack Crawford (ice hockey)]] (1916–1973), Canadian ice hockey defenceman and coach
** [[Jack Crawford (politician)]] (1916–1982), Australian politician
** [[Jack Crawford (sailor)]] (1775–1831), sailor of the Royal Navy known as the Hero of Camperdown
** [[Jack Crawford (tennis)]] John Herbert Crawford (1908–1991), Australian tennis player of the 1930s
** [[Jack Randall Crawford]] (1878–1968), author and professor of English at Yale University
* [[Jackie Crawford]], English football player during the 1920s and 1930s
* [[Jackson Crawford]], American scholar of Old Norse
* [[Jamal Crawford]] (born 1980), NBA professional basketball player
* [[James Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[James Crawford (alpine skier)]] (born 1997), Canadian alpine skier
** [[James Crawford (American football)]] (born 1994), American football player
** [[James Crawford (basketball)]] (born 1960), American basketball player in the National Basketball League of Australia
** [[James Crawford (Australian politician)]] (1870–1916), barrister and member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
** [[James Crawford (Burnley footballer)]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1902–1904), Scottish footballer, played for Burnley F.C.
** [[James Crawford (Canadian politician)]] (1816–1878), Canadian businessman and MP for Brockville, 1867–1872
** [[James Crawford (footballer, born 1877)]] (1877–?), Scottish footballer for Sunderland
** [[James Crawford (footballer, born 1904)]] (1904–1976), Scottish footballer, played for Queen's Park F.C.
** [[James Crawford (jurist)]] (born 1948), Australian legal academic
** [[James Crawford (playwright)]] (1908–1973), Australian playwright and journalist
** [[James Crawford (trade unionist)]] (1896–1982), Scottish trade unionist
** [[James Adair Crawford]], civil servant of the British Empire
** [[James Chamberlain Crawford]] (1880–1950), American entomologist
** [[James Coutts Crawford]] (1760–1828), Royal Navy officer
** James [[Coutts Crawford]] (1817–1889), scientist, explorer, and New Zealand public servant
** [[James Harvey Crawford]] (1845–1930), founder of Steamboat Springs, Colorado
** [[James J. Crawford]] (1871–?), New York state senator
** [[James Sharman Crawford]] (1812–1878), Member of Parliament for County Down, 1874–1878
** [[James "Sugar Boy" Crawford]] (1934–2012), American rhythm and blues singer
** [[James W. Crawford Jr.]] (born 1937), Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly
* [[Jerry Crawford]] (born 1947), Major League Baseball umpire
* [[Joan Crawford]] (1905–1977), American actress
* [[Joe Crawford (baseball)]] (born 1970), American baseball player
* [[Joe Crawford (basketball, born 1951)]], NBA referee
* [[Joe Crawford (basketball)]] (born 1986), American basketball player
* [[Joe Crawford (lacrosse)]], Canadian lacrosse player on the Mohawk team in the 1904 Olympics
* [[Joel Crawford]] (1783–1858), American politician, soldier and lawyer
* [[Joey Crawford]] (born 1951), American basketball referee
* [[John Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** John Crawford III (1992–2014), African American man killed by police, see [[Shooting of John Crawford III]]
** [[John Crawford (author)]], Iraq war veteran and author
** [[John Crawford (actor)]] (1920–2010), American actor
** [[John Crawford (cartoonist)]], American cartoonist of the 1980s and 1990s for ''[[Flipside (fanzine)|Flipside]]''
** [[John Crawford (cricketer)]] (1849–1935), English clergyman and cricketer
** [[John Crawford (economist)]] (1910–1984), Australian economist
** [[John Crawford (engineer)]], computer engineer who won the 1995 Eckert-Mauchly Award
** [[John Crawford (footballer)]] (1880–1934), Scottish football half-back for Lincoln City and Nottingham Forest in the 1900s
** [[John Crawford (ice hockey)]] (1916–1977), Canadian hockey player
** [[John Crawford (musician)]] (born 1960), bassist in the band ''Berlin''
** [[John Crawford (Manitoba politician)]] (1856–1928), Manitoba politician
** [[John Crawford (physician)]] (1746–1813), introducer of vaccination into America
** [[John Crawford (sculptor)]] (1830–1861), Glasgow sculptor
** [[John Crawford (silversmith)]] (fl. 1815–1843), American silversmith
** [[John Crawford (Wisconsin politician)]] (1792–1881), American pioneer and politician
** John Alexander Crawford, known as [[JonFX]], Jamaican music producer
** [[John David Crawford]] (1954–1998), professor at the University of Pittsburgh
** [[John Herbert Crawford (politician)]] (1843–1882), lawyer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada
** [[John Martin Crawford]] (born 1962), Canadian man incarcerated for killing four native women
** [[John Martin Crawford (scholar)]] (1845–1916), U.S. physician, first translator of the Finnish Kalevala into English
** [[John McKinnon Crawford]] (1931–2005), Scottish painter and teacher
** [[John R. Crawford]] (1915–1976), contract bridge and backgammon player, known for the Crawford-rule
** [[John S. Crawford]] (1923–1979), Wisconsin State Assemblyman
** [[John Neville Crawford]] (1886–1963), Surrey and South Australia cricketer
** [[John W. Crawford]] (1846–?), American medical doctor and mayor of Lawrence, Massachusetts
** [[John Wallace Crawford]] (1847–1917), American Civil War veteran, American Old West scout, and poet of western lore
** [[John Willoughby Crawford]] (1817–1875), Member of the Parliament of Canada
** [[John Wilson Crawford]] (1899–1943), Australian Army officer during World War II
** [[John Wallace Crawford]] (1847–1917), a.k.a. "Captain Jack", American Civil War veteran, Old West scout and poet
* [[Johnny Crawford]] (born 1946), actor, singer and musician
* [[Johnny Crawford (ice hockey)]] (1916–1973), Canadian ice hockey defenceman and coach
* [[Joseph Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** Joseph Crawford (1890–1931), American musician known as [[Buddie Petit]]
** [[Joseph Crawford (trade unionist)]] (1910–?), British trade unionist
** [[Joseph Edmund Crawford]] (1877–1964), Ontario political figure
** [[Joseph H. Crawford Jr.]] (born 1932), American science fiction collector
* [[Kirsty Crawford]] (born 1983), Scottish singer/songwriter
* [[Kizzy Crawford]] (born 1996), Welsh singer
* [[Lavell Crawford]] (born 1968), American comedian
* [[Lester Crawford]] (born 1939), Commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
* [[Lou Crawford]], Canadian ice hockey player
* [[Marc Crawford]] (born 1961), Canadian ice hockey player and coach
* [[Marion Crawford]] (1909–1988), Royal nanny
* [[Martha Foster Crawford]] (1830–1909), American writer, missionary
* [[Mary Crawford]] (born 1947), Australian politician
* [[Matilda Maranda Crawford]] (1844–1920), American-Canadian newspaper correspondent, poet
* [[Matthew Crawford]], American writer
* [[Michael Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[Michael Crawford]] (born 1942), English actor and singer
** [[Michael Crawford (cricketer)]] (1920–2012), English cricketer
** [[Michael Crawford (footballer)]] (born 1979), English footballer
** [[Michael Crawford (historian)]] (born 1939), numismatist and ancient historian
** Michael Crawford, Canadian NDP candidate for the riding of [[Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo]] in the 2008 Canadian federal election
* [[Mike Crawford]] (born 1974), American football player
* [[Morris B. Crawford]] (1852–1940), American professor of physics
* [[Mush Crawford]] (Walter Charles Crawford, born 1898), American football player
* [[Osbert Guy Stanhope Crawford]] (1886–1957), English archaeologist
* [[Peter Crawford (basketball)]] (born 1979), Australian basketball player
* [[Peter Crawford (land surveyor)]] (1818–1889), Scottish-born surveyor and pioneer
* [[Ralston Crawford]] (1906–1978), American artist
* [[Randy Crawford]] (born 1952), American singer
* Sir [[Reginald Crawford (died 1307)]], Scottish knight who took part in the Wars of Scottish Independence
* [[Robert Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** Robert Crawford, pen-name of [[Hugh C. Rae]] (1935–2014), Scottish novelist and thriller writer
** [[Robert Crawford (Antrim politician)]] (1847–1946), Ulster Unionist Party Member for Antrim then Mid Antrim
** [[Robert Crawford (Australian poet)]] (1868–1930), Australian poet
** [[Robert Crawford (Cambridge University cricketer)]] (1869–1917), English cricketer
** [[Robert Crawford (Canadian politician)]] (1834–1897), Member of the 1st Council of the Northwest Territories for Qu'Appelle
** [[Robert Crawford (composer)]] (1925–2012), Scottish classical composer, who worked with [[Ilona Kabos]]
** [[Robert Crawford (died 1706)]], MP and [[Governor of Sheerness]]
** [[Robert Crawford (historian)]] (born 1945), director of the Imperial War Museum
** [[Robert Crawford (footballer)]] (1886–c. 1950), Liverpool footballer
** [[Robert Crawford (Scottish poet)]] (born 1959), Scottish poet, scholar and critic
** [[Robert Crawford Johnson]] (1882–1937), English inventor of the cube teapot
** [[Robert Copland-Crawford]] (1852–1894), Scottish footballer, son of Gen. Robert Crawford
** [[Robert Fitzgerald Crawford]] (died 1895), British general, father of [[Robert Copland-Crawford]]
** [[Robert H. Crawford]] (died 26 July 1942), American founder of [[Acme Markets]]
** [[Robert Hugh Crawford]] (died 1930), horse judge and businessman in South Australia
** [[Robert L. Crawford Jr.]] (born 1944), American television actor and film producer
** [[Robert MacArthur Crawford]] (1899–1961), composer who wrote The U.S. Air Force song
** Robert [[Stewart Crawford]] (1913–2002), British diplomat
** [[Robert W. Crawford]] (1906–1995), American park and recreation professional
** [[Robert Wigram Crawford]] (1813–1889), British East India merchant, Governor Bank of England, Liberal Party MP
* [[Ron Crawford]] (born 1945), American actor
* [[Ronald Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
* [[Rusty Crawford]] (1885–1971), Canadian ice-hockey player
* [[Sam Crawford]] (1880–1968), MLB baseball player
* [[Sam Crawford (basketball)]] (born 1970), American basketball player
* [[Sam Crawford (pitcher)]] (born 1892), American pitcher and manager in baseball's Negro Leagues
* [[Samuel Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[Samuel Crawford (jurist)]] (1820–1860), American jurist
** [[Samuel J. Crawford]] (1835–1913), U.S. Army general and third Governor of Kansas
** [[Samuel W. Crawford]] (1829–1892), U.S. Army surgeon and general
* [[Seymour Crawford]] (1944–2018), Irish politician
* [[Shag Crawford]] (1916–2007), MLB National League umpire
* [[Shane Crawford]], Australian rules footballer
* [[Shawn Crawford]] (born 1978), sprinter, 200 metre Olympic champion in 2004
* [[Sidney Crawford]] (1885–1968), South Australian businessman
* [[Sidney Crawford (footballer)]] (1887–1979), Scottish footballer
* [[Stanton Crawford]] (1897–1966), Chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh
* [[Stephen Crawford (politician)]], Canadian politician
* [[Steve Crawford (baseball)]] (born 1958), American baseball pitcher
* [[Steve Crawford (Pennsylvania)]] Steven M. Crawford (born 1959), chief of staff for Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell
* [[Steven Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[T. Stephen Crawford]] (1900–1987), American chemical engineer
* [[Stevie Crawford]] (born 1974), Scottish footballer
* [[Terence Crawford]] (born 1987), American boxer
* [[Therese Crawford]] (born 1976), American volleyball player
* [[Thomas Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[Thomas Crawford of Jordanhill]] (1530–1603), Scottish military strategist and Provost of Glasgow
** [[Thomas Crawford (Australian politician)]] (1865–1948), Australian senator
** [[Thomas Crawford (Canadian politician)]] (1852–1932), Canadian politician
** [[Thomas Crawford (sculptor)]] (1814–1857), American sculptor from New York
** [[Thomas Crawford (Wisconsin politician)]] (born 1952), Wisconsin politician
** [[Thomas H. Crawford]] (1803–1871), Louisville mayor
** [[Thomas Hartley Crawford]] (1786–1863), U.S. congressman from Pennsylvania
** [[Thomas Jackson Crawford]] (1812–1875), Scottish minister and professor of divinity
** Thomas Jefferson Crawford, a member of the [[Crawford family of the White Mountains]]
** [[Thomas Simpson Crawford]] (1875–1976), Australian politician
* [[Tom Crawford (Australian footballer)]] (1879–1964), Australian footballer
* [[Tom Crawford (English footballer)]] (born 1999), English footballer
* [[Tom Crawford (cricketer)]] (1910–1979), Kent cricketer
* [[Victoria Crawford]] (born 1986), American model and professional wrestler
* [[Victor Crawford]] (1932–1996), American politician and lawyer
* [[William Crawford (disambiguation)]], several people
** [[William Crawford (artist)]] (died 1869), Scottish painter
** [[William Crawford (judge)]] (1784–1849), United States federal judge
** [[William Crawford (knight)]], character in epic poem about Scottish knight William Wallace
** [[William Crawford (London MP)]] (1780–1843), British MP for the City of London, 1833–1841
** [[William Crawford (Pennsylvania politician)]] (1760–1823), American Representative from Pennsylvania
** [[William Crawford (Royal Navy officer)]] (1907–2003), British admiral
** [[William Crawford (soldier)]] (1732–1782), soldier in American Revolution, burnt at the stake by Native Americans
** [[William Crawford (Virginia politician)]] (died 1762), politician in Virginia House of Burgesses, founder of Portsmouth, Virginia
** [[William Crawford (trade unionist)]] (1833–1890), British MP for Mid Durham, 1885–1890
** [[William Crawford (Canadian politician)]] (1847–1897), Canadian surveyor and politician in Manitoba
** William [[Broderick Crawford]] (1911–1986), American film actor
** William [[Ernie Crawford]] (1891–1959), Irish rugby union player
** [[William Fitzgerald Crawford]] (1844–1915), New Zealand mayor
** [[William H. Crawford]] (1772–1834), U.S. Secretary of War and Secretary of the Treasury
** [[William J. Crawford]] (1918–2000), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
** [[William James Crawford]] (active 1906–1937), British sports photographer
** [[William L. Crawford]] (1911–1984), U.S. publisher and editor
** [[William Lyne Crawford]] (1839–1920), American Confederate soldier and lawyer
** [[William Monod Crawford]] (1872–1941), Irish colonial civil servant in India and entomologist
** [[William R. Crawford Jr.]] (1928–2002), US ambassador to Yemen and Cyprus
** [[William Sharman Crawford]] (1781–1861), Irish MP
** [[William T. Crawford]] (1856–1913), U.S. Representative from North Carolina
* [[Willie Crawford]] (1946–2004), Major League Baseball outfielder in the 1960s and 1970s
* [[Xavier Crawford]] (born 1995), American football player

==Ships==
* {{USS|Charles P. Crawford|SP-366}}, United States Navy minesweeper and tug in commission from 1917 to 1919

==Given name==
* [[Crawford Allan]] (born 1967), Scottish football referee
* [[Crawford Baptie]] (born 1959), Scottish footballer
* [[Crawford Barton]] (1943–1994), American photographer
* [[Crawford Blagden]] (1881–1937), American football player
* [[Crawford Beveridge]], Scottish businessman
* [[Crawford Boyd]] (born 1952), Scottish footballer
* [[Crawford Chamberlain]] (1821–1902), British Indian Army officer
* [[Crawford Goldsby]] (1876–1896), American outlaw
* [[Crawford Gordon Jr.|Crawford Gordon, Jr.]] (1914–1967), Canadian industrialist
* [[Crawford Greene]] (1884–1959), English politician
* [[Crawford Greenewalt]] (1902–1993), American chemical engineer
* [[Crawford Grimsley]] (born 1967), American boxer
* [[Crawford Gates]] (born 1921), American composer
* [[Crawford Henry]] (born 1937), American tennis player
* [[C. H. "Sammy" Downs|Crawford Hugh "Sammy" Downs]] (1911–1985), American politician
* [[Crawford Ker]] (born 1962), American football player
* [[Crawford Kilian]] (born 1941), Canadian novelist
* [[Crawford Logan]], British actor
* [[Crawford Long]] (1815–1878), American surgeon
* [[Crawford Nalder]] (1910–1994), Australian politician
* [[Crawford Martin]] (1916–1972), American politician
* [[Crawford McCullagh]] (1868–1948), Irish politician
* [[Crawford Merkel]], American bobsledder
* [[Crawford Palmer]] (born 1970), American basketballer
* [[Crawford Vaughan]] (1874–1947), Australian politician
* [[Crawford Wethington]] (1904–1994), American musician
* [[Crawford Wilson]] (born 1989), American actor
* [[Crawford Young]], American musician

==Fictional characters==
* Alan Crawford, character from ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]''
* Jack Crawford, inspector in ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (novel)|The Silence of the Lambs]]''
Quincy Crawford, High school quarterback, TV series Ballers HBO

==See also==
* [[Earl of Crawford]], title of Scottish nobility created in 1398
* [[Clan Crawford]], Scottish clan
* [[Crawford (disambiguation)]], other things named ''Crawford''

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Black |first=GF |year=1971 |origyear=1946 |title=The Surnames of Scotland: Their Origin, Meaning, and History |url=https://archive.org/details/surnamesofscotla00geor |url-access=registration |publisher=[[The New York Public Library]] |location=New York |isbn=0-87104-172-3 |ol=8346130M |ref=B1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Cottle |first=B |author-link=Basil Cottle |year=1969 |origyear=1967 |title=The Penguin Dictionary of Surnames |url=https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00cott |url-access=registration |series=Penguin Reference Books |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Harmondsworth |ol=22912501M |ref=C1 }}
*{{cite book |last=de Bhulbh |first=S |year=1997 |title=Sloinnte na h-Éireann: Irish Surnames |url=https://archive.org/details/sloinntenaheirea00debh |url-access=registration |publisher=Comhar-Chumann Íde Naofa Teo |location=Limerick |isbn=0-9530560-0-7 |ol=316008M |ref=D1 }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Hanks |editor1-first=P |editor1-link=Patrick Hanks |editor2-last=Coates |editor2-first=R |editor2-link=Richard Coates |editor3-last=McClure |editor3-first=P |year=2016 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |volume=1 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-879881-1 |ref=H1 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=P |last2=Hardcastle |first2=K |last3=Hodges |first3=F |year=2006 |origyear=1990 |title=A Dictionary of First Names |series=Oxford Paperback Reference |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-861060-1 |ref=H2 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=P |last2=Hodges |first2=F |year=1991 |origyear=1988 |title=A Dictionary of Surnames |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsurn00patr |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-10-211502-8 |ol=2044914M |ref=H3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Mark |first=C |year=2003 |title=The Gaelic-English Dictionary |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=0-203-27706-6 |ref=M2 }}
*{{cite book |last=Mills |first=AD |year=2003 |origyear=1991 |title=A Dictionary of British Place-Names |type=EPUB |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-852758-6 |ref=M1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Reaney |first=PH |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=RM |year=1995 |title=A Dictionary of English Surnames |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-8631464 |ref=R1 }}
{{refend}}

{{given name|type=both}}

[[Category:English-language surnames]]
[[Category:Scottish surnames]]
[[Category:Toponymic surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Ulster-Scottish origin]]

Chocolat (clown)

2019-07-03T11:44:09Z

95.143.53.196:

{{expand French|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name=Chocolat
| other names=Rafael Padilla
| image=File:Chocolat - Du Guy.jpg
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1865–69
| birth_place = [[Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Spanish Empire]]
| death_date = November 4, 1917 (age 48–52)
| death_place = [[Bordeaux]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| occupation = [[Clown]]
}}

'''Chocolat''' was the stage name of '''Rafael Padilla''', a [[clown]] who performed in a [[Paris]] circus around the turn of the 20th century. Rafael was of [[Afro-Cuban]] descent and was one of the earliest successful black entertainers in modern [[France]]. He was the first black clown to play a lead role in a circus pantomime act, and with his longtime partner [[George Foottit]] they revolutionized the art of clowning by pairing the sophisticated white clown with the foolish ''[[Clown#White_clown_and_Auguste|auguste]]'' clown.

==Early life==
Rafael Padilla was born in [[Cuba]] sometime between 1865 and 1869.<ref name=Noiriel2016>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}}</ref> He was likely born a slave, which would explain why his birth was not registered. If so, he was probably born before September 17, 1869, because in 1870 the Spanish government emancipated all slaves born from that date onwards (see the [[Moret Law]]). He was born without a surname; "Padilla" was but one of several he would adopt later in life. Rafael had no memory of his biological parents.<ref>{{harvp|Franc-Nohain|1907}}: ''"Ses parents? il ne les a jamais connus; il ne connaît même pas son âge exact."'' ("His parents? He never knew them. He didn't even know his exact age.")</ref> He was raised by a poor black woman in the slums of [[Havana]]. When Rafael was still a boy, she sold him to a Spanish businessman named Patricio Castaño Capetillo<ref>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}} notes that a previous biographer, [[Franc-Nohain]], erroneously identified Rafael's buyer as a Portuguese named "Castanio" from the village of "Castrosupuelta", which has to be an error because "Castanio" is not a Portuguese name and "Castrosopuelta" never existed. Noiriel did, however, find records of a wealthy Spanish family named Castaño from the village of Sopuerta.</ref> for 18 ounces of gold.<ref>{{harvp|Franc-Nohain|1907}}: ''"Elle finit pourtant par l'apprécier, au prix de dix-huit onces, sur lequel on tomba d'accord."'' ("She wound up appraising him at a price of 18 ounces, which they agreed upon.")</ref><ref>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}}: ''"...elle s'était empressée de le vendre pour quelques pièces d’or."'' ("...she eagerly sold him for a few gold coins.")</ref>

Castaño brought Rafael to his family's household in the village of [[Sopuerta]] in northern Spain. Cuba had banned the slave trade in 1862, and under international law Rafael technically ceased to be a slave at all the moment he set foot on European soil, but nonetheless the Castaños treated him like one. The Castaños, like many Spaniards with colonial connections, were anti-abolitionists and flouted the law by declaring Rafael a "servant". Rafael was the only black person in the village, and was mistreated both by the Castaños and the villagers. They made him sleep in the stables, and gave him no education.<ref name=Noiriel2016>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}}</ref>

At around the age of 14 or 15, Rafael fled the Castaños. He worked in the quarries of the [[Southern Basque Country|Basque Country]], then moved to [[Bilbao]] where he worked odd jobs, such as dockworker, then as a porter at the train station. In Bilbao he met Tony Grice, a travelling English clown, who hired him as an assistant and domestic servant. Grice would occasionally incorporate Rafael into his acts, such as in his parodies of American [[minstrel show]]s, but didn't make Rafael an apprentice. Rafael did not enjoy this life: on several occasions he deserted Grice, then returned when he could not find employment elsewhere.<ref name=Noiriel2016>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}}</ref><ref name=FrancNohain1907>{{harvp|Franc-Nohain|1907}}</ref>

==Debut==
The famous [[Clown#White clown and Auguste|Auguste]] Tony Grice discovered Rafael working the docks of Bilbao, impressed by both his physical strength and his dancing. He hired him as his manservant and handyman and then made him his partner in some of his numbers, in which Rafael would act as a stuntman.

The new duo would go on to public notoriety when they began performing with the New Circus of [[Joseph Oller]] in Paris during October 1886. Rafael's stage name of Chocolat was given to him at this time by Grice. In 1888, their partnership was ended when Henri Agoust, the manager of the New Circus, hired Chocolat as the star of a nautical [[pantomime]]. He saw Chocolat as an potential star dancer and mime, and was proven correct when his first show, "The Wedding of Chocolat" was a huge success.

The show grew over the next five years, including teaming up with the clowns Pierantoni, Kestern and Geronimo Medrano. During this period he met the love of his life, Marie Hecquet; she was married with two children, but divorced her husband in 1895 to start a new life with Rafael. He raised her children Eugene and Suzanne as their own and the family became circus performers.

==Foottit and Chocolat==
[[File:Duo de Clown Foottit et Chocolat.JPG|thumb|The duo of Footit and Chocolat performing in the skit "Spider". A colour illustration by [[René Vincent]], c. 1900.]]
In 1895, [[Raoul Donval]], director of the New Circus, formed a new duo, teaming Chocolat with a British clown, [[George Foottit]]. The two performed together for twenty years, popularizing clown comedy, especially with the [[burlesque]] sketch ''William Tell''.

This comedy relied heavily on "comedic slaps", making Chocolat a character consistent with the imagery and prejudices of that time; a character that gradually becomes the stereotype of the Negro scapegoat: silly, childish and friendly. Chocolat, however, fought the stereotype by constantly diversifying his skills and careful observation of the skits shows a character not confined to the roles of the subject. The phrase "je suis Chocolat", meaning "I am deceived", was popularized by the dialogues in their sketches, introduced by the duo in 1901.<ref>[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/l-amer-destin-du-clown-chocolat_760572.html « L'amer destin du clown Chocolat »], ''L'Express'', Boris Thiolay, 6 juillet 2009.</ref>

In 1905, their New Circus contract was not renewed. Some blamed the [[Dreyfus affair]] and politicization of racial issues. There were also questions at the time of black and [[Mestizo]] politicians representing the old colonies of the French empire. Their joint career reached its peak with the [[Folies Bergère]] until they were considered old fashioned with the arrival of a generation of American black artists bringing the [[cake walk]] to the stages of Europe.<ref name="Bordeaux">[http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/07/05/le-clown-noir-enterre-a-bordeaux-132597-2780.php « Le clown noir enterré à Bordeaux »], ''Sud Ouest'', 5 juillet 2010.</ref>

In 1909, they returned to the New Circus with ''Chocolat, aviateur d'Henry Moreau''. The first performance on October 30 was well received by the public. On November 19, in an article by writer and journalist [[Pierre Mille]], the Times erroneously announced the death of Chocolat. The next day, the Times retracted the error and published a letter from Rafael, curiously dated November 17:
<blockquote>Sir,
The director read in your newspaper that Mr. Mille, the intelligent journalist wrote that I am dead like Augustus. 
I pray you, say that I am alive, and that I am playing every night in ''Chocolat aviateur'' at the New Circus. 
You can judge that I did not even turn white. 
Please accept my respect, 
Chocolat 
Please correct it, because it hurts me.</blockquote>

Foottit and Chocolat split up in 1910, when [[Andre Antoine]], director of the Odeon, hired Foottit to play the role of the Clown in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''. They announced their separation on stage:
<blockquote>Foottit: "I go to play Romeo at the Odeon!" 
Chocolat: "So? I'm playing [[Othello]] at the [[Comédie-Française]]!"
</blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Chocolat (2016 film)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chocolat}}
[[Category:1860s births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Cuban people]]
[[Category:Cuban slaves]]
[[Category:French clowns]]

Chocolat (clown)

2019-07-03T11:42:57Z

95.143.53.196: NZZ, 3.7.2019

{{expand French|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name=Chocolat
| other names=Rafael Padilla
| image=File:Chocolat - Du Guy.jpg
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1865–69
| birth_place = [[Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Spanish Empire]]
| death_date = November 4, 1917 (age 48–52)
| death_place = [[Bordeaux]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| occupation = [[Clown]]
}}

'''Chocolat''' was the stage name of '''Rafael Padilla''', a [[clown]] who performed in a [[Paris]] circus around the turn of the 20th century. Rafael was of [[Afro-Cuban]] descent and was one of the earliest successful black entertainers in modern [[France]]. He was the first black clown to play a lead role in a circus pantomime act, and with his longtime partner [[George Foottit]] they revolutionized the art of clowning by pairing the sophisticated white clown with the foolish ''[[Clown#White_clown_and_Auguste|auguste]]'' clown.

==Early life==
Rafael was born in [[Cuba]] sometime between 1865 and 1869.<ref name=Noiriel2016>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}}</ref> He was likely born a slave, which would explain why his birth was not registered. If so, he was probably born before September 17, 1869, because in 1870 the Spanish government emancipated all slaves born from that date onwards (see the [[Moret Law]]). He was born without a surname; "Padilla" was but one of several he would adopt later in life. Rafael had no memory of his biological parents.<ref>{{harvp|Franc-Nohain|1907}}: ''"Ses parents? il ne les a jamais connus; il ne connaît même pas son âge exact."'' ("His parents? He never knew them. He didn't even know his exact age.")</ref> He was raised by a poor black woman in the slums of [[Havana]]. When Rafael was still a boy, she sold him to a Spanish businessman named Patricio Castaño Capetillo<ref>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}} notes that a previous biographer, [[Franc-Nohain]], erroneously identified Rafael's buyer as a Portuguese named "Castanio" from the village of "Castrosupuelta", which has to be an error because "Castanio" is not a Portuguese name and "Castrosopuelta" never existed. Noiriel did, however, find records of a wealthy Spanish family named Castaño from the village of Sopuerta.</ref> for 18 ounces of gold.<ref>{{harvp|Franc-Nohain|1907}}: ''"Elle finit pourtant par l'apprécier, au prix de dix-huit onces, sur lequel on tomba d'accord."'' ("She wound up appraising him at a price of 18 ounces, which they agreed upon.")</ref><ref>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}}: ''"...elle s'était empressée de le vendre pour quelques pièces d’or."'' ("...she eagerly sold him for a few gold coins.")</ref>

Castaño brought Rafael to his family's household in the village of [[Sopuerta]] in northern Spain. Cuba had banned the slave trade in 1862, and under international law Rafael technically ceased to be a slave at all the moment he set foot on European soil, but nonetheless the Castaños treated him like one. The Castaños, like many Spaniards with colonial connections, were anti-abolitionists and flouted the law by declaring Rafael a "servant". Rafael was the only black person in the village, and was mistreated both by the Castaños and the villagers. They made him sleep in the stables, and gave him no education.<ref name=Noiriel2016>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}}</ref>

At around the age of 14 or 15, Rafael fled the Castaños. He worked in the quarries of the [[Southern Basque Country|Basque Country]], then moved to [[Bilbao]] where he worked odd jobs, such as dockworker, then as a porter at the train station. In Bilbao he met Tony Grice, a travelling English clown, who hired him as an assistant and domestic servant. Grice would occasionally incorporate Rafael into his acts, such as in his parodies of American [[minstrel show]]s, but didn't make Rafael an apprentice. Rafael did not enjoy this life: on several occasions he deserted Grice, then returned when he could not find employment elsewhere.<ref name=Noiriel2016>{{harvp|Noiriel|2016}}</ref><ref name=FrancNohain1907>{{harvp|Franc-Nohain|1907}}</ref>

==Debut==
The famous [[Clown#White clown and Auguste|Auguste]] Tony Grice discovered Rafael working the docks of Bilbao, impressed by both his physical strength and his dancing. He hired him as his manservant and handyman and then made him his partner in some of his numbers, in which Rafael would act as a stuntman.

The new duo would go on to public notoriety when they began performing with the New Circus of [[Joseph Oller]] in Paris during October 1886. Rafael's stage name of Chocolat was given to him at this time by Grice. In 1888, their partnership was ended when Henri Agoust, the manager of the New Circus, hired Chocolat as the star of a nautical [[pantomime]]. He saw Chocolat as an potential star dancer and mime, and was proven correct when his first show, "The Wedding of Chocolat" was a huge success.

The show grew over the next five years, including teaming up with the clowns Pierantoni, Kestern and Geronimo Medrano. During this period he met the love of his life, Marie Hecquet; she was married with two children, but divorced her husband in 1895 to start a new life with Rafael. He raised her children Eugene and Suzanne as their own and the family became circus performers.

==Foottit and Chocolat==
[[File:Duo de Clown Foottit et Chocolat.JPG|thumb|The duo of Footit and Chocolat performing in the skit "Spider". A colour illustration by [[René Vincent]], c. 1900.]]
In 1895, [[Raoul Donval]], director of the New Circus, formed a new duo, teaming Chocolat with a British clown, [[George Foottit]]. The two performed together for twenty years, popularizing clown comedy, especially with the [[burlesque]] sketch ''William Tell''.

This comedy relied heavily on "comedic slaps", making Chocolat a character consistent with the imagery and prejudices of that time; a character that gradually becomes the stereotype of the Negro scapegoat: silly, childish and friendly. Chocolat, however, fought the stereotype by constantly diversifying his skills and careful observation of the skits shows a character not confined to the roles of the subject. The phrase "je suis Chocolat", meaning "I am deceived", was popularized by the dialogues in their sketches, introduced by the duo in 1901.<ref>[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/l-amer-destin-du-clown-chocolat_760572.html « L'amer destin du clown Chocolat »], ''L'Express'', Boris Thiolay, 6 juillet 2009.</ref>

In 1905, their New Circus contract was not renewed. Some blamed the [[Dreyfus affair]] and politicization of racial issues. There were also questions at the time of black and [[Mestizo]] politicians representing the old colonies of the French empire. Their joint career reached its peak with the [[Folies Bergère]] until they were considered old fashioned with the arrival of a generation of American black artists bringing the [[cake walk]] to the stages of Europe.<ref name="Bordeaux">[http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/07/05/le-clown-noir-enterre-a-bordeaux-132597-2780.php « Le clown noir enterré à Bordeaux »], ''Sud Ouest'', 5 juillet 2010.</ref>

In 1909, they returned to the New Circus with ''Chocolat, aviateur d'Henry Moreau''. The first performance on October 30 was well received by the public. On November 19, in an article by writer and journalist [[Pierre Mille]], the Times erroneously announced the death of Chocolat. The next day, the Times retracted the error and published a letter from Rafael, curiously dated November 17:
<blockquote>Sir,
The director read in your newspaper that Mr. Mille, the intelligent journalist wrote that I am dead like Augustus. 
I pray you, say that I am alive, and that I am playing every night in ''Chocolat aviateur'' at the New Circus. 
You can judge that I did not even turn white. 
Please accept my respect, 
Chocolat 
Please correct it, because it hurts me.</blockquote>

Foottit and Chocolat split up in 1910, when [[Andre Antoine]], director of the Odeon, hired Foottit to play the role of the Clown in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''. They announced their separation on stage:
<blockquote>Foottit: "I go to play Romeo at the Odeon!" 
Chocolat: "So? I'm playing [[Othello]] at the [[Comédie-Française]]!"
</blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Chocolat (2016 film)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chocolat}}
[[Category:1860s births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Cuban people]]
[[Category:Cuban slaves]]
[[Category:French clowns]]

Skyline (Honolulu)

2019-04-03T14:02:14Z

95.143.53.196: /* Route */

{{short description|Rapid transit system in Honolulu County, Oahu, Hawaii}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = auto
| name = Honolulu Rail Transit Project
| logo = Hart-wordmark.svg
| logo_width = 200px
| image = Honolulu rail project construction in Waipahu near Fort Weaver Road 2015-07-29.jpg |image_width=250px
| caption = Project construction in [[Waipahu]]
| type = [[Medium-capacity rail transport system|Medium-capacity rail]] [[rapid transit]]
| system =
| locale = [[Honolulu County, Hawaii]]
| start = [[Kapolei|East Kapolei]]
| end = [[Ala Moana Center]]
| stations = 21
| routes = 1
| status = Under construction
| open =
*Phase I: Late 2020 (East Kapolei to Aloha Stadium)
*Phase II: Late 2025 (Aloha Stadium to Ala Moana Center)<ref name = "rail-facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.honolulutransit.org/inform/rail-facts?catid=0|title=Rail Facts - All FAQs|website=www.honolulutransit.org}}</ref>
| owner = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422000532/http://www.honolulutransit.org/hart.aspx HART]
| operator =
| character = Almost entirely [[Elevated rail|elevated]]
| stock = [[Hitachi Rail Italy]] [[AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro|(Driverless Metro)]]
| linelength = {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on|first=imp}}
| daily_ridership =
| electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]<ref>{{cite web |title=TP -1: Core Systems Description Honolulu High -Capacity Transit Corridor Project |url=http://hartdocs.honolulu.gov/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-14720/TP-1CSDescr.pdf |publisher=Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transit |accessdate=December 8, 2018}}</ref>
| map_state = collapsed
| map = {{Honolulu Rail Route}}
| map_name = Route diagram
| website = {{URL|www.honolulutransit.org}}
}}

The '''Honolulu Rail Transit''' Project (also known as the '''Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project''') is an urban rail [[rapid transit]] system under construction in [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]], [[Oahu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. The mostly-elevated system features design elements from both [[Passenger rail terminology|heavy rail]] systems and [[light metro]]s,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mangieri|first1=Gina|title=Could light rail help train reach Ala Moana and beyond?|url=http://khon2.com/2016/05/19/could-light-rail-help-train-reach-ala-moana-and-beyond/|accessdate=October 28, 2016|publisher=KHON2|date=May 19, 2016}}</ref> with a [[commuter rail]]-like design incorporated into trains and suburban stations. It will become the first large-scale publicly run metro system in the United States to feature [[platform screen doors]] and will be driverless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansaldohonolulurail.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=5|title=The Honolulu Rail Project - Based on the Copenhagen Driverless Metro System|first=|last=Administrator|website=www.ansaldohonolulurail.com}}</ref> The first phase of the project, linking [[Kapolei, Hawaii|East Kapolei]] and [[Aloha Stadium]], is scheduled to open in late 2020. Its second phase continuing the line across urban Honolulu to [[Ala Moana Center]] is due to open in December 2025.

For more than 40 years, debate over the development of a rail system in Honolulu has been a major point of contention in local politics, especially leading into the 2008, [[Honolulu mayoral election, 2012|2012]], and [[Honolulu mayoral election, 2016|2016]] election cycles. Proponents of the system say it will alleviate worsening [[traffic congestion]], already among the worst in the [[United States]].<ref name="worsttraffic">{{cite web|title=Honolulu ranked worst in country for traffic|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/18599683/honolulu-ranked-worst-in-country-for-traffic|publisher=Hawaii News now|accessdate=August 31, 2017}}</ref> They assert that the urban agglomeration in south Oahu is ideally suited to rail as it is constrained by mountains to a narrow strip along the coast, which will be well served by a single rail line and which has the fourth highest population density in the US.<ref name="boehonbcn">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301651522_Honolulu_Rail_Transit_International_Lessons_from_Barcelona_in_Linking_Urban_Form_Design_and_Transportation |author=Boeing, G. |title=Honolulu Rail Transit: International Lessons in Linking Form, Design, and Transportation |journal=Planext |date=2016 |volume=2 |pages=28–47 |accessdate=August 31, 2017}}</ref> Rail opponent and freeway advocate [[Panos Prevedouros]] has questioned its cost effectiveness compared to alternatives<ref name="worsttraffic"/> and claims that it will have marginal impact on future congestion and that new roads will therefore still be required.<ref>{{cite web|title=What Can We Do About the Rail? Nothing. Tackle Traffic Congestion!|url=http://www.civilbeat.org/2015/01/what-can-we-do-about-the-rail-nothing-tackle-traffic-congestion/|publisher=Honolulu City Beat|accessdate=August 31, 2017|date=January 29, 2015}}</ref>

The project is financed by a surcharge on local taxes as well as a $1.55 billion grant from the [[Federal Transit Administration|Federal Transit Administration (FTA)]]. After major cost overruns, the tax surchages were extended in 2016 by five years to raise another $1.2 billion; however that additional funding was only sufficient for construction out to Middle Street in [[Kalihi]]. The FTA stated that its contribution is contingent to completion of the line all the way to Ala Moana Center and will not be increased.<ref name="CRAIGT.KOJIMA">{{cite journal |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/breaking-news/fta-says-no-to-stopping-rail-at-middle-street-additional-funding/ |author=CRAIG T. KOJIMA|title=Feds to city: No more money for rail, no stopping at Middle Street |journal=Honolulu Star Advertiser|date=2016 |accessdate=August 31, 2016}}</ref> After much wrangling, the state legislature in 2017 approved $2.4 billion in additional taxes to allow the city to complete the project according to the original plan.<ref name="Nanea.Kalani">{{cite journal | url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/09/01/breaking-news/rail-bail-out-bill-goes-to-ige-after-house-approves/ |author=Nanea Kalani |title=Rail bail-out bill goes to Ige after House approves|journal=Honolulu Star Advertiser|date=September 1, 2017 |accessdate=September 2, 2017}}</ref>

Construction of the final {{convert|4.3|mi|km|adj=on}} section through downtown Honolulu, which is expected to be the most difficult to build, has not commenced. The contractor selection process for this section was restarted in September 2017 and is expected to take eighteen months.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rail officials start over on selecting builder for last stretch|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/09/07/hawaii-news/rail-officials-start-over-on-selecting-builder-for-last-stretch/?HSA=af10a21d7a7762a176d7320f3ad163e48af2b7c4|website=Honolulu Star Advertiser|accessdate=September 25, 2017|date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> The first major contract for that section, a $400 million contract to relocate utilities to clear the path of the line, was awarded in May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/05/07/hawaii-news/hart-awards-400-million-contract-to-relocate-utilities-to-make-way-for-honolulu-rail|title=HART awards $400 million contract to relocate utilities to make way for Honolulu rail|last=|first=|date=May 7, 2018|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The final cost has grown from preliminary projections of $4 billion in 2006<ref name="2006cost3billion" /> to between $9 billion<ref name="CostDropped1billion">{{cite web|title=The Estimated Cost Of Honolulu Rail Just Dropped By $1 Billion|url=http://www.civilbeat.org/2017/09/the-estimated-cost-of-honolulu-rail-just-dropped-by-1-billion/|accessdate=September 25, 2017|date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> and $10 billion by 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caldwell says state lawmakers’ rail-funding plan falls short|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/08/24/breaking-news/caldwell-says-state-lawmakerss-rail-funding-plan-falls-short/|website=Honolulu Star Advertiser|accessdate=September 6, 2017|date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> Critics have called for a "forensic audit" to establish the cause of the increase.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hard Reality Of Honolulu Rail Costs|url=http://www.civilbeat.org/2017/08/the-hard-reality-of-hart-costs/|website=Honolulu Civil Beat|accessdate=September 6, 2017|date=August 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=City rail audit won’t look for fraud?|url=http://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2017/08/city-rail-audit-wont-look-for-fraud/|website=Grassroot Institute|accessdate=September 20, 2017|date=August 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rep Tupola Backs Forensic Audit for HART|url=http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/ID/20121/Rep-Tupola-Backs-Forensic-Audit-for-HART.aspx|website=Hawai`i Free Press|accessdate=September 20, 2017|date=August 15, 2017}}</ref> The tax increase legislation passed in 2017 also requires the State auditor carry out an audit of the project's accounts<ref name="Sep17Govsignsbill" /> and to consider alternatives for completing the system.<ref name="bringdowntoearth" />

==History==
Plans for a [[mass transit]] line to connect Honolulu's urban center with outlying areas began in the 1960s,<ref name="Blaisdell">{{Citation |title=Blaisdell hails Oahu mass transit project |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |pages=A12 |date=May 24, 1966}}</ref> but funding was not approved until 2005.<ref name="13 years">{{citation |last=Reyes |first=B.J. |title=Council gives transit go-ahead 13 years after initial rejection |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/08/11/news/story2.html |date=August 11, 2005 |accessdate=October 16, 2008}}</ref> The controversy over the rail line was the dominant issue for local politics leading into the 2008 Honolulu elections,<ref name="Referendum">{{citation |last=Carlson |first=Ragnar |title=Hail to the chief |date=September 3, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Weekly |url=http://honoluluweekly.com/cover/story-continued/2008/09/hail-to-the-chief/ |accessdate=October 16, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928114114/http://honoluluweekly.com/cover/story-continued/2008/09/hail-to-the-chief/ |archivedate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> and culminated in a city charter amendment which left the final decision to a direct vote of the citizens of Oahu.<ref name="Charter">{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |title=Voters can derail $4B project |date=October 19, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://www.starbulletin.com/news/hawaiinews/30935624.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601215930/http://www.starbulletin.com/news/hawaiinews/30935624.html |archivedate=June 1, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2011}}</ref> Construction of the rail line was approved with 53% of voters in favor,<ref name="53% S">{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |date=November 10, 2008 |title=Voters on route drive rail victory |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20081110_Voters_on_route_drive_rail_victory |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref> and ground broke on project construction on February 22, 2011.<ref name="Groundbreaking">{{citation |last=Park |first=Gene |title=Rail ready to break ground |date=February 12, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110212_rail_ready_to_break_ground.html |accessdate=February 12, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Ground Broken">{{citation |last=Park |first=Gene |title=It's a go! |date=February 23, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |volume=130 |issue=23 |page=A1 |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110223_Its_a_go.html |accessdate=February 23, 2011}}</ref>

=== Previous projects ===
For more than 50 years, Honolulu politicians have attempted to construct a rail transit line.<ref name="boehonbcn"/> In 1966, then-mayor [[Neal S. Blaisdell]] suggested a rail line as a solution to alleviate traffic problems in Honolulu, stating, "Taken in the mass, the automobile is a noxious mechanism whose destiny in workaday urban use is to frustrate man and make dead certain that he approaches his daily occupation unhappy and inefficient."<ref name="Blaisdell" />

[[Frank Fasi]] was elected to office in 1968, and started planning studies for a rail project,<ref>{{citation |title=Fasi To Start Rail Transit Study |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin & Advertiser |page=A1 |date=February 16, 1969}} (Note: At this time, the ''Honolulu Star-Bulletin'' and ''Honolulu Advertiser'' published Sunday editions jointly under the name ''Honolulu Star-Bulletin & Advertiser''.)</ref> named Honolulu Area Rapid Transit (HART), in 1977.<ref>{{citation |last=Tune |first=Jerry |title=A Transit Line with a HART |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |date=July 7, 1977 |pages=A12}}</ref> After Fasi lost the 1980 reelection to [[Eileen Anderson]], President [[Ronald Reagan]] cut off funding for all upcoming mass transit projects, which led Anderson to cancel HART in 1981.<ref>{{Citation |last=Matsunaga |first=Mark |title=Reagan stops HART in its tracks |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |page=A1 |date=February 19, 1981}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mayor to abandon HART, beef up buses |last=Matsunaga |first=Mark |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |pages=A1 |date=May 5, 1981}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Glauberman |first=Stu |title=Mayor Calls HART Study to Abrupt Halt |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |page=A1 |date=May 5, 1981}}</ref> Fasi defeated Anderson in their 1984 rematch and restarted the HART project in 1986,<ref>{{citation |last=Matsunaga |first=Mark |title=Transit system plan revived |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |page=A3 |date=August 14, 1986}}</ref> but this second effort was stopped in a 1992 vote by the [[Honolulu City Council]] against the necessary tax increase.<ref name="13 years" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Mariani |first=Jeanne |title=Rail line dead – for now |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |page=A1 |date=September 23, 1992}}</ref>

Fasi resigned in 1994 to run for [[governor]], with [[Jeremy Harris (politician)|Jeremy Harris]] winning the [[By-election|special election]] to replace him. Harris unsuccessfully pursued a [[bus rapid transit]] project as an interim solution until he left office in 2004.<ref>{{citation |last=Dicus |first=Howard |title=Harris: 'Honolulu must build fixed rail' |newspaper=Pacific Business News |url=http://pacific.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2004/01/26/daily64.html |date=January 30, 2004 |accessdate=October 16, 2008}}</ref> His successor, [[Mufi Hannemann]], began the Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project (HHCTCP), the island's fourth attempt to build a mass transit system operating in a dedicated right-of-way.

=== Studies ===
[[File:City and County of Honolulu Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor HCTC 63 Survey Marker Honolulu, Oahu, HI.jpg |thumb|right|upright|Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor [[survey marker]] in the sidewalk at the corner of Kapiolani Blvd and Keeaumoku Street in Honolulu]]
The City and County of Honolulu Department of Transportation Services released the first formal study related to the HHCTCP on November 1, 2006, the ''Alternatives Analysis Report''. The report compared the cost and benefits of a "fixed guideway system", along with three alternatives. The first expanded the existing bus system to match [[population growth]]. A second option called for a further expansion to the bus system, with improvements to existing roads. The third alternative proposed a two-lane [[Overpass|flyover]] above the [[Interstate H-1|H-1 freeway]] between [[Pearl City, Hawaii|Pearl City]] and Honolulu International Airport, continuing over [[Hawaii Route 92|Nimitz Highway]], and into downtown Honolulu. The report recommended construction of the fixed guideway, and is considered the city's official justification for building a rail line.<ref name="AA Report Released">{{citation |last=Kua |first=Crystal |title=Council panel backs rail as mass-transit solution |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |date=November 3, 2006 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/11/03/news/story07.html |accessdate=October 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>City and County of Honolulu Department of Transportation Services (November 1, 2006), ''Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Alternatives Analysis Report'' [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/Alterntives_Analysis_Toc_Chapter1.pdf Chapter 1], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/Alterntives_Analysis_Chapter2.pdf Chapter 2], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/Alterntives_Analysis_Chapter3_to_End.pdf Chapter 3 to 7], retrieved February 25, 2009</ref>

A second planning document, the ''Draft Environmental Impact Statement'' (DEIS), studied possible natural and social impacts of the construction and operation of the HHCTCP. The DEIS was completed and cleared for public release by the [[Federal Transit Administration]] (FTA) on October 29, 2008. After minor changes were made to comply with state law, the document was distributed via the city's official project website four days later. The DEIS indicated that impacts of the rail project would include land acquisition from private owners on the route, displacement of residents and businesses, aesthetic concerns related to the elevated guideway, and noise from passing trains.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration; City and County of Honolulu Department of Transportation Services, [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/executive%20summary%20drafteis.pdf Draft Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary] (PDF), retrieved February 25, 2009</ref>

The city was criticized for timing the release only two days before the 2008 general election. City Councilmember [[Ann Kobayashi]], running as a mayoral candidate against [[incumbent]] Hannemann, suggested that the city deliberately withheld key information to early voters who had already cast their ballots for the mayoral candidates, and a city charter amendment related to the project.<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |title=City releases portion of rail report |date=October 31, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20081031_City_releases_portion_of_rail_report |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Shikina |first=Robert |title=Kobayashi rails against city for timing of report |date=November 3, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20081103_kobayashi_rails_against_city_for_timing_of_report |accessdate=November 6, 2008}}</ref> The anti-rail advocacy group Stop Rail Now criticized the report for not further discussing bus rapid transit and toll lanes, options studied earlier by the city in its Alternatives Analysis.<ref>{{citation |last1=Hao |first1=Sean |last2=Roig |first2=Suzanne |title=Hawaii rail transit cost now at least $4.34B |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |date=November 3, 2008 |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Nov/03/ln/hawaii811030342.html |accessdate=March 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration; City and County of Honolulu Department of Transportation Services (2008-11), ''Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Section 4(f) Evaluation'' [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/front.pdf Cover to Contents], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/chapter%201.pdf Chapter 1], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/chapter%202.pdf Chapter 2], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/chapter%203.pdf Chapter 3], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/chapter%204-front.pdf Chapter 4 (Part 1)], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/chapter%204-end.pdf Chapter 4 (Part 2)], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/chapter%205.pdf Chapter 5], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/chapters%206%20to%208.pdf Chapters 6–8], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/end.pdf References to Index], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/deis_appendix_a_1108.pdf Appendix A (Conceptual Alignment Plans and Profiles)], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/deis_appendix_b_1108.pdf Appendix B (Conceptual Right-of-Way Plans)], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/deis_appendix_c_1108.pdf Appendix C (Construction Approach)], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/deis_appendix_d_1108.pdf Appendix D (Record of Agency Correspondence and Coordination)], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/deis_appendix_e_1108.pdf Appendix E (Record of Public and Stakeholder Correspondence and Coordination)], retrieved on January 5, 2009</ref>

The third and final official planning document, the ''Final Environmental Impact Statement'' (FEIS), was approved and cleared for public release by the FTA on June 14, 2010. The FEIS addresses and incorporates public comments received regarding the DEIS.<ref>{{citation |last=Hao |first=Sean |title=Final study for rail line gets feds' OK |date=June 15, 2010 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20100615_Final_study_for_rail_line_gets_feds_OK.html |accessdate=February 1, 2010}}</ref> The FTA subsequently declared the environmental review process complete in a record of decision issued on January 18, 2011.<ref name="FTA RoD">{{citation |last=Park |first=Gene |title=Rail gets OK to break ground |date=January 19, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110119_Rail_gets_OK_to_break_ground.html |accessdate=January 20, 2011}}</ref>

=== Impact on Honolulu mayoral elections ===
The importance of the Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project in the 2008 mayoral election led one observer to describe the vote as a "referendum on rail transit".<ref name="Referendum" /> Two challengers emerged as rivals to incumbent [[Mufi Hannemann]]: City Councilmember [[Ann Kobayashi]] and [[University of Hawaii]] professor [[Panos D. Prevedouros]]. Kobayashi supported a "rubber-tired" mass transit system, as opposed to the conventional steel-wheel-on-steel-rail system chosen by the Hannemann administration. Prevedouros, on the other hand, opposed any type of mass transit project, favoring construction of a reversible tollway over the H-1, similar to the Managed Lane option which the Alternatives Analysis studied and rejected, and reworking existing road systems to ease congestion.<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |title=Mayoral debate turns raucous |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |date=September 10, 2008 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/09/10/news/story01.html |accessdate=October 16, 2008}}</ref> No candidate won a majority of votes in the September 20 non-partisan primary, forcing a runoff between Hannemann and Kobayashi;<ref>{{citation |last=Borreca |first=Richard |last2=Au |first2=Laurie |title=Hannemann and Kobayashi reset sights for Nov. 4 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |date=September 21, 2008 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/09/21/news/story01.html |accessdate=October 20, 2008}}</ref> Hannemann successfully retained his post with 58% of the vote in the November 4 general election.<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |title=Hannemann win re-election with 58% |date=November 5, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20081105_Hannemann_wins_re-election_with_58 |accessdate=November 5, 2008}}</ref>

On April 22, 2008, the Stop Rail Now advocacy group announced their intent to file a petition with the city to place a question on the 2008 [[ballot]] to create an ordinance that read: "Honolulu mass transit shall not include trains or rail".<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |title=Rail critics utilize power of pen |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/04/22/news/story01.html |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=October 20, 2008}}</ref> Stop Rail Now attempted to submit the petition with 49,041 signatures to City Clerk Denise De Costa on August 5, but was initially denied after De Costa claimed the city charter did not allow the petition to be submitted less than 180 days before a general election, as the wording of the petition called for a special election.<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |title=Lawsuit looms over validity of anti-rail petition |date=August 5, 2008 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/08/05/news/story03.html |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |accessdate=November 6, 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.honolulu.gov/refs/rch/rc030404.pdf Section 3-404] (PDF), [http://www.honolulu.gov/refs/rch/ Revised Charter of Honolulu], retrieved on February 25, 2009</ref> Stop Rail Now filed a lawsuit to force the city to accept the petition, and the courts ruled in Stop Rail Now's favor on August 14.<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |title=City clerk rushing to certify anti-rail effort |date=August 20, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/08/20/news/story07.html |accessdate=November 6, 2008}}</ref> Stop Rail Now's petition drive ultimately failed on September 4 when De Costa deemed only 35,056 of the signatures valid, well short of the 44,525 required.<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/09/04/news/story03.html |title=Anti-rail group's effort denied by courts, clerk |date=September 4, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |accessdate=November 6, 2008}}</ref>

In response to the possibility that Stop Rail Now's petition would fail, the City Council had however voted on August 21 to place a proposed amendment to the city charter on the ballot, asking voters to decide the fate of the project.<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |title=Council OKs ballot question on transit |date=August 21, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/08/21/news/story02.html |accessdate=November 12, 2008}}</ref> Mayor Hannemann signed the proposal the following day.<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |date=August 22, 2008 |title=Mayor vows to put transit on ballot |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/08/22/news/story04.html |accessdate=November 12, 2008}}</ref> The City Council's proposed amendment was not intended to have a direct legal effect on the city's ability to continue the project, but was meant as a means for Oahu residents to express their opinions on its construction.<ref name="Charter" /> The charter amendment was approved with 53% of votes cast in favor of rail and 47% against. Majorities of voters in Leeward and Central Oahu, the areas that will be served by the project, voted in favor of the amendment, while the majority of those living outside the project's scope in Windward Oahu and [[East Honolulu, Hawaii|East Honolulu]] voted against it.<ref name="53% S" /> In mid-2010, Hannemann resigned as major to run for governor and Kirk Caldwell assumed the position of interim mayor.<ref name=Dayton2019-01-11>{{cite news|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/01/11/hawaii-news/premature-contracts-increased-rail-cost-by-354m/?HSA=eb247f207a1158b53d1b48d5858ca2997cc4061a|title=Premature contracts increased rail cost by $354M|date=January 11, 2019|newspaper=[[Star-Advertiser]]|location=[[Honolulu]]|last=Dayton|first=Kevin|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref>

In the [[Honolulu mayoral election, 2016|2016 Honolulu mayoral elections]] the main three candidates again took opposing views on rail. Honolulu City Council Member [[Charles Djou]], former mayor [[Peter Carlisle]], and incumbent [[Kirk Caldwell]] all ran for mayor with the stated goal of finishing rail. However, Republican Djou ran on drastically cutting spending on rail by cutting funding on buying cars on the rail before its completion, and hiring mainland consultants.<ref>Charles Djou, "Rail" (http://djou.com/issues/rail/)</ref> Kirk Caldwell also stated that spending on rail should be cut, but instead by shortening the rail to end at Middle Street.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/32242522/caldwell-wants-to-shorten-rail-to-15-miles-ending-route-at-middle-street|title=Mayor wants to shorten rail route, ending at Middle Street|last=Mendoza|first=Jim|date=June 16, 2016|work=Hawaii News Now|access-date=March 11, 2017|last2=Lincoln|first2=Mileka|language=en|last3=Davis|first3=Chelsea}}</ref> Carlisle was the only candidate in full support of funding the rail system and stated that rail has gone too far to be stopped.<ref>Grace Lee, "Mayoral candidate Peter Carlisle says rail project cannot be stopped" (http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/31997123/mayoral-candidate-peter-carl-isle-says-rail-project-cannot-be-stopped)</ref> Kirk Caldwell won the election, and promptly went on to adopt Carlisle's position that rail should be completed.

===Delays===
Construction on the HHCTCP rail line was originally scheduled to begin in December 2009 but did not occur on that date owing to delays in the project review process and delays in obtaining federal approval of the environmental impact statement.<ref>{{citation |last=Hao |first=Sean |title=Honolulu rail behind schedule, with construction start unclear |date=January 3, 2010 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Jan/03/ln/hawaii1030376.html |accessdate=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Honolulu Mayor Peter Carlisle at Rail Groundbreaking 2011-02-22.jpg|thumb|left|Honolulu mayor [[Peter Carlisle]] speaking at the project's groundbreaking ceremony]]
In January 2010, Republican Governor [[Linda Lingle]] publicly recommended that the city alter plans for the rail line after news reports on FTA documents where the federal agency raised issues over declining tax revenues in connection with a [[Late-2000s recession|global economic recession]],<ref>{{citation |last1=Hao |first1=Sean |last2=Pang |first2=Gordon Y.K. |title=Honolulu's rail costs put state at financial risk, governor says |date=January 9, 2010 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Jan/09/ln/hawaii1090342.html |accessdate=February 1, 2011}}</ref> and commissioned a study by the state to review the project's finances in March.<ref>{{citation |last=Hao |first=Sean |title=Time short for Lingle's call on rail |date=August 26, 2010 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20100826_Time_short_for_Lingles_call_on_rail.html |accessdate=February 1, 2011}}</ref> The state financial study, publicly released on December 2, 2010, indicated that the project would likely experience a $1.7 billion overrun above the $5.3 billion projected cost, and that collections from the General Excise Tax would be 30% below forecasts. Then Mayor Peter Carlisle (Democrat) dismissed the study as "damaged goods," and "a pre-determined anti-rail rant." He also pointed to several conclusions as "erroneous" and "inaccurate" before concluding that "spending a third of a million dollars for this shoddy, biased analysis is an appalling waste of our tax dollars."<ref name="LingleReport2010">{{cite web|title=Carlisle dismisses Lingle's rail report|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/blog/2010/12/carlisle-honolulus-rail-project.html|website=Pacific Business News|accessdate=September 1, 2017|date=December 3, 2010}}</ref> Lingle's Democratic successor, [[Neil Abercrombie]], publicly stated that the financial analysis would not affect his decision to approve or disapprove of the project, saying that the state's responsibility is limited to the environmental review process, and that decisions regarding the project's finances belong to the city and the FTA.<ref>{{citation |last=DePledge |first=Derrick |title=Abercrombie to weigh rail EIS |date=November 5, 2010 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/hawaiinews/20101105_Abercrombie_to_weigh_rail_EIS.html |accessdate=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Governor Abercrombie subsequently approved the project's final environmental impact statement on December 16, 2010.<ref>{{citation |last=Park |first=Gene |title=Governor signs off on review of rail |date=December 17, 2010 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20101217_Governor_signs_off_on_review_of_rail.html |accessdate=February 1, 2011}}</ref> The Honolulu City Council held a hearing on January 12, 2011 about the state's financial review, but the hearing was not attended by any state officials, who had been invited to testify.<ref>{{citation |last=Park |first=Gene |title=State skips hearing on rail finance studies |date=January 13, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/hawaiinews/20110113_State_skips_hearing_on_rail_finance_studies.html |accessdate=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

On January 18, 2011, the FTA issued a "record of decision", indicating that the HHCTCP had met the requirements of its environmental review and that the city was allowed to begin construction work on the project.<ref name="FTA RoD" /> The record of decision allowed the city to begin negotiating with owners of land that will be purchased for the project, to begin relocating utility lines to make way for construction of the line and stations, and to purchase [[rolling stock]] for the rail line.<ref>{{citation |last=Park |first=Gene |title=If they build it, will developers come? |date=February 20, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110220_If_they_build_it_will_developers_come.html |accessdate=February 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=LaFrance |first=Adrienne |title=Rail Groundbreaking: Phony or For Real? |date=February 21, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Civil Beat |publisher=Peer News LLC |url=http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2011/02/21/9126-rail-groundbreaking-phony-or-for-real/ |accessdate=February 22, 2011}}</ref> A ground-breaking ceremony was held on February 22, 2011 in Kapolei, at the site of the future East Kapolei station along Kualakai Parkway.<ref name="Groundbreaking" /><ref name="Ground Broken" />

In March 2012, [[Daniel Grabauskas|Dan Grabauskas]] was hired on a three year contract as CEO and Executive Director of HART.<ref name=HonoluluGov2012-03-01>{{cite news|url=https://www.honolulu.gov/csd-news-2012/5840-03-01-12-daniel-grabauskas-named-hart-executive-director.html|title=Danial Grabauskas Named HART Executive Director|date=March 1, 2012|work=City and County of Honolulu: Department of Customer Services|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref> In 2014 HART CEO Dan Grabauskas blamed lawsuits, launched in 2011, for some of the cost overruns after bids to construct the first nine stations exceeded the budget by $100 million. His claims were disputed by the plaintiffs in one of the cases who said HART could have put the stations out to tender and that HART had deliberately delayed the legal proceedings so a judgement would only be delivered after a significant proportion of the line had been completed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honolulu rail CEO blames cost overruns on legal challenges, but critics say it is incompetence|url=http://www.hawaiireporter.com/honolulu-rail-ceo-blames-cost-overruns-on-legal-challenges-but-critics-say-it-is-incompetence|accessdate=September 6, 2017|date=August 15, 2014}}</ref>

===Burial issues===
Like most major infrastructure work in Hawaii, construction of the rail line is likely to uncover historic human remains, notably in its downtown Honolulu section. The Oahu Island Burial Council (part of the State Historic Preservation Division, within the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources) refused to sign a programmatic agreement on October 21, 2009, over concerns about likely burial sites located along the line's proposed route over Halekauwila Street in [[Kakaako|Kaka{{okina}}ako]]. Three construction projects in the area since 2002 have each encountered unforeseen human remains that led to delays, and [[archaeologist]] Thomas Dye stated, "The council is absolutely right that you should expect to find burials on Halekauwila Street".<ref name="2009-10 Burials">{{citation |last=Hao |first=Sean |title=Burial council won't sign rail pact |date=October 20, 2009 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Oct/20/ln/hawaii910200360.html |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref>

The Burial Council's core contention is the city's decision to conduct an archaeological survey of the rail line's route in phases, meaning construction on a majority of the line will be complete by the time the survey in the Kaka{{okina}}ako area is performed, which in turn increases the likelihood that any remains discovered will be moved instead of being allowed to remain ''in situ''.<ref>{{citation |last=Conrow |first=Joan |title=grave matters |date=May 26, 2010 |newspaper=Honolulu Weekly |url=http://honoluluweekly.com/cover/2010/05/grave-matters/ |accessdate=January 30, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119140503/http://honoluluweekly.com/cover/2010/05/grave-matters/ |archivedate=November 19, 2011}}</ref> In response to the Burial Council's concerns, the city agreed to begin conducting an archaeological survey of the area in 2010, two years earlier than originally planned.<ref name="2009-10 Burials" /> The state Department of Land and Natural Resources later signed the city's programmatic agreement on January 15, 2011, over the continuing concerns of the Burial Council.<ref>{{citation |last=Park |first=Gene |title=City plan accounts for problematic burial sites |date=January 16, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110116_City_plan_accounts_for_problematic_burial_sites.html |accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>

The city's decision to conduct the archaeological survey in phases subsequently led to a lawsuit filed on February 1, 2011, by the [[Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation]] on behalf of cultural practitioner Paulette Kaleikini. The suit, which named both the city and the State of Hawaii as defendants, contended that state law requires the full length of the rail line to have an archaeological survey conducted before any construction takes place, and seeks to void the environmental impact statement and all construction permits issued for the project.<ref>{{citation |last=Daranciang |first=Nelson |title=Lawsuit claims rail endangers burial sites |date=February 1, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |volume=129 |issue=364 |page=B1 |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110202_Lawsuit_claims_rail_endangers_burial_sites.html |accessdate=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Kaleikini's lawyers filed on February 18 a request for an injunction to stop work on the project until the case is resolved.<ref name="Ground Broken" /> The suit was initially dismissed on March 23, 2011, after Circuit Court Judge Gary Chang ruled that state and federal laws allow the archaeological surveys to be conducted in phases.<ref>{{citation |last=Daranciang |first=Nelson |title=Judge Rejects Suit Challenging Rail Survey |date=March 24, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110324__Judge_rejects_suit_challenging_rail_survey.html |accessdate=March 24, 2011}}</ref> Kaleikini's lawyers subsequently appealed to the Hawaii Supreme Court, which heard oral arguments in the case on May 24, 2012.<ref>{{citation |last=Hervey |first=Tiffany |title=Buried Truth |date=June 27, 2012 |newspaper=Honolulu Weekly |url=http://honoluluweekly.com/feature/2012/06/buried-truth/ |accessdate=July 19, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025223421/http://honoluluweekly.com/feature/2012/06/buried-truth/ |archivedate=October 25, 2012}}</ref> The court ruled on August 24, 2012, that it agreed with plaintiff Kaleikini that the archaeological survey needed to be completed before construction could take place, and that the State Historic Preservation Division did not comply with state law when it approved the project. The case has now been [[Remand (court procedure)|remand]]ed to Circuit Court.<ref>{{citation |last=Grube |first=Nick |title=Rail Derailed? Hawaii Supreme Court Rules Against Honolulu |date=August 24, 2012 |work=Honolulu Civil Beat |publisher=Peer News LLC |url=http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2012/08/24/16937-rail-derailed-hawaii-supreme-court-rules-against-honolulu/ |accessdate=August 24, 2012}}</ref> On December 27, 2012, the [[United States District Court for the District of Hawaii]] granted the plaintiffs' injunction, and ordered that all construction-related activities in segment 4 of the archaeological survey be halted until compliance with the Hawaii Supreme Court decision made earlier this year is met. This ruling does not affect construction activities in the first three segments, nor does it affect construction planning, design, or engineering in segment 4, which is the final segment to be built. The Phase 4 area encompasses the downtown area and its immediate environs, including [[Chinatown, Honolulu|Chinatown]], Mother Waldron Park, and Beretania Street. Judge Tashima, the only sitting judge on the case, ruled on condition of the injunction that the city is required to file periodic status updates on their compliance with the judgment. The injunction will then terminate 30 days after defendants file a notice of final compliance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schwind |first=Paul |title=Honolulu Rail Remedy – Phasers On Minimal |url=http://www.hawaiireporter.com/honolulu-rail-remedy-phasers-on-minimal/123 |work=Web |publisher=Hawaii Reporter |accessdate=January 17, 2013}}</ref> City planners and rail representatives stated that archeological surveys will be completed early in 2013,{{update inline|date=June 2014}} and that this ruling would have no effect on construction in City Center. Both sides are expected to appeal portions of the ruling that they do not agree with.{{update inline|date=September 2017}}

==Financing==
=== Initial General Excise Tax (GET) surcharge===
[[File:Mufi Hannemann.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Former Honolulu mayor [[Mufi Hannemann]]]]

After winning the 2004 election, Hannemann announced that construction of a rail line was an administration priority.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kua |first=Crystal |title=Director prioritizes rail transit |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |date=January 1, 2005 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/01/01/news/index5.html |accessdate=October 16, 2008}}</ref> The following May and upon prompting by the city, the [[Hawaii State Legislature]] passed a bill (Act 247) to allow counties a one-half percent increase in the Hawaii General Excise Tax (GET), from 4% to 4.5%, to fund transportation projects. According to the bill, increased revenue would be delivered to counties implementing the raised tax to fund general public transportation infrastructure throughout Hawaii, and to pay for mass transit in the case of the City and County of Honolulu.<ref>{{citation |last=Kua |first=Crystal |title=City measure touts rail tax |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |date=May 5, 2005 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/05/05/news/index5.html |accessdate=October 16, 2008}}</ref><ref name="DoTax 2005-11">{{citation|author=State of Hawaii Department of Taxation |date=July 29, 2005 |url=http://www6.hawaii.gov/tax/announce/ann05-11.pdf |title=State of Hawaii Department of Taxation Announcement 2005-11 |accessdate=June 21, 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5lwKtdvx1?url=http://www6.hawaii.gov/tax/announce/ann05-11.pdf |archivedate=December 11, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Money collected from the initial 4% GET would remain state revenue.

Republican governor [[Linda Lingle]] initially threatened to [[veto]] the bill, believing that money destined for county governments should be collected by the individual counties.<ref name="GET Success SB">{{citation |last=Kua |first=Crystal |title=Late deal avoids transit veto |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/07/12/news/index1.html |date=July 12, 2005 |accessdate=October 16, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Hawaii Reporter 1">{{citation |last=Zimmerman |first=Malia |title=Surrounded By Democrats at the Capitol, Hawaii's Republican Governor Rescinds Decision to Veto Tax Increase Measure |url=http://www.hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?bd096a85-fe64-4e45-a053-17c14426d35e |newspaper=Hawaii Reporter |date=July 12, 2005 |accessdate=October 16, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809153228/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?bd096a85-fe64-4e45-a053-17c14426d35e |archivedate=August 9, 2007}}</ref> After compromising with legislative leaders and Mayor Hannemann, however, she allowed the bill to become law. On July 12, 2005, the bill was enacted as Act 247 of the Session Laws of Hawaii 2005, without the Governor's signature.<ref name="DoTax 2005-11" /><ref name="GET Success SB" /><ref name="Hawaii Reporter 1" /><ref>{{citation |last=DePledge |first=Derrick |last2=Dingeman |first2=Robbie |title=Deal puts transit tax back on track |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |page=A1 |date=July 12, 2005 |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Jul/12/ln/507120343.html |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref> A month later, the [[Honolulu City Council]] authorized the one-half percent GET increase,<ref>{{citation |last=Kua |first=Crystal |title=Transit project to raise taxes |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/08/11/news/index1.html |date=August 11, 2005 |accessdate=October 16, 2008}}</ref> and Hannemann signed the measure into law on August 24.<ref>{{citation |last=Kua |first=Crystal |title=Mayor signs tax, calls for multi-faceted traffic solutions |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/08/24/news/index7.html |date=August 24, 2005 |accessdate=October 16, 2008}}</ref> Act 247 required Honolulu to use the funds only for the construction and operation of a mass transit system, and barred its use for public roads and other existing transit systems, such as [[TheBus (Honolulu)|TheBus]]. Since no other county authorized the excise tax increase before the deadline of December 31, 2005, the Hawaii GET remains at 4% for Hawaii's three other counties.<ref name="DoTax 2005-11" /><ref>{{citation |last=Daranciang |first=Nelson |title=Excise tax increase begins tomorrow |date=December 31, 2006 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/12/31/news/story05.html |accessdate=February 2, 2011}}</ref> The increase went into effect on January 1, 2007, and was due to expire on December 31, 2022.<ref name="DoTax 2005-11" />

The Legislature considered a bill in the 2009 legislative session that would have redirected income from the half-percent increase back to the state to offset a $1.8 billion projected shortfall in the following three fiscal years.<ref name="2009 GET">{{citation |last=Wu |first=Nina |title=Legislature battles to avert $1.8B deficit |date=January 22, 2009 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090122_Legislature_battles_to_avert_18B_deficit |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=DePledge |first1=Derrick |last2=Boylan |first2=Peter |title=Governor emphasizes Hawaii's deficit woes as Legislature opens |date=June 21, 2009 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Jan/22/ln/hawaii901220369.html |accessdate=June 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Hawaii State Legislature |title=2009 Regular Session, Senate Bill 1626 Status |url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2009/lists/measure_indiv.aspx?billtype=SB&billnumber=1626 |accessdate=June 21, 2009|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615111105/http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2009/lists/measure_indiv.aspx?billtype=SB&billnumber=1626 |archivedate=June 15, 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Hawaii State Legislature |title=Senate Bill 1626 Senate Draft 1, Relating to Taxation |url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2009/Bills/SB1626_.HTM |accessdate=June 21, 2009|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610135634/http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2009/Bills/SB1626_.HTM |archivedate=June 10, 2011 |df= }}</ref> The bill was opposed by Mayor Hannemann and other city leaders who believed that redirecting the money would jeopardize federal funding for the project,<ref>{{citation |last=Nakaso |first=Dan |title=Stimulus could revive Honolulu, mayor says |date=January 24, 2009 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Jan/24/ln/hawaii901240322.html |accessdate=June 21, 2009}}</ref> and was eventually dropped after U.S. Senator [[Daniel Inouye]] indicated to the Legislature that he shared the city's concerns.<ref>{{citation |last=DePledge |first=Derrick |title=Legislature keeping its tax-raising options open |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Mar/11/ln/hawaii903110398.html |date=March 11, 2009 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |accessdate=June 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Borreca |first=Richard |title=Lawmakers fear revenue slump |date=March 11, 2009 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090311_Lawmakers_fear_revenue_slump |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref>

=== GET surchange extensions and "Hotel Tax" surcharge===
In January 2016 the Council extended the GET for another five years to add $1.2 billion in funding to cover a budget blowout. The Council also required that the money raised by the extension go into a contingency fund and to pay for disability access to the system. HART was required to provide quarterly financial reports to the Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=City Council approves tax surcharge extension for Honolulu rail project|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/31076942/rail-tax-extension-approved|website=Hawaii News Now|accessdate=September 2, 2017|date=January 28, 2016}}</ref>

On September 1, 2017 the Legislature, after meeting for a week in a special session on rail financing, approved further taxes to raise $2.4 billion for the project. The taxes include a further three-year extension to the 0.5 percent General Excise Tax surcharge, which will now expire in 2030, and a thirteen-year, 1.0 percent surcharge on the existing 9.25 percent statewide Transient Accommodation Tax (TAT) which is charged to tourists. Efforts to pass a funding bill in May 2017 had failed and the impetus for the special session was a FTA deadline of September 15 for a funding plan to cover the shortfall.<ref name="Sep17taxespassed">{{cite web|title=$2.4 Billion Rescue Bill For Honolulu Rail Wins Final Approval|url=http://www.civilbeat.org/2017/09/2-4-rescue-bill-for-honolulu-rail-wins-final-approval/|website=Honolulu City Beat|accessdate=September 2, 2017|date=September 2, 2017}}</ref> The bill also grants the state government oversight over the project including the appointment of two non-voting representatives on the HART board and calls for an audit of HART by the state auditor. It was signed into law by the governor on September 5.<ref name="Sep17Govsignsbill">{{cite web|title=Honolulu rail bailout becomes law with Ige’s signature|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/09/05/breaking-news/honolulu-rail-bailout-becomes-law-with-iges-signature/|website=Honolulu Star Advertiser|accessdate=September 6, 2017|date=September 5, 2017}}</ref>

===Federal Transit Administration's request for recovery plan===
In mid 2016 the FTA requested that HART develop a "recovery plan" by August 7, 2016. Also in June a separate report by Jacobs Engineering, the project management contractor, said under a worst-case scenario the final cost would $10.79 billion.<ref name="Jacobsworstcase">{{cite web|title=New 'worst-case scenario' report reveals full 20-mile rail route could cost $10.79B|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/32297303/new-worst-case-scenario-report-reveals-full-20-mile-rail-route-could-cost-1079b|website=Hawaii News Now|accessdate=September 6, 2017|date=June 24, 2016}}</ref>

In January 2017 group called "Salvage the Rail" published a plan, based on Option 2A from six alternatives proposed by the FTA to HART in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.civilbeat.org/2016/06/a-rail-system-option-that-offers-the-best-fit-for-honolulu/ |title=A Rail System Option That Offers The Best Fit For Honolulu |publisher=[[Honolulu Civil Beat]] |date=June 29, 2016 |author=Ray Tsuchiyama}}</ref> that would terminate the elevated section at Middle Street and run at street level to the terminus along a route one block inland from the HART plan. The system would need to be reconfigured to use new driver-operated low floor vehicles, lowering the platforms on the stations already constructed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salvage the Rail: Group renews call to bring rail to street level|url=http://www.kitv.com/story/34272479/salvage-the-rail-group-renews-call-to-bring-rail-to-street-level|website=Island News KITV4|accessdate=September 28, 2017|date=February 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MODIFYING HONOULU AREA RAPID TRANSIT (HART) FOR STREET LEVEL OPERATION IN DOWNTOWN HONOLULU (January 2017)|url=http://www.salvagetherail.org/uploads/9/7/4/0/97405512/report_modifying_hart_for_street_level_operation_in_downtown_honolulu_january_2017_rev_feb_1.pdf|website=Salvage The Rail|accessdate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> Proponents say it would save $3 billion and four years of construction, as well as avoid disturbing burial sites under the downtown area.

After a lodgement extension was granted by the FTA, HART submitted its recovery plan in April 2017 which concluded that completion of the original 21 station route was the only viable option. An alternative "Plan B" to build only 14 stations within the already funded $6.5 billion budget, was ruled out because of lower ridership, legal risks, insufficient contingency and other reasons. The new project cost was $8.165 billion with media reports indicating that after financing charges are included it could be over $10 billion. An updated schedule for opening said the section from East Kapolei to Aloha Stadium will open at the end of 2020 and operation of the full route by December 2025.<ref name="HARTcommitted">{{cite news|title=HART committed to rail project’s original route in recovery plan submitted to FTA|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2017/05/01/hart-committed-to-rail-project-s-original-route-in.html|accessdate=August 15, 2017|publisher=Pacific Business News|date=May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="HARTrecoverplan">{{cite web|title=HART Recovery Plan|url=http://www.honolulutransit.org/media-center/news/498-hart-recovery-plan|publisher=Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation|accessdate=August 15, 2017|format=PDF|date=April 28, 2017}}</ref>

In September 2017 HART submitted an updated recovery plan to the FTA with a new estimate price of $9.02 billion. The plan still includes $8.165 billion in construction costs, but has reduced financing costs of $858 million following state legislation granting both prolonged and new taxes to fund the project.<ref name="CostDropped1billion" /> The State Auditor has been tasked to consider alternatives for completing the system, as part of its audit of HART.<ref name="bringdowntoearth">{{cite web|title=Bring Honolulu Rail Down To Earth|url=http://www.civilbeat.org/2017/09/bring-honolulu-rail-down-to-earth/|website=Honolulu Civic Beat|accessdate=September 28, 2017|date=September 27, 2017}}</ref> As of January 2018 the FTA has not formally accepted the new recovery plan but has asked HART for more details including how it came up with its tax-revenue forecasts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honolulu Rail Recovery Plan Remains A Work In Progress|url=http://www.civilbeat.org/2018/01/honolulu-rail-recovery-plan-remains-a-work-in-progress/|publisher=Honolulu Civil Beat|accessdate=January 11, 2018|date=January 8, 2018}}</ref>

In February 2019, the FTA served HART with two subpoenas. The first asked the agency to send investigators documents relating to its real estate acquisition program. HART said some of the documents show it overspent on relocating residents and businesses along the rail route, which may have cost up to $4 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Feds serve Honolulu's rail agency with 2nd subpoena |url=http://www.metro-magazine.com/government-issues/news/733170/feds-serve-honolulu-s-rail-agency-with-2nd-subpoena?utm_source=email&utm_medium=enewsletter&utm_campaign=20190225-NL-MET-Express-BOBCD190219005&omdt=NL-MET-Express&omid=1000469379&ajs_uid=9453J3098134G9D&oly_enc_id=9453J3098134G9D&ajs_trait_oebid=3671F9146356B0M}}</ref> The second sought the minutes from all board of directors meetings from 2011 through 2018, including the board-members’ private discussions in executive sessions. <ref>{{cite web |title=Honolulu rail project subpoenaed by feds for third time |url=http://www.metro-magazine.com/rail/news/733197/honolulu-rail-project-subpoenaed-by-feds-for-third-time?utm_source=email&utm_medium=enewsletter&utm_campaign=20190228-NL-MET-Express-BOBCD190222004&omdt=NL-MET-Express&omid=1000469379&ajs_uid=9453J3098134G9D&oly_enc_id=9453J3098134G9D&ajs_trait_oebid=3671F9146356B0M}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:Honolulu Rail Project Groundbreaking Dignitaries 2011-02-22.jpg|thumb|left|City and state politicians at the project's groundbreaking ceremony]]

The project constructs an elevated rapid transit line from the eastern edge of [[Kapolei]], near the [[University of Hawaii-West Oahu]] campus, to [[Ala Moana Center]] (East of Honolulu downtown).<ref name="boehonbcn"/> The line passes through communities along southern Oahu, via [[Honolulu International Airport]] and [[downtown Honolulu]]. It will have twenty-one stations and run from [[Kapolei]] to Honolulu, passing through [[Waipahu, Hawaii|Waipahu]], [[Pearl City, Hawaii|Pearl City]], [[Waimalu, Hawaii|Waimalu]], [[Aiea, Hawaii|Aiea]], and [[Halawa, Hawaii|Halawa]]. Originally, the line was to fork near [[Aloha Stadium]] into two routes, one passing [[Honolulu International Airport]], and the other through Salt Lake, before reuniting at Middle Street in [[Kalihi]]. The city council initially decided to build the Salt Lake route before the airport route, as a result of horse-trading with City Councilmember [[Romy Cachola]], whose constituents included Salt Lake residents and whose vote was needed to pass the decision.<ref>{{citation |last=Consillio |first=Kristen |title=Rail route changes trigger harsh words |date=November 17, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20081117_rail_route_changes_trigger_harsh_words |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Kua |first=Crystal |title=Rail Route to Go Via Salt Lake |date=February 22, 2007 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/22/news/story01.html |accessdate=January 18, 2008}}</ref> After the city charter amendment on rail transit passed, the City Council reconsidered the decision, and decided to re-route the rail line to pass by [[Pearl Harbor]] and the airport, without a Salt Lake alignment.<ref>{{citation |last=Au |first=Laurie |title=New rail route OK'd |date=January 29, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090129_New_rail_route_OKd |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name="2009routechange">{{citation |last=Hao |first=Sean |title=Council changes transit route to serve airport |date=January 29, 2009 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Jan/29/ln/hawaii901290352.html |accessdate=January 29, 2002}}</ref> The airport route is 4% more expensive, but is expected to have significantly higher ridership since it will ferry workers to both the airport and the [[Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam|Pearl Harbor military base]]. The trains will operate with up to twenty departures per hour,<ref name=qaa>City and County of Honolulu Department of Transportation Services, [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/honolulu%20rail%20transit%20brochure.pdf "Q&A: Honolulu Rail Transit" brochure] (PDF), retrieved January 5, 2009</ref> and from 4am to midnight.<ref name="rail-facts"/>

On October 21, 2009, the city announced Kiewit Pacific Co. had won the $483 million contract to build the first two stages of the line, bidding $90 million under the expected price. The stations were tendered separately.<ref name="RG 2009-10"/><ref>{{citation |last=Hao |first=Sean |title=1st Honolulu Rail Contract Goes to Kiewit Pacific at $483M |date=October 22, 2009 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Oct/22/ln/hawaii910220359.html |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref>

The construction of the rail line started from suburban areas in Kapolei and Ewa, and progresses towards the urban center in Honolulu. There will be 112 columns from East Kapolei to Ewa.<ref>Tim Sakahara, "[http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/18452134/concrete-poured-on-honolulu-rail-project Concrete poured on Honolulu rail project]," ''Hawaii News Now'', May 16, 2014, retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref> The choice to start from Kapolei was made because the first phase must include a baseyard for trains, which is more cheaply built away from the center, but also because the city chose to delay to later phases of the project the major infrastructure impacts and unpopular traffic delays that will be associated with construction in the urban center.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hao |first=Sean |title=First phase of rail would end in Pearl City |date=February 25, 2008 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Feb/25/ln/hawaii802250354.html |accessdate=March 16, 2009}}</ref>

{{As of|2016|11}}, the line is scheduled to open in two phases in late 2020 and late 2025:<ref>{{cite web |author=Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transit |title=Rail Facts |url=http://honolulutransit.org/inform/rail-facts?option=com_fsf&Itemid=166&view=faq&catid=-2&search= |accessdate=November 26, 2016}} See question "When will the train start operating?"</ref>

*Late 2020: East Kapolei – Aloha Stadium
*Late 2025: Aloha Stadium – Ala Moana Center

The long term plan includes four extensions: two extensions east, from [[Ala Moana Center|Ala Moana Shopping Center]] to the [[University of Hawaii-Manoa]] campus and to [[Waikiki]], one extension west from East [[Kapolei]] to [[Kalaeloa]], and the link through [[Salt Lake, Hawaii|Salt Lake]] which was dropped from the initial plans.<ref name="Map">City and County of Honolulu Department of Transportation Services, [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/rail%20transit%20map%201.pdf Rail Transit Map (Part 1: Kapolei-Ewa)], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/rail%20transit%20map%202.pdf (Part 2: Waipahu-Aiea)], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/rail%20transit%20map%203.pdf (Part 3: Stadium-Kalihi)], [http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/rail%20transit%20map%204.pdf (Part 4: Kalihi-UH-Manoa/Waikiki)], retrieved January 5, 2009</ref><ref name="RG 2009-10">{{cite journal |title=First contract awarded for Honolulu light rail |date=October 26, 2009 |journal=[[Railway Gazette International]] |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/first-contract-awarded-for-honolulu-light-rail.html |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref> None of these extensions is currently funded, but in November 2017 the rail authority took a first step towards preserving a corridor for the extension between Ala Moana Center and the University of Hawaii at Manoa.<ref name="ManoaExtension">Honolulu Star Advertiser, [http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/11/18/hawaii-news/rail-authority-looks-to-preserve-corridor-for-uh-manoa-option/] retrieved December 12, 2017</ref>

=== Stations<ref>[http://www.honolulutransit.org/ride/route-map honolulutransit.org/route-map] retrieved April 3, 2019</ref> ===
The [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] names of the nine rail stations on the [[Ewa District, Hawaii|Ewa]] end of the rail system are as recommended by its Hawaiian Station Naming Working Group for the Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation (HART).<ref>[http://honolulutransit.org/media-center/planning/528-hawaiian-names honolulutransit.org/hawaiian-names]</ref> This expert group was named by the Honolulu City Council Resolution 09-158. retrieved April 3, 2019<ref>[http://hartdocs.honolulu.gov/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-21609/20180215-na-inoa-hawaiian-station-names.pdf honolulu.gov] retrieved April 3, 2019</ref>

# Kualaka‘i - East Kapolei
# Keone‘ae - University of Hawai West O'ahu
# Honouliuli - Ho'opili
# Hō‘ae‘ae - West Loch
# Pouhala - Waipahu
# Hālaulani - Leeward Community College
# Waiawa - Pearl Highlands
# Kalauao - Pearlridge
# Hālawa - Aloha Stadium
# Pearl Harbor Naval Base
# Honolulu International Airport
# Lagoon Drive
# Middle Street
# Kalihi
# Kapalama
# Iwilei
# Chinatown
# Downtown
# Civic Center
# Kakaako
# Ala Moana Center

== Rolling stock ==
[[File:Honolulu Rail Transit First Trainset 2017-02-18.jpg|thumb|right|First trainset for the rail project on public display in February 2017]]

The line will use {{convert|256|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} four-car train sets, each with the capacity to carry about 780 passengers, similar in weight to [[light rail]] systems elsewhere in the United States (such as the [[MAX Light Rail|MAX]] in [[Portland, Oregon]]), as opposed to heavier, and thus more expensive, lines found on rapid transit systems like the subways and elevated systems of [[Chicago 'L'|Chicago]] and [[New York City Subway|New York City]].<ref name="Rolling Stock 2011">{{citation |last=Park |first=Gene |title=Have a seat |date=March 22, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110322_Have_a_seat.html |page=A1, A6 |volume=130 |issue=50 |accessdate=March 22, 2011}}</ref> However, the stations will be standalone structures and will be substantially bigger than typical light rail stations. Physically, the Honolulu system will have a good deal in common with light rapid transit systems such as [[SkyTrain (Vancouver)|SkyTrain]] in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]] or the [[Copenhagen Metro]], as well as the [[Docklands Light Railway]] in London. The system will be the first metro system in the United States to feature [[Platform screen doors#Automatic platform gate|platform gates]] and will be driverless.<ref name="station-design-offi">{{cite web|url=http://www.honolulutransit.org/rail-system-guide/station-design-and-features.aspx|title=Home|website=www.honolulutransit.org}}</ref>

Rolling stock for the line will initially include 80 cars in 20 four-car train sets<ref>http://hartdocs.honolulu.gov/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-17047/20140218-hart-train-vehicle-fact-sheet.pdf</ref> built by a joint venture between [[AnsaldoBreda]] and [[Ansaldo STS]] named Ansaldo Honolulu. (AnsaldoBreda and Ansaldo STS previously collaborated on the construction and operation of vehicles for the [[Copenhagen Metro]]<ref>{{citation |last=Brown |first=Robert |title=FACT CHECK — Carlisle: Ansaldo's Copenhagen Line One of World's Best |date=April 15, 2011 |work=Honolulu Civil Beat |publisher=Peer News LLC |url=http://www.civilbeat.com/fact_checks/2011/04/15/10342-fact-check-carlisle-ansaldos-copenhagen-line-one-of-worlds-best/ |accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and the [[Brescia Metro]]). Both companies were later bought by [[Hitachi Rail]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hitachi agrees to buy Ansaldo STS and AnsaldoBreda|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/hitachi-agrees-to-buy-ansaldo-sts-and-ansaldobreda.html|accessdate=February 25, 2015|work=Railway Gazette|date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Each car will be {{convert|64|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} long, weigh {{convert|72,000|lb|kg|sigfig=2|abbr=on|adj=on}}, and have 36 seats with a listed total capacity of 195 people.<ref name="Rolling Stock 2011" /> The cars will be powered by a third-rail electrification system.<ref>{{citation |author1=U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration |author2=City and County of Honolulu Department of Transportation Services |date=June 2010 |title=Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project Final Environmental Impact Statement/Section 4(f) Evaluation |pages=2–30 |url=http://honolulutransit.org/library/files/02.pdf |accessdate=March 28, 2011}}</ref> The two unsuccessful bidders for the rail car contract, [[Bombardier Transportation]] and [[Sumitomo Corporation|Sumitomo Corporation of America]], filed protests over the award.<ref>{{citation |last=Park |first=Gene |title=2 bidders protest city's rail decision |date=April 12, 2011 |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110412_2_bidders_protest_citys_rail_decision.html |accessdate=April 12, 2011|volume=130 |issue=71}}</ref> Both protests were rejected during the administrative process, but Bombardier sought judicial review of their bid protest.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kalani |first=Nanea |title=Disqualified Honolulu Rail Bidder Bombardier Files New Appeal |date=October 14, 2011 |work=Honolulu Civil Beat |publisher=Peer News |url=http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2011/10/14/13270-disqualified-honolulu-rail-bidder-bombardier-files-new-appeal/ |accessdate=July 13, 2013}}</ref> The administrative decision against Bombardier's protest was affirmed by both the state Circuit Court and the Intermediate Court of Appeals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abramson |first=Mark |title=Hawaii Appeals Court upholds ruling in Bombardier rail lawsuit |date=October 17, 2012 |work=Pacific Business News |publisher=American City Business Journals |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2012/10/17/hawaii-appeals-court-upholds-ruling-in.html |accessdate=July 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>''[http://www.courts.state.hi.us/docs/opin_ord/ica/2012/oct/CAAP-11-0000756.pdf Bombardier Transportation (Holdings) USA Inc. v. Director, Department of Budget and Fiscal Services, City and County of Honolulu]'', 128 Haw. 413 (App.), {{West |P|289|3|1049|Haw. App.|2012|}}</ref>

In December 2016, Hitachi Rail Italy reported defects were discovered in the welds in the extruded aluminum beams of twenty-seven car shells, four of which were already in Hawaii. The manufacturer will fix the problems, but warned delivery may be delayed as production of new vehicles will be halted.<ref>{{cite web|title=New defect could further stall rail|url=https://www.pressreader.com/usa/honolulu-star-advertiser/20161216/281479276058340|website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|accessdate=September 8, 2017|date=December 16, 2016}}</ref> In March 2017 HART said they would meet the interim opening needs after repair of the defective cars and that full opening would not be affected.<ref>{{cite web|title=Repairs to fix rail car production defects scheduled to start in March|url=http://khon2.com/2017/02/18/repairs-to-fix-rail-car-production-defects-scheduled-to-start-in-march/|website=KHON2|accessdate=September 8, 2017|date=February 18, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017 trains were towed on tracks in Honolulu for the first time, to check clearances.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honolulu tests rail car on track for first time|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/05/30/breaking-news/hart-train-makes-first-appearance-on-guideway/|website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|accessdate=September 8, 2017|date=May 30, 2017}}</ref> Testing of trains under their own power commenced in October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=In successful test, city rail cars reach 40 mph on its own power|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/36632259/city-rail-cars-reach-40-mph-in-speed-test|website=Hawaii News Now|accessdate=October 20, 2017|date=October 19, 2017}}</ref>

==Timeline of progress==
* June 2006 - Officials estimate the infrastructure construction cost at estimated at $3 billion, $200 million more than a previous estimate, for a 24-mile system. This does not include the cost of the trains.<ref name="2006cost3billion">{{cite web|title=Rail transit system cost estimate: $3 billion|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Jun/23/ln/FP606230364.html|publisher=Honolulu Advertiser|accessdate=September 1, 2017|date=June 23, 2006}}</ref>
* January 2007 - The General Excise Tax (GET) within Honolulu County is increased by 0.5% with the extra funds earmarked for a mass transit system. The increase was set to expire on December 31, 2022.
* February 2007 - The City Council approves the Minimum Operating Segment from East Kapolei to Ala Moana Centre, via Salt Lake Boulevard.<ref name="HARTrecoverplan" />
* October 2008 - The Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) is released to the public. The projected cost is $3.7 billion including $1 billion for contingencies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Just the facts on Honolulu transit|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Oct/12/ln/hawaii810120332.html|accessdate=September 1, 2017|date=October 12, 2008}}</ref>
* November 2008 - Fifty three percent of voters support an measures to give the Honolulu City Council authority to proceed with "establishment of a steel wheel on steel rail transit system". The estimated cost is $4 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Council OKs ballot question on transit|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/08/21/news/story02.html|website=Honolulu Star Bulletin|accessdate=September 1, 2017}}</ref>
* January 2009 - The middle portion of the route between Aloha Stadium and Middle Street is amended to have stations at the Pearl Harbor Naval Base and the Honolulu Airport which had one of the original options. The previous route followed Salt Lake Boulevard.<ref name="2009routechange" />
* June 2010 - The Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) is released to the public. Estimated cost is $5.5 billion. Patronage by 2030 is projected to be 116,300 riders per day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honolulu Rail: The Complete Final Environmental Impact Statement|url=http://www.civilbeat.org/2010/06/2009-honolulu-rail-the-complete-final-environmental-impact-statement/|date=June 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transit |title=System Figures |work=honolulutransit.org |url=http://honolulutransit.org/rail-system-guide/facts-and-figures.aspx |accessdate=July 22, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729021514/http://www.honolulutransit.org/rail-system-guide/facts-and-figures.aspx |archivedate=July 29, 2014 |df= }}</ref>
* December 2010 - A report, commissioned by outgoing Governor Lingle, is released which warns the project could cost at least $1.7 billion more than the city’s projected $5.5 billion price tag.<ref name="LingleReport2010" />
* March 2012 - Dan Grabauskas becomes Executive Director and CEO of HART on a three year contract. He takes his position in April 2012.<ref name=HonoluluGov2012-03-01/><ref name=KHON2016-08-16>{{cite news|url=https://www.khon2.com/news/local-news/hart-ceo-dan-grabauskas-resigns/1025883209|title=HART CEO Grabauskas resigns, Formby steps in as interim|date=August 18, 2016|work=[[KHON-TV|KHON2]]|location=[[Honolulu]]|last=Kuriowa|first=Jared|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref>
* May 2012 - Construction workers started pouring concrete on the foundations that will hold the rail columns.<ref>Tim Sakahara, "[http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/18452134/concrete-poured-on-honolulu-rail-project Concrete poured on Honolulu rail project]," ''Hawaii News Now'', May 16, 2012, retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref>
* December 2012 - Honolulu City Council and the Federal Transit Authority (FTA) sign agreement for the project with a budget of $5.12 billion including $1.55 billion provided by the Federal Government. Full system revenue service is projected for January 31, 2020.<ref name="HartRecoveryPlan2017">{{cite web|title=HART Recovery Plan|url=http://hartdocs.honolulu.gov/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-20510/20170428-hart-recovery-plan.pdf|publisher=Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation|accessdate=August 31, 2017|page=19|format=PDF|date=April 28, 2017}}</ref>
* September 2014 - HART canceled the initial tender for the first nine stations after the bids were higher than budget. The first trips on the railway are expected to be delayed, probably until 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.kitv.com/news/hart-cancels-bids-for-first-9-rail-stations/27967000 |title=HART cancels bids for first 9 rail stations |newspaper=[[KITV]] |date=September 10, 2014 |accessdate=November 27, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129163425/http://m.kitv.com/news/hart-cancels-bids-for-first-9-rail-stations/27967000 |archivedate=November 29, 2014 |df= }}</ref>
* November 2015 - FTA withholds payment of a $250 million allotment until the council could show it had sufficient funding to complete the project.<ref>{{cite web|title=Year in Review 2015: Honolulu's rail transit project|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2015/12/15/year-in-review-2015-honolulus-rail-transit-project.html|website=Pacific Business Review|accessdate=September 5, 2017|date=December 15, 2015}}</ref>
* January 2016 - Five year extension to the General Excise Tax surcharge adopted to add $1.2 billion in funding.<ref name="HartRecoveryPlan2017" />
* May 2016 - HART chairwoman [[Colleen Hanabusa]] shared a confidential document detailing budget estimates as of March 1, 2016, showing that the rail project is expected to cost $6.9 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilbeat.com/2016/05/honolulu-rail-price-estimate-jumps-to-6-9b/ |title=Honolulu Rail Price Estimate Jumps To $6.9B |work=Civil Beat News}}</ref>
* April 2016 - An audit of the project by the City criticized HART for using outdated financial figures and budgets, lack of documentation for "change orders", and warned the HART estimates of the cost overruns were unreliable.<ref>{{cite web|title=City audit calls HART’s finances, plans ‘outdated and unreliable’|url=http://khon2.com/2016/04/15/city-releases-audit-of-honolulu-authority-for-rapid-transportation/|website=khon2|accessdate=September 4, 2017|date=April 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Audit slams Honolulu rail agency over management, costs|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2016/04/15/breaking-news/audit-slams-honolulu-rail-agency-over-management-costs/|accessdate=September 4, 2017|website=Honolulu Star Advertiser|date=April 15, 2016}}</ref> HART officials disputed the audit's findings.
* May 2016 - The FTA revealed that they estimate the total cost as $8.1 billion for the {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}} line. In addition completion of the rail system would be delayed nearly five years until December 2024, versus HART's federal funding agreement stating that full line service from East Kapolei to Ala Moana Center would start in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/hawaii-news/add-5-years-and-1b-for-rail-federal-agency-says/|title=Add 5 years and $1B for rail, federal agency says|date=May 17, 2016|work=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|access-date=December 10, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
* June 2016 - Report from Jacobs Engineering, the project management oversight contractor, says that under a worst-case scenario the final cost would $10.79 billion.<ref name="Jacobsworstcase" />
* August 2016 - Dan Grabauskas resigns as CEO and Executive Director of HART but will be the official CEO until October 2016. From August until October, the Department of Transportation Service Director Mike Formby served as interim CEO.<ref name=KHON2016-08-16/><ref name=StarAdvertiser2016-08-16>{{cite news|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2016/08/18/breaking-news/grabauskas-resigns-as-harts-chief-executive/|title=Grabauskas resigns as HART’s chief executive|date=August 18, 2016|newspaper=[[Star-Advertiser]]|location=[[Honolulu]]|last=Honoré|first=Marcel|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name=HNN2016-08-18>{{cite news|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/32792174/hart-ceo-dan-grabauskas-resigns/|title=Outgoing rail CEO ruffled feathers, struggled with cost overruns|date=August 18, 2016|work=[[Hawaii News Now]]|location=[[Honolulu]]|last1=Daysog|first1=Rick|last2=Kawano|first2=Lynn|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref>
* October 2016 - Krishniah N. Murthy named interim CEO and Executive Director of HART and served in this position until December 2017.<ref name=PacificBusinessNews2016-12-28>{{cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2016/12/28/former-hart-ceo-dan-grabauskas-starts-own.html|title=Former HART CEO Dan Grabauskas starts own consulting firm|date=December 28, 2016|work=[[American City Business Journals|Pacific Business News]]|location=[[Honolulu]]|last=Shimogawa|first=Duane|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref>
* April 2017 - HART sent a "Recovery Plan" to the FTA which concluded that completion of the original 21 station route was the only viable plan. The new project cost given is $8.165 billion with media reports indicating that after financing costs are included it will be over $10 billion. Opening of part of the system, from East Kapolei to Aloha Stadium, is scheduled for the end of 2020 with final completion of the full route by December 2025. The project is reported to be 36 percent complete as of March 2017.<ref name="HARTcommitted" /><ref name="HARTrecoverplan" />
* July 2017 - Andrew Robbins named new CEO and Executive Director of HART replacing interim CEO and Executive Director Krishniah N. Murthy in December 2017.<ref name=PacificBusinessNews2016-12-28/><ref name=StarAdvertiser2017-07-31>{{cite news|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/07/31/breaking-news/hart-board-selects-new-executive-director/|title=HART board selects new executive director|date=July 31, 2017|newspaper=[[Star-Advertiser]]|location=[[Honolulu]]|last=Honoré|first=Marcel|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref>
* September 2017 - A new law is enacted to extend and increase taxes to raise an additional $2.4 billion for the project. The GET surcharge is extended by three years to 2030 (generating about $1 billion) and a surcharge of one percent is placed on the statewide hotel room tax for 13 years (generating $1.3 billion).<ref name="Sep17taxespassed" /><ref name="Sep17Govsignsbill" /> HART submits a new recovery plan to the FTA with an estimated final cost of $9.02 billion with savings attributed to reduced financing costs given the new taxes.<ref name="CostDropped1billion" />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{commonscat-inline|Honolulu Rail Transit}}
*{{Official website|http://www.honolulutransit.org/}}

{{Hawaii railroads}}

{{Good article}}

{{coord missing|Hawaii}}

[[Category:Transportation in Honolulu]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in the United States]]
[[Category:Rail transport articles in need of updating]]
[[Category:Rail transportation in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Honolulu Rail Transit|*]]
[[Category:Passenger rail transportation in Hawaii]]
[[Category:2020 in rail transport]]
[[Category:750 V DC railway electrification]]