Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Lamborghini

2024-08-20T21:55:51Z

Alvarowik: Citation needed

{{Short description|Italian automobile manufacturer}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.
| logo = [[File:Lamborghini Logo.svg|180px]] [[File:Lamborghini - logo wordmark+payoff (Italy, 1963-).svg|200px]]
| caption =
| image = Lamborghini, Sant'Agata Bolognese, Bologna.jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Sant'Agata Bolognese]], Italy
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1963}}
| founder = [[Ferruccio Lamborghini]]
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Sant'Agata Bolognese]], [[Emilia-Romagna]]
| location_country = Italy
| locations = 135 dealerships
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Stephan Winkelmann]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<ref name="luxus-plus.com">{{Cite web|url=https://luxus-plus.com/en/stephan-winkelmann-appointed-as-ceo-of-lamborghini/|title=Stephan Winkelmann appointed as CEO of Lamborghini|work=Luxus Plus|date=20 November 2020|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224123919/https://luxus-plus.com/en/stephan-winkelmann-appointed-as-ceo-of-lamborghini/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| products =
| services =
| production = {{increase}} 9,233 vehicles (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://media.lamborghini.com/english/latest-news/all/a-record-breaking-2021-for-automobili-lamborghini---the-company-recorded-its-best-year-ever--with-8-/s/3df46192-1102-49a8-ac36-7b7cf99e7d04|title=A record-breaking 2021 for Automobili Lamborghini – The company recorded its best year ever, with 8,405 cars delivered|date=12 January 2022|website=Lamborghini Media Center|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124122247/https://media.lamborghini.com/english/latest-news/all/a-record-breaking-2021-for-automobili-lamborghini---the-company-recorded-its-best-year-ever--with-8-/s/3df46192-1102-49a8-ac36-7b7cf99e7d04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| revenue = {{increase}} €2.38 billion (2022)<ref name="fr2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.audi.com/content/dam/com/EN/investor-relations/financial_reports/annual-reports/audi-afr-2015.pdf |title=2015 Annual Financial Report |website=Audi |access-date=16 October 2016 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110121620/http://www.audi.com/en/404-page-not-found.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} €614 million{{clarification|year?}}{{citation needed}}
| net_income = {{increase}} €10.1 million (2014)<ref name="fr2015"/>
| assets =
| equity = {{increase}} €1.832 billion (2014)<ref name="fr2015"/>
| num_employees = 1,779 (December 2020)<ref>{{cite web|title=Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. (Italy)|url=https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/automobili-lamborghini-spa-italy-214|website=Audi Media Center |date=31 December 2020|access-date=22 February 2022|language=en|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222081910/https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/automobili-lamborghini-spa-italy-214|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| owner =
| parent = [[Audi|Audi AG]]
| divisions =
| subsid = [[Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.]] [[Italdesign Giugiaro]]
| homepage = [http://lamborghini.com/en-en/ lamborghini.com]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.''' ({{IPA|it|autoˈmɔːbili lamborˈɡiːni}}) is an Italian manufacturer of luxury [[sports car]]s and [[SUV]]s based in [[Sant'Agata Bolognese]]. The company is owned by the [[Volkswagen Group]] through its subsidiary [[Audi]].

[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] (1916–1993), an Italian [[Business magnate|manufacturing magnate]], founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with [[Ferrari]]. The company was noted for using a [[rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]] layout. Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the [[1973–1974 stock market crash|1973 worldwide financial downturn]] and the [[1973 oil crisis|oil crisis]]. The firm's ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978. American [[Chrysler|Chrysler Corporation]] took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division.

New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand. In the late 2000s, during the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|worldwide financial crisis]] and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghini's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 per cent.

Lamborghini currently produces the V10-powered [[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán]], the [[Lamborghini Urus|Urus]] SUV powered by a [[twin-turbo]] [[V8 engine]], and the [[Lamborghini Revuelto|Revuelto]], a V12/[[Plug-in hybrid|electric hybrid]], as of 2024. In addition, the company produces [[V12 engine]]s for [[offshore powerboat racing]].

[[Lamborghini Trattori]], founded in 1948 by Ferruccio Lamborghini, is headquartered in [[Pieve di Cento]], Italy, and continues to produce [[tractor]]s. Since 1973, Lamborghini Trattori has been a separate entity from the automobile manufacturer.

==History==
{{Main|History of Lamborghini}}
[[File:Ferruccio lamborghini.jpg|thumb|[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] with a [[Lamborghini Jarama|Jarama]] and a tractor of his brand]]

Manufacturing magnate Italian [[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] founded the company in 1963 with the objective of producing a refined [[grand tourer|grand touring car]] to compete with offerings from established marques such as [[Ferrari]]. The company's first models, such as the [[Lamborghini 350 GT|350 GT]], were released in the mid-1960s. Lamborghini was noted for the 1966 [[Lamborghini Miura|Miura]] sports [[coupé]], which used a [[rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]] layout.

In [[1963]], Ferruccio Lamborghini, already an established industrialist who manufactured tractors, boilers, and air conditioners, founded Lamborghini Automobili on May 7, 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/news/lamborghinis-innovators-from-the-past|title=Lamborghini's Innovators from the Past|website=Lamborghini|publisher=Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.|accessdate=July 10, 2024}}</ref>

The company was headquartered in a purpose-built facility in [[Sant'Agata Bolognese]]. He surrounded himself with highly capable engineers and technicians: [[Giotto Bizzarrini]] designed the engine, [[Giampaolo Dallara|Gian Paolo Dallara]] and Paolo Stanzani developed the chassis, and Franco Scaglione designed the bodywork. The first model, the 350 GTV, was not a success due to its futuristic style and remained a one-off prototype. The project was then handed over to the Milanese coachbuilder Touring, which created a more classic and sober design. The new car, named the 350 GT, was a fast and elegant two-seater grand tourer (according to Ferruccio's standards) and was the first series-produced car by Lamborghini. It achieved moderate sales success and was followed by the 400 GT (which benefited from an increased engine capacity) and the 400 GT 2+2, both presented in 1966.

Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first ten years, but sales fell in the wake of the [[1973–1974 stock market crash|1973 worldwide financial downturn]] and the [[1973 oil crisis|oil crisis]]. Ferruccio Lamborghini sold the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer and retired in 1974. The company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and [[Patrick Mimran]] in 1980. The Mimrans purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and invested heavily in its expansion. Under the Mimrans' management, Lamborghini's model line was expanded from the [[Lamborghini Countach|Countach]] to include the [[Lamborghini Jalpa|Jalpa]] sports car and the [[Lamborghini LM002|LM002]] high-performance off-road vehicle.

The Mimrans sold Lamborghini to the [[Chrysler|Chrysler Corporation]] in 1987. After replacing the Countach with the [[Lamborghini Diablo|Diablo]] and discontinuing the Jalpa and the LM002, Chrysler sold Lamborghini to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the [[Volkswagen Group]] where it was placed under the control of the group's [[Audi]] division. New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand Lamborghini. In the late 2000s, during the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|worldwide financial crisis]] and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghini's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 per cent.

In 2021, the CEO of Lamborghini said that by 2024 all its models will be hybrid.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Valdes-Dapena|first=Peter|title=Every Lamborghini will have an electric motor by 2024|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/18/success/lamborghini-electric-hybrid-supercars/index.html|access-date=18 May 2021|website=CNN Business|date=18 May 2021|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703011440/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/18/success/lamborghini-electric-hybrid-supercars/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Lamborghini ownership
|-
!Years!!Owner
|-
!1963–1972
|Ferruccio Lamborghini
|-
!1972–1977
|{{nowrap|Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer}}
|-
!1977–1984
|Receivership
|-
!1984–1987
|Patrick Mimran
|-
!1987–1994
|Chrysler Corporation
|-
!1994–1995
|MegaTech
|-
!1995–1998
|V'Power and Mycom Sedtco
|-
!{{nowrap|1998–present}}
|Audi AG
|}

==Products==

===Automobiles===
{{Main|List of Lamborghini automobiles}}
As of the 2018 model year, Lamborghini's automobile product range consists of three model lines, two of which are mid-engine two-seat sports cars while the third one is a front engined, all-wheel drive SUV.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/|title=New Lamborghini Cars|work=Lamborghini|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224125103/https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Models in production====
* '''Revuelto'''
{{Main|Lamborghini Revuelto}}
[[File:2023 Lamborghini Revuelto.jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Revuelto coupe]]
Production of the new Revuelto began in mid-2023 and it will be delivered in late 2023 as a 2024 model. The car will be powered by a 6.5L naturally aspirated V12 and three magnetic motors for a combined power output of 1,001 hp (1,015 PS).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Lamborghini Revuelto – launch success covers orders spanning two years |url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/news/lamborghini-revuelto-launch-success-covers-orders-spanning-two-years |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=Lamborghini |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804101302/https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/news/lamborghini-revuelto-launch-success-covers-orders-spanning-two-years |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autobild.de/artikel/lamborghini-revuelto-2023-preis-motor-v12-plug-in-hybrid-aventador-lb744-21776741.html|title=Lamborghini Revuelto (2023): Alle Infos – vom Preis bis zum Motor|date=29 March 2023|website=[[Auto Bild]]|language=de|access-date=18 August 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604195635/https://www.autobild.de/artikel/lamborghini-revuelto-2023-preis-motor-v12-plug-in-hybrid-aventador-lb744-21776741.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''Huracán'''
{{Main|Lamborghini Huracán}}
[[File:Lamborghini Huracan LP 610-4 Spyder IMG 2644.jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Huracan LP 610-4 Spyder]]
The V10-powered Huracán line currently includes the all-wheel-drive LP 610-4, the low cost rear-wheel-drive LP 580-2 and the powerful track oriented LP 640-4 Performante, each in coupé and Spyder (convertible) versions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/models/huracan|title=Huracán Line up|work=Lamborghini|access-date=7 July 2016|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224125406/https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/models/huracan|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''Urus'''
{{Main|Lamborghini Urus}}
[[File:Lamborghini Urus IMG 2640.jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Urus]]
With the intention of doubling its sales volume by 2019, Lamborghini also added an SUV named Urus in its line-up which is powered by a [[twin-turbo]] [[V8 engine]] and utilises a front engine, all-wheel drive layout.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/lamborghini-sees-worldwide-sales-doubling-2019-suv-launch-022647808--finance.html |title=Lamborghini sees worldwide sales doubling by 2019 after SUV launch |date=24 August 2016 |website=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224124917/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/lamborghini-sees-worldwide-sales-doubling-2019-suv-launch-022647808--finance.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/models/urus|title=Lamborghini Urus|work=Lamborghini|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215020516/https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/models/urus|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Marine engines===
Motori Marini Lamborghini produces a large V12 marine engine block for use in [[Offshore powerboat racing|World Offshore Series]] Class 1 powerboats. A Lamborghini branded marine engine displaces approximately {{convert|8171|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} and outputs approximately {{convert|940|hp|kW|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.class1uk.co.uk/engine.php |title=Introducing the Class 1 Championship – The Engines |website=Class 1 UK |access-date=9 April 2008 |archive-date=24 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124020226/http://www.class1uk.co.uk/engine.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Lamborghini motorcycle===
In the mid-1980s, Lamborghini produced a limited-production run of a {{convert|1,000|cc|1|abbr=on}} [[sportbike|sports]] motorcycle. UK weekly newspaper ''[[Motor Cycle News]]'' reported in 1994—when featuring an example available through an [[Essex]] motorcycle retailer—that 24 examples were produced with a Lamborghini [[Aluminium alloy|alloy]] frame having [[Head tube|adjustable steering head angle]], [[Kawasaki GPZ1000RX|Kawasaki GPz1000RX]] engine/transmission unit, [[Ceriani]] [[Motorcycle fork|front forks]] and Marvic wheels. The bodywork was [[Motorcycle fairing#Materials|plastic]] and fully integrated with [[Motorcycle fairing|front fairing]] merged into fuel tank and seat cover ending in a rear tail-fairing. The motorcycles were designed by Lamborghini stylists and produced by French business Boxer Bikes.<ref name = "MCN 1994">{{cite magazine |title=Car-vaceous Lamborghini up for sale |date=23 March 1994 |magazine=[[Motor Cycle News]] |page=5 }}</ref>

===Branded merchandise===
[[File:Musée Lamborghini 0071.JPG|thumb|L900 marine engine]]
Lamborghini licenses its brand to manufacturers that produce a variety of Lamborghini-branded consumer goods including scale models, clothing, accessories, bags, electronics<ref name=merch>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamborghinistore.com/en/terms-and-conditions/ |title=Terms and Conditions |work=Lamborghini Store |publisher=EPI srl |access-date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829014519/http://www.lamborghinistore.com/en/terms-and-conditions/ |archive-date= 29 August 2012 |quote=EPI srl is an official licensee of Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. |url-status=dead }}</ref> and laptop computers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asus.com/Laptops/ASUSAutomobili_Lamborghini_VX7SX/|title=ASUS-Automobili Lamborghini VX7SX - Laptops|website=ASUS Global|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224125037/https://www.asus.com/Laptops/ASUSAutomobili_Lamborghini_VX7SX/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Motorsport==
{{Infobox company
| name = Lamborghini Motorsport Division, Squadra Corse
| logo =
| image_caption =
| trading_name = Squadra Corse
| type = Subsidiary
| industry = *Automobile
*Motorsports
| hq_location_city = Sant'Agata Bolognese
| hq_location_country = Italy
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = *[[Stephan Winkelmann]] (CEO of Automobili Lamborghini)
| owner = Automobili Lamborghini
| parent = [[Audi AG]]
| website = {{URL|lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport}}
}}

===Automobiles produced===
Lamborghini Motorsport Division Squadra Corse produces GT3 cars and cars for their Super Trofeo events based on the [[Lamborghini Gallardo|Gallardo]] and [[Huracán]]. Apart from them, the Squadra Corse builds cars upon customer request.

====GT3 and Super Trofeo Cars====
*[[Lamborghini Gallardo|Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo]]
*[[Lamborghini Gallardo|Gallardo LP 560-4 Super Trofeo]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo EVO]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo EVO2]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán Super Trofeo GT2]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán GT3]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán GT3 Evo]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán GT3 Evo 2]]

====Special cars ====
These cars were built by Squadra Corse upon customer request.
*[[Lamborghini Essenza SCV12|Essenza SCV12]]
*[[Lamborghini Aventador|SC18 Alston]]
*[[Lamborghini Aventador|SC20]]

===Events held===

====Lamborghini Super Trofeo====
{{Main|Lamborghini Super Trofeo}}
[[File:BonaldiMotorsport AutocarrozzeriaImeraiale SuperTrofeoHH2011.JPG|thumb|[[Lamborghini Gallardo|Lamborghini Gallardo Super Trofeo]] 2011 in [[Hockenheimring|Hockenheim]]]]
[[File:Erik Mayrink - Lamborghini Super Trofeo.jpg|thumb|[[Lamborghini Huracán|Lamborghini Huracán Super Trofeo]]]]

The Super Trofeo is a series of Motorsport events held by Squadra corse using their Super Trofeo model vehicles (currently the Huracán Super Trofeo EVO) which are racing versions of the road-approved models ([[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán]] and [[Lamborghini Gallardo|Gallardo]] models).

The Super Trofeo events are held in three different series, in three continents: America, Asia and Europe. Many private race team participate each of these events.

Every series consists of six rounds, each of which feature free practice sessions, qualifying and two races lasting 50 minutes each. There are four categories of drivers: Pro, Pro-Am, Am and Lamborghini Cup. The season ends in the Lamborghini Super Trofeo World Final.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Squadra Corse – Super Trofeo|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/super-trofeo|access-date=22 August 2021|website=Lamborghini|language=en|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822055839/https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/super-trofeo|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Lamborghini GT3====
[[File:Lamborghini Huracan GT3-Team Konrad Motorsport (2).jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Huracán GT3 front view]]
The Lamborghini GT3 is a series of Motorsport events held by The Squadra Corse using [[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán GT3]] cars that comply with the FIA [[Group GT3|GT3]] regulations. The racing event is open to any Huracán GT3 customer.

Lamborghini currently uses Huracán GT3 Evo cars for these events and more than 60 private race teams participate these events.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Customer Racing – GT3|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/gt3|access-date=22 August 2021|website=Lamborghini|language=en|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822060053/https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/gt3|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Current factory drivers==

===Factory drivers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Factory Drivers |url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/drivers/ |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Lamborghini |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202060408/https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/drivers |url-status=live }}</ref>===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mirko Bortolotti]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Matteo Cairoli]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Caldarelli]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Christian Engelhart]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Romain Grosjean]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Daniil Kvyat]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Marco Mapelli]]
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sandy Mitchell (racing driver)|Sandy Mitchell]]
*{{flagicon|SWI}} [[Edoardo Mortara]]
*{{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Jordan Pepper]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Franck Perera]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Leonardo Pulcini]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Loris Spinelli]]}}

===GT3 junior drivers<ref>{{Cite web |title=GT3 Junior Drivers |url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/drivers/gt3-junior-drivers/ |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Lamborghini |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130085350/https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/drivers/gt3-junior-drivers |url-status=live }}</ref>===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*{{flagicon|GBR}} Jack Bartholomew
*{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Glenn van Berlo]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Riccardo Cazzaniga
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Louis Chovet]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} Jaden Conwright
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alessio Deledda]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} Philippe Denes
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Raúl Guzmán (racing driver)|Raúl Guzmán]]
*{{flagicon|CHL}} Benjamin Hites
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nico Jamin]]
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Brendon Leitch]]
*{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Mateo Llarena]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Mattia Michelotto
*{{flagicon|BEL}} Baptiste Moulin
*{{flagicon|NOR}} Marcus Påverud
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Artem Petrov]]
*{{flagicon|NLD}} Daan Pijl
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Mick Wishofer]]}}

===Super Trofeo junior drivers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Trofeo Junior Drivers |url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/drivers/super-trofeo-junior-drivers/ |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Lamborghini |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002121648/https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/drivers/super-trofeo-junior-drivers |url-status=live }}</ref>===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*{{flagicon|DNK}} Largim Ali
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Filippo Berto
*{{flagicon|JPN}} Dougie Bolger
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Amaury Bonduel]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Loris Cabirou
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Hugo Condé
*{{flagicon|BRA}} Pedro Ebrahim
*{{flagicon|NZL}} Marco Giltrap
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Riccardo Ianniello
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Alessandro Mainetti
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Edgar Maloigne
*{{flagicon|DNK}} Patrick Matthiensen
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Marzio Moretti
*{{flagicon|SWE}} Lucas Petersson
*{{flagicon|ESP}} Guillem Pujeu
*{{flagicon|USA}} Wesley Slimp
*{{flagicon|SWE}} Oliver Söderström
*{{flagicon|BEL}} Gilles Stadsbader
*{{flagicon|POR}} Rodrigo Testa
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Lucas Valkre
*{{flagicon|LUX}} Yuri Wagner
*{{flagicon|USA}} Jake Walker
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jackson Walls]]
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Ugo de Wilde]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} Carter Williams
*{{flagicon|CHN}} Xu Shenghui}}

==Lamborghini in Formula One==
{{Infobox F1 engine manufacturer
| name = Lamborghini
| logo =
| official_name =
| base =
| founders =
| staff = [[Mauro Forghieri]]
| debut = [[1989 Brazilian Grand Prix]]
| final_race = [[1993 Australian Grand Prix]]
| races = 80
| chassis = [[Lola Cars|Lola]], [[Team Lotus|Lotus]], [[Modena (racing team)|Lambo]], [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]], [[Minardi]], [[Venturi Automobiles|Venturi]], [[Larrousse]]
| cons_champ = 0
| drivers_champ = 0
| wins = 0
| podiums = 1
| points = 20
| poles = 0
| fastest_laps = 0
}}
[[File:Lamborghini miura svj spider 4808.jpg|thumb|The Miura began as a clandestine prototype, a car that had racing pedigree in a company that was entirely against motorsport.]]
In contrast to his rival [[Enzo Ferrari]], Ferruccio Lamborghini had decided early on that there would be no factory-supported racing of Lamborghinis, viewing motorsport as too expensive and too draining on company resources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamborghinimiuras.com/lamborghini.html|title=Lamborghini Miura P400 Conversion to Miura SV|website=Lamborghini Miuras |language=en-us|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224124648/http://www.lamborghinimiuras.com/lamborghini.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was unusual for the time, as many sports car manufacturers sought to demonstrate speed, reliability, and technical superiority through motorsport participation. Enzo Ferrari in particular was known for considering his road car business mostly a source of funding for his participation in motor racing. Ferruccio's policy led to tensions between him and his engineers, many of whom were racing enthusiasts; some had previously worked at Ferrari. When Dallara, Stanzani, and Wallace began dedicating their spare time to the development of the P400 prototype, they designed it to be a road car with racing potential, one that could win on the track and also be driven on the road by enthusiasts.{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=29}} When Ferruccio discovered the project, he allowed them to go ahead, seeing it as a potential marketing device for the company, while insisting that it would not be raced. The P400 went on to become the Miura. The closest the company came to building a true race car under Lamborghini's supervision were a few highly modified prototypes, including those built by factory test driver [[Bob Wallace (test driver)|Bob Wallace]], such as the Miura SV-based "Jota" and the Jarama S-based "Bob Wallace Special".

In the mid-1970s, while Lamborghini was under the management of Georges-Henri Rossetti, Lamborghini entered into an agreement with [[BMW]] to develop, then manufacture 400 cars for BMW in order to meet [[Group 4 (racing)|Group 4]] [[Homologation (motorsport)|homologation]] requirements. BMW lacked experience developing a mid-engined vehicle and believed that Lamborghini's experience in that area would make Lamborghini an ideal choice of partner. Due to Lamborghini's shaky finances, Lamborghini fell behind schedule developing the car's structure and running gear. When Lamborghini failed to deliver working prototypes on time, BMW took the program in house, finishing development without Lamborghini. BMW contracted with [[Karosserie Baur|Baur]] to produce the car, which BMW named the [[BMW M1|M1]], delivering the first vehicle in October 1978.{{Sfn|Lewin|2004|pp=119–120}}{{Sfn|Mitchel|2005|p=219}}

In 1985, Lamborghini's British importer developed the [[Lamborghini Countach QVX|Countach QVX]], in conjunction with [[Spice Engineering]], for the 1986 [[Group C]] championship season. One car was built, but lack of sponsorship caused it to miss the season. The QVX competed in only one race, the non-championship 1986 Southern Suns 500 km race at [[Kyalami]] in South Africa, driven by [[Tiff Needell]]. Despite the car finishing better than it started, sponsorship could once again not be found and the programme was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghiniqvxp1.php |title=Lamborghini QVX Car Guide |website=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-date=24 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624160506/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghiniqvxp1.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Lotus-Lamborghini 102.jpg|thumb|The 1990 [[Lotus 102]] featured a Lamborghini V12 engine.]]
Lamborghini was an engine supplier in [[Formula One]] for the [[1989 Formula One season|1989]] through [[1993 Formula One season]]s. It supplied engines to [[Larrousse]] (1989–1990, 1992–1993), [[Team Lotus|Lotus]] (1990), [[Équipe Ligier|Ligier]] (1991), [[Minardi]] (1992), and to the [[Modena (racing team)|Modena]] team in 1991. While the latter is commonly referred to as a factory team, the company saw itself as a supplier, not a backer. The 1992 Larrousse—Lamborghini was largely uncompetitive but noteworthy in its tendency to spew oil from its exhaust system. Cars following closely behind the Larrousse were commonly coloured yellowish-brown by the end of the race.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newportconvertible.com/lamborghini/|title=Lamborghini|date=29 May 2012|work=NCE|access-date=19 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224123957/http://newportconvertible.com/lamborghini/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lamborghini's best result was achieved with Larrousse at the [[1990 Japanese Grand Prix]], when [[Aguri Suzuki]] finished third on home soil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/jun/12/formulaone.formulaone20041|title=Sato shapes as the rising son|first=Alan|last=Henry|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=12 June 2004|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224124118/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/jun/12/formulaone.formulaone20041|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late 1991, a Lamborghini Formula One motor was used in the [[Konrad KM-011]] [[Group C]] sports car, but the car only lasted a few races before the project was cancelled. The same engine, re-badged a [[Chrysler]], Lamborghini's then-parent company, was tested by [[McLaren]] towards the end of the 1993 season, with the intent of using it during the [[1994 Formula One season|1994 season]]. Although driver [[Ayrton Senna]] was reportedly impressed with the engine's performance, McLaren pulled out of negotiations, choosing a [[Peugeot]] engine instead, and Chrysler ended the project.

[[File:Reiter Lambo.jpg|thumb|A Murcielago R-GT participating in the FIA GT Championship at [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] in 2006]]
Two racing versions of the Diablo were built for the Diablo Supertrophy, a single-model racing series held annually from 1996 to 1999. In the first year, the model used in the series was the Diablo SVR, while the Diablo 6.0 GTR was used for the remaining three years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lamborghini Diablo SVR |url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinidiablop11.php |website=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302023504/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinidiablop11.php |archive-date=2 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinidiablop13.php |title=Lamborghini Diablo 6.0 GTR Car Guide |website=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302023215/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinidiablop13.php |archive-date=2 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lamborghini developed the Murciélago R-GT as a production racing car to compete in the [[FIA GT Championship]], the [[Super GT]] Championship and the [[American Le Mans Series]] in 2004. The car's highest placing in any race that year was the opening round of the FIA GT Championship at [[Circuit de Valencia|Valencia]], where the car entered by [[Reiter Engineering]] finished third from a fifth-place start.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT Car Guide |url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinimurcielagop3.php |website=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302023246/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinimurcielagop3.php |archive-date=2 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT 2004 Season |url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinimurcielagop4.php |publisher=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-date=23 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423110619/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinimurcielagop4.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006, during the opening round of the Super GT championship at [[Suzuka Circuit|Suzuka]], a car run by the Japan Lamborghini Owners Club garnered the first victory (in class) by an R-GT. A [[FIA GT3 European Championship|GT3]] version of the Gallardo has been developed by [[Reiter Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinigallardop5.php |title=Lamborghini Gallardo GT3 Car Guide |website=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610061606/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinigallardop5.php |archive-date=10 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Murciélago R-GT entered by All-Inkl.com racing, driven by [[Christophe Bouchut]] and Stefan Mücke, won the opening round of the [[FIA GT Championship]] held at [[Zhuhai International Circuit]], achieving the first major international race victory for Lamborghini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiagt.com/results.php |title=FIA GT Championship Results: 2007 Round 1 – Zhuhai |website=FIA GT |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103182715/http://fiagt.com/results.php |archive-date=3 January 2010}}</ref>

===Complete Formula One results===
([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) (results in bold indicate pole position)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
! Year
! Entrant
! Chassis
! Engine(s)
! Tyres
! Drivers
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! Points
! WCC
|-
| rowspan="5"| {{F1|1989}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Larrousse|Larrousse Calmels]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Lola LC88]]B [[Lola LC89]]
| rowspan="5"| Lamborghini 3512 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="5"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1989 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1989 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1989 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1989 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]
|| [[1989 United States Grand Prix|US]]
|| [[1989 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1989 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1989 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1989 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1989 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1989 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1989 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1989 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1989 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1989 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1989 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="5"|'''1'''
|rowspan="5"|'''15th'''
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Yannick Dalmas]]
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Éric Bernard]]
||
||
||
||
||
||
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Michele Alboreto]]
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Philippe Alliot]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
| rowspan="7"| {{F1|1990}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Larrousse|ESPO Larrousse F1]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Lola LC89]]B [[Lola LC90]]
| rowspan="3"| Lamborghini 3512 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="3"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1990 United States Grand Prix|US]]
|| [[1990 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1990 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1990 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1990 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1990 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]
|| [[1990 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1990 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1990 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1990 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1990 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1990 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1990 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1990 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1990 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1990 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="3"|'''11'''
|rowspan="3"|'''6th'''
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Éric Bernard]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Aguri Suzuki]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[Team Lotus|Camel Team Lotus]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Lotus 102]]
| rowspan="4"| Lamborghini [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="4"| {{Goodyear}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Derek Warwick]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|rowspan="3"| '''3'''
|rowspan="3"| '''8th'''
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Martin Donnelly (racing driver)|Martin Donnelly]]
|style="background:white;"| DNS
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:white;"| DNS
|
|
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Johnny Herbert]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
| rowspan="5"| {{F1|1991}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Equipe Ligier|Equipe Ligier Gitanes]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Ligier JS35]] [[Ligier JS35]]B
| rowspan="3"| [[Lamborghini V12|Lamborghini 3512]] [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="3"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1991 United States Grand Prix|US]]
|| [[1991 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1991 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1991 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1991 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1991 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]
|| [[1991 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1991 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1991 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1991 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1991 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1991 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1991 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1991 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1991 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1991 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="3"|'''0'''
|rowspan="3"|'''NC'''
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Thierry Boutsen]]
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 7
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 7
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 8
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Érik Comas]]
| style="background:#ffcfcf;"| DNQ
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 8
| style="background:#ffcfcf;"| DNQ
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11
| style="background:#ffcfcf;"| DNQ
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 18
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Modena (racing team)|Modena Team SpA]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Lambo 291]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Lamborghini V12|Lamborghini L3512]] [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="2"| {{Goodyear}}
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Nicola Larini]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
| rowspan="2"| '''0'''
| rowspan="2"| '''NC'''
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Eric van de Poele]]
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|-
| rowspan="6"| {{F1|1992}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Larrousse|Central Park Venturi Larrousse]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Venturi LC92]]
| rowspan="3"| Lamborghini 3512 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="3"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1992 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]
|| [[1992 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]
|| [[1992 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1992 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1992 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1992 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1992 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1992 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1992 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1992 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1992 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1992 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1992 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1992 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1992 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1992 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="3"|'''1'''
|rowspan="3"|'''11th'''
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bertrand Gachot]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
| style="background:#000; color:white;"| DSQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 18
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ukyo Katayama]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 17
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Minardi|Minardi Team]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Minardi M191|M191B]] [[Minardi M191|M191L]] [[Minardi M192|M192]]
| rowspan="3"| Lamborghini 3512 3.5 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="3"| {{Goodyear}}
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Christian Fittipaldi]]
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 11
| style="background:#eecfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 8
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 13
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
||
||
||
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 12
| style="background:#dfffdf; text-align:center;"| 6
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| '''9'''
| rowspan="3"| '''1'''
| rowspan="3"| '''12th'''
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alessandro Zanardi]]
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
||
||
||
||
||
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianni Morbidelli]]
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 7
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 11
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 8
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 17
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 12
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 16
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 14
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 14
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 10
|-
| rowspan="4"| {{F1|1993}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Larrousse|Larrousse F1]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Larrousse LH93]]
| rowspan="4"| Lamborghini 3512 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="4"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1993 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]
|| [[1993 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1993 European Grand Prix|EUR]]
|| [[1993 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1993 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1993 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1993 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1993 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1993 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1993 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1993 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1993 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1993 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1993 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1993 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1993 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="4"|'''3'''
|rowspan="4"|'''10th'''
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Philippe Alliot]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 10
||
||
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshio Suzuki (racing driver)|Toshio Suzuki]]
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Érik Comas]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|}

==Marketing==

===Brand identity===
[[File:Lamborghini logotype.jpg|thumb|The Lamborghini wordmark, as displayed on the back of its cars]]
The world of [[bullfighting]] is a key part of Lamborghini's identity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cockerham |first=Paul W. |date=1997 |title=Lamborghini: the spirit of the bull |publisher=Tiger Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schleifer |first=Jay |date=1993 |title=Lamborghini: Italy's raging bull |publisher=Crestwood House}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalopnik.com/298911/the-baddest-bull-lamborghini-miura-vs-countach-vs-murcielago-lp640 |title=The Baddest Bull: Lamborghini Miura Vs Countach Vs Murcielago LP640 |last=Lieberman |first=Jonny |work=Jalopnik |publisher=Gawker Media |date=12 September 2007 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927055107/http://jalopnik.com/298911/the-baddest-bull-lamborghini-miura-vs-countach-vs-murcielago-lp640 |archive-date= 27 September 2012 }}</ref> In 1962, Ferruccio Lamborghini visited the Seville ranch of [[Miura bull|Don Eduardo Miura]], a renowned breeder of [[Spanish Fighting Bull|Spanish fighting bulls]]. Lamborghini was so impressed by the majestic Miura animals that he decided to adopt a raging [[Bovinae|bull]] as the [[emblem]] for the automaker he would open shortly.{{Sfn|Sackey|2008|p=15}}

===Vehicle nomenclature===
After producing two cars with alphanumeric designations, Lamborghini once again turned to the bull breeder for inspiration. Don Eduardo was filled with pride when he learned that Ferruccio had named a car for his family and their line of bulls; the fourth Miura to be produced was unveiled to him at his ranch in Seville.{{Sfn|Sackey|2008|p=15}}{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=31}}

The automaker would continue to draw upon the bullfighting connection in future years. The [[Lamborghini Islero|Islero]] was named for the [[Islero|Miura bull]] that killed the famed [[Torero (bullfighter)|bullfighter]] [[Manolete]] in 1947. ''Espada'' is the Spanish word for [[sword]], sometimes used to refer to the bullfighter himself. The Jarama's name carried a special double meaning; though it was intended to refer only to the historic bullfighting region in Spain, Ferruccio was concerned about confusion with the also historic [[Circuito Permanente Del Jarama|Jarama motor racing track]].{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=43}}
[[File:Lamborghini Diablo SV and Countach.jpg|thumb|The Diablo (background) was named for a legendary bull, while the Countach (foreground) broke from the bullfighting tradition.]]
After christening the [[Lamborghini Urraco|Urraco]] after a bull breed, in 1974, Lamborghini broke from tradition, naming the [[Lamborghini Countach|Countach]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|uː|n|t|ɑː|ʃ}}) not for a bull,<ref name="lamboregLP500" /> but for {{lang|pms|contacc}} ({{IPA-pms|kʊŋˈtɑtʃ|pron}}), a [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]] expletive.<ref name="lamboregLP500">{{cite web|url=http://www.lamborghiniregistry.com/Countach/CountachLP500/ |title=Countach LP500 |website=Lamborghini Registry |access-date=30 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-date= 12 November 2004|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041112035518/http://www.lamborghiniregistry.com/Countach/CountachLP500/}}</ref> Legend has it that [[Nuccio Bertone]] uttered the word in surprise when he first saw the Countach prototype, "Project 112".{{Sfn|Lawrence|1996|p=183}} The LM002 (LM for Lamborghini Militaire) sport utility vehicle and the Silhouette (named after the popular racing category of the time) were other exceptions to the tradition.

The Jalpa of 1982 was named for a bull breed; Diablo, for the [[Duchy of Veragua|Duke of Veragua]]'s ferocious bull famous for fighting an epic battle against El Chicorro in Madrid in 1869;{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=90}}<ref name="lambocarsdia">{{cite web|url=http://www.lambocars.com/pdf/diablo.pdf|title=Diablo|access-date=24 May 2010|year=2006|first=Mark |last=Smeyers|work=Lambocars.com|archive-date=26 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526101919/http://www.lambocars.com/pdf/diablo.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/234875/lamborghini_diablo_60vt.html |title=Lamborghini Diablo 6.0VT |website=Classic and Performance Car |date=30 March 2009 |access-date=16 August 2009 |archive-date=27 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127094110/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/234875/lamborghini_diablo_60vt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Murciélago]], the legendary bull whose life was spared by El Lagartijo for his performance in 1879; Gallardo, named for one of the five ancestral castes of the Spanish fighting bull breed;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lamborghiniregistry.com/Gallardo/Name.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314194057/http://lamborghiniregistry.com/Gallardo/Name.html |archive-date=14 March 2008 |title=Gallardo – The Name |website=Lamborghini Registry |date=22 November 2003 |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> and Reventón, the bull that defeated young Mexican ''torero'' Félix Guzmán in 1943. The [[Estoque]] concept of 2008 was named for the [[estoc]], the sword traditionally used by matadors during bullfights.<ref name=EdmundsFirstLook>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=132648 |title=Edmunds Inside Line – Lamborghini Estoque Concept First Look |last=Stahl |first=Andreas |date=1 October 2008 |website=Edmunds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321053636/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D132648 |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Concept vehicles===
{{See also|List of Lamborghini concept vehicles}}
Throughout its history, Lamborghini has envisioned and presented a variety of [[concept cars]], beginning in 1963 with the first Lamborghini prototype, the [[Lamborghini 350GTV|350GTV]]. Other famous models include Bertone's 1967 [[Lamborghini Marzal|Marzal]], 1974 [[Lamborghini Bravo|Bravo]], and 1980 [[Lamborghini Athon|Athon]], Chrysler's 1987 [[Lamborghini Portofino|Portofino]], the [[Italdesign]]-styled [[Lamborghini Cala|Cala]] from 1995, the [[Zagato]]-built [[Zagato Raptor|Raptor]] from 1996.

A retro-styled [[Lamborghini Miura#2006 Miura concept|Lamborghini Miura concept car]], the first creation of chief designer Walter de'Silva, was presented in 2006. President and CEO Stephan Winkelmann denied that the concept would be put into production, saying that the Miura concept was "a celebration of our history, but Lamborghini is about the future. Retro design is not what we are here for. So we won't do the [new] Miura."<ref>{{cite web |title=Lambo plans: Espada, Miura out, SUV in |url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/a2072096/lambo-plans-espada-miura-out-suv/ |website=AutoWeek |first=Greg |last=Kable |date=22 October 2006 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117005820/https://www.autoweek.com/news/a2072096/lambo-plans-espada-miura-out-suv/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Lamborghini Estoque 2.JPG|thumb|The [[Estoque]], a 2008 sedan concept]]
At the [[2008 Paris Motor Show]], Lamborghini revealed the [[Lamborghini Estoque|Estoque]], a four-door [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]] concept. Although there had been much speculation regarding the Estoque's eventual production,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/lambo-paris |title=Secret new Lambo revealed |website=Top Gear |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-date=10 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110162445/http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/lambo-paris |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=132648 |title=Edmunds Inside Line – The Radical Lamborghini Sedan From the Paris Auto Show |website=Edmunds.com |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321053636/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D132648 |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lamborghini management has not made a decision regarding production of what might be the first four-door car to roll out of the Sant'Agata factory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=144726 |title=Edmunds Inside Line – IL Exclusive: No Green Light – Yet – for Lamborghini Estoque |website=Edmunds.com |date=23 March 2009 |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327114421/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId%3D144726 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Lamborghini Concept s.jpg|thumb|The [[Lamborghini Gallardo#Lamborghini Concept S|Concept S]], a Gallardo derivative]]
At the [[2010 Paris Motor Show]], Lamborghini unveiled the [[Lamborghini Sesto Elemento|Sesto Elemento]]. The concept car is made almost entirely of carbon fibre making it extremely light, with a weight of {{Convert|999|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. The Sesto Elemento shares the same V10 engine found in the Lamborghini Gallardo. Lamborghini hopes to signal a shift in the company's direction from making super cars focused on top speed to producing more agile, track focused cars with the Sesto Elemento. The concept car can reach {{convert|0–62|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in 2.5 seconds and can reach a top speed of over 180 mph.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2010-lamborghini-sesto-elemento |title=Paris 2010: Lamborghini Sesto Elemento |website=Top Gear |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021215221/http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2010-lamborghini-sesto-elemento |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Aventador J—a roofless, windowless version of the [[Lamborghini Aventador]]. The Aventador J uses the same 700 hp engine and seven-speed transmission as the standard Aventador.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.automoblog.net/2012/03/06/lamborghini-aventador-j-blends-exotic-superbike/|title=Lamborghini Aventador J Blends Exotic, Superbike|website=Automoblog.net|date=6 March 2012|access-date=8 March 2012|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301130745/https://www.automoblog.net/2012/03/06/lamborghini-aventador-j-blends-exotic-superbike/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the 2012 Beijing Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the [[Lamborghini Urus|Urus]] SUV. This is the first SUV built by Lamborghini since the LM002.

As part of the celebration of 50 years of Lamborghini, the company created the [[Lamborghini Egoista|Egoista]]. [[Lamborghini Egoista|Egoista]] is for one person's driving and only one Egoista is to be made.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecarwallpapers.com/lamborghini-egoista-concept |title=Lamborghini Egoista Concept |website=thecarwallpapers.com |date=16 May 2013 |access-date=17 May 2013 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206075213/http://www.thecarwallpapers.com/lamborghini-egoista-concept |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the [[2014 Paris Motor Show]], Lamborghini unveiled the Asterion LPI910-4 hybrid concept car. Named after the half-man, half-bull hybrid ([[Minotaur]]) of Greek legend, it is the first hybrid Lamborghini in the history of the company. Utilizing the Huracán's 5.2 litre V10 producing {{Convert|607|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, along with one electric motor mounted on the transaxle and an additional two on the front axle, developing an additional {{Convert|300|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}. This puts the power at a combined figure of {{Convert|907|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}. The {{convert|0–100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} time is claimed to be just above 3 seconds, with a claimed top speed of {{Convert|185|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/lamborghini-asterion-paris-motor-show-2014-10-1 |title=It's the 907bhp Lambo Asterion Hybrid |last=Barlow |first=Jason |website=Top Gear |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409100856/http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/lamborghini-asterion-paris-motor-show-2014-10-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Corporate affairs==

===Structure===
{{As of|2011}}, Lamborghini is structured as a wholly-owned subsidiary of [[Audi|Audi AG]] named Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.<ref name="SpA" group="Notes">According to Audi AG's 2011 Annual Financial Report, on 1 July 2011, Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., Lamborghini AntiMarca S.p.A. and STAR Design S.R.L. were merged into Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., which was renamed Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. (S.p.A. stands for [[S.A. (corporation)|Società per Azioni]], the Italian designation for a [[joint stock company]]. S.R.L. stands for Società a Responsabilità Limitata, the Italian designation for a [[Limited liability company|private limited company]]).</ref>{{Sfn|Audi AG|2011a|p=62}}

Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. controls five principal subsidiaries: [[Ducati|Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.]], a manufacturer of motorcycles; [[Italdesign Giugiaro|Italdesign Giugiaro S.p.A.]], a design and prototyping firm that provides services to the entire Volkswagen Group; MML S.p.A. (Motori Marini Lamborghini), a manufacturer of marine engine blocks; and Volkswagen Group Italia S.p.A. (formerly Autogerma S.p.A.), which sells Audi and other Volkswagen Group vehicles in Italy.{{Sfn|Audi AG|2011a|p=62}}{{Sfn|Audi AG|2012b|p=24}}

The Lamborghini headquarters and main production site is located in [[Sant'Agata Bolognese]], Italy. With the launch of its Urus [[SUV]], the production site expanded from {{convert|80000|m2|ha|abbr=on}} to {{convert|160000|m2|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2017/10/lamborghini-factory.html|title=The new Lamborghini factory in Sant'Agata Bolognese|access-date=11 June 2020|work=Volkswagen AG |archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224125505/https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2017/10/lamborghini-factory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 13 November 2020, [[Stephan Winkelmann]], current President of [[Bugatti]], was appointed to be the new [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of Lamborghini. He takes up his new position as of 1 December 2020.<ref name="luxus-plus.com" />

===Sales results===
{{Expand section|date=April 2009}}
[[File:Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 - 009.jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Gallardo coupe (Japan)]]
By sales, the most important markets in 2004 for Lamborghini's sports cars were the U.S. (41%), Germany (13%), Great Britain (9%) and Japan (8%). Prior to the launch of the Gallardo in 2003, Lamborghini produced approximately 400 vehicles per year; in 2011 Lamborghini produced 1,711 vehicles.{{Sfn|Audi AG|2012a|p=152}}


;Annual Lamborghini new car sales
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table"
|+
!Year || Sales
|-
!1968{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=40}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|353
|-
!
|{{N/A|Data missing}}
|-
!1991<ref name=fundinguniverse/>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|673
|-
!1992<ref name=fundinguniverse/>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|166
|-
!1993<ref name=fundinguniverse/>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|215
|-
!
|{{N/A|Data missing}}
|-
!1996<ref name="carpages">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/lamborghini/lamborghini_reports_record_figures_21_02_04.asp |title=Lamborghini Reports Record Figures |date=21 February 2004 |website=carpages.co.uk |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302230756/http://www.carpages.co.uk/lamborghini/lamborghini_reports_record_figures_21_02_04.asp |archive-date= 2 March 2012 |url-status=live |quote=In 1996, Automobili Lamborghini sold a total of 211 cars worldwide. }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|211
|-
!1997<ref name = fundinguniverse>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Automobili-Lamborghini-Holding-SpA-Company-History.html|title=Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A. Company History|website=Funding Universe|access-date=13 August 2009|archive-date=17 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017165330/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/automobili-lamborghini-holding-s-p-a-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|209
|-
!
|{{N/A|Data missing}}
|-
!1999{{Sfn|Volkswagen AG|2000|p=50}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|265
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table"
|+
!Year || Sales
|-
!2000{{Sfn|Volkswagen AG|2001|p=23}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|296
|-
!2001{{Sfn|Volkswagen AG|2002|p=24}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|297
|-
!2002{{Sfn|Audi AG|2003|p=3}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|424
|-
!2003{{Sfn|Audi AG|2004|p=5}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,305
|-
!2004{{Sfn|Audi AG|2004|p=5}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,592
|-
!2005{{Sfn|Audi AG|2006|p=3}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,600
|-
!2006{{Sfn|Audi AG|2007|p=4}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,087
|-
!2007{{Sfn|Audi AG|2008|p=4}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,406
|-
!2008{{Sfn|Audi AG|2009|p=4}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,430
|-
!2009{{Sfn|Audi AG|2010|p=4}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,515
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table"
|+
!Year || Sales
|-
!2010{{Sfn|Audi AG|2011|p=151}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,302
|-
!2011{{Sfn|Audi AG|2012|p=154}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,602
|-
!2012<ref name=lamborghinify2012>{{cite web|title=fy2012|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2013/03/Automobili_Lamborghini_2012_full_year_figures.html |website=Volkswagen AG |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230042/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2013/03/Automobili_Lamborghini_2012_full_year_figures.html|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,083
|-
!2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Lamborghini increases worldwide sales for the third year in a row to 2,121 cars delivered to customers|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2014/01/Lamborghini_AaK.html|website=Volkswagen AG|access-date=12 June 2014|date=13 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031150542/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2014/01/Lamborghini_AaK.html|archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,121
|-
!2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Record Year for Automobili Lamborghini: Deliveries increased to 2,530 units in 2014|url=http://www.lamborghini.com/en/company/news/details/1/1/1/record-year-for-automobili-lamborghini-deliveries-increased-to-2530-units-in-2014/|website=Lamborghini|access-date=12 January 2015|date=12 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115080528/http://www.lamborghini.com/en/company/news/details/1/1/1/record-year-for-automobili-lamborghini-deliveries-increased-to-2530-units-in-2014|archive-date=15 January 2015}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,530
|-
!2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Automobili Lamborghini makes 2015 the best year in company history|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2016/03/Automobili_Lamborghini_2015.html|website=Lamborghini|access-date=11 July 2016|date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724064436/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2016/03/Automobili_Lamborghini_2015.html|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|3,245
|-
!2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Group deliveries|url=http://annualreport2016.volkswagenag.com/servicepages/search.php?q=lamborghini&pageID=57216|access-date=8 November 2017|date=24 February 2017|website=Volkswagen AG|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021010408/https://annualreport2016.volkswagenag.com/servicepages/search.php?q=lamborghini&pageID=57216|url-status=live}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|3,457
|-
!2017<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Group deliveries|url=http://annualreport2017.volkswagenag.com/group-management-report/business-development/deliveries.html|access-date=10 October 2018|date=10 October 2018|website=Volkswagen AG|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020225140/https://annualreport2017.volkswagenag.com/group-management-report/business-development/deliveries.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|3,815
|-
!2018<ref>{{cite web|title=Lamborghini delivers record-high 5,750 cars in 2018, up 51%|url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-international/lamborghini-delivers-recordhigh-5-750-cars-in-2018--up-51-42037|access-date=8 February 2019|date=8 February 2019|website=AutoCarPro|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024035632/https://www.autocarpro.in/news-international/lamborghini-delivers-recordhigh-5-750-cars-in-2018--up-51-42037|url-status=live}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|5,750
|-
!2019<ref>{{cite web|title=Automobili Lamborghini continues its global growth and marks new historic highs: 8,205 cars delivered in 2019|url=https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/press-releases/automobili-lamborghini-continues-its-global-growth-and-marks-new-historic-highs-8205-cars-delivered-in-2019-12475|access-date=9 February 2020|date=14 January 2020|website=Audi Media Center|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224151522/https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/press-releases/automobili-lamborghini-continues-its-global-growth-and-marks-new-historic-highs-8205-cars-delivered-in-2019-12475|url-status=live}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|8,205
|}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="border:solid 1px #aaa"
|+ '''Annual Lamborghini new car sales'''
|-
| <timeline>
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:30
PlotArea = left:45 bottom:20 top:10 right:18
AlignBars = justify
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:8300
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
Colors =
id:gray value:gray(0.5)
id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
id:line2 value:gray(0.7)
ScaleMajor = unit:year start:0 increment:500 gridcolor:line2
ScaleMinor = start:0 increment:100 gridcolor:line1

PlotData=
color:skyblue width:25
bar:1999 from:start till:265 text:265 align:left
bar:2000 from:start till:296 text:296 align:left
bar:2001 from:start till:297 text:297 align:left
bar:2002 from:start till:424 text:424 align:left
bar:2003 from:start till:1305 text:1,305 align:left
bar:2004 from:start till:1592 text:1,592 align:left
bar:2005 from:start till:1600 text:1,600 align:left
bar:2006 from:start till:2087 text:2,087 align:left
bar:2007 from:start till:2406 text:2,406 align:left
bar:2008 from:start till:2430 text:2,430 align:left
bar:2009 from:start till:1515 text:1,515 align:left
bar:2010 from:start till:1302 text:1,302 align:left
bar:2011 from:start till:1602 text:1,602 align:left
bar:2012 from:start till:2083 text:2,083 align:left
bar:2013 from:start till:2121 text:2,121 align:left
bar:2014 from:start till:2530 text:2,530 align:left
bar:2015 from:start till:3245 text:3,245 align:left
bar:2016 from:start till:3457 text:3,457 align:left
bar:2017 from:start till:3815 text:3,815 align:left
bar:2018 from:start till:5750 text:5,750 align:left
bar:2019 from:start till:8205 text:8,205 align:left
</timeline>
|-
|}

==Licensing==

===Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica===
Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica [[S.A. (corporation)|S.A. de C.V.]] (Lamborghini Automobiles of Latin America Public Limited Company) is an authorized distributor and manufacturer of Lamborghini-branded vehicles and merchandise in Latin America and South America.{{Sfn|Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V|1995}}

In 1995, Indonesian corporation MegaTech, Lamborghini's owner at the time, entered into distribution and license agreements with Mexican businessman Jorge Antonio Fernández García. The agreements give Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V. the exclusive distributorship of Lamborghini vehicles and branded merchandise in Latin America and South America. Under the agreements, Automóviles Lamborghini is also allowed to manufacture Lamborghini vehicles and market them worldwide under the Lamborghini brand.{{Sfn|Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V|1995}}

Automóviles Lamborghini has produced two rebodied versions of the [[Lamborghini Diablo|Diablo]] called the Eros and the Coatl. In 2015, Automóviles Lamborghini transferred the IP-rights to the Coatl foundation (chamber of commerce no. 63393700) in The Netherlands in order to secure these rights and to make them more marketable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com// |title=Sitio Oficial |website=Lamborghini Latinoamerica |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309154220/http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company has announced the production of a speedboat called the Lamborghini Glamour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com |title=Sitio Oficial |website=Lamborghini Latinoamerica |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102051942/http://lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/ |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Museums==
There are two museums in [[Bologna]], Emilia-Romagna, centered around the brand.

===Museo Lamborghini===
{{Main|Museo Lamborghini}}
[[File:Museo Lamborghini (Sant'Agata Bolognese, Bologna, Italy) 003.jpg|thumb|Museo Lamborghini]]

This two-storey museum is attached to the headquarters, and covers the history of Lamborghini cars and sport utility vehicles, showcasing a variety of modern and vintage models. The museum uses displays of cars, engines and photos to provide a history and review important milestones of Lamborghini.

===Museo Ferruccio Lamborghini===
{{Main|Museo Ferruccio Lamborghini}}
A 9,000 square-foot museum about Ferruccio Lamborghini houses several cars, industrial prototypes, sketches, personal objects and family photos from Ferruccio's early life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Museo Ferruccio Lamborghini |url=http://www.lambocars.com/lambonews/museo_ferruccio_lamborghini.html |website=Lambocars.com |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903210224/http://www.lambocars.com/lambonews/museo_ferruccio_lamborghini.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|Companies|Cars}}
* [[List of automobile manufacturers of Italy]]
* [[Automotive industry in Italy]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="Notes"}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
|last1=DeMatio
|first1=Joe
|date=May 2003
|title=Lamborghini's Big Four-O
|journal=Automobile
|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan
|publisher=Source Interlink Media
|issn=0894-3583
|access-date=10 August 2012 |url=http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/0305_lambo40/index.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731072643/http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/0305_lambo40/
|archive-date=31 July 2012
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Henshaw
| first = Peter
| title = Illustrated Directory of Tractors
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0g6dymSKWd8C
| access-date = 1 July 2012
| edition = Paperback
| date = 2002
| publisher = Salamander Books
| location = London
| isbn = 978-0-7603-1342-8
}}
* {{cite news
|title = Lamborghini Goes to Chrylser
|first = John
|last = Holusha
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/24/business/lamborghini-goes-to-chrysler.html?pagewanted=all
|newspaper = The New York Times
|location = New York
|issn = 0362-4331
|date = 24 April 1987
|access-date = 11 August 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220607041040/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/24/business/lamborghini-goes-to-chrysler.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
|archive-date = 7 June 2022
|url-status = live
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1042544_lamborghini-builds-4000th-murcielago
|title=Lamborghini Builds 4,000th Murcielago
|last1=Ireson
|first1=Nelson
|date=12 February 2010 |work=MotorAuthority
|publisher=High Gear Media
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703061339/http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1042544_lamborghini-builds-4000th-murcielago
|archive-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead
|access-date=12 August 2012 }}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Jolliffe
| first1 = David
| last2 = Willard
| first2 = Tony
| title = Lamborghini: Forty Years
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d8GxQqUQqrsC
| access-date = 3 August 2012
| edition = Hardcover
| date = 2004
| publisher = Motorbooks International
| location = St. Paul, Minnesota
| doi = 10.1007/b62130
| isbn = 978-0-7603-1945-1
| archive-date = 20 July 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230720104904/https://books.google.com/books?id=d8GxQqUQqrsC
| url-status = live
| issn=0075-8434}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lawrence
| first = Mike
| title = A to Z of Sports Cars, 1945–1990: The Encyclopaedic Guide to More Than 850 Marques and Thousands of Models
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=glKW-Kh-lmcC
| access-date = 5 August 2012
| edition = Paperback
| date = 1996
| orig-year = 1991
| publisher = MBI Publishing Company
| location = St. Paul, Minnesota
| isbn = 978-1-870979-81-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lewin
| first = Tony
| title = The Complete Book of BMW: Every Model Since 1950
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AZKFLcLybIMC
| access-date = 2 August 2012
| edition = Hardcover
| date = 2004
| publisher = Motorbooks International
| location = St. Paul, Minnesota
| isbn = 978-0-7603-1951-2
| archive-date = 26 September 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230926212644/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZKFLcLybIMC
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Lyons
| first1 = Pete
| others = The Auto Editors of Consumer Guide
| title = The Complete Book of Lamborghini
| edition = Hardcover
| year = 1988
| publisher = Beekman House
| location = [[Woodstock, New York]]
| isbn = 9780517667156
| url = https://www.barbarossabooks.com/product/74144/The-Complete-Book-of-Lamborghini
| via = Barbarossa books
| ref = {{SfnRef|Lyons et al.|1988}}
| access-date = 26 July 2022
| archive-date = 13 February 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230213101828/https://www.barbarossabooks.com/product/74144/The-Complete-Book-of-Lamborghini
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Mitchel
|first = Doug
|editor = Collins, Tom
|title = Supercars Field Guide
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln5Fje8myOAC
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131011104755/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ln5Fje8myOAC
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 11 October 2013
|access-date = 3 August 2012
|edition = Paperback
|year = 2006
|orig-year = 2005-10-20
|publisher = KP Books
|location = Iola, Wisconsin
|isbn = 978-0-89689-227-9
|ref = {{SfnRef|Mitchel|2005}}
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Toy or Supercar for Asia?
|first=Jacques
|last=Neher
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/09/business/worldbusiness/09iht-hotcar.html
|newspaper=The New York Times
|location=New York
|issn=0362-4331
|date=9 February 1994 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512065256/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/09/business/worldbusiness/09iht-hotcar.html
|archive-date=12 May 2013
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Sackey
| first = Joe
| title = The Lamborghini Miura Bible
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B1dadHSJMBYC
| access-date = 5 August 2012
| edition = Hardcover
| date = 2008
| publisher = Veloce Publishing
| location = Dorchester, England
| isbn = 978-1-84584-196-6
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Lamborghini Marks The End Of Its Murcielago Supercar
|first=Jonathan
|last=Welsh
|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/drivers-seat/2010/11/05/lamborghini-marks-the-end-of-its-murcielago-supercar
|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal
|publisher=Dow Jones & Company, Inc
|location=New York
|issn=0099-9660
|date=5 November 2010 |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026140633/http://blogs.wsj.com/drivers-seat/2010/11/05/lamborghini-marks-the-end-of-its-murcielago-supercar/
|archive-date=26 October 2012
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Lamborghini sees no recovery until 2011
|first=Jo
|last=Winterbottom
|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5591XB20090610
|work=Reuters
|publisher=Thomson Reuters Corporation
|location=New York
|date=10 June 2009 |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402130510/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/10/us-luxury-summit-lamborghini-idUSTRE5591XB20090610
|archive-date=2 April 2012
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Obituary: Ferruccio Lamborghini
|first=Jonathan
|last=Wood
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ferruccio-lamborghini-1474704.html
|newspaper=The Independent
|publisher=independent.co.uk
|location=London
|issn=0951-9467
|date=23 February 1993 |access-date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107082027/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ferruccio-lamborghini-1474704.html
|archive-date= 7 November 2012
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Lamborghini launches its 4,000 series Murcielago
|first=Chris
|last=Woodyard
|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/02/lamborghini-now-has-completed-4000-murcielagos/1#.UChd46NFZ8E
|newspaper=USA Today
|publisher=Gannett Co. Inc
|location=New York
|issn=0734-7456
|date=17 December 2010 |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706100413/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/02/lamborghini-now-has-completed-4000-murcielagos/1
|archive-date=6 July 2014
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite video
| date = 28 April 2011
| title = Filippo Perini ci racconta il design della Lamborghini Aventador
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GwFFPMq9g4
| format = Streaming video
| medium = YouTube
| language = it
| trans-title = Filippo Perini discusses the design of the Lamborghini Aventador
| publisher = Edimotive S.r.l
| location = Rome
| access-date = 14 August 2012
| ref = {{SfnRef|Edimotive S.r.l.|2011}}
| archive-date = 2 May 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200502225920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GwFFPMq9g4
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.samedeutz-fahr.com/museo/uk/marchi-lamborghini.htm
|title=Lamborghini
|year=2012
|work=Museo Storico Gruppo SAME Deutz-Fahr
|publisher=Gruppo SAME Deutz-Fahr
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729104844/http://www.samedeutz-fahr.com/museo/uk/marchi-lamborghini.htm
|archive-date= 29 July 2012
|url-status=live
|access-date=4 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Gruppo SAME Deutz-Fahr|2012}}
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Lamborghini Latinoamérica quiere radicarse en Santiago del Estero
|url=http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/412420/economia/Lamborghini-Latinoamerica-quiere-radicarse-Santiago-Estero.html
|newspaper=La Gaceta
|location=San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
|date=11 December 2010 |access-date=18 December 2010 |language=es
|trans-title=Lamborghini Latin America wants to settle in Santiago del Estero
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512113612/http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/412420/economia/Lamborghini-Latinoamerica-quiere-radicarse-Santiago-Estero.html
|archive-date= 12 May 2013
|url-status=live
|ref={{SfnRef|La Gaceta|2010}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/htm2/frames_dl5.htm
|title=Principales cláusulas de los contratos con USA e Italia
|date=5 August 1995 |work=lamborghini-latinoamerica.com
|publisher=Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V
|language=es
|trans-title=Main Contract Terms between USA and Italy
|format=JPG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002083930/http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/htm2/frames_dl5.htm
|archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V|1995}}
}}

===Corporate documents===
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/annual_report_2010.Par.0001.File.pdf/audi_gb_2010_en.pdf
|title=Audi 2010 Annual Report
|date=9 March 2011b |publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912215930/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/annual_report_2010.Par.0001.File.pdf/audi_gb_2010_en.pdf
|archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2011b}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0015.File.pdf/jahresfinanzbericht.pdf
|title = Audi 2011 Annual Financial Report
|date = 17 February 2012a
|publisher = Audi AG
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Audi AG|2012a}}
|archive-date = 23 September 2015
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191233/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0015.File.pdf/jahresfinanzbericht.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0004.File.pdf/gb_2011_audi_konzern.pdf
|title = Audi 2011 Annual Report
|date = 1 March 2012b
|publisher = Audi AG
|access-date = 10 August 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Audi AG|2012b}}
|archive-date = 10 October 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141010212325/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0004.File.pdf/gb_2011_audi_konzern.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.audi.com/reports/Audi_F&F02-en1.pdf
| title = Audi Facts and Figures 2002
| year = 2003
| publisher = Audi AG
| access-date =2 August 2012
| ref = {{SfnRef|Audi AG|2003}}
}}{{dead link|date=May 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [http://pdfcast.org/download/audi-facts-and-figures-2002.pdf Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826225726/http://pdfcast.org/download/audi-facts-and-figures-2002.pdf |date=26 August 2014 }}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0008.File.pdf/pdf_par_0066_file.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2004
|year=2004
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903212814/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0008.File.pdf/pdf_par_0066_file.pdf
|archive-date=3 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2004}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0007.File.pdf/pdf_par_0202_file.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2005
|year=2006
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916213946/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0007.File.pdf/pdf_par_0202_file.pdf
|archive-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2006}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0006.File.pdf/pdf_par_0322_file.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2006
|year=2007
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402225634/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0006.File.pdf/pdf_par_0322_file.pdf
|archive-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2007}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0005.File.pdf/pdf_0803_par_0012.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2007
|year=2008
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903212825/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0005.File.pdf/pdf_0803_par_0012.pdf
|archive-date=3 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2008}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0010.File.pdf/audi_fuz_2008_en.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2008
|year=2009
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903212549/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0010.File.pdf/audi_fuz_2008_en.pdf
|archive-date=3 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2009}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0011.File.pdf/audi_fuz_2009_de.pdf
|title=Audi in Fakten und Zahlen 2009
|year=2010
|publisher=Audi AG
|language=de
|trans-title=Audi Facts and Figures 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417073121/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0011.File.pdf/audi_fuz_2009_de.pdf
|archive-date=17 April 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2010}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fuz_2010.Par.0001.File.pdf/audi_gb_2010_de_fuz.pdf
|title=Audi in Fakten und Zahlen 2010
|year=2011
|publisher=Audi AG
|language=de
|trans-title=Audi Facts and Figures 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912220158/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fuz_2010.Par.0001.File.pdf/audi_gb_2010_de_fuz.pdf
|archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=10 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2011}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations1.Par.0021.File.pdf/fakten-und-zahlen.pdf
|title=Audi in Fakten und Zahlen 2011
|year=2012
|publisher=Audi AG
|language=de
|trans-title=Audi Facts and Figures 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021143037/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations1.Par.0021.File.pdf/fakten-und-zahlen.pdf
|archive-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|access-date=10 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2012}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/invest_relations_20121.Par.0008.File.pdf/hjfb2012_en.pdf
|title=Interim Financial Report 2012
|date=23 July 2012c |publisher=Audi AG
|archive-date= 3 August 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803030001/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/invest_relations_20121.Par.0008.File.pdf/hjfb2012_en.pdf
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2012c}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2011/03/Shareholdings_as_of_31_12_2010.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Anteilsbesitz+2010+VW+AG_e.pdf
|title = Shareholdings in accordance with sections 285 and 313 of the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB – German Commercial Code) for Volkswagen AG and Volkswagen Group as of December 31, 2010
|date = 10 March 2011
|publisher = Volkswagen AG
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507080105/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2011/03/Shareholdings_as_of_31_12_2010.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Anteilsbesitz+2010+VW+AG_e.pdf
|archive-date = 7 May 2012
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 15 August 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2011}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations1.Par.0015.File.pdf/anteilsbesitz_eng.pdf
|title = Statement of Interests Pursuant to Sections 285 and 313 of the German Commercial Code
|date = 17 February 2011a
|publisher = Audi AG
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190921011841/https://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations1.Par.0015.File.pdf/anteilsbesitz_eng.pdf
|archive-date = 21 September 2019
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Audi AG|2011a}}
}}
* {{cite journal
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2000/03/Annual_Report_1999.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/VW_AR_1999_e.pdf
|title = Volkswagen AG Annual Report 1999
|journal = Annual Report
|date = 17 March 2000
|publisher = Volkswagen AG
|issn = 0933-7504
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002114256/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2000/03/Annual_Report_1999.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/VW_AR_1999_e.pdf
|archive-date = 2 October 2013
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2000}}
}}
* {{cite journal
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2001/03/Annual_Report_2000.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/VW_GB_2000_e.pdf
|title = Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2000
|journal = Annual Report
|date = 16 March 2001
|publisher = Volkswagen AG
|issn = 0933-7504
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002114038/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2001/03/Annual_Report_2000.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/VW_GB_2000_e.pdf
|archive-date = 2 October 2013
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2001}}
}}
* {{cite journal
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2002/03/annual_report_2001.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/20020312_GB_2001_e.pdf
|title = Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2001
|journal = Annual Report
|date = 1 March 2002
|publisher = Volkswagen AG
|issn = 0933-7504
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002113854/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2002/03/annual_report_2001.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/20020312_GB_2001_e.pdf
|archive-date = 2 October 2013
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2002}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2012/03/navigator-2012---facts-and-figures.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Navigator_11_06_2012_en_WEB.pdf
|title = Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Facts and Figures 2012
|date = 11 June 2012
|work = volkswagenag.com
|publisher = Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft
|id = 1058.809.453.20
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002114536/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2012/03/navigator-2012---facts-and-figures.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Navigator_11_06_2012_en_WEB.pdf
|archive-date = 2 October 2013
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 10 August 2012
|quote = '''Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.''' (867 employees, founded in 1963, wholly owned by Audi AG since 1998)
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2012}}
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikibooks}}
* [http://www.lamborghini.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227224810/http://www.lamborghini.com/ |date=27 February 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102051942/http://lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/ Lamborghini of Latinoamerica Official page]
* [http://www.lp112.com/ Lamborghini Car Register] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417221549/https://lp112.com/ |date=17 April 2021 }}
* {{curlie|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Lamborghini/|Lamborghini}}

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McLaren Group

2024-03-03T05:56:16Z

Alvarowik: Added citation

{{short description|British automotive holding company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = McLaren Group Limited
| logo = McLaren-Group-Logo.svg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| key_people = [[Paul S. Walsh|Paul Walsh]] (Executive Chairman)<ref name="Investors"/>
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| products = [[Sports car]]s
| revenue = {{increase}} [[Pound sterling|£]]627.8 million<ref name="filing2022">{{cite web |url=https://investors.mclaren.com/sites/mclaren-ir/files/2023-05/mhl-audited-annual-report-and-financial-statements-2022.pdf |title=McLaren Holdings Limited Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements 2022 |publisher=McLaren Group |website=McLaren.com |date=31 December 2022 |access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref> (2022)
| operating_income = {{decrease}} −[[GBP|£]]131.3 million<ref name="filing2022"/> (2022)
| net_income = {{decrease}} −[[GBP|£]]334.7 million<ref name="filing2022"/> (2022)
| num_employees = {{decrease}} 2,475<ref name="filing2022"/> (2022)
| subsid = {{ubl |[[McLaren Automotive]]|[[McLaren|McLaren Racing]]}}
| footnotes =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1985|12|02}}
<ref name="mtg">{{cite web |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/01967715 |title=MCLAREN TECHNOLOGY GROUP LIMITED |publisher=Companies House |website=Companies House |date=31 December 2017 |access-date=9 October 2018 }}</ref>
| hq_location = [[McLaren Technology Centre]]
| hq_location_city = [[Woking]]
| hq_location_country = England, UK
|owner = [[Mumtalakat Holding Company]] (100.0%)<ref name="Investors">{{cite news|url=https://investors.mclaren.com/group-news/2023/mclaren-group-shareholders-unanimously-approve-full-recapitalisation|title=McLaren Group Shareholders Unanimously Approve Full Recapitalisation|website=investors.mclaren|date=2023-12-19|access-date=2024-03-02}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://group.mclaren.com|group.mclaren.com}}
}}

'''McLaren Group Limited''' is a British holding company based in [[Woking]], England, which is involved in [[Formula One]] and other [[motorsport]] and the manufacture of [[sports car]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mclaren.com/group/companies/|title=Group Companies|date=25 February 2014|website=www.mclaren.com}}</ref>

The group was founded by [[Ron Dennis]] shortly after his acquisition of the [[McLaren]] [[Formula One]] team in [[1981 Formula One season|1981]], as the '''TAG McLaren Group''' due to a partnership with [[Mansour Ojjeh]]'s [[Techniques d'Avant Garde|TAG Group]]. The Formula One team had been established by New Zealander [[Bruce McLaren]] in 1963.

McLaren Group was renamed '''McLaren Technology Group''' in 2015. In June 2017 it was announced that Dennis had sold his 25% shareholding in the company to the other shareholders, in addition to his shares in McLaren Automotive. The group then merged with McLaren Automotive to form a new company using the previous McLaren Group name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mclaren.com/technologygroup/news/articles/new-mclaren-group-unifies-mclaren-automotive-and-mclaren-technology-group-one-winning-future/|title=New McLaren group unifies McLaren Automotive and McLaren Technology Group with one winning future|date=30 June 2017|website=mclaren.com|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref>

==History==
[[Bruce McLaren]] started [[Bruce McLaren Motor Racing]] in 1963 and the team first entered Formula One in 1966.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mclaren.com/formula1/inside-the-mtc/mclaren-celebrates-50-years-today/ |title=McLaren celebrates 50th anniversary |publisher=mclaren.com |date=2 September 2013 |access-date=13 November 2014}}</ref> [[Teddy Mayer]] took over direction of the group following McLaren's death while testing a Can-am series car in 1970. Mayer subsequently led McLaren to their first World Constructors' Championship in 1974 with Brazilian driver [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], who also won the World Drivers' Championship that year.

McLaren Group and all of its companies were later formed by [[Ron Dennis]] CBE. These include a diverse number of technology based companies including TAGMcLaren Audio, a high end manufacturer of DVD players and audio equipment (later sold to [[International Audio Group]]), [[Absolute Taste]], a London-based catering company notable for numerous celebrities including [[John Terry]] and [[Jenson Button]], [[McLaren Automotive]], a high-end luxury sports car manufacturer, [[Lydden Circuit]], a Kent racing circuit and [[McLaren Applied Technologies]]- known for its sporting equipment used by [[Mark Cavendish]], [[Lizzie Yarnold]], and others in numerous sports including bicycles and skeletons. McLaren Composites, creators of composites for cars such as the [[McLaren F1]] and [[Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren|Mercedes SLR]] and even spacecraft parts, was later replaced by McLaren Applied Technologies. The group consists of a large number of companies (and subsidiaries of its companies), some of which are stated below.

Between 1998 and 2011 McLaren built both the [[McLaren Technology Centre]], a new headquarters and factory for the Group, and the McLaren Production Centre, in Woking, England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/yjeanmundelsalle/2015/09/01/inside-mclaren-looking-at-how-the-design-of-its-headquarters-redefines-the-21st-century-workplace/#3dc956841b6a |title=Inside McLaren: Looking At How The Design Of Its Headquarters Redefines The 21st-Century Workplace |last=Mun-Delsalle |first=Y-Jean |date=1 September 2015 |website=www.forbes.com |access-date=2020-05-07 }}</ref>

In late May 2020, McLaren Group announced the [[layoff]] of 25% of its workforce as part of a company restructure due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=McLaren Group is laying off 25% of its workforce as coronavirus halts races, manufacturing and sales |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/26/mclaren-layoffs-1200.html |last=Shead |first=Sam |date=2020-05-26 |website=CNBC |language=en |access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>

In April 2021, Global Net Lease announced that it had agreed to acquire the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking for £170 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US-based GNL agrees £170m deal to purchase McLaren headquarters|url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/2021/04/20/us-based-gnl-agrees-170m-deal-to-purchase-mclaren-headquarters/|last=Wood|first=Ryan|date=2021-04-20|website=Motorsport Week|language=en|access-date=2021-04-27}}</ref>

The group sold [[McLaren Applied]] to Greybull Capital in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 2021|title=McLaren sells Applied technology division in fundraising push|work=Autocar}}</ref>

==Subsidiaries==

===McLaren Racing===
{{Main|McLaren}}
McLaren originally entered Formula One in 1966 under its founder Bruce McLaren. However, in 1970 he died in a crash. The team was saved by [[Teddy Mayer]], who helped the team win their first Constructors and Drivers titles. After Mayer, Ron Dennis took over the McLaren Racing team and worked for the company until 2018. However, at the beginning of the 2009 season, Dennis handed over the F1 department to [[Martin Whitmarsh]] so Dennis could focus on expanding McLaren overall, and especially in the road car market.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

In 1966, McLaren suffered with reliability with their Ford 4.2-litre engine, and only scored one point after changing to a Serenissima V8. In 1967 they tried two different BRM engines. For the 1968 season they switched to Cosworth Ford engines. These continued to 1983, apart from a couple of Alfa Romeo examples, and then the TAG-Porsche turbo came in. This was the start of the MP4 cars, and the first entire carbon-composite chassis.

Honda engines took over in 1988, and then in 1993 the MP4/8 had a Ford HB engine. The next year was a Peugeot V10, and then the Mercedes era began in 1995, ending after the 2014 season.

The team's first F1 race win occurred in 1968 when Bruce McLaren won the non-championship Race of Champions at [[Brands Hatch]] driving a McLaren M7A Ford. Later that year the team scored its first Grand Prix win when Bruce McLaren took the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa Francorchamps. By the end of the season Denny Hulme had won two further Grands Prix—in Italy and Canada (the team's first 1-2 finish in a World Championship race). Emerson Fittipaldi won the F1 world championship in 1974, and McLaren also took their first constructor's title at the same time. The 1976 title was taken by James Hunt, and then there was a gap until 1984. Then, Lauda took the title, and Prost took it the next two years running. The team took the constructor's title in 1984 and 1985.

In 1988, the [[McLaren MP4/4]] had a very successful year. Not only did Senna win the title, but the car won 15 out of 16 races, and, apart from just 27 laps, led every single lap during the year. Prost won in 1989, and then left for Ferrari after clashing with Senna. Senna also won the title for McLaren in 1990 and 1991.

The partnership between McLaren and Mercedes began in 1995 with McLaren choosing to use Mercedes engines. McLaren and Mercedes announced their intention to part ways in November 2009 as Mercedes had bought the debut-season driver and constructor winning team [[Brawn GP|Brawn]]. It was re-branded as [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes Grand Prix]]. Ron Dennis said one reason McLaren and Mercedes parted ways was because of his "ambitious plans to turn McLaren into a car manufacturer." Dennis insisted that in the "21st century to survive in F1 you need to have more than just a team". However Mercedes continued to supply engines to McLaren until 2014.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Vodafone's title sponsorship deal, which began in 2007, ended at the finish of the 2013 season. In 2014, the team's official title was McLaren Mercedes. In 2015, the team, under a new partnership with car manufacturer Honda changed its official title to McLaren Honda. In 2018, the team was powered by [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]], becoming McLaren-Renault until 2020, when the team switched from Renault back to Mercedes.

===McLaren Automotive===
{{Main|McLaren Automotive}}
In 1992 McLaren began producing its first road car, the [[McLaren F1]], which had many similarities to its F1 car. In total, 106 were produced from 1992 to 1998, and even though it has been out of production for 22 years, it remains the fastest naturally aspirated supercar ever. There are still few production cars with a higher top speed. Among those that are faster are the [[Koenigsegg Agera R]], [[Bugatti Veyron]], [[SSC Ultimate Aero]], Bugatti Veyron Super Sport, the Koenigsegg One:1, and the [[Bugatti Chiron]]. In September 2009 McLaren announced the successor of the McLaren F1 was to be the upcoming [[McLaren P1]]. Dennis said that parting ways with Mercedes was a "win-win situation for both sides".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|last=Benson |first=Andrew |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8362295.stm |title=BBC SPORT | Motorsport | Formula One | Mercedes takes over Brawn F1 team |publisher=BBC News |date=16 November 2009 |access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> McLaren also produced the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren with Mercedes as a joint project.

==Former subsidiaries==
Former subsidiaries of McLaren Group are:
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Description
! Current status
! Details
|-
| '''[[Team Bahrain Victorious|Team Bahrain McLaren]]'''
| A '''[[UCI World Tour]]''' cycling team operated as a joint venture with the '''[[Kingdom of Bahrain]]'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mclaren.com/applied/news/mclaren-to-become-joint-venture-partner-bahrain-merida-pro-cycling-team/ |title=McLAREN TO BECOME JOINT VENTURE PARTNER IN BAHRAIN MERIDA PRO CYCLING TEAM |publisher=McLaren Group |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref>
| Active
| '''McLaren''' joined the partnership for the [[2020 Team Bahrain McLaren season]], however later withdrew from the partnership at the end of the season due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/53922408 |title=McLaren ends title sponsorship of cycling team Bahrain McLaren |publisher=BBC |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> and the team still runs as '''[[Team Bahrain Victorious]]'''
|-
| '''[[McLaren Cars]]'''
| Produced the '''[[McLaren F1]]'''
| Merged into '''[[McLaren Automotive]]'''
| Founded in 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/01967717|title=MCLAREN AUTOMOTIVE LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref> and released the '''[[McLaren F1]]''' in 1992. Between 1994 and 2010, '''McLaren Cars''' was registered as a 'dormant company', before the founding of '''[[McLaren Automotive]]''' in 2010. '''[[McLaren Automotive]]''' replaced '''McLaren Cars''' in 2010. The new company was originally separate from the existing '''McLaren''' companies to enable investment in the new venture, but was brought together in July 2017 after '''[[Ron Dennis]]''' sold his shares in '''[[McLaren Automotive]]''' and '''McLaren Group'''.
|-
| '''[[McLaren Applied]]'''
| Technology company working in different performance areas
| Active
| Founded in 1991 as '''McLaren Composites'''. Changed its name when merged with '''TAG Electronics.''' The company is best known for building the '''[[McLaren F1]]''' and '''[[Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren|Mercedes SLR]]''' structures and supplying major parts for '''[[Beagle 2]]'''. In 2021 '''McLaren Group''' sold the company to '''[[Greybull Capital]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://news.sky.com/story/mclaren-strikes-deal-to-sell-applied-technology-arm-to-investment-firm-greybull-12371945 | title=McLaren strikes deal to sell Applied technology arm to investment firm Greybull }}</ref>
|-
| '''TAG Electronic Systems'''
| Electronics Company
| Closed
| Merged with '''McLaren Composites''' to become '''[[McLaren Applied]]'''
|-
| '''McLaren Advanced Vehicles'''
| Founded to focus on breaking the land speed record.
| Closed
| Abandoned after the success of the '''[[Thrust SSC]]'''.
|-
| '''[[McLaren Electronic Systems]]'''
| Developed and manufactured automotive control systems and components for motorsports
| Reorganised as a division of '''[[McLaren Applied|McLaren Applied Technologies]]'''
| Became a brand of '''[[McLaren Applied|McLaren Applied Technologies]]'''
|-
| '''TAG McLaren Audio'''
| Electronics Manufacturer
| Active
| Manufactured hi-fi, CD player, DVD player, and other electronics. Sold to '''[[International Audio Group]]''' and renamed '''[[Audiolab]]'''
|-
| '''[[Lydden Race Circuit|Lydden Circuit]]'''
| A racetrack near [[Dover]] in [[Kent]]
| Active
| Purchased the track in 1991. In 2008, '''[[British Rallycross Championship|British Rallycross]]''' Champion and '''[[FIA European Rallycross Championship]]''' runner-up '''[[Pat Doran]]''' obtained the lease for the circuit from '''McLaren''' and later became the owner.
|-
| '''McLaren Animation'''
| A CGI animation studio originally created to develop '''''[[Tooned]]'''''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mclaren.com/page/mclaren-group-announces-launch-of-dynamic-brand-new-mclaren-animation-media-company-1|title=McLaren Technology Group|work=mclaren.com|access-date=22 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005002510/http://www.mclaren.com/page/mclaren-group-announces-launch-of-dynamic-brand-new-mclaren-animation-media-company-1|archive-date=5 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| Reorganised as a division of '''McLaren Marketing'''
| Launched in 2012. Was later merged with '''McLaren''''s other television-related businesses into '''McLaren Marketing'''.
|-

|}

==Ownership==
Ron Dennis initially owned all of McLaren after buying out the remaining original shareholders after Bruce McLaren's death. In 1983 he offered [[Mansour Ojjeh]] the chance to purchase 50% of the team, with McLaren becoming a joint venture with Ojjeh's [[TAG Group]]. In 2000, after supplying engines to the team through its [[Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines|Mercedes]] subsidiary for five years, [[DaimlerChrysler AG|Daimler AG]] exercised an option to buy 40% of the TAG McLaren Group. Dennis and Ojjeh each retained a 30% share.<ref>{{cite web|title=DaimlerChrysler acquires an interest in TAG McLaren |url=http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7153-1-9833-1-0-0-0-0-0-8-7145-0-0-0-0-0-0-1,00.html |work=DaimlerChrysler |date=2 February 2000 |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311065245/http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0%2C%2C0-5-7153-1-9833-1-0-0-0-0-0-8-7145-0-0-0-0-0-0-1%2C00.html |archive-date=11 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In August 2006 it was reported that Daimler was considering acquiring the remaining 60% of the McLaren Group.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/articlenews.aspx?type=motorSportsNews&storyID=2006-08-16T120110Z_01_L16595138_RTRIDST_0_AUTOS-DAIMLERCHRYSLER-MCLAREN-UPDATE-1.XML|title=Mercedes may raise McLaren stake, no decision yet|publisher=Reuters|date=16 August 2006|access-date=16 August 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812185734/http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/articlenews.aspx?type=motorSportsNews|archive-date=12 August 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, it was announced in January 2007 that the [[Mumtalakat Holding Company]] had purchased 15% each from both Dennis and Ojjeh.<ref>{{cite news|last=Noble|first=Jonathan|title=Bahrain company buys into McLaren|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/56174|date=9 January 2007|access-date=11 January 2007|work=Autosport|publisher=Haymarket Media}}</ref> In November 2009, Mercedes bought Brawn GP (renaming it [[Mercedes GP]]) and announced that McLaren would buy back Daimler's 40% share of the group over a period of two years.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/f1-mclaren-team-made-big-profit-in-2009/|title=McLaren Team Made Big Profit in 2009|first=Adam|last=Cooper|publisher=speedtv.com|date=10 November 2010|access-date=19 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613010424/http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/f1-mclaren-team-made-big-profit-in-2009/|archive-date=13 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fasttrack.co.uk/fasttrack/leagues/dbDetails.asp?siteID=5&compID=846&yr=2011|title=Company profile|publisher=Fast Track|access-date=19 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620073100/http://www.fasttrack.co.uk/fasttrack/leagues/dbDetails.asp?siteID=5&compID=846&yr=2011|archive-date=20 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The shares were divided evenly between the remaining shareholders, with the Mumtalakat Holding Company owning 50% and Dennis and Ojjeh each owning 25%.<ref name=PwM>{{cite web|last=Saward|first=Joe|title=The Politics within McLaren|url=http://joesaward.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/the-politics-within-mclaren/|work=Joe Sawards Grand Prix blog|date=4 January 2012|access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref>

Dennis had stepped down as CEO of McLaren in 2009, handing over the reins to Martin Whitmarsh, but returned to his post in 2014 under the condition that he would seek investment to take a controlling interest in the company.<ref name="onapmc">{{cite news|last=Saward|first=Joe|url=https://joesaward.wordpress.com/2016/09/22/on-apple-and-mclaren/|title=On Apple and McLaren|access-date=22 September 2016|date=22 September 2016}}</ref> His attempts to do so ultimately failed, and in November 2016 he lost a court case against his fellow shareholders that saw him suspended from his position as chairman.<ref name="bbcdennis">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/37957967|title=Ron Dennis: McLaren chairman fails with High Court bid|access-date=27 April 2019|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Dennis' contract with McLaren expired in January 2017, and in June 2017 it was announced that he had agreed to sell his remaining shares in both the McLaren Technology Group and McLaren Automotive.<ref name="autosportdennis">{{cite news|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/130471/dennis-cuts-final-ties-with-mclaren|title=Ron Dennis sells his shares in McLaren companies|access-date=27 April 2019|date=30 June 2017}}</ref> McLaren Automotive then became a subsidiary of the McLaren Technology Group, merging the shareholding of the two companies and seeing the group revert to its original McLaren Group name.<ref name="mclarenunify">{{cite news|url=https://www.mclaren.com/group/news/articles/new-mclaren-group-unifies-mclaren-automotive-and-mclaren-technology-group-one-winning-future/|title=New McLaren Group unifies McLaren Automotive and McLaren Technology Group with one winning future|access-date=27 April 2019|date=30 June 2017}}</ref>

In May 2018 it was announced that Canadian businessman [[Michael Latifi]] had purchased approximately 10% of the group with an investment of £200 million.<ref name="bbclatifi">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/44200260|title=McLaren: Michael Latifi becomes 10% shareholder with £200m investment|access-date=27 April 2019|date=21 May 2018}}</ref> This leaves the shareholding at: Mumtalakat Holding Company 56.4%, TAG Group Limited 14.32%, Nidala (BVI) Limited (Michael Latifi) 9.84%, Favorita Limited 5.78%, Perlman Investments Limited 5.77%, McKal Holdings Ltd 5.24%, Acanitt Limited 2.65%.<ref name="mclaren-owners">{{cite web |url=https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/document-api-images-live.ch.gov.uk/docs/vn3VvcZxEKs_JvfsG5KiIE-s0abEJLVmFQAUAd353Xs/application-pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAWRGBDBV3J4LILKWT%2F20190427%2Feu-west-2%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190427T211204Z&X-Amz-Expires=60&X-Amz-Security-Token=AgoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEwaCWV1LXdlc3QtMiJHMEUCICFLg8mCaoo2fF3i%2BOosjd%2BSImigQQo2AKksM6eVgfSsAiEA7BVo%2F9cMNQb1otfel1pB3vYgUuG%2FwWJZ66boOdUTg4Mq2gMINRABGgw0NDkyMjkwMzI4MjIiDC%2BKcjzQ1PtxvSPCuSq3A1584RMdlszg8fBxrd6M81NTsAQ%2FUTc1xx82w8ADNxzHWDwp0dd8XftW1mb9EVwN88wlcvlQtJNEcVG1qmtly4NnNq6sOBSH4uH%2BWfPK6TsVAD7mwtJGvXkBq%2BbIU8GFQVy8BjhiRlVb3fckNu%2B%2Fwx%2F9dowcVaBauXTG0OtzRiWhwNKrqEqXCPJK8BmZIm%2FZJiaPEODaSWDE0Jb5yo%2BX8ao4u7r16Vy6uIel8iAbJAOr40BjYzGKqAc9c22xLdAySpjdRECc9kv8n8bnxq5nafEPTQ7ui7je9My4fXQ48vTdkVQkMejtmMyujJA5pgOtHsbXPXDTKl0576KOeWOUJyvD1DT1hAGqYsDhSgW1t%2Fy%2FsICXHI46BBgWL0CY2yx3imOwbAsFxHdzRIBKinjE3YGjKj5kMrK6mvQ2OOQERqa5LPb48LWzaHg0GIfTMsQVta3H63HX%2Fg51s7l%2BzVqPaT%2FWk48bYb%2FbEPf6eZryC4WB8FMnKKlkeOYpnSW6XSqJC49OL1yf4%2B7w4%2BoVKQ%2Fdt63L1kjGGt0%2FgWMnLgN9S746okMGS9RSRpMbuZfwdZSVrikFvAyXP9Ew1%2ByS5gU6tAEuSVJ3IpIZi9kgEGV6kmRhKYdhiybiorrMEpUQBny3p5AW6t3gZtX4WJuw9k3cwQHN0QsMwl5YbhbbSbvF9Kl9jIJyvI9O0Hcmu%2Fq7atLlS0xM73TK%2B3nrnFqy3ZO5BzgzEZQddXL6ZvbrMd5SX0MCx5Tb5IH1CmOS0QmhO%2BI2OE5YyGQg3YKzIY4Ck46EN0UV0lmc6FDExkB%2FnVix2qYZX12YZTZt5AOAQhHDx720DSDWei4%3D&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=e2c9e802c82a48592e309e353ee210772956194d2132a04c90d291ba6e9d27c4 |title=Full details of Shareholders |publisher=Companies House |website=companieshouse.gov.uk |date=10 April 2019 |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|51|20|45.0|N|0|32|54.0|W|display=title}}
{{McLaren Automotive}}
{{McLaren}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mclaren Group}}
[[Category:McLaren Group| ]]
[[Category:Automotive companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Automotive companies of England]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Companies based in Surrey]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Holding companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Holding companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of England]]

Nissan Skyline GT-R

2024-02-05T06:44:09Z

Alvarowik: Copy-paste error deleted

{{Short description|Sports car}}
{{About||the successor generation and separate model|Nissan GT-R|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Nissan Skyline GT-R
| image = Nissan Skyline GT-R R34 V Spec II.jpg
| caption = 2002 Nissan Skyline GT-R V·spec II (BNR34)
| manufacturer = [[Nissan]]
| production = {{ubl
| 1969–1973
| 1989–2002
}}
| assembly = {{ubl
| [[Musashimurayama]], Japan
| [[Ōmori|Omori]], Japan (Z-Tune)
}}
| class = [[Sports car]]
| related = {{ubl
| [[Nissan Skyline]]
| [[Nissan Stagea]]
}}
| transmission = {{ubl
| 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] (1969–1998)
| 6-speed manual (1999–2002)
}}
| predecessor = [[Nissan Skyline#BLRA-3 Skyline Sport|Prince Skyline Sport]]
| successor = [[Nissan GT-R]] (R35)
}}

The {{nihongo|'''Nissan Skyline GT-R'''|日産・スカイラインGT-R|Nissan Sukairain GT-R|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[sports car]] based on the [[Nissan Skyline]] range. The first cars named "Skyline GT-R" were produced between 1969 and 1972 under the model code KPGC10, and were successful in Japanese touring car racing events. This model was followed by a brief production run of second-generation cars, under model code KPGC110, in 1973.

After a 16-year hiatus, the GT-R name was revived in 1989 as the BNR32 ("R32") Skyline GT-R. [[Group A]] specification versions of the R32 GT-R were used to win the [[Japanese Touring Car Championship]] for four years in a row. The R32 GT-R also had success in the [[Australian Touring Car Championship]], with [[Jim Richards (racing driver)|Jim Richards]] using it to win the championship in [[1991 Australian Touring Car Championship|1991]] and [[Mark Skaife]] doing the same in [[1992 Australian Touring Car Championship|1992]], until a [[Supercars Championship|regulation change]] excluded the GT-R in [[1993 Australian Touring Car Championship|1993]]. The technology and performance of the R32 GT-R prompted the Australian motoring publication ''Wheels'' to nickname the GT-R '''"Godzilla"''' in its July 1989 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2007/12/07/nissan-may-take-gt-r-to-go-racing-in-australia/ |first=Damon |last=Lavrinc|title=GT-R may race in Australia |publisher=Autoblog |date=7 December 2007 |access-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/motorsports/news/a27737/nissan-skyline-gt-r-godzilla-history/ |title=How the Nissan Skyline GT-R Became 'Godzilla' |first=Chris |last=Perkins |work=Road & Track |date=27 December 2015 |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> ''Wheels'' then carried the name through all the generations of Skyline GT-Rs, most notably the R34 GT-R, which they nicknamed "Godzilla Returns", and described as "The best handling car we have ever driven". In tests conducted by automotive publications, R34 GT-R have covered a quarter of a mile  (402 metres) in 12.2 seconds from a standing start time and accelerated from {{cvt|0–100|km/h}} in 4.4 seconds.

The Skyline GT-R became the flagship of [[Nissan]] performance, showing many advanced technologies including the [[ATTESA|ATTESA E-TS]] [[All-wheel drive]] system and the [[HICAS|Super-HICAS]] four-wheel steering. Today, the car is popular for import [[drag racing]], circuit track, [[time attack]] and events hosted by tuning magazines. Production of the Skyline GT-R ended in August 2002. The car was replaced by the [[Nissan GT-R|GT-R (R35)]], an all-new vehicle based on an enhanced version of the [[Nissan Skyline (V36)|Skyline V36]] platform. Although visibly different, the two vehicles share similar design features and are manufactured in the same factory.

The Skyline GT-R was never manufactured outside Japan, and the sole export markets were Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand, in 1991,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniquecars.carpoint.com.au/portal/alias__uniquecarsau/tabID__203009/ArticleID__5004/DesktopDefault.aspx/ |title=What to know and look out for when buying the unstoppable Nissan Skyline GT-R (R32 – R34) |first=Cliff |last=Chambers |publisher=uniquecars |access-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030850/http://www.uniquecars.carpoint.com.au/portal/alias__uniquecarsau/tabID__203009/ArticleID__5004/DesktopDefault.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> and the UK (in 1997, due to the [[Single vehicle approval|Single Vehicle Approval scheme]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew |last=English |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/carreviews/2749815/Nissan-GT-R-Street-racer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228134843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/carreviews/2749815/Nissan-GT-R-Street-racer.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2009 |title=Nissan GT-R: Street racer |publisher=Telegraph |date=1 December 2007|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>). They are also popular across the world as used Japanese imports.

Despite this, the Skyline GT-R has become an iconic sports car as a [[grey import vehicle]] in the Western world (mainly the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland, Canada, and the United States).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gtr.co.uk/gtroc-about_gtr_register.html |title=About |website=GTR.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015153241/http://www.gtr.co.uk/gtroc-about_gtr_register.html |archive-date=15 October 2007 |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sau.com.au |title=Portal |website=SAU |location=Australia |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://forums.gtrcanada.com/ GTR Canada].Skyline owners board based in Canada.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/buying-maintenance/news/a26258/american-r32-skyline-importers-say-prices-have-double/|title=American R32 Nissan Skyline Importers Say Prices Have Doubled |publisher=Road and Track | first = Alex | last = Kierstein | date=3 August 2015 }}</ref> It has become notable through [[Popular culture|pop culture]] such as ''[[The Fast and The Furious (film series)|The Fast and the Furious]],'' ''[[Initial D]]'', ''[[Shakotan Boogie]]'', ''[[Wangan Midnight]]'', ''[[Need for Speed]]'', ''[[Forza (series)|Forza]]'', ''[[Driving Emotion Type-S]]'', [[Test Drive]], and ''[[Gran Turismo (series)|Gran Turismo]]''. In 2019, Nismo announced that it would resume production of spare parts for all generations of the Skyline GT-R, including body panels and engines.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/buying-maintenance/a26985019/nissan-syline-gt-r-rb26-engine-restarts-production/ |title=The Nissan Skyline GT-R's RB26 Inline-Six Is Going Back Into Production |first=Brian |last=Silvestro |publisher=Road & Track |location=US |date=29 March 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hagerty.com/articles-videos/articles/2019/03/28/nissan-restarting-production-skyline-rb26-straight-six |title=Nissan is restarting production of the Skyline's RB26 straight-six |first=Eric |last=Weiner|publisher=Hagerty |location=US |date=28 March 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>

The car was named at the time by BBC's ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' as the only true Japanese contribution in the line of [[supercar]]s,<ref>''Top Gear'' – Season One, Episode 04.</ref> and by [[Jeremy Clarkson]] as one of the best cars in the world.

==History of the brand==
[[File:Prince Skyline S54A-III.jpg|thumbnail|Prince Skyline S54]]

The Skyline name originated from [[Prince Motor Company | Prince]] automobile company, which developed and sold the Skyline line of sedans before merging with [[Nissan]]-[[Datsun]].

The original Skyline was launched by the Prince Motor Company in April 1957 and was powered by a 1.5-litre engine. The later iteration launched in 1964 called the Prince Skyline GT was powered by a 2.0-litre ''G7'' inline-6 engine shared with the up market [[Prince Gloria]] sedan. Two road going versions were built. The S54A which had a single carburettor engine rated at {{cvt|78|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and the S54B which had a triple carburettor engine rated at {{cvt|92|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and production totalled 100 units.<ref name="Evo III">{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/nissan/skyline/18626/nissan-skyline-gt-r-hakosuka-origin-of-the-species|title=Nissan Skyline GT-R Hakosuka – origin of the species|date=30 December 2017|first=Jethro|last=Bovingdon|work=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

The '''GT-R''' abbreviation stands for '''''G'''ran '''T'''urismo–'''R'''acing'' while the '''GT-B''' stands for '''''G'''ran '''T'''urismo–'''B'''erlinetta''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Amazing Cars Adorned With A GTR Badge |url=https://www.carthrottle.com/post/top-7-cars-adorned-with-a-gtr-badge/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Car Throttle |language=en}}</ref> The Japanese chose to use Italian naming conventions when naming the car – as most cars that were made in Japan at that time used Western abbreviations – to further enhance sales. The earliest predecessor of the GT-R, the [[Prince Skyline#S54|S54 2000 GT-B]], came second in its first race in the 1964 Japanese GP to the purpose-built [[Porsche 904|Porsche 904 GTS]]. However, the earlier [[Nissan Skyline#BLRA-3 Skyline Sport|Prince Skyline Sport coupé/convertible]] foreshadowed the GT-R as the first sports-oriented model in the Skyline range, hence the name.<ref name="Evo"/>

The next development of the GT-R, the four-door PGC10 2000 GT-R, scored 33 victories in the one and a half years it raced, and by the time it attempted its 50th consecutive win, its run was ended by a [[Mazda RX-3|Mazda Savanna RX-3]]. The car took 1,000 victories by the time it was discontinued in 1972. The last of the original GT-R models, the KPGC110 2000GT-R, used an unchanged S20 {{convert|160|hp|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} [[inline-6]] engine from the earlier 2000 GT-R and only 197 units were sold due to the worldwide [[1973 oil crisis|energy crisis]]. This model was the only GT-R to never participate in a major race despite being developed as a sole purpose-built race car, which now resides in [[Nissan]]'s storage unit for historical cars in [[Zama, Kanagawa|Zama]].

The Skyline continued into the 1990s when it became popular largely because it remained [[rear wheel drive]], while most other manufacturers were focusing on [[front wheel drive]] cars.

Throughout its lifetime, various special editions containing additional performance-enhancing modifications were introduced by Nissan and its performance division [[Nismo]] ('''Nis'''san '''Mo'''torsport).

{{clear}}

=={{anchor|C10}} First generation (1969–1972)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation (PGC10)
| production = February 1969 – 1972 1,945 produced
| body_style = {{unbulleted list
| 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] PGC10
| 2-door [[coupé]] KPGC10
}}
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = 2.0 L [[Nissan S20 engine|''S20'' I6]]
| image = Nissan SKYLINE 2Door Hard-top 2000GT-R MY1972 (1).jpg
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| designer = [[Shinichiro Sakurai]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2570|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" >{{cite web|url=http://www.jbskyline.net/c10/gtr/specs|title=PGC10 Nissan Skyline GTR|access-date=19 April 2014|work=jbskyline.net}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|4400|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" />
| width = {{convert|1665|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" />
| height = {{convert|1370|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" />
| weight = {{convert|1100|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" />
}}

The first Skyline GT-R, known by the internal [[Nissan]] designation of '''PGC10''', was introduced on 4 February 1969, and was exclusive to Japanese Nissan dealership network called ''[[Nissan Motor Company#Japan|Nissan Prince Store]]'' when the Prince company was integrated into Nissan operations in 1966. It was available originally as a four-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] after a public debut at the October 1968 [[Tokyo Motor Show#1968|Tokyo Motor Show]]. It was advertised alongside the [[Nissan R380]] racecar to showcase the Skyline's racing heraldry. It was equipped with the 2.0 L [[Overhead camshaft#Dual overhead camshaft|DOHC]] [[Nissan S20 engine|S20]] [[Inline-six engine]] rated at {{convert|119|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 7,000 rpm and {{convert|130|lbft|Nm lbft|0|abbr=on|order=out}} at 5,600 rpm.<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" /> Power was delivered to the rear wheels by a 5-speed [[manual transmission]] and the car was equipped with a limited slip differential. The first Skyline GT-R rode on a semi-trailing arm strut suspension. The braking system consisted of disc brakes at the front and drum brakes at the rear. It was available in a [[coupé]] bodystyle in March 1971 with the chassis code '''KPGC10'''.

The interior of the car was very basic and featured racing bucket seats and a three-spoke steering wheel along with wood inserts. The pedals were finished in aluminium.<ref name="Evo III"/>

A popular name for the PGC and KPGC10 Skyline GT-R was '''Hakosuka''', which combines the Japanese word for box ("hako" or ハコ) and the pronounced abbreviation of skyline ("Suka" or スカ as in スカイライン or "sukairain").

A total of 1,945 PGC and KPGC10 Skyline GT-Rs were produced.

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 310 |image1= 1969 Nissan Skyline Sedan 2000GT-R.jpg
| caption1= Nissan GT-R PGC10
| width2 = 180 |image2= Nissan Skyline 2000 GTR, Model KPGC 10, 1970 (6633381811).jpg
| caption2= Nissan GT-R KPGC10 (rear view)
| width3 = 180 |image3= S20 in KPGC 10 Skyline GTR (6633394331).jpg
| caption3= The 2.0-litre S20 inline-6 engine
}}

{{clear}}

=={{anchor|C110}} Second generation (1972–1973)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Second generation (KPGC110)
|production = 1972 – 1973 197 produced
|body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
|layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
|engine = 2.0 L [[Nissan S20 engine|''S20'' I6]]
|image = GT-RC110.jpg
|transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
|designer = [[Shinichiro Sakurai]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2610|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage"/>
|length = {{convert|4460|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage"/>
|width = {{convert|1695|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage"/>
|height = {{convert|1380|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage"/>
|weight = {{convert|1145|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage">{{cite web |url=http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/HERITAGE/skyline_h_t_2000_white.html |title=Heritage Collection {{!}} Skyline H/T 2000GT-R |publisher=Nissan |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621235551/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/HERITAGE/skyline_h_t_2000_white.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

[[File:Skyline GT-R (KPGC110) rear.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of an KPGC110 GT-R]]

The KPGC10's successor, the KPGC110, was introduced in 1973 after its introduction at the [[Tokyo Motor Show#1972|1972 Tokyo Motor Show]]. Powered by a 1,989 cc S20 inline-6 engine, the second generation of the GT-R delivered power to the rear wheels through a 5-speed manual gearbox. This car also had both front and rear disc brakes. The suspension was a semi-trailing ring arm setup and minor aerodynamic parts were added.

This model of the GT-R was also known as the '''Kenmeri''' Skyline, due to a popular advertisement featuring a young couple (Ken and Mary) enjoying the [[Hokkaido]] countryside. The advertisement later spawned a hit song by Buzz, and the tree featured in the advertisement later became a minor star itself. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

The second generation GT-R was unsuccessful, as a petrol crisis hit in the early 1970s, reducing demand for high-performance sports cars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/energy-crisis|title=Energy Crisis (1970s) - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com|website=HISTORY.com|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> A total of 197 cars were built by the end of its short production run. For the next decade, this was the last GT-R until the production of the R32 in 1989.

{{clear}}

=={{anchor|R32}} Third generation (1989–1994)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Third generation (R32)
|image = Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 001.jpg
|production = August 1989 – November 1994 43,937 produced
|designer = [[Naganori Ito]]
|body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
|layout = [[front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front engine, all-wheel drive]]
|engine = 2.6 L [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT|''RB26DETT'' I6]]
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2615|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_11627" >{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=11627|title=1990 Nissan Skyline GT-R technical specifications|access-date=25 October 2013 |work=Carfolio}}</ref>
|length = {{convert|4545|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_11627" />
|width = {{convert|1755|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_11627" />
|height = {{convert|1341|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_11627" />
|weight = {{convert|1430|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evo">{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/nissan/skyline/gt-r-r32|title=Nissan Skyline GT-R R32 – review, history, prices and specs|date=28 April 2018|work=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>
}}

=== Concept ===
After discontinuing the Skyline GT-R in 1973, Nissan revived the GT-R nameplate again in 1989. At the time [[Nissan]] was competing in [[Group A]] Racing with the Skyline GTS-R. [[Nissan]] wanted to retire the GTS-R in favor of a more competitive vehicle. The new generation of the GT-R, '''E-BNR32''' chassis (commonly shortened to '''R32'''), was designed to dominate Group A class racing.

Nissan Kohki (Nissan's power train engineering and manufacturing facility) originally tested a twin turbocharged {{cvt|2350|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} bored and stroked version of the [[Nissan RB engine#RB20|RB20 engine]]. This set up resulted in a power output of {{convert|233|kW|PS hp|abbr=on}} and used a [[rear wheel drive]] drivetrain. Under Group A regulations, a turbocharged engine must multiply its engine displacement by 1.7, putting the new Skyline in the 4,000 cc class, and requiring the use of 10-inch-wide tyres. Knowing that they would be required to use 10-inch-wide tyres, Nissan decided to make the car [[all wheel drive]]. Nissan developed a special motorsport-oriented AWD system for this purpose called the [[ATTESA E-TS]]. Although this assisted with traction, it made the car {{convert|100|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} heavier; the added weight put the GT-R at a disadvantage to other cars in the 4,000 cc class. Nissan then made the decision to increase the displacement to 2,600 cc, and put the car in the 4,500 cc class, with the car's weight near-equal to competing cars. The 4,500 cc class also allowed for 11-inch-wide tyres. New engine block and heads were then developed to better match the increased displacement. The result was a car that had a power output of {{cvt|600|PS|kW PS hp|0|order=out}}.<ref>[http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=13 – Nissan Heritage Collection "R32 Story".].''nissan-heritage-collection.com''</ref> Later REINIK (Racing & Rally Engineering Division Incorporated Nissan Kohi) produced Group A racing engines rated between {{convert|373|-|485|kW|PS hp|abbr=on|0}}<ref>[http://www.reimax.co.jp/pages/history/index.html – REINIK History "REINIK History".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508202640/http://www.reimax.co.jp/pages/history/index.html |date=8 May 2015 }}.''reimax.co.jp/pages/history/index.html''</ref> depending on track conditions.

=== Production ===
This new {{cvt|2568|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} [[RB26DETT]]-powered all wheel drive concept was put into production as the R32 Nissan Skyline GT-R. The R32 developed {{convert|206|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6,800 rpm and {{convert|260|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 4,400 rpm,<ref name="Evo"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1990/2135570/nissan_skyline_gt-r_nismo.html |website=automobile-catalog.com |title=1990 Nissan Skyline GT-R R32 Nismo |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-reviews/magazine-reviews/the-worlds-most-advanced-road-car-nissan-skyline-gt-r-driven-car-1990/|website=carmagazine.co.uk |title=The world's most advanced road car: Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R driven (CAR+ archive, 1990)|first=Gavin|last=Green|date=6 July 2016 |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> it had a curb weight of {{cvt|1430|kg|abbr=on}}. [[Nissan]] officially started its production run 21 August 1989,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gtrusablog.com/2013/01/nissan-skyline-gt-r-r32-production-dates.html |title=Nissan Skyline GT-R R32 Production Dates |website=Nissan Skyline GT-R s in the USA Blog |date=13 January 2013 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> and began its [[Group A]] campaign in 1990.

The Skyline GT-R [[Nismo]], identified by the model code suffix "RA", was introduced on 22 February 1990 and attracted a premium of {{currency|235,500|JPY}} over the standard car. It existed to [[homologation|homologate]] a number of changes related to performance, aerodynamics, weight-saving and reliability for [[Group A]] racing. Those rules required a production run of 500 units, under the "Evolution" special regulations, but an additional 60 were produced and held by [[Nissan]] to turn into race cars, rising the production total to 560 units.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gtrusablog.com/2011/12/nissan-skyline-gt-r-nismo-show-or.html |title=Nissan Skyline GT-R Nismo Show or Display Application |website=Nissan Skyline GT-R s in the USA Blog |date=12 December 2011 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Aerodynamic changes include: two additional ducts in the front bumper and removal of the protective honeycomb mesh to improve airflow to the [[intercooler]], a bonnet lip spoiler to direct more air into the engine bay, deeper rear spats, and an additional boot lip spoiler to provide more downforce. The [[Nismo]] specification deletes [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]], which is not legal in Group A, and the rear wiper to save weight. The bonnet and front panels are aluminium in all GT-R models rather than the standard steel in non GT-R models, again to save weight. Overall the GT-R Nismo weighs {{convert|1400|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} compared to {{convert|1430|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for the standard GT-R. Tyres are Bridgestone RE71 in 225/55R16 fitted to 16-inch alloy wheels. Mechanically, the GT-R Nismo uses the RB26 engine of the 'standard' GT-R but replaces the standard [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] T03 turbo chargers with larger T04B models, sacrificing the faster spool up of the ceramic turbo wheels for the enhanced reliability of steel wheels. The GT-R [[Nismo]] was only available in colour code KH2 "Gun Grey Metallic". Other minor, but noticeable, changes include a circular "Nismo" logo on the right-rear of the boot lip, lack of radio tuning controls on the dashboard console (since a radio was optional), and cross-drilled brake rotors. Nismo-branded options available included a {{cvt|260|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} speedometer, 3-inch cat-back exhaust system, front suspension tower brace, sports shock absorbers, 17-inch alloy wheels, and a rear spoiler with a built-in third brake light.

[[File:Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 002.jpg|thumb|left|A rear view of an R32, showing the distinctive four round taillights]]
[[File:1994 Nissan Skyline GT-R V-Spec II N1 no.10, front left.jpg|thumb|Skyline GT-R V·Spec II N1 in the typical Crystal White paint and with the 17-inch BBS wheels fitted to all V·Specs.]]

The Skyline GT-R 'N1' model (identified by the model code suffix "ZN"), was introduced on 19 July 1991, and designed for home-market [[Group N|N1]] racing with a total of 245 units eventually produced (118 of these are 'N1', 64 are 'V·Spec N1', and 63 are 'V·Spec II N1' – see below explanation of 'V·Spec'). The most notable change was in the engine, which was upgraded to the R32-N1 specification. Building on the 'Nismo' car's specification, it was also lightened by the removal of the ABS, and rear wiper, but for 'N1' the air conditioning, sound system, and boot carpet were also deleted, and distinctive light-weight headlights were fitted. 'N1' cars also had reinforcing for the brake master cylinder and additional brake cooling ducts under the car. All 'N1' cars were delivered with a thin layer of colour code 326 "Crystal White" paint.

To celebrate the success of the GT-R in both Group N and Group A racing, Nissan introduced the Skyline GT-R V·Spec ("Victory SPECification") package on 3 February 1993. The V·Spec added Brembo brakes and a retuned [[ATTESA E-TS]] system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nissan Skyline GT-R R34 V-Spec II Specifications and Features |url=https://www.motowag.com/nissan-skyline-gt-r-r34/ |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> The V·Spec was available in both 'plain' and 'N1' variants, with all V·Spec cars using the lightweight aluminium bonnet and front bumpers from the 'Nismo'. The cars also replaced the standard 16-inch wheels with 17-inch BBS wheels with 225/45R17 tyres.

Finally on 14 February 1994, the Skyline GT-R V·Spec II was introduced, with the only change being wider 245/45R17 tyres. The 'plain' V·Spec and V·Spec II had a curb weight of {{convert|1480|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, weighing {{convert|50|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} more than the standard GT-R.<ref>[http://www.jlimports.com.au/nissan-skyline-r32-gt-r-godzilla-0 JLIMPORTS.AU – Skyline R32 GT-R "Godzilla".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204041052/http://www.jlimports.com.au/nissan-skyline-r32-gt-r-godzilla-0 |date=4 December 2008 }}.''jlimports.com''</ref> Total production of the V·Spec and V·Spec II was 1,396 and 1,306 units respectively.<ref name=en-bnr32-production>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-bnr32-production.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R Production Details |website=GTR-Registry |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

Production of the R32 Skyline GT-R ceased in November 1994 after a production run of 43,937 units.

The most popular colours are KH2 "Gun Grey Metallic" (45% of cars), followed by 326 "Crystal White" (18%), 732 "Black Pearl Metallic" (13%), KL0 "Spark Silver Metallic" (12%). The rarest colour is BL0 "Greyish Blue Pearl" with only 141 units.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-bnr32-vin-table.php |title=Nissan Skyline BNR32 VIN Table |website=GTR-Registry |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

In 1989, the Japanese [[Best Motoring]] television program conducted a test at the [[Nürburgring Nordschleife]] with a production version Nissan Skyline GT-R R32. Driven by [[Motoharu Kurosawa]], the car completed a lap time of a 8:22.38 minutes around the semi-wet (damp) condition circuit, making it the fastest production vehicle around the track.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-JF5wszhHA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812035937/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-JF5wszhHA&feature=youtu.be| archive-date=2019-08-12 | url-status=dead|title=BNR32 Skyline GT-R #3 ニュルブルクリンクアタック!! |trans-title=BNR32 Skyline GT-R # 3 Nürburgring Attack !! |publisher=Best Motoring |year=1989 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

As of August 2014, the first R32 Skyline GT-Rs became eligible for US import under the NHTSA "25 year" rule that allows vehicles that are 25 years old (to the month) or older to be imported. Due to their age, these vehicles do not have to comply with federal emissions or with federal motor vehicle safety standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://one.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/import/FAQ%20Site/pages/page2.html#Anchor-28852 |title=Importation and Certification FAQ's Directory—All Vehicles – 7. Importing a vehicle that is at least 25 years old. |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |location=US |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

The R32 Zero-R was a special tuner edition which was engineered by HKS with {{cvt|441|kW|hp PS|0}}. 10 were made but only 4 remain in existence. One was bought by the [[Sultan of Brunei]]. One of them was bought at the 2019 [[Tokyo Auto Salon]] for {{currency|212,000|AUD}} and sent to Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/features/1993-hks-zero-r |title=The history of the HKS Zero-R R32 Skyline |first=Chris |last=Thompson |work=Which Car |location=Australia |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motor1.com/news/299271/nissan-skyline-r32-hks-zero-r/ |title=Nissan Skyline R32 HKS Zero-R Is Rarer Than Most Exotic Cars |first=Jacob |last=Oliva |work=Motor1 |date=30 December 2018 |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Production figures ===
* GT-R (Series 1) = 17,316
* GT-R Nismo = 560<ref name=en-r32-gtr-nismo>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-nismo.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R Nismo|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* GT-R (Australia) = 100<ref name=en-r32-gtr-australia>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-australia.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R Australia|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* GT-R (Series 2) = 11,187
* GT-R (Series 3) = 11,827
* V·Spec = 1396<ref name=en-r32-gtr-v-spec>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-v-spec.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R V-Spec|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* V·Spec II = 1306<ref name=en-r32-gtr-v-spec-ii>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-v-spec-ii.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R V-Spec II|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* N1 = 245<ref name=en-r32-gtr-n1>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-n1.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R N1 + V-Spec N1 + V-Spec II N1|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> (GT-R N1 = 118, V·Spec N1 = 64, V·Spec II N1 = 63).
* Total = 43,937<ref name=en-bnr32-production/>

=={{anchor|R33}} Fourth generation (1995–1998)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Fourth generation (R33)
|production = {{unbulleted list
| January 1995 – November 1998
| 16,668 produced
}}
|body_style = {{unbulleted list
| 2-door [[coupé]]
| 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
}}
|layout = [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front engine]], [[all-wheel drive]]
|engine = {{unbulleted list
| 2.6 L [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT|''RB26DETT'' I6]]
| 2.8 L twin-turbocharged ''[[Nissan RB engine#RB-X GT2 & RB28DET|RB-X GT2]]'' I6 (400R)
}}
|image = Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R 001.jpg
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2720|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" >{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=25751|title=1995 Nissan Skyline GT-R technical specifications|access-date=10 October 2013|work=carfolio.com}}</ref>
|length = {{convert|4675|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" />
|width = {{convert|1780|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" />
|height = {{convert|1360|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" />
|weight = {{convert|1530|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" />
|designer = [[Kozo Watanabe (engineer)|Kozo Watanabe]]
}}

[[File:Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R 002.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Rear view of an R33 GT-R]]

The '''E-BCNR33''' ('''R33''') was developed even as the non GT-R R33 models went on sale in August 1993 (with a prototype being shown at the 1993 Tokyo Motor Show) for release in 1995 as a successor to the R32 model. The engine in the R33 was nearly identical to the R32. It used the same [[turbochargers]] and the same specification for the [[manual transmission|manual]] gearbox, although the syncros were stronger. The engine corrected the R32's weak oil pump drive collar, which tended to fail in higher power applications, by using a wider collar (also fixed in spec 2 R32's prior to R33 release). The base model of the R33 GT-R weighs {{convert|1540|kg||0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motortraders.net/imports/spec.asp?id=618 |title=Nissan Skyline GT-R V.specifications |publisher=Motortraders.net |access-date=7 October 2010 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723211958/http://www.motortraders.net/imports/spec.asp?id=618 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The R33 GT-R went on sale on 6 January 1995 with the base model GT-R and the V·Spec model. The V·Spec model weighed in {{convert|10|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} heavier, and had sportier suspension resulting in lower ground clearance. The V·Spec also featured the newer [[ATTESA E-TS|ATTESA E-TS Pro]] [[all wheel drive]] system, which included an Active Limited Slip differential.

At the same time as the introduction of the R33 GT-R and GT-R V·Spec, [[Nissan]] introduced the R33 GT-R V·Spec N1 model. Changes made to the R33 N1 are similar to those in the R32 N1. The car was made lighter by removing the ABS, air conditioning, sound system, rear wiper, and boot carpet. The R33 GT-R V·Spec N1 received the slightly revised R33 N1 engine.

The R33 ended production on 9 November 1998. The last R33 GT-R produced was a V-Spec in GV1 finished in Black Pearl colour.<ref>{{cite web|last=Itoh|first=Aki|title=BCNR33 Colors – How Many in What Color?|url=http://www.r33gt-r.com/p/how-many-r33s-w.html|access-date=25 February 2018|website=One Man's Lonely Adventures In His R33 Skyline GT-R|quote="GV1 Black Pearl – 19 (the very last V-spec built was this color)"}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-bcnr33-vin-table.php |title=EN-BCNR33 VIN Table |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=25 February 2018 |at=p. 1668 (final page in table).}}</ref>

Before the official release of the R33, [[Nissan]] recorded a lap time for the R33 GT-R at the [[Nürburgring|Nürburgring Nordschleife]], driven by ''Dirk Schoysman'', car set a lap time of 7:59.887 minutes, became the first production vehicle to break into the sub 8 minute mark.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=Nissan GT-R history: here's every generation of 'Godzilla'|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/nissan-gt-r-history-heres-every-generation-godzilla|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Top Gear|language=en}}</ref> Also the, fastest production vehicle around the track. In 1999, the record was broken by a Skyline GT-R R34.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nissan {{!}} Heritage Collection {{!}} Skyline GT-R Nürburgring Time Attack|url=https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/HERITAGE/346_skyline_gt-r_nurburgring.html|access-date=2021-09-30|website=www.nissan-global.com}}</ref>

In 1995, [[Best Motoring]] conducted a test of the GT-R R33 at the [[Nürburgring Nordschleife]]. Driven by [[Motoharu Kurosawa]], the car set a 8:01.72 minute lap time around the track.<ref>{{Citation|title=Skyline R33 GT R Nurburgring Time Attack|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1DjR7L0fBg|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/P1DjR7L0fBg|language=en|access-date=2021-10-01|archive-date=2021-11-07|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Autech Version 40th Anniversary ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Nissan SKYLINE GT-R 4DOOR Autech Version 40th Anniversary MY1998 (1).jpg
| image2 = Nissan SKYLINE GT-R 4DOOR Autech Version 40th Anniversary MY1998 (2).jpg
| footer =
| caption1 = Autech Version 40th Anniversary GT-R sedan
}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 166
| image1 = Skyline GT-R Autechversion 40thanniversary.jpg
| width2 = 180
| image2 = Image-Skyline GT-R Autechversion 40thanniversary rear.jpg
| footer = R33 Skyline GT-R police car based on an Autech 40th Anniversary GT-R sedan
}}

In 1997, [[Autech]] made a limited edition GT-R four-door sedan to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of the Skyline nameplate.<ref name="SH1">{{cite web | url = http://www.speedhunters.com/2011/04/car_spotlight_gt_gt_4_door_er34_gt_r/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041736/http://www.speedhunters.com/2011/04/car_spotlight_gt_gt_4_door_er34_gt_r/ | archive-date = 2020-11-12 | title = Car Spotlight>> 4-door R34 Gt-r | date = 2011-04-21 | publisher =Electronic Arts Inc. | first = Dino | last = Dalle Carbonare | work = Speedhunters }}</ref> While 400 of the Autech 40th Anniversary were planned, in the end 416 examples were built.<ref name="en-r33-autech-gtr">{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-autech-gtr.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R Autech Version 40th Anniversary 4 Door Sedan|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>

=== 1995 GT-R LM ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 240 |image1= Nissan Nismo GT-R LM (road car) front-left 2015 Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery.jpg
| width2 = 180 |image2= Nissan Nismo GT-R LM (road car) rear-right 2015 Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery.jpg
| footer= 1995 Nissan R33 GT-R LM road car on display at the Nissan headquarters
}}

Nissan mostly competed in [[Group C]] racing with purpose built prototype race cars after the R32 GT-R was ousted from the Group A racing but rule changes for Group C forced Nissan to abandon Group C racing. Nissan then set out to develop one of its existing cars to enter the GT1 class racing in the BPR racing series. The company decided to base the new GT1 car on the R33 LM race car. The weight of the car was reduced to {{cvt|1150|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} and the all-wheel-drive system was removed. The car was also considerably widened and lowered with a new bodykit in order to increase downforce. The car was equipped with the N1 specification engine which had a power output of {{cvt|298|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}. The engine was mated to a 6-speed sequential manual transmission manufactured by Xtrac.

The all-wheel-drive system was removed, which led to significant differences from the original GT-R R33. Nissan had to build a homologation road car to correspond to the rear-wheel drive system of the racing version. The 1995 GT1 regulations stated that the GT1 race car must be overall similar to the road version, but did not specify how many road cars should be produced. Thus, a single road LM car was developed and stored at Nissan's Zuma facility. The road version of the car was detuned to {{cvt|224|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and was equipped by the same {{cvt|50|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} wider body kit as the racing version. The interior remained the same as the standard R33 GT-R albeit with an [[Alcantara (material)|Alcantara]] rimmed steering wheel and racing bucket seats.

Two race cars were built having numbers 22 and 23. They were entered in the 1995 season of LeMans but faced tough competition from more powerful race cars such as the [[Ferrari F40|Ferrari F40 LM]] and the [[McLaren F1 GTR]]. The number 22 car driven by H. Fukuyama and S. Kasuya qualified in the 34th season and finished 5th in its class with an overall position of 10th while the number 23 retired after 157 laps due to gearbox damage. Due to the entry of purpose built race cars by using loopholes in the regulations such as the [[Porsche 911 GT1]], Nissan decided to withdraw for the 1996 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/meeting-unicorn-nissan-gt-r-skyline-r33-lm-0#8|title=Meeting a unicorn: Nissan GT-R Skyline R33 LM|date=9 April 2019|first=Rowan|last=Horncastle|publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/motorsports/a21550618/1995-nissan-skyline-gtr-lm-what-gearbox-whine/|title=1995 Nissan Skyline GTR LM: What Gearbox Whine?|date=15 June 2018|first=Màtè|last=Pètràny|publisher=[[Road & Track]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

=== 1996 LM Limited ===
[[File:1996_Nissan_Skyline_GT-R_V-Spec_LM_Limited_in_Champion_Blue,_front_left.jpg|thumb|Nissan Skyline GT-R R33 V-Spec LM Limited]]

There were several limited editions of the BCNR33 produced. The first LeMans, or "LM" version, was introduced in May 1996 to celebrate Nissan's participation in the 24-hours of Le Mans. The only body colour available for the R33 LM was Champion Blue. The car had a front splitter lip to direct air to the upper front aperture, and a carbon fibre rear wing with Gurney flap. There were carbon fibre inserts on the rear wing fins with a GT-R badge on the inserts. The "GT-R Skyline" logo under the checkered flag was placed on the C-pillars.

Nissan produced just 188 units<ref name=en-r33-gtr-lm>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-gtr-lm.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R LM Limited + V-Spec LM Limited|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> of this model, 86 GT-R LM Limited and 102 V-Spec LM Limited.

Limited edition factory fitted extras:

* Champion Blue (code BT2).
* Carbon Fibre Rear Wing Blade.
* N1 Front Brake Cooling Ducts.
* N1 Bonnet Lip.
* Commemorative GT-R Decals on C-Pillars.

=== 1996 Nismo 400R ===
A special edition of the R33 was introduced in 1995,<ref>{{Cite web|title=【あの限定車は凄かった①】N1マシンの心臓を移植したニスモ400R（99台限定／1995年2月1日受注開始／販売価格：1200万円・当時） – Webモーターマガジン|url=https://web.motormagazine.co.jp/_ct/17286815|access-date=2022-02-24|website=web.motormagazine.co.jp|language=en}}</ref> named as Nismo 400R,<ref name=en-r33-400r>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/400r.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R 400R|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> with ''400'' and ''R'' standing for horsepower of the engine and for racing respectively. Overall development and planning was by Nismo (Nissan Motorsports International). But, its bored and stroked RB26DETT engine, the [[Nissan RB engine#RB-X GT2 & RB28DET|RBX-GT2]], was engineered and produced by REINIK (later renamed REIMAX – "REINIK to the MAX"). The engine featured 77.7 mm stroke crankshaft (73.7 mm stock), forged 87 mm pistons (86 mm cast stock), upgraded rods, polished ports, high lift camshafts, upgraded oil system, larger exhaust manifolds and higher output turbochargers. NISMO produced an upgraded exhaust, a twin-plate clutch, and intercooler system. [[Nismo]] brake pads were fitted to the car. 400R exclusive aerodynamic updates were also added, such as wider bumpers, side skirts, a new rear bumper, a new front bumper with bigger air scoops, and a redesigned bonnet and rear spoiler made of carbon fibre. The 400R was also fitted with 18x10 Nismo LM-GT1s. The engine developed {{convert|298|kW|PS hp|abbr=on|0}} and {{convert|347|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}, which allowed a top speed of over {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}, and enabled it to accelerate from {{convert|0-60|mph|km/h|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} in 4.0 seconds. NISMO had originally planned to produce 100 units of the 400R, however, only 44 units were made before production of the R33 ended in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbskyline.net/r33/tuning/nismo400r/|title=Nismo 400R|publisher=JB car pages|access-date=26 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reimax.co.jp/|title=REIMAX}}</ref>

==== Acceleration ====
Test By Hot Rod Magazine below sea level:<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://imgur.com/gallery/n9Gky/comment/795261771 |title=Porsche GT1 vs. Ferrari F40 vs. Vector W8TT vs. NISMO 400R vs. Dodge Viper GTS vs. McLaren F1 vs. Lamborghini Diablo SE vs. Ferrari F50 vs. Bugatti EB110 S |magazine=Hot Rod Magazine |location=US |date=December 1997}}</ref>

* {{cvt|0–30|mph|0|order=flip}}: 1.4 sec
* {{cvt|0–60|mph|0|order=flip}}: 3.8 sec
* {{cvt|0–80|mph|0|order=flip}}: 7.0 sec
* {{cvt|0–100|mph|0|order=flip}}: 10.0 sec
* {{cvt|0–120|mph|0|order=flip}}: 12.1 sec
* {{cvt|1/4|mile|m|0|order=flip}}: 12.2 sec at {{cvt|120.3|mph|1|order=flip}}
* {{cvt|30–120|mph|0|order=flip}}: 10.7 sec

=== Production figures ===
* GT-R (Series 1) = 5050
* V·Spec (Series 1) = 4095
* Unknown (Series 1) = 14 (Pre-production or early cars including GT-R, V·Spec and V·Spec N1).
* GT-R (Series 2) = 2291
* V·Spec (Series 2) = 1203
* LM Limited = 188<ref name=en-r33-gtr-lm/> (86 GT-R LM Limited, 102 V·Spec LM Limited)
* GT-R (Series 3) = 1958
* V·Spec (Series 3) = 1269
* [[Autech]] Version 40th Anniversary = 416<ref name=en-r33-autech-gtr/>
* N1 = 87<ref name=en-r33-gtr-n1>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-gtr-n1.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R V-Spec N1|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> (Series 1 = 55 known, Series 2 = 21, Series 3 = 11)
* UK V·Spec = 97<ref name=en-r33-gtr-v-spec-great-britain>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-gtr-v-spec-great-britain.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R V-Spec Great Britain (Series 3)|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> (94x 17 digit VIN models plus 3 prototypes)
* Total production = 16,668<ref name=en-r33-colours>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-colours.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 Production Numbers |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=={{anchor|R34}} Fifth generation (1999–2002)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fifth generation (R34)
| image = Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R Nür 001.jpg
| caption = Nissan Skyline GT-R M·spec Nür (BNR34)
| production = January 1999 – August 2002 2003 – 2007 (Z-Tune) 11,578 produced
| designer = [[Kozo Watanabe (engineer)|Kozo Watanabe]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front engine]], [[all-wheel drive]]
| engine = {{unbulleted list
| 2.6 L [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT|''RB26DETT'' I6]]
| 2.8 L twin-turbocharged ''[[Nissan RB engine#RB28DETT|RB28DETT]]'' I6 (Z-Tune)
}}
| transmission = 6-speed ''[[Getrag]] 233'' [[manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2665|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.thecaryoudrive.com" >{{cite web|url=http://www.thecaryoudrive.com/en/0310206bc7b|title=Nissan Skyline Gt-r X (R34) 2.6 I 24V Turbo 4WD (1999) (petrol) – Technical data|access-date=30 September 2013 |work=thecaryoudrive.com}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|4600|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.thecaryoudrive.com" />
| width = {{convert|1785|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.thecaryoudrive.com" />
| height = {{convert|1360|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.thecaryoudrive.com" />
| weight = {{convert|1560|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evo II">{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/nissan/skyline/gt-r-r34|title=Nissan Skyline GT-R R34: review, history and specs of an icon|date=27 April 2018|first=John|last=Barker|publisher=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date= 26 April 2019}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Japanese NISSAN SkylineR34 GTR police car.jpg|thumb|Skyline R34 GTR police car]]
[[File:RB26DETT R34.jpg|thumb|RB26DETT R34]]

The '''GF-BNR34''' ('''R34''') Skyline GT-R, GT-R V·Spec and GT-R V·Spec N1 models were introduced in January 1999. The R34 GT-R was shorter (from front to rear), and the front overhang was reduced as compared to its predecessor. The valve covers were painted glossy red (colour code Cherry Red Effect Z24 or X1020){{Citation needed|reason=No source on the specific shade of paint; this information has been historically hard to find; it would be good to have a reliable source on this information.|date=December 2018}}, as opposed to black in previous models.

[[File:Nissan Skyline - 2 Fast 2 Furious.JPG|thumb|left|A Skyline GT-R R34 driven by the character [[Brian O'Conner]], portrayed by [[Paul Walker]] in the film ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]]''.]]

A new feature on the R34 GT-R is a 5.8" LCD multifunction display on the centre of the dashboard, which shows seven different live readings of engine and vehicle statistics such as turbocharger pressure (1.2 bar max), oil and water temperature, among others. The GT-R V·Spec model added two extra features to the display: intake and exhaust gas temperatures.<ref name="Evo II"/> [[Nismo]] Multi-function Displays (MFD) could be bought at an extra cost, they included a lap timer, G-Force meter and an increase in boost pressure measurement to 2 bar. The R34 GT-R was made shorter in response to customer concerns who thought the R33 was too bulky.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://topgear.com.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3355:godzillas-in-the-mist-nissan-skyline-r32-gt-r-r34-gt-r-driven-review&catid=39&Itemid=174|title=Godzillas in the Mist: Nissan Skyline GT-R R32/R34 Driver [review]|date=13 April 2017|work=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

Like the R33, the new R34 GT-R V·Spec (Victory Specification) models come equipped with the [[ATTESA E-TS]] Pro system and an Active LSD at the rear, while standard GT-R models come with the non-Pro system and a conventional mechanical differential. The V·Spec model also had firmer suspension and lower ground clearance, thanks to front and side splitters, as well as a rear [[carbon fibre]] air diffuser, designed to keep air flowing smoothly under the car.

At the time of the R34's introduction, like the R32 and R33, [[Nissan]] introduced an R34 V·Spec N1<ref name=en-r34-gtr-n1/> model. The R34 V·Spec N1 was equipped similar to the R32 and R33 N1 models – a homologation special. It was sold without air conditioning, audio equipment, rear wiper, or boot lining, but ABS remained. The new R34 N1 was also given the new R34 N1 engine. Only 38<ref name=en-r34-colours/> known R34 V·Spec N1 models were produced from the factory, 12 of which [[Nismo]] used for [[Super Taikyu]] racing. The rest were sold to various customers, mostly racing teams and tuning garages.{{citation needed|date=April 2019|reason=No sources state that the V Spec N1 was sold to tuning garages}}

The V·Spec version was also imported into the UK with a number of modifications carried out on these 80 cars.<ref name=en-r34-colours/><ref name="Evo"/> These included 3 additional oil coolers, revised ECU map, full [[Connolly leather]] interior, underbody diffusers, stiffer suspension, active rear limited slip differential, extra display feature on the in car display. In additional to the UK, 10<ref name=en-r34-colours/> were sold to Hong Kong and Singapore, and 5<ref name=en-r34-colours/> to New Zealand although with different changes for their respective markets.

[[File:Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R Nür 002.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of an R34 GT-R M·spec Nür]]

In October 2000, Nissan introduced the V·Spec II, replacing the V·Spec. The V·Spec II has increased stiffness in the suspension (even stiffer than the original V·Spec) and had larger rear brake rotors. It also comes equipped with a [[carbon fibre]] bonnet equipped with a [[NACA duct]], which is lighter than the aluminium that all other GT-R bonnets are made from. Also different on the V·Spec II was an iridium centre console and aluminium pedals. The seats were upholstered with black cloth rather than the grey cloth used on previous R34 GT-R models, and the amber turn lenses were replaced with white versions.

With the exception of the carbon fibre bonnet, the standard trim level GT-R also received these updates. A total of 18<ref name=en-r34-colours/> V·Spec II N1 were built. A total of 1855<ref name=en-r34-colours/> V·Spec II were built for Japan, with an additional 2<ref name=en-r34-colours/> being sold for the New Zealand market. The V·Spec N1 was replaced with the V·Spec II N1. The same changes applied to the V·Spec N1 were applied to the V·Spec II N1, with the exception of the V·Spec II carbon bonnet which was now unpainted.

In May 2001, the M·Spec<ref name=en-r34-gtr-m-spec/> was introduced. It was based on the V-Spec II, but had special "Ripple control" dampers, revised suspension set up, stiffer rear sway bar and a leather interior with heated front seats. The 'M' on the M·Spec stood for Mizuno who is the chief engineer of Nissan. The only other change was the removal of the carbon fibre bonnet which was replaced with the standard aluminium bonnet.

In February 2002, Nissan launched a final production model of the R34 GT-R called the Skyline GT-R V·Spec II Nür<ref name=V-Nur>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasmag.com/features/rides/3300-2002-nissan-skyline-r34-gtr-V·spec-ii-nur|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V.Spec II Nur |first=Michael |last=Finger |work=Pas Mag|date=14 September 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> and the Skyline GT-R M·Spec Nür, which were based on the V-Spec II N1. The Nür was named after the famous German [[Nürburgring]] racetrack, where the Skyline was developed.

In total, 1,003 units<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur/> of the R34 GT-R Nür were produced. 718<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur/> were V·Spec II Nürs and 285<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur/> were M·Spec Nürs. The Nür model featured an improved RB26DETT based on the N1 racing engine. The standard turbochargers were upgraded to larger versions with a slight increase in boost and the ceramic blades were replaced with steel versions. This has increased lag, but the turbo's durability was improved while being able to handle a bigger boost increase. The V·Spec II Nür is based on the regular V·Spec II model, and the M·Spec Nür was based on the regular M·Spec model.

Other than the addition of the Nür engine, the Nür models also included a different colour of stitching on the interior trim, as well as a speedometer reading up to {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}, gold valve covers instead of red and a gold VIN plate instead of silver. Due to Japanese car industry norms at the time, the car was advertised as having {{cvt|206|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} but it actually had over {{cvt|246|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} when it left the factory.

In 1999, during [[Nissan]]'s testing session at the [[Nürburgring Nordscheleife]]. The car set a unofficial lap time of 7:52 minutes around the track, driven by Nissan's test driver [[Kazuo Shimizu (driver)|Kazuo Shimizu]]. The car broke the Skyline GT-R R33's record, which was the fastest production vehicle around the track.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gorodji |first=Alex |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqjTj_6z6cQC&q=There+was+no+official&pg=PA78 |title=Nissan GT-R |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=978-1-61673-005-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=50 Years of Nissan Skyline GT-R: in pictures |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/features/50-years-nissan-skyline-gt-r-gallery |first=Chris |last=Thompson |access-date=2020-10-13 |work=Which Car |location=Australia}}</ref>

=== Production figures ===
* GT-R (Series 1) = 2,709<ref name="R34 Production dates">{{cite web |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R Production Dates |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-bnr34-production.php |website=gtr-registry.com |access-date=29 May 2019 |language=En}}</ref>
* V·Spec = 4,193<ref name="R34 Production dates" />
* V·Spec N1 = 38<ref name="en-r34-gtr-n1">{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-n1.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec N1 + V-Spec II N1|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* V·Spec UK = 81<ref name="en-r34-gtr-v-spec-great-britain">{{cite web|url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-v-spec-great-britain.php|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec Great Britain|website=GTR-Registry.com|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* V·Spec Hong Kong = 10<ref name="en-r34-gtr-v-spec-hong-kong">{{cite web|url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-hong-kong.php|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec Hong Kong|website=GTR-Registry.com|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
* V·Spec New Zealand = 5<ref name=en-r34-gtr-v-spec-new-zealand>{{cite web|url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-new-zealand.php|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec New Zealand|website=GTR-Registry.com|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
* V·Spec Singapore = 10<ref name="en-r34-gtr-v-spec-singapore">{{cite web|url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-singapore.php|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec Singapore|website=GTR-Registry.com|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''Unknown'' (Series 1) = 20<ref name="R34 Production dates" /> (pre-production cars including GT-R (Series 1), V·Spec and V·Spec N1).
* GT-R (Series 2) = 1,268<ref name="R34 Production dates" />
* V·Spec II = 1,855<ref name="R34 Production dates" />
* V·Spec II Nür = 718<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-nur.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GTR V-Spec II Nür + M-Spec Nür |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>
* V·Spec II N1 = 18<ref name=en-r34-gtr-n1/>
* V·Spec II New Zealand = 2<ref name="R34 Production dates" />
* M·Spec = 366<ref name="en-r34-gtr-m-spec">{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-m-spec.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R M-Spec|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* M·Spec Nür = 285<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur/>
* Nismo Z-Tune = 19 Note: The Z-tune were built on used cars, which is why that number can not be added to the total figure below.<ref name=z-tune>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/z-tune.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GTR Nismo Z-Tune |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>
* ''Total'' = 11,578<ref name=en-r34-colours>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-colours.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 Production Numbers |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Z-Tune ===
[[File:Nissan_Skyline_GT-R_Nismo_Z-Tune.jpg|alt=|thumb|Nissan Skyline GT-R Nismo Z-Tune shown at the Nismo showroom.]]

[[Nismo]] originally designed the concept of the Z-tune in 2002 when Nissan was putting an end to the R34 Skyline production. The first Z-tune was built in 2003, using a used 2002 Skyline GT-R V·Spec II. It was built with a concept RB26DETT 'Z1' engine. This engine was based on Nissan's Le Mans GT2 and GT500 racing experiences. As with the racing vehicles a strengthened engine block and stroked crankshaft were utilised. The engine was also bored. With the new displacement of 2.8 L and upgraded turbochargers the Z1 engine was rated at {{cvt|368|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6800 rpm and {{Convert|540|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 5200 rpm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Z-tune|url=https://www.nismo.co.jp/Z-tune/data_e/6.html|website=www.nismo.co.jp|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nismo Skyline|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/56351/nismo_skyline.html|website=Evo|language=en|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref> The Z-Tune had a {{convert|0–100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} acceleration time of 3.8 seconds and has a top speed of over {{cvt|327|km/h|mph|0}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/gt-r-nismo-z-tune-remembering-the-ultimate-street-legal-r34-skyline-225388.html|title=GT-R Nismo Z-Tune: Remembering the Ultimate Street-Legal Skyline|website=autoevolution|date=2023-11-30|first=Vlad|last=Radu|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201162654/https://www.autoevolution.com/news/gt-r-nismo-z-tune-remembering-the-ultimate-street-legal-r34-skyline-225388.html|archive-date=2023-12-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carscoops.com/2019/10/this-nissan-skyline-gt-r-z-tune-is-the-worlds-most-valuable-r34/|title=This Nissan Skyline GT-R Z-Tune Is The World’s Most Valuable R34|website=carscoops|date=2019-10-07|first=Brad|last=Anderson|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008040236/https://www.carscoops.com/2019/10/this-nissan-skyline-gt-r-z-tune-is-the-worlds-most-valuable-r34/|archive-date=2019-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nismo was then given the approval from Nissan to build Z-tune models for the Nismo anniversary. Nismo then purchased 18<ref name=z-tune/> used R34 GT-R V·Spec, each with less than {{convert|18000|mi|km|abbr=in|sigfig=2|order=flip}} on the odometer, they were then completely stripped and were resprayed to a "''Z-tune Silver''," a special colour exclusively for the Z-tune.<ref>[http://www.sportcompactcarweb.com/features/0505_scc_nismo_z_tune_skyline/index.html Sports Compact Magazine – NISMO Z-Tune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208070044/http://www.sportcompactcarweb.com/features/0505_scc_nismo_z_tune_skyline/index.html |date=8 December 2008 }}''NISMO bought used GT-R V·spec, each with less than 18K miles on the odometer, and stripped them to bare shells.''</ref> One car was left in its original colour of Midnight Purple III.<ref name=z-tune/> For each of the 18 production models,<ref name=z-tune/> the 2.8 L engine was revised to allow it to reach a speed of 8,000 rpm. The turbochargers were supplied by [[Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries|IHI]] in Japan. The engine is advertised to be able to generate {{cvt|368|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} (for warranty reasons).{{Clarify|reason=What does this mean by advertised as? Was the actual power more? Less? Is the power listed here (500 PS) the correct number that is advertised by Nissan?|date=May 2020}} This second revision of the Z-tune engine is called the 'Z2'. The bodywork is designed with the same functional components used in Nismo's GT500 racing cars, such as engine bay vents on the bonnet and bumpers, as well as wider arches for wider wheels. The Z-tune is also improved with an aggressive suspension setup from Sachs, and a specially designed [[Brembo]] brake system.

The entire car is essentially handmade, with the car being completely stripped and re-built from the ground up. Engineers reinforced and stiffened the chassis seam welding in key areas such as the door seams and door frames and added carbon fibre to the strut towers and transmission tunnel and the engine bay, completely redesigning the suspension, drivetrain, engine, gearbox and other components so as to work at maximum efficiency and reliability as is expected of a road-going vehicle. Although Nismo planned on building 20 cars, they ceased production on only 19 (including 2 prototypes).<ref>[http://www.nismo.co.jp/news/news2007/n070003.html Z-Tune News: Z-Tune Discontinued]''nismo.co.jp''.</ref>
{{clear}}

===Replacement===
[[File:Nissan_GT-R_MY2017_(1)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Nissan GT-R R35 (2017 facelift)]]
{{Main article|Nissan GT-R}}

Following the end of R34 production in 2002, Nissan announced they would separate the GT-R model from the Skyline name, creating an entirely new vehicle—though based on the same platform as the Skyline. This new car, now known simply as the [[Nissan GT-R]], debuted in 2007 in Tokyo. Introduced to consumers in 2008, it was the first GT-R available worldwide, entering the North American market for the first time.

The GT-R uses the [[Nissan PM platform|Premium Midship (PM) platform]], an evolution of the [[Nissan FM platform|FM platform]] first used by the V35 generation of the Skyline. The R34 heritage is reflected in its chassis codes: '''CBA-R35''' (2007–2011), '''DBA-R35''' (2012–2016), '''4BA-R35''' (2017–present) or simply '''R35'''.

{{clear}}

==Powertrain==
[[File:Nissan RB26DETT engine on display at Prince and Skyline Museum in Nagano Japan.jpg|thumb|The 2.6-litre [[Nissan RB engine|RB26DETT]] as used in the R32 and R33 Skyline GT-Rs]]
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2019}}

The GT-R of the 1990s included a 2.6 L [[straight-6|straight six-cylinder]] [[turbocharger|twin-turbo]] engine producing {{convert|206|kW|PS hp|abbr=on|0}}. The standard turbochargers were of a hybrid steel/ceramic design allowing them to spool up faster due to the light nature of the ceramic exhaust wheel.

The drive train delivered power to all four wheels using an electronically controlled [[all-wheel-drive]] system Nissan called the [[ATTESA|ATTESA E-TS]]. This system used two [[accelerometer]]s mounted under the center console, which fed lateral and longitudinal inputs to the ECU. The ECU then controlled power delivery to the front wheels via an electronic torque split converter. In 1995, the [[ATTESA-ETS#ATTESA-ETS Pro|ATTESA E-TS Pro]] was introduced as an option for R33 GT-R customers, and came as standard equipment in GT-R V•Spec models. It was later standard equipment in all GT-R models for the R34 Skyline GT-R. The ATTESA E-TS Pro added a hydraulic Active [[Limited Slip Differential]], which was controlled by the onboard ATTESA computer. This was only for the rear differential, as the front differential remained as a mechanical open differential. Although it is not related to the all wheel drive system, it uses much of the same sensors, and the same computer. The R32 could be switched from AWD to RWD by removing the 4WD [[Fuse (automotive)|fuse]], but R33 and R34 models had to have the front tailshaft removed, or the centre diff can be depressurised for 'towing mode' as specified in the owners manual.

The car also had computer-controlled [[all wheel steering]] system referred to as [[HICAS]]. The HICAS system activated when the vehicle exceeded {{convert|80|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} and controlled the steering of the rear wheels in the same direction as the front to improve turn in on entry to corners. This feature is often seen as more of a hindrance than help in race applications.{{citation needed|date=April 2019|reason=Reliable source needed to verify this fact}} The system tends to favor less experienced drivers, and can make the rear suspension unstable during high speed cornering.

While the published figures from Nissan were as quoted above, tests showed the car had a factory power output of closer to {{convert|327|hp|PS kW|abbr=on|0}} at the [[flywheel]].<ref name="Paydarfar">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotcars.com/1998-nissan-skyline-r34-most-legendary-jdm-import/|title=Why The 1998 Nissan Skyline R34 Is The Most Legendary JDM To Import In 2023|website=hotcars|first=Hamed|last=Paydarfar|date=2023-03-13|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171619/https://www.hotcars.com/1998-nissan-skyline-r34-most-legendary-jdm-import/|archive-date=2023-03-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/secrets-about-the-nissan-skyline-gt-r-r34/|title=7 Secrets About The Nissan Skyline GT-R R34|website=topspeed|first=Dimitar|last=Angelov|date=2022-12-25|access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> The lower published figure was Nissan's response to the need to abide by a [[Gentlemen's agreement#Industry|gentleman's agreement]] between the Japanese auto manufacturers not to introduce a car to the public exceeding {{convert|206|kW|PS hp|abbr=on|0}} of power output.<ref name="Paydarfar"/>

===N1 engines===
[[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT N1|RB26DETT N1]] is an upgraded version of the standard [[RB26DETT]] engine. It was developed by Nissan Kohki's REINIK division for NISMO and N1 race cars. The standard [[RB26DETT]], although known for its durability, proved to require too much maintenance for Group N (N1 class) racing conditions.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} REINIK started with a strengthened RB26DETT block. The N1 block is identified by its 24U number stamped on the block (05U standard blocks). The cylinder walls are thicker and [[Internal combustion engine cooling|water cooling]] channels are enhanced to increase flow. It also received an upgraded [[oil pump (internal combustion engine)|oil pump]] and [[water pump]], to improve the cooling and lubrication for race conditions. The [[piston]]s have {{convert|1.2|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} top rings and were balanced before assembly but otherwise very close to standard. The connecting rods are also similar to standard but made from slightly stronger material and balanced. Standard crankshaft is balanced to a higher level. Higher flow exhaust manifolds and turbochargers were added for increased torque and slightly higher top-end power. [[Turbine]] wheels on the N1 turbochargers are also made from steel for durability, rather than the lighter but weaker ceramic found on the standard turbine.

The R32 Skyline GT-R N1 road car marked the N1 engine's introduction for sale to the public. R32, 33, and 34 N1 road cars were known for lack of amenities and their light weight. The R33 N1 engine and turbochargers were slightly revised, and the R34 N1 engine saw further improvement. The camshaft timing was altered slightly for more torque. R33 and R34 N1 turbochargers are the same size however R34 N1s use a [[ball bearing]] center section. NISMO states the ball bearings in the R34 N1 allow them to spool 400 rpm faster than R33 N1.

The final N1 engine is the R34 Nür engine. The only differences are the cam cover colour change from red to gold and R34 Nür edition was a fully loaded street car. There were 1,000 Nür engines made for use in the R34 V.spec II Nür and R34 M-spec Nür models.

==Motorsports==
[[File:R32 Calsonic Skyline 001.jpg|thumb|The CALSONIC R32 GT-R from the [[Group A]] series|alt=]]

The GT-R's history of racetrack dominance began with its 50 victories scored from 1968 to 1972, including 49 consecutive wins in the Japanese race circuit. Nissan pulled out of racing shortly after the introduction of the KPGC110 due to the 1973 oil crisis.

The Skyline GT-R later earned the nickname "Godzilla", as a play on its "monster" track performance and country of origin. The R32 GT-R dominated the Japanese Touring Car Championship, won all 29 races it entered in the series, as well as taking the series title every year from 1989 to 1993.

[[File:R34 Xanavi Skyline 001.JPG|thumb|left|A Nissan R34 GT-R GT500 competition car]]

It took 50 races from 50 starts from 1991 to 1997 (latterly R33) in the N1 [[Super Taikyu]]. The GT-R's success sounded the death knell of [[Group A]] [[Touring Car racing]]; with the formula being scrapped soon after. JTCC was similarly dominated by the R32 GT-R, and splintered soon after, leading to the switch to the Supertouring category and also indirectly to the GT500 category of today.

The GT-R's success in [[motor racing]] was formidable, particularly in the annual {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=in}} race at the Mount Panorama circuit in [[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]], Australia, where the [[Bathurst 1000#Group A era|winner in 1991 and 1992]] was a GT-R (despite receiving additional {{convert|140|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} in weight penalties and a turbo pressure relief valve in 1992, and crashing). It took the overall win of the 1991 [[Spa 24 Hours]], after getting the pole position and fastest lap time, ahead of the [[Porsche 911]] and [[BMW M3|BMW M3 Evolution]].<ref name="http://www.racingsportscars.com">{{cite news|url= http://www.racingsportscars.com/etcc/photo/Spa-1991-08-04.html?sort=Results |title=Spa 24 Hours 1991|publisher= Racing Sports Cars |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> It remained dominant in the Japanese GT series for many years. The Skyline GT-R was retired from the JGTC series (later changed Super GT Series) in 2004. Its successor, the [[Nissan GT-R]], competed and dominated the [[2008 Super GT season]], winning the GT500 (see details below).

[[File:Nissan Skyline GT-R LM - Kazuyoshi Hoshino, Masahiro Hasemi & Toshio Suzuki at Dunlop Curve at the 1996 Le Mans (51718055585).jpg|thumb|Nissan Skyline GT-R LM competing at the [[1996 24 Hours of Le Mans]]]]

No other GT-R race victories escaped controversy.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} At the 1990 [[Macau Grand Prix]] [[Guia Race|Guia touring car race]], the factory-backed R32, driven by [[Masahiro Hasemi]], led the race from start to finish. The following year, officials forced the car to carry a weight penalty of {{convert|140|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} That year, it was also up against the more competitive [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft|DTM]] [[BMW M3]] and [[Mercedes-Benz W201#Evolution models|Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.5–16 Evolution II]]. A disgruntled Hasemi took fourth place. For the following and final year, the weight penalty was reduced, and works-backed Hasemi returned with another privateer R32. The privateer crashed, and Hasemi retired with engine failure.

In the UK, [[Andy Middlehurst]] took the Nissan Skyline GT-R (R32) to two consecutive championship wins in the National Saloon Car Cup. Other championship titles include the [[1991 Australian Touring Car Championship]] ([[Jim Richards (race driver)|Jim Richards]]), the [[1991 Australian Endurance Championship]] (Mark Gibbs & Rowan Onslow), the 1991 [[Australian Manufacturers' Championship]], the [[1992 Australian Touring Car Championship]] ([[Mark Skaife]]) and the 1992 Spanish Touring Car Championship.

Janspeed provided three cars to race in Europe. One car to run for Andy Middlehurst in the UK in the National Touring Car Series.
In 1990 they entered three cars in the SPA-Francorchamps 24 hours. They managed a tremendous finish of one, two and three in class.
Three cars were entered to run in the SPA 24 hours in which it finished first and second in its class (Group N) in 1991. A GT-R Group A car also took first overall.
In 1992 they finished second in Group N with the Group A entry retiring due to a pit fire.

Janspeed also ran a GT-R in the Spanish Touring Car Championship (CET). This car won the championship driven by [[Luis Pérez-Sala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxrepsol.com/en/repsol-25-50-anniversary/national-touring-car-cup/ |title=Luis Pérez Sala wins the Spanish touring championship with the Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R. – Repsol 50th Anniversary Competition |work=Box Repsol |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Akira Kameyama]] has taken the GT-R to the [[Pikes Peak International Hillclimb]] race on three occasion winning in each Open Class for production cars he entered, one in 1993 with the R32,<ref>[http://www.artemisimages.com/detail.aspx?photomode=3&categoryid=801&photoid=ppih0824 Artemis Images – Akari Kameyama driving his Nissan Skyline in] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328104220/http://www.artemisimages.com/detail.aspx?photomode=3&categoryid=801&photoid=ppih0824 |date=28 March 2008}}</ref> another in 1996 with the R33<ref>[http://www.artemisimages.com/detail.aspx?photomode=3&categoryid=944&photoid=ppih0851 Artemis Images – Akira Kameyama driving his Nissan in 1996. He] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328104226/http://www.artemisimages.com/detail.aspx?photomode=3&categoryid=944&photoid=ppih0851 |date=28 March 2008}}</ref> and again in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/date/19980706/news014236.html |title=Off Road: Rod Millen Wins Pikes Peak Hill Climb |publisher=Theautochannel.com |access-date=7 October 2010}}</ref> For the following year, [[Rhys Millen]] took an R33 Skyline GT-R to win the High-Performance Showroom Stock category.

The GT-R debuted in the US at 1994 [[Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona]]. Nismo entered a sole Group A specification R32 for the GTU category. This car was so fast in the infield section in the first practice that the competition colluded to have restrictors fitted. The team was not allowed to run again until they fitted them. They eventually finished 20th. NISSAN was probably not too upset as they did not import the GT-R model to the USA. However, they did sell the 300ZX and it was one of those that won.

[[File:GT-RLMKeepTheDream.jpg|thumb|An R33 Skyline GT-R LM that competed at the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]]|alt=]]

In 1995 Nismo developed the Skyline GT-R for endurance racing with a pair of JGTC specification R33s for the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]]. These were not allowed to run a four-wheel drive. To meet homologation regulations, Nissan had to build at least one street-legal version with four-wheel drive removed. The two racing cars achieved some success at Le Mans, with one car placing tenth overall, and fifth in its GT1 class, class—beaten only by the more developed [[McLaren F1 GTR]]s and in overall standings by the GT2 class champion No. 84 Honda NSX entered by Team Kunimitsu. For {{24hLM|1996}}, the Skyline GT-R LMs returned, this time carrying enlarged RB26DETTs displacing 2.8 litres. Again competing in GT1, they finished 15th overall and 10th in class. However, Nissan chose to abandon their production-based Skyline GT-R LMs in 1997 and instead turn to the purpose-built [[Nissan R390 GT1|R390 GT1]]. In honour of the success of the Skyline at Le Mans, Nissan marketed a limited edition R33 they called the ''LM Limited'', available only in "Champion Blue" (colour code BT2).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.r33gt-r.com/p/how-many-r33s-w.html |title=BCNR33 Colors – How Many in What Color? |website=www.r33gt-r.com |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

In 2006 [http://www.automotiveforums.com/ Automotive Forums.com] became the first team to compete with an R34 GT-R in the United States, participating in the Speed [[SCCA Pro Racing World Challenge|World Challenge]] GT series. Team: Driver and President of ''Automotive Forums.com'' Igor Sushko, Crew Chief Sean Morris, Team Manager Victor Reyes, Mechanic [[Josh Mitchell]], and Engineer Merritt Johnson.

In 2007, the Heat Treatments Drag R32 Skyline GT-R driven by Reece McGregor of New Zealand, broke the world record for the fastest AWD over {{convert|1/4|mile|m|abbr=in|order=flip|round=5}} with a time of 7.57 seconds at {{convert|305.98|km/h|mph|2|abbr=on}} at the Willowbank Dragway in Australia, a record previously held by the HKS R33 Skyline GT-R with a time of 7.67 seconds.<ref>[http://www.sportcompact.net.au/Reece_McGregor.php Reece McGregor Driver Profile].''sportscompactcar.com.'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820082956/http://www.sportcompact.net.au/Reece_McGregor.php |date=20 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heat-treat.co.nz/downloads/files/news12/pages/page02.html |title=World Record Smashed In Australia |publisher=heat-treat.co.nz |date=Summer 2006 |access-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826073743/http://www.heat-treat.co.nz/downloads/files/news12/pages/page02.html |archive-date=26 August 2011 }}</ref> Heat Treatments R32 has gone as quick as 7.53@185 mph.<ref>[http://www.gtrusablog.com/2012/09/heat-treatments-r32-nissan-gt-r-753-185.html Nissan Skyline GT-R s in the USA Blog: Heat Treatments R32 Nissan GT-R: 7.53 @ 185 mph video]</ref>

On the same year at TOTB U.K Racing series, Keith Cowie and RB Motorsport's GT-R BNR32 broke the fastest four-wheel drive {{convert|0-300|km/h|mph|abbr=on|0}} record with a time of 12.47 seconds. The previous record holder was another GT-R, a BNR32 from Veilside Japan with 13.72 seconds during the early 90s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skylineowners.com/forum/showthread.php?p=680926 |title=New 0–300 km/h 4wd Record |website=Skyline Owners Forum |date=3 August 2007 |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

In March 2015, the New Zealand tuning shop, R.I.P.S., set a new AWD {{convert|1/4|mile|m|abbr=in|order=flip|round=5}} record with their BNR32 "RIPS MGAWOT III". It ran 7.32 seconds at {{convert|191.95|mph|km/h|abbr=on|2|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkwHZhIbXIU | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/bkwHZhIbXIU| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|title=New GTR World Record 7.327 @ 191.95mph RIPS MGAWOT III |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In July 2020, Australian tuning company, Maatuoks Racing's R32 GT-R broke the AWD quarter mile record. Car itself ran the quarter mile in 6.47 at 353.88 km/h (219.94 mph). Also became the fastest GT-R at the quarter mile by beating the ET-S R35 GT-R.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Custom Nissan GT-R Sets 1/4-Mile Record Of 6.47 Seconds At 220 MPH|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/430187/nissan-gt-r-awd-record/|access-date=2021-09-25|website=Motor1.com|language=en}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Nissan GT-R]]
* [[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT|Nissan RB26DETT engine]]
* [[Nissan S20 engine]]
* [[Prince Motor Company|Prince]]
* [[Shinichiro Sakurai]]
* [[Naganori Ito]]
* [[Kozo Watanabe (engineer)|Kozo Watanabe]]
* [[List of Nürburgring Nordschleife lap times]]
* [[Godzilla]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Gorodji |first=Alex | title=Nissan GT-R: Legendary performance, Engineering Marvel | publisher=Motorbooks| year=2008 | isbn=978-0-7603-3036-4 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nissan Skyline GT-R}}
* [http://www.nismo.co.jp/en/index.html NISMO Japan website]
* {{imcdb vehicle|make=Nissan|model=Skyline|Nissan Skyline}}

{{nissan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nissan Skyline Gt-R}}
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:1970s cars]]
[[Category:1980s cars]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Nissan vehicles|Skyline GT-R]]
[[Category:Sports sedans]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:24 Hours of Le Mans race cars]]

Nissan Skyline GT-R

2024-02-05T06:36:58Z

Alvarowik: Added citations

{{Short description|Sports car}}
{{About||the successor generation and separate model|Nissan GT-R|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Nissan Skyline GT-R
| image = Nissan Skyline GT-R R34 V Spec II.jpg
| caption = 2002 Nissan Skyline GT-R V·spec II (BNR34)
| manufacturer = [[Nissan]]
| production = {{ubl
| 1969–1973
| 1989–2002
}}
| assembly = {{ubl
| [[Musashimurayama]], Japan
| [[Ōmori|Omori]], Japan (Z-Tune)
}}
| class = [[Sports car]]
| related = {{ubl
| [[Nissan Skyline]]
| [[Nissan Stagea]]
}}
| transmission = {{ubl
| 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] (1969–1998)
| 6-speed manual (1999–2002)
}}
| predecessor = [[Nissan Skyline#BLRA-3 Skyline Sport|Prince Skyline Sport]]
| successor = [[Nissan GT-R]] (R35)
}}

The {{nihongo|'''Nissan Skyline GT-R'''|日産・スカイラインGT-R|Nissan Sukairain GT-R|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[sports car]] based on the [[Nissan Skyline]] range. The first cars named "Skyline GT-R" were produced between 1969 and 1972 under the model code KPGC10, and were successful in Japanese touring car racing events. This model was followed by a brief production run of second-generation cars, under model code KPGC110, in 1973.

After a 16-year hiatus, the GT-R name was revived in 1989 as the BNR32 ("R32") Skyline GT-R. [[Group A]] specification versions of the R32 GT-R were used to win the [[Japanese Touring Car Championship]] for four years in a row. The R32 GT-R also had success in the [[Australian Touring Car Championship]], with [[Jim Richards (racing driver)|Jim Richards]] using it to win the championship in [[1991 Australian Touring Car Championship|1991]] and [[Mark Skaife]] doing the same in [[1992 Australian Touring Car Championship|1992]], until a [[Supercars Championship|regulation change]] excluded the GT-R in [[1993 Australian Touring Car Championship|1993]]. The technology and performance of the R32 GT-R prompted the Australian motoring publication ''Wheels'' to nickname the GT-R '''"Godzilla"''' in its July 1989 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2007/12/07/nissan-may-take-gt-r-to-go-racing-in-australia/ |first=Damon |last=Lavrinc|title=GT-R may race in Australia |publisher=Autoblog |date=7 December 2007 |access-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/motorsports/news/a27737/nissan-skyline-gt-r-godzilla-history/ |title=How the Nissan Skyline GT-R Became 'Godzilla' |first=Chris |last=Perkins |work=Road & Track |date=27 December 2015 |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> ''Wheels'' then carried the name through all the generations of Skyline GT-Rs, most notably the R34 GT-R, which they nicknamed "Godzilla Returns", and described as "The best handling car we have ever driven". In tests conducted by automotive publications, R34 GT-R have covered a quarter of a mile  (402 metres) in 12.2 seconds from a standing start time and accelerated from {{cvt|0–100|km/h}} in 4.4 seconds.

The Skyline GT-R became the flagship of [[Nissan]] performance, showing many advanced technologies including the [[ATTESA|ATTESA E-TS]] [[All-wheel drive]] system and the [[HICAS|Super-HICAS]] four-wheel steering. Today, the car is popular for import [[drag racing]], circuit track, [[time attack]] and events hosted by tuning magazines. Production of the Skyline GT-R ended in August 2002. The car was replaced by the [[Nissan GT-R|GT-R (R35)]], an all-new vehicle based on an enhanced version of the [[Nissan Skyline (V36)|Skyline V36]] platform. Although visibly different, the two vehicles share similar design features and are manufactured in the same factory.

The Skyline GT-R was never manufactured outside Japan, and the sole export markets were Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand, in 1991,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniquecars.carpoint.com.au/portal/alias__uniquecarsau/tabID__203009/ArticleID__5004/DesktopDefault.aspx/ |title=What to know and look out for when buying the unstoppable Nissan Skyline GT-R (R32 – R34) |first=Cliff |last=Chambers |publisher=uniquecars |access-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030850/http://www.uniquecars.carpoint.com.au/portal/alias__uniquecarsau/tabID__203009/ArticleID__5004/DesktopDefault.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> and the UK (in 1997, due to the [[Single vehicle approval|Single Vehicle Approval scheme]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew |last=English |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/carreviews/2749815/Nissan-GT-R-Street-racer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228134843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/carreviews/2749815/Nissan-GT-R-Street-racer.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2009 |title=Nissan GT-R: Street racer |publisher=Telegraph |date=1 December 2007|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>). They are also popular across the world as used Japanese imports.

Despite this, the Skyline GT-R has become an iconic sports car as a [[grey import vehicle]] in the Western world (mainly the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland, Canada, and the United States).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gtr.co.uk/gtroc-about_gtr_register.html |title=About |website=GTR.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015153241/http://www.gtr.co.uk/gtroc-about_gtr_register.html |archive-date=15 October 2007 |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sau.com.au |title=Portal |website=SAU |location=Australia |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://forums.gtrcanada.com/ GTR Canada].Skyline owners board based in Canada.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/buying-maintenance/news/a26258/american-r32-skyline-importers-say-prices-have-double/|title=American R32 Nissan Skyline Importers Say Prices Have Doubled |publisher=Road and Track | first = Alex | last = Kierstein | date=3 August 2015 }}</ref> It has become notable through [[Popular culture|pop culture]] such as ''[[The Fast and The Furious (film series)|The Fast and the Furious]],'' ''[[Initial D]]'', ''[[Shakotan Boogie]]'', ''[[Wangan Midnight]]'', ''[[Need for Speed]]'', ''[[Forza (series)|Forza]]'', ''[[Driving Emotion Type-S]]'', [[Test Drive]], and ''[[Gran Turismo (series)|Gran Turismo]]''. In 2019, Nismo announced that it would resume production of spare parts for all generations of the Skyline GT-R, including body panels and engines.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/buying-maintenance/a26985019/nissan-syline-gt-r-rb26-engine-restarts-production/ |title=The Nissan Skyline GT-R's RB26 Inline-Six Is Going Back Into Production |first=Brian |last=Silvestro |publisher=Road & Track |location=US |date=29 March 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hagerty.com/articles-videos/articles/2019/03/28/nissan-restarting-production-skyline-rb26-straight-six |title=Nissan is restarting production of the Skyline's RB26 straight-six |first=Eric |last=Weiner|publisher=Hagerty |location=US |date=28 March 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>

The car was named at the time by BBC's ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' as the only true Japanese contribution in the line of [[supercar]]s,<ref>''Top Gear'' – Season One, Episode 04.</ref> and by [[Jeremy Clarkson]] as one of the best cars in the world.

==History of the brand==
[[File:Prince Skyline S54A-III.jpg|thumbnail|Prince Skyline S54]]

The Skyline name originated from [[Prince Motor Company | Prince]] automobile company, which developed and sold the Skyline line of sedans before merging with [[Nissan]]-[[Datsun]].

The original Skyline was launched by the Prince Motor Company in April 1957 and was powered by a 1.5-litre engine. The later iteration launched in 1964 called the Prince Skyline GT was powered by a 2.0-litre ''G7'' inline-6 engine shared with the up market [[Prince Gloria]] sedan. Two road going versions were built. The S54A which had a single carburettor engine rated at {{cvt|78|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and the S54B which had a triple carburettor engine rated at {{cvt|92|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and production totalled 100 units.<ref name="Evo III">{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/nissan/skyline/18626/nissan-skyline-gt-r-hakosuka-origin-of-the-species|title=Nissan Skyline GT-R Hakosuka – origin of the species|date=30 December 2017|first=Jethro|last=Bovingdon|work=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

The '''GT-R''' abbreviation stands for '''''G'''ran '''T'''urismo–'''R'''acing'' while the '''GT-B''' stands for '''''G'''ran '''T'''urismo–'''B'''erlinetta''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Amazing Cars Adorned With A GTR Badge |url=https://www.carthrottle.com/post/top-7-cars-adorned-with-a-gtr-badge/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Car Throttle |language=en}}</ref> The Japanese chose to use Italian naming conventions when naming the car – as most cars that were made in Japan at that time used Western abbreviations – to further enhance sales. The earliest predecessor of the GT-R, the [[Prince Skyline#S54|S54 2000 GT-B]], came second in its first race in the 1964 Japanese GP to the purpose-built [[Porsche 904|Porsche 904 GTS]]. However, the earlier [[Nissan Skyline#BLRA-3 Skyline Sport|Prince Skyline Sport coupé/convertible]] foreshadowed the GT-R as the first sports-oriented model in the Skyline range, hence the name.<ref name="Evo"/>

The next development of the GT-R, the four-door PGC10 2000 GT-R, scored 33 victories in the one and a half years it raced, and by the time it attempted its 50th consecutive win, its run was ended by a [[Mazda RX-3|Mazda Savanna RX-3]]. The car took 1,000 victories by the time it was discontinued in 1972. The last of the original GT-R models, the KPGC110 2000GT-R, used an unchanged S20 {{convert|160|hp|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} [[inline-6]] engine from the earlier 2000 GT-R and only 197 units were sold due to the worldwide [[1973 oil crisis|energy crisis]]. This model was the only GT-R to never participate in a major race despite being developed as a sole purpose-built race car, which now resides in [[Nissan]]'s storage unit for historical cars in [[Zama, Kanagawa|Zama]].

The Skyline continued into the 1990s when it became popular largely because it remained [[rear wheel drive]], while most other manufacturers were focusing on [[front wheel drive]] cars.

Throughout its lifetime, various special editions containing additional performance-enhancing modifications were introduced by Nissan and its performance division [[Nismo]] ('''Nis'''san '''Mo'''torsport).

{{clear}}

=={{anchor|C10}} First generation (1969–1972)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation (PGC10)
| production = February 1969 – 1972 1,945 produced
| body_style = {{unbulleted list
| 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] PGC10
| 2-door [[coupé]] KPGC10
}}
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = 2.0 L [[Nissan S20 engine|''S20'' I6]]
| image = Nissan SKYLINE 2Door Hard-top 2000GT-R MY1972 (1).jpg
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| designer = [[Shinichiro Sakurai]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2570|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" >{{cite web|url=http://www.jbskyline.net/c10/gtr/specs|title=PGC10 Nissan Skyline GTR|access-date=19 April 2014|work=jbskyline.net}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|4400|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" />
| width = {{convert|1665|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" />
| height = {{convert|1370|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" />
| weight = {{convert|1100|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" />
}}

The first Skyline GT-R, known by the internal [[Nissan]] designation of '''PGC10''', was introduced on 4 February 1969, and was exclusive to Japanese Nissan dealership network called ''[[Nissan Motor Company#Japan|Nissan Prince Store]]'' when the Prince company was integrated into Nissan operations in 1966. It was available originally as a four-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] after a public debut at the October 1968 [[Tokyo Motor Show#1968|Tokyo Motor Show]]. It was advertised alongside the [[Nissan R380]] racecar to showcase the Skyline's racing heraldry. It was equipped with the 2.0 L [[Overhead camshaft#Dual overhead camshaft|DOHC]] [[Nissan S20 engine|S20]] [[Inline-six engine]] rated at {{convert|119|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 7,000 rpm and {{convert|130|lbft|Nm lbft|0|abbr=on|order=out}} at 5,600 rpm.<ref name="www.jbskyline.net" /> Power was delivered to the rear wheels by a 5-speed [[manual transmission]] and the car was equipped with a limited slip differential. The first Skyline GT-R rode on a semi-trailing arm strut suspension. The braking system consisted of disc brakes at the front and drum brakes at the rear. It was available in a [[coupé]] bodystyle in March 1971 with the chassis code '''KPGC10'''.

The interior of the car was very basic and featured racing bucket seats and a three-spoke steering wheel along with wood inserts. The pedals were finished in aluminium.<ref name="Evo III"/>

A popular name for the PGC and KPGC10 Skyline GT-R was '''Hakosuka''', which combines the Japanese word for box ("hako" or ハコ) and the pronounced abbreviation of skyline ("Suka" or スカ as in スカイライン or "sukairain").

A total of 1,945 PGC and KPGC10 Skyline GT-Rs were produced.

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 310 |image1= 1969 Nissan Skyline Sedan 2000GT-R.jpg
| caption1= Nissan GT-R PGC10
| width2 = 180 |image2= Nissan Skyline 2000 GTR, Model KPGC 10, 1970 (6633381811).jpg
| caption2= Nissan GT-R KPGC10 (rear view)
| width3 = 180 |image3= S20 in KPGC 10 Skyline GTR (6633394331).jpg
| caption3= The 2.0-litre S20 inline-6 engine
}}

{{clear}}

=={{anchor|C110}} Second generation (1972–1973)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Second generation (KPGC110)
|production = 1972 – 1973 197 produced
|body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
|layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
|engine = 2.0 L [[Nissan S20 engine|''S20'' I6]]
|image = GT-RC110.jpg
|transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
|designer = [[Shinichiro Sakurai]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2610|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage"/>
|length = {{convert|4460|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage"/>
|width = {{convert|1695|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage"/>
|height = {{convert|1380|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage"/>
|weight = {{convert|1145|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="heritage">{{cite web |url=http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/HERITAGE/skyline_h_t_2000_white.html |title=Heritage Collection {{!}} Skyline H/T 2000GT-R |publisher=Nissan |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621235551/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/HERITAGE/skyline_h_t_2000_white.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

[[File:Skyline GT-R (KPGC110) rear.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of an KPGC110 GT-R]]

The KPGC10's successor, the KPGC110, was introduced in 1973 after its introduction at the [[Tokyo Motor Show#1972|1972 Tokyo Motor Show]]. Powered by a 1,989 cc S20 inline-6 engine, the second generation of the GT-R delivered power to the rear wheels through a 5-speed manual gearbox. This car also had both front and rear disc brakes. The suspension was a semi-trailing ring arm setup and minor aerodynamic parts were added.

This model of the GT-R was also known as the '''Kenmeri''' Skyline, due to a popular advertisement featuring a young couple (Ken and Mary) enjoying the [[Hokkaido]] countryside. The advertisement later spawned a hit song by Buzz, and the tree featured in the advertisement later became a minor star itself. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

The second generation GT-R was unsuccessful, as a petrol crisis hit in the early 1970s, reducing demand for high-performance sports cars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/energy-crisis|title=Energy Crisis (1970s) - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com|website=HISTORY.com|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> A total of 197 cars were built by the end of its short production run. For the next decade, this was the last GT-R until the production of the R32 in 1989.

{{clear}}

=={{anchor|R32}} Third generation (1989–1994)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Third generation (R32)
|image = Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 001.jpg
|production = August 1989 – November 1994 43,937 produced
|designer = [[Naganori Ito]]
|body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
|layout = [[front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front engine, all-wheel drive]]
|engine = 2.6 L [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT|''RB26DETT'' I6]]
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2615|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_11627" >{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=11627|title=1990 Nissan Skyline GT-R technical specifications|access-date=25 October 2013 |work=Carfolio}}</ref>
|length = {{convert|4545|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_11627" />
|width = {{convert|1755|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_11627" />
|height = {{convert|1341|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_11627" />
|weight = {{convert|1430|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evo">{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/nissan/skyline/gt-r-r32|title=Nissan Skyline GT-R R32 – review, history, prices and specs|date=28 April 2018|work=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>
}}

=== Concept ===
After discontinuing the Skyline GT-R in 1973, Nissan revived the GT-R nameplate again in 1989. At the time [[Nissan]] was competing in [[Group A]] Racing with the Skyline GTS-R. [[Nissan]] wanted to retire the GTS-R in favor of a more competitive vehicle. The new generation of the GT-R, '''E-BNR32''' chassis (commonly shortened to '''R32'''), was designed to dominate Group A class racing.

Nissan Kohki (Nissan's power train engineering and manufacturing facility) originally tested a twin turbocharged {{cvt|2350|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} bored and stroked version of the [[Nissan RB engine#RB20|RB20 engine]]. This set up resulted in a power output of {{convert|233|kW|PS hp|abbr=on}} and used a [[rear wheel drive]] drivetrain. Under Group A regulations, a turbocharged engine must multiply its engine displacement by 1.7, putting the new Skyline in the 4,000 cc class, and requiring the use of 10-inch-wide tyres. Knowing that they would be required to use 10-inch-wide tyres, Nissan decided to make the car [[all wheel drive]]. Nissan developed a special motorsport-oriented AWD system for this purpose called the [[ATTESA E-TS]]. Although this assisted with traction, it made the car {{convert|100|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} heavier; the added weight put the GT-R at a disadvantage to other cars in the 4,000 cc class. Nissan then made the decision to increase the displacement to 2,600 cc, and put the car in the 4,500 cc class, with the car's weight near-equal to competing cars. The 4,500 cc class also allowed for 11-inch-wide tyres. New engine block and heads were then developed to better match the increased displacement. The result was a car that had a power output of {{cvt|600|PS|kW PS hp|0|order=out}}.<ref>[http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=13 – Nissan Heritage Collection "R32 Story".].''nissan-heritage-collection.com''</ref> Later REINIK (Racing & Rally Engineering Division Incorporated Nissan Kohi) produced Group A racing engines rated between {{convert|373|-|485|kW|PS hp|abbr=on|0}}<ref>[http://www.reimax.co.jp/pages/history/index.html – REINIK History "REINIK History".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508202640/http://www.reimax.co.jp/pages/history/index.html |date=8 May 2015 }}.''reimax.co.jp/pages/history/index.html''</ref> depending on track conditions.

=== Production ===
This new {{cvt|2568|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} [[RB26DETT]]-powered all wheel drive concept was put into production as the R32 Nissan Skyline GT-R. The R32 developed {{convert|206|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6,800 rpm and {{convert|260|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 4,400 rpm,<ref name="Evo"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1990/2135570/nissan_skyline_gt-r_nismo.html |website=automobile-catalog.com |title=1990 Nissan Skyline GT-R R32 Nismo |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-reviews/magazine-reviews/the-worlds-most-advanced-road-car-nissan-skyline-gt-r-driven-car-1990/|website=carmagazine.co.uk |title=The world's most advanced road car: Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R driven (CAR+ archive, 1990)|first=Gavin|last=Green|date=6 July 2016 |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> it had a curb weight of {{cvt|1430|kg|abbr=on}}. [[Nissan]] officially started its production run 21 August 1989,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gtrusablog.com/2013/01/nissan-skyline-gt-r-r32-production-dates.html |title=Nissan Skyline GT-R R32 Production Dates |website=Nissan Skyline GT-R s in the USA Blog |date=13 January 2013 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> and began its [[Group A]] campaign in 1990.

The Skyline GT-R [[Nismo]], identified by the model code suffix "RA", was introduced on 22 February 1990 and attracted a premium of {{currency|235,500|JPY}} over the standard car. It existed to [[homologation|homologate]] a number of changes related to performance, aerodynamics, weight-saving and reliability for [[Group A]] racing. Those rules required a production run of 500 units, under the "Evolution" special regulations, but an additional 60 were produced and held by [[Nissan]] to turn into race cars, rising the production total to 560 units.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gtrusablog.com/2011/12/nissan-skyline-gt-r-nismo-show-or.html |title=Nissan Skyline GT-R Nismo Show or Display Application |website=Nissan Skyline GT-R s in the USA Blog |date=12 December 2011 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Aerodynamic changes include: two additional ducts in the front bumper and removal of the protective honeycomb mesh to improve airflow to the [[intercooler]], a bonnet lip spoiler to direct more air into the engine bay, deeper rear spats, and an additional boot lip spoiler to provide more downforce. The [[Nismo]] specification deletes [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]], which is not legal in Group A, and the rear wiper to save weight. The bonnet and front panels are aluminium in all GT-R models rather than the standard steel in non GT-R models, again to save weight. Overall the GT-R Nismo weighs {{convert|1400|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} compared to {{convert|1430|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for the standard GT-R. Tyres are Bridgestone RE71 in 225/55R16 fitted to 16-inch alloy wheels. Mechanically, the GT-R Nismo uses the RB26 engine of the 'standard' GT-R but replaces the standard [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] T03 turbo chargers with larger T04B models, sacrificing the faster spool up of the ceramic turbo wheels for the enhanced reliability of steel wheels. The GT-R [[Nismo]] was only available in colour code KH2 "Gun Grey Metallic". Other minor, but noticeable, changes include a circular "Nismo" logo on the right-rear of the boot lip, lack of radio tuning controls on the dashboard console (since a radio was optional), and cross-drilled brake rotors. Nismo-branded options available included a {{cvt|260|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} speedometer, 3-inch cat-back exhaust system, front suspension tower brace, sports shock absorbers, 17-inch alloy wheels, and a rear spoiler with a built-in third brake light.

[[File:Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 002.jpg|thumb|left|A rear view of an R32, showing the distinctive four round taillights]]
[[File:1994 Nissan Skyline GT-R V-Spec II N1 no.10, front left.jpg|thumb|Skyline GT-R V·Spec II N1 in the typical Crystal White paint and with the 17-inch BBS wheels fitted to all V·Specs.]]

The Skyline GT-R 'N1' model (identified by the model code suffix "ZN"), was introduced on 19 July 1991, and designed for home-market [[Group N|N1]] racing with a total of 245 units eventually produced (118 of these are 'N1', 64 are 'V·Spec N1', and 63 are 'V·Spec II N1' – see below explanation of 'V·Spec'). The most notable change was in the engine, which was upgraded to the R32-N1 specification. Building on the 'Nismo' car's specification, it was also lightened by the removal of the ABS, and rear wiper, but for 'N1' the air conditioning, sound system, and boot carpet were also deleted, and distinctive light-weight headlights were fitted. 'N1' cars also had reinforcing for the brake master cylinder and additional brake cooling ducts under the car. All 'N1' cars were delivered with a thin layer of colour code 326 "Crystal White" paint.

To celebrate the success of the GT-R in both Group N and Group A racing, Nissan introduced the Skyline GT-R V·Spec ("Victory SPECification") package on 3 February 1993. The V·Spec added Brembo brakes and a retuned [[ATTESA E-TS]] system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nissan Skyline GT-R R34 V-Spec II Specifications and Features |url=https://www.motowag.com/nissan-skyline-gt-r-r34/ |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> The V·Spec was available in both 'plain' and 'N1' variants, with all V·Spec cars using the lightweight aluminium bonnet and front bumpers from the 'Nismo'. The cars also replaced the standard 16-inch wheels with 17-inch BBS wheels with 225/45R17 tyres.

Finally on 14 February 1994, the Skyline GT-R V·Spec II was introduced, with the only change being wider 245/45R17 tyres. The 'plain' V·Spec and V·Spec II had a curb weight of {{convert|1480|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, weighing {{convert|50|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} more than the standard GT-R.<ref>[http://www.jlimports.com.au/nissan-skyline-r32-gt-r-godzilla-0 JLIMPORTS.AU – Skyline R32 GT-R "Godzilla".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204041052/http://www.jlimports.com.au/nissan-skyline-r32-gt-r-godzilla-0 |date=4 December 2008 }}.''jlimports.com''</ref> Total production of the V·Spec and V·Spec II was 1,396 and 1,306 units respectively.<ref name=en-bnr32-production>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-bnr32-production.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R Production Details |website=GTR-Registry |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

Production of the R32 Skyline GT-R ceased in November 1994 after a production run of 43,937 units.

The most popular colours are KH2 "Gun Grey Metallic" (45% of cars), followed by 326 "Crystal White" (18%), 732 "Black Pearl Metallic" (13%), KL0 "Spark Silver Metallic" (12%). The rarest colour is BL0 "Greyish Blue Pearl" with only 141 units.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-bnr32-vin-table.php |title=Nissan Skyline BNR32 VIN Table |website=GTR-Registry |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

In 1989, the Japanese [[Best Motoring]] television program conducted a test at the [[Nürburgring Nordschleife]] with a production version Nissan Skyline GT-R R32. Driven by [[Motoharu Kurosawa]], the car completed a lap time of a 8:22.38 minutes around the semi-wet (damp) condition circuit, making it the fastest production vehicle around the track.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-JF5wszhHA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812035937/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-JF5wszhHA&feature=youtu.be| archive-date=2019-08-12 | url-status=dead|title=BNR32 Skyline GT-R #3 ニュルブルクリンクアタック!! |trans-title=BNR32 Skyline GT-R # 3 Nürburgring Attack !! |publisher=Best Motoring |year=1989 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

As of August 2014, the first R32 Skyline GT-Rs became eligible for US import under the NHTSA "25 year" rule that allows vehicles that are 25 years old (to the month) or older to be imported. Due to their age, these vehicles do not have to comply with federal emissions or with federal motor vehicle safety standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://one.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/import/FAQ%20Site/pages/page2.html#Anchor-28852 |title=Importation and Certification FAQ's Directory—All Vehicles – 7. Importing a vehicle that is at least 25 years old. |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |location=US |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

The R32 Zero-R was a special tuner edition which was engineered by HKS with {{cvt|441|kW|hp PS|0}}. 10 were made but only 4 remain in existence. One was bought by the [[Sultan of Brunei]]. One of them was bought at the 2019 [[Tokyo Auto Salon]] for {{currency|212,000|AUD}} and sent to Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/features/1993-hks-zero-r |title=The history of the HKS Zero-R R32 Skyline |first=Chris |last=Thompson |work=Which Car |location=Australia |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motor1.com/news/299271/nissan-skyline-r32-hks-zero-r/ |title=Nissan Skyline R32 HKS Zero-R Is Rarer Than Most Exotic Cars |first=Jacob |last=Oliva |work=Motor1 |date=30 December 2018 |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Production figures ===
* GT-R (Series 1) = 17,316
* GT-R Nismo = 560<ref name=en-r32-gtr-nismo>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-nismo.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R Nismo|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* GT-R (Australia) = 100<ref name=en-r32-gtr-australia>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-australia.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R Australia|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* GT-R (Series 2) = 11,187
* GT-R (Series 3) = 11,827
* V·Spec = 1396<ref name=en-r32-gtr-v-spec>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-v-spec.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R V-Spec|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* V·Spec II = 1306<ref name=en-r32-gtr-v-spec-ii>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-v-spec-ii.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R V-Spec II|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* N1 = 245<ref name=en-r32-gtr-n1>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r32-gtr-n1.php |title=Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R N1 + V-Spec N1 + V-Spec II N1|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> (GT-R N1 = 118, V·Spec N1 = 64, V·Spec II N1 = 63).
* Total = 43,937<ref name=en-bnr32-production/>

=={{anchor|R33}} Fourth generation (1995–1998)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Fourth generation (R33)
|production = {{unbulleted list
| January 1995 – November 1998
| 16,668 produced
}}
|body_style = {{unbulleted list
| 2-door [[coupé]]
| 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
}}
|layout = [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front engine]], [[all-wheel drive]]
|engine = {{unbulleted list
| 2.6 L [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT|''RB26DETT'' I6]]
| 2.8 L twin-turbocharged ''[[Nissan RB engine#RB-X GT2 & RB28DET|RB-X GT2]]'' I6 (400R)
}}
|image = Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R 001.jpg
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2720|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" >{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=25751|title=1995 Nissan Skyline GT-R technical specifications|access-date=10 October 2013|work=carfolio.com}}</ref>
|length = {{convert|4675|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" />
|width = {{convert|1780|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" />
|height = {{convert|1360|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" />
|weight = {{convert|1530|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.carfolio.com_25751" />
|designer = [[Kozo Watanabe (engineer)|Kozo Watanabe]]
}}

[[File:Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R 002.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Rear view of an R33 GT-R]]

The '''E-BCNR33''' ('''R33''') was developed even as the non GT-R R33 models went on sale in August 1993 (with a prototype being shown at the 1993 Tokyo Motor Show) for release in 1995 as a successor to the R32 model. The engine in the R33 was nearly identical to the R32. It used the same [[turbochargers]] and the same specification for the [[manual transmission|manual]] gearbox, although the syncros were stronger. The engine corrected the R32's weak oil pump drive collar, which tended to fail in higher power applications, by using a wider collar (also fixed in spec 2 R32's prior to R33 release). The base model of the R33 GT-R weighs {{convert|1540|kg||0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motortraders.net/imports/spec.asp?id=618 |title=Nissan Skyline GT-R V.specifications |publisher=Motortraders.net |access-date=7 October 2010 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723211958/http://www.motortraders.net/imports/spec.asp?id=618 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The R33 GT-R went on sale on 6 January 1995 with the base model GT-R and the V·Spec model. The V·Spec model weighed in {{convert|10|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} heavier, and had sportier suspension resulting in lower ground clearance. The V·Spec also featured the newer [[ATTESA E-TS|ATTESA E-TS Pro]] [[all wheel drive]] system, which included an Active Limited Slip differential.

At the same time as the introduction of the R33 GT-R and GT-R V·Spec, [[Nissan]] introduced the R33 GT-R V·Spec N1 model. Changes made to the R33 N1 are similar to those in the R32 N1. The car was made lighter by removing the ABS, air conditioning, sound system, rear wiper, and boot carpet. The R33 GT-R V·Spec N1 received the slightly revised R33 N1 engine.

The R33 ended production on 9 November 1998. The last R33 GT-R produced was a V-Spec in GV1 finished in Black Pearl colour.<ref>{{cite web|last=Itoh|first=Aki|title=BCNR33 Colors – How Many in What Color?|url=http://www.r33gt-r.com/p/how-many-r33s-w.html|access-date=25 February 2018|website=One Man's Lonely Adventures In His R33 Skyline GT-R|quote="GV1 Black Pearl – 19 (the very last V-spec built was this color)"}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-bcnr33-vin-table.php |title=EN-BCNR33 VIN Table |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=25 February 2018 |at=p. 1668 (final page in table).}}</ref>

Before the official release of the R33, [[Nissan]] recorded a lap time for the R33 GT-R at the [[Nürburgring|Nürburgring Nordschleife]], driven by ''Dirk Schoysman'', car set a lap time of 7:59.887 minutes, became the first production vehicle to break into the sub 8 minute mark.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=Nissan GT-R history: here's every generation of 'Godzilla'|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/nissan-gt-r-history-heres-every-generation-godzilla|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Top Gear|language=en}}</ref> Also the, fastest production vehicle around the track. In 1999, the record was broken by a Skyline GT-R R34.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nissan {{!}} Heritage Collection {{!}} Skyline GT-R Nürburgring Time Attack|url=https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/HERITAGE/346_skyline_gt-r_nurburgring.html|access-date=2021-09-30|website=www.nissan-global.com}}</ref>

In 1995, [[Best Motoring]] conducted a test of the GT-R R33 at the [[Nürburgring Nordschleife]]. Driven by [[Motoharu Kurosawa]], the car set a 8:01.72 minute lap time around the track.<ref>{{Citation|title=Skyline R33 GT R Nurburgring Time Attack|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1DjR7L0fBg|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/P1DjR7L0fBg|language=en|access-date=2021-10-01|archive-date=2021-11-07|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Autech Version 40th Anniversary ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Nissan SKYLINE GT-R 4DOOR Autech Version 40th Anniversary MY1998 (1).jpg
| image2 = Nissan SKYLINE GT-R 4DOOR Autech Version 40th Anniversary MY1998 (2).jpg
| footer =
| caption1 = Autech Version 40th Anniversary GT-R sedan
}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 166
| image1 = Skyline GT-R Autechversion 40thanniversary.jpg
| width2 = 180
| image2 = Image-Skyline GT-R Autechversion 40thanniversary rear.jpg
| footer = R33 Skyline GT-R police car based on an Autech 40th Anniversary GT-R sedan
}}

In 1997, [[Autech]] made a limited edition GT-R four-door sedan to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of the Skyline nameplate.<ref name="SH1">{{cite web | url = http://www.speedhunters.com/2011/04/car_spotlight_gt_gt_4_door_er34_gt_r/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041736/http://www.speedhunters.com/2011/04/car_spotlight_gt_gt_4_door_er34_gt_r/ | archive-date = 2020-11-12 | title = Car Spotlight>> 4-door R34 Gt-r | date = 2011-04-21 | publisher =Electronic Arts Inc. | first = Dino | last = Dalle Carbonare | work = Speedhunters }}</ref> While 400 of the Autech 40th Anniversary were planned, in the end 416 examples were built.<ref name="en-r33-autech-gtr">{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-autech-gtr.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R Autech Version 40th Anniversary 4 Door Sedan|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>

=== 1995 GT-R LM ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 240 |image1= Nissan Nismo GT-R LM (road car) front-left 2015 Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery.jpg
| width2 = 180 |image2= Nissan Nismo GT-R LM (road car) rear-right 2015 Nissan Global Headquarters Gallery.jpg
| footer= 1995 Nissan R33 GT-R LM road car on display at the Nissan headquarters
}}

Nissan mostly competed in [[Group C]] racing with purpose built prototype race cars after the R32 GT-R was ousted from the Group A racing but rule changes for Group C forced Nissan to abandon Group C racing. Nissan then set out to develop one of its existing cars to enter the GT1 class racing in the BPR racing series. The company decided to base the new GT1 car on the R33 LM race car. The weight of the car was reduced to {{cvt|1150|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} and the all-wheel-drive system was removed. The car was also considerably widened and lowered with a new bodykit in order to increase downforce. The car was equipped with the N1 specification engine which had a power output of {{cvt|298|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}. The engine was mated to a 6-speed sequential manual transmission manufactured by Xtrac.

The all-wheel-drive system was removed, which led to significant differences from the original GT-R R33. Nissan had to build a homologation road car to correspond to the rear-wheel drive system of the racing version. The 1995 GT1 regulations stated that the GT1 race car must be overall similar to the road version, but did not specify how many road cars should be produced. Thus, a single road LM car was developed and stored at Nissan's Zuma facility. The road version of the car was detuned to {{cvt|224|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and was equipped by the same {{cvt|50|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} wider body kit as the racing version. The interior remained the same as the standard R33 GT-R albeit with an [[Alcantara (material)|Alcantara]] rimmed steering wheel and racing bucket seats.

Two race cars were built having numbers 22 and 23. They were entered in the 1995 season of LeMans but faced tough competition from more powerful race cars such as the [[Ferrari F40|Ferrari F40 LM]] and the [[McLaren F1 GTR]]. The number 22 car driven by H. Fukuyama and S. Kasuya qualified in the 34th season and finished 5th in its class with an overall position of 10th while the number 23 retired after 157 laps due to gearbox damage. Due to the entry of purpose built race cars by using loopholes in the regulations such as the [[Porsche 911 GT1]], Nissan decided to withdraw for the 1996 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/meeting-unicorn-nissan-gt-r-skyline-r33-lm-0#8|title=Meeting a unicorn: Nissan GT-R Skyline R33 LM|date=9 April 2019|first=Rowan|last=Horncastle|publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/motorsports/a21550618/1995-nissan-skyline-gtr-lm-what-gearbox-whine/|title=1995 Nissan Skyline GTR LM: What Gearbox Whine?|date=15 June 2018|first=Màtè|last=Pètràny|publisher=[[Road & Track]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

=== 1996 LM Limited ===
[[File:1996_Nissan_Skyline_GT-R_V-Spec_LM_Limited_in_Champion_Blue,_front_left.jpg|thumb|Nissan Skyline GT-R R33 V-Spec LM Limited]]

There were several limited editions of the BCNR33 produced. The first LeMans, or "LM" version, was introduced in May 1996 to celebrate Nissan's participation in the 24-hours of Le Mans. The only body colour available for the R33 LM was Champion Blue. The car had a front splitter lip to direct air to the upper front aperture, and a carbon fibre rear wing with Gurney flap. There were carbon fibre inserts on the rear wing fins with a GT-R badge on the inserts. The "GT-R Skyline" logo under the checkered flag was placed on the C-pillars.

Nissan produced just 188 units<ref name=en-r33-gtr-lm>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-gtr-lm.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R LM Limited + V-Spec LM Limited|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> of this model, 86 GT-R LM Limited and 102 V-Spec LM Limited.

Limited edition factory fitted extras:

* Champion Blue (code BT2).
* Carbon Fibre Rear Wing Blade.
* N1 Front Brake Cooling Ducts.
* N1 Bonnet Lip.
* Commemorative GT-R Decals on C-Pillars.

=== 1996 Nismo 400R ===
A special edition of the R33 was introduced in 1995,<ref>{{Cite web|title=【あの限定車は凄かった①】N1マシンの心臓を移植したニスモ400R（99台限定／1995年2月1日受注開始／販売価格：1200万円・当時） – Webモーターマガジン|url=https://web.motormagazine.co.jp/_ct/17286815|access-date=2022-02-24|website=web.motormagazine.co.jp|language=en}}</ref> named as Nismo 400R,<ref name=en-r33-400r>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/400r.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R 400R|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> with ''400'' and ''R'' standing for horsepower of the engine and for racing respectively. Overall development and planning was by Nismo (Nissan Motorsports International). But, its bored and stroked RB26DETT engine, the [[Nissan RB engine#RB-X GT2 & RB28DET|RBX-GT2]], was engineered and produced by REINIK (later renamed REIMAX – "REINIK to the MAX"). The engine featured 77.7 mm stroke crankshaft (73.7 mm stock), forged 87 mm pistons (86 mm cast stock), upgraded rods, polished ports, high lift camshafts, upgraded oil system, larger exhaust manifolds and higher output turbochargers. NISMO produced an upgraded exhaust, a twin-plate clutch, and intercooler system. [[Nismo]] brake pads were fitted to the car. 400R exclusive aerodynamic updates were also added, such as wider bumpers, side skirts, a new rear bumper, a new front bumper with bigger air scoops, and a redesigned bonnet and rear spoiler made of carbon fibre. The 400R was also fitted with 18x10 Nismo LM-GT1s. The engine developed {{convert|298|kW|PS hp|abbr=on|0}} and {{convert|347|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}, which allowed a top speed of over {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}, and enabled it to accelerate from {{convert|0-60|mph|km/h|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} in 4.0 seconds. NISMO had originally planned to produce 100 units of the 400R, however, only 44 units were made before production of the R33 ended in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbskyline.net/r33/tuning/nismo400r/|title=Nismo 400R|publisher=JB car pages|access-date=26 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reimax.co.jp/|title=REIMAX}}</ref>

==== Acceleration ====
Test By Hot Rod Magazine below sea level:<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://imgur.com/gallery/n9Gky/comment/795261771 |title=Porsche GT1 vs. Ferrari F40 vs. Vector W8TT vs. NISMO 400R vs. Dodge Viper GTS vs. McLaren F1 vs. Lamborghini Diablo SE vs. Ferrari F50 vs. Bugatti EB110 S |magazine=Hot Rod Magazine |location=US |date=December 1997}}</ref>

* {{cvt|0–30|mph|0|order=flip}}: 1.4 sec
* {{cvt|0–60|mph|0|order=flip}}: 3.8 sec
* {{cvt|0–80|mph|0|order=flip}}: 7.0 sec
* {{cvt|0–100|mph|0|order=flip}}: 10.0 sec
* {{cvt|0–120|mph|0|order=flip}}: 12.1 sec
* {{cvt|1/4|mile|m|0|order=flip}}: 12.2 sec at {{cvt|120.3|mph|1|order=flip}}
* {{cvt|30–120|mph|0|order=flip}}: 10.7 sec

=== Production figures ===
* GT-R (Series 1) = 5050
* V·Spec (Series 1) = 4095
* Unknown (Series 1) = 14 (Pre-production or early cars including GT-R, V·Spec and V·Spec N1).
* GT-R (Series 2) = 2291
* V·Spec (Series 2) = 1203
* LM Limited = 188<ref name=en-r33-gtr-lm/> (86 GT-R LM Limited, 102 V·Spec LM Limited)
* GT-R (Series 3) = 1958
* V·Spec (Series 3) = 1269
* [[Autech]] Version 40th Anniversary = 416<ref name=en-r33-autech-gtr/>
* N1 = 87<ref name=en-r33-gtr-n1>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-gtr-n1.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R V-Spec N1|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> (Series 1 = 55 known, Series 2 = 21, Series 3 = 11)
* UK V·Spec = 97<ref name=en-r33-gtr-v-spec-great-britain>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-gtr-v-spec-great-britain.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 GT-R V-Spec Great Britain (Series 3)|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> (94x 17 digit VIN models plus 3 prototypes)
* Total production = 16,668<ref name=en-r33-colours>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r33-colours.php |title=Nissan Skyline R33 Production Numbers |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=={{anchor|R34}} Fifth generation (1999–2002)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fifth generation (R34)
| image = Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R Nür 001.jpg
| caption = Nissan Skyline GT-R M·spec Nür (BNR34)
| production = January 1999 – August 2002 2003 – 2007 (Z-Tune) 11,578 produced
| designer = [[Kozo Watanabe (engineer)|Kozo Watanabe]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front engine]], [[all-wheel drive]]
| engine = {{unbulleted list
| 2.6 L [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT|''RB26DETT'' I6]]
| 2.8 L twin-turbocharged ''[[Nissan RB engine#RB28DETT|RB28DETT]]'' I6 (Z-Tune)
}}
| transmission = 6-speed ''[[Getrag]] 233'' [[manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2665|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.thecaryoudrive.com" >{{cite web|url=http://www.thecaryoudrive.com/en/0310206bc7b|title=Nissan Skyline Gt-r X (R34) 2.6 I 24V Turbo 4WD (1999) (petrol) – Technical data|access-date=30 September 2013 |work=thecaryoudrive.com}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|4600|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.thecaryoudrive.com" />
| width = {{convert|1785|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.thecaryoudrive.com" />
| height = {{convert|1360|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="www.thecaryoudrive.com" />
| weight = {{convert|1560|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evo II">{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/nissan/skyline/gt-r-r34|title=Nissan Skyline GT-R R34: review, history and specs of an icon|date=27 April 2018|first=John|last=Barker|publisher=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date= 26 April 2019}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Japanese NISSAN SkylineR34 GTR police car.jpg|thumb|Skyline R34 GTR police car]]
[[File:RB26DETT R34.jpg|thumb|RB26DETT R34]]

The '''GF-BNR34''' ('''R34''') Skyline GT-R, GT-R V·Spec and GT-R V·Spec N1 models were introduced in January 1999. The R34 GT-R was shorter (from front to rear), and the front overhang was reduced as compared to its predecessor. The valve covers were painted glossy red (colour code Cherry Red Effect Z24 or X1020){{Citation needed|reason=No source on the specific shade of paint; this information has been historically hard to find; it would be good to have a reliable source on this information.|date=December 2018}}, as opposed to black in previous models.

[[File:Nissan Skyline - 2 Fast 2 Furious.JPG|thumb|left|A Skyline GT-R R34 driven by the character [[Brian O'Conner]], portrayed by [[Paul Walker]] in the film ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]]''.]]

A new feature on the R34 GT-R is a 5.8" LCD multifunction display on the centre of the dashboard, which shows seven different live readings of engine and vehicle statistics such as turbocharger pressure (1.2 bar max), oil and water temperature, among others. The GT-R V·Spec model added two extra features to the display: intake and exhaust gas temperatures.<ref name="Evo II"/> [[Nismo]] Multi-function Displays (MFD) could be bought at an extra cost, they included a lap timer, G-Force meter and an increase in boost pressure measurement to 2 bar. The R34 GT-R was made shorter in response to customer concerns who thought the R33 was too bulky.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://topgear.com.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3355:godzillas-in-the-mist-nissan-skyline-r32-gt-r-r34-gt-r-driven-review&catid=39&Itemid=174|title=Godzillas in the Mist: Nissan Skyline GT-R R32/R34 Driver [review]|date=13 April 2017|work=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

Like the R33, the new R34 GT-R V·Spec (Victory Specification) models come equipped with the [[ATTESA E-TS]] Pro system and an Active LSD at the rear, while standard GT-R models come with the non-Pro system and a conventional mechanical differential. The V·Spec model also had firmer suspension and lower ground clearance, thanks to front and side splitters, as well as a rear [[carbon fibre]] air diffuser, designed to keep air flowing smoothly under the car.

At the time of the R34's introduction, like the R32 and R33, [[Nissan]] introduced an R34 V·Spec N1<ref name=en-r34-gtr-n1/> model. The R34 V·Spec N1 was equipped similar to the R32 and R33 N1 models – a homologation special. It was sold without air conditioning, audio equipment, rear wiper, or boot lining, but ABS remained. The new R34 N1 was also given the new R34 N1 engine. Only 38<ref name=en-r34-colours/> known R34 V·Spec N1 models were produced from the factory, 12 of which [[Nismo]] used for [[Super Taikyu]] racing. The rest were sold to various customers, mostly racing teams and tuning garages.{{citation needed|date=April 2019|reason=No sources state that the V Spec N1 was sold to tuning garages}}

The V·Spec version was also imported into the UK with a number of modifications carried out on these 80 cars.<ref name=en-r34-colours/><ref name="Evo"/> These included 3 additional oil coolers, revised ECU map, full [[Connolly leather]] interior, underbody diffusers, stiffer suspension, active rear limited slip differential, extra display feature on the in car display. In additional to the UK, 10<ref name=en-r34-colours/> were sold to Hong Kong and Singapore, and 5<ref name=en-r34-colours/> to New Zealand although with different changes for their respective markets.

[[File:Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R Nür 002.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of an R34 GT-R M·spec Nür]]

In October 2000, Nissan introduced the V·Spec II, replacing the V·Spec. The V·Spec II has increased stiffness in the suspension (even stiffer than the original V·Spec) and had larger rear brake rotors. It also comes equipped with a [[carbon fibre]] bonnet equipped with a [[NACA duct]], which is lighter than the aluminium that all other GT-R bonnets are made from. Also different on the V·Spec II was an iridium centre console and aluminium pedals. The seats were upholstered with black cloth rather than the grey cloth used on previous R34 GT-R models, and the amber turn lenses were replaced with white versions.

With the exception of the carbon fibre bonnet, the standard trim level GT-R also received these updates. A total of 18<ref name=en-r34-colours/> V·Spec II N1 were built. A total of 1855<ref name=en-r34-colours/> V·Spec II were built for Japan, with an additional 2<ref name=en-r34-colours/> being sold for the New Zealand market. The V·Spec N1 was replaced with the V·Spec II N1. The same changes applied to the V·Spec N1 were applied to the V·Spec II N1, with the exception of the V·Spec II carbon bonnet which was now unpainted.

In May 2001, the M·Spec<ref name=en-r34-gtr-m-spec/> was introduced. It was based on the V-Spec II, but had special "Ripple control" dampers, revised suspension set up, stiffer rear sway bar and a leather interior with heated front seats. The 'M' on the M·Spec stood for Mizuno who is the chief engineer of Nissan. The only other change was the removal of the carbon fibre bonnet which was replaced with the standard aluminium bonnet.

In February 2002, Nissan launched a final production model of the R34 GT-R called the Skyline GT-R V·Spec II Nür<ref name=V-Nur>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasmag.com/features/rides/3300-2002-nissan-skyline-r34-gtr-V·spec-ii-nur|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V.Spec II Nur |first=Michael |last=Finger |work=Pas Mag|date=14 September 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> and the Skyline GT-R M·Spec Nür, which were based on the V-Spec II N1. The Nür was named after the famous German [[Nürburgring]] racetrack, where the Skyline was developed.

In total, 1,003 units<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur/> of the R34 GT-R Nür were produced. 718<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur/> were V·Spec II Nürs and 285<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur/> were M·Spec Nürs. The Nür model featured an improved RB26DETT based on the N1 racing engine. The standard turbochargers were upgraded to larger versions with a slight increase in boost and the ceramic blades were replaced with steel versions. This has increased lag, but the turbo's durability was improved while being able to handle a bigger boost increase. The V·Spec II Nür is based on the regular V·Spec II model, and the M·Spec Nür was based on the regular M·Spec model.

Other than the addition of the Nür engine, the Nür models also included a different colour of stitching on the interior trim, as well as a speedometer reading up to {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}, gold valve covers instead of red and a gold VIN plate instead of silver. Due to Japanese car industry norms at the time, the car was advertised as having {{cvt|206|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} but it actually had over {{cvt|246|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} when it left the factory.

In 1999, during [[Nissan]]'s testing session at the [[Nürburgring Nordscheleife]]. The car set a unofficial lap time of 7:52 minutes around the track, driven by Nissan's test driver [[Kazuo Shimizu (driver)|Kazuo Shimizu]]. The car broke the Skyline GT-R R33's record, which was the fastest production vehicle around the track.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gorodji |first=Alex |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqjTj_6z6cQC&q=There+was+no+official&pg=PA78 |title=Nissan GT-R |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=978-1-61673-005-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=50 Years of Nissan Skyline GT-R: in pictures |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/features/50-years-nissan-skyline-gt-r-gallery |first=Chris |last=Thompson |access-date=2020-10-13 |work=Which Car |location=Australia}}</ref>

=== Production figures ===
* GT-R (Series 1) = 2,709<ref name="R34 Production dates">{{cite web |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R Production Dates |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-bnr34-production.php |website=gtr-registry.com |access-date=29 May 2019 |language=En}}</ref>
* V·Spec = 4,193<ref name="R34 Production dates" />
* V·Spec N1 = 38<ref name="en-r34-gtr-n1">{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-n1.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec N1 + V-Spec II N1|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* V·Spec UK = 81<ref name="en-r34-gtr-v-spec-great-britain">{{cite web|url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-v-spec-great-britain.php|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec Great Britain|website=GTR-Registry.com|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* V·Spec Hong Kong = 10<ref name="en-r34-gtr-v-spec-hong-kong">{{cite web|url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-hong-kong.php|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec Hong Kong|website=GTR-Registry.com|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
* V·Spec New Zealand = 5<ref name=en-r34-gtr-v-spec-new-zealand>{{cite web|url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-new-zealand.php|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec New Zealand|website=GTR-Registry.com|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
* V·Spec Singapore = 10<ref name="en-r34-gtr-v-spec-singapore">{{cite web|url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-singapore.php|title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R V-Spec Singapore|website=GTR-Registry.com|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''Unknown'' (Series 1) = 20<ref name="R34 Production dates" /> (pre-production cars including GT-R (Series 1), V·Spec and V·Spec N1).
* GT-R (Series 2) = 1,268<ref name="R34 Production dates" />
* V·Spec II = 1,855<ref name="R34 Production dates" />
* V·Spec II Nür = 718<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-nur.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GTR V-Spec II Nür + M-Spec Nür |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>
* V·Spec II N1 = 18<ref name=en-r34-gtr-n1/>
* V·Spec II New Zealand = 2<ref name="R34 Production dates" />
* M·Spec = 366<ref name="en-r34-gtr-m-spec">{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-gtr-m-spec.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R M-Spec|website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
* M·Spec Nür = 285<ref name=en-r34-gtr-nur/>
* Nismo Z-Tune = 19 Note: The Z-tune were built on used cars, which is why that number can not be added to the total figure below.<ref name=z-tune>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/z-tune.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 GTR Nismo Z-Tune |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>
* ''Total'' = 11,578<ref name=en-r34-colours>{{cite web |url=http://gtr-registry.com/en-r34-colours.php |title=Nissan Skyline R34 Production Numbers |website=GTR-Registry.com |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Z-Tune ===
[[File:Nissan_Skyline_GT-R_Nismo_Z-Tune.jpg|alt=|thumb|Nissan Skyline GT-R Nismo Z-Tune shown at the Nismo showroom.]]

[[Nismo]] originally designed the concept of the Z-tune in 2002 when Nissan was putting an end to the R34 Skyline production. The first Z-tune was built in 2003, using a used 2002 Skyline GT-R V·Spec II. It was built with a concept RB26DETT 'Z1' engine. This engine was based on Nissan's Le Mans GT2 and GT500 racing experiences. As with the racing vehicles a strengthened engine block and stroked crankshaft were utilised. The engine was also bored. With the new displacement of 2.8 L and upgraded turbochargers the Z1 engine was rated at {{cvt|368|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6800 rpm and {{Convert|540|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 5200 rpm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Z-tune|url=https://www.nismo.co.jp/Z-tune/data_e/6.html|website=www.nismo.co.jp|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nismo Skyline|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/56351/nismo_skyline.html|website=Evo|language=en|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref> The Z-Tune had a {{convert|0–100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} acceleration time of 3.8 seconds and has a top speed of over {{cvt|327|km/h|mph|0}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/gt-r-nismo-z-tune-remembering-the-ultimate-street-legal-r34-skyline-225388.html|title=GT-R Nismo Z-Tune: Remembering the Ultimate Street-Legal Skyline|website=autoevolution|date=2023-11-30|first=Vlad|last=Radu|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201162654/https://www.autoevolution.com/news/gt-r-nismo-z-tune-remembering-the-ultimate-street-legal-r34-skyline-225388.html|archive-date=2023-12-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carscoops.com/2019/10/this-nissan-skyline-gt-r-z-tune-is-the-worlds-most-valuable-r34/|title=This Nissan Skyline GT-R Z-Tune Is The World’s Most Valuable R34|website=carscoops|date=2019-10-07|first=Brad|last=Anderson|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008040236/https://www.carscoops.com/2019/10/this-nissan-skyline-gt-r-z-tune-is-the-worlds-most-valuable-r34/|archive-date=2019-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nismo was then given the approval from Nissan to build Z-tune models for the Nismo anniversary. Nismo then purchased 18<ref name=z-tune/> used R34 GT-R V·Spec, each with less than {{convert|18000|mi|km|abbr=in|sigfig=2|order=flip}} on the odometer, they were then completely stripped and were resprayed to a "''Z-tune Silver''," a special colour exclusively for the Z-tune.<ref>[http://www.sportcompactcarweb.com/features/0505_scc_nismo_z_tune_skyline/index.html Sports Compact Magazine – NISMO Z-Tune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208070044/http://www.sportcompactcarweb.com/features/0505_scc_nismo_z_tune_skyline/index.html |date=8 December 2008 }}''NISMO bought used GT-R V·spec, each with less than 18K miles on the odometer, and stripped them to bare shells.''</ref> One car was left in its original colour of Midnight Purple III.<ref name=z-tune/> For each of the 18 production models,<ref name=z-tune/> the 2.8 L engine was revised to allow it to reach a speed of 8,000 rpm. The turbochargers were supplied by [[Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries|IHI]] in Japan. The engine is advertised to be able to generate {{cvt|368|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} (for warranty reasons).{{Clarify|reason=What does this mean by advertised as? Was the actual power more? Less? Is the power listed here (500 PS) the correct number that is advertised by Nissan?|date=May 2020}} This second revision of the Z-tune engine is called the 'Z2'. The bodywork is designed with the same functional components used in Nismo's GT500 racing cars, such as engine bay vents on the bonnet and bumpers, as well as wider arches for wider wheels. The Z-tune is also improved with an aggressive suspension setup from Sachs, and a specially designed [[Brembo]] brake system.

The entire car is essentially handmade, with the car being completely stripped and re-built from the ground up. Engineers reinforced and stiffened the chassis seam welding in key areas such as the door seams and door frames and added carbon fibre to the strut towers and transmission tunnel and the engine bay, completely redesigning the suspension, drivetrain, engine, gearbox and other components so as to work at maximum efficiency and reliability as is expected of a road-going vehicle. Although Nismo planned on building 20 cars, they ceased production on only 19 (including 2 prototypes).<ref>[http://www.nismo.co.jp/news/news2007/n070003.html Z-Tune News: Z-Tune Discontinued]''nismo.co.jp''.</ref>
{{clear}}

===Replacement===
[[File:Nissan_GT-R_MY2017_(1)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Nissan GT-R R35 (2017 facelift)]]
{{Main article|Nissan GT-R}}

Following the end of R34 production in 2002, Nissan announced they would separate the GT-R model from the Skyline name, creating an entirely new vehicle—though based on the same platform as the Skyline. This new car, now known simply as the [[Nissan GT-R]], debuted in 2007 in Tokyo. Introduced to consumers in 2008, it was the first GT-R available worldwide, entering the North American market for the first time.

The GT-R uses the [[Nissan PM platform|Premium Midship (PM) platform]], an evolution of the [[Nissan FM platform|FM platform]] first used by the V35 generation of the Skyline. The R34 heritage is reflected in its chassis codes: '''CBA-R35''' (2007–2011), '''DBA-R35''' (2012–2016), '''4BA-R35''' (2017–present) or simply '''R35'''.

{{clear}}

==Powertrain==
[[File:Nissan RB26DETT engine on display at Prince and Skyline Museum in Nagano Japan.jpg|thumb|The 2.6-litre [[Nissan RB engine|RB26DETT]] as used in the R32 and R33 Skyline GT-Rs]]
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2019}}

The GT-R of the 1990s included a 2.6 L [[straight-6|straight six-cylinder]] [[turbocharger|twin-turbo]] engine producing {{convert|206|kW|PS hp|abbr=on|0}}. The standard turbochargers were of a hybrid steel/ceramic design allowing them to spool up faster due to the light nature of the ceramic exhaust wheel.

The drive train delivered power to all four wheels using an electronically controlled [[all-wheel-drive]] system Nissan called the [[ATTESA|ATTESA E-TS]]. This system used two [[accelerometer]]s mounted under the center console, which fed lateral and longitudinal inputs to the ECU. The ECU then controlled power delivery to the front wheels via an electronic torque split converter. In 1995, the [[ATTESA-ETS#ATTESA-ETS Pro|ATTESA E-TS Pro]] was introduced as an option for R33 GT-R customers, and came as standard equipment in GT-R V•Spec models. It was later standard equipment in all GT-R models for the R34 Skyline GT-R. The ATTESA E-TS Pro added a hydraulic Active [[Limited Slip Differential]], which was controlled by the onboard ATTESA computer. This was only for the rear differential, as the front differential remained as a mechanical open differential. Although it is not related to the all wheel drive system, it uses much of the same sensors, and the same computer. The R32 could be switched from AWD to RWD by removing the 4WD [[Fuse (automotive)|fuse]], but R33 and R34 models had to have the front tailshaft removed, or the centre diff can be depressurised for 'towing mode' as specified in the owners manual.

The car also had computer-controlled [[all wheel steering]] system referred to as [[HICAS]]. The HICAS system activated when the vehicle exceeded {{convert|80|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} and controlled the steering of the rear wheels in the same direction as the front to improve turn in on entry to corners. This feature is often seen as more of a hindrance than help in race applications.{{citation needed|date=April 2019|reason=Reliable source needed to verify this fact}} The system tends to favor less experienced drivers, and can make the rear suspension unstable during high speed cornering.

While the published figures from Nissan were as quoted above, tests showed the car had a factory power output of closer to {{convert|327|hp|PS kW|abbr=on|0}} at the [[flywheel]].<ref name="Paydarfar">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotcars.com/1998-nissan-skyline-r34-most-legendary-jdm-import/|title=Why The 1998 Nissan Skyline R34 Is The Most Legendary JDM To Import In 2023|website=hotcars|first=Hamed|last=Paydarfar|date=2023-03-13|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171619/https://www.hotcars.com/1998-nissan-skyline-r34-most-legendary-jdm-import/|archive-date=2023-03-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/secrets-about-the-nissan-skyline-gt-r-r34/|title=7 Secrets About The Nissan Skyline GT-R R34|website=topspeed|first=Dimitar|last=Angelov|date=2022-12-25|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171619/https://www.hotcars.com/1998-nissan-skyline-r34-most-legendary-jdm-import/|archive-date=2023-03-13|url-status=live}}</ref> The lower published figure was Nissan's response to the need to abide by a [[Gentlemen's agreement#Industry|gentleman's agreement]] between the Japanese auto manufacturers not to introduce a car to the public exceeding {{convert|206|kW|PS hp|abbr=on|0}} of power output.<ref name="Paydarfar"/>

===N1 engines===
[[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT N1|RB26DETT N1]] is an upgraded version of the standard [[RB26DETT]] engine. It was developed by Nissan Kohki's REINIK division for NISMO and N1 race cars. The standard [[RB26DETT]], although known for its durability, proved to require too much maintenance for Group N (N1 class) racing conditions.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} REINIK started with a strengthened RB26DETT block. The N1 block is identified by its 24U number stamped on the block (05U standard blocks). The cylinder walls are thicker and [[Internal combustion engine cooling|water cooling]] channels are enhanced to increase flow. It also received an upgraded [[oil pump (internal combustion engine)|oil pump]] and [[water pump]], to improve the cooling and lubrication for race conditions. The [[piston]]s have {{convert|1.2|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} top rings and were balanced before assembly but otherwise very close to standard. The connecting rods are also similar to standard but made from slightly stronger material and balanced. Standard crankshaft is balanced to a higher level. Higher flow exhaust manifolds and turbochargers were added for increased torque and slightly higher top-end power. [[Turbine]] wheels on the N1 turbochargers are also made from steel for durability, rather than the lighter but weaker ceramic found on the standard turbine.

The R32 Skyline GT-R N1 road car marked the N1 engine's introduction for sale to the public. R32, 33, and 34 N1 road cars were known for lack of amenities and their light weight. The R33 N1 engine and turbochargers were slightly revised, and the R34 N1 engine saw further improvement. The camshaft timing was altered slightly for more torque. R33 and R34 N1 turbochargers are the same size however R34 N1s use a [[ball bearing]] center section. NISMO states the ball bearings in the R34 N1 allow them to spool 400 rpm faster than R33 N1.

The final N1 engine is the R34 Nür engine. The only differences are the cam cover colour change from red to gold and R34 Nür edition was a fully loaded street car. There were 1,000 Nür engines made for use in the R34 V.spec II Nür and R34 M-spec Nür models.

==Motorsports==
[[File:R32 Calsonic Skyline 001.jpg|thumb|The CALSONIC R32 GT-R from the [[Group A]] series|alt=]]

The GT-R's history of racetrack dominance began with its 50 victories scored from 1968 to 1972, including 49 consecutive wins in the Japanese race circuit. Nissan pulled out of racing shortly after the introduction of the KPGC110 due to the 1973 oil crisis.

The Skyline GT-R later earned the nickname "Godzilla", as a play on its "monster" track performance and country of origin. The R32 GT-R dominated the Japanese Touring Car Championship, won all 29 races it entered in the series, as well as taking the series title every year from 1989 to 1993.

[[File:R34 Xanavi Skyline 001.JPG|thumb|left|A Nissan R34 GT-R GT500 competition car]]

It took 50 races from 50 starts from 1991 to 1997 (latterly R33) in the N1 [[Super Taikyu]]. The GT-R's success sounded the death knell of [[Group A]] [[Touring Car racing]]; with the formula being scrapped soon after. JTCC was similarly dominated by the R32 GT-R, and splintered soon after, leading to the switch to the Supertouring category and also indirectly to the GT500 category of today.

The GT-R's success in [[motor racing]] was formidable, particularly in the annual {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=in}} race at the Mount Panorama circuit in [[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]], Australia, where the [[Bathurst 1000#Group A era|winner in 1991 and 1992]] was a GT-R (despite receiving additional {{convert|140|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} in weight penalties and a turbo pressure relief valve in 1992, and crashing). It took the overall win of the 1991 [[Spa 24 Hours]], after getting the pole position and fastest lap time, ahead of the [[Porsche 911]] and [[BMW M3|BMW M3 Evolution]].<ref name="http://www.racingsportscars.com">{{cite news|url= http://www.racingsportscars.com/etcc/photo/Spa-1991-08-04.html?sort=Results |title=Spa 24 Hours 1991|publisher= Racing Sports Cars |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> It remained dominant in the Japanese GT series for many years. The Skyline GT-R was retired from the JGTC series (later changed Super GT Series) in 2004. Its successor, the [[Nissan GT-R]], competed and dominated the [[2008 Super GT season]], winning the GT500 (see details below).

[[File:Nissan Skyline GT-R LM - Kazuyoshi Hoshino, Masahiro Hasemi & Toshio Suzuki at Dunlop Curve at the 1996 Le Mans (51718055585).jpg|thumb|Nissan Skyline GT-R LM competing at the [[1996 24 Hours of Le Mans]]]]

No other GT-R race victories escaped controversy.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} At the 1990 [[Macau Grand Prix]] [[Guia Race|Guia touring car race]], the factory-backed R32, driven by [[Masahiro Hasemi]], led the race from start to finish. The following year, officials forced the car to carry a weight penalty of {{convert|140|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} That year, it was also up against the more competitive [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft|DTM]] [[BMW M3]] and [[Mercedes-Benz W201#Evolution models|Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.5–16 Evolution II]]. A disgruntled Hasemi took fourth place. For the following and final year, the weight penalty was reduced, and works-backed Hasemi returned with another privateer R32. The privateer crashed, and Hasemi retired with engine failure.

In the UK, [[Andy Middlehurst]] took the Nissan Skyline GT-R (R32) to two consecutive championship wins in the National Saloon Car Cup. Other championship titles include the [[1991 Australian Touring Car Championship]] ([[Jim Richards (race driver)|Jim Richards]]), the [[1991 Australian Endurance Championship]] (Mark Gibbs & Rowan Onslow), the 1991 [[Australian Manufacturers' Championship]], the [[1992 Australian Touring Car Championship]] ([[Mark Skaife]]) and the 1992 Spanish Touring Car Championship.

Janspeed provided three cars to race in Europe. One car to run for Andy Middlehurst in the UK in the National Touring Car Series.
In 1990 they entered three cars in the SPA-Francorchamps 24 hours. They managed a tremendous finish of one, two and three in class.
Three cars were entered to run in the SPA 24 hours in which it finished first and second in its class (Group N) in 1991. A GT-R Group A car also took first overall.
In 1992 they finished second in Group N with the Group A entry retiring due to a pit fire.

Janspeed also ran a GT-R in the Spanish Touring Car Championship (CET). This car won the championship driven by [[Luis Pérez-Sala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxrepsol.com/en/repsol-25-50-anniversary/national-touring-car-cup/ |title=Luis Pérez Sala wins the Spanish touring championship with the Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R. – Repsol 50th Anniversary Competition |work=Box Repsol |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Akira Kameyama]] has taken the GT-R to the [[Pikes Peak International Hillclimb]] race on three occasion winning in each Open Class for production cars he entered, one in 1993 with the R32,<ref>[http://www.artemisimages.com/detail.aspx?photomode=3&categoryid=801&photoid=ppih0824 Artemis Images – Akari Kameyama driving his Nissan Skyline in] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328104220/http://www.artemisimages.com/detail.aspx?photomode=3&categoryid=801&photoid=ppih0824 |date=28 March 2008}}</ref> another in 1996 with the R33<ref>[http://www.artemisimages.com/detail.aspx?photomode=3&categoryid=944&photoid=ppih0851 Artemis Images – Akira Kameyama driving his Nissan in 1996. He] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328104226/http://www.artemisimages.com/detail.aspx?photomode=3&categoryid=944&photoid=ppih0851 |date=28 March 2008}}</ref> and again in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/date/19980706/news014236.html |title=Off Road: Rod Millen Wins Pikes Peak Hill Climb |publisher=Theautochannel.com |access-date=7 October 2010}}</ref> For the following year, [[Rhys Millen]] took an R33 Skyline GT-R to win the High-Performance Showroom Stock category.

The GT-R debuted in the US at 1994 [[Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona]]. Nismo entered a sole Group A specification R32 for the GTU category. This car was so fast in the infield section in the first practice that the competition colluded to have restrictors fitted. The team was not allowed to run again until they fitted them. They eventually finished 20th. NISSAN was probably not too upset as they did not import the GT-R model to the USA. However, they did sell the 300ZX and it was one of those that won.

[[File:GT-RLMKeepTheDream.jpg|thumb|An R33 Skyline GT-R LM that competed at the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]]|alt=]]

In 1995 Nismo developed the Skyline GT-R for endurance racing with a pair of JGTC specification R33s for the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]]. These were not allowed to run a four-wheel drive. To meet homologation regulations, Nissan had to build at least one street-legal version with four-wheel drive removed. The two racing cars achieved some success at Le Mans, with one car placing tenth overall, and fifth in its GT1 class, class—beaten only by the more developed [[McLaren F1 GTR]]s and in overall standings by the GT2 class champion No. 84 Honda NSX entered by Team Kunimitsu. For {{24hLM|1996}}, the Skyline GT-R LMs returned, this time carrying enlarged RB26DETTs displacing 2.8 litres. Again competing in GT1, they finished 15th overall and 10th in class. However, Nissan chose to abandon their production-based Skyline GT-R LMs in 1997 and instead turn to the purpose-built [[Nissan R390 GT1|R390 GT1]]. In honour of the success of the Skyline at Le Mans, Nissan marketed a limited edition R33 they called the ''LM Limited'', available only in "Champion Blue" (colour code BT2).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.r33gt-r.com/p/how-many-r33s-w.html |title=BCNR33 Colors – How Many in What Color? |website=www.r33gt-r.com |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

In 2006 [http://www.automotiveforums.com/ Automotive Forums.com] became the first team to compete with an R34 GT-R in the United States, participating in the Speed [[SCCA Pro Racing World Challenge|World Challenge]] GT series. Team: Driver and President of ''Automotive Forums.com'' Igor Sushko, Crew Chief Sean Morris, Team Manager Victor Reyes, Mechanic [[Josh Mitchell]], and Engineer Merritt Johnson.

In 2007, the Heat Treatments Drag R32 Skyline GT-R driven by Reece McGregor of New Zealand, broke the world record for the fastest AWD over {{convert|1/4|mile|m|abbr=in|order=flip|round=5}} with a time of 7.57 seconds at {{convert|305.98|km/h|mph|2|abbr=on}} at the Willowbank Dragway in Australia, a record previously held by the HKS R33 Skyline GT-R with a time of 7.67 seconds.<ref>[http://www.sportcompact.net.au/Reece_McGregor.php Reece McGregor Driver Profile].''sportscompactcar.com.'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820082956/http://www.sportcompact.net.au/Reece_McGregor.php |date=20 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heat-treat.co.nz/downloads/files/news12/pages/page02.html |title=World Record Smashed In Australia |publisher=heat-treat.co.nz |date=Summer 2006 |access-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826073743/http://www.heat-treat.co.nz/downloads/files/news12/pages/page02.html |archive-date=26 August 2011 }}</ref> Heat Treatments R32 has gone as quick as 7.53@185 mph.<ref>[http://www.gtrusablog.com/2012/09/heat-treatments-r32-nissan-gt-r-753-185.html Nissan Skyline GT-R s in the USA Blog: Heat Treatments R32 Nissan GT-R: 7.53 @ 185 mph video]</ref>

On the same year at TOTB U.K Racing series, Keith Cowie and RB Motorsport's GT-R BNR32 broke the fastest four-wheel drive {{convert|0-300|km/h|mph|abbr=on|0}} record with a time of 12.47 seconds. The previous record holder was another GT-R, a BNR32 from Veilside Japan with 13.72 seconds during the early 90s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skylineowners.com/forum/showthread.php?p=680926 |title=New 0–300 km/h 4wd Record |website=Skyline Owners Forum |date=3 August 2007 |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

In March 2015, the New Zealand tuning shop, R.I.P.S., set a new AWD {{convert|1/4|mile|m|abbr=in|order=flip|round=5}} record with their BNR32 "RIPS MGAWOT III". It ran 7.32 seconds at {{convert|191.95|mph|km/h|abbr=on|2|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkwHZhIbXIU | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/bkwHZhIbXIU| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|title=New GTR World Record 7.327 @ 191.95mph RIPS MGAWOT III |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In July 2020, Australian tuning company, Maatuoks Racing's R32 GT-R broke the AWD quarter mile record. Car itself ran the quarter mile in 6.47 at 353.88 km/h (219.94 mph). Also became the fastest GT-R at the quarter mile by beating the ET-S R35 GT-R.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Custom Nissan GT-R Sets 1/4-Mile Record Of 6.47 Seconds At 220 MPH|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/430187/nissan-gt-r-awd-record/|access-date=2021-09-25|website=Motor1.com|language=en}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Nissan GT-R]]
* [[Nissan RB engine#RB26DETT|Nissan RB26DETT engine]]
* [[Nissan S20 engine]]
* [[Prince Motor Company|Prince]]
* [[Shinichiro Sakurai]]
* [[Naganori Ito]]
* [[Kozo Watanabe (engineer)|Kozo Watanabe]]
* [[List of Nürburgring Nordschleife lap times]]
* [[Godzilla]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Gorodji |first=Alex | title=Nissan GT-R: Legendary performance, Engineering Marvel | publisher=Motorbooks| year=2008 | isbn=978-0-7603-3036-4 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nissan Skyline GT-R}}
* [http://www.nismo.co.jp/en/index.html NISMO Japan website]
* {{imcdb vehicle|make=Nissan|model=Skyline|Nissan Skyline}}

{{nissan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nissan Skyline Gt-R}}
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:1970s cars]]
[[Category:1980s cars]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Nissan vehicles|Skyline GT-R]]
[[Category:Sports sedans]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:24 Hours of Le Mans race cars]]

Ram Trucks

2023-12-16T19:13:19Z

Alvarowik: Added reference

{{short description|American brand of light to mid-weight commercial vehicles, a division of Stellantis}}
{{about|the marque spun off from Dodge in 2010|historic Dodge trucks|List of vehicles named Dodge Ram}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ram Trucks
| logo = Ramchryslerlogo.png
| logo_size = 150
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[division (business)|Division]]
| location_city = [[Auburn Hills, Michigan]], U.S. Administration, Research, Engineering & Design
| location_country =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2010}}
| area_served = North America, Middle East, Latin America, Europe, Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Angola
| industry = [[Automobile]]
| predecessor = Historical: [[Graham Brothers|Graham Brothers Trucks]], [[Fargo Trucks]], [[Plymouth (automobile)#Plymouth trucks|Plymouth Trucks]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autos.ca/classic-cars/motoring-memories-plymouth-trucks-1937-1941-and-1974-1983/ |title=Motoring Memories: Plymouth Trucks, 1937–1941 and 1974–1983 |website=autos.ca |date=July 9, 2010 |access-date=August 11, 2023}}</ref> and [[Dodge]] Truck division
| key_people = {{ubl| Timothy Kuniskis (Ram Brand CEO)}}
| products = [[Truck]]s and [[van]]s
| parent = [[Stellantis]]
| owner =
| homepage = {{url|https://www.ramtrucks.com/|ramtrucks.com}}
}}
'''Ram Trucks''', stylized as '''RAM''' and formerly known as the '''Ram Truck Division''' (of [[Chrysler]]), is an American brand of light to mid-weight trucks and other [[commercial vehicle]]s, and a division of [[Stellantis]] (previously [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]). It was established in a [[Corporate spin-off|spin-off]] from [[Dodge]] in 2010 using the name of the [[Ram pickup]] line of trucks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotcars.com/heres-how-dodge-pickups-evolved-over-the-years/|title=Here's How Dodge Pickups Evolved Over The Years|website=Hot cars|first=Andrew| last=Macfarlane|date=2022-04-24|access-date=2023-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424175422/https://www.hotcars.com/heres-how-dodge-pickups-evolved-over-the-years/|archive-date=2022-04-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Ram Trucks' logo was originally used as Dodge's logo. Ram 1500 "Classic" trucks are made at the Warren Truck Plant in [[Warren, Michigan]], United States, and at the Saltillo plant in [[Saltillo]], Coahuila, Mexico. New series Ram 1500 pickups are made at Sterling Heights Assembly in [[Sterling Heights, Michigan]]. Since its inception, the brand has used the slogan "Guts. Glory. Ram."

==Background==
Prior to the 1970s, Dodge had maintained a separate marque for trucks, [[Fargo Trucks]], primarily for use outside the United States. After that point, all trucks made by Chrysler were distributed under the Dodge marque.

In June 2009, when [[Chrysler]] emerged from [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] protection, Fiat Group received a 20% stake in Chrysler Group LLC and [[Sergio Marchionne]] was appointed CEO, replacing CEO [[Robert Nardelli]].<ref>{{cite web|author= Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/05/07/breaking-marchionne-confirmed-as-post-bankruptcy-chrysler-ceo/ |title=BREAKING: Marchionne confirmed as post-bankruptcy Chrysler CEO |publisher=Autoblog.com |access-date=1 September 2012}}</ref> On June 10 that year, substantially all of Chrysler's assets were sold to "New Chrysler," organized as Chrysler Group LLC. The federal government provided support for the deal with US$8 billion in financing at near 21%. Under CEO Marchionne, "World Class Manufacturing" or WCM, a system of thorough manufacturing quality, was introduced and several products re-launched with quality and luxury. The Ram, Jeep, Dodge, SRT and Chrysler divisions were separated to focus on their own identity and brands.

[[File:Ram, Paris Motor Show 2018, IMG 0271.jpg|thumb|left|Ram Trucks at [[Paris Motor Show]] 2018]]
Ram Trucks was established as a division of Chrysler in 2010, as a spin-off from Dodge, and using the name of the [[Dodge Ram]] line of pickups that is now sold under the Ram banner.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20091005/CARNEWS/910059995 |title=Ram brand created, Gilles to lead Dodge cars and Fong leaves in Chrysler shakeup |journal=AutoWeek |date=2009-10-05 |access-date=2011-01-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622015636/http://www.autoweek.com/article/20091005/CARNEWS/910059995 |archive-date=2011-06-22 }}</ref> According to Chrysler, the Ram Trucks brand will concentrate on "real truck customers," rather than casual truck buyers who buy trucks for image or style.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.detnews.com/article/20091105/AUTO01/911050358/1031/Chrysler-brands-to-aim-appeal-at-specific-lifestyles|last=Hoffman|first=Bryce G.|title=Chrysler brands to aim appeal at specific lifestyles|work=[[The Detroit News]]|date= 2009-11-05| access-date= 2009-11-07}}</ref>

The [[Fiat Ducato]] cargo van design has been adopted and is sold as the Ram ProMaster in North American markets, filling the gap created when [[Daimler AG|Daimler]] ended production of the [[Dodge Sprinter]] in 2008. The goal was to increase truck sales "from today's 280,000 to 415,000 by 2014."<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://fleetowner.com/management/news/chrysler-fiat-commercial-vans-1105/ |last=Kilcarr |first=Sean |title=Chrysler to get Fiat commercial vans |journal=Fleet Owner |date=2009-11-05 |access-date=2011-01-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301043654/http://fleetowner.com/management/news/chrysler-fiat-commercial-vans-1105/ |archive-date=2011-03-01 }}</ref>

Executives at Chrysler have stated their intention to compete in the [[semi-trailer truck]] category with Ram, a possibility that is aided by Fiat's ownership of [[Iveco]] and an already available network of Dodge dealers. Ram trucks are marketed separately from Dodge cars; former Ram Division President Fred Diaz stated, "Ram trucks are not a Dodge model. Ram will always be 'vinned' (Vehicle Identification Number) as a Ram. We need to continue to market as Ram so Dodge can have a different brand identity: hip, cool, young, energetic. That will not fit the campaign for truck buyers. The two should have distinct themes."<ref name="autoblog.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/11/06/autoline-on-autoblog-with-john-mcelroy// |last=McElroy |first=John |title=Chrysler Considers Getting Back Into Big Rigs |publisher=Autoline on Autoblog |date=2009-11-06 |access-date=2011-01-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417164741/http://www.autoblog.com/2009/11/06/autoline-on-autoblog-with-john-mcelroy/ |archive-date=2011-04-17 }}</ref>

On July 21, 2011, Fiat bought the Chrysler shares held by the U.S. Treasury, increasing its stake in the company.<ref name="Chrysler-Jul-2011-8-K">{{cite web|url= http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1730/119312511193300/filing-main.htm |title=Chrysler, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jul 21, 2011 |website=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 25, 2013}}</ref>

In April 2013, Diaz left Ram Trucks to serve as vice president of Nissan's divisional sales and marketing. He was replaced by Reid Bigland.<ref name="Top Spot at Ram">{{Cite web|url=http://news.pickuptrucks.com/2013/04/reid-bigland-gets-top-spot-at-ram.html|title=Reid Bigland Gets Top Spot at Ram|access-date=2014-06-22|publisher=pickuptrucks.com|year=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828012155/http://news.pickuptrucks.com/2013/04/reid-bigland-gets-top-spot-at-ram.html|archive-date=2013-08-28}}</ref>

Fiat Chrysler formed as a new corporate entity in January 2014.

In August 2014, Ram Trucks CEO Reid Bigland was tapped to lead the [[Alfa Romeo]] brand in North America. It was announced that the new head of the Ram Trucks brand would be longtime Chrysler employee Robert Hegbloom, who joined Chrysler in 1986 and had been a director for Dodge.<ref name="New head of Ram truck brand">{{cite web|url=http://www.trucktrend.com/features/news/2014/1408_robert_hegbloom_named_head_of_ram_brand|title=Robert Hegbloom named head of Ram truck brand|access-date=2014-08-18|publisher=trucktrend.com|year=2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819211534/http://www.trucktrend.com/features/news/2014/1408_robert_hegbloom_named_head_of_ram_brand/|archive-date=2014-08-19}}</ref> In October 2018, Bigland was promoted to CEO of Ram Trucks. Shortly thereafter, he discovered that the division had been misreporting sales figures and turned over that information to the U.S. government for investigation. Allegedly, FCA cut his bonuses in retaliation, which resulted in Bigland filing a whistleblower lawsuit against FCA. In March 2020, Bigland announced his resignation.<ref name="Bigland Departure">{{cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2020/03/04/reid-bigland-leaving-fca-whistleblower-lawsuit/4951238002/|access-date=2020-03-05|publisher=Detroit Free Press|title=Ram truck chief who filed whistleblower suit against FCA to leave company}}</ref>

Stellantis formed in 2021 when Fiat Chrysler merged with the French PSA Group.

The Ram brand logo features the head of a [[Ovis|ram]], formerly the logo used by Dodge.

==Trucks==
For specifically foreign-market models (designed by Chrysler Europe, etc.), see below.

From 1927 to 1928, all trucks built by Dodge were actually sold under the [[Graham-Paige|Graham]] name, as that company held the marketing rights at that time.

===Current===
*Ram 700 (2014–present): The [[Fiat Strada]], a [[coupé utility]] sold in Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Brazil and Peru, is sold as the Ram 700 in Mexico and South America (formerly known as Ram V700 Express in Chile).
*Ram 1000 (2018–present): The [[Fiat Toro]], a compact pickup manufactured in Brazil, is sold in Latin America as the Ram 1000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://motor1.uol.com.br/news/276279/fiat-toro-ram-1000-colombia/|title=Fiat Toro é apresentada como RAM 1000 na Colômbia|work=Motor1.com|access-date=2018-11-14|language=pt-br}}</ref>
*[[Ram pickup]] (1981–present): The flagship product line, it includes the 1500 model and "Heavy Duty" 2500, 3500, 4000, 4500, and 5500 models.
*Ram ProMaster Van (2013–present): The line of [[Fiat Ducato]] full-size vans are sold as Ram ProMaster vans in North America. The line includes models 1500, 2500, and 3500, with cut-away [[Chassis cab|chassis-cab]] versions available.
*Ram ProMaster Rapid/Ram V700 Rapid (2014–present): The Latin America-spec [[Fiat Fiorino#Latin America (2013–present)|Fiat Fiorino]] van is sold as the Ram ProMaster Rapid in Mexico and the Ram V700 Rapid in Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru.
*Ram V700 City (2018–present): The European-spec [[Fiat Fiorino#Third generation|Fiat Fiorino]] van is sold as the Ram V700 City in Chile.
*Ram Rampage (2023–present): A unibody pickup truck produced by Stellantis in Brazil and marketed through the American Ram marque. It is the first Ram-branded vehicle to be produced in Brazil.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:2014 Ram 1500 ProMaster Tradesman SWB std roof front.jpg|2014 Ram 1500 ProMaster Tradesman SWB std roof
File:2015 Ram ProMaster City Tradesman Cargo Van, front left.jpg|2015 Ram ProMaster City Tradesman cargo van
File:2019 Dodge Ram 1500 Laramie, front 2.28.20.jpg|2019 Ram 1500 Laramie
</gallery>

===Former===
*[[Dodge Dakota]] (1987–2011): A mid-size pickup, it was moved to the Ram marque with the full-size pickup lineup, although the vehicle retained its physical Dodge branding. It was also rebadged as the [[Mitsubishi Raider]].
*Ram H100: The [[Hyundai Starex#Second generation (TQ; 2007)|Hyundai Starex]] was sold as a Ram in Mexico, although the Hyundai badges were kept.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/05/whats-wrong-with-this-picture-brand-engineering/|title=What's Wrong with This Picture: New Lows in Brand Engineering Edition|date=26 May 2011}}</ref>
*[[Chrysler minivans (RT)|Ram C/V Tradesman]] (2012–2015): Cargo versions of the then-current Chrysler minivan platform were sold under the Ram marque until replaced by the ProMaster City.
*Ram 1200 (2016–2019): The [[Fiat Fullback]] / [[Mitsubishi Triton]], a midsize pickup built by a Fiat–[[Mitsubishi]] joint venture, was sold as the Ram 1200 in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ram 1200|url=http://www.mideast.ramtrucks.com/en/ram_1200/|publisher=Ram Trucks Middle East|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>
*Ram ProMaster City/Ram V1000 (2014–2023): The [[Fiat Doblò]] van is sold as the Ram ProMaster City in North America and the Ram V1000 in Chile.

==Production==
Ram vehicles are manufactured at five facilities; three in North America, one in Western Asia, and two in South America.
* [[Warren Truck Assembly|Warren Truck Assembly Plant]], [[Warren, Michigan]], United States. First opened in 1938, the facility has produced trucks for Dodge and Ram since inception. The plant currently produces the [[Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS/DJ/D2)|Ram 1500 Classic]] (Quad Cab and Crew Cab), along with the [[Jeep Wagoneer]], Wagoneer L, and Grand Wagoneer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren Truck Assembly Plant |url=https://media.stellantisnorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=343 |access-date=2023-07-03 |publisher=Stellantis}}</ref>
* Sterling Heights Assembly Plant, [[Sterling Heights, Michigan]], United States. This facility was first built in 1953 as the Michigan Ordinance Missile Plant, operated by the US Army. Chrysler Corporation purchased the facility in 1983. The plant currently produces the [[Ram Pickup (fifth generation)|Ram 1500]] (Quad Cab and Crew Cab).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sterling Heights Assembly Plant |url=https://media.stellantisnorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=335&mid= |access-date=2023-07-03 |publisher=Stellantis}}</ref>
* Saltillo Truck Assembly Plant, [[Saltillo|Saltillo, Coahuila]], Mexico. The facility first opened in 1995. The plant manufactures the Ram 1500 Classic (Regular Cab), [[Ram pickup|Ram 2500 through 5500 Heavy Duty]], and the Mexico-only DX Chassis Cab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saltillo Truck Assembly Plant |url=https://media.stellantisnorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=319 |access-date=2023-07-03 |publisher=Stellantis}}</ref> The plant has won numerous awards and has been recognized as the Chrysler groups best truck facility in terms of build quality.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dodge in Mexico: a history by Jaime Hale |url=http://www.allpar.com/world/mexico.html |title=Chrysler, Jeep, and Dodge in Mexico |publisher=Allpar.com |access-date=2014-06-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140623063955/http://www.allpar.com/world/mexico.html |archive-date=2014-06-23 }}</ref> The Saltillo stamping plant is also attached to the facility.

* [[Tofaş]], [[Bursa]], [[Turkey]]. The plant produces vehicles primarily for the European market; however, the [[Fiat Doblò#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] is produced at Tofaş and imported into North America.

* [[Goiana]], [[Pernambuco]], [[Brazil]]. The plant produces vehicles primarily for the Latin American market. The output consist of FCA Small Wide 4×4 and Small Wide 4×4 LWB platform based vehicles, the factory produces Jeep and Ram branded trucks and SUVs. The plant currently produces the [[Ram Rampage]] and [[Ram 1000]] (the badge-engineered [[Fiat Toro]]), along with the [[Jeep Renegade]], [[Jeep Compass]], and the [[Jeep Commander|Meridian]].

*[[Betim]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]]. A Fiat factory that produces the Ram ProMaster Rapid/Ram V700 Rapid (the Latin America-spec badge-engineered [[Fiat Fiorino#Latin America (2013–present)|Fiat Fiorino]]) and the Ram 700 (the badge-engineered [[Fiat Strada]]).

==In popular culture==
Ram Trucks entered popular culture in an unintentional way on February 4, 2018, during [[Super Bowl LII]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nordic.businessinsider.com/dodge-ram-super-bowl-commercial-martin-luther-king-2018-2?r=US&IR=T|title=People hate Dodge Ram's Super Bowl ad, which uses a Martin Luther King speech to sell trucks|website=nordic.businessinsider.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212719/http://nordic.businessinsider.com/dodge-ram-super-bowl-commercial-martin-luther-king-2018-2?r=US&IR=T|archive-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> Their commercial's use of Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s sermon [[Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.#Sermons|"The Drum Major Instinct"]] was quickly and widely panned by audiences, academics, news outlets and social media alike.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2018/2/6/when_us_needs_mlks_voice_more|title=When U.S. Needs MLK's Voice More Than Ever, Automaker Dodge Waters Down His Message to Peddle Trucks|website=democracynow.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220213101/https://www.democracynow.org/2018/2/6/when_us_needs_mlks_voice_more|archive-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/CNN/status/960390097387565056|title=CNN on Twitter|website=twitter.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514135535/https://twitter.com/CNN/status/960390097387565056|archive-date=2018-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html|title=Ram Trucks Commercial With Martin Luther King Jr. Sermon Is Criticized|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220221701/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html|archive-date=20 February 2018|last1=Maheshwari|first1=Sapna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediaite.com/tv/twitter-roasts-dodge-ram-for-using-mlk-speech-to-sell-trucks-during-super-bowl/|title=Twitter Roasts Dodge Ram For Using MLK Speech to Hawk Trucks in Super Bowl Ad|website=www.mediaite.com|date=5 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212832/https://www.mediaite.com/tv/twitter-roasts-dodge-ram-for-using-mlk-speech-to-sell-trucks-during-super-bowl/|archive-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> Of particular concern was its usage of a speech in which King condemned advertising ("we are so often taken by advertisers... those gentlemen of massive verbal persuasion") to sell more Ram Trucks.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/drum-major-instinct-sermon-delivered-ebenezer-baptist-church |title="The Drum Major Instinct," Sermon Delivered at Ebenezer Baptist Church |encyclopedia=King Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Stanford University#Research centers and institutes|Stanford University {{!}} Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute]] |access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBiFnDuCJIU|title=Martin Luther King Jr., "The Drum Major Instinct" FINAL Sermon --- COMPLETE|last=nicholasflyer|date=24 April 2013|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214140814/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBiFnDuCJIU|archive-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> Within hours, content creators on YouTube had made spin-offs ("What Martin Luther King Actually Thought About Car Commercials," "The MLK Super Bowl Ad Dodge Didn't Show You," "What Dodge LEFT OUT Of Their MLK Commercial In Super Bowl," etc.) that showed a more accurate perspective of King's sermon and opinions about advertising.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=767&Itemid=74&jumival=21069 |title=Ram Truck's Super Bowl Ad Drives over MLK's Legacy |access-date=2018-02-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212713/https://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=767&Itemid=74&jumival=21069 |archive-date=2018-02-20 }}</ref>

Ram trucks feature prominently in [[Taylor Sheridan|Taylor Sheridan's]] [[Yellowstone (American TV series)|''Yellowstone'']] television series as the chosen work vehicles of the Yellowstone Dutton Ranch, featuring the ranch's logo and branding on the sides of the vehicles. The trucks feature a variety of configurations, mostly 2500-series trucks with the 6.7L Cummins diesel.

== European versions of Ram vans ==
[[Fiat Professional]]: This was [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]]'s global light commercial vehicle brand marketed outside North America, marketing the same vans marketed as Ram in the Americas. In the other part of [[Stellantis]], [[Groupe PSA|PSA]], all brands except [[DS Automobiles]] sell vans in three sizes under their respective brands.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Ram}}
{{Navboxes
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff
|list=
{{Ram Truck Timeline}}
{{Chrysler LLC}}
{{Stellantis}}
{{Dodge}}
{{Dodge Truck Timeline}}
{{Automotive industry in the United States}}
{{Trucking industry in the United States}}
}}

[[Category:Ram Trucks| ]]
[[Category:Dodge]]
[[Category:Stellantis]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Pickup trucks]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Car brands]]

Pagani Automobili

2023-09-04T01:09:57Z

Alvarowik: Updated data

{{short description|Italian hypercar manufacturer}}
{{about|the Italian automobile manufacturer|the Italian city with the same name|Pagani, Campania|other uses|Pagani (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
| logo = Pagani logo.svg
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| founder = [[Horacio Pagani (auto executive)|Horacio Pagani]]
| key_people = Horacio Pagani ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]/[[President (corporate title)|President]])
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = [[Hypercar (car classification)|Hypercar]]s [[Carbon fibre]] components
| owner = Horacio Pagani
| revenue = € 114,382,997
| revenue_year = 2021<ref name=UC>{{cite web|url=https://www.ufficiocamerale.it/1812/pagani-automobili-spa|title=DATI DELLA SOCIETÀ - HORACIO PAGANI S.P.A.|website=ufficio camerale| access-date=2023-09-03|language=it|location=Italy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408163911/https://www.ufficiocamerale.it/1812/pagani-automobili-spa|archive-date=2023-04-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
| num_employees = 162 (2023)<ref name=UC/>
| homepage = [http://www.pagani.com Pagani.com]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1992}}
| location = [[San Cesario sul Panaro]], [[Province of Modena|MO]], Italy
}}

'''Pagani Automobili S.p.A.''' (commonly referred to as '''Pagani''') is an Italian manufacturer of [[Hypercar (car classification)|hypercar]]s and [[Carbon fiber reinforced polymer|carbon fiber]] components. The company was founded in 1992 by the Argentinean-Italian [[Horacio Pagani (auto executive)|Horacio Pagani]] and is based in [[San Cesario sul Panaro]], near [[Modena, Italy]].

== History ==
[[Horacio Pagani (auto executive)|Horacio Pagani]], who formerly managed [[Lamborghini]]'s composites department, founded Pagani Composite Research in 1988. This new company worked with Lamborghini on numerous projects, including the restyling of the [[Lamborghini Countach#25th Anniversary Edition|Lamborghini Countach 25th Anniversary Edition]], the [[Lamborghini LM002]], the [[Lamborghini P140|P140]] design concept, and the [[Lamborghini Diablo|Diablo]]. In the late 1980s, Pagani began designing his own car, then referred to as the "C8 Project". Pagani planned to rename the C8 the "Fangio F1" to honour his friend, the Argentinian five-time [[Formula One]] champion, [[Juan Manuel Fangio]].

In 1991, Pagani established Modena Design to meet the increasing demand for his design, engineering, and prototyping services. In 1992, he began construction of a Fangio F1 prototype, and by 1993, the car was being tested at the [[Dallara]] wind tunnel with positive results. In 1994, [[Mercedes-Benz]] agreed to supply Pagani with V12 engines. The cost of these cars are at a total of 2.3 million dollars.

The final car was named the [[Pagani Zonda#Zonda C12|Zonda C12]], the first of the Zonda line (the Fangio F1 name was dropped out of respect for Fangio, who died in 1995). It was first presented at the 1999 [[Geneva Motor Show]].

In 2005, Pagani announced that it planned to triple its production output within the next three years, and to enter the US market in 2007.

On 30 June 2010, Pagani claimed a new record for production-based cars using the [[Pagani Zonda#Zonda R|Pagani Zonda R]] and completing the [[Nürburgring]] in 6:47, beating the [[Ferrari 599XX]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pagani.com/en/news/2010/df52fc4a8b1f4b4b9e11350422bd28c4.aspx |title=Pagani Automobili | News | Nurburgring record Zonda R |access-date=2017-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064642/http://www.pagani.com/en/news/2010/df52fc4a8b1f4b4b9e11350422bd28c4.aspx |archive-date=2017-02-02 }}</ref>

== Pagani Zonda ==
{{main article|Pagani Zonda}}

Pagani's first model, the Zonda, is powered by a mid-mounted [[Overhead camshaft|DOHC]] V12 engine manufactured by [[Mercedes-Benz]]'s [[Mercedes-AMG|AMG]] division. The car's design was inspired by jet fighters and the famous Sauber-Mercedes Silver Arrow Group C cars, and features several unique design elements, including its circular four pipe exhaust system.
[[File:Pagani Zonda Revolucion 01 -- Geneva Motor Show -- 2014-03-09.jpg|thumb|Pagani Zonda Revolución at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2014|2014 Geneva Motor Show]]]]

The Zonda's production run ended with the [[Zonda HP Barchetta]]. Only three were produced with one unit retained for Horacio Pagani's personal collection and the other two costing US$15M.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a12042573/pagani-zonda-hp-barchetta/|title=HP Barchetta, the last production Zonda|date=2017-08-21|work=road and track|access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>

* [[Pagani Zonda|Zonda]]
** C12 {{convert|5987|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}
** C12 S {{convert|7010|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}
** C12 S {{convert|7291|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}
*** C12 S Roadster
*** GR (racing car)
* Zonda F
** Zonda Roadster F
** Zonda F Clubsport
** Zonda Roadster F Clubsport

=== Zonda Cinque ===
Pagani announced a variant of the Zonda named "Zonda Cinque" which was introduced as a 2009 model. The Cinque is based on the track-only Zonda R, but features a new {{cvt|678|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Mercedes-Benz M297 engine|Mercedes-Benz M297]] [[V12 engine]], active aerodynamics, and features exterior elements from the newly developed material "carbon-titanium fibre", which is stronger and lighter than typical [[carbon fibre]]. Only five were produced, all of which were already spoken for.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2008/06/10/paganis-super-exclusive-the-zonda-cinque/|title=Pagani Zonda Cinque|publisher=Automoblog.net|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214232959/http://www.automoblog.net/2008/06/10/paganis-super-exclusive-the-zonda-cinque/|archive-date=2012-02-14}}</ref>

Pagani announced the Zonda Cinque Roadster in July 2009, of which only five were produced. The roadster uses the same [[Mercedes-Benz M297 engine|Mercedes-Benz M297]] [[V12 engine]] as the coupé version, but has been made lighter and stronger to keep the car structurally rigid. Both the coupe and the roadster accelerate from 0–{{cvt|60|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in 3.4 seconds, 0–{{cvt|200|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in 9.6 seconds and have a top speed of {{cvt|349|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The Cinque uses carbon-ceramic brakes from [[Brembo]]. They help decelerate the car from {{cvt|100|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}–0 mph in 3.1 seconds and {{cvt|200|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}–0mph in 4.3 seconds. The maximum side acceleration is 1.45g with road tyres. The car produces {{cvt|750|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} of downforce at {{cvt|300|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/07/07/pagani-zonda-cinque-roadster/|title=Pagani Zonda Cinque Roadster|date=7 July 2009 |publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>

=== Zonda Tricolore ===
At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Pagani announced the exclusive Zonda Tricolore, built to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the [[Frecce Tricolori]], the Italian Air Force's aerobatic squadron.<ref name="www.italiaspeed.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2010/motor_shows/geneva/pagani/0403.html|title=04.03.2010 PAGANI PAY TRIBUTE TO ANNIVERSARY OF THE "FRECCE TRICOLORI" WITH UNIQUE ZONDA|access-date=2010-03-07|work=www.italiaspeed.com}}</ref> Originally intended to be limited to a single car, eventually three were produced. The Tricolore is based on a top specification Zonda Cinque, built on a carbon titanium chassis with sequential transmission and titanium exhausts. The mid-mounted 7.3L [[Mercedes-Benz M297 engine|M297]] [[Mercedes AMG]] [[V12 engine]] produces {{Convert|670|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}}, which helps the car achieve a top speed of {{Convert|217|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} and a 0–{{cvt|60|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} acceleration time of 3.2 seconds.

=== Other production variants ===
* Zonda R
* Zonda Revolucion
* Zonda HP Barchetta

=== Bespoke editions ===
* 2004 C12 S Monza (a track day car based on the GR) – commissioned by King Moka
* 2009 Zonda PS (originally white with golden contrast) – commissioned by Peter Saywell
* 2009 Zonda GJ (bare carbon)
* 2010 Zonda Uno (turquoise)
* 2011 Zonda HH (sky blue) - commissioned by programmer [[David Heinemeier Hansson]]
* 2011 Zonda 750 (bare carbon fibre with pink accents)
* 2011 Zonda Rak (yellow)
* 2011 Zonda Absolute (matte black)
* 2011 Zonda 760RS (carbon fibre black)
* 2012 Zonda 760LH (Purple) – commissioned by F1 driver [[Lewis Hamilton]]
* 2012 Zonda 764 Passione (Grey/Purple)
* 2015 Zonda 760 X
* 2016 Zonda 760 OLIVER Evolution
* 2017 Zonda Fantasma Evo (red tinted carbon with Italian flag striping in the centre along with bare carbon on the centre)
* 2018 Zonda Riviera (Snow white with bare carbon in the centre and blue accents).

== Pagani Huayra ==
{{main article|Pagani Huayra}}

The Pagani Huayra, a successor to the [[Pagani Zonda]], was initially revealed online in a press release on January 25, 2011. It was officially revealed at the 2011 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. The car is named after the [[Inca Empire|Incan]] god of wind, [[Huayra-tata]].<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://exoticcars.about.com/od/guidedtours/ss/Pagani-Huayra.htm|title=Pagani Huayra|publisher=exoticcars.about.com|access-date=2014-12-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104065235/http://exoticcars.about.com/od/guidedtours/ss/Pagani-Huayra.htm|archive-date=2014-11-04}}</ref> The engine is a 6.0-litre [[twin-turbo]] [[Mercedes-Benz M275 engine#M158|M158]] [[V12 engine]] from [[Mercedes-AMG]] producing {{Convert|544|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="carfolio.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=267773|title=2011 Pagani Huayra specifications, information, data, photos 267773|publisher=carfolio.com|access-date=2014-12-09}}</ref> and {{Convert|1000|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} of torque.<ref name="carfolio.com"/> The Huayra's body is made from [[carbotanium]]; a lightweight composition of carbon fibre and titanium. The Huayra has been redesigned from the ground up, but shares many visual qualities with its predecessor. The car can accelerate from 0 to {{cvt|60|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in 3.2 seconds and has a top speed of {{cvt|235|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Only 100 units of the Huayra were produced, each costing £1,000,000 without options.

=== Official technical data ===
* Engine: 6.0 L [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Mercedes-Benz M275 engine#M158|M158]] [[twin-turbo]] [[V12 engine|V12]]
* Displacement: {{convert|5,980|cc|abbr=on}}
* Power: {{Convert|544|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5800 rpm
* Torque: {{Convert|1000|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} at 2250–4500 rpm
* Transmission: 7-speed [[sequential manual transmission|sequential manual]] with AMT robotic system including driving modes
* Length: {{Convert|4605|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
* Wheelbase: {{Convert|2795|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
* Height: {{Convert|1169|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
* Width: {{Convert|2036|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
* Dry weight: {{Convert|1350|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
* Weight distribution: 44% front 56% rear
* Drag Coefficient: .31 to .36 (variable).<ref name="drag">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BzZb8IFlqA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0BzZb8IFlqA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Horacio Pagani's Huayra interview with Jay Leno |publisher=jaylenosgarage.com |date=2012-04-25 |access-date=2013-02-01}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Huayra BC ===
[[File:Pagani Huayra BC .jpg|thumb|Pagani Huayra BC]]
An extreme, track-focused version of the Huayra called the Huayra BC was unveiled at the 2016 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. The Huayra BC is named after the late [[Benny Caiola]], a friend of Horacio Pagani, and the first Pagani customer. The Huayra BC has an improved version of the standard Huayra's engine, producing {{convert|764|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|1000|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/pagani/huayra/17388/pagani-huayra-bc-review-lighter-more-powerful-faster-look-out-laferrari|title=Pagani Huayra BC review - lighter, more powerful, faster... Look out, LaFerrari!|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> The weight is reduced by {{cvt|132|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} to just {{cvt|1,218|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, thanks to the use of an all-new material called 'carbon-triax' in the car which Pagani claims is 50% lighter and 20% stronger than regular carbon fibre, giving the car a [[power-to-weight ratio]] of {{convert|{{#expr:1218/750 round 2}}|kg|lb|2|abbr=on}} per [[horsepower]]. The Huayra BC uses a lightweight titanium exhaust system, new aluminum alloy wheels, and a stripped-out interior. The tyres are [[Pirelli]] P-Zero Corsa tires that feature 12 different rubber compounds, and the suspension and wishbones are made of aeronautical grade aluminum, known as Avional. The Huayra BC also has a new front bumper with a front splitter and winglets, deeper side skirts, and an air diffuser that stretches the entire width of the rear bumper along with a large rear wing. The car uses an [[Xtrac]] 7-speed [[sequential manual transmission]] and has an electro-hydraulic actuation system. Pagani has stuck with a single-clutch gearbox because it weighs 40% less than [[Dual-clutch transmission|double-clutch gearboxes]].

30 units of the Huayra BC were made, despite the claim by Pagani that the model was limited to 20 units. Each unit cost in excess of €2.1M.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/pagani/huayra/60-bc/first-drive |title=First drive: the hardcore Pagani Huayra BC |publisher=Top Gear |date=2016-02-18 |access-date=2017-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229052339/http://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/pagani/huayra/60-bc/first-drive |archive-date=2016-12-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ronan Glon |url=https://news.yahoo.com/pagani-insane-huayra-bc-boasts-142107723.html |title=Pagani's insane Huayra BC boasts more power, more carbon fiber, and a more muscular look |publisher=News.yahoo.com |date=2016-02-19 |access-date=2017-01-07}}</ref>

Later, Pagani unveiled the Huayra Roadster BC and produced 40 units.

=== Huayra Roadster ===
After 2 years of development, the Huayra Roadster was officially unveiled in the 2017 [[Geneva Motor Show]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://gtspirit.com/2017/03/07/geneva-2017-pagani-huayra-roadster/|title=Geneva 2017: Pagani Huayra Roadster|last=Adams|first=Lawrence|date=2017-03-07|website=GTspirit|access-date=2017-03-08}}</ref>

The design of the car underwent several changes, with the most noticeable being the rear, with updated eyelid-like fixed flaps that continued with the design and eventually ended on the rear lights. Vents were included on the rear engine cover for efficient cooling of the engine, and the wheels were updated specifically for the car along with [[Pirelli]] P-Zero tires, along with the addition of a spoiler at the front. The car has conventional doors instead of the [[Gull-wing door]]s used in the coupé as such doors cannot be fitted to an open top car. The car has the same [[twin-turbo]] [[V12 engine]] as the coupé but with the power upgraded to {{convert|764|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} at 6,200 rpm and {{Convert|1000|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque at 2,400 rpm. The power is delivered to the rear wheels via a [[Xtrac]] 7-speed [[sequential manual transmission]] which is 40% lighter than its coupé counterpart. The car was constructed by a material developed by Pagani called 'carbon triax', which is a combination of tri-axis [[fibre glass]] with [[carbon fibre]]. This allowed the car to weigh {{cvt|70|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} less than its coupé counterpart, for a total of {{convert|1,280|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}, making it the first roadster lighter than the coupé. Only 100 were made, all of which were sold even before production ended.<ref name=":0" />

Pagani said that the car could accelerate at 1.8 G.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/pagani-huayra-roadster|title=The Pagani Huayra Roadster pulls a record-breaking 1.8G|last=Barlow|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Barlow|work=British GQ|access-date=2017-03-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Bespoke editions ===
Continuing its tradition with the Zonda, Pagani produced several bespoke Huayras.
* Huayra Carbon Edition (bare carbon exterior)
* Huayra White Edition (Snow white exterior with carbon fibre bits)
* Huayra La Monza Lisa (bare carbon exterior with tri-colore pinstriping, inspired by the Zonda R) – commissioned by Kris Singh
* Huayra 730 S "Da Vinci" (tinted blue carbon exterior with gold accents and wheels, inspired by the Zonda tri-colore) – originally commissioned by Alejandro Salomon
* Huayra BC Kingtasma (tinted red carbon exterior with tri-colore pinstriping and gold crowns beneath the two rear flaps featuring a roof scoop)
* Huayra Pearl (tinted blue carbon exterior with a split rear wing inspired by the Zonda C12 and a roof scoop inspired by the Zonda Cinque)
* Huayra Dinastia (three special edition bespoke cars produced for the Chinese market inspired by Chinese traditions)
* Huayra II Ultimo (final Pagani Huayra coupé featuring the optional pacchetto tempesta aero package along with a bespoke roof scoop and rear wing with a paint job inspired by Formula One driver Lewis Hamilton's F1 car)
* Huayra Hermes Edition (a 1 of 1 custom Coach-Built Pagani Huayra with interior/exterior detailing by Hermes. The car is owned and was partly customised by Iranian-American entrepreneur; Manny Khoshbin)
* Huayra Pieagoni TPG (black and white carbon exterior) commissioned by a Dallas based watch dealer and car collector.
* Huayra Codalunga (a 1 of 5 longtail version of the Huayra)

== Pagani Utopia ==
{{main article|Pagani Utopia}}
The successor to the Huayra, named Utopia, was revealed on September 12, 2022. It has a planned production run of 99 units of the coupé variant, though Pagani have not disclosed the price or when deliveries will begin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/motoring/motoring-news/pagani-utopia-bucks-hybrid-trend/news-story/0da9a9d6a8e053bc29813697325895fc|title=Pagani Utopia bucks hybrid trend|website=adelaidenow.com.au|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Italy|Companies}}
* [[List of Italian companies]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Morelli |first1=Roberto |last2=Racca |first2=Hugo |year=2010 |title=Pagani: The Story of a Dream |location=Fidenza |publisher=Edizioni Arteimmagine |isbn=978-88-905083-1-8}}

== External links ==
*{{official|http://www.pagani.com}}
*[http://traveldriverace.com/2011/pagani-factory-home-handcrafted-power/ "Pagani factory home to handcrafted power" - Review of the Pagani factory tour]

{{Automotive industry in Italy}}

[[Category:Pagani (company)| ]]
[[Category:Sports car manufacturers]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Italian brands]]
[[Category:Italian companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Companies based in the Province of Modena]]

Mazda

2023-05-02T01:08:44Z

Alvarowik: Improve citation, previous is broken

{{short description|Japanese multinational automaker}}
{{About|the car manufacturer|the Zoroastrian diety|Ahura Mazda|other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{coord|34.3770577|132.5008222|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mazda Motor Corporation
| native_name = マツダ株式会社
| native_name_lang = ja
| romanized_name = ''Matsuda [[Kabushiki gaisha|Kabushiki-Gaisha]]''
| logo = Mazda_logo_with_emblem.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| image = Mazda head office 20200607.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Fuchū, Hiroshima (town)|Fuchū, Japan]] (2020)
| type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Kabushiki gaisha|K.K.]])
| traded_as = {{Tyo|7261}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1920|1|30|df=y}}
| founder = [[Jujiro Matsuda]]
| location = 3-1 Shinchi, [[Fuchū, Hiroshima (town)|Fuchū]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]], Japan
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Kiyotaka Shobuda {{small|(Chairman)}} Akira Marumoto {{small|(President and CEO)}}
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| num_employees = 46,398 (2016)
| owners = [[Japan Trustee Services Bank]] (6.3%) [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]] (5%)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tajitsu |first1=Naomi |title=Toyota takes stake in Mazda, links up for $1.6 billion U.S. plant |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toyota-mazda-idUSKBN1AK0RF |website=Reuters |date=August 4, 2017 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> [[The Master Trust Bank of Japan]] (4.7%) [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation]] (2.2%) <ref name="Mazda Share Data">{{cite web|url=http://www.mazda.com/investors/stockinfo/situation.html|title=Stock and Bond Information|access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref>
| products = [[Motor vehicle]]s, [[List of Mazda engines|engines]] (1,202,489 units, 2016)
| revenue = {{increase}} {{yen|3.4 trillion}} (FY 2016)<ref name="Consolidated Financial Results
For the Year Ended March 31, 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.mazda.com/investors/library/result/2011/pdf/ren110428_e.pdf|title=Consolidated Financial Results|access-date=June 21, 2011|work=mazda.com/investors}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{yen|22.6 billion}} (FY 2016)<ref name="Consolidated Financial Results
For the Year Ended March 31, 2011" />
| net_income = {{loss}} {{yen|13.4 billion}} (FY 2016)<ref name="Consolidated Financial Results
For the Year Ended March 31, 2011" />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.mazda.com/}}
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Mazda Motor Corporation'''|マツダ株式会社|Matsuda [[Kabushiki gaisha|Kabushiki-Gaisha]]|lead=yes}}, also known as simply '''Mazda''', is a [[Japan]]ese [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] company that produces [[Automotive industry|automobiles]] and [[engine]]s. Its headquarters are located in [[Fuchū, Hiroshima (town)|Fuchū]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]], Japan.<ref>"[http://www.mazda.com/profile/group/offices.html Offices] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007211654/http://www.mazda.com/profile/group/offices.html |date=October 7, 2009 }}." Mazda. Retrieved on October 29, 2009.</ref> The company was founded on January 30, 1920 as Toyo Cork Kogyo Co., Ltd., a cork-making factory, by Jujiro Matsuda.<ref name="History.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/japans-mazda-founded |title=Japan's Mazda founded |website=[[History (American TV network)|History]] |access-date=2023-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014023/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/japans-mazda-founded|archive-date=2010-03-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> It changed its name to Toyo Kogyo Co., Ltd. in 1927 and started producing vehicles in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mazda.com/en/about/museum/history/1931-1945/ |title=History of Mazda 1931-1945 |publisher=Mazda |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> The name Mazda was derived from Ahura Mazda, the god of harmony, intelligence and wisdom in [[Zoroastrianism]], as well as from the surname of the founder.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mazda.com/en/about/museum/history/1960-1970/ |title=History of Mazda 1960-1970 |publisher=Mazda |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> Mazda is one of the largest automakers in Japan and the world. In 2015, it produced 1.5 million vehicles for global sales, of which nearly one million were made in Japan and the rest in various other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mazda.com/publicity/results/2008/080128_product.html |title=MAZDA:Mazda Production and Sales Results for December 2007 and for January through December 2007 (Flash Report) | Production and Salese Results |access-date=2016-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418064135/http://www.mazda.com/publicity/results/2008/080128_product.html |archive-date=April 18, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It ranked as the 15th-largest automaker by production volume globally in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads//ranking2015.pdf|title=World motor vehicle production OICA correspondents survey without double counts world ranking of manufacturers year 2015}}</ref> Mazda is known for its innovative technologies, such as the [[Wankel engine]], the [[SkyActiv]] platform, and the Kodo Design language. It also has a long history of motorsport involvement, winning the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] in 1991 with the rotary-powered [[Mazda 787B]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mazda.com/en/about/museum/history/1991-2000/ |title=History of Mazda 1991-2000 |publisher=Mazda |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> Mazda has several alliances and partnerships with other automakers, such as [[Toyota]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Hyundai Motor Group|Hyundai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mazda.com/en/about/museum/history/2001-2010/ |title=History of Mazda 2001-2010 |publisher=Mazda |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mazda.com/en/about/museum/history/2011-present/ |title=History of Mazda 2011-present |publisher=Mazda |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref>

== History ==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2017}}

=== Creation ===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Mazdalogo1936.jpg
| caption1 = The first registered corporate logo, which appeared on three-wheel trucks in 1936
| image2 = Mazdalogo1936-tripleM.jpg
| caption2 = The first stylized branding. The three mountains (representing Hiroshima) also form the [[Latin alphabet]] letter M, which is duplicated three times for "Mazda Motor Manufacturer". The long side extensions represent wings for agility and speed.
}}

Mazda began as the Toyo Cork Kogyo Co., Ltd, as a [[cork (plug)|cork]]-making factory founded in [[Hiroshima]], Japan, 30 January 1920.<ref name="History.com"/> Toyo Cork Kogyo renamed itself to Toyo Kogyo Co., Ltd. in 1927. In the late 1920s the company had to be saved from bankruptcy by Hiroshima Saving Bank and other business leaders in Hiroshima.<ref>Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan: The Road to the Future, page 153, By Takeo Hoshi, Anil Kashyap</ref>

In 1931, Toyo Kogyo moved from manufacturing machine tools to vehicles with the introduction of the [[Mazda-Go]] [[auto rickshaw]]. The name ''Mazda'' came into existence with the production of the company's first three-wheeled trucks. Other candidates for a model name included ''Sumera-Go'', ''Tenshi-Go'', and more.<ref>{{cite web|title=GREAT CARS OF MAZDA|url=http://www2.mazda.com/en/stories/craftmanship/greatcar/p1.html|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>

Officially, the company states:

{{Blockquote
| Mazda comes from [[Ahura Mazda]], the god of harmony, intelligence and wisdom from the [[History of Iran|earliest civilization in West Asia]]. Key members of Toyo Kogyo interpreted Mazda as a symbol of the beginning of the East and the West civilization, but also a symbol of the automotive civilization and culture."<ref>{{cite web |title=A Story Behind the Name of 'Mazda' |url=http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/mazda-stories/mazda/behind/ |access-date=April 11, 2022}}</ref>
}}

The company's website further notes that the name also derives from the name of the company's founder, [[Jujiro Matsuda]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/stories/greatcar/mazda-go/|title=MAZDA: Mazda-Go 3-wheeled trucks |website=www.mazda.com|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The alternative proposed names mean "god" (''Sumera'') and "angel" (''Tenshi''); both indicate Matsuda's strong interest in human faith.<ref name=Globe>{{citation | title = The Globe: In Search of the Origins of Mazda | date = 1990-01-30 | publisher = Mazda Motor Corporation | page = 73 }}</ref>

The Mazda lettering was used in combination with the corporate emblem of [[Mitsubishi Motors]], which was responsible for sales, to produce the Toyo Kogyo three-wheeled truck registered trademark.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Story Behind the Name of "Mazda"|url=http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/mazda-stories/mazda/behind/|access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref>

Toyo Kogyo produced weapons for the Japanese military throughout the Second World War, most notably the series 30 through 35 [[Type 99 rifle]]. The company formally adopted the Mazda name in 1984, though every automobile sold from the beginning bore that name. The [[Mazda R360]] was introduced in 1960, followed by the [[Mazda Carol]] in 1962 and were sold at a specific retail dealership that sold passenger cars called "Mazda Auto Store" whereas commercial products were sold at "Mazda Store". As Mazda continued to offer passenger cars like the [[Mazda Savanna|Savanna]], [[Mazda Familia|Familia]], [[Mazda Luce|Luce]], [[Mazda Cosmo|Cosmo]] and [[Mazda Capella|Capella]], they were added to the "Mazda Auto Store" network only.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development of domestic 5-channel system and management crisis [Mazda 100-year history, 25th, Chapter 7 Part 3] |url=https://clicccar.com/2020/07/25/993028/ |website=Cliccar.com |date=July 25, 2020 |publisher=Cliccar |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Wankel engine adoption ===
[[File:Mazda cosmo sport.jpg|thumb|[[Mazda Cosmo]] Sport]]
[[file:1960 Mazda M badge.svg|thumb|left|Symbol and corporate mark as seen on most Mazda cars from the [[Mazda R360]] until 1975]]

Beginning in the 1960s, Mazda was inspired by the [[NSU Ro 80]] and decided to put a major engineering effort into development of the [[Wankel engine|Wankel rotary engine]] as a way of differentiating itself from other Japanese auto companies. The company formed a business relationship with German company [[NSU Motorenwerke AG|NSU]] and began with the limited-production [[Mazda Cosmo|Cosmo Sport]] of 1967, and continuing to the present day with the [[Pro Mazda Championship]], Mazda has become the sole manufacturer of Wankel-type engines for the automotive market, mainly by way of attrition. (NSU and [[Citroën]] both gave up on the design during the 1970s, and prototype Corvette efforts by [[General Motors]] never made it to production.)

This effort to bring attention to itself apparently helped, as Mazda rapidly began to export its vehicles. Both [[reciprocating engine|piston-powered]] and rotary-powered models made their way around the world. The rotary models quickly became popular for their combination of good power and light weight when compared to piston-engined competitors that required heavier [[V6 engine|V6]] or [[V8 engine|V8]] engines to produce the same power. The [[Mazda R100|R100]] and the RX series ([[Mazda RX-2|RX-2]], [[Mazda RX-3|RX-3]], and [[Mazda RX-4|RX-4]]) led the company's export efforts.

During 1968, Mazda started formal operations in Canada (MazdaCanada) although Mazdas were seen in Canada as early as 1959. In 1970, Mazda formally entered the American market ([[Mazda North American Operations]]) and was very successful there, going so far as to create the [[Mazda Rotary Pickup]] (based on the conventional piston-powered [[Mazda B-Series (International)|B-Series]] model) solely for North American buyers. To this day, Mazda remains the only automaker to have produced a Wankel-powered pickup truck. Additionally, it is also the only marque to have ever offered a rotary-powered bus (the Mazda Parkway, offered only in Japan) or station wagon (within the [[Mazda RX-3|RX-3]] and RX-4 lines for certain markets). After nine years of development, Mazda finally launched its new model in the U.S. in 1970.<ref>Asian Firms: History, Institutions and Management, page 24, By Frank B. Tipton</ref>

Mazda's rotary success continued until the onset of the [[1973 oil crisis]]. As American buyers (as well as those in other nations) quickly turned to vehicles with better fuel efficiency, the relatively thirsty rotary-powered models began to fall out of favor. Combined with being the least-efficient automaker in Japan (in terms of productivity), inability to adjust to excess inventory and over-reliance on the U.S. market, the company suffered a huge loss in 1975.<ref>Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan: The Road to the Future, page 153 By Takeo Hoshi, Anil Kashyap</ref><ref>Asian Firms: History, Institutions and Management, page 24, By Frank B. Tipton</ref> An already heavily indebted Toyo Kogyo was on the verge of bankruptcy and was only saved through the intervention of Sumitomo keiretsu group, namely [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|Sumitomo Bank]], and the company's subcontractors and distributors.<ref>{{citation | title = Driving a Bargain: Automobile Industrialization and Japanese Firms in Southeast Asia | last = Doner | first = Richard F. | publisher = University of California | location = Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Oxford | page = [https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/294 294] | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-520-06938-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/294 }}</ref><ref>Between MITI and the Market: Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology, page 139 By Daniel I. Okimoto</ref> However, the company had not totally turned its back on piston engines, as it continued to produce a variety of four-cylinder models throughout the 1970s. The smaller [[Mazda Familia|Familia]] line in particular became very important to Mazda's worldwide sales after 1973, as did the somewhat larger [[Mazda Capella|Capella]] series.

[[File:Mazda-rx7-1st-generation01.jpg|thumb|Mazda RX-7 (first generation)]]

Mazda refocused its efforts and made the rotary engine a choice for the sporting motorist rather than a mainstream powerplant. Starting with the lightweight [[Mazda RX-7|RX-7]] in 1978 and continuing with the modern [[Mazda RX-8|RX-8]], Mazda has continued its dedication to this unique powerplant. This switch in focus also resulted in the development of another lightweight sports car, the piston-powered [[Mazda MX-5|Mazda MX-5 Miata]] (sold as the Eunos and later Mazda Roadster in Japan), inspired by the concept '[[jinba ittai]]'. Introduced in 1989 to worldwide acclaim, the Roadster has been widely credited with reviving the concept of the small sports car after its decline in the late 1970s.

=== Partnership with Ford ===
From 1974 to 2015, Mazda had a partnership with the [[Ford Motor Company]], which acquired a 24.5% stake in 1979, upped to a 33.4% ownership of Mazda in May 1995.<ref name=mzinfo>{{cite web | url = http://www.mazda.com/globalassets/en/assets/investors/library/annual/files/ar17_19e.pdf | title = Mazda Annual Report 2017 | page = 59 | publisher = Mazda Motor Corporation | access-date = January 20, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071250/http://www.mazda.com/globalassets/en/assets/investors/library/annual/files/ar17_19e.pdf | archive-date = January 21, 2018 | url-status = dead | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Under the administration of [[Alan Mulally]], Ford gradually divested its stake in Mazda from 2008 to 2015, with Ford holding 2.1% of Mazda stock as of 2014<ref>[http://www.mazda.com/investors/stockinfo/situation.html Stock and Bond Information], Mazda, March 31, 2014</ref> and severing most production as well as development ties.

[[File:2007 Mazda CX-9 -- NHTSA.jpg|thumb|From 2007 to 2015, Mazda used the [[Ford Cyclone engine|3.5 L MZI Ford Cyclone Engine]] in Mazda CX-9 models.]]

This partnership with Ford began owing to Mazda's financial difficulties during the 1960s. Starting in 1979 by expanding their 7 percent financial stake to 24.5%, Ford expanded an existing partnership with Mazda, resulting in various joint projects. The cooperation had begun in 1971 when the [[Mazda B-Series]] spawned a Ford Courier variant for North America, a version which was later offered in other markets as well. Mazda's [[Mazda Bongo|Bongo]] and [[Mazda Titan|Titan]] cab-over trucks were sold with Ford badging in mainly Asia and the Pacific region beginning in 1976.<ref name=annual80>{{citation | title = Mazda Annual Report 1980 | publisher = Toyo Kogyo Co., Ltd. | location = Hiroshima, Japan | page = 3 | date = March 1981 }}</ref> These included large and small efforts in all areas of the automotive landscape, most notably in the realm of pickup trucks and smaller cars. Mazda began supplying manual transaxles to Ford in the spring of 1980.<ref name=annual80/> Mazda's [[Mazda Familia|Familia]] platform was used for Ford models like the [[Ford Laser|Laser]] and [[Ford Escort (North America)|Escort]] beginning in 1980, while the [[Mazda Capella|Capella]] architecture found its way into Ford's [[Ford Telstar|Telstar]] sedan and [[Ford Probe|Probe]] sports models.

During the 1980s, Ford-badged Mazda products replaced much of their own European-sourced lineup, especially in the Asia-Pacific markets, with the Laser replacing the [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Escort]]<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5OoxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mJIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3080%2C4077082 "Family tree bears fruit"], Christopher de Fraga,''[[The Age]]'', 1 June 1984, page 18</ref> and the Telstar replacing the [[Ford Cortina|Cortina]].<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gi5VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=npQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5279%2C6011618 "Telstar should keep Ford on top"], Christopher de Fraga,''[[The Age]]'', June 14, 1983, page 18</ref> In some cases, such as [[New Zealand]] and [[South Africa]], these were assembled alongside their Mazda-badged equivalents, the Mazda 323 (Familia) and 626 (Capella).

Following the closure of its own assembly plant in New Zealand, Mazda established a joint venture with [[Ford New Zealand]] known as Vehicle Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ), while in South Africa, Ford's local subsidiary merged with [[Sigma Motor Corporation]], which already assembled Mazdas in the country, to form [[Samcor]], although the sharing of models proved unpopular with both Ford and Mazda customers.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = http://www.carmag.co.za/news_post/ford-mazda-zoom-apart/ | title = Ford, Mazda Zoom Apart | magazine = CAR | location = South Africa | date = 2002-09-01 }}</ref> In other markets such as Australia, however, the 323 and 626 were always fully imported, with only the Laser and Telstar assembled locally.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5OoxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mJIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3080%2C4077082 Australia Welcomes The 'new' Migrants], ''[[The Age]]'', June 16, 1986, page 43</ref> In Japan, the Laser and Telstar were also sold alongside their Mazda-badged brethren, but the Festiva was not sold as a Mazda 121 on the Japanese market.

In North America, the Probe was built in a new Mazda company plant in [[Flat Rock, Michigan]], along with the mainstream 626 sedan and a companion [[Mazda MX-6]] sports coupe. Ford also lent Mazda some of its capacity when needed: the [[Mazda 121]] sold in Europe and South Africa was, for a time, a variant of the [[Ford Fiesta]] built in plants in Europe and South Africa. Mazda also made an effort in the past to sell some of Ford's cars in Japan, mainly through its Autorama dealer group.

{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Mazda logo 1991.png
| caption1 = In 1991, Mazda adopted a corporate symbol which was to represent a sun and a flame standing for heartfelt passion. This is commonly referred to in Mazda enthusiast circles as the "cylon" logo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/mazda-has-used-four-different-logos-1980s-273154|title=Mazda Has Used Four Different Logos Since the 1980s|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>
| image2 = Mazda-logo-1992.jpg
| caption2 = Shortly after the release of the new symbol, the design was smoothed out to reduce its similarity to [[Renault]]'s. This is sometimes referred to as the "eternal flame" logo. It also represented the design of the [[Wankel engine|rotary engine]] that Mazda was famous for.
| image3 = Mazda logo with emblem.svg
| caption3 = The brand symbol, adopted in 1997, with the V-shape wings inside, standing for “growth” and “improvement” and Mazda logo in Mazda blue.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-21|title=The Evolution of the Mazda Logo and Brand|url=https://insidemazda.mazdausa.com/the-mazda-way/mazda-spirit/mazda-brand-marks-logotypes-history/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Inside Mazda|language=en-US}}</ref> A slightly modified version was introduced in 2015.
}}

Mazda also helped Ford develop the 1991 [[Ford Explorer|Explorer]], which Mazda sold as the 2-door only [[Mazda Navajo]] from 1991 through 1994. However, Mazda's version was unsuccessful, while the Ford (available from the start as a 4-door or 2-door model) instantly became the best-selling sport-utility vehicle in the United States and kept that title for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a1693151/rare-anywhere-mazda-navajo/ |title=Rare anywhere: Mazda Navajo |first=Jay |last=Ramey |work=Auto Week |location=US |date=2018-03-15 |access-date=2022-10-20}}</ref> Mazda has used Ford's [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]] pickup as the basis for its North American–market [[Mazda B-Series (North America)|B-Series]] trucks, starting in 1994 and continuing through 2010, when Mazda discontinued importing its B-Series trucks to North America, due to costs associated with the [[chicken tax]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rumors.automobilemag.com/6583065/news/mazda-kills-b-series-pickup/index.html |title=Mazda Kills B-Series Pickup |publisher=Automobile Magazine |date=September 16, 2009 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630144425/http://rumors.automobilemag.com/6583065/news/mazda-kills-b-series-pickup/index.html |archive-date=June 30, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Eunos 800 001.JPG|thumb|[[Mazda Millenia]]]]

Following its long-held fascination with alternative engine technology, Mazda introduced the first [[Miller cycle]] engine for automotive use in the [[Mazda Millenia|Millenia]] luxury sedan of 1995. Though the Millenia (and its Miller-type V6 engine) were discontinued in 2002, the company has recently introduced a much smaller Miller-cycle four-cylinder engine for use in its [[Mazda Demio|Demio]] starting in 2008. As with its leadership in [[Wankel engine|Wankel technology]], Mazda remains (so far) the only automaker to have used a Miller-cycle engine in the automotive realm.

[[File:2017 Mazda3 Sport Diesel 2.2.jpg|thumb|[[Mazda3]]]]

Further financial difficulties at Mazda during the 1990s ({{citation needed span|date=September 2019|text=partly caused by losses related to the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]]}}) caused Ford to increase its stake to a 33.4-percent [[controlling interest]] in May 1996. In June 1996, Henry Wallace was appointed president, and he set about restructuring Mazda and setting it on a new strategic direction. He laid out a new direction for the brand including the design of the present Mazda marque; he laid out a new product plan to achieve synergies with Ford, and he launched Mazda's digital innovation program to speed up the development of new products. At the same time, he started taking control of overseas distributors, rationalized dealerships and manufacturing facilities, and driving much-needed efficiencies and cost reductions in Mazda's operations. Much of his early work put Mazda back into profitability and laid the foundations for future success. Wallace was succeeded by James Miller in November 1997, followed in December 1999 by Ford executive [[Mark Fields (businessman)|Mark Fields]], who has been credited with expanding Mazda's new product lineup and leading the turnaround during the early 2000s. Ford's increased influence during the 1990s allowed Mazda to claim another distinction in history, having maintained the first foreign-born head of a Japanese car company, Henry Wallace.

=== Divestment by Ford ===
[[File:2018 Mazda6 facelift.jpg|thumb|[[Mazda6]]]]

Amid the world financial crisis in the fall of 2008, reports emerged that Ford was contemplating a sale of its stake in Mazda as a way of [[Process optimization|streamlining]] its [[asset]] base.<ref>[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081011/AUTO01/810110432/1148/&source=nletter-business]{{dead link|date=May 2012}}</ref> ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' explained the alliance between Ford and Mazda has been a very successful one, with Mazda saving perhaps $90 million a year in development costs and Ford "several times" that, and that a sale of its stake in Mazda would be a desperate measure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/autos/autobeat/archives/2008/10/ford_to_sell_ma.html |title=Ford to Sell Mazda? |last=Rowley |first=Ian |date=October 11, 2008 |work=Business Week |access-date=October 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014074149/http://www.businessweek.com/autos/autobeat/archives/2008/10/ford_to_sell_ma.html |archive-date=October 14, 2008 |df=mdy }}</ref> On November 18, 2008, Ford announced that it would sell a 20% stake in Mazda, reducing its stake to 13.4%, thus surrendering control of the company, which it held since 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miscstuff.wordpress.com/2008/11/18/ford-to-dump-mazda-sell-20-stake/ |title=Ford to Sell 20% of stake in Mazda " Stuff going on in the world |publisher=Miscstuff.wordpress.com |date=November 18, 2008 |access-date=May 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ford-sells-controlling-stake-in-mazda/ | date = 2008-11-24 | work = CBS News | title = Ford Sells Controlling Stake in Mazda | last = Henry | first = Jim | access-date = 2016-07-03 }}</ref> The following day, Mazda announced that, as part of the deal, it was buying back 6.8% of its shares from Ford for about US$185 million while the rest would be acquired by business partners of the company.<ref>{{cite web |author=Chang-Ran Kim |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ford-mazda-idUSTRE4AH1RU20081118 |title=Ford abandons Mazda control with 20 percent stake sale |work=Reuters |date=2008-11-18 |access-date=2014-02-04 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011443/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/11/18/us-ford-mazda-idUSTRE4AH1RU20081118 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also reported that Hisakazu Imaki would be stepping down as chief executive, to be replaced by [[Takashi Yamanouchi]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Ford, Trying to Raise Cash, Sells Stake in Mazda | date = 2008-11-18 | journal = New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/business/worldbusiness/19mazda.html?_r=0 }}</ref> On November 18, 2010, Ford reduced its stake further to 3%, citing the reduction of ownership would allow greater flexibility to pursue growth in emerging markets, and [[Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group]] was believed to become its largest shareholder. Ford and Mazda remained strategic partners through joint ventures and exchanges of technological information.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/news/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-to-change-stake-in-mazda-both-33588|title=Ford to Change Stake in Mazda|publisher=Ford Motor Company|date=November 18, 2010|access-date=March 9, 2011|archive-date=July 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711015837/http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/news/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-to-change-stake-in-mazda-both-33588|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taniguchi |first=Takako |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-18/sumitomo-mitsui-financial-says-it-will-become-top-shareholder-in-mazda.html |title=Sumitomo Mitsui To Overtake Ford as Mazda's Top Shareholder, Chairman Says |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2010-10-18 |access-date=2014-02-04}}</ref>

[[File:Mazda MX-30.jpg|thumb|Mazda's first mass-produced electric car, the [[Mazda MX-30|MX-30]]]]

On September 30, 2015, when Ford's shares had sunk to a little over 2% due to [[stock dilution]], Ford sold its remaining shares in Mazda.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Ford sells remaining stake in Mazda | date = November 13, 2015 |access-date=February 18, 2017 |journal = Nikkei | url = http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Deals/Ford-sells-remaining-stake-in-Mazda }}</ref>

=== Post-Ford efforts ===
In 2011, Mazda raised more than 150 billion yen (US$1.9 billion) in a record share sale to replenish capital, as it suffered its biggest annual loss in 11 years. Part of the proceeds were used to build an auto plant in [[Salamanca, Guanajuato|Salamanca]], [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukai|first1=Anna|last2=Hagiwara|first2=Yuki|title=Mazda's Record Share Sale to Help Boost Capital After Losses|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-05/mazda-to-raise-record-1-9b-in-share-sale|website=bloomberg.com|date=March 5, 2012 |access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> The Mexican plant was built jointly by the company and [[Sumitomo Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/mazda-idUSTOE6AS07A20101130 |title=UPDATE 1-Mazda, Sumitomo to build Mexico car plant -Nikkei |work=Reuters |date=November 30, 2010 |access-date=2014-02-04 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033057/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/30/mazda-idUSTOE6AS07A20101130 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2015, the company signed an agreement with [[Toyota]] to form a "long-term partnership", that would, among others, see Mazda supply Toyota with fuel-efficient SkyActiv gasoline and diesel engine technology in exchange for hydrogen fuel cell systems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Toyota, Mazda form partnership to share technologies, confront cost challenges|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20150513/OEM01/150519954/toyota-mazda-form-partnership-to-share-technologies-confront-cost|newspaper=[[Automotive News]]|access-date=17 April 2016|date=13 May 2015}}</ref>

== Marques ==
[[File:Mazda Japan Car dealership Saitama.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese Mazda dealership in [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama, Japan]]]]
[[File:Japanese crest Igeta.svg|thumb|50px|The Mazda Motors square symbol is based on [[Sumitomo]] [[mon (crest)|family crest]], which is an affiliated company of the [[Sumitomo Group]]. ]]
[[File:Autozam logo.gif|thumb|50px|Autozam logo]]

Mazda tried using a number of different [[marque]]s in the Japanese (and occasionally Australian) markets in the 1990s, including [[Autozam]], [[Eunos cars|Eunos]], and [[ɛ̃fini]]. The motivation was brought on by market competition from other Japanese automakers efforts in offering vehicles at multiple Japanese dealership networks offered by [[Toyota dealerships (Japan)|Toyota]], [[Nissan Motor Company#Japan|Nissan]], and [[Honda#Japan|Honda]]. Mazda's implementation of brand diversification reflected a Japanese engineering philosophy, called [[Kansei engineering]], which was used as an advertising slogan in North America.

One of the oddest sub-marques was [[M2 (Mazda)|M2]], used on three rare variants of the Eunos Roadster (the M2-1001, M2-1002 and M2-1028) and one of the Autozam AZ-1 (M2-1015). M2 even had its own avant-garde company headquarters, but was shut down after a very short period of operation.

In early 1992, Mazda planned to release a luxury marque, [[Amati Cars|Amati]], to challenge [[Acura]], [[Infiniti]], and [[Lexus]] in North America, which was to begin selling in late 1993. The initial Amati range would have included the Amati 500 (which became the Eunos 800 in Japan and Australia, [[Mazda Millenia]] in the U.S., and Mazda Xedos 9 in Europe), a rebadged version of the [[Mazda Cosmo#Series JC .281990.E2.80.931996.29|Mazda Cosmo]] and the [[Amati 1000]] (a rear-wheel drive V12 competitor to the [[Lexus LS|Lexus LS400]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=It Was Japan's Most Daring Car. Then the Economy Imploded|url=https://jalopnik.com/it-was-japan-s-most-daring-car-then-the-economy-implod-1826265571|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Jalopnik|date=December 20, 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref>). The Amati marque was eventually scrapped before any cars hit the market. It is perhaps just a curiosity, but "Amati" happens to be an anagram of "Miata".

In Europe, the [[Xedos]] name was also associated with the Mazda [[Xedos 6]], the two models were in production from 1992 until 1997. The Xedos line was marketed under the Mazda marque, and used the Mazda badge from the corresponding years.

This diversification stressed the product development groups at Mazda past its limits. Instead of having a half-dozen variations on any given [[List of Mazda model codes|platform]], developers were asked to work on dozens of different models at the same time. Consumers were confused as well by the explosion of similar new models. This selective marketing experiment was ended in the mid-1990s due to economic conditions, largely attributed to the collapse of the [[Japanese asset price bubble]] in 1991.

== Leadership ==
Traditionally, Mazda has always been led by an executive leader known as the President and CEO.
# [[Jujiro Matsuda]] (1920–1951)
# Tsuneji Matsuda (1952–1970)
# Kouhei Matsuda (1970–1977)
# Yoshiki Yamasaki (1977–1984)
# [[Kenichi Yamamoto (engineer)|Kenichi Yamamoto]] (1984–1987)
# Masanori Furuta (1987–1991)
# Yoshihiro Wada (1991–1996)
# Henry Wallace (1996–1997, appointed by [[Ford Motor Company]], first non-Japanese CEO of a Japanese automaker)
# James E. Miller (1997–1999)
# [[Mark Fields (businessman)|Mark Fields]] (1999–2002)
# [[Lewis Booth]] (2002–2003)
# Hisakazu Imaki (2003–2008)
# [[Takashi Yamanouchi]] (2008–2013)
# Masamichi Kogai (2013–2018)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2018 |title=Mazda taps Americas head as CEO to raise game in its biggest market |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mazda-ceo-idUSKBN1IC06U |website=Reuters}}</ref>
# Akira Marumoto (2018–2023)<ref name=":0" />
# Masahiro Moro (since June 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title=Mazda to appoint former North America head Moro as next CEO |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/mazda-nominate-former-north-america-head-next-ceo-2023-03-17/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>

== Markets ==

{{As of|2022|January}}, the United States is Mazda's biggest market, followed by China and Japan.<ref>{{cite news |title=2021 (Full Year) Global: Mazda Worldwide Car Sales, Production, and Exports |url=https://www.best-selling-cars.com/brands/2021-full-year-global-mazda-worldwide-car-sales-production-and-exports/ |access-date=26 December 2022 |date=31 January 2022}}</ref> Mazda's market share in the U.S. fell to a 10-year low of 1.7 percent in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cain|first1=Timothy|title=Mazda Wants 2 Percent U.S. Market Share, But Not Just Any Ol' 2 Percent Market Share (15 May 2017)|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2017/05/mazda-wants-2-percent-u-s-market-share-not-just-ol-2-percent-market-share/|website=The Truth about Cars|date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> Mazda's brand loyalty was 39 percent in 2016, below the industry average of 53 percent.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wayland|first1=Michael|title=Mazda's 2% solution|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20170515/OEM02/305159991/mazdas-2-percent-solution|access-date=30 May 2017|work=Automotive News|date=15 May 2017}}</ref> On October 24, 2022, Mazda decided to get rid of assets in Russia, with the company transferring a stake in a joint venture in Vladivostok to [[Sollers JSC]] for 1 euro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/auto/news/2022/11/10/19001407.shtml|title=Mazda окончательно уходит из России|website= www.gazeta.ru|date=2022-11-10}}</ref>

== Environmental efforts ==

Mazda has conducted research in hydrogen-powered vehicles for several decades.Mazda has developed a [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]] version of its [[Mazda Premacy|Premacy]] compact minivan using a version of its signature rotary engine that can run on hydrogen or gasoline named the [[Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid]]. Despite plans to release it in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |author=Alan Ohnsman |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aDzLqSJTqqdw&refer=japan |title=Nissan, Honda Seek Edge With Low-Emission Cars at Tokyo Show |publisher=Bloomberg |date=October 27, 2007 |access-date=March 29, 2010}}</ref><ref name="autocar.co.uk">{{cite magazine |author=Chas Hallet |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle.aspx?AR=234607 |title=Mazda plans Volt rival |magazine=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=May 7, 2009}}</ref> as of 2010 the vehicle is in limited trials.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mazda Delivers Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid to Iwatani Corporation for use in Kyushu |url=http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2010/201001/100113a.html |publisher=Mazda |date=January 13, 2010 |access-date=March 29, 2010}}</ref>

In 2010, [[Toyota]] and Mazda announced a supply agreement for the hybrid technology used in Toyota's [[Toyota Prius|Prius]] model.<ref>{{cite press release |title=TMC and Mazda Agree to Hybrid System Technology License |url=http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2010/201003/100329b.html |publisher=Toyota & Mazda |date=March 29, 2010 |format=PDF |access-date=March 29, 2010}}</ref>

=== Bio-car ===

Mazda is finding a host of alternative uses for a variety of materials and substances, ranging from plastic to milk, in its vehicles, as it aims to become more environmentally-friendly. Mazda introduced some of these innovations (bioplastic internal consoles and bio-fabric seats) in its [[Mazda5]] model at [[EcoInnovasia]] 2008, at the [[Queen Sirikit National Convention Center]] in [[Bangkok]]. Up to 30% of the interior parts in the Mazda5 are made of non-biomaterial components, e.g. Poti (gobar of cows).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bioplastics24.com/content/view/1326/2/lang,en/ |title=Bioplastic, Research, Environmentally | Fabric and consoles in Mazda |publisher=bioplastics24.com |date=May 1, 2006 |access-date=May 7, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203122926/http://www.bioplastics24.com/content/view/1326/2/lang%2Cen/ |archive-date=December 3, 2008 }}</ref>

=== SkyActiv technology ===

[[SkyActiv]] technology is an umbrella name for a range of technologies used in certain new Mazda vehicles. These vehicles include the [[Mazda Demio|Mazda2/Demio]], [[Mazda3|Mazda3/Axela]], [[Mazda6|Mazda6/Atenza]], and [[Mazda CX-5|CX-5]]. Together these technologies increase fuel economy to a level similar to a hybrid drivetrain. Engine output is increased and emission levels are reduced. These technologies include high compression ratio gasoline engines (13.0 to 1), reduced compression diesel engines (14.0 to 1) with new 2-stage [[turbocharger]] design, highly efficient automatic transmissions, lighter weight manual transmissions, lightweight body designs and [[Electric power steering#Electric systems|electric power steering]]. It is also possible to combine these technologies with a hybrid drivetrain for even greater fuel economy.

== Motorsport ==
{{See also|Mazdaspeed}}

In the racing world, Mazda has had substantial success with both its signature Wankel-engine cars (in two-rotor, three-rotor, and four-rotor forms) as well as its piston-engine models. Mazda vehicles and engines compete in a wide variety of disciplines and series around the world. In 1991, Mazda became the first Japanese automaker to win the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] overall.

=== International competition ===

Mazda's competition debut was on October 20, 1968, when two [[Mazda Cosmo#Racing|Mazda Cosmo Sport 110S]] coupes entered the 84-hour [[Marathon de la Route]] ultra-endurance race at the [[Nürburgring]], one finishing in fourth place and the other breaking an axle after 81 hours.<ref name="a">"The Rotary Club", Don Sherman, ''[[Automobile Magazine]]'', February 2008, pp 76–79</ref> The next year, Mazda raced [[Mazda R100#Racing|Mazda Familia R100 M10A]] coupes. After winning the [[Singapore Grand Prix]] in April 1969 and coming in fifth and sixth in the [[Spa 24 Hours]] (beaten only by [[Porsche 911]]s), on October 19, 1969, Mazda again entered the 84 hour Nürburgring race with four Familias. Only one of these finished, taking fifth place.

The first racing victory by a Wankel-engined car in the United States was in 1973, when [[Pat Bedard]] won an [[International Motor Sports Association#IMSA RS|IMSA RS]] race at [[Lime Rock Park]] in a [[Mazda RX-2]].<ref name="a"/>

In 1976, Ray Walle, owner of Z&W Mazda, drove a Cosmo ([[Mazda RX-5]]) from the dealership in Princeton, New Jersey, to Daytona, won the Touring Class Under 2.5 Liters at the [[24 Hours of Daytona]], and drove the car back to New Jersey. The Cosmo placed 18th overall in a field of 72. The only modifications were racing brake pads, exhaust, and safety equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mazdarx5.com/daytonarx5.html |title=daytona rx5 |publisher=Mazdarx5.com |access-date=September 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714055128/http://www.mazdarx5.com/daytonarx5.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

After substantial successes by the [[Mazda RX-2]] and [[Mazda RX-3]], the [[Mazda RX-7]] has won more [[International Motor Sports Association|IMSA]] races in its class than any other model of automobile, with its hundredth victory on September 2, 1990. Following that, the RX-7 won its class in the IMSA [[24 Hours of Daytona]] race ten years in a row, starting in 1982. The RX-7 won the IMSA Grand Touring Under Two Liter (GTU) championship each year from 1980 through 1987, inclusive.

[[File:Mazda 787B Otaru Synthesis Museum.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Mazda 787B]], winner of the 1991 [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] race]]

In 1991, a four-rotor [[Mazda 787B]] (2622 cc actual, rated by [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] formula at 4708 cc) won the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] auto race outright. The 787B's triumph remains unparalleled, as it remains the only non-piston-engined car ever to win at Le Mans, and Mazda is the first Japanese marque to have won overall at Le Mans (though [[Nissan]] had closed down its [[World Sportscar Championship]] programme and [[Toyota]] had opted to take a sabbatical for most of 1991 in order to develop its 3.5-litre [[Toyota TS010|TS010]]{{original research inline|date=December 2022}}). This led to a ban on rotary engines in the Le Mans race starting in 1992, which has since been rescinded. After the 1991 race, the winning engine was publicly dismantled for internal examination, which demonstrated that despite 24 hours of extremely hard use it had accumulated very little wear.

The Le Mans win in 1991 followed a decade of class wins from other Mazda prototypes, including the [[Mazda 757|757]] and [[Mazda 767|767]]. The Sigma MC74 powered by a Mazda 12A engine was the first engine and team from outside Western Europe or the United States to finish the entire 24 hours of the Le Mans race, in 1974. Mazda is also the most reliable finisher at Le Mans (with the exception of [[Honda]], which has entered only three cars in only one year), with 67% of entries finishing. Mazda returned to prototype racing in 2005 with the introduction of the [[Courage Compétition|Courage]] C65 LMP2 car at the [[American Le Mans Series]] race at [[Road Atlanta]]. This prototype racer uses the Renesis Wankel from the RX-8.

Mazdas have also enjoyed substantial success in [[land speed record|World Land Speed]] competition, [[SCCA]] competition, [[drag racing]], [[rally racing|pro rally]] competition (the [[Mazda Familia|Familia]] appeared in the [[World Rally Championship|WRC]] several times during the late '80s and early '90s), the [[One Lap of America]] race (winning SUV & truck in a MazdaSpeed5), and other venues. Wankel engines have been banned for some time from international [[Formula One]] racing,{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} as well as from United States [[midget car|midget racing]], after [[Gene Angelillo]] won the [[North East Midget Racing Association]] championship in 1985 with a car powered by a 13B engine, and again in 1986 in a car powered by a 12A engine.

=== Spec series ===

The [[Atlantic Championship|Cooper Tires Atlantic Championship powered by Mazda]] is a North American [[open wheel]] racing series. It is the top level of the MAZDASPEED ladder, a driver development program which rewards season winners of one level with automatic rides at the next level. Since 2006, the Atlantic Championship has been run exclusively with [[Swift Engineering|Swift]] 016.a chassis powered by Mazda-[[Cosworth]] MZR 2300 cc (2.3L) [[DOHC]] [[inline-4]] engines producing {{Convert|300|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The cars are capable of speeds in excess of {{Convert|175|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://champcaratlantic.com/News/Article.asp?ID=3322 |title=Champ Car Atlantic News |publisher=Champcaratlantic.com |access-date=September 29, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Formula Mazda]] features open wheel race cars with Mazda engines, adaptable to both oval tracks and road courses, on several levels of competition. Since 1991, the professionally organized [[Pro Mazda Championship]] has been the most popular format for sponsors, spectators, and upward bound drivers. It is the second-highest level on the aforementioned Mazdaspeed driver development ladder. Engines for the Star Mazda series are all built by one engine builder, certified to produce the prescribed power, and sealed to discourage tampering. They are in a relatively mild state of racing tune, so that they are extremely reliable and can go years between motor rebuilds.

[[Spec Miata]] has become one of the most popular and most affordable road racing classes in North America. The Spec Miata (SM) class is intended to provide the opportunity to compete in low-cost, production-based cars with limited modifications, suitable for racing competition. The rules are intentionally designed to be more open than the Showroom Stock class but more restricted than the Improved Touring class.

[[Spec RX-7]] is also a popular club racing class primarily due to the availability of first-generation RX7 cars and the low startup cost.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

== Sponsorships ==
[[File:Mazda head office 2008.JPG|thumb|Mazda's headquarters in Fuchū, Hiroshima]]

Mazda is a major sponsor to several professional sports teams, including:

*Hometown teams:
**[[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]] ([[J. League]]): Originally known as Toyo Kogyo Soccer Club and founded in 1938, it was owned directly by Mazda until 1992 when Mazda reduced its share to professionalize the club for the new J. League.
**[[Hiroshima Toyo Carp]] ([[Nippon Professional Baseball]]): The "Toyo" part of the team's name is in honor of Mazda's part-ownership of the team since 1968 (when Mazda was still known as Toyo Kogyo). The Matsuda family, descended from the founder of Mazda, holds the majority share in team ownership.
*Teams abroad:
**[[North Melbourne Football Club]] ([[Australian Football League]])
**[[AS Roma]] ([[Serie A]])
**[[ACF Fiorentina]] ([[Serie A]])
**[[SK Sigma Olomouc]] ([[Czech First League]])
**[[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.|Nakhon Ratchasima]] ([[Thai League 1]])

The company also sponsors various [[marathon]] and [[relay race]] events in Japan, such as the [[Hiroshima International Peace Marathon]] and the [[Hiroshima Prefectural Ekiden Race]], along with numerous other sporting and charity endeavors in [[Hiroshima]] and [[Hofu]].<ref>[http://www.mazda.com/csr/social/07-01.html MAZDA:Basic Idea on Community and Social Contributions | With Communities and Society] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917084109/http://www.mazda.com/csr/social/07-01.html |date=September 17, 2008 }}</ref> Mazda was also the league sponsor for the now-defunct [[Australian Rugby Championship]].

Mazda maintained sponsorship of the [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|Laguna Seca]] racing course in California from 2001 until February 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Maury |title=After 17 Years, Mazda Dropping Naming Rights To Laguna Seca Raceway |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maurybrown/2018/02/15/after-17-years-mazda-dropping-naming-rights-to-laguna-seca-raceway/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> going so far as to use it for its own automotive testing purposes as well as the numerous racing events (including several Mazda-specific series) that it used to host, as well as for the 2003 launch of the [[Mazda RX-8]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.laguna-seca.com/sponsors/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041231093839/http://www.laguna-seca.com/Sponsors/ | publisher = Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca | title = Track Sponsors | archive-date = 2004-12-31 }}</ref> Since April 2018, the venue's primary corporate sponsor is [[WeatherTech]].

Mazda also sponsors the [[Western New York Flash]], a professional women's soccer team that plays in the [[Women's Professional Soccer|WPA]] and has some of the best players in the world, including world player of the year.<ref>[[Marta Vieira da Silva]]</ref>

Mazda has been a sponsor of [[Club Deportivo Universidad Católica (sports club)#Branches|Club Deportivo Universidad Católica]]'s basketball team of the [[Liga Nacional de Básquetbol de Chile]].<ref>[https://eldeportero.cl/universidad-catolica-presento-cinco-refuerzos-para-la-liga-nacional-de-basquetbol-2016-2017/ Universidad Católica presento cinco refuerzos para la Liga Nacional de Básquetbol 2016-2017] El Deportero, 30 September 2016. Accessed 8 April 2020. {{in lang|es}}</ref>

== Marketing ==

Mazda's past advertising slogans included: "The more you look, the more you like" (1970s to early 1980s); "Experience Mazda" (mid-1980s); "An intense commitment to your total satisfaction, that's The Mazda Way" (late 1980s); "It Just Feels Right" along with advertising describing Mazda's use of [[Kansei engineering]] (1990–1995); "Passion for the road" (1996); "Get in. Be moved." (1997–2000). Another marketing slogan was "Sakes Alive!", for its truck line.

Since 2000, Mazda has used the phrase "Zoom-Zoom" to describe what it calls the "emotion of motion" that it claims is inherent in its cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/newsroom/feature_display.cfm?release=19015 |title= Mazda Challenges Consumers in Zoom-Zoom Contest |access-date=September 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422044405/http://media.ford.com/newsroom/feature_display.cfm?release=19015 |archive-date=April 22, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Extremely successful and long-lasting (when compared to other automotive marketing taglines), the Zoom-Zoom campaign has now spread around the world from its initial use in North America.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mazda.com/mazdaspirit/zoom-zoom/ |title=What's Zoom Zoom ? | Mazda Spirit |publisher=MAZDA |access-date=September 29, 2010}}</ref>

The Zoom-Zoom campaign has been accompanied by the "[[Zoom-Zoom-Zoom]]" song in many television and radio advertisements. The original version, performed by Jibril Serapis Bey (used in commercials in Europe, Japan and South Africa), was recorded long before it became the official song for Mazda as part of a soundtrack to the movie ''[[Only the Strong (film)|Only The Strong]]'' (released in 1993). The Serapis Bey version is a cover of a traditional [[Capoeira music|Capoeira song]], called "Capoeira Mata Um". In 2010, its current slogan is "Zoom Zoom Forever". The longer slogan (Used in TV ads) is "Zoom Zoom, Today, Tomorrow, Forever".

Early ads in the Zoom-Zoom campaign also featured a young boy (Micah Kanters) whispering the "Zoom-Zoom" tagline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shufflingdead.com/articles/popculturepain/interview-with-micah-kanters.php |title=Interview with Micah Kanters |publisher=Shufflingdead.com |date=September 10, 2004 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528125449/http://shufflingdead.com/articles/popculturepain/interview-with-micah-kanters.php |archive-date=May 28, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Since 2011, Mazda has still used the Zoom-Zoom tagline in another campaign called "What Do You Drive?". The punchline for this is "At Mazda, we believe because if it's not worth driving, it's not worth building. We build Mazdas. What do you drive?".

In 2015, Mazda had launched a new campaign under a new tagline, "Driving Matters", coinciding with the release of the redesigned MX-5.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nelson|first1=Gabe|title=Mazda's new mantra: 'Driving Matters'|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20150521/RETAIL03/150529977/mazdas-new-mantra:-driving-matters|access-date=22 July 2015|newspaper=Automotive News|date=21 May 2015}}</ref> This campaign was meant to solidify Mazda's "Zoom Zoom" slogan. A 60-second long advertisement titled "A Driver's Life", coincided with the new tagline on the following week.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies}}

* [[List of Mazda engines]]
* [[List of Mazda facilities]]
* [[List of Mazda model codes]]
* [[List of Mazda vehicles]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

* {{official website|https://www.mazda.com/}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Mazda vehicles}}
{{Mazda early}}
{{Mazda road car timeline 1990s–present}}
{{North American Mazda vehicles}}
{{Mazda sportscar racers}}
{{Japanese Automobile Industry}}
{{Nikkei 225}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mazda| ]]
[[Category:Toyota Group]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of Japan]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of Japan]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hiroshima Prefecture]]
[[Category:Japanese companies established in 1920]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920]]
[[Category:1940s initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese brands]]
[[Category:Sumitomo Group]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Engine manufacturers of Japan]]

McLaren Solus GT

2023-04-22T20:57:08Z

Alvarowik: Added citations

{{Use British English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = McLaren Solus GT
| sp = uk
| manufacturer = [[McLaren Automotive]]
| model_years = 2023 (25 units expected)
| assembly = [[Woking]], [[England]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://futuristicpress.one/news/mclaren-solus-gt-single/#|title=McLaren Solus GT: single|website=futuristicpress.one|first=Michael|last=Miller|access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>
| designer = [[Robert Melville (car designer)|Robert Melville]]<ref name="Hotwheels">{{cite web|url=https://hotwheels.fandom.com/wiki/McLaren_Solus_GT|title=McLaren Solus GT|website=hotwheels.fandom|access-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228232623/https://hotwheels.fandom.com/wiki/McLaren_Solus_GT|archive-date=2023-02-28|url-status=live}}</ref>
| doors = [[Canopy doors]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = Hatch-top [[coupé]]
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout]]
| engine = {{cvt|5.2|L|cuin|1|abbr=on}} ''JUDD GV5-Based''<ref name="Hotwheels"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.otokokpit.com/mclaren-solus-gt-2023-teknik-ozellikleri-v10-motorlu-hiper-otomobil/mclaren-solus-gt-1/|title=McLaren Solus GT 2023 Teknik Özellikleri|website=otokokpit|location=Turkey|language=tr|trans-title=McLaren Solus GT 2023 Technical Specifications|access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref> [[Natural aspiration|naturally aspirated]] [[V10 engine|V10]]
| transmission = 7-speed sequential
| powerout = {{cvt|840|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}, {{cvt|650|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{cvt|1000|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''McLaren Solus GT''' is a limited-production track-only [[Mid engine|mid-engined]] [[sports car]] manufactured by [[McLaren Automotive]]. The car is the sixth addition in the ''McLaren Ultimate Series'', joining the [[McLaren F1]], [[McLaren P1]], [[McLaren Senna]], [[McLaren Speedtail]], and [[McLaren Elva]]. It is based on the 2017 [[Vision Gran Turismo]] concept that appeared in the [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] game ''[[Gran Turismo Sport]]''.<ref name=rat/><ref name="car">{{cite magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819205258/https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/first-official-pictures/mclaren/solus-gt/|url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/first-official-pictures/mclaren/solus-gt/|archive-date=19 August 2022|url-status=dead|magazine=[[car (magazine)|car]]|location=Online|access-date=22 August 2022|date=19 August 2022|first=Ben|last=Miller|title=McLaren Solus GT: a single-seat, V10, Gran Turismo vision made real}}</ref> The car is designed to be an "extreme expression of track driving engagement", and will be limited to 25 units, all of which come with a custom moulded seat, [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]]-homologated race suit, helmet, and a bespoke [[HANS device|HANS (head and neck support device)]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.motortrend.com/events/2023-mclaren-solus-gt-first-look-review/|location=Online|magazine=[[Motor Trend]]|first=Justin|last=Banner|date=19 August 2022|title=The V-10 McLaren Solus GT Is a Video Game Fevered Dream Come to Life|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>

==Specifications==
===Powertrain===
The {{cvt|5.2|L|cuin}} [[V10 engine|V10]] is a [[Judd (engine)|Judd]]-derived block, which McLaren claims produces in excess of {{cvt|840|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|650|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} with a redline of 10,000 rpm.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://cars.mclaren.press/en-gb/releases/1014|title=From fantasy to reality - McLaren Solus GT revealed as extreme expression of track driving engagement|location=Online|date=19 August 2022|access-date=22 August 2022|publisher=[[McLaren Automotive]]}}</ref> The engine has individual [[Throttle#Throttle body|barrel-driven throttle bodies]], with [[Timing belt (camshaft)|gear-driven]] [[camshaft]]s, bespoke crank, intake and exhaust systems.<ref name=car/> Power is sent from the engine to the rear wheels via a [[Le Mans Prototype]]-spec 7-speed [[Sequential manual transmission|sequential gearbox]], and McLaren claims that the car will do {{cvt|0-100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 2.5 seconds, with a top speed in excess of {{cvt|200|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name="ac">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Autocar (magazine)|autocar]]|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mclaren-launches-v10-powered-single-seat-solus-gt|title=McLaren launches V10-powered single-seat Solus GT|first=Will|last=Rimell|date=19 August 2022|access-date=22 August 2022|location=Online}}</ref> The gearbox is of aluminium-magnesium construction and consists of [[Gear#Spur|straight-cut]] gears, with a carbon fibre clutch, and with the engine the two will act as stressed members.<ref name=car/><ref name="rat">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a40941099/mclaren-solus-gt/|magazine=[[Road & Track]]|date=19 August 2022|access-date=22 August 2022|first=Travis|last=Okulski|title=The McLaren Solus GT Is a Single-Seat V-10 Track Monster|location=Online}}</ref>

===Chassis===
The chassis is a bespoke [[Monocoque#Vehicles|carbon fibre monocoque]] that incorporates numerous designs from [[Formula One]], with 3D-printed titanium components used in the halo protecting the cockpit and roll bar, and carbon fibre crash structures similar to the ones found on [[Formula One car]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/v10-engined-ps25m-mclaren-solus-gt-real-life-gran-turismo-racer|magazine=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|location=Online|date=20 August 2022|first=Ollie|last=Marriage|title=This is the V10-engined £2.5m McLaren Solus GT, a real-life Gran Turismo racer|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref> The car features [[double wishbone suspension]] with pushrod torsion bars at the front and [[Pull-rod suspension|pull-rod]] torsion bars at the rear, with four-way manually adjustable dampers.<ref name=rat/> A sliding canopy on the roof the car slides open to allow the driver to climb into the sole seat in the vehicle,<ref name=car/> similar in fashion to the [[Lamborghini Egoista]].

===Bodywork===
The bodywork also has a unique design that borrows from the current Formula One cars that employ the [[Ground effect (cars)|ground effect]]. A large front splitter, [[Venturi effect|Venturi tunnels]] integrated into the floor, a twin-element fixed rear wing all combine to give the car a claimed downforce figure of {{cvt|1200|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} at top speed.<ref name=ac/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{McLaren Automotive}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McLaren Solus GT}}
[[Category:McLaren vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2022]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]

{{car-stub}}

Bugatti Mistral

2023-04-01T22:30:56Z

Alvarowik: Designer added

{{Short description|Sports car manufactured by Bugatti}}
{{Use dmy dates |cs1-dates=yy |date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Bugatti Mistral
| image =
| caption = The Bugatti Chiron at the 2017 Goodwood Festival of Speed
| manufacturer = [[Bugatti Automobiles|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]]
| aka = Bugatti W16 Mistral
| production = 2023 (to commence) 99 units expected
| assembly = France: [[Molsheim]] (Bugatti Molsheim Plant)
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[convertible]]
| platform =
| related = [[Bugatti Divo]] [[Bugatti Centodieci]] [[Bugatti Chiron]]
| layout = [[mid-engine design|Mid-engine]], [[all-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{convert|8.0|L|cuin|abbr=on|0}} quad-[[turbocharged]] [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#W16|W16]]
| powerout = {{convert|1600|PS|kW hp PS|0|abbr=on|order=out}}
| transmission = 7-speed [[dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| wheelbase =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| weight =
| sp = uk
| predecessor =
| successor =
| designer = Frank Heyl<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotcars.com/bugatti-mistral-roadster-frank-heyl-interview/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Bugatti Mistral Designer Frank Heyl Describes How Aero Affected The New Roadster's Svelte Lines|website=Hotcars|first=Michael|last=Van Runkle|
date=September 14, 2022|access-date=April 1, 2023|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006062752/https://www.hotcars.com/bugatti-mistral-roadster-frank-heyl-interview/|archive-date=2022-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bugatti.com/media/news/2022/bugatti-w16-mistral-the-ultimate-roadster/|title=BUGATTI W16 MISTRAL: THE ULTIMATE ROADSTER|website=Bugatti|location=Molsheim, France|
date=August 19, 2022|access-date=April 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921231909/https://www.bugatti.com/media/news/2022/bugatti-w16-mistral-the-ultimate-roadster/|archive-date=2022-09-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDWYOGrsWOk|title=Bugatti Mistral with Frank Heyl of Bugatti|website=YouTube|publisher=MIGZ|
date=November 30, 2022|access-date=April 1, 2023}}</ref> Achim Anscheidt (Head of Design) Florian Westermann{{citation needed}}
}}

The '''Bugatti Mistral''', also called the '''Bugatti W16 Mistral''', is a [[mid-engine design|mid-engine]] two-seater sports car manufactured in [[Molsheim]], France, by French automobile manufacturer [[Bugatti Automobiles|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]] It was revealed on 19 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/605301/bugatti-mistral-roadster-reveal-specs/|title=Bugatti Mistral Roadster Revealed As Spectacular W16 Epilogue|website=Motor1.com|language=en|date=2022-08-20}}</ref> The Mistral is marketed as the fastest roadster in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tr.motor1.com/news/605347/bugatti-gizemli-arac-mistral-roadster|title=Bugatti, gizem perdesini "Mistral"|website=Motor1.com|language=tr|date=2022-08-20}}</ref> Deliveries to customers will begin in early 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=First Look: Bugatti W16 Mistral |url=https://thetrendmemo.com/first-look-bugatti-w16-mistral/ |website=thetrendmemo}}</ref> All 99 units were pre-sold at a price of 5 million euros.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/first-look/behold-eu5m-bugatti-mistral-w16-engined-speedster|title=Behold: the €5m Bugatti Mistral, a W16-engined Speedster|publisher=Top Gear|date=2022-08-19|language=en|access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref>

The Mistral is not a cabriolet version of the [[Bugatti Chiron]], but a separate roadster model for Bugatti that marks the last vehicle to use the [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#W16|W16 engine]] that was introduced with the [[Bugatti Veyron]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ru.motor1.com/features/605536/bugatti-w16-mistral-premiere/|title=Последним Bugatti с W16 стал 1600-сильный родстер Mistral|website=Motor1.com|language=ru|date=2022-08-20}}</ref>

==Specifications==
The exterior design is unique to the Mistral and is not based on the Chiron or the latest Bugatti models. It is very aerodynamic and sporty but also luxurious, the front headlights are uniquely designed with four diagonal lighting strips, the rear lights are designed as two arrows pointing to the Bugatti symbol which is also part of the lighting. Compared to the exterior, the passenger cabin was based on the Chiron, except for the gear lever design where the "dancing elephant" sculpture was embedded in amber, designed by sculptor [[Rembrandt Bugatti]], brother of [[Ettore Bugatti]], the founder of Bugatti.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fr.motor1.com/news/605303/bugatti-mistral-roadster-chiron-w16/|title=Bugatti Mistral - Un roadster qui sonne la fin du W16|website=Motor1.com|language=fr|date=2022-08-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Bugatti}}
{{Bugatti road car timeline, 1980s–present}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bugatti automobiles|Mistral]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2022]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, all-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Grand tourers]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]

User talk:Alvarowik

2023-03-25T22:37:13Z

Alvarowik: /* Question */ Reply

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== Date format ==

Thank you for you edits to [[Toyota Supra]]. May I ask that your references use the same date format as the other references in the article. Thanks. [[User:Stepho-wrs|''' Stepho ''']] [[User Talk:Stepho-wrs|talk]]  23:51, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

Also be aware that common terms do not need to be linked, as per [[WP:OVERLINK]]. Which means 'rpm' and 'US' do not need to be linked. [[User:Stepho-wrs|''' Stepho ''']] [[User Talk:Stepho-wrs|talk]]  23:57, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

Thank you for you edits to [[Aston Martin Virage]]. May I ask that your references use the same date format as the other references in the article. Thanks. [[User:Stepho-wrs|''' Stepho ''']] [[User Talk:Stepho-wrs|talk]]  21:24, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

I notice that your edits are improving. Thank you. [[User:Stepho-wrs|''' Stepho ''']] [[User Talk:Stepho-wrs|talk]]  10:33, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

:I second that, good work. [[User:Toasted Meter|Toasted Meter]] ([[User talk:Toasted Meter|talk]]) 04:48, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

== Overlinking. ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Alvarowik|your contributions]] to Wikipedia. In one of your recent edits, you added [[Help:Link|links]] to an article which did not add content or meaning, or repeated the same link several times throughout the article. Please see [[WP:Linking|Wikipedia's guideline on links]] to avoid overlinking. Thank you.  [[User:Toasted Meter|Toasted Meter]] ([[User talk:Toasted Meter|talk]]) 20:47, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

:Stop with the ridiculous amount of links, you do not need to link common terms and materials, anyone reading about a car should know what rpm means.

:And you do not need to add all the information about a motor to the article for a car that uses that motor, that is what links are for, those who want to know the bore and stroke can click on the link. [[User:Toasted Meter|Toasted Meter]] ([[User talk:Toasted Meter|talk]]) 19:33, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

:: Stop linking rpm, I will keep removing it. [[User:Toasted Meter|Toasted Meter]] ([[User talk:Toasted Meter|talk]]) 00:44, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

::: It is also entirely useless to talk about fractions of horsepower and torque, one or two degrees of temperature change will make way more difference, readers gain no information from precision with no relevance to the real world. [[User:Toasted Meter|Toasted Meter]] ([[User talk:Toasted Meter|talk]]) 04:15, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

:::: You should also not use kgm for anything other than very old vehicles and then only if the source uses them, they are an absolutely useless unit to modern readers. [[User:Toasted Meter|Toasted Meter]] ([[User talk:Toasted Meter|talk]]) 13:25, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

::::: Refs go after punctuation, and there should not be a space before a ref. [[User:Toasted Meter|Toasted Meter]] ([[User talk:Toasted Meter|talk]]) 01:46, 21 June 2018 (UTC)

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== Horsepower and torque ==

Hello, pls use at intead of @ in power and torque ratings, its preferred style in auto articles, thanks -->[[User:Typ932|Typ932]] [[User_talk:Typ932|T]]·[[Special:Contributions/Typ932|C]] 06:12, 2 July 2018 (UTC)

== Lykan HyperSport ==
The edits you recently made on the [[Lykan HyperSport]] page were unnecessary. Conversion of engine capacity to cubic inches isn't necessary. Plus the engine is not called the boxer 6, its calmed a flat six engine.[[User:U1Quattro|U1Quattro]] ([[User talk:U1Quattro|talk]]) 06:16, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

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== September 2018 ==
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== Overlinking and use of Carfolio.com as source ==

Your edits contain a heavy amount of overlinking to common terms of understanding. You also stick to only one source and that is carfolio.com. That website does not state reliable figures. It would be recommended if you change your sources to more reliable ones and stop overlinking the articles. [[User:U1Quattro|U1Quattro]] ([[User talk:U1Quattro|talk]]) 12:57, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

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== Fractions ==

Please stop changing decimal measurements to fractions. Fractions are not common usage for these purposes so they should not be appearing in place of the correct decimal figures. Thank you. --[[User:Sable232|Sable232]] ([[User talk:Sable232|talk]]) 21:43, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

== October 2018 ==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|25px|link=]] Please stop adding [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|unsourced]] content, as you did on [[:Ferrari 308 GTB/GTS]]. This violates [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia's policy on verifiability]]. If you continue to do so, you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing Wikipedia.  [[User:Magnolia677|Magnolia677]] ([[User talk:Magnolia677|talk]]) 16:16, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

== STOP OVERLINKING! ==

Stop overlinking! Just stop it. You were cautioned about this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Alvarowik&diff=846170139&oldid=846054877 here] by [[User:Toasted Meter]], but you continue. At [[Alfa Romeo V6 engine]], you linked [[Aluminium]], [[carburetor]]s, [[fuel injection]], [[Car dealership|dealer]], and [[speedometer]]. You were reverted [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Windsor_engine&diff=863294589&oldid=863293154 here] by [[User:Sable232]] for linking [[V8 engine]], [[Octane]] [[Petrol engine|Gasoline]], [[Revolution per minute|rpm]] , and [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]]. '''Adding links to everyday words does not improve the article!''' It junks up the article and makes it harder for Wikipedia's readers to navigate. If English is not your first language, then adding links may not be a type of editing suitable to your skills. Thank you for your understanding. [[User:Magnolia677|Magnolia677]] ([[User talk:Magnolia677|talk]]) 16:33, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
:And [[User:U1Quattro]] just two weeks ago. You need to start respecting the feedback many editors are giving you. [[User:Magnolia677|Magnolia677]] ([[User talk:Magnolia677|talk]]) 16:35, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

::I think he should be warned about not overlinking the articles. This has gone too far in my opinion. He ponders over many pages and overlinks stuff, inserting unreliable sources when sources are already mentioned.[[User:U1Quattro|U1Quattro]] ([[User talk:U1Quattro|talk]]) 18:02, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

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== Engine infoboxes and article content ==

I like your recent work on adding more info to engine infoboxes, and it made me think of something, if technical figures like bore and stroke and compression ratio are in the infobox they could be removed from the main text. What do you think of this? [[User:Toasted Meter|Toasted Meter]] ([[User talk:Toasted Meter|talk]]) 19:00, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

:Adding this info to the infobox for an individual variant of an engine is good. But should not add it to the summary infobox at the top of an engine family article. At [[Toyota T engine]] I added a table covering specs for all variations. Perhaps something along those lines. [[User:Stepho-wrs|''' Stepho ''']] [[User Talk:Stepho-wrs|talk]]  22:21, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

::I agree, for for engines with multiple variants, numbers like displacement should be a range, bore and stroke should be in the individual sections for the variant. [[User:Toasted Meter|Toasted Meter]] ([[User talk:Toasted Meter|talk]]) 23:21, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

{{outdent}}
Thank you for the metric conversions you have added to many engine articles. However, I would like to repeat my point above. Adding lists of many engine sizes, compression ratios, bore, stroke, etc to a summary box is not useful. Only common stuff goes into the summary box. Details not common to all are much better in the individual infoboxes for each individual engine. Or you could use a range (eg 1,1150-1,858 cc) for some cases.

Also putting an image of the Toyota logo in the {{para|name}} field of the infobox makes it hard for reader software for sight impaired readers. [[User:Stepho-wrs|''' Stepho ''']] [[User Talk:Stepho-wrs|talk]]  20:46, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

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==Disambiguation link notification for March 9==

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== Fractions, again ==

Alvarowik, you have been asked before to stop changing decimal measurements to fractions, as it is not the proper way to display bore and stroke figures on Wikipedia. You have not heeded that request, as evidenced by [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buick_V6_engine&diff=prev&oldid=889936624 this edit] to [[Buick V6 engine]]. Please stop doing this. --[[User:Sable232|Sable232]] ([[User talk:Sable232|talk]]) 16:43, 31 March 2019 (UTC)
:{{ping|Sable232}} I have been asking him to do the opposite. Is there a conversation somewhere? Especially with older US engines, they were designed with fractions. [[User:Mr.choppers|''' Mr.choppers | ''']][[User talk:Mr.choppers|✎ ]] 15:15, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

== Diesel fuel ==

Hello Alvarowik,

please note that the "fueltype" field is supposed to contain information on the fueltype a certain engine model is designed for. Currently, there is no field to put the operating principle, so we cannot add that yet. Just putting the term "Diesel" linked to the Diesel engine article into the fueltype field does not describe the fueltype properly. Unless specified, I recommend you simply don't add anything there. Best, --[[User:Johannes Maximilian|Johannes]] ([[User_Talk:Johannes Maximilian|Talk]]) ([[Special:Contribs/Johannes Maximilian|Contribs]]) ([[User:Johannes Maximilian/Articles2|Articles]]) 19:31, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

== Engine names ==

Hi, pls look this conversation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Automobiles#engine_names , rgds -->[[User:Typ932|Typ932]] [[User_talk:Typ932|T]]·[[Special:Contributions/Typ932|C]] 06:20, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

:I'm going to make the same point. Edits like [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Zetec_engine&diff=886232260&oldid=877609273&diffmode=source this] are unacceptable. We not only do not use logo icons instead of text, per [[MOS:ICON]], but using copyright logos like that is a violation of the [[WP:NFCC|non-free content criteria]]. These must be removed immediacy. Do such, or I will file a report to have you blocked. [[User:Oknazevad|oknazevad]] ([[User talk:Oknazevad|talk]]) 06:31, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

== About putting logos in infiboxes ==

(consider this as an extension to the previous section)
Dear user Alvarowik,
Thanks for your recent edits! I, however, want to inform you about something.
Do ''NOT'' add company logos on engine infoboxes. The average reader can understand the company's name by just reading the engine's name. (example: it is not needed to add the PSA (peugeot) logo to an engine manufactured by PSA, it is self-explanatory that it can't be manufactured by [[GAZ]] or other companies, unless otherwise noted.)
If you have something to say or discuss about this, feel free to enter the link that a fellow member of Wikiproject Automobiles sent in the previous section (i am also a member) to go to our talk page and post it.
Thanks for the understanding, [[User:Enivak|Enivak]] ([[User talk:Enivak|talk]]) 11:01, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

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== Question ==

Are you the alvarowik of Wikipedia in Spanish or are they two different people? [[User:Super Dogger|Super Dogger]] ([[User talk:Super Dogger|talk]]) 14:29, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

:Yes, that's me and in the Wikidata, too. Happy new year! [[User:Alvarowik|Alvarowik]] ([[User talk:Alvarowik#top|talk]]) 15:41, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

@[[User:Alvarowik|Alvarowik]] Hi What do you think of my new firm, Regards {{User:Hispanic Empires/Signature}} 22:25, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

:Nice! I still don't know how to configure mine. [[User:Alvarowik|Alvarowik]] ([[User talk:Alvarowik#top|talk]]) 22:37, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

User talk:Alvarowik

2023-01-03T15:41:53Z

Alvarowik: /* Question */ Reply

User:Alvarowik

2023-01-02T17:17:25Z

Alvarowik: Create my own page

[[Fanatic]] of [[baseball]], [[aviation]] and [[car]]s, so I edit articles about these topics, including [[engine]]s, too.

Koenigsegg CC850

2022-09-12T16:05:04Z

Alvarowik: Add references

{{Short description|2024 sports car manufactured by Koenigsegg}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use European English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Koenigsegg CC850
| manufacturer = [[Koenigsegg|Koenigsegg Automotive AB]]
| production = 2024
| assembly = [[Ängelholm]], Sweden
| predecessor = [[Koenigsegg CC8S]] (spiritual), [[Koenigsegg Jesko]] (mechanical)
| doors = [[Dihedral Synchro-Helix]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[targa top]]
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]]
| powerout = {{cvt|1185|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} (gasoline), {{cvt|1385|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} (E85)
| engine = {{cvt|5065.48|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}} [[Turbocharger|twin-turbo]] aluminium [[DOHC]] [[V8 engine|V8]]
| transmission = Koenigsegg 9-speed Light Speed Transmission with Engage Shifter System
| platform = [[Koenigsegg Jesko]]
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{cvt|4364|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{cvt|2024|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{cvt|1127|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{cvt|1385|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}
| sp = uk
| designer = [[Christian von Koenigsegg]] & Sasha Selipanov<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/octave-chany_koenigsegg-cc850-super-exited-to-share-the-activity-6966791599980744704-h5zm|website=[[LinkedIn]]|location=Online|date=August 19, 2022|access-date=September 11, 2022|title=Octave Chany: Koenigsegg CC850 super exited to share the activity|first=Octave|last=Chany}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10209943632743175&set=a.10204123257357428|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Online|date=August 19, 2022|access-date=September 11, 2022|title=2023 Koenigsegg CC850 official sketches by Sasha Selipanov|first=Jony|last=Diaz}}</ref>
}}
The '''Koenigsegg CC850''' is a limited production mid-engine [[sports car]] manufactured by Swedish automobile manufacturer [[Koenigsegg]]. It was unveiled on the 19th of August 2022 at [[Pebble Beach, California]],<ref name="rat">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a40940671/koenigsegg-cc850/|magazine=[[Road & Track]]|location=Online|date=August 19, 2022|access-date=August 20, 2022|title=The Koenigsegg CC850 Has a Fake Manual Transmission and 1385 HP|first=Lawrence|last=Ulrich}}</ref> as a homage to the CC8S. Built to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the first production CC8S, the CC850 was originally limited to 50 units to celebrate the company's founder [[Christian von Koenigsegg]]'s 50th birthday,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodwood.com/grr/road/news/2022/8/koenigsegg-cc850-is-a-new-manual-hypercar/|work=[[Goodwood Festival of Speed]]|title=Koenigsegg CC850 is a new manual hypercar|first=Ethan|last=Jupp|date=August 19, 2022|access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref> however due to increased demand it was announced six days later on the 25th of August 2022 that an additional 20 units would be built.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Road & Track]]|title=Koenigsegg CC850 Sells Out Instantly, 20 More to Be Built|first=Brian|last=Silvestro|date=25 August 2022|access-date=27 August 2022|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a40989576/koenigsegg-cc850-sold-out/|location=Online}}</ref>

==Specifications==
Despite the shared name, the CC850 doesn't share any hardware with the original CC8S and is based on the [[Koenigsegg Jesko]].<ref name="mt">{{cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/2024-koenigsegg-cc850-supercar-first-look-review/|work=[[Motor Trend]]|first=Angus|last=MacKenzie|date=August 19, 2022|title=2024 Koenigsegg CC850 First Look: Mind-Blowing Transmission, Classic Style|access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref> Similar to the Jesko, the CC850 shares the same multilink front and rear suspension, which consists of double wishbones, hydraulic and gas-hydraulic shock absorbers, with Triplex dampers at the rear.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://mb.cision.com/Public/18511/3617091/af788f1cc15419e1.pdf|publisher=[[Koenigsegg]]|date=August 19, 2022|access-date=August 20, 2022|title=Koenigsegg CC850, a Reimagined Homage to The Record-Shattering CC8S, Unveiled in Monterey|author=Deborah Mazza|agency=rEvolution|location=Ängelholm}}</ref> Steering is [[Rack and pinion#Steering|rack and pinion]] assisted, and Koenigsegg's proprietary 9-speed Light Speed Transmission sends power to the rear wheels. The CC850 also has a feature called the '''Engage Shifter System''', which allows the driver to simulate six gears of manual shifting with a physical clutch pedal as opposed to paddle shifting.<ref name=rat/> With this system Christian von Koenigsegg claims that the car "must be the fastest manual car around a racetrack I can think of".<ref name=rat/> The engine is also borrowed from the Jesko, albeit with smaller turbochargers, resulting in a power output of {{cvt|1185|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 7,800 rpm on regular fuel, or {{cvt|1385|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} on [[E85]].<ref name=mt/> Peak torque stands at {{cvt|1385|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 4,800 rpm.<ref name=rat/> The forged aluminium wheels ({{cvt|20x9.5|in|abbr=on}} front, {{cvt|21x12.25|in|abbr=on}} rear)<ref name=rat/> are shod in [[Michelin]] Pilot Sport 4S (265/35R-20 front, and 325/30R-21 rear).<ref name=mt/> Stopping power is provided by a set of {{cvt|410|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 6-piston calipers on the front wheels and {{cvt|395|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 4-piston calipers on the rear.<ref name=mt/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Koenigsegg}}
{{Koenigsegg road car timeline, 1990s-present}}

[[Category:Koenigsegg vehicles]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2022]]
[[Category:Flexible-fuel vehicles]]

{{automobile-stub}}

Lamborghini

2022-07-26T17:44:13Z

Alvarowik: Improve cite book

{{short description|Italian car manufacturer}}
{{About|the automobile manufacturer|other uses|Lamborghini (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.
| logo = [[File:Lamborghini Logo.svg|180px]] [[File:Lamborghini logo.svg|200px]]
| caption =
| image = Lamborghini, Sant'Agata Bolognese, Bologna.jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters in Sant'Agata Bolognese
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1963}}
| founder = [[Ferruccio Lamborghini]]
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Sant'Agata Bolognese]], [[Emilia-Romagna]]
| location_country = Italy
| locations = 135 dealerships
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Stephan Winkelmann]] (CEO)<ref name="luxus-plus.com">{{Cite web|url=https://luxus-plus.com/en/stephan-winkelmann-appointed-as-ceo-of-lamborghini/|title = Stephan Winkelmann appointed as CEO of Lamborghini |work=Luxus Plus}}</ref>
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| products =
| services =
| production = {{increase}} 8,405 vehicles (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://media.lamborghini.com/english/latest-news/all/a-record-breaking-2021-for-automobili-lamborghini---the-company-recorded-its-best-year-ever--with-8-/s/3df46192-1102-49a8-ac36-7b7cf99e7d04|title=A record-breaking 2021 for Automobili Lamborghini – The company recorded its best year ever, with 8,405 cars delivered|date=12 January 2022|website=Lamborghini Media Center}}</ref>
| revenue = {{increase}} €586 million (2014)<ref name="fr2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.audi.com/content/dam/com/EN/investor-relations/financial_reports/annual-reports/audi-afr-2015.pdf |title=2015 Annual Financial Report |publisher=Audi |access-date=16 October 2016 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110121620/http://www.audi.com/en/404-page-not-found.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{increase}} €10.1 million (2014)<ref name="fr2015"/>
| assets =
| equity = {{increase}} €1.832 billion (2014)<ref name="fr2015"/>
| num_employees = 1,779 (December 2020)<ref>{{cite web|title=Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. (Italy)|url=https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/automobili-lamborghini-spa-italy-214|website=www.audi-mediacenter.com/en|date=31 December 2020|access-date=22 February 2022|language=en}}</ref>
| owner = [[Volkswagen Group]]
| parent = [[Audi|Audi AG]]
| divisions =
| subsid = [[Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.]] [[Italdesign Giugiaro]]
| homepage = [http://lamborghini.com/en-en/ lamborghini.com]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.''' ({{IPA-it|autoˈmɔːbili lamborˈɡiːni}}) is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury [[sports car]]s and [[SUV]]s based in [[Sant'Agata Bolognese]]. The company is owned by the [[Volkswagen Group]] through its subsidiary [[Audi]].

[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] (1916–1993), an Italian [[Business magnate|manufacturing magnate]], founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with [[Ferrari]]. The company was noted for using a [[rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]] layout. Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the [[1973–1974 stock market crash|1973 worldwide financial downturn]] and the [[1973 oil crisis|oil crisis]]. The firm's ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978. American [[Chrysler|Chrysler Corporation]] took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division.

New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand. In the late 2000s, during the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|worldwide financial crisis]] and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghini's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 per cent.

Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered [[Lamborghini Aventador|Aventador]] and the V10-powered [[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán]], along with the [[Lamborghini Urus|Urus]] SUV powered by a [[twin-turbo]] [[V8 engine]]. In addition, the company produces [[V12 engine]]s for [[offshore powerboat racing]].

[[Lamborghini Trattori]], founded in 1948 by Ferruccio Lamborghini, is headquartered in [[Pieve di Cento]], Italy and continues to produce [[tractor]]s. Since 1973, Lamborghini Trattori has been a separate entity from the automobile manufacturer.

==History==
{{main|History of Lamborghini}}
[[File:Ferruccio lamborghini.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] with a [[Lamborghini Jarama|Jarama]] and a tractor of his brand]]
Manufacturing magnate Italian [[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] founded the company in 1963 with the objective of producing a refined [[grand tourer|grand touring car]] to compete with offerings from established marques such as [[Ferrari]]. The company's first models, such as the [[Lamborghini 350 GT|350 GT]], were released in the mid-1960s. Lamborghini was noted for the 1966 [[Lamborghini Miura|Miura]] sports [[coupé]], which used a [[rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]] layout.

Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first ten years, but sales fell in the wake of the [[1973–1974 stock market crash|1973 worldwide financial downturn]] and the [[1973 oil crisis|oil crisis]]. Ferruccio Lamborghini sold the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer and retired in 1974. The company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and [[Patrick Mimran]] in 1980. The Mimrans purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and invested heavily in its expansion. Under the Mimrans' management, Lamborghini's model line was expanded from the [[Lamborghini Countach|Countach]] to include the [[Lamborghini Jalpa|Jalpa]] sports car and the [[Lamborghini LM002|LM002]] high-performance off-road vehicle.

The Mimrans sold Lamborghini to the [[Chrysler|Chrysler Corporation]] in 1987. After replacing the Countach with the [[Lamborghini Diablo|Diablo]] and discontinuing the Jalpa and the LM002, Chrysler sold Lamborghini to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the [[Volkswagen Group]] where it was placed under the control of the group's [[Audi]] division. New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand Lamborghini. In the late 2000s, during the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|worldwide financial crisis]] and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghini's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 per cent.

In 2021, the CEO of Lamborghini said that by 2024 all its models will be hybrid.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Business|first=Peter Valdes-Dapena, CNN|title=Every Lamborghini will have an electric motor by 2024|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/18/success/lamborghini-electric-hybrid-supercars/index.html|access-date=18 May 2021|website=CNN}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Lamborghini ownership
|-
!Years!!Owner
|-
!1963–1972
|Ferruccio Lamborghini
|-
!1972–1977
|{{nowrap|Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer}}
|-
!1977–1984
|Receivership
|-
!1984–1987
|Patrick Mimran
|-
!1987–1994
|Chrysler Corporation
|-
!1994–1995
|MegaTech
|-
!1995–1998
|V'Power and Mycom Sedtco
|-
!{{nowrap|1998–present}}
|Audi AG
|}

==Products==

===Automobiles===
{{Main|List of Lamborghini automobiles}}
As of the 2018 model year, Lamborghini's automobile product range consists of three model lines, two of which are mid-engine two-seat sports cars while the third one is a front engined, all-wheel drive SUV.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/|title=New Lamborghini Cars|work=Yahoo Autos|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>

==== Models in production ====

* '''Aventador'''
{{Main|Lamborghini Aventador}}
[[File:Lamborghini Aventador S coupe IMG 2926.jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Aventador S coupe]]
The current V12-powered Aventador production line consists of the LP 740–4 Aventador [[Lamborghini Aventador|Ultimate]] and [[Lamborghini Aventador|SVJ]] coupés and roadsters and it is said that the production of all Aventador models will end in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lamborghini Aventador- Technical Specifications, Pictures, Videos|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/|access-date=8 August 2021|website=Lamborghini.com|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Huracán'''
{{Main|Lamborghini Huracán}}
[[File:Lamborghini Huracan LP 610-4 Spyder IMG 2644.jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Huracan LP 610-4 Spyder]]
The V10-powered Huracán line currently includes the all-wheel-drive LP 610-4 coupé and Spyder, the low cost rear-wheel-drive LP 580-2 coupé and Spyder and the most powerful, track oriented LP 640-4 Performanté coupé and Spyder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/models/huracan|title=Huracán Line up|work=Lamborghini|access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref>

* '''Urus'''
{{Main|Lamborghini Urus}}
[[File:Lamborghini Urus IMG 2640.jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Urus]]
With the intention of doubling its sales volume by 2019, Lamborghini also added an SUV named Urus in its line-up which is powered by a [[twin-turbo]] [[V8 engine]] and utilises a front engine, all-wheel drive layout.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/lamborghini-sees-worldwide-sales-doubling-2019-suv-launch-022647808--finance.html |title=Lamborghini sees worldwide sales doubling by 2019 after SUV launch|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/models/urus|title=Lamborghini Urus|work=Lamborghini|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>

===Marine engines===
Motori Marini Lamborghini produces a large V12 marine engine block for use in [[Offshore powerboat racing|World Offshore Series]] Class 1 powerboats. A Lamborghini branded marine engine displaces approximately {{convert|8171|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} and outputs approximately {{convert|940|hp|kW|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.class1uk.co.uk/engine.php |title=Introducing the Class 1 Championship – The Engines}}</ref>

===Lamborghini motorcycle===

In the mid-1980s, Lamborghini produced a limited-production run of a {{convert|1,000|cc|1|abbr=on}} [[sportbike|sports]] motorcycle. UK weekly newspaper ''[[Motor Cycle News]]'' reported in 1994 – when featuring an example available through an [[Essex]] motorcycle retailer – that 24 examples were produced with a Lamborghini [[Aluminium alloy|alloy]] frame having [[Head tube|adjustable steering head angle]], [[Kawasaki GPZ1000RX|Kawasaki GPz1000RX]] engine/transmission unit, [[Ceriani]] [[Motorcycle fork|front forks]] and Marvic wheels. The bodywork was [[Motorcycle fairing#Materials|plastic]] and fully integrated with [[Motorcycle fairing|front fairing]] merged into fuel tank and seat cover ending in a rear tail-fairing. The motorcycles were designed by Lamborghini stylists and produced by French business Boxer Bikes.<ref name = "MCN 1994">''[[Motor Cycle News]]'' 23 March 1994 p. 5 ''Car-vaceous Lamborghini up for sale.'' Accessed and added 7 October 2014</ref>

===Branded merchandise===
Lamborghini licenses its brand to manufacturers that produce a variety of Lamborghini-branded consumer goods including scale models, clothing, accessories, bags, electronics<ref name=merch>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamborghinistore.com/en/terms-and-conditions/ |title=Terms and Conditions |work=Lamborghini Store |publisher=EPI srl |access-date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829014519/http://www.lamborghinistore.com/en/terms-and-conditions/ |archive-date= 29 August 2012 |quote=EPI srl is an official licensee of Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. |url-status=dead }}</ref> and laptop computers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asus.com/Laptops/ASUSAutomobili_Lamborghini_VX7SX/|title=ASUS-Automobili Lamborghini VX7SX | Laptops|website=ASUS Global}}</ref>

<gallery heights="150" widths="200">
File:Musée Lamborghini 0071.JPG|L900 marine engine
</gallery>

==Motorsport==
{{Infobox company
| name = Lamborghini Motorsport Division, Squadra Corse
| logo =Lamborghini Squadra Corse logo.jpg
| image_caption =
| trading_name = Squadra Corse
| type = Subsidiary
| industry = *Automobile
*Motorsports
| hq_location_city = Sant'Agata Bolognese
| hq_location_country = Italy
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = *[[Stephan Winkelmann]] (CEO of Automobili Lamborghini)
| owner = Automobili Lamborghini
| parent = [[Audi AG]]
| website = {{url|lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport}}
}}

===Automobiles produced===
Lamborghini Motorsport Division Squadra Corse produces GT3 cars and cars for their Super Trofeo events based on the [[Lamborghini Gallardo|Gallardo]] and [[Huracán]]. Apart from them, the Squadra Corse builds cars upon customer request.

====GT3 and Super Trofeo Cars====

*[[Lamborghini Gallardo|Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo]]
*[[Lamborghini Gallardo|Gallardo LP 560-4 Super Trofeo]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo EVO]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo EVO2]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán Super Trofeo GT2]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán GT3]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán GT3 Evo]]
*[[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán GT3 Evo 2]]

====Special cars ====
These cars were built by Squadra Corse upon customer request.
*[[Lamborghini Essenza SCV12|Essenza SCV12]]
*[[Lamborghini Aventador|SC18 Alston]]
*[[Lamborghini Aventador|SC20]]

===Events held===
====Lamborghini Super Trofeo====
{{Main|Lamborghini Super Trofeo}}
[[File:BonaldiMotorsport AutocarrozzeriaImeraiale SuperTrofeoHH2011.JPG|thumb|[[Lamborghini Gallardo|Lamborghini Gallardo Super Trofeo]] 2011 in [[Hockenheimring|Hockenheim]]|left]]
[[File:Erik Mayrink - Lamborghini Super Trofeo.jpg|thumb|[[Lamborghini Huracán|Lamborghini Huracán Super Trofeo]]|left]]
The Super Trofeo is a series of Motorsport events held by Squadra corse using their Super Trofeo model vehicles (currently the Huracán Super Trofeo EVO) which are racing versions of the road-approved models ([[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán]] and [[Lamborghini Gallardo|Gallardo]] models).

The Super Trofeo events are held in three different series, in three continents: America, Asia and Europe. Many private race team participate each of these events.

Every series consists of six rounds, each of which feature free practice sessions, qualifying and two races lasting 50 minutes each. There are four categories of drivers: Pro, Pro-Am, Am and Lamborghini Cup. The season ends in the Lamborghini Super Trofeo World Final.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Squadra Corse – Super Trofeo {{!}} Lamborghini.com|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/super-trofeo|access-date=22 August 2021|website=www.lamborghini.com|language=en}}</ref>

====Lamborghini GT3====
[[File:Lamborghini Huracan GT3-Team Konrad Motorsport (2).jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Huracán GT3 front view|left]]

[[File:Paul Miller Racing's Lamborghini Huracán GT3 Evo at the 2020 Petit Le Mans.jpg|thumb|Lamborghini Huracán GT3 rear view|left]]

The Lamborghini GT3 is a series of Motorsport events held by The Squadra Corse using [[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán GT3]] cars that comply with the FIA [[Group GT3|GT3]] regulations. The racing event is open to any Huracán GT3 customer.

Lamborghini currently uses Huracán GT3 Evo cars for these events and more than 60 private race teams participate these events.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Customer Racing – GT3|url=https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/motorsport/gt3|access-date=22 August 2021|website=www.lamborghini.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Current factory drivers==
===GT3 factory drivers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Caldarelli]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Marco Mapelli]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Franck Perera]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Giacomo Altoè]]
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Costa (racing driver)|Albert Costa]]
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sandy Mitchell (racing driver)|Sandy Mitchell]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mirko Bortolotti]]}}

<ref>{{Cite web |title=GT3 Factory Drivers |url=https://www.lamborghini.com/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Lamborghini.com |language=de}}</ref>

===GT3 junior program===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*{{flagicon|GER}} Dennis Fetzer
*{{flagicon|RSA}} Stuart White
*{{flagicon|GER}} Maximilian Paul
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Brendon Leitch]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Cola]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} Jaden Conwright
*{{flagicon|GUA}} Mateo Llarena
*{{flagicon|SWI}} Kevin Gilardoni
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Leonardo Pulcini]]
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Glenn van Berlo]]
*{{flagicon|CHI}} Benjamin Hites
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léo Roussel]]
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jack Aitken]]
*{{flagicon|AUT}} Mick Wishofer
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Alberto di Folco
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Michele Beretta]]
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Luis Michael Dörrbecker]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Mattia Michelotto
*{{flagicon|BEL}} Baptiste Moulin
*{{flagicon|JPN}} Yuki Nemoto
*{{flagicon|NOR}} Marcus Påverud
*{{flagicon|USA}} Tyler Cooke
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Loris Cabirou
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alessio Deledda]]}}

<ref>{{Cite web |title=GT3 Junior Program |url=https://www.lamborghini.com/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Lamborghini.com |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2022-02-16 |title=Former F2 racer Alessio Deledda gets Lamborghini DTM seat |url=https://formulascout.com/former-f2-racer-alessio-deledda-gets-lamborghini-dtm-seat/89766 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Young drivers program===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*{{flagicon|ROM}} David Serban
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Louis Chovet]]
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Amaury Bonduel]]
*{{flagicon|NED}} Milan Teekens
*{{flagicon|NOR}} Magnus Gustavsen
*{{flagicon|SWI}} Jean-Luc D’auria
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Milane Petelet
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Marzio Moretti
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Filippo Berto
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Alessandro Lorenzo Tarabini
*{{flagicon|USA}} Shehan Chandrasoma
*{{flagicon|USA}} Luke Berkeley
*{{flagicon|USA}} Bryson Lew
*{{flagicon|PUR}} Sebastian Carazo
*{{flagicon|CRC}} Danny Formal}}

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Drivers Program |url=https://www.lamborghini.com/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Lamborghini.com |language=de}}</ref>

==Lamborghini F1 career==
{{Infobox F1 engine manufacturer
| name = Lamborghini
| logo =
| official_name =
| base =
| founders =
| staff = [[Mauro Forghieri]]
| debut = [[1989 Brazilian Grand Prix]]
| final_race = [[1993 Australian Grand Prix]]
| races = 80
| chassis = [[Lola Cars|Lola]], [[Team Lotus|Lotus]], [[Modena (racing team)|Lambo]], [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]], [[Minardi]], [[Venturi Automobiles|Venturi]], [[Larrousse]]
| cons_champ = 0
| drivers_champ = 0
| wins = 0
| podiums = 1
| points = 20
| poles = 0
| fastest_laps = 0
}}
[[File:Lamborghini miura svj spider 4808.jpg|thumb|left|The Miura began as a clandestine prototype, a car that had racing pedigree in a company that was entirely against motorsport.]]
In contrast to his rival [[Enzo Ferrari]], Ferruccio Lamborghini had decided early on that there would be no factory-supported racing of Lamborghinis, viewing motorsport as too expensive and too draining on company resources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamborghinimiuras.com/lamborghini.html|title=Lamborghini Miura P400 Conversion to Miura SV|website=www.lamborghinimiuras.com|language=en-us|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> This was unusual for the time, as many sports car manufacturers sought to demonstrate speed, reliability, and technical superiority through motorsport participation. Enzo Ferrari in particular was known for considering his road car business mostly a source of funding for his participation in motor racing. Ferruccio's policy led to tensions between him and his engineers, many of whom were racing enthusiasts; some had previously worked at Ferrari. When Dallara, Stanzani, and Wallace began dedicating their spare time to the development of the P400 prototype, they designed it to be a road car with racing potential, one that could win on the track and also be driven on the road by enthusiasts.{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=29}} When Ferruccio discovered the project, he allowed them to go ahead, seeing it as a potential marketing device for the company, while insisting that it would not be raced. The P400 went on to become the Miura. The closest the company came to building a true race car under Lamborghini's supervision were a few highly modified prototypes, including those built by factory test driver [[Bob Wallace (test driver)|Bob Wallace]], such as the Miura SV-based "Jota" and the Jarama S-based "Bob Wallace Special".

In the mid-1970s, while Lamborghini was under the management of Georges-Henri Rossetti, Lamborghini entered into an agreement with [[BMW]] to develop, then manufacture 400 cars for BMW in order to meet [[Group 4 (racing)|Group 4]] [[Homologation (motorsport)|homologation]] requirements. BMW lacked experience developing a mid-engined vehicle and believed that Lamborghini's experience in that area would make Lamborghini an ideal choice of partner. Due to Lamborghini's shaky finances, Lamborghini fell behind schedule developing the car's structure and running gear. When Lamborghini failed to deliver working prototypes on time, BMW took the program in house, finishing development without Lamborghini. BMW contracted with [[Karosserie Baur|Baur]] to produce the car, which BMW named the [[BMW M1|M1]], delivering the first vehicle in October 1978.{{Sfn|Lewin|2004|pp=119–120}}{{Sfn|Mitchel|2005|p=219}}

In 1985, Lamborghini's British importer developed the [[Lamborghini Countach QVX|Countach QVX]], in conjunction with [[Spice Engineering]], for the 1986 [[Group C]] championship season. One car was built, but lack of sponsorship caused it to miss the season. The QVX competed in only one race, the non-championship 1986 Southern Suns 500 km race at [[Kyalami]] in South Africa, driven by [[Tiff Needell]]. Despite the car finishing better than it started, sponsorship could once again not be found and the programme was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghiniqvxp1.php |title=Lamborghini QVX Car Guide |publisher=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-date=24 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624160506/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghiniqvxp1.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Lotus-Lamborghini 102.jpg|thumb|left|The 1990 [[Lotus 102]] featured a Lamborghini V12 engine.]]
Lamborghini was an engine supplier in [[Formula One]] for the [[1989 Formula One season|1989]] through [[1993 Formula One season]]s. It supplied engines to [[Larrousse]] (1989–1990, 1992–1993), [[Team Lotus|Lotus]] (1990), [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]] (1991), [[Minardi]] (1992), and to the [[Modena (racing team)|Modena]] team in 1991. While the latter is commonly referred to as a factory team, the company saw itself as a supplier, not a backer. The 1992 Larrousse–Lamborghini was largely uncompetitive but noteworthy in its tendency to spew oil from its exhaust system. Cars following closely behind the Larrousse were commonly coloured yellowish-brown by the end of the race.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newportconvertible.com/lamborghini/|title=Lamborghini|date=29 May 2012|work=NCE|access-date=19 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Lamborghini's best result was achieved with Larrousse at the [[1990 Japanese Grand Prix]], when [[Aguri Suzuki]] finished third on home soil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/jun/12/formulaone.formulaone20041|title=Sato shapes as the rising son|author=Alan Henry|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=12 June 2004}}</ref>

In late 1991, a Lamborghini Formula One motor was used in the [[Konrad KM-011]] [[Group C]] sports car, but the car only lasted a few races before the project was cancelled. The same engine, re-badged a [[Chrysler]], Lamborghini's then-parent company, was tested by [[McLaren]] towards the end of the 1993 season, with the intent of using it during the [[1994 Formula One season|1994 season]]. Although driver [[Ayrton Senna]] was reportedly impressed with the engine's performance, McLaren pulled out of negotiations, choosing a [[Peugeot]] engine instead, and Chrysler ended the project.

[[File:Reiter Lambo.jpg|thumb|right|A Murcielago R-GT participating in the FIA GT Championship at [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] in 2006]]
Two racing versions of the Diablo were built for the Diablo Supertrophy, a single-model racing series held annually from 1996 to 1999. In the first year, the model used in the series was the Diablo SVR, while the Diablo 6.0 GTR was used for the remaining three years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lamborghini Diablo SVR |url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinidiablop11.php |publisher=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302023504/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinidiablop11.php |archive-date=2 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinidiablop13.php |title=Lamborghini Diablo 6.0 GTR Car Guide |publisher=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302023215/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinidiablop13.php |archive-date=2 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lamborghini developed the Murciélago R-GT as a production racing car to compete in the [[FIA GT Championship]], the [[Super GT]] Championship and the [[American Le Mans Series]] in 2004. The car's highest placing in any race that year was the opening round of the FIA GT Championship at [[Circuit de Valencia|Valencia]], where the car entered by [[Reiter Engineering]] finished third from a fifth-place start.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT Car Guide |url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinimurcielagop3.php |publisher=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302023246/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinimurcielagop3.php |archive-date=2 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT 2004 Season |url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinimurcielagop4.php |publisher=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-date=23 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423110619/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinimurcielagop4.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006, during the opening round of the Super GT championship at [[Suzuka Circuit|Suzuka]], a car run by the Japan Lamborghini Owners Club garnered the first victory (in class) by an R-GT. A [[FIA GT3 European Championship|GT3]] version of the Gallardo has been developed by [[Reiter Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinigallardop5.php |title=Lamborghini Gallardo GT3 Car Guide |publisher=Qv500.com |access-date=30 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610061606/http://www.qv500.com/lamborghinigallardop5.php |archive-date=10 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Murciélago R-GT entered by All-Inkl.com racing, driven by [[Christophe Bouchut]] and Stefan Mücke, won the opening round of the [[FIA GT Championship]] held at [[Zhuhai International Circuit]], achieving the first major international race victory for Lamborghini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiagt.com/results.php |title=FIA GT Championship Results: 2007 Round 1 – Zhuhai |publisher=Fiagt.com |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103182715/http://fiagt.com/results.php |archive-date=3 January 2010}}</ref>

===Complete Formula One results===
([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) (results in bold indicate pole position)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
! Year
! Entrant
! Chassis
! Engine(s)
! Tyres
! Drivers
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! Points
! WCC
|-
| rowspan="5"| {{F1|1989}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Larrousse|Larrousse Calmels]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Lola LC88]]B [[Lola LC89]]
| rowspan="5"| Lamborghini 3512 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="5"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1989 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1989 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1989 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1989 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]
|| [[1989 United States Grand Prix|US]]
|| [[1989 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1989 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1989 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1989 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1989 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1989 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1989 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1989 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1989 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1989 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1989 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="5"|'''1'''
|rowspan="5"|'''15th'''
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Yannick Dalmas]]
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Éric Bernard]]
||
||
||
||
||
||
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Michele Alboreto]]
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Philippe Alliot]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
| rowspan="7"| {{F1|1990}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Larrousse|ESPO Larrousse F1]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Lola LC89]]B [[Lola LC90]]
| rowspan="3"| Lamborghini 3512 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="3"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1990 United States Grand Prix|US]]
|| [[1990 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1990 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1990 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1990 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1990 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]
|| [[1990 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1990 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1990 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1990 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1990 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1990 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1990 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1990 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1990 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1990 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="3"|'''11'''
|rowspan="3"|'''6th'''
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Éric Bernard]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Aguri Suzuki]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[Team Lotus|Camel Team Lotus]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Lotus 102]]
| rowspan="4"| Lamborghini [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="4"| {{Goodyear}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Derek Warwick]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|rowspan="3"| '''3'''
|rowspan="3"| '''8th'''
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Martin Donnelly (racing driver)|Martin Donnelly]]
|style="background:white;"| DNS
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:white;"| DNS
|
|
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Johnny Herbert]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
| rowspan="5"| {{F1|1991}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Equipe Ligier|Equipe Ligier Gitanes]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Ligier JS35]] [[Ligier JS35]]B
| rowspan="3"| [[Lamborghini V12|Lamborghini 3512]] [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="3"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1991 United States Grand Prix|US]]
|| [[1991 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1991 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1991 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1991 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1991 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]
|| [[1991 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1991 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1991 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1991 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1991 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1991 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1991 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1991 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1991 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1991 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="3"|'''0'''
|rowspan="3"|'''NC'''
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Thierry Boutsen]]
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 7
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 7
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 8
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Érik Comas]]
| style="background:#ffcfcf;"| DNQ
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 8
| style="background:#ffcfcf;"| DNQ
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11
| style="background:#ffcfcf;"| DNQ
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| 18
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Modena (racing team)|Modena Team SpA]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Lambo 291]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Lamborghini V12|Lamborghini L3512]] [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="2"| {{Goodyear}}
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Nicola Larini]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
| rowspan="2"| '''0'''
| rowspan="2"| '''NC'''
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Eric van de Poele]]
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|-
| rowspan="6"| {{F1|1992}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Larrousse|Central Park Venturi Larrousse]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Venturi LC92]]
| rowspan="3"| Lamborghini 3512 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="3"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1992 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]
|| [[1992 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]
|| [[1992 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1992 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1992 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1992 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1992 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1992 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1992 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1992 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1992 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1992 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1992 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1992 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1992 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1992 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="3"|'''1'''
|rowspan="3"|'''11th'''
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bertrand Gachot]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
| style="background:#000; color:white;"| DSQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 18
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ukyo Katayama]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNPQ
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 17
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Minardi|Minardi Team]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Minardi M191|M191B]] [[Minardi M191|M191L]] [[Minardi M192|M192]]
| rowspan="3"| Lamborghini 3512 3.5 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="3"| {{Goodyear}}
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Christian Fittipaldi]]
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 11
| style="background:#eecfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 8
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 13
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
||
||
||
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 12
| style="background:#dfffdf; text-align:center;"| 6
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 9
| rowspan="3"| 1
| rowspan="3"| 12th
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alessandro Zanardi]]
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
||
||
||
||
||
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianni Morbidelli]]
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 7
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 11
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 8
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 17
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 12
| style="background:#ffcfcf; text-align:center;"| DNQ
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 16
| style="background:#efcfff; text-align:center;"| Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 14
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 14
| style="background:#cfcfff; text-align:center;"| 10
|-
| rowspan="4"| {{F1|1993}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Larrousse|Larrousse F1]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Larrousse LH93]]
| rowspan="4"| Lamborghini 3512 [[V12 engine|V12]]
| rowspan="4"| {{Goodyear}}
||
|| [[1993 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]
|| [[1993 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]
|| [[1993 European Grand Prix|EUR]]
|| [[1993 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]
|| [[1993 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
|| [[1993 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
|| [[1993 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
|| [[1993 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
|| [[1993 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
|| [[1993 German Grand Prix|GER]]
|| [[1993 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]
|| [[1993 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]
|| [[1993 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
|| [[1993 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]
|| [[1993 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]
|| [[1993 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]
|rowspan="4"|'''3'''
|rowspan="4"|'''10th'''
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Philippe Alliot]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 7
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 10
||
||
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshio Suzuki (racing driver)|Toshio Suzuki]]
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Érik Comas]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 12
|}

==Marketing==

===Brand identity===
[[File:Lamborghini logotype.jpg|thumb|left|The Lamborghini wordmark, as displayed on the back of its cars]]
The world of [[bullfighting]] is a key part of Lamborghini's identity.<ref>Cockerham, Paul W. ''Lamborghini: the spirit of the bull'' Tiger Books, 1997</ref><ref>Schleifer, Jay. ''Lamborghini: Italy's raging bull'' Crestwood House, 1993</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalopnik.com/298911/the-baddest-bull-lamborghini-miura-vs-countach-vs-murcielago-lp640 |title=The Baddest Bull: Lamborghini Miura Vs Countach Vs Murcielago LP640 |last=Lieberman |first=Jonny |work=Jalopnik |publisher=Gawker Media |date=12 September 2007 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927055107/http://jalopnik.com/298911/the-baddest-bull-lamborghini-miura-vs-countach-vs-murcielago-lp640 |archive-date= 27 September 2012 }}</ref> In 1962, Ferruccio Lamborghini visited the Seville ranch of [[Miura bull|Don Eduardo Miura]], a renowned breeder of [[Spanish Fighting Bull|Spanish fighting bulls]]. Lamborghini, a [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]] himself, was so impressed by the majestic Miura animals that he decided to adopt a raging [[Bovinae|bull]] as the [[emblem]] for the automaker he would open shortly.{{Sfn|Sackey|2008|p=15}}

===Vehicle nomenclature===
After producing two cars with alphanumeric designations, Lamborghini once again turned to the bull breeder for inspiration. Don Eduardo was filled with pride when he learned that Ferruccio had named a car for his family and their line of bulls; the fourth Miura to be produced was unveiled to him at his ranch in Seville.{{Sfn|Sackey|2008|p=15}}{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=31}}

The automaker would continue to draw upon the bullfighting connection in future years. The [[Lamborghini Islero|Islero]] was named for the [[Islero|Miura bull]] that killed the famed [[Torero (bullfighter)|bullfighter]] [[Manolete]] in 1947. ''Espada'' is the Spanish word for [[sword]], sometimes used to refer to the bullfighter himself. The Jarama's name carried a special double meaning; though it was intended to refer only to the historic bullfighting region in Spain, Ferruccio was concerned about confusion with the also historic [[Circuito Permanente Del Jarama|Jarama motor racing track]].{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=43}}
[[File:Lamborghini Diablo SV and Countach.jpg|thumb|right|The Diablo (background) was named for a legendary bull, while the Countach (foreground) broke from the bullfighting tradition.]]
After christening the [[Lamborghini Urraco|Urraco]] after a bull breed, in 1974, Lamborghini broke from tradition, naming the [[Lamborghini Countach|Countach]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|uː|n|t|ɑː|ʃ}}) not for a bull,<ref name="lamboregLP500" /> but for {{lang|pms|contacc}} ({{IPA-pms|kʊŋˈtɑtʃ|pron}}), a [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]] expletive.<ref name="lamboregLP500">{{cite web|url=http://www.lamborghiniregistry.com/Countach/CountachLP500/ |title=Countach LP500 |publisher=Lamborghiniregistry.com |access-date=30 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-date= 12 November 2004|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041112035518/http://www.lamborghiniregistry.com/Countach/CountachLP500/}}</ref> Legend has it that stylist [[Nuccio Bertone]] uttered the word in surprise when he first saw the Countach prototype, "Project 112".{{Sfn|Lawrence|1996|p=183}} The LM002 (LM for Lamborghini Militaire) sport utility vehicle and the Silhouette (named after the popular racing category of the time) were other exceptions to the tradition.

The Jalpa of 1982 was named for a bull breed; Diablo, for the [[Duchy of Veragua|Duke of Veragua]]'s ferocious bull famous for fighting an epic battle against El Chicorro in Madrid in 1869;{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=90}}<ref name="lambocarsdia">{{cite web|url=http://www.lambocars.com/pdf/diablo.pdf|title=Diablo|access-date=24 May 2010|year=2006|author=Mark Smeyers|work=lambocars.com|archive-date=26 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526101919/http://www.lambocars.com/pdf/diablo.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/234875/lamborghini_diablo_60vt.html |title=Lamborghini Diablo 6.0VT |publisher=Classicandperformancecar.com |date=30 March 2009 |access-date=16 August 2009}}</ref> [[Murciélago]], the legendary bull whose life was spared by El Lagartijo for his performance in 1879; Gallardo, named for one of the five ancestral castes of the Spanish fighting bull breed;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lamborghiniregistry.com/Gallardo/Name.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314194057/http://lamborghiniregistry.com/Gallardo/Name.html |archive-date=14 March 2008 |title=Gallardo – The Name |publisher=Lamborghiniregistry.com |date=22 November 2003 |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> and Reventón, the bull that defeated young Mexican ''torero'' Félix Guzmán in 1943. The [[Estoque]] concept of 2008 was named for the [[estoc]], the sword traditionally used by matadors during bullfights.<ref name=EdmundsFirstLook>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=132648 |title=Edmunds Inside Line – Lamborghini Estoque Concept First Look |last=Stahl |first=Andreas |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=Edmunds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321053636/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D132648 |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Concept vehicles===
{{See also|List of Lamborghini concept vehicles}}

Throughout its history, Lamborghini has envisioned and presented a variety of [[concept cars]], beginning in 1963 with the very first Lamborghini prototype, the [[Lamborghini 350GTV|350GTV]]. Other famous models include Bertone's 1967 [[Lamborghini Marzal|Marzal]], 1974 [[Lamborghini Bravo|Bravo]], and 1980 [[Lamborghini Athon|Athon]], Chrysler's 1987 [[Lamborghini Portofino|Portofino]], the [[Italdesign]]-styled [[Lamborghini Cala|Cala]] from 1995, the [[Zagato]]-built [[Zagato Raptor|Raptor]] from 1996.

A retro-styled [[Lamborghini Miura#2006 Miura concept|Lamborghini Miura concept car]], the first creation of chief designer Walter de'Silva, was presented in 2006. President and CEO Stephan Winkelmann denied that the concept would be put into production, saying that the Miura concept was "a celebration of our history, but Lamborghini is about the future. Retro design is not what we are here for. So we won’t do the [new] Miura.”<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Lambo plans: Espada, Miura out, SUV in|url=https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/22912249/LAMBO-PLANS-ESPADA-MIURA-OUT-SUV-IN/fulltext|encyclopedia=AutoWeek|date=19 October 2006}}</ref>

[[File:Lamborghini Estoque 2.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Estoque]], a 2008 sedan concept]]
At the [[2008 Paris Motor Show]], Lamborghini revealed the [[Lamborghini Estoque|Estoque]], a four-door [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]] concept. Although there had been much speculation regarding the Estoque's eventual production,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/lambo-paris |title=Secret new Lambo revealed |publisher=Top Gear |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-date=10 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110162445/http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/lambo-paris |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=132648 |title=Edmunds Inside Line – The Radical Lamborghini Sedan From the Paris Auto Show |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321053636/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D132648 |archive-date=21 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lamborghini management has not made a decision regarding production of what might be the first four-door car to roll out of the Sant'Agata factory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=144726 |title=Edmunds Inside Line – IL Exclusive: No Green Light – Yet – for Lamborghini Estoque |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=23 March 2009 |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327114421/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId%3D144726 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Lamborghini Concept s.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Lamborghini Gallardo#Lamborghini Concept S|Concept S]], a Gallardo derivative|alt=]]
At the [[2010 Paris Motor Show]], Lamborghini unveiled the [[Lamborghini Sesto Elemento|Sesto Elemento]]. The concept car is made almost entirely of carbon fibre making it extremely light, with a weight of {{Convert|999|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. The Sesto Elemento shares the same V10 engine found in the Lamborghini Gallardo. Lamborghini hopes to signal a shift in the company's direction from making super cars focused on top speed to producing more agile, track focused cars with the Sesto Elemento. The concept car can reach {{convert|0–62|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in 2.5 seconds and can reach a top speed of over 180 mph.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2010-lamborghini-sesto-elemento |title=Paris 2010: Lamborghini Sesto Elemento |publisher=Top Gear |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021215221/http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2010-lamborghini-sesto-elemento |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Aventador J – a roofless, windowless version of the [[Lamborghini Aventador]]. The Aventador J uses the same 700 hp engine and seven-speed transmission as the standard Aventador.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2012/03/06/lamborghini-aventador-j-blends-exotic-superbike/|title=Lamborghini Aventador J Blends Exotic, Superbike|publisher=Automoblog.net|date=6 March 2012|access-date=8 March 2012|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301130745/https://www.automoblog.net/2012/03/06/lamborghini-aventador-j-blends-exotic-superbike/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the 2012 Beijing Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the [[Lamborghini Urus|Urus]] SUV. This is the first SUV built by Lamborghini since the LM002.

As part of the celebration of 50 years of Lamborghini, the company created the [[Lamborghini Egoista|Egoista]]. [[Lamborghini Egoista|Egoista]] is for one person's driving and only one Egoista is to be made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecarwallpapers.com/lamborghini-egoista-concept |title=Lamborghini Egoista Concept |publisher=thecarwallpapers.com |date=16 May 2013 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>

At the [[2014 Paris Motor Show]], Lamborghini unveiled the Asterion LPI910-4 hybrid concept car. Named after the half-man, half-bull hybrid ([[Minotaur]]) of Greek legend, it is the first hybrid Lamborghini in the history of the company. Utilizing the Huracán's 5.2 litre V10 producing {{Convert|607|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, along with one electric motor mounted on the transaxle and an additional two on the front axle, developing an additional {{Convert|300|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}. This puts the power at a combined figure of {{Convert|907|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}. The {{convert|0–100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} time is claimed to be just above 3 seconds, with a claimed top speed of {{Convert|185|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/lamborghini-asterion-paris-motor-show-2014-10-1 |title=It's the 907bhp Lambo Asterion Hybrid |last=Barlow |first=Jason |publisher=topgear.com |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409100856/http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/lamborghini-asterion-paris-motor-show-2014-10-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Corporate affairs==

===Structure===
As of 2011, Lamborghini is structured as a wholly-owned subsidiary of [[Audi|Audi AG]] named Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.<ref name="SpA" group="Notes">According to Audi AG's 2011 Annual Financial Report, on 1 July 2011, Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., Lamborghini AntiMarca S.p.A. and STAR Design S.R.L. were merged into Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., which was renamed Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. (S.p.A. stands for [[S.A. (corporation)|Società per Azioni]], the Italian designation for a [[joint stock company]]. S.R.L. stands for Società a Responsabilità Limitata, the Italian designation for a [[Limited liability company|private limited company]]).</ref>{{Sfn|Audi AG|2011a|p=62}}

Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. controls five principal subsidiaries: [[Ducati|Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.]], a manufacturer of motorcycles; [[Italdesign Giugiaro|Italdesign Giugiaro S.p.A.]], a 90.1%-owned design and prototyping firm that provides services to the entire Volkswagen Group; MML S.p.A. (Motori Marini Lamborghini), a manufacturer of marine engine blocks; and Volkswagen Group Italia S.p.A. (formerly Autogerma S.p.A.), which sells Audi and other Volkswagen Group vehicles in Italy.{{Sfn|Audi AG|2011a|p=62}}{{Sfn|Audi AG|2012b|p=24}}

The Lamborghini headquarters and main production site is located in [[Sant'Agata Bolognese]], Italy. With the launch of its Urus [[SUV]], the production site expanded from 80,000 to 160,000 square meters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2017/10/lamborghini-factory.html|title=The new Lamborghini factory in Sant'Agata Bolognese|access-date=11 June 2020|work=Volkswagen AG|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224125505/https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2017/10/lamborghini-factory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 13 November 2020, Stephan Winkelmann, current President of Bugatti, was appointed to be the new CEO of Lamborghini. He takes up his new position as of 1 December 2020.<ref name="luxus-plus.com" />

===Sales results===
[[File:Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 - 009.jpg|thumbnail|right|Lamborghini Gallardo coupe (Japan)]]
By sales, the most important markets in 2004 for Lamborghini's sports cars were the U.S. (41%), Germany (13%), Great Britain (9%) and Japan (8%). Prior to the launch of the Gallardo in 2003, Lamborghini produced approximately 400 vehicles per year; in 2011 Lamborghini produced 1,711 vehicles.{{Sfn|Audi AG|2012a|p=152}}

{{Expand section|date=April 2009}}

;Annual Lamborghini new car sales
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table;" align=
|+
!Year || Sales
|-
!1968{{Sfn|Jolliffe|Willard|2004|p=40}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|353
|-
!
|{{N/A|Data missing}}
|-
!1991<ref name=fundinguniverse/>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|673
|-
!1992<ref name=fundinguniverse/>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|166
|-
!1993<ref name=fundinguniverse/>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|215
|-
!
|{{N/A|Data missing}}
|-
!1996<ref name="carpages">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/lamborghini/lamborghini_reports_record_figures_21_02_04.asp |title=Lamborghini Reports Record Figures |date=21 February 2004 |publisher=carpages.co.uk |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302230756/http://www.carpages.co.uk/lamborghini/lamborghini_reports_record_figures_21_02_04.asp |archive-date= 2 March 2012 |url-status=live |quote=In 1996, Automobili Lamborghini sold a total of 211 cars worldwide. }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|211
|-
!1997<ref name = fundinguniverse>{{cite web |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Automobili-Lamborghini-Holding-SpA-Company-History.html |title= Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A. Company History |access-date=13 August 2009}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|209
|-
!
|{{N/A|Data missing}}
|-
!1999{{Sfn|Volkswagen AG|2000|p=50}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|265
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table;" align=
|+
!Year || Sales
|-
!2000{{Sfn|Volkswagen AG|2001|p=23}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|296
|-
!2001{{Sfn|Volkswagen AG|2002|p=24}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|297
|-
!2002{{Sfn|Audi AG|2003|p=3}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|424
|-
!2003{{Sfn|Audi AG|2004|p=5}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,305
|-
!2004{{Sfn|Audi AG|2004|p=5}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,592
|-
!2005{{Sfn|Audi AG|2006|p=3}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,600
|-
!2006{{Sfn|Audi AG|2007|p=4}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,087
|-
!2007{{Sfn|Audi AG|2008|p=4}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,406
|-
!2008{{Sfn|Audi AG|2009|p=4}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,430
|-
!2009{{Sfn|Audi AG|2010|p=4}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,515
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table;" align=
|+
!Year || Sales
|-
!2010{{Sfn|Audi AG|2011|p=151}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,302
|-
!2011{{Sfn|Audi AG|2012|p=154}}
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|1,602
|-
!2012<ref name=lamborghinify2012>{{cite web|title=fy2012|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2013/03/Automobili_Lamborghini_2012_full_year_figures.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230042/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2013/03/Automobili_Lamborghini_2012_full_year_figures.html|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,083
|-
!2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Lamborghini increases worldwide sales for the third year in a row to 2,121 cars delivered to customers|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2014/01/Lamborghini_AaK.html|website=Volkswagen AG|access-date=12 June 2014|date=13 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031150542/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2014/01/Lamborghini_AaK.html|archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,121
|-
!2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Record Year for Automobili Lamborghini: Deliveries increased to 2,530 units in 2014|url=http://www.lamborghini.com/en/company/news/details/1/1/1/record-year-for-automobili-lamborghini-deliveries-increased-to-2530-units-in-2014/|website=Lamborghini|access-date=12 January 2015|date=12 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115080528/http://www.lamborghini.com/en/company/news/details/1/1/1/record-year-for-automobili-lamborghini-deliveries-increased-to-2530-units-in-2014|archive-date=15 January 2015}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|2,530
|-
!2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Automobili Lamborghini makes 2015 the best year in company history|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2016/03/Automobili_Lamborghini_2015.html|website=Lamborghini|access-date=11 July 2016|date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724064436/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2016/03/Automobili_Lamborghini_2015.html|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|3,245
|-
!2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Group deliveries|url=http://annualreport2016.volkswagenag.com/servicepages/search.php?q=lamborghini&pageID=57216|access-date=8 November 2017|date=24 February 2017}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|3,457
|-
!2017<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Group deliveries|url=http://annualreport2017.volkswagenag.com/group-management-report/business-development/deliveries.html|access-date=10 October 2018|date=10 October 2018}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|3,815
|-
!2018<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Group deliveries|url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-international/lamborghini-delivers-recordhigh-5-750-cars-in-2018--up-51-42037|access-date=8 February 2019|date=8 February 2019}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|5,750
|-
!2019<ref>{{cite web|title=Automobili Lamborghini continues its global growth and marks new historic highs: 8,205 cars delivered in 2019|url=https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/press-releases/automobili-lamborghini-continues-its-global-growth-and-marks-new-historic-highs-8205-cars-delivered-in-2019-12475|access-date=9 February 2020|date=14 January 2020}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db;"|8,205
|}

{| style="border:solid 1px #aaa;" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
|+ '''Annual Lamborghini new car sales'''
|-
| <timeline>
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:30
PlotArea = left:45 bottom:20 top:10 right:18
AlignBars = justify
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:8300
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
Colors =
id:gray value:gray(0.5)
id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
id:line2 value:gray(0.7)
ScaleMajor = unit:year start:0 increment:500 gridcolor:line2
ScaleMinor = start:0 increment:100 gridcolor:line1

PlotData=
color:skyblue width:25
bar:1999 from:start till:265 text:265 align:left
bar:2000 from:start till:296 text:296 align:left
bar:2001 from:start till:297 text:297 align:left
bar:2002 from:start till:424 text:424 align:left
bar:2003 from:start till:1305 text:1,305 align:left
bar:2004 from:start till:1592 text:1,592 align:left
bar:2005 from:start till:1600 text:1,600 align:left
bar:2006 from:start till:2087 text:2,087 align:left
bar:2007 from:start till:2406 text:2,406 align:left
bar:2008 from:start till:2430 text:2,430 align:left
bar:2009 from:start till:1515 text:1,515 align:left
bar:2010 from:start till:1302 text:1,302 align:left
bar:2011 from:start till:1602 text:1,602 align:left
bar:2012 from:start till:2083 text:2,083 align:left
bar:2013 from:start till:2121 text:2,121 align:left
bar:2014 from:start till:2530 text:2,530 align:left
bar:2015 from:start till:3245 text:3,245 align:left
bar:2016 from:start till:3457 text:3,457 align:left
bar:2017 from:start till:3815 text:3,815 align:left
bar:2018 from:start till:5750 text:5,750 align:left
bar:2019 from:start till:8205 text:8,205 align:left
</timeline>
|-
|}

==Licensing==

===Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica===

Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica [[S.A. (corporation)|S.A. de C.V.]] (Lamborghini Automobiles of Latin America Public Limited Company) is an authorized distributor and manufacturer of Lamborghini-branded vehicles and merchandise in Latin America and South America.{{Sfn|Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V|1995}}

In 1995, Indonesian corporation MegaTech, Lamborghini's owner at the time, entered into distribution and license agreements with Mexican businessman Jorge Antonio Fernandez Garcia. The agreements give Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V. the exclusive distributorship of Lamborghini vehicles and branded merchandise in Latin America and South America. Under the agreements, Automóviles Lamborghini is also allowed to manufacture Lamborghini vehicles and market them worldwide under the Lamborghini brand.{{Sfn|Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V|1995}}

Automóviles Lamborghini has produced two rebodied versions of the [[Lamborghini Diablo|Diablo]] called the Eros and the Coatl. In 2015, Automóviles Lamborghini transferred the IP-rights to the Coatl foundation (chamber of commerce no. 63393700) in The Netherlands in order to secure these rights and to make them more marketable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com// |title=Sitio Oficial |publisher=Lamborghini Latinoamerica |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309154220/http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company has announced the production of a speedboat called the Lamborghini Glamour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com |title=Sitio Oficial |publisher=Lamborghini Latinoamerica |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102051942/http://lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/ |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{-}}

==Museums==
There are two museums in [[Bologna]], [[Emilia-Romagna]] centered around the brand.
===Museo Lamborghini===
{{main|Museo Lamborghini}}
[[File:Museo Lamborghini (Sant'Agata Bolognese, Bologna, Italy) 003.jpg|thumb|Museo Lamborghini]]
This two-storey museum is attached to the headquarters, and covers the history of Lamborghini cars and sport utility vehicles, showcasing a variety of modern and vintage models. The museum uses displays of cars, engines and photos to provide a history and review important milestones of Lamborghini.

===Museo Ferruccio Lamborghini===
{{main|Museo Ferruccio Lamborghini}}
A 9,000 square-foot museum about Ferruccio Lamborghini houses several cars, industrial prototypes, sketches, personal objects and family photos from Ferruccio's early life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Museo Ferruccio Lamborghini |url=http://www.lambocars.com/lambonews/museo_ferruccio_lamborghini.html |website=lambocars.com |access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Cars|Italy}}
*[[List of automobile manufacturers of Italy]]
*[[Automotive industry in Italy]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Notes"}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
|last1=DeMatio
|first1=Joe
|date=May 2003
|title=Lamborghini's Big Four-O
|journal=Automobile
|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan
|publisher=Source Interlink Media
|issn=0894-3583
|access-date=10 August 2012 |url=http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/0305_lambo40/index.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731072643/http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/0305_lambo40/
|archive-date=31 July 2012
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Henshaw
| first = Peter
| title = Illustrated Directory of Tractors
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0g6dymSKWd8C
| access-date =31 July 2012
| edition = Paperback
| date = 2002
| publisher = Salamander Books
| location = London
| isbn = 978-0-7603-1342-8
}}
* {{cite news
|title = Lamborghini Goes to Chrylser
|first = John
|last = Holusha
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/24/business/lamborghini-goes-to-chrysler.html?pagewanted=all
|newspaper = The New York Times
|location = New York
|issn = 0362-4331
|date = 24 April 1987
|access-date = 11 August 2012
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/69qqpf36z?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/24/business/lamborghini-goes-to-chrysler.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
|archive-date = 12 August 2012
|url-status = live
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1042544_lamborghini-builds-4000th-murcielago
|title=Lamborghini Builds 4,000th Murcielago
|last1=Ireson
|first1=Nelson
|date=12 February 2010 |work=MotorAuthority
|publisher=High Gear Media
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703061339/http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1042544_lamborghini-builds-4000th-murcielago
|archive-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead
|access-date=12 August 2012 }}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Jolliffe
| first1 = David
| last2 = Willard
| first2 = Tony
| title = Lamborghini: Forty Years
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d8GxQqUQqrsC
| access-date =3 August 2012
| edition = Hardcover
| date = 2004
| publisher = Motorbooks International
| location = St. Paul, Minnesota
| doi = 10.1007/b62130
| isbn = 978-0-7603-1945-1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lawrence
| first = Mike
| title = A to Z of Sports Cars, 1945–1990: The Encyclopaedic Guide to More Than 850 Marques and Thousands of Models
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=glKW-Kh-lmcC
| access-date =5 August 2012
| edition = Paperback
| date = 1996
| orig-year = 1991
| publisher = MBI Publishing Company
| location = St. Paul, Minnesota
| isbn = 978-1-870979-81-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lewin
| first = Tony
| title = The Complete Book of BMW: Every Model Since 1950
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AZKFLcLybIMC
| access-date =2 August 2012
| edition = Hardcover
| date = 2004
| publisher = Motorbooks International
| location = St. Paul, Minnesota
| isbn = 978-0-7603-1951-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Lyons
| first1 = Pete
| others = The Auto Editors of Consumer Guide
| title = The Complete Book of Lamborghini
| edition = Hardcover
| year = 1988
| publisher = Beekman House
| location = [[Woodstock, New York]]
| isbn = 9780517667156
| url = https://www.barbarossabooks.com/product/74144/The-Complete-Book-of-Lamborghini
| website = Barbarossa books
| ref = {{SfnRef|Lyons et al.|1988}}
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Mitchel
| first = Doug
| editor = Collins, Tom
| title = Supercars Field Guide
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln5Fje8myOAC
| access-date =3 August 2012
| edition = Paperback
| year = 2006
| orig-year = 2005-10-20
| publisher = KP Books
| location = Iola, Wisconsin
| isbn = 978-0-89689-227-9
| ref = {{SfnRef|Mitchel|2005}}
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Toy or Supercar for Asia?
|first=Jacques
|last=Neher
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/09/business/worldbusiness/09iht-hotcar.html
|newspaper=The New York Times
|location=New York
|issn=0362-4331
|date=9 February 1994 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512065256/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/09/business/worldbusiness/09iht-hotcar.html
|archive-date=12 May 2013
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Sackey
| first = Joe
| title = The Lamborghini Miura Bible
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B1dadHSJMBYC
| access-date =5 August 2012
| edition = Hardcover
| date = 2008
| publisher = Veloce Publishing
| location = Dorchester, England
| isbn = 978-1-84584-196-6
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Lamborghini Marks The End Of Its Murcielago Supercar
|first=Jonathan
|last=Welsh
|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/drivers-seat/2010/11/05/lamborghini-marks-the-end-of-its-murcielago-supercar
|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal
|publisher=Dow Jones & Company, Inc
|location=New York
|issn=0099-9660
|date=5 November 2010 |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026140633/http://blogs.wsj.com/drivers-seat/2010/11/05/lamborghini-marks-the-end-of-its-murcielago-supercar/
|archive-date=26 October 2012
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Lamborghini sees no recovery until 2011
|first=Jo
|last=Winterbottom
|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5591XB20090610
|work=Reuters
|publisher=Thomson Reuters Corporation
|location=New York
|date=10 June 2009 |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402130510/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/10/us-luxury-summit-lamborghini-idUSTRE5591XB20090610
|archive-date=2 April 2012
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Obituary: Ferruccio Lamborghini
|first=Jonathan
|last=Wood
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ferruccio-lamborghini-1474704.html
|newspaper=The Independent
|publisher=independent.co.uk
|location=London
|issn=0951-9467
|date=23 February 1993 |access-date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107082027/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ferruccio-lamborghini-1474704.html
|archive-date= 7 November 2012
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Lamborghini launches its 4,000 series Murcielago
|first=Chris
|last=Woodyard
|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/02/lamborghini-now-has-completed-4000-murcielagos/1#.UChd46NFZ8E
|newspaper=USA Today
|publisher=Gannett Co. Inc
|location=New York
|issn=0734-7456
|date=17 December 2010 |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706100413/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/02/lamborghini-now-has-completed-4000-murcielagos/1
|archive-date=6 July 2014
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite video
| date = 28 April 2011
| title = Filippo Perini ci racconta il design della Lamborghini Aventador
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GwFFPMq9g4
| format = Streaming video
| medium = YouTube
| language = it
|trans-title=Filippo Perini discusses the design of the Lamborghini Aventador
| publisher = Edimotive S.r.l
| location = Rome
| access-date =14 August 2012
| ref = {{SfnRef|Edimotive S.r.l.|2011}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.samedeutz-fahr.com/museo/uk/marchi-lamborghini.htm
|title=Lamborghini
|year=2012
|work=Museo Storico Gruppo SAME Deutz-Fahr
|publisher=Gruppo SAME Deutz-Fahr
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729104844/http://www.samedeutz-fahr.com/museo/uk/marchi-lamborghini.htm
|archive-date= 29 July 2012
|url-status=live
|access-date=4 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Gruppo SAME Deutz-Fahr|2012}}
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Lamborghini Latinoamérica quiere radicarse en Santiago del Estero
|url=http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/412420/economia/Lamborghini-Latinoamerica-quiere-radicarse-Santiago-Estero.html
|newspaper=La Gaceta
|location=San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
|date=11 December 2010 |access-date=18 December 2010 |language=es
|trans-title=Lamborghini Latin America wants to settle in Santiago del Estero
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512113612/http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/412420/economia/Lamborghini-Latinoamerica-quiere-radicarse-Santiago-Estero.html
|archive-date= 12 May 2013
|url-status=live
|ref={{SfnRef|La Gaceta|2010}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/htm2/frames_dl5.htm
|title=Principales cláusulas de los contratos con USA e Italia
|date=5 August 1995 |work=lamborghini-latinoamerica.com
|publisher=Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V
|language=es
|trans-title=Main Contract Terms between USA and Italy
|format=JPG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002083930/http://www.lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/htm2/frames_dl5.htm
|archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V|1995}}
}}

===Corporate documents===
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/annual_report_2010.Par.0001.File.pdf/audi_gb_2010_en.pdf
|title=Audi 2010 Annual Report
|date=9 March 2011b |publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912215930/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/annual_report_2010.Par.0001.File.pdf/audi_gb_2010_en.pdf
|archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2011b}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0015.File.pdf/jahresfinanzbericht.pdf
|title = Audi 2011 Annual Financial Report
|date = 17 February 2012a
|publisher = Audi AG
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Audi AG|2012a}}
|archive-date = 23 September 2015
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191233/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0015.File.pdf/jahresfinanzbericht.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0004.File.pdf/gb_2011_audi_konzern.pdf
|title = Audi 2011 Annual Report
|date = 1 March 2012b
|publisher = Audi AG
|access-date = 10 August 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Audi AG|2012b}}
|archive-date = 10 October 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141010212325/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0004.File.pdf/gb_2011_audi_konzern.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.audi.com/reports/Audi_F&F02-en1.pdf
| title = Audi Facts and Figures 2002
| year = 2003
| publisher = Audi AG
| access-date =2 August 2012
| ref = {{SfnRef|Audi AG|2003}}
}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [http://pdfcast.org/download/audi-facts-and-figures-2002.pdf Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826225726/http://pdfcast.org/download/audi-facts-and-figures-2002.pdf |date=26 August 2014 }}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0008.File.pdf/pdf_par_0066_file.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2004
|year=2004
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903212814/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0008.File.pdf/pdf_par_0066_file.pdf
|archive-date=3 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2004}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0007.File.pdf/pdf_par_0202_file.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2005
|year=2006
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916213946/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0007.File.pdf/pdf_par_0202_file.pdf
|archive-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2006}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0006.File.pdf/pdf_par_0322_file.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2006
|year=2007
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402225634/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0006.File.pdf/pdf_par_0322_file.pdf
|archive-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2007}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0005.File.pdf/pdf_0803_par_0012.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2007
|year=2008
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903212825/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0005.File.pdf/pdf_0803_par_0012.pdf
|archive-date=3 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2008}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0010.File.pdf/audi_fuz_2008_en.pdf
|title=Audi Facts and Figures 2008
|year=2009
|publisher=Audi AG
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903212549/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0010.File.pdf/audi_fuz_2008_en.pdf
|archive-date=3 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2009}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0011.File.pdf/audi_fuz_2009_de.pdf
|title=Audi in Fakten und Zahlen 2009
|year=2010
|publisher=Audi AG
|language=de
|trans-title=Audi Facts and Figures 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417073121/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fakten_und_zahlen.Par.0011.File.pdf/audi_fuz_2009_de.pdf
|archive-date=17 April 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2010}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fuz_2010.Par.0001.File.pdf/audi_gb_2010_de_fuz.pdf
|title=Audi in Fakten und Zahlen 2010
|year=2011
|publisher=Audi AG
|language=de
|trans-title=Audi Facts and Figures 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912220158/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/fuz_2010.Par.0001.File.pdf/audi_gb_2010_de_fuz.pdf
|archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead
|access-date=10 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2011}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations1.Par.0021.File.pdf/fakten-und-zahlen.pdf
|title=Audi in Fakten und Zahlen 2011
|year=2012
|publisher=Audi AG
|language=de
|trans-title=Audi Facts and Figures 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021143037/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations1.Par.0021.File.pdf/fakten-und-zahlen.pdf
|archive-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|access-date=10 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2012}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/invest_relations_20121.Par.0008.File.pdf/hjfb2012_en.pdf
|title=Interim Financial Report 2012
|date=23 July 2012c |publisher=Audi AG
|archive-date= 3 August 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803030001/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/invest_relations_20121.Par.0008.File.pdf/hjfb2012_en.pdf
|access-date=2 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|Audi AG|2012c}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2011/03/Shareholdings_as_of_31_12_2010.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Anteilsbesitz+2010+VW+AG_e.pdf
|title = Shareholdings in accordance with sections 285 and 313 of the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB – German Commercial Code) for Volkswagen AG and Volkswagen Group as of December 31, 2010
|date = 10 March 2011
|publisher = Volkswagen AG
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507080105/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2011/03/Shareholdings_as_of_31_12_2010.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Anteilsbesitz+2010+VW+AG_e.pdf
|archive-date = 7 May 2012
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 15 August 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2011}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations1.Par.0015.File.pdf/anteilsbesitz_eng.pdf
|title = Statement of Interests Pursuant to Sections 285 and 313 of the German Commercial Code
|date = 17 February 2011a
|publisher = Audi AG
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190921011841/https://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations1.Par.0015.File.pdf/anteilsbesitz_eng.pdf
|archive-date = 21 September 2019
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Audi AG|2011a}}
}}
* {{cite journal
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2000/03/Annual_Report_1999.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/VW_AR_1999_e.pdf
|title = Volkswagen AG Annual Report 1999
|journal = Annual Report
|date = 17 March 2000
|publisher = Volkswagen AG
|issn = 0933-7504
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002114256/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2000/03/Annual_Report_1999.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/VW_AR_1999_e.pdf
|archive-date = 2 October 2013
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2000}}
}}
* {{cite journal
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2001/03/Annual_Report_2000.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/VW_GB_2000_e.pdf
|title = Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2000
|journal = Annual Report
|date = 16 March 2001
|publisher = Volkswagen AG
|issn = 0933-7504
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002114038/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2001/03/Annual_Report_2000.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/VW_GB_2000_e.pdf
|archive-date = 2 October 2013
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2001}}
}}
* {{cite journal
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2002/03/annual_report_2001.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/20020312_GB_2001_e.pdf
|title = Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2001
|journal = Annual Report
|date = 1 March 2002
|publisher = Volkswagen AG
|issn = 0933-7504
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002113854/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2002/03/annual_report_2001.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/20020312_GB_2001_e.pdf
|archive-date = 2 October 2013
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 30 July 2012
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2002}}
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2012/03/navigator-2012---facts-and-figures.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Navigator_11_06_2012_en_WEB.pdf
|title = Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Facts and Figures 2012
|date = 11 June 2012
|work = volkswagenag.com
|publisher = Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft
|id = 1058.809.453.20
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002114536/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2012/03/navigator-2012---facts-and-figures.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Navigator_11_06_2012_en_WEB.pdf
|archive-date = 2 October 2013
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 10 August 2012
|quote = '''Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.''' (867 employees, founded in 1963, wholly owned by Audi AG since 1998)
|ref = {{SfnRef|Volkswagen AG|2012}}
}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks}}
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.lamborghini.com/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102051942/http://lamborghini-latinoamerica.com/ Lamborghini of Latinoamerica Official page]
* [http://www.lp112.com/ Lamborghini Car Register]
* {{curlie|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Lamborghini/|Lamborghini}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Lamborghini}}
{{Lamborghini road car timeline 1963-1989}}
{{Lamborghini road car timeline 1990 to date}}
{{Volkswagen Group brands}}
{{Automotive industry in Italy}}
}}

[[Category:Lamborghini| ]]
[[Category:Audi]]
[[Category:Companies based in the Metropolitan City of Bologna]]
[[Category:Formula One engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Italian brands]]
[[Category:Italian racecar constructors]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Marine engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Sports car manufacturers]]
[[Category:Volkswagen Group]]
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[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1963]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Engine manufacturers of Italy]]

Lamborghini V10

2022-07-18T04:25:05Z

Alvarowik: Update cites

{{Infobox automobile engine
| name = Lamborghini V10
| image = SC06 2005 Lamborghini Gallardo engine.jpg
| caption = [[Lamborghini]] V10 engine in a [[Lamborghini Gallardo]]
| aka =
| manufacturer = [[Audi]] & [[Lamborghini|Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.]] ([[Volkswagen Group]])
| configuration = 90° [[V10 engine|V10]] [[petrol engine]]
| production = 2003-present
| successor =
| displacement = {{convert|4961|cc|1|abbr=on|lk=on}}, {{convert|5204|cc|1|abbr=on}}
| bore = '''5.0 L:''' {{convert|82.5|mm|2|abbr=on}}, '''5.2 L:''' {{convert|84.5|mm|2|abbr=on}}
| stroke = {{convert|92.8|mm|2|abbr=on}}
| length =
| diameter =
| width =
| height =
| weight =
| block = Cast aluminium alloy
| head = Cast aluminium alloy
| valvetrain = [[multi-valve|4-valves per cylinder]], [[double overhead camshaft]]
| fuelsystem = '''5.0 L:''' Electronic [[Multi-point fuel injection|multi-point]] sequential [[fuel injection]] '''5.2 L:''' Electronic multi-point [[gasoline direct injection|Fuel Stratified Injection]]
| fueltype = [[gasoline|Petrol/Gasoline]]
| oilsystem = [[Dry sump]]
| coolingsystem = [[water cooling|Water cooled]]
| power = '''5.0 L:''' {{convert|368|-|390|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} '''5.2 L:''' {{convert|412|-|471|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 8,250 rpm
| specpower = '''5.0 L:''' {{convert|78.6|kW|PS bhp|1|abbr=on}} per litre '''5.2 L:''' {{convert|86.3|kW|PS bhp|1|abbr=on}} per litre
| torque = '''5.0 L:''' {{convert|510|Nm|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} '''5.2 L:''' {{convert|560-601|Nm|0|abbr=on}} @ 6,500 rpm
| compression = '''5.0 L:''' 11.5:1 '''5.2 L:''' 12.5:1
| fuelcon =
| specfuelcon =
| oilcon =
| predecessor = [[Lamborghini V8]] (indirect)
}}
The '''Lamborghini V10''' is a ninety degree (90°) [[V10 engine|V10]] [[petrol engine]] which was developed for the [[Lamborghini Gallardo]] automobile, first sold in 2003.

Developed by [[Lamborghini]], for use in the Gallardo, and the first engine developed for [[Lamborghini|Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.]] after they were acquired by [[Audi|AUDI AG]] – part of the [[Volkswagen Group]].

This engine has its origins in two concept cars made by Lamborghini, the 1988 [[List of Lamborghini concept vehicles|P140]] and the 1995 [[Lamborghini Calà|Calà]]. Both were equipped with engines having a 3.9-litre displacement. In the early 2000s, Lamborghini resumed the project and the engine was redesigned by increasing its displacement.

The [[crankcase]] and [[cylinder block]] are built at the Audi Hungaria Zrt. factory in [[Győr#Industry|Győr]], [[Hungary]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambocars.com/archive/newl140.htm|title=Lamborghini Cars full specifications - First spyshots of the Lamborghini L140 model|work=LamboCars.com|accessdate=30 August 2009}}</ref> whilst final assembly is carried out at [[Sant'Agata Bolognese]], Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=119574|title=Conversation: Lamborghini CEO Stephan Winkelmann - Italian style, German quality|work=Inside Line|publisher=[[Edmunds (company)|Edmunds]]|date=27 February 2007|first=Andy|last=Enright|accessdate=30 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302113935/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=119574|archive-date=2 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The engine has a 90° vee angle and, unusually for a production engine, a [[dry sump]] lubrication system is utilised to keep the [[Center of mass|center of gravity]] of the engine low.

There was also some speculation that the engine block of the original 5.0-litre Lamborghini V10 was closely based on the [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#4.2 V8 FSI 257-309kW|Audi 4.2 FSI V8]], which Audi produces for its luxury cars. However, this was denied by [[Audi|Audi AG]], in their official documentation for their [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#5.2 FSI V10 320-331kW (S6/S8)|5.2 FSI V10 engine]], as used in the [[Audi S6]] and [[Audi S8]] – the Lamborghini 5.0 V10 has a cylinder bore spacing of {{convert|88|mm|2}} between centres, whereas the Audi 5.2 V10 cylinder bore spacing is {{convert|90|mm|2}}, the same as the Audi 4.2 FSI V8.<ref>{{Cite book|date=June 2006|title=Audi 5.2 litre V10 FSI engine|edition=SSP 376|series=Service Training - Self-Study Programme|location=Neckarsulm, Germany|publisher=[[Audi|AUDI AG]]|quote=''The (Audi) V10 belongs to the next generation of Audi V-engines, all of which have a 90-degree included angle and a spacing of 90 millimetres between cylinder centres. Compared to the engine in the Lamborghini Gallardo, which has a spacing of 88 millimetres between cylinder centres, the Audi engine has several new features in key areas.''}}</ref> The [[cylinder head]]s use the [[multi-valve|four valves]] per cylinder layout favoured by the Italian firm, rather than the five valve per cylinder variation formerly favoured by the German members of Volkswagen Group – including Audi and [[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]]. It was later confirmed that the new 5.2-litre Lamborghini V10 is mechanically identical to the Audi 5.2 V10 engine,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/audi/r8/14165/audi-r8-v-lamborghini-gallardo-lp560-4|title = Audi R8 v Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4|magazine=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|publisher=Autovia|location=UK|first=John|last=Barker|date=5 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819144325/https://www.evo.co.uk/audi/r8/14165/audi-r8-v-lamborghini-gallardo-lp560-4|archive-date=19 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> as is evident by Lamborghini's usage of Audi's [[gasoline direct injection|Fuel Stratified Injection]], and 90 mm cylinder spacing.

==Specifications==
;engine configuration: 90° [[V10 engine]]; [[dry sump]] lubrication system<ref name="evo">{{cite news|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/news/evonews/218484/lamborghini_gallardo_lp5604.html|title=Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 - New Gallardo V10 bends design rules| quote=Secrets behind Lamborghini's latest projectile, the LP560-4|magazine=Evo|publisher=Autovia|location=UK|first=John|last=Simister|date=7 March 2008|accessdate=30 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108192505/https://www.evo.co.uk/lamborghini/gallardo/8876/lamborghini-gallardo-lp560-4-new-gallardo-v10-bends-design-rules|archive-date=8 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
;engine displacement etc.
:'''5.0''' — {{convert|4961|cc|1}}; bore x stroke: {{convert|82.5|x|92.8|mm|2}}. Rod length is 154mm. (Rod/[[stroke ratio]]:1.65), 496.1 cc per cylinder; [[compression ratio]]: 11.5:1<ref name="evo"/>
:'''5.2''' — {{convert|5204|cc|1}}; bore x stroke: {{convert|84.5|x|92.8|mm|2}}. Rod length is 154mm. (Rod/[[stroke ratio]]:1.65), 520.4 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 12.5:1<ref name="evo"/>
;cylinder block and crankcase
:'''5.0''' — cast aluminium alloy with integrated liners with eutectic alloy; {{convert|88|mm|2|abbr=on}} cylinder bore spacing;<ref name=AW-5.2>{{cite news|url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/a2035966/lamborghini-gives-gallardo-bigger-engine-new-name/|title=Lamborghini gives Gallardo bigger engine, new name|website=[[Autoweek]] |publisher=[[Hearst Communications]]|date=26 February 2008|accessdate=9 January 2010|first=Michael| last=Taylor}}</ref> forged steel crankshaft with 18° split crankpins to create even 72° firing intervals<ref name="evo"/>
:'''5.2''' — cast aluminium alloy; 90 mm cylinder bore spacing; forged steel crankshaft with non-split crankpins creating uneven firing intervals of 90° and 54°<ref name="evo"/>
;cylinder heads and valvetrain: cast aluminium alloy, four valves per cylinder, 40 valves total, low-friction roller [[tappet|cam followers]] with automatic hydraulic [[hydraulic tappet|valve clearance]] compensation, chain driven [[double overhead camshaft]]s, continuously [[variable valve timing]] system both for intake and exhaust
;aspiration: two air filters, two hot-film [[mass flow sensor|air mass meters]], two cast alloy throttle bodies each with [[electronic throttle control|electronically controlled]] throttle valves, cast [[magnesium]] alloy [[variable length intake manifold|variable geometry and resonance intake manifold]]
;fuel system
:'''5.0''' — two linked [[common rail]] fuel distributor rails, electronic sequential [[Multi-point fuel injection|multi-point]] [[indirect injection|indirect]] fuel injection with 10 intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
:'''5.2''' — fully demand-controlled and returnless; fuel tank mounted low pressure fuel pump, [[gasoline direct injection|Fuel Stratified Injection]] (FSI):<ref name=AW-5.2/> two inlet camshaft double-cam driven single-piston high-pressure injection pumps maintaining pressure in the two stainless steel [[common rail]] fuel distributor rails, ten combustion chamber sited [[Direct fuel injection|direct injection]] solenoid-controlled sequential fuel injectors<ref name="evo"/>
;ignition system and engine management: mapped direct ignition with centrally mounted spark plugs and ten individual direct-acting [[ignition coil|single spark coils]]; two Lamborghini LIE electronic [[engine control unit]] (ECUs) working on the 'master and slave' concept due to the high revving nature of the engine
;exhaust system
:'''5.0''' — five-into-one exhaust manifolds for each cylinder bank
:'''5.2''' — 2-1-2 branch exhaust manifold per cylinder bank<ref name="evo"/> to minimise reverse pulsation of expelled exhaust gasses
;5.0 power and torque outputs and applications
: {{convert|368|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}} at 7,800 rpm; {{convert|510|Nm|0}} at 4,500 rpm (80% available from 1,500 rpm) — Gallardo 2003-2005
: {{convert|382|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,000 rpm; {{convert|510|Nm|0}} at 4,250 rpm — Gallardo SE, Spyder, and 2006-2008
: {{convert|390|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,000 rpm; {{convert|510|Nm|0}} at 4,250 rpm — Gallardo Superleggera
;5.2 power and torque outputs and applications<ref>{{cite journal|title=Katalog der Automobil Revue|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|url=https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30356853216&searchurl=sortby%3D17%26tn%3Dkatalog%2Bautomobil%2Brevue%2B2008&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1|website=[[AbeBooks]]|language=de| year=2008 |pages=316 and 2006, 285|isbn=9783613305946}}</ref>
: {{convert|224|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 7,000 rpm; {{convert|400|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo Super GT - 2008-2009
: {{convert|404.5|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,000 rpm; {{convert|540|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo LP550/2, Balboni, Spyder, Bicolore, AD Personam, Singapore Limited Edition, Super Trofeo, Tricolore, Hong Kong 20th Anniversary Edition, Malaysia Limited Edition, India Serie Speciale, Indonesia Limited Edition, Edizione Tecnica - 2010-2013
: {{convert|412|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,000 rpm; {{convert|540|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo LP560/4, LP560/4 Spyder, Polizia, Gold Edition, Bicolore, LP560/4 Noctis, LP560/4 Bianco Rosso, Super Trofeo, LP560/4 GT, Reiter Extenso, Edizione Tecnica, LP560/2 50° Anniversario - 2008-2013
: {{convert|419|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,000 rpm; {{convert|540|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo LP570/4 SuperLeggera, Spyder Performante, Edizione Tecnica, SuperLeggera Nero Nemesis, SuperLeggera Bianco Canopus, Super Trofeo Stradale, Squadra Corse, Macau GP Edition - 2010-2013
: {{convert|441|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,000 rpm; {{convert|540|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo GT3
: {{convert|449|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,250 rpm; {{convert|560|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP610/4 coupé and spyder - 2014-2019
: {{convert|426.5|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,000 rpm; {{convert|540|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP580/2 coupé and spyder - 2016-present
: {{convert|456|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,250 rpm; {{convert|570|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP620/2 Super Trofeo, GT3, Super Trofeo Evo - 2014-present
: {{convert|471|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,000 rpm; {{convert|600|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP640/4 Performaté coupé and spyder - 2017-present
: {{convert|471|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 8,000 rpm; {{convert|600|Nm|0}} at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP640/4 Evo coupé and spyder - 2019-present

==Vehicles==
As of 2019, all V10s in the Lamborghini lineup after the first generation Gallardo use the 5.2-litre variant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamborghini.com/en/models/|title = Lamborghini Models|website=Lamborghini}}</ref> They are:

'''Lamborghini'''
* [[Lamborghini Gallardo|Gallardo]] LP 550-2
* Gallardo LP 550-2 Spyder
* Gallardo LP 560-4
* Gallardo LP 560-4 Spyder
* Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera Edizione Technica
* Gallardo LP 570-4 Spyder Performante Edizone Technica
* Gallardo LP 570-4 Squadra Corse
* Gallardo LP 550-2 Bicolore
* Gallardo LP 550-2 Tricolore
* Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo Stradale
* Gallardo GT3-R
* Gallardo LP 600 GT3
* [[Lamborghini Sesto Elemento|Sesto Elemento]]
* [[Lamborghini Egoista|Egoista]]
* [[Lamborghini Huracán|Huracán]] LP 610-4 Avio
* Huracán LP 580-2
* Huracán LP 580-2 Spyder
* Huracán LP 610-4 Spyder
* Huracán LP 610-4
* Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo
* Huracán GT3
* Huracán Super Trofeo Evo
* Huracán Super Trofeo Omologata
* Huracán LP 640-4 Performante
* Huracán LP 640-4 Performante Spyder
* Huracán LP 640-4 Evo
* Huracán LP 610-2 Evo RWD
* Huracán GT3 Evo
* [[Lamborghini Asterion|Asterion]] LPI 910-4
* Urus Concept

'''Audi'''
*[[Audi R8|R8 V10]]
*[[Audi S8#(D3) Second generation|S8 D3]]
*[[Audi S6#C6 (Typ 4F, 2006–2011)|S6 C6]]
*[[Audi RS6#C6 (Typ 4F, 2008–2010)|RS 6 C6]]

(The Lamborghini V10 has also had a placement in the Audi R8, RS6, S8 and S6. The 5.2 V10 used in the S6 and S8 is different in several important aspects, namely a less robust crankshaft with a split pin design, cast aluminum pistons, and a traditional wet-sump oiling system, as well as differences in the valvetrain - all of which, combined, result in the much higher RPM red line and specific power output of the Gallardo and R8)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vaglinks.com/vaglinks_com/docs/ssp/VWUSA.COM_SSP_990193_2009-10%20Audi%20New%20Technology.pdf |title=Audi New Technology 2009 – 2010|access-date=2015-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705154414/http://www.vaglinks.com/vaglinks_com/Docs/SSP/VWUSA.COM_SSP_990193_2009-10%20Audi%20New%20Technology.pdf| website=VAG Links|publisher=Audi of America|format=pdf|archive-date=2014-07-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Italdesign'''
*[[Italdesign Zerouno|Zerouno]]
*[[Italdesign Zerouno|Zerouno Duerta]]

==See also==
{{see also|list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines}}
*V12 – [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#LamborghiniV12|6.2/6.5 V12 430-471kW]] sub-section of the above article
*V10 – [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#LP560|5.2 FSI V10 412kW]] sub-section of the above article
*V10 – [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#368|5.0 V10 368kW]] sub-section of the above article

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.Lamborghini.com Lamborghini.com] official website

{{Lamborghini}}
{{Lamborghini road car timeline 1980 to date}}

[[Category:Lamborghini engines|V10]]
[[Category:Gasoline engines by model]]
[[Category:V10 engines]]

SSC North America

2022-07-01T00:25:59Z

Alvarowik: Update foundation date

{{short description|Automobile manufacturer}}
{{redirect|Shelby Super Cars|the company formed by Carroll Shelby|Carroll Shelby International}}
{{Infobox company
| name = SSC North America
| logo =
| former_name = Shelby Supercars
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| foundation = {{start date|1999}}
| founder = Jerod Shelby
| hq_location_city = [[Richland, Washington]]
| hq_location_country = United States
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = [[Sports cars]]
| owner = [[Jerod Shelby]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/}}
}}

'''SSC North America''' (formerly '''Shelby SuperCars Inc.''') is an American automobile manufacturer founded in 1999<ref>{{cite web |title=About SSC |url=http://www.shelbysupercars.com/about-ssc.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125000648/http://www.shelbysupercars.com/about-ssc.php |archive-date=2011-11-25 }}</ref> by owner Jerod Shelby (no relation to car designer [[Carroll Shelby]]). The company is based in [[Richland, Washington|Richland]], in the [[Tri-Cities, Washington]] and specializes in the production of sports cars.

== Company ==
In 2004, SSC released their first model the [[SSC Aero|SSC Ultimate Aero]], a mid-engined sports car equipped with a {{convert|6.35|l|cuin}} twin turbocharged [[pushrod engine]]d [[V8 engine|V8]] which produces {{convert|1287|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on|lk=on}}.

On September 13, 2007, the "Ultimate Aero" gained the official [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for fastest production car. The Ultimate Aero has a top speed of {{convert|412|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="press">{{cite web|url=http://www.shelbysupercars.com/press.php|title=Shelby Supercars' press release|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103084009/http://shelbysupercars.com/press.php|archive-date=2010-01-03}}</ref> On June 26, 2010 the title was again lost to the upgraded [[Bugatti Veyron Super Sport]] that held the official Guinness Certified World speed record for production cars with a top speed of {{convert|267.856|mph}}

In 2015, SSC ended production of the SSC Aero. On 10 October 2020, their newest production car, the SSC Tuatara, allegedly broke the world speed record at an average of 316.11mph on a closed public road in Nevada (yet to be verified independently), outside of Las Vegas. The Tuatara achieved a one-way speed of 331mph{{cn|date=December 2020}}, on the same closed road. The SSC Tuatara is powered by a custom, twin-turbo V-8 engine manufactured by Nelson Racing Engines mated to a robotized 7-speed transmission. The SSC Tuatara starts at $1,625,000 and is capable of producing 1,750 horsepower on E-85.

==History==
1998 - Company founded by current CEO Jerod Shelby

2004 - First Ultimate Aero prototype completed in at company headquarters in West Richland, WA

2006 - Ultimate Aero sets record on Road & Track magazine's slalom course, breaking previous record held by the Ferrari Enzo

September 13, 2007 - SSC Ultimate Aero sets record for fastest production vehicle as verified by Guinness World Records, reaching a top speed 256.18 MPH averaged over two runs in opposite directions.

July 10, 2008 - SSC announced it would open its [[Dubai]] showroom in February 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news-071008.php |title=SSC Middle East Exclusive Showroom to Open In February 27th 2009 |publisher=SSC North America |date=July 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228065611/http://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news-071008.php |archive-date=December 28, 2015 }}</ref>

2008 - SSC announced plans to unveil the [[Ultimate Aero EV]] (Electric Vehicle). SSC expects to roll out its first prototype in February 2009.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.shelbysupercars.com/news-071208.php| title=SSC 'Going Green' In New SuperCar Development| date=July 12, 2008| publisher=SSC North America| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013020537/http://www.shelbysupercars.com/news-071208.php| archive-date=October 13, 2008| url-status=dead}}</ref> The car was advertised in the original press release as rechargeable in 10 minutes from a 240 V outlet, which has been criticized as impossible in some articles. The press release has since changed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yoney |first=Domenick |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/02/01/shelby-super-cars-revises-incredible-claims-again-now-almost/ |title=Shelby Super Cars revises incredible claims (again!), now almost credible |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=February 1, 2009 |access-date=2009-05-12}}</ref>

August 23, 2010 - A USA Today article details the rivalry between Shelby and Bugatti for the title of World's fastest Car and CEO Jerod Shelby announces a next generation version of the [[SSC Ultimate Aero]] is in the works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/autos/2010-08-24-fastestcar24_ST_N.htm|title=Bugatti, Shelby compete to be speed kings of the road - USATODAY.com|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

July 17, 2011 - SSC announces their next generation [[sports car]] has been named [[SSC Tuatara|Tuatara]] (pronounced two-are-tah‐rah). It uses a proprietary 6.9 liter [[V8]] engine and is said to produce a rated output of 1350 hp and a maximum output of 1700 hp.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sscnorthamerica.com/tuatara.php| title=SSC Tuatara| publisher=SSC North America| access-date=June 1, 2016| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921031431/http://www.sscnorthamerica.com/tuatara.php| archive-date=September 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last=Weiss| first=C.C.| url=http://www.gizmag.com/ssc-teases-1700-hp/27276/| title=SSC completes engine testing on Tuatara supercar, teases 1,700 hp| date=April 29, 2013|publisher=Gizmag| access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>

2012 - Shelby SuperCars changes their name to SSC North America as a result of a settlement with [[Carroll Shelby International|Carroll Shelby Licensing and Carroll Shelby International]].<ref>{{cite web| last=Neff| first=John| url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/29/shelby-supercars-gets-a-new-name/| title=Shelby SuperCars gets a new name| date=June 29, 2012| website=autoblog.com| access-date=June 1, 2016}}</ref>

August 2012 - SSC announces a special edition of the SSC Ultimate Aero called XT. With the new SSC Tuatara on its way, SSC is retiring the SSC Ultimate Aero ending its production with a limited special edition. To celebrate its run SSC is launching the final special edition named SSC Ultimate Aero XT. The car will be built in a limited run of just five examples and will utilize some key assemblies that will feature in the SSC Tuatara, for instance, SSC's proprietary developed 6.9 liter all-aluminum [[twin-turbo]] V8 engine unit and several other features to go along with the new engine unit such as enhanced cooling, [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] upgrades as well as a seven-speed paddle-shifted gearbox. The engine is officially rated at 1,300 horsepower and 1,004 pound-feet of torque.<ref>{{cite web| last=Vijayenthiran| first=Viknesh| url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1078221_ssc-sending-out-ultimate-aero-with-tuatara-powered-xt| title=SSC Sending Out Ultimate Aero With Tuatara-Powered XT| website=motorauthority.com| date=August 3, 2012|access-date=June 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news-080212.php| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806000306/http://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news-080212.php| url-status=dead| archive-date=August 6, 2012| title=SSC Announces Limited Production of Five Ultimate Aero XT's| publisher=SSC North America| date=August 2, 2012| access-date=June 1, 2016}}</ref>

2013 - A Prototype SSC Tuatara is unveiled at the Dubai International Motor Show and titled the "Crown Jewel" of the event

2015 - Last Ultimate Aero XT is delivered and production of the model is complete

2018 - SSC North America announces release of 2019 SSC Tuatara at Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance.

2019 - Tuatara production underway with first deliveries anticipated for Q3 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/357116/ssc-tuatara-production-start/|title=SSC Tuatara Enters Production; First Car To Be Delivered In Q3|last=Padeanu|first=Adrian|website=Motor1.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>

January 2020 - First production Tuatara is delivered to its owner in Philadelphia, PA. <ref>{{Cite web|title=First production SSC Tuatara revealed, company to build 99 more|url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1126819_first-production-ssc-tuatara-revealed-company-to-build-99-more|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Motor Authority|language=en}}</ref>

October 10, 2020 - SSC North America conducts its first high speed test in Pahrump, NV, initially claiming an average top speed of 316.1 mph. This claim was later retracted when discrepancies between satellite data and video analysis indicated a discrepancy in the speed. CEO Jerod Shelby publicly addressed the mistakes and promised further testing to rely on more redundancies and transparency. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Tom Huddleston|date=2020-10-21|title=This small American car company now has the world’s fastest car (316 mph) — take a look|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/21/the-ssc-tuatara-is-now-the-worlds-fastest-car-316-mph-photos-.html|access-date=2021-05-05|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Kristen|title=How a $1.6 million supercar clawed its reputation back after the internet debunked its 316 mph speed record|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ssc-tuatara-world-record-speed-run-koenigsegg-agera-rs-explained-2021-2|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref>

January 17, 2021 - Continued high speed testing of the Tuatara at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility produced an average top speed of 282.9 mph on a 2.5 mile stretch of runway. The high speed runs were driven by the owner of the Tuatara, Larry Caplin, a non-professional driver. Present at the test was [[Racelogic|Race Logic]], an automotive telemetry firm, and independent analyst Robert Mitchell, who was one of most outspoken critics of SSC's October 2020 speed claim. The data was confirmed as accurate, making the Tuatara the fastest production car in the world by industry standards. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Gastelu|first=Gary|date=2021-01-27|title=SSC Tuatara supercar claims world speed record at 282.9 MPH|url=https://www.foxnews.com/auto/ssc-tuatara-supercar-speed-record-282-9-mph|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Fox News|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Models ==

=== SSC Ultimate Aero ===
The first prototype [[SSC Ultimate Aero|SSC Ultimate Aero]] was completed in 2004. The two original prototypes were equipped with a supercharged 377.6 cu in (6,188 cc) [[Chevrolet Corvette C5R]] V8 engine. The supercharged engines originally produced 782 horsepower but were eventually modified to produce up to 908 horsepower with theoretical top speeds of up to 242 mph (390 km/h).

Following the original two prototypes, SSC replaced the supercharged engine with a new twin-turbo V8 that eventually produced 1,287 horsepower. The twin-turbo setup can be found in the majority of the SSC Ultimate Aeros produced. On September 13, 2007 the Ultimate Aero became the world's fastest production car as certified by Guinness World Records with a top speed of 256.18 mph averaged over two runs in opposite directions.

=== SSC Ultimate Aero XT ===
In 2013, SSC North America announced they were going to produce a limited number of SSC Ultimate Aero XTs. This vehicle was an upgraded Ultimate Aero and included many features from the Tuatara (Concept). These features include a 1,300 horsepower version of the Tuatara twin-turbocharged V8, a 7-speed Tuatara paddle shifter transmission, and upgraded cooling, fuel, and braking systems.

=== SSC Tuatara ===
The [[SSC Tuatara]] is currently in production at the SSC North America assembly facility in Richland, Washington.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/tuatara-production-underway|title=Tuatara Production Underway {{!}} SSC Press Release|website=www.sscnorthamerica.com|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> The vehicle is the result of a design collaboration between [[Jason Castriota]] and SSC North America and was titled the "Crown Jewel" of the 2011 Dubai International Motor Show. The car made its debut at the 2020 [[Philadelphia Auto Show]]. The vehicle is limited to 100 examples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/397523/2020-scc-tuatara-hypercar-debuts/|title=2020 SSC Tuatara Debuts With 1,750 HP, Wild Looks|last=Alaniz|first=Anthony|website=Motor1.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> On October 10, 2020, driver [[Oliver Webb]] allegedly broke the production car speed record in the [[SSC Tuatara]] with a top speed of 331.15 miles per hour and a 2-way average of 316.11 mph on a closed public roadway with street tires and non-race fuel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=SSC's Tuatara is the fastest car in the world with 331mph top speed|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/sscs-tuatara-fastest-car-world-331mph-top-speed|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Top Gear|language=en}}</ref> The claim, however, has since been disputed by several sources who analyzed the video and information given from SSC North America and have since made claims that the top speed run was illegitimate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the SSC Tuatara REALLY Set a 331mph World Record? - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3daTG4_JS_4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/3daTG4_JS_4 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-10-27|website=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=What Controversy? SSC Tuatara World's Fastest Car Speed Record Validated by GPS Analysis|url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/ssc-tuatara-top-speed-record-gps-validation/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=MotorTrend|language=en}}</ref> On January 17, 2021, Tuatara owner and non-professional driver Larry Caplin officially broke the speed record for fastest production vehicle with an average 2-way average speed of 282.9 mph on a 2.5 mile stretch of runway at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility. The claim was verified by Race Logic, with a technician onsite to install and analyze the data. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Berk|first=Brett|date=2021-01-27|title=1750-HP SSC Tuatara Sets Production-Car Speed Record (for Real This Time)|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a35327947/ssc-tuatara-speed-record/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Car and Driver|language=en-US}}</ref> SSC has stated that it plans on continuing high speed testing to validate the top speed of the Tuatara and hopes to be the first production car to reach and surpass 300 mph.

==Facilities==
SSC North America is based in [[Richland, Washington]], where its assembly facility and corporate offices are located.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/contact|title=Contact {{!}} SSC North America|website=www.sscnorthamerica.com|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sscnorthamerica.com Official web site]

{{Automotive industry in the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SSC North America}}
[[Category:Car manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Sports car manufacturers]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Washington (state)]]

Honda Civic Type R

2022-06-26T02:31:35Z

Alvarowik: Add citations

{{short description|High performance variant of the Honda Civic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Honda Civic Type R
| image = Honda Civic Type R (FK; France) front view.jpg
| caption = Honda Civic Type R (FK8)
| manufacturer = [[Honda]]
| production = September 1997 – present
| class = [[Sport compact|Sport compact car]]
| body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]] (1997–2011) 5-door hatchback (2015–2022) 5-door [[liftback]] (2022–present) 4-door [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] (2007–2011; FD2 only)
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, front-wheel-drive]]
| related = [[Honda Civic]]
}}

The {{nihongo|'''Honda Civic Type R'''|ホンダ・シビックタイプR|Honda Shibikku Taipuāru|lead=yes}} is a series of high-performance [[hatchback]]/[[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] models based on the [[Honda Civic|Civic]], developed and produced by [[Honda]] since September 1997. The first Civic Type R was the third model to receive Honda's [[Honda Type R|Type R]] badge (after the [[Honda NSX (first generation)|NSX]] and [[Honda Integra Type R|Integra]]). Type R versions of the Civic typically feature a lightened and stiffened body, specially tuned engine, and upgraded brakes and chassis, and are offered only in five- or six-speed [[manual transmission]]. Like every other Type R models, red is used in the Honda badge background to give it a special sporting distinction and to separate it from lesser models.

==EK9 (1997; based on sixth generation Civic) {{anchor|EK|EK9|1997}}==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation (EK9)
| image = 1997 Honda Civic Type R EK9 (2).jpg
| caption = Pre-facelift (1997–1998)
| production = September 1997 – 2000
| assembly = Japan: [[Suzuka, Mie]]
| body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]]
| engine = {{convert|1595|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} ''[[Honda B engine#B16B (Type R)|B16B]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| powerout = {{convert|185|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|160|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2620|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4180|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1695|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1360|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1050-1070|kg|0|abbr=on}}
}}
{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = Civic Type R rear.JPG
| caption1 = Pre-facelift (1997-1998)
| image2 = Honda CIVIC TYPE R (EK9) right (2).JPG
| image3 = Honda CIVIC TYPE R (EK9) rear (2).JPG
| caption3 = Facelift (1998–2000)
| image4 = 1999ek9hondacivictyperinterior.jpg
| caption4 = Interior
}}

The first Civic to receive the '[[Honda Type R|Type R]]' nameplate was based on the 6th-generation of the fan-base 'EK' Civic. The contributing base model was the [[Japanese domestic market|JDM]] Civic 3-door [[hatchback]] called the SiR (code-named EK4). Like its sibling, the [[Honda Integra#Integra Type R|Integra Type R DC2/JDM DB8]], the Civic SiR's transformation into a Type R was achieved by working on the base model and improving it to Honda's idea of a car capable of high performance on the circuit.

The first Civic to receive the Type R badge was introduced on August 19, 1997, as the EK9. The EK9 shared many characteristics with the Integra Type R DC2/JDM DB8 such as omission of sound deadening and other weight reduction measures, a hand-ported [[Honda B engine#B16B (Type R)|B16B engine]], front helical limited-slip differential and a [[Close-ratio transmission]]. The B16B engine boasted one of the highest [[Power density|power output per liter]] of all time for a [[naturally aspirated engine]] with {{convert|185|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 8,200 rpm and {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 7,500 rpm of torque from {{convert|1595|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} of displacement. For the first time, a strategically seam welded monocoque chassis was used to improve chassis rigidity. The interior featured red RECARO bucket seats, red door cards, red Type R floor mats, a titanium shift knob, and a [[Momo (company)|Momo]] leather-wrapped steering wheel. The EK9 was only available for sale in Japan.<ref name="Jalopnik">{{cite web|url=https://jalopnik.com/driving-this-jdm-honda-civic-type-r-was-as-perfect-as-i-1789197385|title=Driving This JDM Honda Civic Type R Was As Perfect As I Imagined|date=2016-11-26|first=Kurt|last=Bradley|publisher=[[Gizmodo Media Group|Jalopnik]]|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043225/https://jalopnik.com/driving-this-jdm-honda-civic-type-r-was-as-perfect-as-i-1789197385|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/honda/93012/honda-civic-type-r-1997-2000|title=Honda Civic Type R 1997-2000|website=www.autoexpress.co.uk|access-date=2019-11-19|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806005249/https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/honda/93012/honda-civic-type-r-1997-2000|url-status=live}}</ref>

Performance figures include a {{cvt|0-60|mph|kph|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} acceleration time of 6.7 seconds and a quarter-mile time of 15.3 seconds. The EK9 could attain a top speed of {{cvt|140|mph|kph|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pistonheads.com/features/ph-features-heroes/honda-civic-type-r-ek9--ph-heroes/35148|title=Honda Civic Type R (EK9): PH Heroes|date=2016-10-19|first=Guy R|last=Baker|publisher=Piston Heads|access-date=2019-11-19|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213220238/https://www.pistonheads.com/features/ph-features-heroes/honda-civic-type-r-ek9--ph-heroes/35148|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1998, the Civic Type R Motor Sports edition was introduced. It came with steel wheels, the standard grey EK interior, manual windows, no a/c and without any other creature comforts.

The Type Rx model introduced in 1999 was given a CD player, body-colored retractable electric door mirrors, power windows, auto air conditioning, [[keyless entry]] [[Lock (security device)#Locks with electronic keys|unlock system]], aluminium sports pedals, and a carbon type centre panel. The Type Rx was the final model of the EK9 generation. Production of the EK9 Civic Type R totalled 16,000 units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pistonheads.com/news/ph-features-heroes/honda-civic-type-r-ek9--ph-heroes/35148|title=Honda Civic Type R (EK9): PH Heroes|date=2019-10-16|first=Guy R.|last=Baker|publisher=Piston Heads|access-date=2020-07-07|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708165037/https://www.pistonheads.com/news/ph-features-heroes/honda-civic-type-r-ek9--ph-heroes/35148|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, Honda tuning company [[Spoon Sports]] designed a N1 racing version of the Type R that had the B16B engine [[redline]] increased from 8,400 rpm to 11,000 rpm.<ref>{{Citation|author=Miroshi|title=[ENG CC] 11,000 Rpm B16B Spoon Civic Type R EK9 HV39|date=28 June 2014|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoW4ud32MyI|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824135204/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoW4ud32MyI|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==EP3 (2001; based on seventh generation Civic) {{anchor|EP|EP3|2001}}==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation (EP3)
| image = Honda Civic Type R 001.JPG
| caption = Pre-facelift (2001–2003)
| production = 2001–2005
| assembly = United Kingdom: [[Swindon]] ([[Honda UK Manufacturing|HUM]])
| body_style = 3-door hatchback
| engine = {{unbulleted list|2.0 L ''[[Honda K20K|K20A]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
|2.0 L ''[[K20A2]]'' I4}}
| powerout = {{ubl
|'''K20A:''' {{convert|215|PS|kW hp|1|abbr=on}}
|'''K20A2:''' {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|1|abbr=on}}
}}
| transmission = 6-speed manual
| wheelbase = {{convert|2570|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4135|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1695|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1430|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1190-1205|kg|abbr=on}}
}}
{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = Honda Civic Type R 002.JPG
| caption1 = Pre-facelift (2001-2003)
| image2 = 2004 Honda Civic Type R EP3.jpg
| image3 = 2005 Honda Civic Type-R 2.0 Rear.jpg
| caption3 = Facelift (2003-2005)
| image4 = Honda civic type r (ep3) cockpit.jpg
| caption4 = Interior
}}
In 2001, Honda introduced the next generation of the Civic Type R as a unique 3-door hatchback to the UK market, which was manufactured in Swindon, England. This European Domestic Market Civic Type R featured a {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} 2.0-liter i-VTEC engine (K20A2) and the regular Type R treatment of seam welding, close-ratio 6-speed transmission and upgraded brakes, but did not include some of the other higher-end features, such as the helical LSD and red [[Recaro]] race-seats, that were standard on the EK9.

However, Honda marketed a JDM ([[Japanese domestic market]]) version of the EP3 (which was exclusively manufactured in Swindon, UK and was shipped to Japan), which retained the highly renowned helical LSD similar to that of the EK9 and red [[Recaro]] race-seats. Other differences of the JDM model included a more track-oriented chassis/undercarriage settings as compared to the European model as well as a more powerful engine having a power output of {{convert|215|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} (designated K20A) had a fully balanced crankshaft assembly with the different intake manifold, exhaust manifold, higher-lift camshafts, higher-compression pistons, chrome-moly flywheel and ECU programming. All of the Japan-spec K20A Type R powertrains were built in Japan and shipped to the Swindon plant to be installed in the Japan-spec Type-R EP3. The JDM EP3 was also available in the traditional Type R Championship White while the EDM was not. The EDM has more relaxed gear ratios and some high rpm torque traded for low rpm torque compared to the JDM.<ref name="Evo">{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/honda/civic-type-r/15457/should-you-buy-a-honda-civic-type-r-ep3|title=Should you buy a Honda Civic Type-R (EP3)?|date=2015-03-10|first=Anthony|last=Ingram|publisher=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date=2019-03-03|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111319/https://www.evo.co.uk/honda/civic-type-r/15457/should-you-buy-a-honda-civic-type-r-ep3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pistonheads.com/gassing/topic.asp?h=0&f=47&t=1518874|title=Civic Type R EP3 JDM|date=2015-06-15|publisher=Piston Heads|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043443/https://www.pistonheads.com/gassing/topic.asp?h=0&f=47&t=1518874|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, the EP3 was updated with many improvements – revised EPS with quicker steering, revised suspension settings, projector headlamps (JDM came equipped with halogens only while the EDM came with an option for HIDs with self-leveling motors), lighter clutch and flywheel assembly, etc. Based on Honda literature, this facelifted (FL) model was targeted at addressing customers' and critics' feedback such as understeer on the limit (due to the front [[MacPherson strut]] setup), numb steering response and lack of low-end torque.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/honda/civic-type-r/14073/honda-civic-type-r-ep3-buying-checkpoints|title=Honda Civic Type R EP3 Buying Checkpoints|date=2013-03-14|work=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044223/https://www.evo.co.uk/honda/civic-type-r/14073/honda-civic-type-r-ep3-buying-checkpoints|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Performance''' (all figures are manufacturer claims)

*0–{{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in 5.8/6.5 seconds (JDM/EDM Pre-facelift), 5.8/6.4 seconds (JDM/EDM Facelift)
* 0–{{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in 15.1/16 secs (JDM/EDM Facelift)
*Top speed {{convert|141|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} and {{convert|146|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (JDM/EDM)

'''Note:''' JDM (Japanese Domestic Model), EDM (European Domestic Model).

[[Mugen Motorsports]] developed an upgraded version of the JDM Civic Type R, with a sport exhaust system and engine tuning, special Mugen Grille, and anti-roll bars for pro racing activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/honda-civic-type-r-built-at-uk-factory/|title=Type R Approved: The Three Other Civic Type R Cars That Came From Honda's UK Factory|date=2018-02-20|publisher=MotorTrend|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601023852/https://www.motortrend.com/news/honda-civic-type-r-built-at-uk-factory/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===30th Anniversary Edition===
In 2003, Honda celebrated 30 years of the Civic badge by offering a special edition 30th Anniversary Civic Type R. This special edition features red bucket seats from [[Recaro]], air conditioning, privacy glass on the rear windows, a leather [[Momo (company)|MOMO]] steering wheel, red interior carpet and door cards. The 30th Anniversary models in the UK were available in Nighthawk Black, Satin Silver and Milano Red. Only 300 of these models were produced, 100 in each color.<ref name="PH">{{cite web |url=https://www.pistonheads.com/news/ph-japanesecars/honda-civic-type-r-ep3--market-watch/32267 |title=Honda Civic Type R (EP3): Market Watch |date=2015-06-01 |first=Guy R. |last=Baker |publisher=Piston Heads |access-date=2019-03-04 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042703/https://www.pistonheads.com/news/ph-japanesecars/honda-civic-type-r-ep3--market-watch/32267 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Premier Edition===
In 2005, towards the end of the EP3's production run, Honda introduced the Civic Type R Premier edition which had [[Recaro]] Trendline seats (similar to those found in the Anniversary Edition, only in red and black rather than all red), a darker shade of fabric on the rear seat centre sections, a [[Momo (company)|MOMO]] steering wheel, red carpet, door linings, "Type R" embossed into the front brake calipers and black privacy glass on the rear windows. Air conditioning was an option. They were available in Milano Red, Nighthawk Black, Cosmic Grey and Satin Silver.<ref name="PH"/>

===C Package===
In 2004, Honda introduced the "C Package" option (¥330,000 JPY) to Japan's Civic Type R line-up which included an additional color, Satin Silver Metallic, HID lighting, rear privacy glass, automatic air conditioner and outside air temperature sensor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.honda.co.jp/news/2004/4040122-civic.html |title=マイナーモデルチェンジ(2004.01.22) |publisher=Honda.co.jp |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104174832/http://www.honda.co.jp/news/2004/4040122-civic.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Last year of production ===
[[File:2005EP3VBP.jpg|thumb|2005 Honda Civic EP3 Type R in Vivid Blue Pearl]]For the last production year (2005), the EP3 Type R was offered in Vivid Blue Pearl for the European market. A total of 132 EP3's, which were all left-hand drive, were produced in Vivid Blue Pearl.

The 2005 Vivid Blue Pearl EP3 is often mistaken for a Premier Edition, which it is not. They were sold with the standard, facelifted Type R interior, although they had other variations, which were not to be found on the right hand driven EP3's sold for the UK market.

All 132 Vivid Blue Pearl EP3's were delivered with xenon headlights, which includes integrated headlight washer jets in the front bumpers, as well as a height-sensor in the right rear wheel arch, which will automatically adjust the height of the light beam as per required by EU regulations.

It is also fitted with rear privacy glass and outside air temperature sensor, as well as the EUDM center console with mechanical knobs placed over the radio unit, as opposed to the UKDM, USDM and JDM models with electronic knobs fitted on the side of the radio unit.

'''Sales figures'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country:
! Units sold:
|-
| Finland
| 17
|-
| Spain
| 12
|-
| Russia
| 3
|-
| Switzerland
| 51
|-
| Lithuania
| 4
|-
| Latvia
| 1
|-
| Sweden
| 43
|-
| Estonia
| 1
|}

{{Clear}}

== {{anchor|2007}}FD2/FN2 (2007; based on eighth generation Civic) ==
The third generation of the Civic Type R was offered in two distinct models: one developed one for the Japanese domestic market and the other for UK and international markets each matching the availability of their [[Honda Civic (eighth generation)|regular 8th generation]] counterparts.

===FD2 (Japanese version){{anchor|FD|FD2}}===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation Japan (FD2)
| image = 2008 Honda Civic Type-R 2.0 Front.jpg
| production = 2007–2011
| assembly = Japan: [[Suzuka, Mie]]
| body_style = 4-door sedan
| engine = 2.0 L ''[[Honda K20K|K20A]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| powerout = {{convert|225|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 6-speed manual
| wheelbase = {{convert|2700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4540-4570|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1770-1780|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1420-1430|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1255-1270|kg|0|abbr=on}}
}}
[[File:2008 Honda Civic Type-R 2.0 Rear.jpg|thumb|left|Honda Civic Type R (FD2) rear]]
The Japanese market Civic Type R (FD2) went on sale on 30 March 2007. For the first time, the JDM Civic Type R was sold as a four-door sedan, rather than a three-door [[hatchback]]. The FD2 Type R was bigger, wider and heavier than the EP3 Type R. The wheelbase grew from {{convert|2570|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|2700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, giving the FD2 more stability during high speed cornering. The Japanese model's engine power output is higher than the European versions, with {{convert|225|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} being generated at 8,000 rpm and {{convert|215|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} of torque peaking at 6,100 rpm (versus {{convert|201|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} at 7,800 rpm and {{convert|193|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} at 5,600 rpm for the European model). Honda quoted that mid-range is increased by {{convert|10|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. Power is sent to the front wheels through a close-ratio six-speed manual transmission, and a helical limited slip differential is fitted as standard. The front brake discs are {{convert|320|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} diameter and fitted with four piston [[Brembo]] calipers. The car is fitted with [[Bridgestone]] Potenza RE070 tires having a size of 225/40 R18.

Honda claims the chassis is 50% more rigid than the previous Japan-only pre-facelift [[Honda Integra (fourth generation)|DC5 Integra Type R]] and 25% more rigid than the previous Japan-only facelift DC5 Integra Type R. The FD2 features an independent rear suspension rather than the torsion beam configuration used on the FN2 Type-R.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pistonheads.com/news/default.asp?storyId=16084 |title=PistonHeads Headlines |publisher=Pistonheads.com |date=29 March 2007 |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=28 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628115120/http://www.pistonheads.com/news/default.asp?storyId=16084 |url-status=live }}</ref> To save weight, aluminium is used extensively and bonded with adhesive instead of welded. Though the chassis is larger and more rigid than the JDM Integra Type R, it is only {{Convert|70|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} heavier.<ref name=Evo0709/>

[[File:Civictype-r-interior.jpg|left|thumb|Interior]]

Exterior wise, the front bumper is wider and different from the standard Civic designed aerodynamically. The rear bumper features a diffuser built into the bumper and a large rear wing completes the aero package. Inside, the trademark black and red bucket seats are no longer made by [[Recaro]] as with previous versions but designed in-house by Honda. Also gone is the [[Momo (company)|Momo]] made steering wheel, instead replaced by a Honda made version. The familiar red-on-black color scheme or black-on-black scheme is offered on Championship White and Super Platinum Metallic Silver while a black-on-black scheme with red stitching is for the Vivid Blue Pearl model only.

In October 2008, the Type R received new colors, those being Premium White Pearl, Premium Deep Violet Pearl and Crystal Black Pearl. The Vivid Blue Pearl color was dropped.

In back to back tests, the Civic Type R (FD2) was on average 1 second quicker than the Integra Type-R (DC5) at the [[Tsukuba Circuit]] and four seconds faster at the longer [[Suzuka Circuit]].<ref name=Evo0709>{{cite web |url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/209845/honda_civic.html |title=Meaden, Richard (September 2007), "Honda Civic Type R", evo |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 September 2007 |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=14 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914210707/http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/209845/honda_civic.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a back-to-back test on the United Kingdom TV program [[Fifth Gear]], the FD2 Type-R was three seconds quicker than the equivalent FN2 UK version around Castle Combe Circuit in wet conditions. However, the FN2 managed a 13.1 second quarter mile pass at Killarney Raceway.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54W0TgJGgoE |title=Vicki Butler-Henderson |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050819/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54W0TgJGgoE |url-status=live }}</ref>

Approximately 13,000 units of FD2 Civic Type R were produced until it ceased production in August 2010 due to failure to meet the upcoming emission requirements. Following the previous success due to the introduction of the FN2 Civic Type R from Europe in 2009, another batch of FN2 Type R with minor updates was available in Japan from fall 2010. However, the engine was the same K20ZA straight-4 as used in the European version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/2011-honda-civic-type-r-euro-launched-in-japan-25902.html |title=Honda Civic Type R Euro Launched in Japan |author=Andrei Costea |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Autoevolution |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=8 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108011922/http://www.autoevolution.com/news/2011-honda-civic-type-r-euro-launched-in-japan-25902.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Civic Mugen RR (ABA-FD2)====
[[File:Honda Civic MugenRR.jpg|thumb|Honda Civic [[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]] RR in Japan]]
In addition to Civic Type R, 300 units of Honda Civic [[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]] RR cars available exclusively in ''Milano Red'' had also been produced for Japanese market, which reduced weight to {{convert|1255|kg|lb|abbr=on}} using [[Carbon fiber reinforced polymer|carbon fiber]] bumpers and aluminum for the hood. The engine is rated at {{convert|240|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 8,000 rpm and {{convert|218|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} torque at 7,000 rpm achieved through Mugen parts such as camshafts, exhaust system and ECU. Other exclusive items include [[Recaro]] SP-X racing bucket seats and other Mugen items on the interior while special 18 inch Mugen 7-spoke wheels come equipped as standard. It went on sale in Japan on 13 September 2007.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/06/28/official-japan-gets-honda-civic-mugen-rr/ |title=Officially Official: Japan gets Honda Civic Mugen RR |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=28 June 2007 |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427230147/http://www.autoblog.com/2007/06/28/official-japan-gets-honda-civic-mugen-rr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]] also debuted the Civic Type-RR Experimental Spec concept car at the 2008 [[Tokyo Auto Salon]], which featured a {{cvt|2157|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} K20A engine rated at {{convert|260|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 8250 rpm and torque of {{convert|237|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 6,750 rpm. Weight is further reduced using an aluminium hood ({{convert|4.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}), as well as a new titanium exhaust system ({{convert|7.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}). The interior was also updated with more carbon fiber parts. The car also features Intelligent-Tire Condition Monitoring System (i-TCMS) and [[Recaro]] seats.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lavrinc |first=Damon |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/01/17/2008-tokyo-auto-salon-mugen-type-rr-experimental-spec/ |title=2008 Tokyo Auto Salon: Mugen Type-RR Experimental Spec |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=17 January 2008 |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312111555/http://www.autoblog.com/2008/01/17/2008-tokyo-auto-salon-mugen-type-rr-experimental-spec/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Honda Civic Mugen RR Advanced Concept was debuted at the 2009 [[Tokyo Auto Salon]], based on the face-lifted FD2. It has a dry weight of {{convert|1095|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themotorreport.com.au/16921/mugen-rolls-out-trio-of-hard-tuned-hondas-at-tokyo-auto-salon/comment-page-1/ |title=Mugen Rolls Out Trio Of Hard-Tuned Hondas At Tokyo Auto Salon |publisher=themotorreport.com.au |date=13 January 2009 |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706113118/http://www.themotorreport.com.au/16921/mugen-rolls-out-trio-of-hard-tuned-hondas-at-tokyo-auto-salon/comment-page-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brake disc size was increased to {{convert|340|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} diameter (as compared to {{convert|320|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in Type R/RR).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mugen-power.com/concept/autosalon2009/civic/index.html |title=Honda Civic Mugen RR Advanced |website=Mugen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116114157/http://mugen-power.com/concept/autosalon2009/civic/index.html |archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref>

====Civic Mugen RC (2008)====
[[File:Honda Civic typeR Onemake race Proto.jpg|thumb|Honda Civic Mugen RC]]
A race version called Honda Civic [[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]] RC was developed by Mugen for the 2008 Honda Exciting Cup Civic One-Make Race-Civic Series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.e-kereta.com/index.php/2007/09/14/honda-civic-type-r-%E2%80%98one-make-race%E2%80%99-versions/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107094642/http://blog.e-kereta.com/index.php/2007/09/14/honda-civic-type-r-%e2%80%98one-make-race%e2%80%99-versions |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2009 |title=Honda Civic Type R 'One Make Race' Versions |publisher=Blog.e-kereta.com |date=14 September 2007 |access-date=2 November 2010 }}</ref> The engine is the stock K20A engine from FD2 Honda Civic Type R. It came in the following models with the following prices:
* Basic: {{currency|6247500|JPY}} (5,950,000+tax).
* Standard: {{currency|7192500|JPY}} (6,850,000+tax). It adds a racing wheel package (Mugen RC 18-inch wheel with Yokohama tire), brake package (front and rear brake pads), seat and steering ([[Recaro]] bucket seat, seat rail, steering wheel with box, [[Takata Corporation|TAKATA]] harness), carbon inner part option A (carbon fiber right floor cover panel, footrest, door lining).
* Complete: {{currency|7822500|JPY}} (7,450,000+tax). It adds carbon inner part option B (carbon-fiber console box, left floor cover panel, centre pillar cover), engine package (engine rebalancing and calibration).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mugen-power.com/topics/news_0928/index.html |title=Honda Civic Mugen RC |website=Mugen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218070110/http://www.mugen-power.com/topics/news_0928/index.html |archive-date=18 December 2008}}</ref>

The Civic Mugen RC was built in Mugen's M-TEC factory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://icar.yam.com/article/mkarticle.php?article=20080310001346 |title=埼玉工廠直擊 Honda Civic 【Mugen無限RC】上 |publisher=Icar.yam.com |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050946/http://icar.yam.com/article/mkarticle.php?article=20080310001346 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===FN2 (European and international version){{anchor|FN|FN2}}===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation Europe and international (FN2)
| image = HONDA CIVIC TYPE-R Japan front (2).JPG
| production = 2007–2011
| assembly = United Kingdom: [[Swindon]] ([[Honda UK Manufacturing|HUM]])
| body_style = 3-door hatchback
| engine = 2.0 L ''[[Honda K engine#K20Z4|K20Z4]]'' I4
| powerout = {{convert|201|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 6-speed manual
| wheelbase = {{convert|2620|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4270|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1785|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1445|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1263-1320|kg|0|abbr=on}}
}}
{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = HONDA CIVIC TYPE-R Japan rear.JPG
| caption1 = Civic Type R (FN2)
| image2 = HONDA CIVIC TYPE-R Japan interior.JPG
| caption2 = Interior
}}

The European and international market Civic Type R is offered only as a three-door hatchback and uses a different chassis and internal layout (notably tank placement below the driver's seat), which will serve as the base for the next European version of the [[Honda Fit|Jazz]]. The rear suspension, formerly a [[double wishbone]] setup, was changed to a less complex [[Torsion beam suspension|torsion beam axle]]. The drive train is largely the same as the predecessor, offering {{convert|201|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 7,800 rpm and {{convert|193|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} of torque at 5,600 rpm,<ref>{{cite web|title=Civic Type R Euro specifications |url=http://www.honda.co.jp/CIVICTYPE-R/EURO/spec/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108122305/http://www.honda.co.jp/CIVICTYPE-R/EURO/spec/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 November 2009 |publisher=Honda Motor Company Japan }}</ref> with 90 percent of peak torque is available from 2,500 rpm.<ref name=GoAuto20070618>{{cite news|last=Britten|first=Tim|title=Honda unleashes Australia's first Civic Type R|url=http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/44A532FAC8336980CA2572FE000C4C14|newspaper=Go Auto (Australia)|date=18 June 2007|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-date=28 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028164213/http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/44A532FAC8336980CA2572FE000C4C14|url-status=live}}</ref> The car is fitted with 225/40 R18 Y88 [[Bridgestone]] Potenza RE050A tires, while optional 19-inch Rage alloys fitted with Yokohama Advan Sport 225/35 ZR19 88Y tires were also available. The car has a curb weight of {{convert|1320|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Drives/Search-Results/First-drives/Honda-Civic-Type-R/|title=Honda Civic Type R (2007) CAR review|work=Car Magazine site|access-date=3 April 2013|archive-date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401223059/http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Drives/Search-Results/First-drives/Honda-Civic-Type-R/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Trims====
'''Type R GT''' From introduction in 2007, The Type R GT trim includes dual-zone climate control (Left:right independent), rain-sensing windscreen wipers, refrigerated glove box, automatic headlights with dusk sensor, front fog lights, power-folding wing mirrors, cruise control, front and rear curtain airbags. In the UK market from 2009 model year, GT models also gained HID headlights with auto levelling, headlight washers with switch, USB and AUX connectors located in the arm rest storage area as well as a multi LED high level rear brake light to replace the previous design. An LSD was fitted to all GT models from April 2010 production also (this was never made available on base Type R models)

FN2 Type R's were finished in the same four colors as the standard FN2, and a new color called ''Deep Sapphire Blue Pearl'' added to the colors offered from 2010, at the same time Deep Bronze Metallic was dropped.

In 2009, the Championship White Edition Type R was made available and added a Helical LSD to the Type R GT feature roster as well as trim items such as dark tint front grill and fuel filler cap as well as color-matched white wheels.

'''Type R Heritage''' As often, names and trims vary even within domain markets down to local ones, and a Heritage trim replaces the GT version in some of them, adding Xenon/HID lights to the mix. The Heritage's infotainment system version adds Bluetooth telephone system and voice recognition DVD satellite navigation. This model was not offered in the UK.

'''Type R Race''' A more radical trim dubbed Race differs from the Heritage by removing components (incl. HID, AC, fog lights, audio system, soundproofing, some airbags) to reduce weight as much as {{convert|40|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.

'''Type R (Aust)''' The Type R (Australasia) trim includes dual-zone climate control (Left:right independent), rain-sensing windscreen wipers, refrigerated glove box, front fog lights, power-folding wing mirrors, cruise control, CD/radio/apple integration, front and rear curtain airbags. It is finished in the same four colors as the Euro standard FN2.

Production for the European market ended in October 2010 due to the engine not meeting Euro V emissions regulations which came into effect in 2011. Over 12,000 Civic Type Rs were sold in the UK since January 2007, Honda continued to export the car to the Australian market into 2011. It was also exported to Japan and marketed as Civic Type-R EURO in a limited edition in fall 2010, following a successful run in November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/04/22/honda-fixin-to-release-new-limited-edition-civic-type-r-three-d/ |title=Honda to release new limited-edition Civic Type-R three-door in Japan |date=22 April 2010 |first=Zach |last=Bowman |publisher=Autoblog |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=26 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426033209/http://www.autoblog.com/2010/04/22/honda-fixin-to-release-new-limited-edition-civic-type-r-three-d |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Reception====
''[[Top Gear Magazine]]'' awarded the European Civic Type R its 'Hot Hatch of 2007',<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/timetoburn/sections/galleries/other/awards07/07/ Top Gear Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415032140/http://www.topgear.com/content/timetoburn/sections/galleries/other/awards07/07/ |date=15 April 2008 }} (URL last checked 15 August 2008); Top Gear Magazine Feb '08 Issue</ref> praising the car's controls and comparing it favorably as a driver's car to its rivals, [[the Stig]] qualifying it as 'an utter gem'.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/timetoburn/sections/galleries/other/hot_hatch_debate/01/ Top Gear Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716182339/http://www.topgear.com/content/timetoburn/sections/galleries/other/hot_hatch_debate/01/ |date=16 July 2008 }} (URL last checked 15 August 2008); ''Top Gear''</ref> However the television show [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|''Top Gear'']] later criticized the new FN2 Chassis version, due to the different suspension and added weight. Jeremy Clarkson said it "just doesn't feel that quick" and that "all the poise and controllability that you used to get in the old car is just sort of... gone".

====Markets====

'''Australia''' The FN2 Civic Type R was available in Australia from mid-2007 until 2011.<ref name=GoAuto20070618/>

'''Singapore''' In Singapore, the FN2 Civic Type R Hatchback (European version) was sold by authorized dealer,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgcarmart.com/new_cars/newcars_overview.php?CarCode=10410|title=2007 Honda Civic Type-R | Car Prices & Info When it was Brand New - sgCarMart|website=sgCarMart.com|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729200617/http://www.sgcarmart.com/new_cars/newcars_overview.php?CarCode=10410|url-status=live}}</ref> while the FD2 sedan was sold through parallel importers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.torque.com.sg/features/honda-civic-type-r-history-in-singapore/|title=Honda Civic Type R history in Singapore|date=2 July 2018|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729200612/https://www.torque.com.sg/features/honda-civic-type-r-history-in-singapore/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Malaysia''' The FD2 Civic Type R was officially launched in the Malaysian market in August 2007. It was the first time Honda launched a Type R JDM outside of Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paultan.org/2007/08/03/honda-civic-type-r-launched-in-malaysia/|title=Honda Civic Type R launched in Malaysia|website=paultan.org|first=Paul|last=Tan|date=August 3, 2007|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817003939/https://paultan.org/2007/08/03/honda-civic-type-r-launched-in-malaysia/|archive-date=August 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Japan''' The FD2 sedan was initially the only model available in Japan, but as of November 2009, Honda imported the European FN2 hatchback in limited numbers of about 2,010 units, giving it the name Civic Type R EURO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://integrityexports.com/blog/japanese-car-auction-find-2009-honda-civic-type-r-euro/|title=Japanese Car Auction Find – 2009 Honda Civic Type-R Euro|website=Integrity exports|author=Stephen|date=February 10, 2014|access-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> A second batch of 1,500 was imported back to Japan in 2010, with the color Crystal Black Pearl added.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1999.co.jp/eng/10393664|title=Honda Civic Type R Euro (FN2) CarbonBonnet Crystal Black Pearl (Diecast Car)|website=1999.co.jp|location=Japan|date=October 2016|access-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref>

==FK2 (2015; based on ninth generation Civic) {{anchor|FK2|2015}}==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation (FK2)
| image = 2017 Honda Civic Type-R I-VTEC 2.0.jpg
| production = 2015–2017
| assembly = United Kingdom: [[Swindon]] ([[Honda UK Manufacturing|HUM]])
| body_style = 5-door hatchback
| engine = {{convert|1996|cc|L|order=flip|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Honda K engine#K20C1|K20C1]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]]
| powerout = {{convert|310|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 6-speed manual
| wheelbase = {{convert|2600|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4390|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1880|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1460|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1380|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}
}}
[[File:Salon de l'auto de Genève 2014 - 20140305 - Honda 3 (2).jpg|left|thumb|Honda Civic Type R Concept at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2014|2014 Geneva Motor Show]]]]
In September 2012, there were rumors about the confirmation of the next-generation of the Honda Civic Type R at the [[Paris Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tisshaw|first=Mark|title=Civic Type R gets Honda go-ahead|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/civic-type-r-gets-honda-go-ahead|date=18 July 2012|work=Autocar|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-date=20 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720194923/http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/civic-type-r-gets-honda-go-ahead|url-status=live}}</ref> A preview took place at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2014|Geneva Motor Show]] in March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 Honda Civic Type R concept revealed in Geneva|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1090289_2015-honda-civic-type-r-concept-revealed-in-geneva-live-photos-and-video|publisher=Motorauthority|access-date=7 March 2014|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308010835/http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1090289_2015-honda-civic-type-r-concept-revealed-in-geneva-live-photos-and-video|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Production===
{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = Honda Civic Type R (IX, Facelift) – Heckansicht, 29. Juni 2016, Düsseldorf.jpg
| caption1 = Civic Type R (FK2)
| image2 = Osaka Auto Messe 2016 (576) - Honda CIVIC TYPE R (DBA-FK2).jpg
| caption2 = Interior
}}

In January 2015, Honda announced that the production-ready model of the fourth generation of the Civic Type R (called the FK2) would debut at the 85th [[Geneva Motor Show#2015|Geneva Motor Show]] held in March alongside the European debut of the [[Honda NSX|NSX]]. It is the first factory turbocharged Civic Type R.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honda Plans To Debut New Civic Type R and New NSX at Geneva|url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/honda-plans-debut-new-civic-type-r-new-nsx-geneva/|publisher=carspecwall.com|access-date=28 January 2015|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415085956/https://www.carspecwall.com/news/honda-plans-debut-new-civic-type-r-new-nsx-geneva/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Performance ===
The FK2 Civic Type R is powered by the [[Honda K engine#K20C1|K20C1]] [[Gasoline direct injection|Direct Fuel Injection]] {{convert|1996|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on}} [[turbocharged]] Inline-four engine with [[Honda advanced technology#Earth Dreams Technology|Earth Dreams Technology]], having a power output of {{convert|310|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6,500 rpm and maximum torque of {{convert|400|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,500–4,500 rpm. The engine is mated to a 6-speed manual transmission with a factory equipped plate-style limited-slip differential. Honda claimed that the Type R can accelerate from 0–{{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in 5.7 seconds. The engine is manufactured at Honda's Anna Engine Plant in Ohio before being exported to the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hondanews.com/videos/the-most-extreme-and-high-performing-type-r-engine-ever-built-2-0-liter-vtec-turbo-for-european-civic-type-r-manufactured-in-the-u-s |title=The Most Extreme and High-Performing Type R Engine Ever Built: 2.0-Liter VTEC® Turbo for European Civic Type R, Manufactured in the U.S. |publisher=Honda News |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612212241/http://www.hondanews.com/videos/the-most-extreme-and-high-performing-type-r-engine-ever-built-2-0-liter-vtec-turbo-for-european-civic-type-r-manufactured-in-the-u-s |url-status=live }}</ref>

The fuel tank has a capacity of {{convert|50|L|gal|abbr=on}} and fuel consumption is 30.1/46.3 mpg (5 l/100km-7.81 l/100km) and 38.7 mpg (6 l/100km) (combined). Combined CO2 emission is 170g/km and the car has achieved Euro 6 Emission Standard.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

===Safety===
The Civic Type R is equipped with dual front airbags, front side airbags and front and rear side curtain airbags. Larger brakes are fitted for improved stopping power with front brakes having {{cvt|13.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} ventilated and drilled discs and rear brakes having {{cvt|12|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} solid discs. The anti-lock braking system, electronic brake-force distribution, hill start assist, and vehicle stability assist are standard.

==== Special Editions ====
==== Mugen Type R concept ====
{{Multiple image | total_width = 400
| image1 = Osaka Auto Messe 2016 (776) - MUGEN CIVIC TYPE R Concept.jpg
| image2 = Osaka Auto Messe 2016 (777) - MUGEN CIVIC TYPE R Concept.jpg
| footer = Mugen Civic Type R concept
}}
Introduced at the 2016 [[Tokyo Motor Show]], the Mugen Civic Type R is an aerodynamic package for the Civic Type R. The package includes an adjustable front lip spoiler, front canards, side skirts and a rear diffuser. The rear wing has been replaced with a GT style fixed rear wing. These elements are made from carbon fiber, a carbon fiber hood was also included as an option. There were no changes made to the drivetrain although a new exhaust system having a single exhaust pipe instead of the quad was fitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autoindustriya.com/auto-industry-news/tas-2016-honda-unveils-mugen-civic-type-r-concept.html|title=TAS 2016: Honda unveils Mugen Civic Type R Concept|date=2016-01-18|first=Aurick|last=Go|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043810/https://www.autoindustriya.com/auto-industry-news/tas-2016-honda-unveils-mugen-civic-type-r-concept.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Special Editions ====
[[File:Honda Civic Type R FK2 White Edition (2).jpg|thumb|Civic Type R White Edition]]
The Black Edition marked the end of the production of the FK2 Civic Type R. Based on the GT Trim Type R, notable features include black exterior paint with red accents, black interior with red stitching and red brake calipers. Production was limited to 100 units in UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/industry-news/honda/honda-civic-type-r-black-edition-run-out-model-marks-end-of-current-type-r-production/ |title=Honda Civic Type R Black Edition: 2017 run-out model marks end of current Type R production |publisher=Car Magazine |date=10 January 2017 |access-date=9 April 2018 |archive-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409233803/https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/industry-news/honda/honda-civic-type-r-black-edition-run-out-model-marks-end-of-current-type-r-production/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In other countries of Europe a White Edition was also released, still based on the GT Trim Type R, similar to the Black Edition but with white accents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autoplus.fr/honda/civic/actualite/Honda-Civic-Type-R-production-White-VTEC-1512292.html |title=Honda Civic Type R : déjà la fin ! |publisher=Auto Plus |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612172709/https://www.autoplus.fr/honda/civic/actualite/Honda-Civic-Type-R-production-White-VTEC-1512292.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Regions===
====United Kingdom====
The British were able to purchase the FK2 as of July 2015 with price tags of GBP 29,995 for the base Type R model and {{currency|32295|GBP}} for the Type R GT model. Although they both were priced differently, differences are limited to additional equipment and amenities. Key specifications related to power figures remain the same for both variants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/honda/civic-type-r/20-vtec-turbo-type-r-gt/first-drive |title=First Drive: Honda Civic 2.0 VTEC Turbo Type R GT |publisher=Top Gear |date=2 June 2015 |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708185932/https://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/honda/civic-type-r/20-vtec-turbo-type-r-gt/first-drive |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Japan====
In July 2015, [[Swindon]], England ([[Honda of the UK Manufacturing|HUM]]) started exporting the FK2 Civic Type R to Japan, making it the third Civic Type R to be exported there. However, only 750 units were exported.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honda CEO on the future: 'competitive' next-gen CR-V, Accord; Civic Type R coming to Japan this autumn|date=7 July 2015|url=http://paultan.org/2015/07/07/honda-ceo-competitive-next-cr-v-accord-civic-type-r-japan-autumn/|publisher=paultan.org|access-date=7 July 2015|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711025715/http://paultan.org/2015/07/07/honda-ceo-competitive-next-cr-v-accord-civic-type-r-japan-autumn/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==FK8 (2017; based on tenth generation Civic) {{anchor|FK8|2017}}==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fifth generation (FK8)
| image = 2018 Honda Civic GT Type R VTEC 2.0 Front.jpg
| caption = Pre-facelift (2017–2019)
| assembly = United Kingdom: [[Swindon]] ([[Honda UK Manufacturing|HUM]])
| production = 2017–2021
| body_style = 5-door hatchback
| engine = 1996 cc ''[[Honda K engine#K20C1|K20C1]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]]
| powerout = {{ubl
| {{convert|310|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|320|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} (Europe and Japan only)
}}
| transmission = 6-speed manual
| wheelbase = {{convert|2700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4560|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1875|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1435|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1380-1390|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}
}}
[[File:Civic tipeR proto (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Honda Civic Type R prototype at the 2017 [[Osaka Auto Messe]]]]
[[File:Honda Civic Type R (FK; France) rear view (2).jpg|left|thumb|Pre-facelift (2017–2019)]]
The Civic Type R Prototype was unveiled in September 2016 at the [[2016 Paris Motor Show|Paris Motor Show]], and the production version unveiled at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2017|2017 Geneva Motor Show]]. The new car builds on Honda's heritage in developing high-performance hatchbacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world.honda.com/news/2016/4160929eng.html |title=New Civic Type R Prototype breaks cover in Paris |publisher=World.honda.com |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707095437/http://world.honda.com/news/2016/4160929eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jalopnik.com/mother-of-god-the-next-honda-civic-type-r-looks-absolu-1787219883 |title=Mother Of God: The Next Honda Civic Type R Looks Absolutely Insane |date=29 September 2016 |publisher=Jalopnik.com |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617073416/http://jalopnik.com/mother-of-god-the-next-honda-civic-type-r-looks-absolu-1787219883 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Exterior ===
The design is based on the Civic Hatchback, with a winged carbon fiber splitter with red accent line, slatted ducts, diamond-mesh air intakes, red 'H' badge above a new air vent at the nose of the car, new air intake on the hood, an air scoop sited centrally in a trapezoidal recess, smoked lenses for the LED headlights, indicators and side repeaters, carbon fiber side skirts, 20-inch piano black alloy wheels with red accents, 245/30 R20 high-performance tires, enlarged wheel arches, a carbon fiber diffuser which runs below the wider rear bumper, 3 tailpipes with a pair of directional strakes at each side, central tailpipe in bright metallic red and unique peaks at the roof flanks that point backward.

=== Engine and other specifications ===
The FK8 Civic Type R uses the same engine from its predecessor, a turbocharged inline-four with increased power to {{cvt|320|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} in the European and Japanese version but remains the same {{cvt|310|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} in other markets. The engine is mated to a close-ratio 6-speed manual transmission continuing the tradition of its predecessors with limited-slip differential as standard. The aerodynamic elements increase downforce even further as compared to the outgoing model. The FK8 has a top speed of {{cvt|169|mph|kph|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} making it the fastest Civic Type R model to date.<ref name="WC" />

In back-to-back testing involving an FK8 and FK2 Type R, the reviewers praised the FK8's comfortable ride and feedback and criticised the FK2's harsh ride on the road and worse handling when the R+ driving mode was activated. The reviewers also complained about the FK2's interior being dated but stated that this was due to the model's late arrival at the end of the base model's production run.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carthrottle.com/post/fk2-vs-fk8-honda-civic-type-r-how-much-has-the-game-moved-on/|title=FK2 Vs FK8 Honda Civic Type R: How Much Has The Game Moved On?|date=2019-03-03|first=Matt|last=Robinson|publisher=Car Throttle|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111357/https://www.carthrottle.com/post/fk2-vs-fk8-honda-civic-type-r-how-much-has-the-game-moved-on/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Interior and safety features ===
[[File:2017 Honda Civic Type R GT i-VTEC Turbo 2.0 Interior (2).jpg|thumb|Interior]]
The interior of the Type R is based on the base model Civic and has a low driving position with the gear shift lever positioned high in order to allow for easy gear changes. The interior has red and black color as standard with sports seats along with faux carbon fiber trim. The driver's seat and the steering wheel are adjustable. A reversing camera is standard for easier rear visibility while reversing while parking sensors are standard in the GT Trim. The interior although lauded for its comfortability and user-friendliness is criticised for its infotainment system which has been described as slow and difficult to operate. The fit and finish are considered to be comparable with its competitors. Safety features include automatic emergency braking, traffic sign recognition, lane departure warning and automatic high beam assistance which are carried over from the base Civic. The GT trim adds blindspot monitoring and cross-traffic alert, parking sensors at the front and rear, dual-zone climate control, power-folding door mirrors and infotainment upgrades that include wireless phone charging and in-built sat-navigation along with a more powerful 11-speaker stereo. The Type R earned a Euro NCAP 5 star crash test rating.<ref name="WC">{{cite web|url=https://www.whatcar.com/honda/civic/hatchback/review/|title=Honda Civic Type R review|work=What Car?|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622091303/https://www.whatcar.com/honda/civic/hatchback/review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Records ===
On 3 April 2017, the pre-production Type R achieved a lap time of 7:43.80 on the [[Nürburgring Nordschleife]], almost 7 seconds faster than its predecessor, setting a new record for front-wheel drive cars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/hot-hatch/honda-civic-type-r-has-new-nurburgring-record|title=The Honda Civic Type R has a new Nürburgring record|last=Dobie|first=Stephen|date=24 April 2017|website=Top Gear|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519063342/https://www.topgear.com/car-news/hot-hatch/honda-civic-type-r-has-new-nurburgring-record|url-status=live}}</ref> The car also set new front-wheel drive lap records at the [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|Magny-Cours]], [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|Spa-Francorchamps]], [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]], [[Circuito do Estoril|Estoril]], [[Hungaroring]] and [[Mount Panorama Circuit|Mount Panorama]] circuits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch As Button Steers Civic Type R To Hungaroring Lap Record|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/261334/civic-type-r-hungaroring-record/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Motor1.com|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728121448/https://www.motor1.com/news/261334/civic-type-r-hungaroring-record/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Honda Civic Type R sets Bathurst record in the hands of F1 ace Jenson Button |url=https://www.caradvice.com.au/754203/honda-civic-type-r-bathurst-record/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=CarAdvice.com|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728121453/https://www.caradvice.com.au/754203/honda-civic-type-r-bathurst-record/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nürburgring record was broken by the [[Mégane Renault Sport|Renault Mégane RS Trophy-R]] in July 2019 which set a time of 7:40.10,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/renault/megane/22487/renault-megane-rs-trophy-r-uk-prices-revealed|title=Renault Megane RS Trophy-R UK prices revealed|date=31 July 2019|work=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710065903/https://www.evo.co.uk/renault/megane/22487/renault-megane-rs-trophy-r-uk-prices-revealed|url-status=live}}</ref> but in 2020 the Limited Edition Civic Type R broke the Mégane's front-wheel drive lap record at the [[Suzuka International Racing Course|Suzuka Circuit]] by one and a half seconds.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ewing|first=Steven|title=Honda Civic Type R Limited Edition sets new lap record at Suzuka|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2021-honda-civic-type-r-limited-edition-lap-record-suzuka/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Roadshow|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728135633/https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2021-honda-civic-type-r-limited-edition-lap-record-suzuka/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = Honda Civic Type R (2017) 1X7A0088.jpg
| image2 = Honda Civic Type R (2017) 1X7A0093.jpg
| caption2 = Facelift (2020)
}}

=== Markets ===

==== United States ====
The Civic Type R went on sale in the United States on 14 June 2017, marking the first time the Civic Type R was officially available to the U.S market.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/04/first-ever-us-honda-civic-type-r-finally-arrives-with-306-horsepower/ |title=First-ever US Honda Civic Type R finally arrives with 306 horsepower |publisher=Arstechica |date=21 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421225828/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/04/first-ever-us-honda-civic-type-r-finally-arrives-with-306-horsepower/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hondanews.com/releases/first-ever-civic-type-r-for-america-goes-on-sale-tomorrow |title=First-Ever Civic Type R for America Goes On Sale Tomorrow |publisher=Honda News |date=7 April 2017 |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-date=18 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618004719/http://hondanews.com/releases/first-ever-civic-type-r-for-america-goes-on-sale-tomorrow |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to emissions reasons it's only offered with 310 PS and the 320 PS model is not offered as it would violate the road vehicle emissions law and therefore be only legal for racing and not road legal.

==== United Kingdom ====
In the UK, the Civic Type R was available for consumer test drives in August 2017, with official delivery and sale dates coinciding with national vehicle registration plate changes on 1 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/818227/Civic-Type-R-car-review-hot-hatchback-Volkswagon-Golf-GTI|title=Civic Type R: Honda takes on the Audi RS3 and Ford Focus as the new hot hatch|first=Nat|last=Barnes|date=17 June 2017|website=Express.co.uk|access-date=7 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140926/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/818227/Civic-Type-R-car-review-hot-hatchback-Volkswagon-Golf-GTI|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Australia ====
The FK8 Civic Type R went on sale in Australia in September 2017. Only one trim level was available about midway between the EDM Touring and GT specifications. Citing lower access to high octane fuels the engine was only offered in the 306 bhp tune. On the road cost without any options was approximately $53,000.

==== Indonesia ====
The Civic Type R was launched in Indonesia during the 2017 Gaikindo [[Indonesia International Auto Show]] in August 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://autonetmagz.com/giias-2017-honda-civic-type-r-fk8-resmi-dijual-di-indonesia |title=GIIAS 2017: Honda Civic Type R FK8 Resmi Dijual di Indonesia! |publisher=AutonetMagz.com |date=10 August 2017 |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810205826/https://autonetmagz.com/giias-2017-honda-civic-type-r-fk8-resmi-dijual-di-indonesia/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The facelifted model was released in May 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://oto.detik.com/mobil/d-5562225/honda-civic-type-r-terbaru-rilis-di-indonesia-harga-tembus-rp-11-m |title=Honda Civic Type R Terbaru Rilis di Indonesia, Harga Tembus Rp 1,1 M |first=Ridwan |last=Arifin |website=detikOto |publisher=detikcom |date=7 May 2021 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/222686005/diam-diam-honda-luncurkan-new-civic-type-r-di-indonesia-harga-tembus-rp-1-miliar-lebih |title=Diam-diam Honda Luncurkan New Civic Type R di Indonesia, Harga Tembus Rp 1 Miliar Lebih |first=Harun |last=Rasyid |website=GridOto.com |publisher=Kompas Gramedia |date=7 May 2021 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

==== Malaysia and Singapore ====
In Singapore, the Civic Type R was officially launched by Kah Motor on 27 July 2017 in limited numbers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kah Motor introduces the all new Honda Civic Type R |url=https://www.sgcarmart.com/news/article.php?AID=17352 |website=Sgcarmart}}</ref>

In Malaysia, the Civic Type R was launched in October 2017 during the Malaysia Autoshow with a price of [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]]320,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=FK8 Honda Civic Type R launched in Malaysia|url=https://paultan.org/2017/11/09/fk8-honda-civic-type-r-launched-in-malaysia-rm320k/|website=paultan.org|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430080449/https://paultan.org/2017/11/09/fk8-honda-civic-type-r-launched-in-malaysia-rm320k/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Thailand ====
In Thailand, the Civic Type R was launched in 2018 with a price of [[Thai baht|฿]] 4,600,000 with only 4 units.

=== Awards ===
The FK8 Civic Type R has won many accolades and awards. It was crowned Top Gear Magazines Hot Hatch of the Year 2017, it was also voted International Editors’ Choice and overall Car of the Year 2017. What Car? also awarded the Type R its Hot Hatch of the Year award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/advertisement-feature/honda-civic-type-r-top-gear-magazines-car-year-2017|title=Honda Civic Type R: Top Gear magazine's Car of the Year 2017|date=18 December 2017|website=Top Gear|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100727/https://www.topgear.com/car-news/advertisement-feature/honda-civic-type-r-top-gear-magazines-car-year-2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WC"/> In Australia, the car was awarded Performance Car of the Year 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=Dylan |title=Honda Civic Type R: Performance Car of the Year 2018 Winner |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/events/performance-coty/honda-civic-type-r-performance-car-of-the-year-2018-winner |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=WhichCar |date=28 February 2018 |language=en-au |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927202107/https://www.whichcar.com.au/events/performance-coty/honda-civic-type-r-performance-car-of-the-year-2018-winner |url-status=live }}</ref> The car was chosen as one of the Top 10 Tech Cars by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite journal|date=April 2018 |journal=IEEE Spectrum |title=Top 10 Tech Cars: 2018 | issn=0018-9235 |volume=55 |issue=4 |page=30|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2018.8322044 |s2cid=4116523 }}</ref>

==FL (2022; based on eleventh generation Civic) {{anchor|FL|2022}}==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Sixth generation (FL)
| image =
| caption =
| assembly =
| production = 2022
| body_style = 5-door liftback
| layout =
| engine = 
| powerout =
| transmission =
| wheelbase = {{convert|2735|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length =
| width =
| height =
| weight =
}}

The sixth-generation Civic Type R will be introduced in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hondanews.com/en-US/releases/next-gen-civic-type-r-is-ready-for-nurburgring-testing|title=Next Gen Civic Type R is Ready for Nürburgring Testing|date=4 October 2021|website=Honda Newsroom}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paultan.org/2021/10/04/2023-honda-civic-type-r-teased-debuts-next-year/|title=2023 Honda Civic Type R teased - debuts next year - paultan.org|date=4 October 2021}}</ref> In March 2022, the pre-production model broke the [[Suzuka Circuit]] lap record for front-wheel drive cars with a lap time of 2:23.120.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.autoblog.com/2022/04/07/2023-honda-civic-type-r-suzuka-lap-time-record/ | title=2023 Honda Civic Type R is new fastest front-drive car at Suzuka }}</ref>

{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Honda Type R]]
* [[Honda Civic Si]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Honda Civic Type R}}
* [https://automobiles.honda.com/civic-type-r Honda U.S. Civic Type R]
* [http://www.honda.co.jp/CIVICTYPE-R/ Honda Japan Civic Type-R] Honda Motor Co. site (Japanese)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120810014523/http://www.honda.co.jp/CIVICTYPE-R/EURO/ Honda Japan Civic Type-R Euro] Honda Motor Co. site (Japanese)

{{Modern Honda vehicles}}
{{Honda}}

[[Category:Honda Civic|Type R]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1997]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:Sport compact cars]]
[[Category:Sports sedans]]
[[Category:Hot hatches]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive sports cars]]

Subaru

2022-06-12T18:07:59Z

Alvarowik: Update production data

{{short description|Japanese automobile manufacturing company}}
{{Other uses|Subaru (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=yy|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Subaru
| native_name = スバル
| type = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| logo = Subaru logo.svg
| logo_caption = The Subaru logo used since 2003
| image = Ebisu Subaru Building 2017-07.jpg
| image_caption = Subaru corporate headquarters building
| founder = [[Kenji Kita]] [[Chikuhei Nakajima]]
| predecessor = [[Nakajima Aircraft Company]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1953|07|15|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/outline/profile.html |title=Corporate Profile {{!}} Subaru Outline |publisher=SUBARU |access-date=2018-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fhi.co.jp/english/outline/inoutline/index.html |title=Corporate Information {{!}} Overview |publisher=Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. |date=2015-03-31 |access-date=2016-02-16 |archive-date=2017-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223133153/http://www.fhi.co.jp/english/outline/inoutline/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| location_city = [[Ebisu, Shibuya]]
| location_country = Japan
| key_people = Kazuo Hosoya ([[Chairman]]) Tomomi Nakamura ([[President (corporate title)|President]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = [[Automobile]]s
| production = {{decrease}} 744,787 units (-15.8% jan-dec 2021)<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/ir/finance/pdf/performance/pfo_2021_e.pdf |title=Subaru Corporation Announces Production, Japan Sales and Export Results for December 2021 and CY 2021 (Flash Report)| format=pdf|publisher=Subaru |location=Japan |date=2022-01-28 |access-date=2022-06-12|page=12| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121626/https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/ir/finance/pdf/performance/pfo_2021_e.pdf| archive-date=2022-04-03 | url-status=live}}</ref>
| parent = [[Subaru Corporation]]
| divisions = [[Subaru Tecnica International]]
| homepage = {{url|https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/|www.subaru.co.jp}}
}}

{{nihongo|'''Subaru'''|スバル|}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|uː|b|ə|r|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|s|ʊ|ˈ|b|ɑːr|uː}};<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWv-hB1Heck|title=Subaru UK Boxer Diesel TV Ad|via=[[YouTube]]|date=2009-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rKsC3y3v00| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106200244/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rKsC3y3v00&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2014-01-06|title=Subaru Impreza 22B STI: The Original Rally Icon! – Ignition Episode Ep. 98|via=[[YouTube]]|date=2014-01-06}}</ref> {{IPA-ja|ˈsɯbaɾɯ}})<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3l8xFCLB1m8 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/3l8xFCLB1m8| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Japanese pronunciation of Car Brands |date=2014-09-23 |access-date=2019-08-11 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> is the [[automaker|automobile manufacturing division]] of Japanese [[transportation]] [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[Subaru Corporation]] (formerly known as Fuji Heavy Industries), the [[Automotive industry#By manufacturer|twenty-first largest automaker]] by production worldwide in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Motor Vehicle Production|url=https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/World-Ranking-of-Manufacturers-1.pdf|publisher=OICA|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref>

Subaru cars are known for their use of a [[flat engine|boxer engine]] layout in most vehicles above 1500 cc. The [[Symmetrical All Wheel Drive]] drive-train layout was introduced in 1972. Both became standard equipment for mid-size and smaller cars in most markets by 1996. The lone exception is the [[Subaru BRZ|BRZ]], introduced in 2012 via a partnership with Toyota, which pairs the boxer engine with [[rear-wheel-drive]]. Subaru also offers [[turbocharged]] versions of their passenger cars, such as the [[Subaru WRX|WRX]], [[Subaru Legacy|Legacy]] and [[Subaru Outback|Outback]] XT, [[Subaru Ascent|Ascent]], and formerly the [[Subaru Legacy|Legacy GT]] and [[Subaru Forester|Forester XT]].

In Western markets, Subaru vehicles have traditionally attracted a small but devoted core of buyers. The company's marketing targets those who desire its signature engine and drive train, all-wheel drive and rough-road capabilities, or affordable sports car designs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-08-08/subaru-s-412-surge-leads-carmaker-to-debate-niche-status-cars |title=Subaru's 412% Surge Leads Carmaker to Debate Niche Status |work=Bloomberg Business |first1=Ma |last1=Jie |first2=Yuki |last2=Hagiwara |date=2013-08-09 |access-date=2015-11-25}}</ref>

''Subaru'' is the Japanese name for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster M45, or the "Seven Sisters" (one of whom tradition says is invisible – hence only six stars in the Subaru logo), which in turn inspires the logo and alludes to the companies that merged to create FHI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.subaru-global.com/origin_name.html |title=Origins of Subaru name |publisher=Subaru-global.com |access-date=2010-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411083646/http://www.subaru-global.com/origin_name.html |archive-date=2010-04-11}}</ref>

==History==

=== Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI) and Subaru's first cars ===
Fuji Heavy Industries started out as the Aircraft Research Laboratory in 1915, headed by [[Chikuhei Nakajima]]. In 1932, the company was reorganized as ''[[Nakajima Aircraft Company]], Ltd'' and soon became a major manufacturer of [[Fixed-wing aircraft|aircraft]] for Japan during World War II. At the end of the Second World War, Nakajima Aircraft was again reorganized, this time as Fuji Sangyo Co, Ltd. In 1946, the company created the [[Fuji Rabbit]], a [[motor scooter]], with spare aircraft parts from the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fujirabbit.com/pages/frame_history.html |title=Fuji Rabbit.com |publisher=Fuji Rabbit.com |access-date=2010-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211004722/http://www.fujirabbit.com/pages/frame_history.html |archive-date=2008-12-11 }}</ref> In 1950, Fuji Sangyo was divided into 12 smaller corporations according to the Japanese government's 1950 anti-[[zaibatsu]] legislation, the Corporate Credit Rearrangement Act. Between 1953 and 1955, five of these corporations and a newly formed corporation decided to merge to form ''Fuji Heavy Industries''. These companies were: ''Fuji Kogyo'', a scooter manufacturer; [[Coach (vehicle)|coachbuilder]] ''Fuji Jidosha''; engine manufacturer ''Omiya Fuji Kogyo''; [[chassis]] builder ''Utsunomiya Sharyo'' and the ''Tokyo Fuji Sangyo'' [[trading company]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Subaru Heritage |url=http://www.subaru-global.com/ourstory/heritage.html |website=Subaru Global |publisher=Subaru Corporation |access-date=2017-04-10}}</ref>

[[File:Subaru pleiades.jpg|thumb|left|Former logo on a [[Subaru 360]] showing six stars in an arrangement similar to the [[Pleiades]] open star cluster]]
[[File:Subaru 1500 at SUBARU Visitor center 2014-2.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Subaru 1500]], a.k.a. the P-1]]
Kenji Kita, [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of Fuji Heavy Industries at the time, wanted the new company to be involved in car manufacturing and soon began plans for building a car with the development code-name P-1. Kita canvassed the company for suggestions about naming the P1, but none of the proposals were appealing enough. In the end he gave the company a Japanese name that he "had been cherishing in his heart": Subaru, which is the Japanese name for the Pleiades star cluster. The first Subaru car was named the [[Subaru 1500]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.subaru-global.com/origin_name.html |title=Inspiration of naming first Subaru vehicle |publisher=Subaru Global |access-date=2010-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731200632/http://www.subaru-global.com/origin_name.html |archive-date=2013-07-31 }}</ref> Only twenty were manufactured owing to multiple supply issues. Subsequently, the company designed and manufactured dozens of vehicles including the 1500 (1954), the tiny air-cooled [[Subaru 360|360]] (1958), the [[Subaru Sambar|Sambar]] (1961), and the [[Subaru 1000|1000]] (which saw the introduction of the Subaru boxer engine in 1965).

[[File:1958 Subaru 360 01.jpg|left|thumb|1958 [[Subaru 360]]|alt=]]

===Later partnerships===
[[Nissan]] acquired a 20.7% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, Subaru's parent company, in 1968 during a period of government-ordered merging of the Japanese auto industry in order to improve competitiveness under the administration of [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Eisaku Satō]]. Nissan would utilize FHI's bus manufacturing capability and expertise for their [[Nissan Diesel]] line of buses. In turn many Subaru vehicles, even today, use parts from the Nissan manufacturing [[keiretsu]]. The Subaru automatic transmission, known as the [[List of Subaru transmissions|4EAT]], is also used in the first generation [[Nissan Pathfinder]]. While under this arrangement with Nissan, Subaru introduced the [[Subaru R-2|R-2]] (1969), the [[Subaru Rex|Rex]] and the [[Subaru Leone|Leone]] (1971), the [[Subaru BRAT|BRAT]] (1978), [[Subaru Alcyone|Alcyone]] (1985), the [[Subaru Legacy|Legacy]] (1989), the [[Subaru Impreza|Impreza]] (1993) (and its WRX subtype), and the [[Subaru Forester|Forester]] (1997).

Upon Nissan's alliance with [[Renault]], its stake in FHI was sold to [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] in 1999. Troy Clarke of General Motors served as representative to Fuji Heavy Industries on their corporate board. During that time, Subaru introduced the [[Subaru Baja|Baja]] (2003), and the [[Subaru Tribeca|Tribeca]] (2005). The Subaru Forester was sold as a Chevrolet Forester in [[India]] in exchange for the [[Opel Zafira]] being sold as a [[Subaru Traviq]] in [[Japan]]. Also, the Chevrolet Borrego concept was presented in 2002, a crossover coupe/pickup truck being derived from the Japanese-market Legacy Turbo platform. During the brief General Motors period, a [[Badge engineering|badge engineered]] [[Subaru Impreza|Impreza]] was sold in the United States as the [[Saab 9-2X]]. An SUV ([[Subaru Tribeca]]/Saab 9-6X) was also planned<ref name="edmunds.com/insideline">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=105934|title=Saab 9-6X Gets the Go-ahead|access-date=2007-07-28|work=edmunds.com/insideline}}</ref><ref name="autocar.co.uk/News">{{cite web|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/212253/|title=Subaru plans new model revolution|access-date=2007-07-28|work=autocar.co.uk/News}}</ref> but the Saab version did not proceed, and styling was recycled in the 2008 Tribeca refresh.<ref name="edmunds.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=107572|title=Saab Developing Smaller Crossover After Collapse of Subaru Alliance|access-date=2007-07-28|work=edmunds.com}}</ref>

GM liquidated their holdings in FHI in 2005. Nearly all Saab-Subaru joint projects were dropped at that time, other than Subaru supplying parts for the Saab 9-2x.<ref name="toybuy2005"/> [[Toyota Motors]] bought a little over 40% of GM's former FHI stock, amounting to 8.7% of FHI.
(The rest of GM's shares went to a Fuji stock buy-back program.)<ref name="toybuy2005">{{cite web
|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2005/10/05/gm-sells-subaru-stake-to-toyota/
|title=GM sells Subaru stake to Toyota
|date=2005-10-05
|website=AutoBlog
|access-date=2016-02-27}}</ref> Toyota and Subaru have since collaborated on a number of projects, among them building the Toyota Camry in Subaru's Indiana U.S. plant beginning in April 2007.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20131114/OEM01/131119949/subaru-to-stop-building-camrys-for-toyota-in-indiana-reports-say
|title=Subaru to stop building Camrys for Toyota in Indiana, reports say
|date=2013-11-14 | first = Hans | last = Greimel
|website=Automotive News
|access-date=2016-02-27}}</ref> Subaru introduced the [[Subaru Exiga|Exiga]] in 2008.

Toyota increased their share of FHI to 16.5% in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1023690_update-toyota-nearly-doubles-stake-in-subaru-parent-fhi
|title=Update: Toyota nearly doubles stake in Subaru parent FHI
|date=2008-06-27
|website=MotorAuthority
|access-date=2016-02-27}}</ref> Subsequently, Toyota and Subaru jointly developed the [[Subaru BRZ]], first sold in January 2012. Toyota sold the BRZ as the [[Scion FR-S]] until 2018, where it was renamed to the [[Toyota 86]] due to the discontinuation of Toyota's [[Scion (automobile)|Scion]] brand. Around the time of Toyota's increased ownership, Subaru also declared that they would no longer develop their own [[Kei car|Kei cars and trucks]], instead selling rebadged products from Toyota's [[Daihatsu]] subsidiary. This also allowed Subaru, a small manufacturer, to focus on their core of boxer-engined family cars.<ref name=JCast>{{cite web | url = https://www.j-cast.com/2011/08/29104306.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190527163407/https://www.j-cast.com/2011/08/29104306.html | archive-date = 2019-05-27 | title = 生産終了寸前スバル「サンバー」人気高まる限定車いずれも完売、注文も増える | trans-title = Subaru Sambar increases in popularity on the verge of discontinuation | language = ja | date = 2011-08-29 | work = J-CAST }}</ref> The last of Subaru's own kei vehicles to be built was the sixth generation [[Subaru Sambar]], which was taken out of production in March 2012 after 54 years of continuous manufacturing in this category.

=== Marketing ===
Some of the advertising slogans Subaru has used in the past include: "Inexpensive, and built to stay that way" (USA 1970s – early 1980s), "The World's Favourite Four Wheel Drive" (in the UK), "Plus on y pense, plus on a le goût de la conduire" (French: "The more you think about it, the more you want to drive it.") in French Quebec,<ref>Subaru Legacy Canada sales brochure printed January 1990</ref> "We built our reputation by building a better car", "What to Drive", "The Beauty of All-Wheel Drive", "Driven by What's Inside", "Think, Feel, Drive", "Love. It's what makes Subaru, a Subaru" (USA early 2010s) and currently "Confidence in Motion" in North America, "All 4 The Driver" in Australia, "Uncommon Engineering, Uncommon Stability, Uncommon Roadholding, Uncommon Sense" in the UK and "Technology that gives you Confidence in Motion" in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/04/25/what-really-makes-a-subaru-a-subaru-love/ |title=''What really makes a Subaru a Subaru? Love?'' |publisher=AutoBlog.com |date=2008-04-25 |access-date=2010-10-05}}</ref>

In the 1990s, an ad firm hired by Subaru found the all wheel drive cars were popular among [[lesbian]]s. The company started including subtle marketing to this demographic.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2016/10/14/497958151/episode-729-when-subaru-came-out |title=When Subaru Came Out |work=National Public Radio |location=US |date=2016-10-14 |access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Mayyasi">{{cite web |last1=Mayyasi |first1=Alex |title=How an Ad Campaign Made Lesbians Fall in Love with Subaru |url=https://priceonomics.com/how-an-ad-campaign-made-lesbians-fall-in-love-with/ |work=Priceonomics |location=US |date=2016-05-23 |access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref>

According to Automotive Lease Guide, Subaru ranked second place in vehicles that have the highest overall predicted resale values among all industry and all luxury vehicles for MY 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.alg.com/Newsroom?pid=92 |title=Automotive Lease Guide announcement for MY 2009 |work=ALG |location=US |date=2008-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707110252/https://www.alg.com/Newsroom?pid=92 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The awards are derived after carefully studying segment competition, historical vehicle performance and industry trends. According to a study done by [[J.D. Power and Associates]] for the 2008 Customer Retention Study, Subaru ranked at 50.5%, which was above the national average of 48%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jdpower.com/corporate/news/releases/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2008265 |title=2008 Customer Retention Study | J.D. Power and Associates |publisher=Jdpower.com |date=2008-12-10 |access-date=2009-06-12}}</ref>

Subaru launched an animation series ''[[Wish Upon the Pleiades]]'' {{nihongo|''Hōkago no Pleiades''|放課後のプレアデス|Hōkago no Pureadesu|lit. 'After School Pleiades'}} developed jointly with [[Gainax]]. The 4-part mini episode series was released on [[YouTube]] on 1 February 2011. It featured a [[magical girl]] plot with Subaru as a leading protagonist.

==Current operations==
Subaru's corporate headquarters are located in [[Ebisu, Shibuya|Ebisu, Tokyo]].

===Manufacturing facilities===
Subaru is distinct from many of its Japanese competitors in that as of early 2016 it still made almost 75% of its cars sold internationally in Japan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Thomas |title=Subaru's secret: Marginalized foreign workers power a Japanese export boom |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/japan-subaru/ |access-date=2016-08-28 |work=Reuters |date=2015-07-28}}</ref> Subaru's facilities designated to automotive manufacturing are located in [[Ōta, Gunma|Ōta]], [[Gunma Prefecture]], consisting of four locations: Subaru-chō is where the Subaru BRZ/Toyota 86 is built; having been re-purposed from ''kei'' car production, Yajima Plant is where all current Subaru cars are built; Otakita Plant is where commercial ''kei'' trucks are built (originally a factory location of [[Nakajima Aircraft Company]]); and Oizumi Plant in [[Oizumi, Gunma|Oizumi]], [[Gunma Prefecture]], is where engines and transmissions are built.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fhi.co.jp/english/outline/inoutline/domestic/index.html |title=Facilities {{!}} Domestic facilities |publisher=Fuji Heavy Industries |location=Japan |access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref>

Subaru's major overseas manufacturing facility is located in [[Lafayette, Indiana]]; the factory is called [[Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc.]] Due to continued sales growth in North American markets, vehicle production capacity at the Lafayette assembly plant is set to expand to 390,000 vehicles annually. Under the current strategic plan, Subaru will have a total production capacity of 1,026,000 vehicles per year at the end of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Annual Report |url=https://www.fhi.co.jp/english/ir/report/pdf/ar/ar_2015e.pdf |publisher=Fuji Heavy Industries |date=2015-06-24 |access-date=2016-08-29 |page=23 |archive-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910223406/https://www.fhi.co.jp/english/ir/report/pdf/ar/ar_2015e.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Subaru in Asia===
In Asian countries outside of Japan, Subaru vehicles, parts and accessories are supplied by Motor Image Group, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong-listed and Singapore-headquartered [[Tan Chong International Limited]] under businessman Glenn Tan.

Subaru has entered the [[Philippines|Philippine]] operations started in 1996 under the Columbian Motors Philippines ownership but withdrew in 2000. It returned in 2006 under a new ownership by Motor Image Pilipinas, Inc.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://motorimage.net/PH/aboutus/news.php?type=article&id=78 |title=Subaru – About Us > News and Events |publisher=Motor Image, Philippines |date=2009-01-26 |access-date=2014-03-31}}</ref> Subaru has eleven dealerships in the country: Greenhills, [[Pasig]], [[Parañaque|Manila Bay]], [[Alabang]], [[Davao City|Davao]], [[Cebu City|Cebu]], [[Cagayan de Oro]], [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]], [[Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa]], [[Batangas]], and [[Pampanga]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motor-image-ph-to-open-4-new-subaru-dealerships-in-2013 |title=Motor Image PH to open 4 new Subaru dealerships in 2013 |publisher=Top Gear Philippines |date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2014-03-31}}</ref> Subaru has seen popularity in their SUV line-up in the market in recent years, with the [[Subaru Forester|Forester]] and the [[Subaru XV|XV]] being one of their popular selling models.

Subaru once had a presence in South Korea, established in 2009 in Yongsan, Seoul under Choi Seung-dal.<ref name="Subaru PR">{{cite press release |url=https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/news/archives/contents/pdf_en_57942.pdf |title=FHI to Enter Car Sales Business in South Korea |publisher=Subaru |location=Japan |date=2010-01-21 |access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> Sales started in April 2010 with the Legacy, Outback and Forester as the initial lineup for the South Korean market.<ref name="Subaru PR"/> They were the fifth Japanese automobile manufacturer to enter after Toyota, Honda, Nissan and Mitsubishi.<ref name="koreajoongangdaily.joins.com">{{cite news |url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2915630 |title=Subaru to enter Korean car market |last= Kim |first=Tae-jin |work=Korea JoongAng Daily |date=2010-01-22 |access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> According to the company, they delayed their entry due to market dominance by Hyundai and Kia.<ref name="koreajoongangdaily.joins.com"/> By 2012, Subaru Korea announced that they would discontinue selling 2013 car models due to low sales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.torquenews.com/1084/south-koreans-abhor-new-subaru-forester|title=South Koreans abhor the new Subaru Forester|website=Torque News}}</ref>

On 23 April 2019, Subaru officially opened its production plant in [[Lat Krabang District|Lat Krabang]], [[Bangkok, Thailand]], the plant is a joint venture between Subaru Corporation and Hong Kong-listed Tan Chong International (TCIL), which holds a 74.9 percent stake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/subaru-made-in-thailand-suvs-forester-bangkok-plant-11471770|title=Subaru begins production of made-in-Thailand SUVs for Southeast Asian market|website=CNA|language=en|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> The plant was formerly a Mitsubishi Fuso factory that was repurposed, and will supply Subaru vehicle to markets in Asia, including Australia and New Zealand. According to media interview with Glenn Tan, the plant will have a maximum capacity of 100,000 vehicles per year, and up to a maximum of 4 models to be manufactured. Current production in 2019 is planned for 6,000 vehicles for Forester model only.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/auto/news/1666064/tcil-equips-for-4-subaru-cars |title=TCIL equips for 4 Subaru cars |last=Limited |first=Bangkok Post Public Company |work=Bangkok Post |date=2019-04-24 |access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref>

===Subaru in the United Kingdom===

In 1974 [[Robert Edmiston]] was finance director at sports car manufacturer Jensen Motors. When the company went bankrupt, he used a {{currency|6,000|GBP}} redundancy payout to set up [[International Motors]],{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} which acquired the UK franchise for Subaru and [[Isuzu]]. The [[Coleshill, Warwickshire|Coleshill]]-based company is still the parent for Subaru in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://subaru.co.uk/offers/outback/low-monthly-payments-on-the-subaru-outback-range/terms-and-conditions/ |title=Terms and Conditions {{!}} Latest Outback offers |publisher=Subaru |location=UK |access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref>

===Subaru in the United States===
{{Main|Subaru of America}}

[[Subaru of America]] (SOA) was established in 1968 in [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]], by [[Malcolm Bricklin]] and Harvey Lamm and relocated to [[Pennsauken, New Jersey]], shortly thereafter. In 1986, SOA relocated to [[Cherry Hill, New Jersey]], and Fuji Heavy Industries (now known as [[Subaru Corporation]]) acquired full ownership in 1990. In 2018, SOA relocated to a brand new headquarters in [[Camden, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.subaru.com/camden.html|title=Subaru - New Camden Home}}</ref> SOA operates regional offices, zone offices and parts distribution centers throughout the United States. SOA also operates port facilities on both the West and East coasts.<ref name=History>{{cite web|title=Subaru's company history, policies, attitudes, viewpoints, and basic info|url=http://www.subaru.com/company/index.html|publisher=Subaru of America, Inc|access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>

In 1989 Subaru and then-partner Isuzu opened a joint factory in [[Lafayette, Indiana]], called Subaru-Isuzu Automotive, or SIA, which initially manufactured the [[Subaru Legacy]] and [[Isuzu Rodeo]]. In 2001 Isuzu sold their stake in the plant to Fuji Heavy Industries for $1 due to flagging sales and it was renamed [[Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc.]] SIA has been designated backyard wildlife [[habitat]] by the [[National Wildlife Federation]] and has achieved a zero-landfill production designation (the first automotive assembly plant in the United States to earn that designation).<ref name="History" />

According to the [[Kelley Blue Book]] in 2015, two Subaru models [[Subaru Forester|Forester]] and the [[Subaru Outback|Outback]] in the United States had very short inventory time (the time between being received by a dealer to being sold).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://247wallst.com/autos/2016/04/30/subaru-sales-so-strong-dealer-run-out-of-cars/ |title=Subaru outsells itself |first=Douglas |last=McIntyre |work=247wallstreet |location=US |date=2016-04-30 |access-date=2016-05-01}}</ref>

==Motorsports==
{{Infobox F1 engine manufacturer
| name = Subaru
| logo =
| official_name =
| base =
| founders =
| staff =
| debut = [[1990 United States Grand Prix]]
| final_race = [[1990 British Grand Prix]]
| races = 8 (0 starts)
| chassis = [[Scuderia Coloni|Coloni]]
| cons_champ = 0
| drivers_champ = 0
| wins = 0
| podiums = 0
| points = 0
| poles = 0
| fastest_laps = 0
}}
[[File:Auto Show 069.jpg|thumb|[[Subaru Impreza WRC]]]]
[[Subaru Rally Team Japan]] led by Noriyuki Koseki (founder of [[Subaru Tecnica International]], STI) ran [[Subaru Leone]] coupé, sedan DL, [[Subaru Leone|RX (SRX)]] and [[Subaru Leone|RX Turbo]] in the World Rally Championship between 1980 and 1989. Drivers for individual rallies included [[Ari Vatanen]], [[Per Eklund]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Mike Kirkland (rally driver)|Mike Kirkland]], [[Possum Bourne]] and Harald Demut. Mike Kirkland finished 6th overall and won the A Group at the 1986 [[Safari Rally]]. That year Subaru was one of the only manufacturers combining 4WD and turbo after [[Audi#Rallying|Audi]]'s successful [[Quattro (four-wheel drive system)|quattro]] system had been introduced in 1980, but Audi withdrew from the WRC after safety concerns and Ford's serious accident early in the 1986 season. Subaru changed the rally model to Legacy RS for the 1990–1992 period and took part in the first complete season in the World Rally Championship with the same model in 1993.

Modified versions of the [[Subaru Impreza WRX|Impreza WRX]] and [[Subaru Impreza WRX STi|WRX STi]] have been competing successfully in [[rallying]]. Drivers [[Colin McRae]] ([[1995 World Rally Championship season|1995]]), [[Richard Burns]] ([[2001 World Rally Championship season|2001]]) and [[Petter Solberg]] ([[2003 World Rally Championship season|2003]]) have won [[World Rally Championship]] [[List of World Rally Championship Drivers' Champions|drivers' titles]] with the [[Subaru World Rally Team]] and Subaru took the [[List of World Rally Championship Constructors' Champions|manufacturers' title]] three years in a row from 1995 to [[1997 World Rally Championship season|1997]]. Subaru's World Rally Championship cars are prepared and run by [[Prodrive]], the highly successful British motorsport team. Several endurance records were set in the early and mid-nineties by the [[Subaru Legacy]]. The [[Subaru Justy]] also holds the world record for the fastest sub 1.0L car without a turbo: 123.224 mph average, it was set in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://subarudrive.com/vehicle|title=Subaru Drive|website=subarudrive.com}}</ref>

Subaru was briefly involved in [[Formula One]] circuit racing when it bought a controlling interest in the tiny Italian [[Enzo Coloni Racing Car Systems|Coloni team]] for the [[1990 Formula One season|1990 season]]. The Coloni 3B's 12-cylinder engine was badged as a Subaru and shared the boxer layout with the company's own engines, but was an existing design built by Italian firm [[Motori Moderni]]. The cars were overweight and underpowered and the partnership broke down before the season finished.<ref>Subaru Performance magazine version 4.3</ref> With the rise of rally racing and the [[Import scene]] in the US, the introduction of the highly anticipated [[Subaru Impreza WRX]] in 2001 was successful in bringing high-performance AWD compact cars into the sports car mainstream. Subaru supplies a factory-backed team, [[Subaru Rally Team USA]] for [[Rally America]] and has won the driver's title six times, most recently in 2011 with [[David Higgins (rally driver)|David Higgins]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vtcar.com/2011-07-19/2975/ |title=David Higgins Wins 2011 Rally America National Championship |publisher=Vermont Sports Car |location=US |date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2012-05-21}}</ref> ''[[Grassroots Motorsports]]'' awarded Subaru with the Editors' Choice Award in 2002.{{full citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Since 2005, Cusco Racing have entered an Impreza and a [[Subaru BRZ|BRZ]] in the [[Super GT]] championship. In 2008, the Impreza was the first 4-door and first 4WD vehicle to win a race.

Starting in 2006, Subaru of America (SOA), as the official distributor of Subaru vehicles in the United States participates in the [[Subaru Road Racing Team]] (SRRT) with a [[Subaru Legacy]] 2.5 GT Spec-B in the [[Grand-Am]] Street Tuner class. In 2010, SRRT campaigns a [[Subaru Impreza WRX STI]] in the Grand Sport class.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carsession.com/car-news/subaru-impreza-wrx-sti-srrt-racecars.html |title=Subaru Impreza WRX STI SRRT racecars |work=Carsession.com |location=US |date=2010-02-01 |access-date=2010-10-05}}</ref> In 2011, SRRT switched from the hatchback to a 2011 Subaru Impreza WRX STI sedan.

On 16 December 2008, it was announced that Subaru would no longer be competing in the World Rally Championships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subaru pull out of World Rallying |newspaper=Japan Times |date=2008-12-16 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/world_rally/7785299.stm }}</ref> The decision was made by Subaru's parent company, [[Fuji Heavy Industries]] (FHI), partly as a result of the economic downturn but also because it was felt Subaru had achieved its sporting and marketing objectives. Mr [[Ikuo Mori]] denied that alterations to the WRC technical regulations in 2010 or a rumored deterioration in the working relationship with [[Prodrive]] had any impact on the decision. He also said that the possibility of a Subaru car back in the top category of WRC in the future is not zero, but for this moment there can be no assumption of a comeback.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrc.com/news/subaru-doesnt-rule-out-wrc-return/?fid=8544&page=2327 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930172822/http://www.wrc.com/news/subaru-doesnt-rule-out-wrc-return/?fid=8544&page=2327 |archive-date=2013-09-30 |title=Subaru doesn't rule out WRC return |work=WRC |date=2008-12-16 |access-date=2013-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2011, [[Mark Higgins (driver)|Mark Higgins]] used a stock Impreza to set a lap record at the [[Isle of Man TT]] course.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a17416/isle-of-madness/ |title=Isle of Madness – 2011 Isle of Man Subaru Record Breaking Run |first=Jonathan |last=Elfalan |work=Road and Track |location=US |date=2011-07-13 |access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref> In 2016, Higgins again broke the record in a modified WRX STI.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/Subaru-Isle-of-Man-video-TT-record-2016 |title=New onboard video: Subaru's record-breaking Isle of Man TT lap |first=Matt |last=Burt |work=Autocar |location=US |date=2016-06-28 |access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref>

On 4 May 2012, [[Subaru Rally Team USA]] announced that a new rallycross team, Subaru [[Puma SE|Puma]] Rallycross Team USA, will participate in the 2012 [[Global RallyCross Championship]] season with [[Dave Mirra]], [[Bucky Lasek]], and [[Sverre Isachsen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.global-rallycross.com/drivers-teams/ |title=Drivers & Teams |work=Global Rally Cross |access-date=2013-10-06}}</ref> They also competed in the [[2014 FIA World Rallycross Championship]].

Also in 2012, Subaru became the naming rights sponsor of the chief domestic road cycling competition in Australia, the [[National Road Series]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.subaru.com.au/news/subaru-national-road-series |title=Subaru National Road Series |author= |date=19 April 2012 |website=Subaru Australia |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>

The Impreza has won hillclimbs such as the [[Silverstone Race to the Sky]] and [[Mount Washington Hillclimb Auto Race]].{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

== Eyesight system ==
In 2008, Subaru introduced their EyeSight [[collision avoidance system]], a type of [[advanced driver-assistance system]] (ADAS). Unlike most such systems, which use radar sensors, EyeSight initially launched with dual [[Charge-coupled device|CCD cameras]] mounted at the top of the windshield. Depth information is derived from the parallax between two video signals and used to judge the distance to the next vehicle for features such as pre-collision braking and adaptive cruise control. EyeSight is now (as of 2022) standard on most Subaru models equiped with CVTs, and is also standard on automatic transmission BRZ models.

Unlike some other manufacturers (e.g. Toyota), Subaru North America has not provided clear and consistent branding of their Eyesight generations — though some versions are referenced in their owners manuals. This makes it challening to distinguish key differences, performance, and impovements among model years. Much more detailed information is available in the [[:jp:EyeSight|Japanese EyeSight article]].
{| class="wikitable"
!Version
!Launch Date
!Technology Changes & Notes
!Adaptive Cruise
!Lane Departure Systems
!Pre-collision Breaking
!Rear Radar Features
|-
|{{Version|o|Eyesight Gen 1}}<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Subaru's "EyeSight" Driver Assist System Wins 2015 Good Design Gold Award ‐ First-Ever Driver Assist System to Receive the Award |url=https://www.media.subaru-global.com/en/news/2137 |date=2015-10-30|access-date=2022-05-26 |publisher=Subaru}}</ref>
|2008 (Japan-only)
|Hitachi manufactured
Front-facing steroscopic greyscale cameras (x2)
|
|
|
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{Version|o|Eyesight Gen 2}}<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/news/archives/contents/pdf_en_78880.pdf |title=FHI to Introduce the "EyeSight" to North America - The Second Overseas Launch of Subaru's Unique Driving Assist System |publisher=Subaru |location=Japan |date=2012-03-16 |access-date=2022-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/news/archives/contents/pdf_en_59361.pdf |title=FHI to Introduce the "New EyeSight" Subaru's Unique Driving Assist System with Advanced Safety Functions |publisher=Subaru |location=Japan |date=2010-04-22 |access-date=2022-05-27}}</ref>
|2012 (2013 MY)
|Improved overall performance
|Operates from 0 – 100 km/h
|Warns during lane sway or departure
|30 km/h maximum speed differential for braking
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{Version|o|Eyesight Gen 3}}<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/news/archives/contents/pdf_en_92152.pdf |title=FHI Reveals the Next Generation "EyeSight" - All-New Stereo Camera Recognition Technology and Added Steering Assist Control for Better Safety and Further Reduced Driver's Workload |publisher=Subaru |location=Japan |date=2013-10-02 |access-date=2022-05-27}}</ref>
|2014 (2015 MY)
|Front-facing cameras updated, now color
Lower profile in vehicle for improved stray light rejection

Adds rear radar option
|Adds "Lane Keeping Assist" to gently steer inside lanes (when above 65 km/h)
|Applies torque to center the vehicle if unsignaled lane change occurs
|Improved speed differential for braking (50 km/h)
New cameras increase range and viewing angle by ~40%

Throttle management added for reversing
|Adds rear cross traffic alerts, blind spot detection, and lane change warnings.
|-
|{{Version|c|Eyesight Gen 4}}
|2021 (MY 2022)
|New camera system from Veoneer, core CPU from Xilinx
Camera body has integrated heater and cooling fans, lens housing now flush to windshield.
Optional third front-facing wide-range mono camera (some models)
|Wider angle camera for smoother cruise around sharp curves
|Improved performance
|Adds Automatic Emergency Steering, if speed < 50 MPH
Adds electronic brake booster

Optional wide-angle camera improves pedestrian and bike detection
|If included, enables Automatic Emergency Steering for collision prevention
|-
|{{Version|p|Eyesight X}}
|No North America Release
(2020 Japan / Europe-only on Levorg)
|Front-facing stereoscopic color cameras (x2)
Adds front-facing 77 ghz MW wave radar

Adds front corner radars
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="99" | {{Version|l|show=110101}}
|}

== Technology and fuel consumption ==

===Diesel===
The [[Frankfurt International Motor Show#2007|2007 Frankfurt International Motor Show]] saw Subaru introduce a [[Flat engine|horizontally opposed]], water-cooled, [[common rail]] [[turbodiesel]] using a [[variable geometry turbocharger]] called the Subaru EE engine, the first of its type to be fitted to a passenger car. Volkswagen had experimented with this idea during the 1950s and made two air-cooled boxer [[prototype]] diesel engines that were not turbocharged. VW installed one engine in a [[Volkswagen Beetle|Type 1]] and another in a [[Volkswagen Type 2|Type 2]].<ref name="ltv-vwc.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.ltv-vwc.org.uk/wheelspin/ws_aug-sept-2003/diesel-beetle.html|title=The Diesel Beetle|access-date=2008-04-03|work=ltv-vwc.org.uk|archive-date=2008-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720172027/http://www.ltv-vwc.org.uk/wheelspin/ws_aug-sept-2003/diesel-beetle.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Subaru engine was rated at {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|350|Nm|ftlbf|abbr=on}} with a displacement of 2.0 liters. In March 2008 Subaru offered the Legacy Sedan and Wagon and the Outback Wagon with 2.0 liter turbodiesel in the [[European Union|EU]] with a 5-speed manual transmission.<ref name="autobloggreen.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2007/03/07/geneva-motor-show-subaru-diesel-boxer-engine/|title=Geneva Motor Show: Subaru diesel boxer engine|access-date=2007-08-01|publisher=autobloggreen.com}}</ref><ref name="paultanturbodiesel.com">{{cite web|url=http://paultan.org/archives/2007/09/17/subaru-turbodiesel-boxer-110kw147hp/ | title=Subaru's 2.0L Turbodiesel Boxer – 110kW/147hp}}</ref>

In September 2008 Subaru announced that the diesel Forester and diesel Impreza will be introduced at the [[2008 Paris Motor Show]], with Forester sales to begin October 2008 and diesel Impreza sales to start January 2009 in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|last=Neff |first=John |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/09/05/paris-preview-subaru-debuts-boxer-diesel-forester-and-impreza/ |title=Euro-spec Impreza diesel introduction |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2008-09-05 |access-date=2010-10-05}}</ref> The Forester and Impreza will have a 6-speed manual transmission, whereas the Legacy and Outback have 5-speed manual transmissions.

===Electric vehicles===
In June 2006, Fuji Heavy Industries, Inc. (FHI) launched its [[Subaru Stella]] [[Plug-in electric vehicle]] which is a [[kei car]] equipped with a [[lithium-ion]] battery pack. The vehicle has a short range of {{Convert|56|mi}} but it actually costs more than the [[Mitsubishi i-EV|Mitsubishi iMiEV]], at {{currency|4,380,000|JPY}} ({{currency|44,860|USD}}), including Japanese Government [[consumption tax]]es with an exemption of $2,240. It also qualified for a rebate from the Japanese Government of up to $14,200, bringing the price down to $30,660. The vehicle is much like the i-MiEV, with a 47-kilowatt motor and a quick-charge capability, but the two-door mini-car has a boxy shape. FHI set a goal of selling 170 vehicles by March 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12572 |title=EERE News: Mitsubishi and Subaru Launch Electric Cars in Japan |publisher=US Department of Energy |date=2009-06-10 |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref>

In Japan, Subaru is currently testing two electric vehicles called the [[Subaru G4e]] and the [[Subaru R1e]].

The [[Subaru Hybrid Tourer]] Concept is a four-seat vehicle with [[gull-wing door]]s that combines a 2-liter turbocharged direct-injection gasoline engine with a continuously variable transmission and two axle-mounted motors. A lithium-ion battery pack provides energy storage for the vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=15580 |title=EERE News: Honda CR-Z Concept Hybrid Debuts at the Tokyo Motor Show |publisher=US Department of Energy |date=2009-10-29 |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref>

In early 2018, Subaru, along with [[Suzuki]], [[Daihatsu]] and [[Hino Motors]], joined the nascent EV C.A. Spirit venture to collaborate on electric vehicle technology development. The project was launched by Toyota, [[Mazda]] and automotive component manufacturer [[Denso]] in September 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suzuki, Hino, Subaru and Daihatsu Join Toyota-Led EV Project - World Industrial Reporter |url=https://worldindustrialreporter.com/suzuki-hino-subaru-and-daihatsu-join-toyota-led-ev-project/ |website=World Industrial Reporter |access-date=2018-08-18 |date=2018-01-02}}</ref>

Subaru was among the few makes lacking any electric models. In the U.S., the short-lived Crosstrek hybrid was on the market only for the 2014 to 2017 model years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edelstein |first1=Stephen |title=Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid discontinued for 2017 model year |url=https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1106428_subaru-crosstrek-hybrid-discontinued-for-2017-model-year |website=Green Car Reports |access-date=2018-08-18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, for the 2019 model year, Subaru unveiled the 2019 model year Crosstrek Plug-in Hybrid,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.subaru.com/vehicles/crosstrek/hybrid.html |title=2019 Subaru Crosstrek - Hybrid |publisher=Subaru |location=US |access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> based in large part on technology from shareholder Toyota's [[Prius Prime]] platform. The EV range is {{cvt|17|miles|km|0|order=flip}}. It is only available in California and parts of the East Coast.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greimel |first1=Hans |last2=Okamura |first2=Naoto |title=To electrify, Subaru leans on its friends |url=https://autoweek.com/article/green-cars/electrify-subaru-leans-its-friends |website=autoweek.com |date=2018-02-05 |publisher=Automotive News |access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref>

Subaru is planning on releasing their first all-electric car, named Solterra, in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.subaru.com/solterra-ev.html |title=Presenting the all-new 2023 Subaru Solterra |publisher=Subaru |year=2021 |access-date=2021-11-27}}</ref>

=== Electronics ===
Since the 2005 model year, Subaru has adopted [[CAN bus]] technology for the US and Canada markets. Starting in the 2007 model year, all Subaru vehicles use the CAN technology.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Typically, two CAN-buses are used on vehicles: a high-speed CAN running at 500 kbit/s for powertrain communication, and a low-speed CAN running at 125 kbit/s for body control functions and instrument panels. A body-integrated unit (BIU) is used between these two networks.

[[Clarion (company)|Clarion]] and [[Harman Kardon]] are among the audio, video, and navigation technology suppliers for Subaru products in North America.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.clarion.com/jp/en/corp/about-clarion-2013/profile/business-outline/
| title = Clarion Japan {{!}} Business Outline
| website = www.clarion.com
| access-date=2016-02-28
}}</ref> Clarion announced in 2015 that it was introducing its "Smart Access" platform, formerly only offered on Clarion's aftermarket products, to the units to be installed in certain Subaru 2015 models in North America. Smart Access is able to work with the driver's smartphone (either iPhone or Android) and allows access to various car-safe apps running on the phone via the car's built-in infotainment screen.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.twice.com/news/navigation/clarion-brings-aftermarket-technology-subaru/49786
| title = Clarion Brings Aftermarket Technology To Subaru
| website = www.twice.com
| date = 2014-08-05
| access-date=2016-02-28
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.clarion.com/us/en/corp/information/news-release/2014/0806-1/index.html
| title = Clarion U.S.A {{!}} Subaru Launches the Next Generation of its STARLINK Infotainment System Utilizing Clarion's Smart Access Connectivity Platform
| website = www.clarion.com
| access-date=2016-02-28
}}</ref>
Subaru and Clarion have also, with Liberty Mutual Insurance, introduced the "RightTrack" in-vehicle app which will be able to monitor the driver's habits, make suggestions for safer driving, and possibly offer insurance discounts.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/liberty-mutual-insurance-and-subaru-introduce-new-technology-to-promote-safe-driving-and-savings-on-auto-insurance-300199363.html
| title = Liberty Mutual Insurance and Subaru Introduce New Technology to Promote Safe Driving and Savings on Auto Insurance
| last = Insurance
| first = Liberty Mutual
| website = www.prnewswire.com
| access-date=2016-02-28
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.harmankardon.com/content?ContentID=automotive-subaru
| title = Harman Kardon Automotive Subaru
| website = www.harmankardon.com
| access-date=2016-02-28
}}</ref>

=== Subaru Global Platform (SGP) ===
{{main|Subaru Global Platform}}
Subaru debuted its new chassis design, dubbed the [[Subaru Global Platform]], with the release of the 2017 model year Impreza. Having spent over a billion dollars on research and development the company plans to extend the architecture to all of its other models, with the exception of the BRZ which is co-developed with Toyota.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterlyon/2016/09/21/subarus-new-impreza-cost-1b-was-it-worth-it/#5881576a69d1|title=Subaru's New Impreza Cost $1B -- Was It Worth It?|last=Lyon|first=Peter|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref> By incorporating high-strength steel into the chassis updated vehicles will have stiffer bodies that increase safety through greater impact absorption while also improving ride comfort. Another focus of the new platform is modularity, allowing Subaru to reduce development costs by streamlining production throughout its network of facilities. The platform will be able to accommodate a variety of powertrains, including gasoline, hybrid, and fully electric designs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/subaru-global-platform-debuts-will-underpin-all-future-subarus|title=Subaru Global Platform Debuts, Will Underpin All Future Subarus|work=Car and Driver|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>

==Environmental record==
[[File:'09 Subaru Legacy Wagon PZEV (MIAS).JPG|thumb|USA-spec Subaru Legacy PZEV]]

Subaru claims to have implemented advanced policies which include recycling, reducing harmful emissions, and educating their employees. Their efforts have helped them in their environmental initiatives. The Subaru plant in Lafayette, Indiana (SIA) was the first auto assembly plant to achieve zero-landfill status;<ref name="subaru1">{{cite web|url=http://www.subaru.com/company/environmental-policy.html |title=Subaru's environmental record |publisher=Subaru.com |access-date=2010-10-05}}</ref> nothing from the manufacturing process goes into a landfill. The company has developed a recycling plan for the "end-of-life" of their cars. Most of their modern products use highly recyclable materials throughout the vehicle, in the engine, transmission, suspension and elsewhere in each vehicle leaving Subaru with a 97.3% recycling ratio rate for their end-of-life vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fhi.co.jp/english/envi/csr/envi/recycle.html |title=Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. > CSR / Environment > Environmental Report ｜Automobile Recycling |publisher=Fhi.co.jp |date=2005-01-01 |access-date=2012-01-14}}</ref>

An excerpt from the Subaru website stated "In 2006, SIA was awarded the United States Environmental Protection Agency´s Gold Achievement Award as a top achiever in the agency's WasteWise program to reduce waste and improve recycling." The website also stated that "It also became the first U.S. automotive assembly plant to be designated a wildlife habitat."

Subaru currently offers a Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle ([[PZEV]]) certified Legacy, Outback, Impreza,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/subaru/impreza/2012/options.html?sub=sedan&style=101403835&trim=20i-pzev |title=2012 Subaru Impreza Sedan 2.0i PZEV Price With Options |publisher=Edmunds.com |access-date=2012-01-14}}</ref> XV/Crosstrek<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.subaru.com/vehicles/crosstrek/models-specs.html |title=2016 Subaru Crosstrek Models & Specs – Crossover |access-date=2016-02-03}}</ref> and Forester models<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drive2.subaru.com/Fall08/Fall08_whatmakes.htm |title=It's What Makes a Subaru, a Subaru: Controlling Emissions – Part Two |publisher=Drive2.subaru.com |access-date=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425124456/http://drive2.subaru.com/Fall08/Fall08_whatmakes.htm |archive-date=2012-04-25 }}</ref> which are available for sale anywhere in the U.S. Subaru PZEV vehicles meet California's Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle exhaust emission standard.<ref name="subaru1"/> All other models have been certified [[Low Emission Vehicle|LEV2]].

{{Clear}}

== Subaru vehicles ==
{{main|List of Subaru vehicles}}

===Other manufacturers===
Subaru has partnered with various manufacturers over time. Below are some of the models sold in Asia and Europe. In Japan they are in the [[Kei car]] class with either front or all wheel drive and a [[straight engine]].
An article posted by [[Autoblog.com|Autoblog]] on 16 April 2008, stated that due to a corporate investment by [[Toyota]], all Kei cars built by Subaru will be replaced by Daihatsu models beginning in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gardiner |first=Justin |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/04/16/subaru-to-stop-making-kei-cars/ |title=Subaru to stop making Kei Cars |publisher=Autoblog |date=2008-04-16 |access-date=2010-10-05}}</ref>

* [[Isuzu Trooper|Subaru Bighorn]] (1988–1993, rebadged [[Isuzu Trooper]])
* '''[[Subaru Justy]]''' (1994–2010, 2016–present: rebadged [[Suzuki Cultus]] (1994–2003), [[Suzuki Ignis]] (2003–2007), [[Daihatsu Boon]] (2007–2010) and [[Daihatsu Thor]] (2016–present). Nameplate originally used from 1984 to 1994.)
* [[Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999-2005)|Subaru Traviq]] (1999–2005, rebadged [[Opel Zafira]])
* [[Subaru Dex]] (2006–2012, rebadged [[Toyota bB]])
* '''[[Subaru Sambar|Subaru Dias Wagon]]''' (2009–present, rebadged [[Daihatsu Hijet|Daihatsu Atrai]])
* [[Daihatsu Tanto Exe|Subaru Lucra]] (2010–2015, rebadged [[Daihatsu Tanto]])
* [[Subaru Trezia]] (2010–2016, rebadged [[Toyota Ractis]])
* [[Subaru Pleo]] (2010–2018 as a rebadged [[Daihatsu Mira]], nameplate in use since 1998)
* '''[[Subaru Stella]]''' (2010–present, rebadged [[Daihatsu Move]])
* '''[[Daihatsu Mira e:S|Subaru Pleo Plus]]''' (2012–present, rebadged [[Daihatsu Mira e:S]])
* '''[[Subaru Sambar]]''' (2012–present as a rebadged [[Daihatsu Hijet]], nameplate in use since 1961)
* '''[[Daihatsu Tanto|Subaru Chiffon]]''' (2016–present, rebadged [[Daihatsu Tanto]])

==See also==

*[[Prodrive]] Motorsport team selected by ''Subaru'' to run their World Rally Team
*[[Subaru Technica International]] (also known as '''STI''')
*[[List of Subaru engines]]
*[[List of Subaru transmissions]]
*[[Subaru EA engine]] series
*[[Subaru EF engine]] series
*[[Subaru EJ engine]] series
*[[Symmetrical All Wheel Drive]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Subaru}}
*{{Official website | http://www.subaru-global.com }}
*{{curlie|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Subaru/|Subaru}}
*{{imcdb vehicle|make=subaru}}

{{Subaru|state=expanded}}
{{Subaru vehicles}}
{{Subaru North America}}
{{Japanese Automobile Industry}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Subaru| ]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of Japan]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gunma Prefecture]]
[[Category:Formula One engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of Japan]]
[[Category:Car brands]]

GM L3B engine

2022-05-18T18:25:38Z

Alvarowik: Fix red links

{{Infobox engine
| name = General Motors L3B engine
| image =
| manufacturer = [[General Motors]]
| aka =
| production = 2018-present
| predecessor =
| successor =
| configuration = [[Inline-four engine|Inline-4]]
| displacement = {{convert|2727|cc|L CID|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
| bore = {{convert|92.25|mm|in|abbr=on|2}}
| stroke = {{convert|102|mm|in|abbr=on|2}}
| block = 380 T5 Cast [[Aluminum]]
| head = 356 T5 Cast Aluminum
| valvetrain = [[Double overhead camshaft|DOHC]] [[Multi-valve#Four valves|4 valves/cyl]] with [[Variable valve timing|VVT]] and [[Variable valve lift|VVL]]
| compression = 10.0:1
| turbocharger = Single [[BorgWarner]] Dual-[[Volute (pump)|Volute]] w/ electrically [[Actuator|actuated]] [[wastegate]]
| fuelsystem = [[Gasoline direct injection]]
| management =
| fueltype = Gasoline
| oilsystem = [[Wet sump]]
| coolingsystem = [[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water cooled]]
| idle =
| redline = 6100 rpm
| power = {{convert|310-325|hp|kW|abbr=on|0}}
| specpower =
| torque = {{convert|348-430|lbft|Nm|abbr=on|0}}
| length =
| width =
| sp = us
| weight =
| emissions level = [[United States vehicle emission standards#Tier III|Tier III]], Bin 50
| emissions control =[[Catalytic converter#Three-way|Three-way catalytic converter]], wide-band heated [[oxygen sensor]]
}}

The '''GM L3B engine''' is an all-new engine introduced in the 2019 [[Chevrolet_Silverado#Fourth_generation_Silverado_/_Fifth_generation_Sierra_(2019–present)|Chevrolet Silverado]], 2019 [[Chevrolet_Silverado#Fourth_generation_Silverado_/_Fifth_generation_Sierra_(2019–present)|GMC Sierra]], 2020 [[Cadillac_CT4#CT4-V |Cadillac CT4-V]]. Production takes place at GM's [[Spring Hill Manufacturing]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sherman|first1=Don|title=All-new four-cylinder for 2019 Chevrolet Silverado|url=https://www.sae.org/news/2018/05/gm-2.7-l-i-4-revealed|website=www.sae.org|publisher=SAE.org|accessdate=28 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In addition to GM's [[active fuel management]], [[start-stop system]] and [[variable valve timing]]; which are already featured on GM's other full-size pickup truck engines. This engine also features GM's [[Variable valve lift|Intake Valve Lift Control]] which has 3 different intake cam profiles that are electromagnetically-actuated to provide the best [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] and performance at a wider range of operating conditions.

The engine is the first GM truck engine to feature an active thermal management system. This system consists of an electrically-driven water pump and a 3-way rotary valve which allows the engine to maintain proper operating temperatures and quicker warm-ups. Also, a continuously variable oil pump helps to lower parasitic losses as well as providing proper lubrication and cooling to the engine, especially under high-load conditions.

==Turbo==
The [[BorgWarner]] developed turbo can produce up to {{convert|22|psi|bar|abbr=on}} of boost thanks in part to its unique dual volute turbine housing and an electrically actuated wastegate. Instead of two side-by-side exhaust passages like on a regular [[twin-scroll turbocharger]], in this design the two exhaust passages are concentric and allow for better use of the exhaust pulse energy.

==2022 Model Year Update==
With the unveiling of the 2022 model year Silverado, GM announced a significant revision that stiffened and strengthened the engine allowing for a GM-estimated increased maximum torque rating of {{convert|430|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 3000 rpm while also improving [[noise, vibration, and harshness]] (NVH).

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:General Motors engines]]
[[Category:Straight-four engines]]
[[Category:Gasoline engines by model]]

Alfa Romeo Giulia (2015)

2021-12-22T01:09:54Z

Alvarowik: Improve reference format

{{About|the 2016 model|the model produced during the 1960s and 1970s|Alfa Romeo Giulia}}
{{short description|Compact executive saloon manufactured by Alfa Romeo}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Alfa Romeo Giulia
| image = Alfa 952 26.06.19 JM (1).jpg
| caption = 2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia
| manufacturer = [[Alfa Romeo]] ([[Stellantis]])
| production = 2015–present
| model_years = 2016–present
| assembly = Italy: [[Piedimonte San Germano]], [[Lazio]] ([[Alfa Romeo Cassino Plant|Cassino Plant]])<ref name="rainews24">{{cite web |url=http://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Bentornata-Giulia-Dalla-nuova-berlina-sportiva-parte-il-rilancio-Alfa-Romeo-1ad6765d-445f-4046-836d-41c0d1d7f136.html |title=Bentornata "Giulia"! Dalla nuova berlina sportiva parte il rilancio dell'Alfa Romeo |trans-title=Welcome back "Giulia"! Alfa Romeo's relaunch begins with this sports saloon |website=[[RAI|rainews24.it]] |date=24 June 2015 |language=it |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>
| designer = [[Marco Tencone]] at Centro Stile Alfa Romeo<ref name="Tencone">{{cite web|url=http://www.quattroruote.it/news/novita/2015/09/09/alfa_romeo_giulia_quadrifoglio_marco_tencone_spiega_il_design_della_nuova_alfa_video_.html |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio - Marco Tencone spiega il design della nuova Alfa [video] |trans-title=Alfa Rome Giulia Quadrifoglio - Marco Tencone explains the design of the new Alfa [video]|publisher=[[Quattroruote]] |language=it |date=2015-09-09 |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
| class = [[Compact executive car]] ([[D-segment|D]])
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|saloon]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]/[[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|all-wheel-drive]]<ref name="autocar 24/06/15">{{cite web |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/2015-alfa-romeo-giulia-revealed/ |title=2015 Alfa Romeo Giulia revealed |first=Hilton |last=Holloway |website=autocar.co.uk |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915221420/http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/2015-alfa-romeo-giulia-revealed |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| platform = [[FCA Giorgio platform|Giorgio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europe.autonews.com/article/20150621/ANE/150619816/alfa-romeo-readies-unveiling-of-key-giulia-midsize-sedan |title=Alfa Romeo readies unveiling of key Giulia midsize sedan |publisher=Europe.autonews.com |date=21 June 2015 |access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>
| related = [[Alfa Romeo Stelvio]]
| engine = '''Petrol:''' {{ubl
| 2.0 L ''[[FCA Global Medium Engine|GME T4]] [[Multiair]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]]
| 2.9 L ''[[Ferrari F154 engine|690T]]'' [[twin-turbocharged]] [[V6 engine|V6]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117210 |title=Alfa Romeo at the 2015 Frankfurt International Motor Show - Press Releases - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press |publisher=Alfaromeopress.com |date=15 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060101/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117210 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| '''Diesel:'''
| 2.2 L ''[[Multijet|JTDm Multijet II]]'' I4
}}
| transmission = {{ubl
|6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] (''[[Getrag]] G217)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aftersales.fiat.com/eLumData/IT/83/620_GIULIA/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG.pdf |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia LIBRETTO USO E MANUTENZIONE |website=aftersales.fiat.com |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6hqgZ3XT5?url=http://aftersales.fiat.com/eLumData/IT/83/620_GIULIA/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|6-speed manual (''[[List of ZF transmissions|ZF S6-53]]'', Quadrifoglio)
|8-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (''[[ZF 8HP transmission|ZF 8HP50]]'')
|8-speed automatic (''[[ZF 8HP transmission|ZF 8HP75]]'', Quadrifoglio)
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2820|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="fbcdn.net2">{{cite web
|url = https://scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xap1/t31.0-8/12052390_10153722263421929_2894502211755662947_o.jpg
|title = Dati Technici 2.6 V6 Bi Turbo 510 CV
|access-date = 22 September 2015
|website = scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6bjZfblyd?url=https://scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xap1/t31.0-8/12052390_10153722263421929_2894502211755662947_o.jpg
|archive-date = 22 September 2015
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|4639|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1873|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1426|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1374|kg|lb|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} (DIN) 2.2 diesel {{convert|1524|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (DIN) Quadrifoglio<ref name="fbcdn.net" /> {{convert|1605|kg|lb|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} 2.0 AWD
| predecessor = [[Alfa Romeo 159]]
| successor =
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Alfa Romeo Giulia''' (Type 952) is a [[compact executive car]] produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer [[Alfa Romeo]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rogers|first=Cameron|date=2020-12-23|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia Prices, Reviews, and Pictures {{!}} Edmunds|url=https://www.edmunds.com/alfa-romeo/giulia/|url-status=live|website=[[Edmunds.com]]}}</ref> It was unveiled in June 2015, with market launch scheduled for February 2016,<ref name="QR 08/15">{{cite journal |first=Massimo |last=Nascimbene |title=I segreti di Giulia |trans-title=The secrets of Giulia |journal=[[Quattroruote]] |pages=174–177 |date=August 2015 |publisher=Editoriale Domus |language=it}}</ref> and it is the first saloon offered by Alfa Romeo after the production of the [[Alfa Romeo 159|159]] ended in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/first-official-pictures/alfa-romeo/alfa-romeo-giulia-2016-in-pictures-its-the-new-159/ |first=Tim |last=Pollard |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia (2016) in pictures and on video: it's the new 159! |website=[[Car (magazine)|Car]] |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> The Giulia is also the first mass-market Alfa Romeo vehicle in over two decades to use a [[longitudinal engine|longitudinal]] [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|rear-wheel drive]] [[Car platform|platform]], since the [[Alfa Romeo 75|75]] which was discontinued in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/2016-alfa-romeo-giulia-tipo-952-quadrifoglio-verde-is-the-rebirth-of-alfa-romeo-video-photo-gallery-97073.html |title=2016 Alfa Romeo Giulia (Tipo 952) Quadrifoglio Verde is the Rebirth of Alfa Romeo |first=Mircea |last=Panait |website=autoevolution.com |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> The Giulia was second in 2017 [[European Car of the Year]] voting and was named [[Motor Trend Car of the Year]] for 2018. In 2018, Giulia was awarded the [[Compasso d'Oro]] industrial design award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alfaromeo.com/alfa-romeo-world/passion/alfa-news/2018/prize-compasso-doro|title=GIULIA WINS THE PRIZE COMPASSO D'ORO 2018|website=alfaromeo.com|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The car was designed at the Centro Stile Alfa Romeo, by a team headed by [[Marco Tencone]]<ref name=Tencone /> and including Senior Exterior Designer, Andrea Loi.<ref name=Tencone /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carscoops.com/2015/09/alfa-romeo-explains-new-giulias-design.html |title=Alfa Romeo Explains New Giulia's Design; Releases Official Interior Details [w/Video] |publisher=CarScoops.com |date=2015-09-09 |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cultura/2015/08/19/il_creatore_della_giulia_arriva_dall_ogliastra_andrea_loi_designe-8-430999.html |title=Il creatore della Giulia arriva dall'Ogliastra: Andrea Loi designer dell'Alfa Romeo - Cultura - L'Unione Sarda.it |publisher=Unionesarda.it |date=2015-08-19 |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref> along with Interior Chief Designer Inna Kondakova and Senior Interior Designer Manuele Amprimo.<ref name=Tencone /> The Giulia has been the subject of a long gestation and delayed launch dates, reportedly due to the design being sent back to the drawing board by [[Sergio Marchionne]], CEO of [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] (FCA), the parent company of Alfa Romeo at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Alfa-Romeo-Giulia-2014-CAR-Magazines-new-scoop/ |first=Tim |last=Pollard |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia (2014): CAR Magazine's new scoop |website=[[Car (magazine)|Car]] |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref>

[[File:" 15 - ITALY - Alfa Romeo Giulia QV bianca Museo Storico Alfa Romeo ad Arese 105 years of Alfa Romeo 03.jpg|thumb|left|The restyled company logo, which debuted with the new Giulia]]
The new Giulia was unveiled to the press at the [[Museo Storico Alfa Romeo]] in [[Arese]], on 24 June 2015, at an event which involved only the top-of-the-range Quadrifoglio variant and a rendition of "[[Nessun dorma]]" by Italian tenor [[Andrea Bocelli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lastampa.it/2015/06/25/multimedia/motori/per-la-nuova-giulia-bocelli-canta-nessun-dorma-g1KwwzfgjSOcfkRTP6jNaL/pagina.html |title=Per la nuova Giulia Bocelli canta "Nessun dorma" |trans-title=For the new Giulia Bocelli sings "Nessun Dorma" |website=[[La Stampa]] |date=25 June 2015 |language=it |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802081025/http://www.lastampa.it/2015/06/25/multimedia/motori/per-la-nuova-giulia-bocelli-canta-nessun-dorma-g1KwwzfgjSOcfkRTP6jNaL/pagina.html |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The occasion coincided with the company's 105th anniversary,<ref name="wsj 24/06/15" /> and also saw the company debut a restyled logo for all future Alfa Romeo models.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alvolante.it/news/alfa-romeo-giulia-gli-interni-341872 |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia: gli interni|trans-title=Alfa Romeo Giulia: the interior |website=alvolante.it |date=26 June 2015 |language=it |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> The Giulia was also presented under the new ''La meccanica delle emozioni'' slogan ("the mechanics of emotions" in Italian).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeo.com/com/alfa-thevoiceofgiulia |title=Alfa Romeo USA | Official Alfa Romeo Website |website=alfaromeo.com |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref>

The Giulia is the first model in the company's relaunch plan, which involves a €5 billion investment for an eight car line-up and a worldwide sales target of 400,000 by 2018 — up from 74,000 in 2013.<ref name="wsj 24/06/15">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/with-new-alfa-romeo-sedan-fiat-chrysler-looks-for-rebirth-of-a-brand-1435172384 |title=With New Luxury Sedan, Fiat Chrysler Looks for Rebirth of a Brand |first=Eric |last=Sylvers |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.caranddriver.com/alfa-romeo-5-year-plan-awdrwd-lineup-and-8-new-products-by-2018-semi-autonomy-from-fiat-chrysler/ |title=Alfa Romeo 5-Year Plan: AWD/RWD Lineup and 8 New Products by 2018, Semi-Autonomy from Fiat-Chrysler |first1=Alexander |last1=Stoklosa |first2=Andrew |last2=Wendler |website=[[Car and Driver]] |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> It is underpinned by an all-new, longitudinal-engine, rear-wheel drive platform developed for Alfa Romeo — codenamed "Giorgio".<ref name="QR 08/15" />
Development of the Giulia, along with development of the entire "Giorgio" project, has been overseen by the technical director of Ferrari, Philippe Krief.<ref name="QR 08/15" />

==Overview==
[[File:2021 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio 2.9 silver interior view in Brunei.jpg|thumb|left|Interior]]

The Giulia uses a [[front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout]], featuring an even 50% front and 50% rear weight distribution.<ref name="autocar 24/06/15" />
Suspension is independent all-around, of the [[Double wishbone suspension|double wishbone]] type at the front and [[Multilink suspension|multilink]] at the rear.<ref name="autocar 24/06/15" />
All Giulia models employ a [[carbon-fibre]] drive shaft made by [[Hitachi]] Automotive Systems,<ref name="hitachi.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/month/2016/04/160426a.html|title=News Releases : April 26, 2016 : Hitachi Global|website=www.Hitachi.com|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> as well as [[aluminium alloy]] shock towers, suspension components, front wings and doors.<ref name="topgear">{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/alfa-giulia-will-the-plan-succeed-2015-06-25 |title=Opinion: will Alfa's masterplan succeed? |first=Paul |last=Horrell |website=[[Top Gear (magazine)|topgear.com]] |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="alfaromeopress" /> [[all-wheel drive]] models will also be offered.<ref name="autocar 24/06/15" /><ref name="C&D 24/06/15">{{cite web |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-photos-and-info-news |title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia: A Stunning Sports Sedan Headed for America |first=Tony |last=Quiroga |website=[[Car and Driver]] |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

Depending on trim level it has a 6.5-inch or 8.8-inch colour display; optional Sport, Performance and Luxury Packs are also available. The sport package includes sports steering wheel with added grip, aluminium inserts on the dashboard, centre console and door panels, and Xenon headlights. The luxury package offers premium leather upholstery and wood trim. The performance package includes mechanical limited-slip differential along with electronic suspension and paddle shifters on the steering column in the cars equipped with an automatic transmission.

{{clear}}

==Models==

=== Giulia, Super and Speciale ===
[[File:2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia Speciale TD Automatic 2.1 Front.jpg|thumb|left|Giulia Speciale 2.2 TD]]
[[File:2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia Speciale TD Automatic 2.1 Rear.jpg|thumb|right|Giulia Speciale 2.2 TD]]

The base Giulia, mid-level Super, and fully loaded Speciale are powered by a {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} 2 litre gasoline engine, or the choice of 136 PS, 150 PS or 180 PS 2.2 litre turbo diesel engine. The base model comes with 16 inch alloys, the Super can be distinguished with 17 inch alloys and dual chrome exhaust tip for the diesel model. The Speciale has 18 inch alloys, black brake calipers, and leather sports seats from the Veloce. The Giulia has a [[drag coefficient]] of {{cd|0.25}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carthrottle.com/post/drag-coefficients-explained-which-kind-of-car-is-slippiest/|title=Drag Coefficients Explained: Which Kind Of Car Is Slippiest?|website=carthrottle.com|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=== Veloce and Veloce Ti ===
[[File:2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce TB Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|Giulia Veloce]]
[[File:2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce TB Automatic 2.0 Rear.jpg|thumb|right|Giulia Veloce]]

The Giulia Veloce was presented at the [[2016 Paris Motor Show|2016 Paris International Motor Show]] held in October. The Veloce offers the choice of two engines: the 2.0-litre turbo petrol and the 2.2-litre diesel inline-4 engines, both equipped with an 8-speed automatic transmission and Alfa Q4 all-wheel drive system (rear-wheel-drive in the UK).

The Veloce has specific bumpers and a glossy black door trim; it has also various performance components like special rear extractor with double exhaust pipes and optional 5-spoke 19-inch alloy wheels (the 19-inch option is not available in the UK). On the interior, it has black, red or tan leather sport seats and a sports steering wheel with a suede grip, aluminium inserts on the dashboard, central tunnel, door panels and Xenon headlights.

The new four-cylinder petrol engine is rated at a maximum power output of {{convert|280|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5,250 rpm and a maximum torque of {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,250 rpm. It has [[MultiAir]] electro-hydraulic valve activation system along with "2-in-1" " turbocharger system and direct injection with a 200-bar high pressure system. The {{convert|210|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} diesel all aluminum straight-4 engine comes with MultiJet II technology and electrically operated variable geometry [[turbocharger]].

The Alfa Q4 all wheel drive system behaves like a rear-wheel drive vehicle: 100% of torque is distributed to the rear axle. As it reaches the wheel adherence limit, the system transfers up to 60% of the torque to the front axle. To ensure maximum speed of response in re-distributing torque, the system exploits a high mechanical over slippage (up to 2.5%) between the two axles, which translates into segment-beating vehicle control in terms of traction and directional stability on bends.<ref name="alfaromeopress.com">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/118134] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106152103/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/118134 |date=2016-11-06 }} the Giulia Veloce with Q4 system behaves like a rear-drive vehicle: 100% of torque is distributed to the rear axle. As it reaches the wheel adherence limit, the system transfers up to 60% of the drive torque to the front axle in real time, thanks to a dedicated transfer case. To ensure maximum speed of response in re-distributing torque, the system exploits a high mechanical over slippage (up to 2.5%) between the Quadrifoglio with an optional carbon fibre pack and standard 19-inch alloys from the Quadrifoglio.</ref>

=== Quadrifoglio ===

[[File:Alfa Romeo QV Logo IAA 2015.jpg|thumb|left|The Quadrifoglio logo]]

The top-of-the-line Giulia Quadrifoglio (Italian for "[[four-leaf clover]]") was the first model in the new Giulia range. It was unveiled at Italy in June 2015. It made its official international debut at the [[International Motor Show Germany#2015|2015 Frankfurt Motor Show]]. The Quadrifoglio's main competitors are cars such as the [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)#AMG|Mercedes-AMG C63]], [[BMW M3#F80 M3|BMW M3]] and the [[Cadillac ATS-V]].<ref name="carbuzz.com">The Alfa Romeo Giulia QV Is Going To Crush The Competition: [http://www.carbuzz.com/news/2017/1/2/The-Alfa-Romeo-Giulia-QV-Is-Going-To-Crush-The-Competition-7737152/ Mercedes-AMG C63, BMW M3, and Cadillac ATS-V], accessdate: 5. January 2017</ref>

The Quadrifoglio is powered by an all-aluminium alloy, [[twin-turbocharged]] [[gasoline direct injection]] 90° [[V6 engine]], with a single-cylinder displacement of just under half a litre,<ref name="QR 08/15" /> for a total of {{convert|2891|cc|cuin L|1|abbr=on}}. This engine was developed exclusively for the Quadrifoglio by Ferrari technicians<ref name="alfaromeopress" /> and is related to Ferrari's own twin-turbocharged [[Ferrari F154 engine|F154 CB V8 engine]],<ref name="QR 08/15" /> sharing the [[Ferrari California T|California T]]'s bore x stroke of {{convert|86.5x82|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="fbcdn.net">{{cite web
|url = https://scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xtp1/t31.0-8/11850672_10153722263476929_735441558004574978_o.jpg
|title = Dati tecnici 2.9 V6 Bi Turbo 510 CV
|website = scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net
|access-date = 22 September 2015
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6bjZenMuo?url=https://scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xtp1/t31.0-8/11850672_10153722263476929_735441558004574978_o.jpg
|archive-date = 22 September 2015
|url-status = live
}}</ref> The engine has a maximum power output of {{convert|510|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6,500 rpm,<ref name="autocar 24/06/15" /> and {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque between 2,500 and 5,000 rpm.<ref name="QR 08/15" /><ref name="alfaromeo1">{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeo.com/models/giulia/powertrain |title=Alfa Romeo USA - Official Alfa Romeo website |publisher=alfaromeo.com |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="alfaromeopress2">{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117210 |title=Alfa Romeo at the 2015 Frankfurt International Motor Show - Press Releases - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press |website=alfaromeopress.com |type=press release |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] |date=15 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060101/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117210 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The turbochargers are single-[[scroll compressor]] [[IHI Corporation|IHI]] units integrated into the manifold, with water-charge air coolers.<ref name="allpar.com">2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia: Up to 510 Horsepower: [http://www.allpar.com/cars/adopted/alfa/Giulia.html There are two turbochargers, both single-scroll IHI designs integrated into the manifold, with water-charge air coolers. Side mounted direct fuel injection has a peak pressure of 200 bar. ], accessdate: 14. January 2017</ref> It has side-mounted direct fuel injection and the peak (absolute) turbo boost pressure reaches up to {{convert|35|psi|bar|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vijayenthiran |first=Viknesh |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1101030_2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-first-u-s-specs-live-photos-and-video |title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia First U.S. Specs: Live Photos And Video |publisher=Motorauthority.com |access-date=2015-11-22}}</ref>

Courtesy of [[Variable displacement|cylinder deactivation]] (with the ability to switch off three of the six cylinders),<ref name="QR 08/15" /> this model achieves a fuel consumption of {{convert|8.5|L/100 km}} and {{chem|CO|2}} emissions of 198 g/km, in the combined cycle.<ref name="alfaromeo1"/>

The Quadrifoglio weighs {{convert|1524|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} ([[DIN]]) and has a [[power-to-weight ratio]] of {{cvt|3|kg|abbr=on}}/PS.<ref name="24ore">{{cite web |url=http://www.motori24.ilsole24ore.com/Auto-Novita/2015/06/Alfa-Romeo-nuova-giulia-quadrifoglio.php |first=Mario| last=Cianflone |title=Alfa Romeo è tornata: ecco la nuova Giulia da 510 cavalli |trans-title=Alfa Romeo is back: here is the new 510 horsepower Giulia |website=[[Il Sole 24 Ore]] |date=24 June 2015 |language=it |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> This is achieved courtesy of the Quadrifoglio sharing the other models' composite and light alloy construction, as well as featuring a roof and bonnet made of carbon fibre.<ref name="topgear" />

[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Leonberg 2019 IMG 0106.jpg|thumb|left|Giulia Quadrifoglio]]
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio (24508401070).jpg|thumb|right|Giulia Quadrifoglio]]

From the front, the Quadrifoglio distinguishes itself from the rest of the range by a specific front bumper — with a carbon fibre splitter and enlarged air intakes for the twin intercoolers and for the brakes — and by a bonnet featuring two cooling outlets for the engine bay. On the sides, the front wings also have outlets to extract air from the [[wheel well]]s, and bear [[Alfa Romeo#The Quadrifoglio|Quadrifoglio]] badges; the side skirts are specific to the model, as are the 19-inch<ref name="QR 08/15" /> alloy wheels. At the rear, a low-profile carbon fibre lip-spoiler is applied to the boot lid, and a rear diffuser makes up the lower half of the bumper, flanked by quadruple exhaust tips. Working in conjunction with the faired-in underside, the diffuser is fully functional in generating downforce — as at the front is the "Active Aero Splitter",<ref name="24ore" /> which can vary its angle of attack by 10°, moved by electric motors.<ref name="QR 08/15" /> The manufacturer claims these active aero elements are the firsts in the Giulia's market segment<ref name="QR 08/15" /> and are able to generate up to {{convert|100|kp|kN lbf|0|abbr=on}} of downforce at {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name=CA /> The Giulia Quadrifoglio has a drag coefficient of {{cd|0.32}}.<ref name="fbcdn.net" />

Mechanically, this model is fitted with a torque vectoring rear differential<ref name="C&D 24/06/15" /> able to send 100% of the torque to the left or right wheel,<ref name="carmagazine 10/07/15">{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/industry-news/alfa-romeo/seven-surprises-on-new-alfa-romeo-giulia-revealed-by-chief-engineer/ |first=Phil |last=McNamara |title=Seven surprises on new Alfa Romeo Giulia revealed by chief engineer |website=carmagazine.co.uk |date=10 July 2015 |access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> and an 8-speed automatic transmission manufactured by [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]], with a six-speed [[manual transmission]]<ref name="QR 08/15" /> available as an option in European markets.<ref name="caranddriverr.com">New Cars for 2016 and 2017 at Car and Driver: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160604051912/http://www.caranddriverr.com/2016/01/us-spec-2018-alfa-romeo-giuliagiulia.html U.S.-Spec 2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia/Giulia Quadrifoglio: "Are You Threatening Me"? | Cars Reviews - New Cars for 2016 and 2017 at Car and Driver] , accessdate: 8. May 2016</ref> The braking system uses carbon ceramic rotors,<ref name="alfaromeopress" /> along with six-piston front and four-piston rear calipers and auxiliary rear calipers for the parking brake. The electronic stability control and the traditional [[vacuum servo|brake booster]] are combined in a single electromechanical system.

On the interior, the dashboard is part-trimmed in leather and carbon fibre and the engine start button is located on the multi-function steering wheel. In addition, the driver is offered Alfa Romeo's "DNA" dynamic control selector, which is placed on the centre console.<ref name="QR 08/15" /> Driving modes include "'''D'''ynamic", "'''N'''atural" and "'''A'''dvanced Efficiency" modes (the last one uses cylinder deactivation for increased fuel economy), and "Race" (for high performance — with louder exhaust note and all electronic stability control systems turned off).<ref name="24ore" />

====Performance====
According to Alfa Romeo, the Giulia Quadrifoglio can accelerate from 0 to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 3.9 seconds<ref name="alfaromeopress">{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117019 |title=World preview of the Alfa Romeo Giulia |website=alfaromeopress.com |type=press release |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811133452/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="C&D 24/06/15" /> and come to a standstill from that speed in 32 meters. The Quadrifoglio can attain a top speed of {{cvt|307|kph|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CA>{{cite web|last1=Fallah|first1=Alborz|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia QV priced from €79,000 to €95,000; laps Nurburgring in 7:39m|url= http://www.caradvice.com.au/382657/alfa-romeo-giulia-qv-priced-from-e79000-to-e95000-laps-nurburgring-in-739m/ |website=Car Advice|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> This model also completed the [[Nürburgring]]'s Nordschleife circuit in 7 minutes 39 seconds, a record for a saloon car.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Ingram |url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/alfa-romeo/giulia/34448/new-alfa-romeo-giulia-shows-its-metal-at-frankfurt-show |title=New Alfa Romeo Giulia 2016: Full details and pics |publisher=Auto Express |date=11 August 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> In September 2016 a new lap record for the automatic transmission version was published: 7 minutes, 32 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nurburgringlaptimes.com/lap-times-top-100/ |title=Top 100 Lap Records: Quadrifoglio 7:32 |publisher=Nürburgring Lap Times|date=September 2016|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine has recorded a standing quarter mile time of 11.9 seconds at {{convert|121|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} and a 0 to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} acceleration time of 3.6 seconds.<ref name="caranddriver.com">2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Test – Review – Car and Driver: [http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-quadrifoglio-test-review Standing ¼-mile: 11.9 sec @ 121 mph], accessdate: 6 January 2017</ref> In ''[[Motor Trend]]'' Head 2 Head (Ep. 85) the Quadrifoglio won, over the BMW M3 Competition. In the same episode it was also rated better than Mercedes-AMG C63 and Cadillac ATS-V. The track test was performed at Chuckwalla Valley Raceway. The Quadrifoglio was also previewed in [[The Grand Tour (TV series)|The Grand Tour]] TV series in January 2017. It completed a lap of the show's test track only 1.1 seconds behind the new all-wheel-drive [[Honda NSX (second generation)|Honda NSX]] - both driven on a wet track - an excellent performance for a rear-wheel-drive car. The Quadrifoglio went around the [[Top Gear test track]] in 1:21.40.<ref>Top Gear Series 24, Episode 02</ref>

==== Quadrifoglio NRING Edition ====
[[File:Geneva International Motor Show 2018, Le Grand-Saconnex (1X7A1814).jpg|thumb|Giulia NRING Edition]]

At the [[Geneva Motor Show#2018|2018 Geneva Motor Show]], the Giulia Quadrifoglio NRING Edition was introduced. The NRING edition has carbon-ceramic brakes, Sparco carbon fibre seats, carbon fibre interior trim, a Mopar-branded gear shifter and [[Mopar]] floor mats. The car is differentiated on the exterior by 'NRING' badges as well as carbon fibre mirror caps and side skirts and an exposed carbon fibre roof. The equipment was upgraded to include adaptive cruise control and a premium sound system.<ref name="autocar.co.uk">Autocar: [https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motor-shows-geneva-motor-show/alfa-romeo-giulia-and-stelvio-quadrifoglio-nring-editions Alfa Romeo Giulia and Stelvio Quadrifoglio NRING editions on show | Autocar], accessdate: 5. April 2018</ref>

==== Quadrifoglio Racing Edition ====
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia Racing Genf 2019 1Y7A5601.jpg|thumb|left|Giulia Racing Edition]]

At the [[Geneva Motor Show#2019|2019 Geneva Motor Show]] the Alfa Romeo Racing limited edition was introduced, which celebrates Alfa Romeo's legendary racing history and the entry of a new Italian driver in Formula 1 competition: [[Antonio Giovinazzi]] joining the "Alfa Romeo Racing" team together with the 2007 F1 World Champion [[Kimi Räikkönen]]. This special edition has exclusive paintwork, as a tribute to the [[Alfa Romeo Racing C38]] Formula 1 car. It has also some stylistic details like some carbon fibre aerodynamic parts and an [[Akrapovič]] titanium exhaust system.<ref name="Racing Edition">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-at-the-2019-geneva-international-motor-show Alfa Romeo at the 2019 Geneva International Motor Show - Press Releases - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press], accessdate: 26. February 2019</ref> The weight was reduced by about {{convert|28|kg}} from the standard Quadrifoglio, followed by a technical tune-up by Alfa Romeo engineers that has resulted more torque and power, which now amounts to {{convert|520|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}.
<ref name="Racing edition">{{cite press release|publisher=Alfa Romeo Press| url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/the-new-alfa-romeo-tonale-concept-car-electrification-meets-beauty-and-dynamism-1 |title=The new Alfa Romeo Tonale concept car, electrification meets beauty and dynamism| date=March 5, 2019| url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044415/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/the-new-alfa-romeo-tonale-concept-car-electrification-meets-beauty-and-dynamism-1|archive-date=March 6, 2019}}</ref>

=== Giulia Advanced Efficiency ===
At the [[2016 Paris Motor Show]] the Giulia's economic version called "AE" - Advanced Efficiency was unveiled. The AE was available with the Giulia and Giulia Super trim levels, it has {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} diesel engine and an 8-speed automatic transmission. The fuel consumption combines to {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} and just 99 g/km of CO2 emissions in the combined cycle. It has some specific technical solutions to achieve these values like implementation of a low-pressure EGR valve that improves engine efficiency, an air-water intercooler, a secondary engine cooling circuit in addition to the primary circuit, and specific gearbox ratios. The height of the car's body is lowered by {{convert|5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, it has specifically designed alloy wheels and the drag coefficient has been reduced to 0.23 for less drag force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/98764/alfa-romeo-giulia-veloce-paris/|title=AWD Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce gets 280-hp turbo 2.0-liter engine|website=motor1.com|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref> The Giulia "AE" Advanced Efficiency is fitted with specific 205/60 R16 tyres for reducing rolling resistance. It was discontinued beginning with 2019 model year.<ref name="2019update"/>

=== B-Tech Special Edition ===
In September 2018, the B-Tech Special Edition for Europe was announced which similar as Nero Edizione edition unveiled earlier for North American markets.<ref name="autoexpress">Auto Express: [https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/alfa-romeo/104558/alfa-romeo-launches-new-trim-package-for-its-giulia-stelvio-and-giulietta Alfa Romeo launches new trim-package for its Giulia, Stelvio and Giulietta | Auto Express], accessdate: 9. September 2018</ref> The package adds a selection of visual and technological features to Giulia. Front grille, mirror caps and exhaust are finished in gloss black. Adaptive Cruise Control, an 8.8-inch infotainment system with sat-nav, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto as well as Bi-xenon headlights with washers are also the part of the package.

=== GTA and GTAm ===
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia GTAm Milano.jpg|thumb|Giulia GTAm]]
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA.jpg|thumb|Giulia GTA]]
On 2 March 2020, Alfa Romeo introduced two new GTA and GTAm<ref>[https://www.veloce.it/guida/al-volante-dellalfa-giulia-gtam-di-preserie-000-500-54172 Alfa Romeo Giulia GTAm - video (www.veloce.it)]</ref> models which would have a limited production run of 500 units. The GTA and GTAm versions are developed to celebrate the marque's 110th anniversary in 2020, and pay tribute to one of the most emblematic automobile of Alfa Romeo: [[Alfa Romeo GTA|Giulia GTA]].<ref>Auto Express: [https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/alfa-romeo/giulia/351768/new-533bhp-alfa-romeo-giulia-gta-celebrates-alfas-110th-birthday New 533bhp Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA celebrates Alfa’s 110th birthday | Auto Express], accessdate: 2. March 2020</ref> The GTA and GTAm use the same engine, rated at {{convert|540|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and are {{convert|100|kg|lb|0}} lighter than the Quadrifoglio, allowing for a power to weight ratio of 2.82 kg/PS. The GTA and GTAm can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.6 seconds, with launch control. The GTAm is a track focused model and as a result has two seats, racing harnesses, and [[Lexan]] side and rear windows.<ref name="whichcar.com.au">Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA and GTAm revealed: [https://www.whichcar.com.au/news/alfa-romeo-giulia-gta-gtam-revealed Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA and GTAm revealed], accessdate: 3. March 2020</ref><ref>Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA, GTAm Debut As Lightweight, 533-HP Sedans: [https://www.motor1.com/news/401660/alfa-romeo-giulia-gta-gtam/ Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA, GTAm Debut As Lightweight, 533-HP Sedans], accessdate: 2. March 2020</ref> The GTA's handling was improved by widening the front and rear track by {{convert|50|mm|in|1}}. The car is fitted with single nut wheels for weight reduction measures. Broader fenders cover the additional width. New springs, shocks, and bushings update the suspension as further means to improve the handling. Buyers will also receive a “personalized experience package” which includes a [[Bell Sports|Bell]] racing helmet in special GTA livery, a full racing suit by [[Alpinestars]], a personalized Goodwool car cover, and a specific driving course devised by the Alfa Romeo Driving Academy.<ref name="whichcar.com.au"/>

Modifications to the engine include higher boost pressure from the turbochargers, an Akrapovič exhaust system and redesigned [[piston]]s to ensure constant power and reliability: the cooling system now uses four quarts oil instead of two as is the case on Quadrifoglio model.<ref>Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA: la supercar a forma di berlina: [https://www.alvolante.it/news/alfa-romeo-giulia-gta-2020-intervista-dettagli-368029 Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA: la supercar a forma di berlina], accessdate: 21. March 2020</ref>

=== North American models ===
As of MY22, the Giulia is offered as Giulia, Giulia Ti (for Turismo internazionale), Veloce, and Quadrifoglio trims in the United States. Some models are available with Alfa's Q4 all-wheel-drive system and with the eight-speed automatic transmission with paddle shifters mounted on the steering column (providing a shift time less than 100 milliseconds). The eight-speed automatic transmission is co-developed with ZF.<ref name="fcanorthamerica.com1">http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17382&mid=701: [http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17382&mid=701 New eight-speed automatic transmission with available column-mounted paddle shifters, is designed for enthusiasts with gear shifts in less than 100 milliseconds The all-new Giulia is the first Alfa Romeo to receive the newest generation eight-speed automatic transmission co-developed with ZF.], accessdate: 19. March 2016</ref>

Powered by the 2.0-liter, turbocharged {{convert|280|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine with {{convert|306|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque, the North American Giulia and Giulia Ti remain as holdovers from previous years, while the Veloce replaces the Ti Sport. The Veloce has more features than the Ti, while the Ti has more features than the so-called base model, although all models have the same engine 2.0-liter, turbocharged four-cylinder engine. The AWD system is optional and the only transmission option is an eight-speed automatic. The {{convert|505|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Quadrifoglio is also in the Giulia lineup for the United States.

The first US deliveries of the Giulia took place in September 2016, making it the first Alfa Romeo saloon sold in North America since 1995.

==== Giulia Nero Edizione’ Package ====
At the 2018 New York International Auto Show, the Nero Edizione’ Package for the Giulia was announced. The package includes a new exterior appearance through special blacked-out wheels, badging, and other touches.<ref name="fcauthority.com">FCAuthority: [http://fcauthority.com/2018/04/alfa-romeo-unveils-the-nero-edizione-package-for-giulia-stelvio-nyias-2018/ Alfa Romeo Giulia, Stelvio 'Nero Edizione' Bows | FCAuthority], accessdate: 5. April 2018</ref>

===Police car===
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Carabinieri.jpg|thumb|Giulia Quadrifoglio Carabinieri]]

The [[Polizia di Stato]] took delivery of two Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce [[Police car|police patrol car]]s finished in a [[light blue]] paint with [[white]] stripes on the sides of the car with the words ''POLIZIA'' in block letters underneath together with the new [[Alfa Romeo Giulietta (940)|Alfa Romeo Giulietta]] and the [[Jeep Renegade (BU)|Jeep Renegade]] [[police car]]s.<ref name="quattroruote.it">Quattroruote.it: [https://www.quattroruote.it/news/eventi/2016/12/12/polizia_di_stato_giulia_giulietta_e_renegade_mettono_la_divisa_1993527324.html Polizia di Stato - Giulia, Giulietta e Renegade mettono la divisa - Quattroruote.it], accessdate: 27. March 2019</ref>

The [[law enforcement in Italy#Transportation|Carabinieri]] took delivery of two Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglios wrapped in navy blue paint, that appear virtually black. They sport red stripes over the car and have flashing lights over the [[spoiler (automotive)|chin spoilers]] with a white roof. Carabinieri cars are equipped with defibrillator, special portable cooling units, special radio system, additional emergency devices, a long weapon holder and rechargeable LED torches placed in the passenger compartment.<ref>L'Alfa Romeo Giulia si arruola nei Carabinieri: [https://www.alvolante.it/news/l-alfa-romeo-giulia-carabinieri-346630 L'Alfa Romeo Giulia si arruola nei Carabinieri], accessdate: 27. March 2019</ref>
{{-}}

==Engines and performance==
[[File:V6 Quadrifoglio (28305207270).jpg|thumb|The 2.9 litre ''[[Ferrari F154 engine|F154]]'' twin-turbocharged V6 engine]]
Besides the high-performance Quadrifoglio's twin-turbocharged 90° V6, the engine line-up will consist of [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] petrol engines, as well as four-cylinder [[Diesel engine|turbo diesel engines]].<ref name="topgear" />
The petrol four-cylinder are built in FCA Italy's [[Termoli]] plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lastampa.it/2015/04/08/economia/fca-a-termoli-due-nuovi-motori-per-lalfa-VOkAbHGyYTMIV1xIIJ2WQI/pagina.html|title=Fca, a Termoli due nuovi motori per l'Alfa|trans-title=Fca, at Termoli two new engines for Alfa|website=[[La Stampa]] |date=8 April 2015 |language=it |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> Diesel engines are built in Pratola Serra plant.

The first models went on sale from February 2016 were the [[JTD engine#2.2 Multijet II|2.2 L Multijet II]] turbodiesel and the 2.9 L V6 Quadrifoglio.<ref name="QR 08/15" /> A 2.0 L [[Multiair|MultiAir2]] turbo petrol engine was announced at the time of the Giulia Quadrifoglio's debut at the [[LA Auto Show#2015|Los Angeles Auto Show]] in November 2015.<ref name= LAS>{{cite web|last=Valente |first=Carlo |url=http://www.infomotori.com/auto/2015/11/20/alfa-romeo-giulia-svelato-los-angeles-un-nuovo-mot/|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia: svelato a Los Angeles un nuovo motore 2.0 turbo da 280 CV |trans-title=Alfa Romeo Giulia: revealed a new 2.0 L turbo engine of 280 CV |website=[[La Stampa]] |date=20 November 2015 |language=it |access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> The 2.0 litre gasoline engines are part of the all new [[FCA Global Medium Engine]] (GME) family. The Alfa version will share up to 70% parts with the GME family for other FCA brands.

{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
! Engine and transmission
! Displacement
! Max. power ([[CE marking|CE]])<ref name="fbcdn.net" />
! Peak torque ([[CE marking|CE]])<ref name="fbcdn.net" />
! Top speed
!style="line-height:1.2em; font-size:90%"| {{convert|0|–|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (seconds)
! Combined consumption ([[CE marking|CE]])<ref name="fbcdn.net" />
! [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] emissions ([[CE marking|CE]])<ref name="fbcdn.net" />
! Notes
|-
! colspan=10| Petrol engine range
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 AT8''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|540|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 3.6 || {{convert|10.8|L/100km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2021/3043355/alfa_romeo_giulia_gta.html|title=2021 Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA|website=Automobile-catalog|first=Pawel| last=Zal|access-date=December 18, 2021}}</ref> || 274 g/km<ref>https://gta.alfaromeo.com/</ref> || GTA announced in 2020
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 AT8''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|540|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 3.8<ref name=a-cgtam>{{cite web |url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2021/3043370/alfa_romeo_giulia_gtam.html|title=2021 Alfa Romeo Giulia GTAm|website=Automobile-catalog|first=Pawel| last=Zal|access-date=December 18, 2021}}</ref> || {{convert|10.8|L/100km|abbr=on}}<ref name=a-cgtam/> || 277 g/km<ref>https://gta.alfaromeo.com/</ref> || GTAm announced in 2020
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 AT8<ref name="jeeppress-me.com">Fiat Group Automobiles Press: [http://www.jeeppress-me.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-at-the-2019-geneva-international-motor-show Alfa Romeo at the 2019 Geneva International Motor Show - Press - Fiat Group Automobiles Press], accessdate: 9. maaliskuuta 2019</ref>''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|520|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Racing edition"/> || {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|307|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 3.9<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2019/07/alfa-romeo-puts-a-price-tag-on-the-giulia-and-stelvio-quadrifoglio-racing/|title=Alfa Romeo puts a price tag on the Giulia and Stelvio Quadrifoglio racing|website=Carscoops|first=Cristian| last=Gnaticov|date=July 4, 2019|access-date=December 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705052026/https://www.carscoops.com/2019/07/alfa-romeo-puts-a-price-tag-on-the-giulia-and-stelvio-quadrifoglio-racing/|archive-date=July 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> || N/A || N/A || Limited Racing edition with Akrapovic exhaust, announced 2019
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 MT6'''<ref name="QR 08/15" /> || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}<ref name="fbcdn.net" /> || {{convert|510|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,500 rpm<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> || {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,500–5,500 rpm<ref name="Giulia at NY auto show">{{cite web |url=http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17382 |title=Alfa Romeo Debuts the 2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Lineup at the New York International Auto Show |type=press release |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]}}</ref>||{{convert|307|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> || 3.9<ref name="alfaromeopress" /> || {{convert|8.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}<ref name="alfaromeopress2" />|| 198 g/km<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> || Only available in left-hand-drive countries (except North America).
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 AT8''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}<ref name="fbcdn.net" /> || {{convert|510|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,500 rpm<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> ||{{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,500–5,500 rpm<ref name="Giulia at NY auto show" />||{{convert|307|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> || 3.9 || {{convert|8.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}}<ref name="alfaromeo.de2">Preisliste_Giulia_2016_WEB.pdf: [http://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Preisliste_Giulia_2016_WEB.pdf 2016049286_AR_AT_Preisliste_Giulia_2016_print.indd - Preisliste_Giulia_2016_WEB.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106151324/http://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Preisliste_Giulia_2016_WEB.pdf |date=2016-11-06 }}, accessdate: 3 August 2016</ref> || 189 g/km||Available in all markets.
|-
|'''2.0 L turbocharged [[Inline-four engine|I4]] GME MultiAir AT8 Q4'''<ref name="alfaromeo.de">Broschüre_GIULIA.pdf: [http://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Brosch%C3%BCre_GIULIA.pdf EIGENSCHAFTEN2.0 Turbo 16V 147 kW (200 PS) AT82.0 Turbo 16V 206 kW (280 PS) AT8 - Q42.2 Diesel 16V 100 kW (136 PS)2.2 Diesel 16V 110 kW (150 PS)Getriebe8-Stufen-Automatikgetriebe8-Stufen-Automatikgetriebe6-Gang-Schaltgetriebe6-Gang-SchaltgetriebeZylinderanzahl, Anordnung4 in Reihe4 in Reihe4 in Reihe4 in ReiheVentile pro Zylinder4444Hubraum (cm3)1.9951.9952.1432.143Max. Leistung kW (PS) – U/min147 (200) – 5.000206 (280) – 5.250100 (136) – 4.000110 (150) – 4.250Max. Drehmoment Nm – U/min330 – 1.750400 – 2.250380 – 1.500380 – 1.500Beschleunigung 0-100 km/h (sec)6,65,29,08,4Höchstgeschwindigkeit (km/h)235] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921232447/http://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Brosch%C3%BCre_GIULIA.pdf |date=2017-09-21 }}, accessdate: 4. December 2016</ref>|| {{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|280|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5250 rpm|| {{convert|400|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,250–4,500 rpm ||{{convert|240|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Giulia at NY auto show" /> || 5.2 || {{convert|6.4|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 152 g/km||
|-
|'''2.0 L turbocharged [[Inline-four engine|I4]] GME MultiAir AT8 Q2'''<ref name="Giulia DE Pricelist">{{cite web|url=https://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Preisliste-AR-Giulia-Phase2_final.pdf |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia DE Pricelist}}</ref>
|{{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|280|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5250 rpm
|{{convert|400|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,250–4,500 rpm
|{{convert|240|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}
|5.7
|{{convert|6.4|L/100 km|abbr=on}}
|144 g/km
|Available on German market.
|-
|'''2.0 L turbocharged [[Inline-four engine|I4]] GME MultiAir AT8'''
|{{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|250|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5250 rpm<
|{{convert|400|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,250–4,500 rpm
|n/a
|n/a
|n/a
|n/a
|2020 Italian market. "Superbollo tax model"<ref name="carcar.news">CarCar.news: [https://carcar.news/2020/05/19/alfa-romeo-giulia-and-the-stelvio-get-the-2-0-anti-superbollo/ Alfa Romeo Giulia and the Stelvio: get the 2.0 anti superbollo - CarCar.news], accessdate: 15. June 2020</ref>
|-
|'''2.0 L I4 GME turbocharged [[multiair|MultiAir]] AT8''' || {{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}}<ref name="Giulia US specs">{{cite web |url=http://chryslermedia.iconicweb.com/mediasite/specs/2017_AR_Giulia_Lineup_SPkdipcivmg6jhgogtmsf6pe3sa5.pdf |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia specifications |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]}}</ref> || {{convert|200|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5,000 rpm || {{convert|330|Nm|lbft|1|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm || {{convert|235|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 6.6<ref name="postimg.org">[http://s24.postimg.org/raqmkkzfp/12792379_1693281264251531_6858783460892043573_o.jpg image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106151939/http://s24.postimg.org/raqmkkzfp/12792379_1693281264251531_6858783460892043573_o.jpg |date=2016-11-06 }}, accessdate: 5. March 2016</ref> || {{convert|5.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 138 g/km||

|-
!colspan=10| Diesel engine range
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 [[Multijet|Multijet II AT8 Q4]]'''<ref name=dieselengines>{{cite web|title=Si stringono i tempi per Alfa Romeo Giulia |url=http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/motori/si-stringono-i-tempi-per-alfa-romeo-giulia_2147217-201502a.shtml|website=tgcom24.mediaset.it}}</ref> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|210|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=dieselengines /> || {{convert|470|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm||{{convert|235|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 6.9 || {{convert|4.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 122 g/km|| MY2019
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8 Q4'''<ref name="alfaromeopress2.com">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-at-the-2017-geneva-international-motor-show e launched in March to extend the range's Diesel offering: Giulia Super 2.2 180 HP AT8 Q4. Based on the most popular engine and version, this new] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916165040/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-at-the-2017-geneva-international-motor-show |date=2017-09-16 }}, accessdate: 2. March 2017</ref> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|180|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 6.8 ||{{convert|4.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 122 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|180|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=dieselengines /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.1 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AE AT8'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|180|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,750 rpm<ref name=dieselengines /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.2 ||{{convert|3.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 99 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II MT6'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|180|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,750 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|380|Nm|lbft|-1|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm || {{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.2 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="2019update"/> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|190|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,750 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.1 || {{convert|4.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 128 g/km|| MY2019
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8 Q4'''<ref name="2019update"/> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|190|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,750 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.1 || {{convert|5.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 145 g/km|| MY2019
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II MT6'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|150|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|380|Nm|lbft|-1|abbr=on}} at 1,500 rpm || {{convert|221|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 8.4 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|150|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|221|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 8.2 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}}<ref name="fiat.com">83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG.pdf: [http://aftersales.fiat.com/eLumData/IT/83/620_GIULIA/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG.pdf ambio ma], accessdate: 15. May 2016</ref> || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="2019update"/> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|160|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,500 rpm ||{{convert|221|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 8.2 || {{convert|4.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 128 g/km|| MY2019
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II MT6'''<ref name=dieselengines /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|136|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,250 rpm<ref name="alfaromeo.nl">giulia-prijslijst.pdf: [http://www.alfaromeo.nl/content/dam/alfaromeo/nl/nl/model/giulia/giulia-prijslijst.pdf giulia-prijslijst.pdf], accessdate: 10. July 2017</ref> || {{convert|380|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,500 rpm ||{{convert|210|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 9.0 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018 Offered only in some EU markets, for tax reasons
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="alfa.nl">alfa-romeo-giulia-prijslijst_jan2019.pdf: [https://www.alfaromeo.nl/content/dam/alfaromeo/nl/nl/model/giulia/alfa-romeo-giulia-prijslijst_jan2019.pdf alfa-romeo-giulia-prijslijst_jan2019.pdf], accessdate: 7. March 2019</ref>|| {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|136|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2,500 rpm ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|210|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 9.5 || {{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 128 g/km|| MY2019 Offered only in some EU markets, for tax reasons
|-
|colspan=10| ''Note: AT6 6-speed automatic transmission, MT6 6-speed manual transmission, AT8 8-speed automatic transmission, Q4 all-wheel drive''
|}

===Engines and performance (North American models)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Engine and transmission
! Displacement
! Max. power
! Peak torque
! Top speed
! style="line-height:1.2em; font-size:90%"| {{convert|0|–|60|mph|abbr=on}} (seconds)
! [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] fuel economy combined<ref>https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/download.shtml</ref>
! EPA CO2 emissions
! Notes
|-
!colspan="10"| Petrol engine range
|-
| '''2.9 L 90° twin-turbocharged 24v V6 AT8''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|505|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,500 rpm<ref name="alfaromeousa.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.alfaromeousa.com/content/dam/alfausa/pdf/giulia-quadrifoglio/2017_AR_Giulia_SP.PDF |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia specifications |website=alfaromeousa.com |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> || {{convert|443|lbft|Nm|-1|abbr=on}} at 2,500–5,500 rpm || {{convert|191|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 3.8<ref name="fcanorthamerica">{{cite web |url=http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17102&mid=446 |title=the All-new 2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio |website=fcanorthamerica.com |type=press release |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]}}</ref> || {{convert|20|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} || 451 g/mi (280 g/km)
|-
| '''2.0 L turbocharged I4 GME MultiAir AT8 AWD'''<ref name="LAS" /> || {{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|280|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5,200 rpm || {{convert|306|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 2,000–4,800 rpm || {{convert|149|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 5.1 || {{convert|26|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} || 348 g/mi (216 g/km)
|-
| '''2.0 L turbocharged I4 GME MultiAir AT8 '''<ref name="LAS" /> || {{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|280|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5,200 rpm || {{convert|306|lbft|Nm|-1|abbr=on}} at 2,000-4,800 rpm || {{convert|149|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 5.5 || {{convert|27|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} || 330 g/mi (205 g/km)
|-
|}

== Model year changes ==
=== 2019 model year ===
For the 2019 model year, the Giulia diesel engine was updated to meet the [[European emission standards|Euro 6d]] emission standards, with [[AdBlue]] technology introduced to tackle nitrogen oxides in the exhaust. {{convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} versions got a power increase by {{convert|10|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. All models now come with an 8.8-inch infotainment system with [[CarPlay|Apple Car Play]] and [[Android Auto]] as standard.<ref name="2019update">{{cite press release|url=http://www.fiatpress.co.uk/press/article/new-term-updates-for-the-alfa-romeo-giulia-and-stelvio-this-september|title=New Term Updates for the Alfa Romeo Giulia and Stelvio This September|date=17 August 2018|access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref>
In addition, the Giulia Quadrifoglio Engine was updated to include 6 port Injectors following a shut down of the engine factory to update the production lines.<ref name="2019updateGiuliaQuadrifoglio">{{citation |url=https://www.giuliaforums.com/threads/2020-qv-models-%EF%BF%BChas-port-injection-and-twice-the-fuel-system.48839/|title=2020 QV models has port injection and twice the fuel system|date=30 April 2020|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>
Although the engine presented the same power as the previous version, it clearly outdated the previous engine without port injectors.

=== 2020 model year ===
The Giulia's 2020 model year version was first introduced in China. It has an updated interior with a new 8.8-inch touchscreen for the infotainment system, which now offers a Wi-Fi hotspot, over-the-air software upgrades, an integrated emergency call function, and a call assistant function. The interior now has a leather-wrapped multifunction steering wheel and a leather-wrapped gear lever.<ref name="carscoops.com">Carscoops: [https://www.carscoops.com/2019/11/revised-2020-alfa-giulia-and-stelvio-make-surprise-debut-in-china-with-improved-interiors/ Revised 2020 Alfa Giulia And Stelvio Make Surprise Debut In China With Improved Interiors | Carscoops], accessdate: 16. November 2019</ref>

==Equipment and safety==
{{Euro NCAP |align=right |year=2016 |overall_stars=5 |description=Alfa Romeo Giulia |reference_name=Alfa Romeo Giulia Euro NCAP |reference={{cite web|url=https://cdn.euroncap.com/media/35512/euroncap-2016-alfa-romeo-giulia-datasheet.pdf|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia|access-date=22 June 2016|website=euroncap.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023034813/https://cdn.euroncap.com/media/35512/euroncap-2016-alfa-romeo-giulia-datasheet.pdf|archive-date=23 October 2018|url-status=dead}} |adult_points=37.4 |adult_percent=98 |child_points=39.7 |child_percent=81 |pedestrian_points=29.2 |pedestrian_percent=69 |safety_points=7.3 |safety_percent=60 }}

{| class="wikitable" align=right
|+[[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|IIHS]]: 2017 Giulia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/alfa-romeo/giulia-4-door-sedan |title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia |publisher=[[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|IIHS]] |access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
! Category !! Rating
|-
|Small overlap front
|style="background: green"|Good
|-
|Moderate overlap front
|style="background: green"|Good
|-
|Side
|style="background: green"|Good
|-
|Roof strength
|style="background: green"|Good
|-
|Head restraints & seats
|style="background: green"|Good
|}

All Giulia models have active safety systems as standard, including the [[Forward Collision Warning]] (FCW) with [[Emergency brake assist|Autonomous Emergency Brake]] (AEB) and [[pedestrian detection]], IBS (Integrated Brake System) based on [[Continental AG|Continental]] MK C1 electronic brake control system,<ref name="auto-innovations.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.auto-innovations.com/actualite/2602.html |title=Le frein innovant MK C1 de Continental équipe la nouvelle Alfa Romeo Giulia |website=auto-innovations.com |date=2 November 2015 |access-date=22 May 2016 |language=fr}}</ref> [[Lane departure warning system|Lane Departure Warning]] (LDW) and [[cruise control]] with speed limiter. The Giulia is the first car in the world to use Continental MK C1 electronic brake system. Stopping distance from {{convert|62|mph|kph|0|abbr=on}} to 0 are {{convert|38.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} for the Giulia and {{convert|32|m|ft|abbr=on}} for the Quadrifoglio.<ref name="motormag.com.au">MOTOR: [https://www.motormag.com.au/features/1707/geek-speak-alfa-romeos-brake-by-wire Geek Speak: Alfa Romeo's brake by wire | MOTOR], accessdate: 27. January 2018</ref>

Chassis Domain Control (CDC), developed with [[Magneti Marelli]], coordinates and controls all the on-board electronics: Torque Vectoring, Active Aero Splitter, active suspension, brakes, steering and ESC system — according to the mode selected by the driver using the new Alfa DNA Pro.

The Giulia was crash tested in June 2016 by [[Euro NCAP|EuroNCAP]], with a score of 98% for the adult occupant protection — at the time the highest score ever achieved by any car, even with the introduction of a more stringent rating system in 2015. Overall the Giulia achieved five star results.<ref name="automotiveworld.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/alfa-romeo-giulia-earns-five-star-euro-ncap-rating/ |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia earns five-star Euro NCAP rating |website=automotiveworld.com |date=22 June 2016 |access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref>

The Giulia was awarded on October 3, 2017 the Top Safety Pick+ award by [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS).<ref name="iihs">{{cite web |url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/news/desktopnews/alfa-romeo-giulia-earns-top-safety-pick-award/ |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia earns Top Safety Pick+ award |website=iihs.org |date=3 October 2017 |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> The Giulia achieved the highest possible rating in each of the five tests. The TSP+ designation applies to any 2017 model-year Alfa Romeo Giulia produced after May 2017 equipped with Forward Collision Warning-Plus – an option at only $500 MSRP – and bi-xenon projector headlamps (35W) featuring adaptive forward lighting and auto-leveling.<ref name="prnewswire.com">2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Named IIHS Top Safety Pick+: [http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-named-iihs-top-safety-pick-300529880.html The TSP+ designation applies to any 2017 model-year Alfa Romeo Giulia produced after May 2017 equipped with Forward Collision Warning-Plus – an option at only $500 MSRP – and bi-xenon projector headlamps (35W) featuring adaptive forward lighting and auto-leveling.], accessdate: 8. October 2017</ref>

==Production==
The car is assembled at [[FCA Italy]]'s [[Fiat Cassino Plant|Cassino Plant]] in the [[province of Frosinone]], [[Central Italy]].<ref name="rainews24" /> Pre-series production emerged in late August 2015, with full production and sales originally scheduled for November 2015 and February 2016, respectively.<ref name="QR 08/15" /> The official production of the Giulia started on 19 April 2016.<ref name="autoevolution.com">2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Production Has Just Started at Cassino Plant: [http://www.autoevolution.com/news/2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-production-has-just-started-at-cassino-plant-106681.html Cassino Plant], accessdate: 20. April 2016</ref> The Alfa Romeo's Cassino plant manufactures the Giulia saloon, [[Alfa Romeo Stelvio|Stelvio]] SUV and [[Alfa Romeo Giulietta|Giulietta]] compact car. On 6 December 2018 Giulia reached the milestone of 100,000 units produced.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

== Sales ==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar Year
! United States<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carsalesbase.com/us-alfa-romeo-giulia/|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia US car sales figures|date=8 October 2016|publisher=CarSalesBase|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://carfigures.com/us-market-brand/alfa-romeo/giulia|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia US Sales Figures|publisher=CarFigures}}</ref>
! Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carfigures.com/canada-market-brand/alfa-romeo/giulia|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia Canada Sales Figures|publisher=CarFigures}}</ref>
! Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carsalesbase.com/europe-alfa-romeo-giulia/|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia Europe car sales figures|date=13 July 2016|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref>
! Australia<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-news/alfa-romeo-committed-to-giulia-despite-slowing-sedan-sales-81587|title=Alfa Romeo committed to Giulia despite slowing sedan sales|author=Tung Nguyen|date=2020-11-20|publisher=CarsGuide}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|36
|0
|10,475
|0
|-
| 2017
|8,904
|596
|24,679
|639
|-
|2018
|11,519
|510
|17,075
|?
|-
|2019
|8,704
|242
|10,932
|303
|-
|2020
|8,203
|188
|7,436
|142+
|-
|2021
|6114+
|159+
|5,083+
|?
|-
! colspan=4|
|-
! Total to date
| 43,480+
|1,695+
|75,680
|?

|}

==Awards==
The highly awarded production car, has received many awards from automotive industry groups and media publishers, including following:<ref name="alfaromeopress.com awards">Alfa Romeo Awards: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/alfa-romeo-awards Alfa Romeo Awards], accessdate: 1. May 2019</ref>

*EuroCarBody Award 2016
*Auto Europa 2017
*Das Goldene Lenkrad: The most beautiful car of 2016
*2017 Driver's Choice Award for Best New Luxury Car<ref name="fcanorthamerica.com3">http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17985&mid=701: [http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17985&mid=701 http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17985&mid=701], accessdate: 23. November 2016</ref>
*2017 Auto del Año (Car of the Year) in Mid-size Sedan Segment by Hispanic Motor Press<ref name="fcanorthamerica.com4">http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18008&mid=701: [http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18008&mid=701 2017 Auto del Año© (Car of the Year) in Mid-size Sedan Segment by Hispanic Motor Press], accessdate: 23. November 2016</ref>
*2016 BBC Top Gear Magazine Awards:Car of the Year' title and the inaugural public vote for 'Car of 2016'<ref name="abarthpress.com">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.abarthpress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-giulia-quadrifoglio-named-car-of-the-year-by-top-gear 2016 BBC Top Gear Magazine Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601041237/http://www.abarthpress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-giulia-quadrifoglio-named-car-of-the-year-by-top-gear |date=2017-06-01 }}, accessdate: 26. November 2016</ref>
*Best Car 2017 - German magazine Auto, Motor und Sport
*Croatian Auto Klub magazine award: Croauto 2017
*2017 Newcomer of the Year, [[Quattroruote]]
*All-new 2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Named Best "Luxury Performance Car" of 2017 by New York Daily News Autos Team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18231&mid=701|title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Named Best "Luxury Performance Car" of 2017 by New York Daily News Autos Team |publisher=FCA US Media Website |access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>
*Wards 10 Best Interiors<ref name="wardsauto.com">Interiors content from WardsAuto: [http://m.wardsauto.com/interiors/subaru-bentley-wards-10-best-interiors-honored nds are receiving their first Wards 10 Best Interiors trophies is a testament to the advances made across the entire auto industry. Prospective buyers in all vehicle segments want and deserve functional and beautiful interiors. Here are our 10 favorites.”], accessdate: 18. April 2017</ref>
*2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Wins "Super Sedan" in Popular Mechanics’ Automotive Excellence Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18244&mid=701|title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Wins "Super Sedan" in Popular Mechanics' Automotive Excellence Awards |publisher=FCA US Media Website |access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>
*2017 10 Best Interiors List by WardsAuto
*2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio named "Car of Texas" and "Performance Sedan of Texas" and took home "Most Drives" honor<ref name="fcanorthamerica.com">http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18286&mid=446: [http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18286&mid=446 http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18286&mid=446], accessdate: 27. May 2017</ref>
*2017 Sport Auto Award 2017 - German car magazine "Sport Auto"
*2017 [[Evo (magazine)|Evo]] Car of the Year best sports saloon
*2017 Evo Car of the Year best super saloon
*2018 [[Motor Trend Car of the Year]]
*Car and Driver 10Best for 2018
*2018 Car And Driver ‘Editors’ Choice’
*Sport Auto Award 2018 Giulia Quadrifoglio top pick of category 'Imported Standard Sedans/Station Wagons up to 100,000 Euro' by [[Sport auto (Germany)]]<ref name="co.za">South Africa's leading automotive aftermarket magazine: [https://abrbuzz.co.za/mobility-beat/44-motoring/7664-alfa-romeo-giulia-wins-two-categories-at-sport-auto-award-2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia wins two categories at "sport auto AWARD 2018" - aBr Buzz - South Africa's leading automotive aftermarket magazine], accessdate: 10. November 2018</ref>
*Sport Auto Award 2018 Giulia Veloce wins in category 'Imported Standard Sedans/Station Wagons up to 50,000 Euro'. by Sport auto (Germany)
*2019 Readers' choice awards by the Auto, Motor und sport<ref name="alfaromeopress.com 2">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/double-victory-for-alfa-romeo-in-the-readers-choice-awards-held-by-the-magazine-auto-motor-und-sport Double victory for Alfa Romeo in the readers' choice awards held by the magazine auto, motor und sport - Press Releases - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press], accessdate: 3. February 2019</ref>
*2019 Auto Bild magazine win of "Design" category "Best Brands" competition.<ref name="theauto.eu">Theauto.eu: [https://www.theauto.eu/triple-victory-for-alfa-romeo-in-the-auto-bild-best-brands-competition/ Triple victory for Alfa Romeo in the Auto Bild „Best Brands“ competition - Theauto.eu], accessdate: 30. March 2019</ref>
*2020 What Car? Performance Car of the Year<ref name="whatcar.com">Performance car: [https://www.whatcar.com/awards/category/performance-car What Car? Car of the Year Awards 2020 | Performance car], accessdate: 15. January 2020</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Alfa Romeo Giulia (2015)}}
* [http://www.alfaromeo.com/com/models/giulia Alfa Romeo Giulia official website]

{{Alfa Romeo}}
{{Alfa Romeo timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Alfa Romeo timeline 2020 to date}}

[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|Giulia (2015)]]
[[Category:Police vehicles]]
[[Category:Compact executive cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Sports sedans]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP large family cars]]

Alfa Romeo MiTo

2021-12-19T04:16:51Z

Alvarowik: Add citations

{{Infobox automobile
| image = Alfa Romeo MiTo 1.3 JTDm.JPG
| name = Alfa Romeo MiTo
| manufacturer = [[Alfa Romeo]]
| production = 2008–2018
| assembly = Italy: [[Turin]]<ref name="worldcarfans.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/10803141835/official-alfa-romeo-mito-first-images-released |title=Official: Alfa Romeo Mi.To First Images Released |website=worldcarfans.com |date=March 14, 2008 |access-date=2010-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lastampa.it/multimedia/multimedia.asp?p=1&IDmsezione=14&IDalbum=20610&tipo=#mpos |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218103639/http://www.lastampa.it/multimedia/multimedia.asp?p=1&IDmsezione=14&IDalbum=20610&tipo=%23mpos |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 18, 2013 |title=Turisti all'interno di Mirafiori |access-date=2009-09-19 |date=September 16, 2009 |publisher=[[La Stampa]] |language=it }}</ref> ([[Fiat Mirafiori|Stabilimento Mirafiori]])
| designer = Juan Manuel Diaz at Centro Stile Alfa Romeo<ref name="latimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/highway1/la-hy-alfa9-2008jul09,0,3556342.story |title=The Alfa Romeo MiTo finally lives up to the fantasy |website=latimes.com |access-date=2009-10-30}}</ref>
| class = [[Supermini]] ([[B-segment|B]])
| body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, front-wheel-drive]]
| platform = [[GM Fiat Small platform]]<ref name="Fiat's radical platform plan">{{cite web |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/250009/ |title=Fiat's radical platform plan |publisher=Autocar.co.uk |date=May 27, 2010 |access-date=2010-09-30 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GauSDJur?url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/fiats-radical-platform-plan |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| related = [[Fiat Grande Punto]] [[Opel Corsa#Corsa D (S07; 2006)|Opel Corsa D]]
| engine = {{unbulleted list
|0.9 L ''[[Fiat TwinAir engine|TwinAir]]'' [[Straight-twin engine|I2]] ([[Turbocharger|t/c]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]])
|1.4 L MPI [[multiair]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] (petrol)
|1.4 L [[Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|FIRE]] I4 (t/c petrol)
|1.4 L Turbo GPL I4 (t/c petrol/[[Autogas|LPG]])
|1.4 L ''[[Multiair]]'' I4 (t/c petrol)
|1.3 L [[JTD engine|JTDM]] I4 ([[Turbo-diesel|turbodiesel]])
|1.6 L JTDM I4 (turbodiesel)}}
| transmission = {{unbulleted list|5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]|6-speed manual|6-speed [[Dual clutch transmission|Dual Dry Clutch Transmission]] ''[[FPT C635 DDCT transmission|FPT C635]]''}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2511|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="fiatautopress.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.fiatautopress.com/download/2009/ALFA_ROMEO/SCHEDE_TECNICHE/090908_AR_MiToMultiAir_ST_GBR.pdf |format=PDF |title=Technical data sheets |website=fiatautopress.com |access-date=2008-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711000029/http://www.fiatautopress.com/download/2009/ALFA_ROMEO/SCHEDE_TECNICHE/090908_AR_MiToMultiAir_ST_GBR.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| length = {{convert|4063|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="fiatautopress.com" />
| width = {{convert|1721|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="fiatautopress.com" />
| height = {{convert|1446|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="fiatautopress.com" />
| weight = {{convert|1080|-|1205|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="fiatautopress.com" />
| sp = uk
| successor = [[Alfa Romeo Tonale]]
}}

The '''Alfa Romeo MiTo''' (Type 955) is a [[front-wheel drive]], three-door [[supermini]] designed by Centro Stile Alfa Romeo and presented in 2008 at [[Castello Sforzesco]] in Milan<ref name="eurocarblog.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurocarblog.com/post/923/alfa-mito-gallery-and-official-presentation|title=Alfa MiTo: gallery and official presentation|access-date=2010-09-12|year=2008|work=eurocarblog.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710204835/http://www.eurocarblog.com/post/923/alfa-mito-gallery-and-official-presentation|archive-date=2011-07-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> with an international introduction at the [[British Motor Show]] in 2008.<ref name="alfaromeopress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/index.php?method=cartelle&action=article&id=2008061711531481298114a5da34ea3c63a2844900f3ea&group=3|title=The model in brief|access-date=2008-06-20|work=alfaromeopress.com}}</ref> The MiTo was marketed across a single generation from 2008 to 2018, sharing the [[GM Fiat Small platform|Fiat Small platform]] with the [[Fiat Grande Punto]]. Production reached 293,428 at FCA's Mirafiori plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/curiosita/2020/12/22/alfa_romeo_le_20_auto_piu_vendute_nella_storia_del_biscione_foto_gallery.html?wtk14=a|title=Le 20 auto più vendute nella storia del Biscione|website=quattroruote.it|language=it|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

The Mito nameplate is a portmanteau of [[Milano|Milano (Milan)]], where it was designed, and [[Turin|Torino (Turin)]], where it was manufactured.

== Naming ==
[[File:Alfa Romeo MITO adria back.jpg|left|thumb|Rear view of Mito]]
The new car was provisionally named the "Junior". In November 2007, Alfa Romeo launched a European public naming competition; the winner from each country to win an Alfa Romeo Spider or an Alfa Romeo mountain bike. The winning name was "Furiosa", which scored well in Italy, France, United Kingdom and Germany, but not in Spain.

In 2008, Alfa Romeo announced "MiTo" as the official name, a portmanteau of [[Milano]] (Milan) & [[Torino]] (Turin), because it was designed in the former and was assembled in the latter. The name is also a play on the Italian word "mito", meaning "myth" or "legend".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0VkusZZ224 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/P0VkusZZ224 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Alfa MiTo : un nome dalla storia al futuro |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2011-05-01}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Design and updates ==
[[File:AlfaDNA12.jpg|thumb|right|Alfa DNA switch.]]
The MiTo is [[front-wheel drive]], with a system allowing the driver to choose three driving settings: Dynamic, Normal, and All-Weather. The system, marketed as "Alfa DNA," tunes the behavior of the engine, brakes, steering, suspension and gearbox.<ref name="worldcarfans.com"/> The MiTo also features [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] tail lights and {{convert|250|L|cuft|adj=on}} of luggage space.<ref name="alfamitoblog.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.alfamitoblog.it/content/view/26/lang,english/ |title=17.03.08 The Alfa MiTo in numbers |access-date=2008-03-17 |work=alfamitoblog.it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324015022/http://www.alfamitoblog.it/content/view/26/lang%2Cenglish/ |archive-date=March 24, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The MiTo also features a Q2 electronic differential on the front wheels, which is active with the DNA switch in Dynamic position, and allows for faster and tighter cornering without loss of traction.

[[File:Alfa Romeo MiTo - Mondial de l'Automobile de Paris 2012 - 005.jpg|thumb|2012 Alfa Romeo Mito at the [[2012 Paris Motor Show|Paris Auto Show]]]]
[[File:001 Alfa Romeo MITO interior.jpg|thumb|Interior]]

In 2010 a new transmission for the MiTo was unveiled at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2010|2010 Geneva Motor Show]],<ref name="www.alfaromeopress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/index.php?method=cartelle&action=article&id=10843&format=print|title=The latest new features of the Alfa Romeo MiTo |access-date=2010-03-04|publisher=Fiat Group Automobiles Press|work=www.alfaromeopress.com}}</ref> the six-speed TCT which is produced by [[Fiat Powertrain Technologies]] in Verrone (TCT Dual Dry Clutch Transmission). Magneti Marelli delivers the control system which integrates [[BorgWarner]]'s hydraulic actuation module into its own power and transmission control units.<ref name="bwauto.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bwauto.com/feature/archive/2009-04-06-Fiat.shtml|title=BorgWarner to Contribute to Fiat Powertrain Technologies' First Dry Dual-Clutch Transmission|access-date=2010-09-09|work=bwauto.com| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100919004807/http://bwauto.com/feature/archive/2009-04-06-Fiat.shtml| archive-date= September 19, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> It can handle torque inputs of up to {{Convert|350|Nm|0|abbr=on}}

In Geneva was also unveiled ''Blue&Me–TomTom'', this new system integrates [[TomTom]] navigation to the [[Blue&Me]] infotelematic system.<ref name="www.alfaromeopress.com"/>

For model year 2014, the MiTo gets a new 105 PS 0.9 L Turbo TwinAir engine, new chrome-plated grille, new Anthracite grey colour and new burnished front light clusters. The car interior is also updated with new upholsteries, three new dashboards looks, as well as the new Uconnect 5.0 infotainment systems. The engine range now consists two turbo diesel engines (the updated E5+ 85 PS 1.3 L JTDM and the 120 PS 1.6 L JTDM) and five petrol engines: the 70 PS 1.4, the 78 PS 1.4, the 135 PS 1.4 MultiAir Turbo (with manual or Alfa TCT Dual Dry Clutch Transmission) and the 170 PS 1.4 MultiAir Turbo. The range has also 120 HP 1.4 LPG Turbo option.<ref name="2014 update">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/115636|title='Live Rock', the new Alfa Romeo MiTo MY 2014 campaign|access-date=2013-06-15|publisher=alfaromeopress|year=2013|archive-date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618002702/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/115636|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Debuting at the 2016 [[Geneva Motor Show#2016|2016 Geneva Motor Show]], the revised Mito featured a facelifted front fascia with a new updated brand logo and new lettering. Trim line up was changed to Mito, Super and Veloce. A new body colour and new rims designs also became available. The previous MiTo QV became the Mito Veloce, available with 170 PS engine and TCT transmission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/detail/118349|title=New Alfa Romeo Mito|publisher=alfaromeopress.com}}</ref>
[[File:2017 Alfa Romeo MiTO Speciale TwinAir 900cc.jpg|thumb|2016 facelift]]

== MiTo Quadrifoglio Verde ==
The Quadrifoglio Verde (''green four-leaf clover'') has traditionally been the highest line of Alfa Romeo models. The car (see [[Alfa Romeo in motorsport]] article for the history of this emblem) version of Mito was presented at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show#2009|2009 Frankfurt Motor Show]].<ref name="www.autoblog.com/2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/09/alfa-romeo-presents-mito-quadrifoglio-verde-with-new-multiair-en/|title=Alfa Romeo presents MiTo Quadrifoglio Verde with new MultiAir engine for Frankfurt|access-date=2009-09-10|work=www.autoblog.com/2009}}</ref> The QV version has the new {{convert|1368|cc|L|1|order=flip}} [[Turbo]] [[Multiair]] [[inline-four engine]] {{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5500 rpm and {{convert|250|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] at 2500 rpm,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=202576|website=Carfolio.com|title=2009 Alfa Romeo MiTo 1.4 MultiAir Quadrifoglio Verde|date=2013-02-28|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref> with newly engineered suspension, [[steering]] and new six-speed C635 [[gearbox]] developed by [[Fiat Powertrain Technologies]] (FPT). Its specific output of 124 PS per litre was highest in its segment at that time. The new multiair technology allows [[Fuel consumption in automobiles|fuel consumption]] of {{convert|6|L/100 km}} in EU combined driving and [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] emissions of 139 g/km.<ref name="www.fiatautopress.com/download">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatautopress.com/download/2009/ALFA_ROMEO/SCHEDE_TECNICHE/090908_AR_MiToMultiAir_ST_GBR.pdf|format=PDF|title=Technical specifications|access-date=2009-09-10|work=www.fiatautopress.com/download|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711000029/http://www.fiatautopress.com/download/2009/ALFA_ROMEO/SCHEDE_TECNICHE/090908_AR_MiToMultiAir_ST_GBR.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> QV had bigger 305 mm front brake discs and exclusive 18" alloy wheels as standard and Sabelt carbon fibre backed bucket seats as an option. From 2014 QV was now available with TCT robotised gearbox which brought down the 0–100 km/h time to 7.3 s. With 2016 facelift QV was renamed as Veloce.

== Engines ==
[[File:Alfa multiair tb mito.jpg|thumb|MultiAir Turbo engine used in MiTo]]
At its launch the MiTo featured low-[[Engine displacement|displacement]] [[turbo]]charged petrol and diesel engines. Also, a power limited {{convert|79|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} [[naturally aspirated engine]] variant is produced to meet the new Italian legislation for young people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europe.autonews.com/article/20100117/CUTAWAY01/100119875/marelli-brembo-are-among-key-italian-suppliers-to-the-alfa-romeo-mito|title=Marelli, Brembo are among key Italian suppliers to the Alfa Romeo MiTo|first=Steven|last=Wingett|date=2010-01-17|website=[[Automotive News]] Europe}}</ref> MiTo got new electro-hydraulic valve control system [[Multiair]] engines from September 2009. MultiAir engines will increase power (up to 10%) and torque (up to 15%), as well as a considerable reduction in consumption levels (up to 10%) and [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] emissions (up to 10%), of particulates (up to 40%) and [[NOx]] (up to 60%).<ref name="alfaromeopress">{{cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/index.php?method=news&action=zoom&id=4453&format=print|title="MultiAir" is launched on the Alfa Romeo MiTo|access-date=2009-06-18|work=alfaromeopress.com}}</ref> This new engine is available with {{convert|105|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}},{{convert|135|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|170|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} power ratings.<ref name="http://www.italiaspeed.com/2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/alfa_romeo/09/mito_multiair/new_model.html|title=08.09.2009 NEW MODEL: ALFA MITO MULTIAIR (105 BHP, 135 BHP & 170 BHP)|access-date=2009-09-08|work=italiaspeed.com/2009}}</ref> All multiair versions have [[start-stop system]] as standard. In October 2009 was unveiled a dual fuel MiTo version, this version can run with LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) or petrol, with this engine MiTo has range of {{convert|1200|km|mi}}. The LPG version is made in collaboration with [[Landi Renzo]]. In Summer 2010 Alfa introduced the [[Dual clutch transmission|Dual Dry Clutch Transmission]] called Alfa TCT ( i.e. Twin Clutch Transmission ). From model year 2011 the [[start-stop system]] came as standard on all versions.<ref name="Mito 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2011/cars/alfa_romeo/03/mito_my2011/2903.html|title=Alfa MiTo "model year 2011"|access-date=2011-05-01|work=italiaspeed.com}}</ref> At the [[Frankfurt Motor Show#2011|2011 Frankfurt Motor Show]], AR introduced two new engines for the MiTo – The 0.9 L I2 TwinAir and a new low emission {{convert|85|PS|abbr=on}} version of 1.3 JTD diesel engine.

=== Specifications ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Engine
! Type
! Displacement
! Power
! Torque
! 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph)
! Top speed
! Years
|-
!colspan="8"| Petrol engines
|-
|'''0.9 TwinAir 85'''||[[Straight-twin engine|I2]]||{{convert|875|cc|abbr=on}}||{{convert|85|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 5500 rpm||{{convert|145|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2000 rpm||12.5 s||{{convert|174|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}||2011–2012
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1.4 [[Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|MPI]]'''|| rowspan="2" |[[straight-4|I4]]|| rowspan="2" |{{convert|1368|cc|abbr=on}}||{{convert|78|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 6000 rpm||{{convert|120|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 4750 rpm||12.3||{{convert|165|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}|| rowspan="2" |2008–
|-
|{{convert|95|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 6000 rpm||{{convert|129|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 4750 rpm||11.2||{{convert|180|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}
|-
|'''0.9 Twinair 105'''
|l2
|{{convert|875|cc|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|105|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 5750 rpm
|{{convert|145|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2000 rpm
|11.4
|{{convert|184|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
|2011
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1.4 [[Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|TB]]'''|| rowspan="7" |I4|| rowspan="7" |{{convert|1368|cc|abbr=on}}||{{convert|120|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 5000 rpm||{{convert|206|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750 rpm||8.8||{{convert|195|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}||2008–2009
|-
|{{convert|155|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 5500 rpm||{{convert|230|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 3000 rpm||8.0||{{convert|215|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}|| rowspan="3" |2009–
|-
|'''1.4 MPI ([[multiair]])'''||{{convert|105|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 6500 rpm||{{convert|130|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 4000 rpm||10.7||{{convert|187|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}
|-
|'''1.4 TB (multiair)'''|| rowspan="2" |{{convert|135|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 5250 rpm||{{convert|206|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750 rpm||8.4||rowspan=2|{{convert|207|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}
|-
|'''1.4 TB (multiair) TCT'''||{{convert|230|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750 rpm||8.2||2010–
|-
|'''1.4 TB (multiair)'''|| rowspan="2" |{{convert|170|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 5500 rpm|| rowspan="2" |{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2500 rpm||7.5||rowspan=2|{{convert|219|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}||2009–
|-
|'''1.4 TB (multiair) TCT'''||7.3||2014–
|-
!colspan="8"| Diesel engines
|-
|rowspan=4|'''1.3 [[JTD]]'''||rowspan=5|I4||rowspan=4|{{convert|1248|cc|abbr=on}}||{{convert|90|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 4000 rpm||{{convert|200|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750 rpm||11.8||{{convert|178|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}||2008–2009
|-
|{{convert|95|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 4000 rpm||rowspan=3|{{convert|200|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1500 rpm||11.6||{{convert|180|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}||2009–
|-
|rowspan=2|{{convert|85|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 3500 rpm||rowspan=2|12.9||rowspan=2|{{convert|174|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}||UK version<ref name="alfaromeo.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeo.co.uk/uk/SiteCollectionImages/download_brochure/pdf/MiTo_Brochure.pdf|title=Technical Specifications|access-date=2011-08-22|work=alfaromeo.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003072839/http://www.alfaromeo.co.uk/uk/SiteCollectionImages/download_brochure/pdf/MiTo_Brochure.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2011–<ref name=a-c85>{{Cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2012/1761140/alfa_romeo_mito_1_3_jtdm-2_16v_85_eco.html|title=2012 Alfa Romeo MiTo 1.3 JTDM-2 16V 85 eco|access-date=2021-12-18|website=Automobile-catalog|first=Pawel|last=Zal}}</ref>
|-
|'''1.6 JTD'''||{{convert|1598|cc|abbr=on}}||{{convert|120|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 3750 rpm||{{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750 rpm||9.7||{{convert|198|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}||2008–
|-
!colspan="8"| LPG engine
|-
|'''1.4 Turbo GPL'''||I4||{{convert|1368|cc|abbr=on}}||{{convert|120|PS|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 5000 rpm||{{convert|206|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750 rpm||8.8||{{convert|198|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}||2009–
|-||2008
|}

=== Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Engine
! City consumption
! Highway consumption
! Combined consumption
! [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] emissions
|-
|'''0.9 TwinAir (105 PS)'''|| {{convert|5.0|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || {{convert|3.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||99 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 MPI (78 PS)'''|| {{convert|7.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || {{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|5.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||138 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 MPI (78 PS) Start&Stop'''|| {{convert|7.3|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || {{convert|4.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|5.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||130 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 MPI (95 PS)'''||{{convert|7.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|5.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||138 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 TB (120 PS)'''||{{convert|8.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|5.0|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|6.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||145 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 TB (155 PS)'''||{{convert|8.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|5.3|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|6.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||153 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 MPI (105 PS)'''||{{convert|7.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|5.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||136 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 TB (135 PS)'''||{{convert|7.4|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|5.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||129 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 TB TCT (135 PS)'''||{{convert|7.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|5.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||126 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 TB (170 PS)'''||{{convert|8.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|6.0|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||139 g/km
|-
|'''1.3 JTD (90 PS)'''||{{convert|6.0|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|3.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||119 g/km
|-
|'''1.3 JTD (95 PS)'''||{{convert|5.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|3.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.3|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||112 g/km
|-
|'''1.3 JTD (95 PS) Start&Stop'''||{{convert|5.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|3.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.3|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||104 g/km
|-
|'''1.3 JTD (85 bhp) Start&Stop'''||{{convert|4.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|3.0|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|3.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||95 g/km
|-
|'''1.3 JTD (85 PS) Start&Stop'''||{{convert|4.4|L/100 km|abbr=on}}<ref name=a-c85/>||{{convert|2.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|3.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||90 g/km
|-
|'''1.6 JTD'''||{{convert|5.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||126 g/km
|-
|'''1.6 JTD Start&Stop'''||{{convert|5.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||114 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 Turbo GPL'''||{{convert|10.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|6.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||{{convert|8.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}}||131 g/km (petrol mode)
|-
|colspan="5"| ''Note: Consumption figures according to European Commission Directive 1999/100/EC.''
|}

<ref name="fiatautopress.com"/><ref name="alfaromeopress.com/download/2009/">{{cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/download/2009/ALFA_ROMEO/SCHEDE_TECNICHE/091023_AR_ST_MiToGPL.pdf|format=PDF|title=Scheda tecnica MiTo 1.4 Turbo GPL 120 CV|access-date=2009-10-24|work=alfaromeopress.com/download/2009/|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707112310/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/download/2009/ALFA_ROMEO/SCHEDE_TECNICHE/091023_AR_ST_MiToGPL.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars">{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/alfa_romeo/10/mito_13_multijet/3010.html|title=30.10.2009 ALFA ROMEO ADD THE NEXT GENERATION 1.3 MULTIJET TO THE MITO RANGE|access-date=2009-10-30|work=www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091102074207/http://www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/alfa_romeo/10/mito_13_multijet/3010.html| archive-date= November 2, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="MiTo Specs 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeo.it/it/Documents/e-brochure/mito/ext_assets/Mito_CT_2011.pdf|title=MiTo specifications|access-date=2011-05-01|work=alfaromeo.i|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170401/http://www.alfaromeo.it/it/Documents/e-brochure/mito/ext_assets/Mito_CT_2011.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Mito 2011 Specs">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeo.it/it/Documents/e-brochure/mito/ext_assets/Mito_CT_2011.pdf|title=Alfa Romeo Mito E brochure|access-date=2011-08-22|work=alfaromeo.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170401/http://www.alfaromeo.it/it/Documents/e-brochure/mito/ext_assets/Mito_CT_2011.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Alfa Mito 2011">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/detail/11326|title=The latest new features of the Alfa Romeo MiTo|access-date=2011-08-31|work=alfaromeopress.com}}</ref>

== Safety ==
The MiTo has seven airbags as standard,<ref name="italiaspeed.com/2008/cars/alfa_romeo">{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2008/cars/alfa_romeo/11/mito_euro_ncap/2611.html|title=26.11.2008 ALFA MITO IS AWARDED 5 STARS IN EURO NCAP CRASH TESTS|access-date=2008-11-26|work=italiaspeed.com/2008/cars/alfa_romeo}}</ref> and received a 'good' or green result from the first ever [[Euro NCAP]] rear impact test (whiplash).<ref name="euroncap.com/">{{cite web|url=http://www.euroncap.com/Content-Web-Article/63091b5f-df5b-4290-bf4f-b8bcd42166ca/euro-ncaps-first-rear-impact-whiplash-test-80-of-s.aspx|title=2008 Euro NCAP's first rear impact (whiplash) test: 80% of seats tested need improvement |access-date=2008-11-26|work=euroncap.com/| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081220152835/http://www.euroncap.com/Content-Web-Article/63091b5f-df5b-4290-bf4f-b8bcd42166ca/euro-ncaps-first-rear-impact-whiplash-test-80-of-s.aspx| archive-date= December 20, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

The MiTo received the following ratings:
{{Euro NCAP |year=2008 |description=LHD, 3-door hatchback |reference_name=euroncap.com/tests/alfa_romeo_mito_2008|reference={{cite web|url=http://www.euroncap.com/tests/alfa_romeo_mito_2008/332.aspx|title=Alfa Romeo MiTo|access-date=2008-11-26|work=Euro NCAP| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081216015147/http://www.euroncap.com/tests/alfa_romeo_mito_2008/332.aspx| archive-date= December 16, 2008 | url-status= live}} |adult_stars=5 |adult_score=36 |child_stars=3 |child_score=29 |pedestrian_stars=2 |pedestrian_score=18 }}

== Limited and special editions ==

'''Edizione Sprint (2009)''': Limited to 250 examples, only for Belgian market. Available only with 1.3 JTDM {{convert|95|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} diesel engine. Bears special Sprint logo.<ref name="Les Alfa series speciales">{{Cite web|url=http://aebergon.perso.neuf.fr/Alfa-Romeo/page_Alfa_Mito_Ed_Sprint_09_B.htm|title=MiTo Edizione Sprint|access-date=2012-11-01|work=aebergon.perso.neuf.fr}}</ref><ref name="alfa-actions.be">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alfa-actions.be/campagne/media/BR_fiche_mito_fr.pdf|title=MiTo Edizione Sprint brochure|access-date=2012-11-01|work=alfa-actions.be|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hv6WXWbM?url=http://www.alfa-actions.be/campagne/media/BR_fiche_mito_fr.pdf|archive-date=2013-07-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Maserati Version (2010)''': In 2010 Alfa Romeo announced it would produce a limited 100 car series of Mitos to be distributed to Maserati dealerships in Europe. Maserati version MiTos feature same 125 kW (170 PS) engine as the Quadrifoglio Verde, and exclusive paint Blu Oceano. Aluminium kickplates and a badge on the HVAC controls on the car bear words "Alfa Romeo for Maserati". The cars are to be used as courtesy cars for Maserati service customers, very much like "for Ferrari Dealers" versions of the [[Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500 and Abarth 500]].<ref name="www.maserati.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.maserati.com/maserati/en/en/index/passion/news-events/2010/01/Maserati-Teams-Up-With-Alfa-Romeo-MiTo-for-its-European-Service-Network-.html |title=Maserati Teams Up With Alfa Romeo MiTo for its European Service Network |publisher=Maserati.com |access-date=2010-12-13}}</ref>

'''Quadrifoglio Verde 101 (2012)''': Limited edition based on QV model, only 101 examples to celebrate 101 anniversary of Alfa Romeo existence. Rosso Alfa paint, {{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} engine, [[Sabelt]] racing seats with [[Alcantara (material)|Alcantara]] upholstery and backrest made of carbon. From the outside, apart from paint and tinted windows, the car also sports new 18-inch alloy wheels available, like the seats, exclusively for this model. Also as standard bi-xenon lights, Brembo brakes and active suspension "Dynamic Suspension".<ref name="autozeitung.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.autozeitung.de/auto-neuheiten/alfa-romeo-mito-quadrifoglio-verde-101-sondermodell|title=Quadrifoglio Verde 101|work=autozeitung.de}}</ref>

[[File:Paris Motor Show 2012 (8065279154).jpg|thumbnail|right|Mito SBK Superbike safety car]]

'''MiTo SBK and MiTo Superbike Special Series''': At the [[2012 Paris Motor Show]], Alfa Romeo unveiled numbered limited edition (200 Units) MiTo SBK based on the 1.4 L {{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} QV MiTo and the MiTo Superbike Special Series available with all the engines in the range – except for the 1.4 70 PS and 1.4 170 PS petrol engine. This version includes 16-inch titanium alloy wheels, chrome-plated spoiler and exhaust, mirror fairings in the shade of titanium, sporty rear bumper, black fog light frame and "SBK" logo on the rear of the car.<ref name="SBK">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/detail/11571|title=MiTo SBK|access-date=2012-10-31|work=alfaromeopress.com}}</ref>

'''Mito Racer''': Introduced at Geneva 2015 motor show, MiTo Racer version sports a checkered flag roof sticker, special 17" alloy wheels, rear sport bumper, rear spoiler, chromed exhaust-pipe and satin-chrome finish for many exterior features. Interior will be available with vintage looking grey textile with brown eco-leather seats and black dashboard. Available with wide range of engines.<ref name="alfaromeo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeo.com/alfa-world/alfa-news/mito-racer|title=MiTo Racer at Geneva|work=alfaromeo.com}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== GTA concept car ==
[[File:Alfa Romeo MiTo GTA 1.750.jpg|thumb|Mito GTA at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2009|2009 Geneva Motor Show]].|alt=]]
The GTA (Gran Turismo Alleggerita), the sportiest version of the MiTo, was unveiled at the March [[Geneva Motor Show#2009|2009 Geneva Motor Show]] as a prototype. The [[Concept car|concept]] has a 1.8-litre (Fiat Pratola Serra modular) turbocharged engine with direct fuel injection and variable valve timing for both inlet and exhaust. The maximum power is rated at {{convert|240|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="http://www.alfaromeopress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/index.php?method=cartelle&action=article&id=2009021917473868247dc9ab12a5cb22f493d4d6789270&format=print|title=Alfa Romeo MiTo GTA, world preview|access-date=2009-02-23|work=alfaromeopress.com}}</ref> The MiTo GTA concept has a top speed of {{convert|250|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} and acceleration from 0 to {{convert|100|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} in 5 seconds.<ref name="MiTo GTA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JU0aXpl_PYk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/JU0aXpl_PYk |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Presentation Alfa Romeo- Sergio Cravero (CEO)|access-date=2012-10-14|year=2009|format=Motion picture}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The weight of the GTA has been reduced by the use of carbon-fibre for the tailgate spoiler as well as the roof panel and mirror fairings.<ref name="worldcarfans">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/9090303.052/alfa-romeo-mito-gta-concept-unveiled-in-geneva---video|title=Alfa Romeo MiTo GTA Concept Unveiled in Geneva – video|access-date=2009-03-04|work=worldcarfans.com| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090305083408/http://www.worldcarfans.com/9090303.052/alfa-romeo-mito-gta-concept-unveiled-in-geneva---video| archive-date= March 5, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Aluminium is also used to reduce the weight. The suspension is lowered by {{convert|20|mm|in|1}} over the standard car, and the car has active suspension.

== MiTo FCEV ==
Two Alfa Romeo MiTo Fuel Cell vehicles were used in Hydrogen test program in Europe.<ref name="fuelcellsworks.com">FuelCellsWorks: [https://fuelcellsworks.com/archives/2010/07/24/european-lighthouse-project-testing-17-fuel-cell-vehicles-in-norway/ wo Alfa Romeo MiTo Fuel Cells] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050656/https://fuelcellsworks.com/archives/2010/07/24/european-lighthouse-project-testing-17-fuel-cell-vehicles-in-norway/ |date=2017-12-22 }}, accessdate: 6. July 2017</ref>
The Alfa Romeo MiTo Fuel Cell car uses a Nuvera Fuel Cell stack combined with a compact Li-ion traction battery pack to supply power to the electric motor; vehicle has top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph) and can accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometers in 10 seconds, with hydrogen consumption of 3.2 liters diesel equivalent/100 km (74 mpg US) and a range of 450 kilometers (280 miles) in NEDC, thanks to 700 bar H2 tanks.”<ref name="hydrogencarsnow.com">Hydrogen Cars Now: [http://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/index.php/hydrogen-cars/alfa-romeo-mito-fcvs-help-hydrogen-european-lighthouse-project/ Europe is on the move when it comes to hydrogen fueling infrastructure], accessdate: 6. July 2017</ref>

==Reception==
The MiTo was sold to compete with the [[MINI (BMW)|MINI]] and the newer [[Audi A1]].<ref name="autoexpress.co.uk">{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Sam |date=2 July 2008 |title=Alfa Romeo MiTo |url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/firstdrives/224205/alfa_romeo_mito.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Auto Express}}</ref>

In March 2017, the head of Alfa Romeo Reid Bigland said that the MiTo and Giulietta models were going to continue to be produced for the foreseeable future.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fung |first=Derek |date=15 March 2017 |title=Alfa Romeo Giulietta, Mito won't be replaced, next product steps unclear |url=https://www.drive.com.au/news/alfa-romeo-giulietta-mito-wont-be-replaced-next-product-steps-unclear/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Drive |language=en-AU}}</ref> However, both models sales were discontinued, MiTo in early 2019 and Giulietta in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgess |first=Rachel |date=15 August 2018 |title=Alfa Romeo Mito to be axed in early 2019 |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/alfa-romeo-mito-be-axed-early-2019 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrick |first=Jack |date=5 May 2021 |title=Alfa Romeo Giulietta taken off sale after 11 years |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/alfa-romeo-giulietta-taken-sale-after-11-years |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref>

== Production and sales ==
{| class="wikitable" style=";"
|- align="center"
| style="background:#e2e2e2;"|'''Year'''
| style="background:#e2e2e2;"|'''Production Mirafiori plant'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anfia.it/data/studi-e-statistiche/automobili-cifre/statistiche-italia/produzione/05proditamodello.xlsx|title=Produzione nazionale ANFIA|access-date=December 4, 2020}}</ref>

| style="background:#e2e2e2;"|'''European sales'''
|-
|2008
| align="center" | 24,759
| align="center" | 13,282
|-
|2009
| align="center" | 65,342
| align="center" | 62,122
|-
|2010
| align="center" | 53,091
| align="center" | 51,994
|-
|2011
| align="center" | 41,077
| align="center" | 40,425
|-
|2012
| align="center" | 24,857
| align="center" | 25,173
|-
|2013
| align="center" | 19,655
| align="center" | 17,884
|-
|2014
| align="center" | 16,894
| align="center" | 16,950
|-
|2015
| align="center" | 13,909
| align="center" | 13,839<ref name="carsalesbase.com">Alfa Romeo MiTo European sales figures: [http://carsalesbase.com/european-car-sales-data/alfa-romeo/alfa-romeo-mito/ Alfa Romeo MiTo European sales figures], accessdate: 7. July 2018</ref>
|-
|2016
| align="center" | 14,644
| align="center" | 12,944<ref name="carsalesbase.com"/>
|-
|2017
| align="center" | 10,906
| align="center" | 11,367<ref name="carsalesbase.com"/>
|-
|2018
| align="center" | 8,274
| align="center" | 9.198<ref name="carsalesbase.com"/>
|-
|'''Total'''
| align="center" |'''293,408'''
| align="center" |'''275,178'''
|}

== Awards ==
*'''2013''' "Bestes Auto des Jahres 2013" – Import small cars category – ''[[Auto, Motor und Sport]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.de/press/article/18795|title=auto, motor und sport" ehrt Alfa Romeo MiTo zum fnften Mal als Bestes Auto des Jahres"|access-date=2013-02-06|archive-date=2013-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529132523/http://www.alfaromeopress.de/press/article/18795|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''2011''' Die besten autos 2011 – Import small cars category – ''[[Auto, Motor und Sport]]'';<ref name="autonews-123.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews-123.de/alfa-romeo-gewinnt-mit-mito-und-giulietta-importwertungen-bei-die-besten-autos-2011/|title=Alfa Romeo gewinnt mit MiTo und Giulietta Importwertungen bei "Die besten Autos 2011"|access-date=2011-01-31|work=autonews-123.de}}</ref> ''[[What Car?]]'' Reader Awards – Supermini category winner;<ref name="whatcar.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-reader-awards-2010/superminis/254220|title=What Car? Reader Awards 2010 – Superminis |access-date=2010-11-27|work=whatcar.com| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110104231202/http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-reader-awards-2010/superminis/254220| archive-date= January 4, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> "My favorite cars" Small cars category ''[[Quattroruote]]''; Die besten autos 2010 – Import small cars category – ''[[Auto, Motor und Sport]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Alfa Romeo MiTo}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130115045605/http://www.alfaromeo.com/com/#/models/mito Official MiTo website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080321182846/http://www.alfamitoblog.it/default.php?lang=english Official MiTo blog]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080930235336/http://www.alfamitoclip.com/ alfamitoclip.com]

{{Alfa Romeo}}
{{Alfa Romeo modern timeline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alfa Romeo Mito}}
[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|Mito]]
[[Category:Subcompact cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP superminis]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]

Alfa Romeo Giulia (2015)

2021-12-19T03:29:44Z

Alvarowik: Add citations

{{About|the 2016 model|the model produced during the 1960s and 1970s|Alfa Romeo Giulia}}
{{short description|Compact executive saloon manufactured by Alfa Romeo}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Alfa Romeo Giulia
| image = Alfa 952 26.06.19 JM (1).jpg
| caption = 2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia
| manufacturer = [[Alfa Romeo]] ([[Stellantis]])
| production = 2015–present
| model_years = 2016–present
| assembly = Italy: [[Piedimonte San Germano]], [[Lazio]] ([[Alfa Romeo Cassino Plant|Cassino Plant]])<ref name="rainews24">{{cite web |url=http://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Bentornata-Giulia-Dalla-nuova-berlina-sportiva-parte-il-rilancio-Alfa-Romeo-1ad6765d-445f-4046-836d-41c0d1d7f136.html |title=Bentornata "Giulia"! Dalla nuova berlina sportiva parte il rilancio dell'Alfa Romeo |trans-title=Welcome back "Giulia"! Alfa Romeo's relaunch begins with this sports saloon |website=[[RAI|rainews24.it]] |date=24 June 2015 |language=it |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>
| designer = [[Marco Tencone]] at Centro Stile Alfa Romeo<ref name="Tencone">{{cite web|url=http://www.quattroruote.it/news/novita/2015/09/09/alfa_romeo_giulia_quadrifoglio_marco_tencone_spiega_il_design_della_nuova_alfa_video_.html |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio - Marco Tencone spiega il design della nuova Alfa [video] |trans-title=Alfa Rome Giulia Quadrifoglio - Marco Tencone explains the design of the new Alfa [video]|publisher=[[Quattroruote]] |language=it |date=2015-09-09 |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
| class = [[Compact executive car]] ([[D-segment|D]])
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|saloon]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]/[[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|all-wheel-drive]]<ref name="autocar 24/06/15">{{cite web |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/2015-alfa-romeo-giulia-revealed/ |title=2015 Alfa Romeo Giulia revealed |first=Hilton |last=Holloway |website=autocar.co.uk |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915221420/http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/2015-alfa-romeo-giulia-revealed |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| platform = [[FCA Giorgio platform|Giorgio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europe.autonews.com/article/20150621/ANE/150619816/alfa-romeo-readies-unveiling-of-key-giulia-midsize-sedan |title=Alfa Romeo readies unveiling of key Giulia midsize sedan |publisher=Europe.autonews.com |date=21 June 2015 |access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>
| related = [[Alfa Romeo Stelvio]]
| engine = '''Petrol:''' {{ubl
| 2.0 L ''[[FCA Global Medium Engine|GME T4]] [[Multiair]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]]
| 2.9 L ''[[Ferrari F154 engine|690T]]'' [[twin-turbocharged]] [[V6 engine|V6]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117210 |title=Alfa Romeo at the 2015 Frankfurt International Motor Show - Press Releases - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press |publisher=Alfaromeopress.com |date=15 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060101/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117210 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| '''Diesel:'''
| 2.2 L ''[[Multijet|JTDm Multijet II]]'' I4
}}
| transmission = {{ubl
|6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] (''[[Getrag]] G217)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aftersales.fiat.com/eLumData/IT/83/620_GIULIA/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG.pdf |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia LIBRETTO USO E MANUTENZIONE |website=aftersales.fiat.com |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6hqgZ3XT5?url=http://aftersales.fiat.com/eLumData/IT/83/620_GIULIA/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|6-speed manual (''[[List of ZF transmissions|ZF S6-53]]'', Quadrifoglio)
|8-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (''[[ZF 8HP transmission|ZF 8HP50]]'')
|8-speed automatic (''[[ZF 8HP transmission|ZF 8HP75]]'', Quadrifoglio)
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2820|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="fbcdn.net2">{{cite web
|url = https://scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xap1/t31.0-8/12052390_10153722263421929_2894502211755662947_o.jpg
|title = Dati Technici 2.6 V6 Bi Turbo 510 CV
|access-date = 22 September 2015
|website = scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6bjZfblyd?url=https://scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xap1/t31.0-8/12052390_10153722263421929_2894502211755662947_o.jpg
|archive-date = 22 September 2015
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|4639|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1873|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1426|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1374|kg|lb|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} (DIN) 2.2 diesel {{convert|1524|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (DIN) Quadrifoglio<ref name="fbcdn.net" /> {{convert|1605|kg|lb|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} 2.0 AWD
| predecessor = [[Alfa Romeo 159]]
| successor =
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Alfa Romeo Giulia''' (Type 952) is a [[compact executive car]] produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer [[Alfa Romeo]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rogers|first=Cameron|date=2020-12-23|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia Prices, Reviews, and Pictures {{!}} Edmunds|url=https://www.edmunds.com/alfa-romeo/giulia/|url-status=live|website=[[Edmunds.com]]}}</ref> It was unveiled in June 2015, with market launch scheduled for February 2016,<ref name="QR 08/15">{{cite journal |first=Massimo |last=Nascimbene |title=I segreti di Giulia |trans-title=The secrets of Giulia |journal=[[Quattroruote]] |pages=174–177 |date=August 2015 |publisher=Editoriale Domus |language=it}}</ref> and it is the first saloon offered by Alfa Romeo after the production of the [[Alfa Romeo 159|159]] ended in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/first-official-pictures/alfa-romeo/alfa-romeo-giulia-2016-in-pictures-its-the-new-159/ |first=Tim |last=Pollard |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia (2016) in pictures and on video: it's the new 159! |website=[[Car (magazine)|Car]] |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> The Giulia is also the first mass-market Alfa Romeo vehicle in over two decades to use a [[longitudinal engine|longitudinal]] [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|rear-wheel drive]] [[Car platform|platform]], since the [[Alfa Romeo 75|75]] which was discontinued in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/2016-alfa-romeo-giulia-tipo-952-quadrifoglio-verde-is-the-rebirth-of-alfa-romeo-video-photo-gallery-97073.html |title=2016 Alfa Romeo Giulia (Tipo 952) Quadrifoglio Verde is the Rebirth of Alfa Romeo |first=Mircea |last=Panait |website=autoevolution.com |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> The Giulia was second in 2017 [[European Car of the Year]] voting and was named [[Motor Trend Car of the Year]] for 2018. In 2018, Giulia was awarded the [[Compasso d'Oro]] industrial design award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alfaromeo.com/alfa-romeo-world/passion/alfa-news/2018/prize-compasso-doro|title=GIULIA WINS THE PRIZE COMPASSO D'ORO 2018|website=alfaromeo.com|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The car was designed at the Centro Stile Alfa Romeo, by a team headed by [[Marco Tencone]]<ref name=Tencone /> and including Senior Exterior Designer, Andrea Loi.<ref name=Tencone /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carscoops.com/2015/09/alfa-romeo-explains-new-giulias-design.html |title=Alfa Romeo Explains New Giulia's Design; Releases Official Interior Details [w/Video] |publisher=CarScoops.com |date=2015-09-09 |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cultura/2015/08/19/il_creatore_della_giulia_arriva_dall_ogliastra_andrea_loi_designe-8-430999.html |title=Il creatore della Giulia arriva dall'Ogliastra: Andrea Loi designer dell'Alfa Romeo - Cultura - L'Unione Sarda.it |publisher=Unionesarda.it |date=2015-08-19 |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref> along with Interior Chief Designer Inna Kondakova and Senior Interior Designer Manuele Amprimo.<ref name=Tencone /> The Giulia has been the subject of a long gestation and delayed launch dates, reportedly due to the design being sent back to the drawing board by [[Sergio Marchionne]], CEO of [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] (FCA), the parent company of Alfa Romeo at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Alfa-Romeo-Giulia-2014-CAR-Magazines-new-scoop/ |first=Tim |last=Pollard |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia (2014): CAR Magazine's new scoop |website=[[Car (magazine)|Car]] |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref>

[[File:" 15 - ITALY - Alfa Romeo Giulia QV bianca Museo Storico Alfa Romeo ad Arese 105 years of Alfa Romeo 03.jpg|thumb|left|The restyled company logo, which debuted with the new Giulia]]
The new Giulia was unveiled to the press at the [[Museo Storico Alfa Romeo]] in [[Arese]], on 24 June 2015, at an event which involved only the top-of-the-range Quadrifoglio variant and a rendition of "[[Nessun dorma]]" by Italian tenor [[Andrea Bocelli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lastampa.it/2015/06/25/multimedia/motori/per-la-nuova-giulia-bocelli-canta-nessun-dorma-g1KwwzfgjSOcfkRTP6jNaL/pagina.html |title=Per la nuova Giulia Bocelli canta "Nessun dorma" |trans-title=For the new Giulia Bocelli sings "Nessun Dorma" |website=[[La Stampa]] |date=25 June 2015 |language=it |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802081025/http://www.lastampa.it/2015/06/25/multimedia/motori/per-la-nuova-giulia-bocelli-canta-nessun-dorma-g1KwwzfgjSOcfkRTP6jNaL/pagina.html |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The occasion coincided with the company's 105th anniversary,<ref name="wsj 24/06/15" /> and also saw the company debut a restyled logo for all future Alfa Romeo models.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alvolante.it/news/alfa-romeo-giulia-gli-interni-341872 |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia: gli interni|trans-title=Alfa Romeo Giulia: the interior |website=alvolante.it |date=26 June 2015 |language=it |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> The Giulia was also presented under the new ''La meccanica delle emozioni'' slogan ("the mechanics of emotions" in Italian).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeo.com/com/alfa-thevoiceofgiulia |title=Alfa Romeo USA | Official Alfa Romeo Website |website=alfaromeo.com |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref>

The Giulia is the first model in the company's relaunch plan, which involves a €5 billion investment for an eight car line-up and a worldwide sales target of 400,000 by 2018 — up from 74,000 in 2013.<ref name="wsj 24/06/15">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/with-new-alfa-romeo-sedan-fiat-chrysler-looks-for-rebirth-of-a-brand-1435172384 |title=With New Luxury Sedan, Fiat Chrysler Looks for Rebirth of a Brand |first=Eric |last=Sylvers |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.caranddriver.com/alfa-romeo-5-year-plan-awdrwd-lineup-and-8-new-products-by-2018-semi-autonomy-from-fiat-chrysler/ |title=Alfa Romeo 5-Year Plan: AWD/RWD Lineup and 8 New Products by 2018, Semi-Autonomy from Fiat-Chrysler |first1=Alexander |last1=Stoklosa |first2=Andrew |last2=Wendler |website=[[Car and Driver]] |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> It is underpinned by an all-new, longitudinal-engine, rear-wheel drive platform developed for Alfa Romeo — codenamed "Giorgio".<ref name="QR 08/15" />
Development of the Giulia, along with development of the entire "Giorgio" project, has been overseen by the technical director of Ferrari, Philippe Krief.<ref name="QR 08/15" />

==Overview==
[[File:2021 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio 2.9 silver interior view in Brunei.jpg|thumb|left|Interior]]

The Giulia uses a [[front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout]], featuring an even 50% front and 50% rear weight distribution.<ref name="autocar 24/06/15" />
Suspension is independent all-around, of the [[Double wishbone suspension|double wishbone]] type at the front and [[Multilink suspension|multilink]] at the rear.<ref name="autocar 24/06/15" />
All Giulia models employ a [[carbon-fibre]] drive shaft made by [[Hitachi]] Automotive Systems,<ref name="hitachi.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/month/2016/04/160426a.html|title=News Releases : April 26, 2016 : Hitachi Global|website=www.Hitachi.com|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> as well as [[aluminium alloy]] shock towers, suspension components, front wings and doors.<ref name="topgear">{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/alfa-giulia-will-the-plan-succeed-2015-06-25 |title=Opinion: will Alfa's masterplan succeed? |first=Paul |last=Horrell |website=[[Top Gear (magazine)|topgear.com]] |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="alfaromeopress" /> [[all-wheel drive]] models will also be offered.<ref name="autocar 24/06/15" /><ref name="C&D 24/06/15">{{cite web |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-photos-and-info-news |title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia: A Stunning Sports Sedan Headed for America |first=Tony |last=Quiroga |website=[[Car and Driver]] |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

Depending on trim level it has a 6.5-inch or 8.8-inch colour display; optional Sport, Performance and Luxury Packs are also available. The sport package includes sports steering wheel with added grip, aluminium inserts on the dashboard, centre console and door panels, and Xenon headlights. The luxury package offers premium leather upholstery and wood trim. The performance package includes mechanical limited-slip differential along with electronic suspension and paddle shifters on the steering column in the cars equipped with an automatic transmission.

{{clear}}

==Models==

=== Giulia, Super and Speciale ===
[[File:2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia Speciale TD Automatic 2.1 Front.jpg|thumb|left|Giulia Speciale 2.2 TD]]
[[File:2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia Speciale TD Automatic 2.1 Rear.jpg|thumb|right|Giulia Speciale 2.2 TD]]

The base Giulia, mid-level Super, and fully loaded Speciale are powered by a {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} 2 litre gasoline engine, or the choice of 136 PS, 150 PS or 180 PS 2.2 litre turbo diesel engine. The base model comes with 16 inch alloys, the Super can be distinguished with 17 inch alloys and dual chrome exhaust tip for the diesel model. The Speciale has 18 inch alloys, black brake calipers, and leather sports seats from the Veloce. The Giulia has a [[drag coefficient]] of {{cd|0.25}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carthrottle.com/post/drag-coefficients-explained-which-kind-of-car-is-slippiest/|title=Drag Coefficients Explained: Which Kind Of Car Is Slippiest?|website=carthrottle.com|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=== Veloce and Veloce Ti ===
[[File:2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce TB Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|Giulia Veloce]]
[[File:2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce TB Automatic 2.0 Rear.jpg|thumb|right|Giulia Veloce]]

The Giulia Veloce was presented at the [[2016 Paris Motor Show|2016 Paris International Motor Show]] held in October. The Veloce offers the choice of two engines: the 2.0-litre turbo petrol and the 2.2-litre diesel inline-4 engines, both equipped with an 8-speed automatic transmission and Alfa Q4 all-wheel drive system (rear-wheel-drive in the UK).

The Veloce has specific bumpers and a glossy black door trim; it has also various performance components like special rear extractor with double exhaust pipes and optional 5-spoke 19-inch alloy wheels (the 19-inch option is not available in the UK). On the interior, it has black, red or tan leather sport seats and a sports steering wheel with a suede grip, aluminium inserts on the dashboard, central tunnel, door panels and Xenon headlights.

The new four-cylinder petrol engine is rated at a maximum power output of {{convert|280|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5,250 rpm and a maximum torque of {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,250 rpm. It has [[MultiAir]] electro-hydraulic valve activation system along with "2-in-1" " turbocharger system and direct injection with a 200-bar high pressure system. The {{convert|210|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} diesel all aluminum straight-4 engine comes with MultiJet II technology and electrically operated variable geometry [[turbocharger]].

The Alfa Q4 all wheel drive system behaves like a rear-wheel drive vehicle: 100% of torque is distributed to the rear axle. As it reaches the wheel adherence limit, the system transfers up to 60% of the torque to the front axle. To ensure maximum speed of response in re-distributing torque, the system exploits a high mechanical over slippage (up to 2.5%) between the two axles, which translates into segment-beating vehicle control in terms of traction and directional stability on bends.<ref name="alfaromeopress.com">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/118134] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106152103/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/118134 |date=2016-11-06 }} the Giulia Veloce with Q4 system behaves like a rear-drive vehicle: 100% of torque is distributed to the rear axle. As it reaches the wheel adherence limit, the system transfers up to 60% of the drive torque to the front axle in real time, thanks to a dedicated transfer case. To ensure maximum speed of response in re-distributing torque, the system exploits a high mechanical over slippage (up to 2.5%) between the Quadrifoglio with an optional carbon fibre pack and standard 19-inch alloys from the Quadrifoglio.</ref>

=== Quadrifoglio ===

[[File:Alfa Romeo QV Logo IAA 2015.jpg|thumb|left|The Quadrifoglio logo]]

The top-of-the-line Giulia Quadrifoglio (Italian for "[[four-leaf clover]]") was the first model in the new Giulia range. It was unveiled at Italy in June 2015. It made its official international debut at the [[International Motor Show Germany#2015|2015 Frankfurt Motor Show]]. The Quadrifoglio's main competitors are cars such as the [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)#AMG|Mercedes-AMG C63]], [[BMW M3#F80 M3|BMW M3]] and the [[Cadillac ATS-V]].<ref name="carbuzz.com">The Alfa Romeo Giulia QV Is Going To Crush The Competition: [http://www.carbuzz.com/news/2017/1/2/The-Alfa-Romeo-Giulia-QV-Is-Going-To-Crush-The-Competition-7737152/ Mercedes-AMG C63, BMW M3, and Cadillac ATS-V], accessdate: 5. January 2017</ref>

The Quadrifoglio is powered by an all-aluminium alloy, [[twin-turbocharged]] [[gasoline direct injection]] 90° [[V6 engine]], with a single-cylinder displacement of just under half a litre,<ref name="QR 08/15" /> for a total of {{convert|2891|cc|cuin L|1|abbr=on}}. This engine was developed exclusively for the Quadrifoglio by Ferrari technicians<ref name="alfaromeopress" /> and is related to Ferrari's own twin-turbocharged [[Ferrari F154 engine|F154 CB V8 engine]],<ref name="QR 08/15" /> sharing the [[Ferrari California T|California T]]'s bore x stroke of {{convert|86.5x82|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="fbcdn.net">{{cite web
|url = https://scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xtp1/t31.0-8/11850672_10153722263476929_735441558004574978_o.jpg
|title = Dati tecnici 2.9 V6 Bi Turbo 510 CV
|website = scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net
|access-date = 22 September 2015
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6bjZenMuo?url=https://scontent-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xtp1/t31.0-8/11850672_10153722263476929_735441558004574978_o.jpg
|archive-date = 22 September 2015
|url-status = live
}}</ref> The engine has a maximum power output of {{convert|510|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6,500 rpm,<ref name="autocar 24/06/15" /> and {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque between 2,500 and 5,000 rpm.<ref name="QR 08/15" /><ref name="alfaromeo1">{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeo.com/models/giulia/powertrain |title=Alfa Romeo USA - Official Alfa Romeo website |publisher=alfaromeo.com |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="alfaromeopress2">{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117210 |title=Alfa Romeo at the 2015 Frankfurt International Motor Show - Press Releases - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press |website=alfaromeopress.com |type=press release |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] |date=15 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060101/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117210 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The turbochargers are single-[[scroll compressor]] [[IHI Corporation|IHI]] units integrated into the manifold, with water-charge air coolers.<ref name="allpar.com">2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia: Up to 510 Horsepower: [http://www.allpar.com/cars/adopted/alfa/Giulia.html There are two turbochargers, both single-scroll IHI designs integrated into the manifold, with water-charge air coolers. Side mounted direct fuel injection has a peak pressure of 200 bar. ], accessdate: 14. January 2017</ref> It has side-mounted direct fuel injection and the peak (absolute) turbo boost pressure reaches up to {{convert|35|psi|bar|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vijayenthiran |first=Viknesh |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1101030_2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-first-u-s-specs-live-photos-and-video |title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia First U.S. Specs: Live Photos And Video |publisher=Motorauthority.com |access-date=2015-11-22}}</ref>

Courtesy of [[Variable displacement|cylinder deactivation]] (with the ability to switch off three of the six cylinders),<ref name="QR 08/15" /> this model achieves a fuel consumption of {{convert|8.5|L/100 km}} and {{chem|CO|2}} emissions of 198 g/km, in the combined cycle.<ref name="alfaromeo1"/>

The Quadrifoglio weighs {{convert|1524|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} ([[DIN]]) and has a [[power-to-weight ratio]] of {{cvt|3|kg|abbr=on}}/PS.<ref name="24ore">{{cite web |url=http://www.motori24.ilsole24ore.com/Auto-Novita/2015/06/Alfa-Romeo-nuova-giulia-quadrifoglio.php |first=Mario| last=Cianflone |title=Alfa Romeo è tornata: ecco la nuova Giulia da 510 cavalli |trans-title=Alfa Romeo is back: here is the new 510 horsepower Giulia |website=[[Il Sole 24 Ore]] |date=24 June 2015 |language=it |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> This is achieved courtesy of the Quadrifoglio sharing the other models' composite and light alloy construction, as well as featuring a roof and bonnet made of carbon fibre.<ref name="topgear" />

[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Leonberg 2019 IMG 0106.jpg|thumb|left|Giulia Quadrifoglio]]
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio (24508401070).jpg|thumb|right|Giulia Quadrifoglio]]

From the front, the Quadrifoglio distinguishes itself from the rest of the range by a specific front bumper — with a carbon fibre splitter and enlarged air intakes for the twin intercoolers and for the brakes — and by a bonnet featuring two cooling outlets for the engine bay. On the sides, the front wings also have outlets to extract air from the [[wheel well]]s, and bear [[Alfa Romeo#The Quadrifoglio|Quadrifoglio]] badges; the side skirts are specific to the model, as are the 19-inch<ref name="QR 08/15" /> alloy wheels. At the rear, a low-profile carbon fibre lip-spoiler is applied to the boot lid, and a rear diffuser makes up the lower half of the bumper, flanked by quadruple exhaust tips. Working in conjunction with the faired-in underside, the diffuser is fully functional in generating downforce — as at the front is the "Active Aero Splitter",<ref name="24ore" /> which can vary its angle of attack by 10°, moved by electric motors.<ref name="QR 08/15" /> The manufacturer claims these active aero elements are the firsts in the Giulia's market segment<ref name="QR 08/15" /> and are able to generate up to {{convert|100|kp|kN lbf|0|abbr=on}} of downforce at {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name=CA /> The Giulia Quadrifoglio has a drag coefficient of {{cd|0.32}}.<ref name="fbcdn.net" />

Mechanically, this model is fitted with a torque vectoring rear differential<ref name="C&D 24/06/15" /> able to send 100% of the torque to the left or right wheel,<ref name="carmagazine 10/07/15">{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/industry-news/alfa-romeo/seven-surprises-on-new-alfa-romeo-giulia-revealed-by-chief-engineer/ |first=Phil |last=McNamara |title=Seven surprises on new Alfa Romeo Giulia revealed by chief engineer |website=carmagazine.co.uk |date=10 July 2015 |access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> and an 8-speed automatic transmission manufactured by [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]], with a six-speed [[manual transmission]]<ref name="QR 08/15" /> available as an option in European markets.<ref name="caranddriverr.com">New Cars for 2016 and 2017 at Car and Driver: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160604051912/http://www.caranddriverr.com/2016/01/us-spec-2018-alfa-romeo-giuliagiulia.html U.S.-Spec 2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia/Giulia Quadrifoglio: "Are You Threatening Me"? | Cars Reviews - New Cars for 2016 and 2017 at Car and Driver] , accessdate: 8. May 2016</ref> The braking system uses carbon ceramic rotors,<ref name="alfaromeopress" /> along with six-piston front and four-piston rear calipers and auxiliary rear calipers for the parking brake. The electronic stability control and the traditional [[vacuum servo|brake booster]] are combined in a single electromechanical system.

On the interior, the dashboard is part-trimmed in leather and carbon fibre and the engine start button is located on the multi-function steering wheel. In addition, the driver is offered Alfa Romeo's "DNA" dynamic control selector, which is placed on the centre console.<ref name="QR 08/15" /> Driving modes include "'''D'''ynamic", "'''N'''atural" and "'''A'''dvanced Efficiency" modes (the last one uses cylinder deactivation for increased fuel economy), and "Race" (for high performance — with louder exhaust note and all electronic stability control systems turned off).<ref name="24ore" />

====Performance====
According to Alfa Romeo, the Giulia Quadrifoglio can accelerate from 0 to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 3.9 seconds<ref name="alfaromeopress">{{cite web |url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117019 |title=World preview of the Alfa Romeo Giulia |website=alfaromeopress.com |type=press release |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811133452/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/117019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="C&D 24/06/15" /> and come to a standstill from that speed in 32 meters. The Quadrifoglio can attain a top speed of {{cvt|307|kph|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CA>{{cite web|last1=Fallah|first1=Alborz|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia QV priced from €79,000 to €95,000; laps Nurburgring in 7:39m|url= http://www.caradvice.com.au/382657/alfa-romeo-giulia-qv-priced-from-e79000-to-e95000-laps-nurburgring-in-739m/ |website=Car Advice|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> This model also completed the [[Nürburgring]]'s Nordschleife circuit in 7 minutes 39 seconds, a record for a saloon car.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Ingram |url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/alfa-romeo/giulia/34448/new-alfa-romeo-giulia-shows-its-metal-at-frankfurt-show |title=New Alfa Romeo Giulia 2016: Full details and pics |publisher=Auto Express |date=11 August 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> In September 2016 a new lap record for the automatic transmission version was published: 7 minutes, 32 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nurburgringlaptimes.com/lap-times-top-100/ |title=Top 100 Lap Records: Quadrifoglio 7:32 |publisher=Nürburgring Lap Times|date=September 2016|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine has recorded a standing quarter mile time of 11.9 seconds at {{convert|121|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} and a 0 to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} acceleration time of 3.6 seconds.<ref name="caranddriver.com">2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Test – Review – Car and Driver: [http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-quadrifoglio-test-review Standing ¼-mile: 11.9 sec @ 121 mph], accessdate: 6 January 2017</ref> In ''[[Motor Trend]]'' Head 2 Head (Ep. 85) the Quadrifoglio won, over the BMW M3 Competition. In the same episode it was also rated better than Mercedes-AMG C63 and Cadillac ATS-V. The track test was performed at Chuckwalla Valley Raceway. The Quadrifoglio was also previewed in [[The Grand Tour (TV series)|The Grand Tour]] TV series in January 2017. It completed a lap of the show's test track only 1.1 seconds behind the new all-wheel-drive [[Honda NSX (second generation)|Honda NSX]] - both driven on a wet track - an excellent performance for a rear-wheel-drive car. The Quadrifoglio went around the [[Top Gear test track]] in 1:21.40.<ref>Top Gear Series 24, Episode 02</ref>

==== Quadrifoglio NRING Edition ====
[[File:Geneva International Motor Show 2018, Le Grand-Saconnex (1X7A1814).jpg|thumb|Giulia NRING Edition]]

At the [[Geneva Motor Show#2018|2018 Geneva Motor Show]], the Giulia Quadrifoglio NRING Edition was introduced. The NRING edition has carbon-ceramic brakes, Sparco carbon fibre seats, carbon fibre interior trim, a Mopar-branded gear shifter and [[Mopar]] floor mats. The car is differentiated on the exterior by 'NRING' badges as well as carbon fibre mirror caps and side skirts and an exposed carbon fibre roof. The equipment was upgraded to include adaptive cruise control and a premium sound system.<ref name="autocar.co.uk">Autocar: [https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motor-shows-geneva-motor-show/alfa-romeo-giulia-and-stelvio-quadrifoglio-nring-editions Alfa Romeo Giulia and Stelvio Quadrifoglio NRING editions on show | Autocar], accessdate: 5. April 2018</ref>

==== Quadrifoglio Racing Edition ====
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia Racing Genf 2019 1Y7A5601.jpg|thumb|left|Giulia Racing Edition]]

At the [[Geneva Motor Show#2019|2019 Geneva Motor Show]] the Alfa Romeo Racing limited edition was introduced, which celebrates Alfa Romeo's legendary racing history and the entry of a new Italian driver in Formula 1 competition: [[Antonio Giovinazzi]] joining the "Alfa Romeo Racing" team together with the 2007 F1 World Champion [[Kimi Räikkönen]]. This special edition has exclusive paintwork, as a tribute to the [[Alfa Romeo Racing C38]] Formula 1 car. It has also some stylistic details like some carbon fibre aerodynamic parts and an [[Akrapovič]] titanium exhaust system.<ref name="Racing Edition">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-at-the-2019-geneva-international-motor-show Alfa Romeo at the 2019 Geneva International Motor Show - Press Releases - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press], accessdate: 26. February 2019</ref> The weight was reduced by about {{convert|28|kg}} from the standard Quadrifoglio, followed by a technical tune-up by Alfa Romeo engineers that has resulted more torque and power, which now amounts to {{convert|520|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}.
<ref name="Racing edition">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/the-new-alfa-romeo-tonale-concept-car-electrification-meets-beauty-and-dynamism-1 The new Alfa Romeo Tonale concept car, electrification meets beauty and dynamism - Press Releases - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press]{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessdate: 5. March 2019</ref>

=== Giulia Advanced Efficiency ===
At the [[2016 Paris Motor Show]] the Giulia's economic version called "AE" - Advanced Efficiency was unveiled. The AE was available with the Giulia and Giulia Super trim levels, it has {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} diesel engine and an 8-speed automatic transmission. The fuel consumption combines to {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} and just 99 g/km of CO2 emissions in the combined cycle. It has some specific technical solutions to achieve these values like implementation of a low-pressure EGR valve that improves engine efficiency, an air-water intercooler, a secondary engine cooling circuit in addition to the primary circuit, and specific gearbox ratios. The height of the car's body is lowered by {{convert|5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, it has specifically designed alloy wheels and the drag coefficient has been reduced to 0.23 for less drag force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/98764/alfa-romeo-giulia-veloce-paris/|title=AWD Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce gets 280-hp turbo 2.0-liter engine|website=motor1.com|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref> The Giulia "AE" Advanced Efficiency is fitted with specific 205/60 R16 tyres for reducing rolling resistance. It was discontinued beginning with 2019 model year.<ref name="2019update"/>

=== B-Tech Special Edition ===
In September 2018, the B-Tech Special Edition for Europe was announced which similar as Nero Edizione edition unveiled earlier for North American markets.<ref name="autoexpress">Auto Express: [https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/alfa-romeo/104558/alfa-romeo-launches-new-trim-package-for-its-giulia-stelvio-and-giulietta Alfa Romeo launches new trim-package for its Giulia, Stelvio and Giulietta | Auto Express], accessdate: 9. September 2018</ref> The package adds a selection of visual and technological features to Giulia. Front grille, mirror caps and exhaust are finished in gloss black. Adaptive Cruise Control, an 8.8-inch infotainment system with sat-nav, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto as well as Bi-xenon headlights with washers are also the part of the package.

=== GTA and GTAm ===
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia GTAm Milano.jpg|thumb|Giulia GTAm]]
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA.jpg|thumb|Giulia GTA]]
On 2 March 2020, Alfa Romeo introduced two new GTA and GTAm<ref>[https://www.veloce.it/guida/al-volante-dellalfa-giulia-gtam-di-preserie-000-500-54172 Alfa Romeo Giulia GTAm - video (www.veloce.it)]</ref> models which would have a limited production run of 500 units. The GTA and GTAm versions are developed to celebrate the marque's 110th anniversary in 2020, and pay tribute to one of the most emblematic automobile of Alfa Romeo: [[Alfa Romeo GTA|Giulia GTA]].<ref>Auto Express: [https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/alfa-romeo/giulia/351768/new-533bhp-alfa-romeo-giulia-gta-celebrates-alfas-110th-birthday New 533bhp Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA celebrates Alfa’s 110th birthday | Auto Express], accessdate: 2. March 2020</ref> The GTA and GTAm use the same engine, rated at {{convert|540|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and are {{convert|100|kg|lb|0}} lighter than the Quadrifoglio, allowing for a power to weight ratio of 2.82 kg/PS. The GTA and GTAm can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.6 seconds, with launch control. The GTAm is a track focused model and as a result has two seats, racing harnesses, and [[Lexan]] side and rear windows.<ref name="whichcar.com.au">Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA and GTAm revealed: [https://www.whichcar.com.au/news/alfa-romeo-giulia-gta-gtam-revealed Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA and GTAm revealed], accessdate: 3. March 2020</ref><ref>Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA, GTAm Debut As Lightweight, 533-HP Sedans: [https://www.motor1.com/news/401660/alfa-romeo-giulia-gta-gtam/ Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA, GTAm Debut As Lightweight, 533-HP Sedans], accessdate: 2. March 2020</ref> The GTA's handling was improved by widening the front and rear track by {{convert|50|mm|in|1}}. The car is fitted with single nut wheels for weight reduction measures. Broader fenders cover the additional width. New springs, shocks, and bushings update the suspension as further means to improve the handling. Buyers will also receive a “personalized experience package” which includes a [[Bell Sports|Bell]] racing helmet in special GTA livery, a full racing suit by [[Alpinestars]], a personalized Goodwool car cover, and a specific driving course devised by the Alfa Romeo Driving Academy.<ref name="whichcar.com.au"/>

Modifications to the engine include higher boost pressure from the turbochargers, an Akrapovič exhaust system and redesigned [[piston]]s to ensure constant power and reliability: the cooling system now uses four quarts oil instead of two as is the case on Quadrifoglio model.<ref>Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA: la supercar a forma di berlina: [https://www.alvolante.it/news/alfa-romeo-giulia-gta-2020-intervista-dettagli-368029 Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA: la supercar a forma di berlina], accessdate: 21. March 2020</ref>

=== North American models ===
As of MY22, the Giulia is offered as Giulia, Giulia Ti (for Turismo internazionale), Veloce, and Quadrifoglio trims in the United States. Some models are available with Alfa's Q4 all-wheel-drive system and with the eight-speed automatic transmission with paddle shifters mounted on the steering column (providing a shift time less than 100 milliseconds). The eight-speed automatic transmission is co-developed with ZF.<ref name="fcanorthamerica.com1">http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17382&mid=701: [http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17382&mid=701 New eight-speed automatic transmission with available column-mounted paddle shifters, is designed for enthusiasts with gear shifts in less than 100 milliseconds The all-new Giulia is the first Alfa Romeo to receive the newest generation eight-speed automatic transmission co-developed with ZF.], accessdate: 19. March 2016</ref>

Powered by the 2.0-liter, turbocharged {{convert|280|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine with {{convert|306|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque, the North American Giulia and Giulia Ti remain as holdovers from previous years, while the Veloce replaces the Ti Sport. The Veloce has more features than the Ti, while the Ti has more features than the so-called base model, although all models have the same engine 2.0-liter, turbocharged four-cylinder engine. The AWD system is optional and the only transmission option is an eight-speed automatic. The {{convert|505|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Quadrifoglio is also in the Giulia lineup for the United States.

The first US deliveries of the Giulia took place in September 2016, making it the first Alfa Romeo saloon sold in North America since 1995.

==== Giulia Nero Edizione’ Package ====
At the 2018 New York International Auto Show, the Nero Edizione’ Package for the Giulia was announced. The package includes a new exterior appearance through special blacked-out wheels, badging, and other touches.<ref name="fcauthority.com">FCAuthority: [http://fcauthority.com/2018/04/alfa-romeo-unveils-the-nero-edizione-package-for-giulia-stelvio-nyias-2018/ Alfa Romeo Giulia, Stelvio 'Nero Edizione' Bows | FCAuthority], accessdate: 5. April 2018</ref>

===Police car===
[[File:Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Carabinieri.jpg|thumb|Giulia Quadrifoglio Carabinieri]]

The [[Polizia di Stato]] took delivery of two Alfa Romeo Giulia Veloce [[Police car|police patrol car]]s finished in a [[light blue]] paint with [[white]] stripes on the sides of the car with the words ''POLIZIA'' in block letters underneath together with the new [[Alfa Romeo Giulietta (940)|Alfa Romeo Giulietta]] and the [[Jeep Renegade (BU)|Jeep Renegade]] [[police car]]s.<ref name="quattroruote.it">Quattroruote.it: [https://www.quattroruote.it/news/eventi/2016/12/12/polizia_di_stato_giulia_giulietta_e_renegade_mettono_la_divisa_1993527324.html Polizia di Stato - Giulia, Giulietta e Renegade mettono la divisa - Quattroruote.it], accessdate: 27. March 2019</ref>

The [[law enforcement in Italy#Transportation|Carabinieri]] took delivery of two Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglios wrapped in navy blue paint, that appear virtually black. They sport red stripes over the car and have flashing lights over the [[spoiler (automotive)|chin spoilers]] with a white roof. Carabinieri cars are equipped with defibrillator, special portable cooling units, special radio system, additional emergency devices, a long weapon holder and rechargeable LED torches placed in the passenger compartment.<ref>L'Alfa Romeo Giulia si arruola nei Carabinieri: [https://www.alvolante.it/news/l-alfa-romeo-giulia-carabinieri-346630 L'Alfa Romeo Giulia si arruola nei Carabinieri], accessdate: 27. March 2019</ref>
{{-}}

==Engines and performance==
[[File:V6 Quadrifoglio (28305207270).jpg|thumb|The 2.9 litre ''[[Ferrari F154 engine|F154]]'' twin-turbocharged V6 engine]]
Besides the high-performance Quadrifoglio's twin-turbocharged 90° V6, the engine line-up will consist of [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] petrol engines, as well as four-cylinder [[Diesel engine|turbo diesel engines]].<ref name="topgear" />
The petrol four-cylinder are built in FCA Italy's [[Termoli]] plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lastampa.it/2015/04/08/economia/fca-a-termoli-due-nuovi-motori-per-lalfa-VOkAbHGyYTMIV1xIIJ2WQI/pagina.html|title=Fca, a Termoli due nuovi motori per l'Alfa|trans-title=Fca, at Termoli two new engines for Alfa|website=[[La Stampa]] |date=8 April 2015 |language=it |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> Diesel engines are built in Pratola Serra plant.

The first models went on sale from February 2016 were the [[JTD engine#2.2 Multijet II|2.2 L Multijet II]] turbodiesel and the 2.9 L V6 Quadrifoglio.<ref name="QR 08/15" /> A 2.0 L [[Multiair|MultiAir2]] turbo petrol engine was announced at the time of the Giulia Quadrifoglio's debut at the [[LA Auto Show#2015|Los Angeles Auto Show]] in November 2015.<ref name= LAS>{{cite web|last=Valente |first=Carlo |url=http://www.infomotori.com/auto/2015/11/20/alfa-romeo-giulia-svelato-los-angeles-un-nuovo-mot/|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia: svelato a Los Angeles un nuovo motore 2.0 turbo da 280 CV |trans-title=Alfa Romeo Giulia: revealed a new 2.0 L turbo engine of 280 CV |website=[[La Stampa]] |date=20 November 2015 |language=it |access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> The 2.0 litre gasoline engines are part of the all new [[FCA Global Medium Engine]] (GME) family. The Alfa version will share up to 70% parts with the GME family for other FCA brands.

{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
! Engine and transmission
! Displacement
! Max. power ([[CE marking|CE]])<ref name="fbcdn.net" />
! Peak torque ([[CE marking|CE]])<ref name="fbcdn.net" />
! Top speed
!style="line-height:1.2em; font-size:90%"| {{convert|0|–|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (seconds)
! Combined consumption ([[CE marking|CE]])<ref name="fbcdn.net" />
! [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] emissions ([[CE marking|CE]])<ref name="fbcdn.net" />
! Notes
|-
! colspan=10| Petrol engine range
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 AT8''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|540|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 3.6 || {{convert|10.8|L/100km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2021/3043355/alfa_romeo_giulia_gta.html|title=2021 Alfa Romeo Giulia GTA|website=Automobile-catalog|first=Pawel| last=Zal|access-date=December 18, 2021}}</ref> || 274 g/km<ref>https://gta.alfaromeo.com/</ref> || GTA announced in 2020
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 AT8''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|540|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 3.8<ref name=a-cgtam>{{cite web |url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2021/3043370/alfa_romeo_giulia_gtam.html|title=2021 Alfa Romeo Giulia GTAm|website=Automobile-catalog|first=Pawel| last=Zal|access-date=December 18, 2021}}</ref> || {{convert|10.8|L/100km|abbr=on}}<ref name=a-cgtam/> || 277 g/km<ref>https://gta.alfaromeo.com/</ref> || GTAm announced in 2020
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 AT8<ref name="jeeppress-me.com">Fiat Group Automobiles Press: [http://www.jeeppress-me.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-at-the-2019-geneva-international-motor-show Alfa Romeo at the 2019 Geneva International Motor Show - Press - Fiat Group Automobiles Press], accessdate: 9. maaliskuuta 2019</ref>''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|520|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Racing edition"/> || {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|307|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 3.9<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2019/07/alfa-romeo-puts-a-price-tag-on-the-giulia-and-stelvio-quadrifoglio-racing/|title=Alfa Romeo puts a price tag on the Giulia and Stelvio Quadrifoglio racing|website=Carscoops|first=Cristian| last=Gnaticov|date=July 4, 2019|access-date=December 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705052026/https://www.carscoops.com/2019/07/alfa-romeo-puts-a-price-tag-on-the-giulia-and-stelvio-quadrifoglio-racing/|archive-date=July 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> || N/A || N/A || Limited Racing edition with Akrapovic exhaust, announced 2019
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 MT6'''<ref name="QR 08/15" /> || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}<ref name="fbcdn.net" /> || {{convert|510|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,500 rpm<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> || {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,500–5,500 rpm<ref name="Giulia at NY auto show">{{cite web |url=http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17382 |title=Alfa Romeo Debuts the 2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Lineup at the New York International Auto Show |type=press release |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]}}</ref>||{{convert|307|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> || 3.9<ref name="alfaromeopress" /> || {{convert|8.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}<ref name="alfaromeopress2" />|| 198 g/km<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> || Only available in left-hand-drive countries (except North America).
|-
|'''2.9 L 90° 24v twin-turbocharged V6 AT8''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}}<ref name="fbcdn.net" /> || {{convert|510|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,500 rpm<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> ||{{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,500–5,500 rpm<ref name="Giulia at NY auto show" />||{{convert|307|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="alfaromeopress2" /> || 3.9 || {{convert|8.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}}<ref name="alfaromeo.de2">Preisliste_Giulia_2016_WEB.pdf: [http://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Preisliste_Giulia_2016_WEB.pdf 2016049286_AR_AT_Preisliste_Giulia_2016_print.indd - Preisliste_Giulia_2016_WEB.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106151324/http://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Preisliste_Giulia_2016_WEB.pdf |date=2016-11-06 }}, accessdate: 3 August 2016</ref> || 189 g/km||Available in all markets.
|-
|'''2.0 L turbocharged [[Inline-four engine|I4]] GME MultiAir AT8 Q4'''<ref name="alfaromeo.de">Broschüre_GIULIA.pdf: [http://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Brosch%C3%BCre_GIULIA.pdf EIGENSCHAFTEN2.0 Turbo 16V 147 kW (200 PS) AT82.0 Turbo 16V 206 kW (280 PS) AT8 - Q42.2 Diesel 16V 100 kW (136 PS)2.2 Diesel 16V 110 kW (150 PS)Getriebe8-Stufen-Automatikgetriebe8-Stufen-Automatikgetriebe6-Gang-Schaltgetriebe6-Gang-SchaltgetriebeZylinderanzahl, Anordnung4 in Reihe4 in Reihe4 in Reihe4 in ReiheVentile pro Zylinder4444Hubraum (cm3)1.9951.9952.1432.143Max. Leistung kW (PS) – U/min147 (200) – 5.000206 (280) – 5.250100 (136) – 4.000110 (150) – 4.250Max. Drehmoment Nm – U/min330 – 1.750400 – 2.250380 – 1.500380 – 1.500Beschleunigung 0-100 km/h (sec)6,65,29,08,4Höchstgeschwindigkeit (km/h)235] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921232447/http://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Brosch%C3%BCre_GIULIA.pdf |date=2017-09-21 }}, accessdate: 4. December 2016</ref>|| {{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|280|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5250 rpm|| {{convert|400|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,250–4,500 rpm ||{{convert|240|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Giulia at NY auto show" /> || 5.2 || {{convert|6.4|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 152 g/km||
|-
|'''2.0 L turbocharged [[Inline-four engine|I4]] GME MultiAir AT8 Q2'''<ref name="Giulia DE Pricelist">{{cite web|url=https://www.alfaromeo.de/content/dam/alfaromeo/de/de/financial-service/broschure-price-list/pdf/giulia/Preisliste-AR-Giulia-Phase2_final.pdf |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia DE Pricelist}}</ref>
|{{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|280|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5250 rpm
|{{convert|400|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,250–4,500 rpm
|{{convert|240|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}
|5.7
|{{convert|6.4|L/100 km|abbr=on}}
|144 g/km
|Available on German market.
|-
|'''2.0 L turbocharged [[Inline-four engine|I4]] GME MultiAir AT8'''
|{{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|250|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5250 rpm<
|{{convert|400|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,250–4,500 rpm
|n/a
|n/a
|n/a
|n/a
|2020 Italian market. "Superbollo tax model"<ref name="carcar.news">CarCar.news: [https://carcar.news/2020/05/19/alfa-romeo-giulia-and-the-stelvio-get-the-2-0-anti-superbollo/ Alfa Romeo Giulia and the Stelvio: get the 2.0 anti superbollo - CarCar.news], accessdate: 15. June 2020</ref>
|-
|'''2.0 L I4 GME turbocharged [[multiair|MultiAir]] AT8''' || {{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}}<ref name="Giulia US specs">{{cite web |url=http://chryslermedia.iconicweb.com/mediasite/specs/2017_AR_Giulia_Lineup_SPkdipcivmg6jhgogtmsf6pe3sa5.pdf |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia specifications |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]}}</ref> || {{convert|200|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5,000 rpm || {{convert|330|Nm|lbft|1|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm || {{convert|235|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 6.6<ref name="postimg.org">[http://s24.postimg.org/raqmkkzfp/12792379_1693281264251531_6858783460892043573_o.jpg image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106151939/http://s24.postimg.org/raqmkkzfp/12792379_1693281264251531_6858783460892043573_o.jpg |date=2016-11-06 }}, accessdate: 5. March 2016</ref> || {{convert|5.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 138 g/km||

|-
!colspan=10| Diesel engine range
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 [[Multijet|Multijet II AT8 Q4]]'''<ref name=dieselengines>{{cite web|title=Si stringono i tempi per Alfa Romeo Giulia |url=http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/motori/si-stringono-i-tempi-per-alfa-romeo-giulia_2147217-201502a.shtml|website=tgcom24.mediaset.it}}</ref> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|210|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=dieselengines /> || {{convert|470|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm||{{convert|235|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 6.9 || {{convert|4.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 122 g/km|| MY2019
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8 Q4'''<ref name="alfaromeopress2.com">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-at-the-2017-geneva-international-motor-show e launched in March to extend the range's Diesel offering: Giulia Super 2.2 180 HP AT8 Q4. Based on the most popular engine and version, this new] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916165040/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-at-the-2017-geneva-international-motor-show |date=2017-09-16 }}, accessdate: 2. March 2017</ref> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|180|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 6.8 ||{{convert|4.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 122 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|180|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=dieselengines /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.1 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AE AT8'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|180|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,750 rpm<ref name=dieselengines /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.2 ||{{convert|3.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 99 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II MT6'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|180|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,750 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|380|Nm|lbft|-1|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm || {{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.2 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="2019update"/> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|190|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,750 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.1 || {{convert|4.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 128 g/km|| MY2019
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8 Q4'''<ref name="2019update"/> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|190|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,750 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|230|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 7.1 || {{convert|5.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 145 g/km|| MY2019
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II MT6'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|150|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|380|Nm|lbft|-1|abbr=on}} at 1,500 rpm || {{convert|221|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 8.4 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="dieselengines" /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|150|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm<ref name="dieselengines" /> ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|221|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 8.2 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}}<ref name="fiat.com">83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG.pdf: [http://aftersales.fiat.com/eLumData/IT/83/620_GIULIA/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG/83_620_GIULIA_604.90.034_IT_01_05.16_L_LG.pdf ambio ma], accessdate: 15. May 2016</ref> || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="2019update"/> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|160|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,500 rpm ||{{convert|221|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 8.2 || {{convert|4.9|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 128 g/km|| MY2019
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II MT6'''<ref name=dieselengines /> || {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|136|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,250 rpm<ref name="alfaromeo.nl">giulia-prijslijst.pdf: [http://www.alfaromeo.nl/content/dam/alfaromeo/nl/nl/model/giulia/giulia-prijslijst.pdf giulia-prijslijst.pdf], accessdate: 10. July 2017</ref> || {{convert|380|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,500 rpm ||{{convert|210|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 9.0 || {{convert|4.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 109 g/km|| 2015-2018 Offered only in some EU markets, for tax reasons
|-
|'''2.2 L I4 Multijet II AT8'''<ref name="alfa.nl">alfa-romeo-giulia-prijslijst_jan2019.pdf: [https://www.alfaromeo.nl/content/dam/alfaromeo/nl/nl/model/giulia/alfa-romeo-giulia-prijslijst_jan2019.pdf alfa-romeo-giulia-prijslijst_jan2019.pdf], accessdate: 7. March 2019</ref>|| {{convert|2143|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|136|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2,500 rpm ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,750 rpm ||{{convert|210|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} || 9.5 || {{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}} || 128 g/km|| MY2019 Offered only in some EU markets, for tax reasons
|-
|colspan=10| ''Note: AT6 6-speed automatic transmission, MT6 6-speed manual transmission, AT8 8-speed automatic transmission, Q4 all-wheel drive''
|}

===Engines and performance (North American models)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Engine and transmission
! Displacement
! Max. power
! Peak torque
! Top speed
! style="line-height:1.2em; font-size:90%"| {{convert|0|–|60|mph|abbr=on}} (seconds)
! [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] fuel economy combined<ref>https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/download.shtml</ref>
! EPA CO2 emissions
! Notes
|-
!colspan="10"| Petrol engine range
|-
| '''2.9 L 90° twin-turbocharged 24v V6 AT8''' || {{convert|2891|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|505|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,500 rpm<ref name="alfaromeousa.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.alfaromeousa.com/content/dam/alfausa/pdf/giulia-quadrifoglio/2017_AR_Giulia_SP.PDF |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia specifications |website=alfaromeousa.com |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> || {{convert|443|lbft|Nm|-1|abbr=on}} at 2,500–5,500 rpm || {{convert|191|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 3.8<ref name="fcanorthamerica">{{cite web |url=http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17102&mid=446 |title=the All-new 2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio |website=fcanorthamerica.com |type=press release |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]}}</ref> || {{convert|20|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} || 451 g/mi (280 g/km)
|-
| '''2.0 L turbocharged I4 GME MultiAir AT8 AWD'''<ref name="LAS" /> || {{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|280|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5,200 rpm || {{convert|306|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 2,000–4,800 rpm || {{convert|149|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 5.1 || {{convert|26|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} || 348 g/mi (216 g/km)
|-
| '''2.0 L turbocharged I4 GME MultiAir AT8 '''<ref name="LAS" /> || {{convert|1995|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|280|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5,200 rpm || {{convert|306|lbft|Nm|-1|abbr=on}} at 2,000-4,800 rpm || {{convert|149|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || 5.5 || {{convert|27|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} || 330 g/mi (205 g/km)
|-
|}

== Model year changes ==
=== 2019 model year ===
For the 2019 model year, the Giulia diesel engine was updated to meet the [[European emission standards|Euro 6d]] emission standards, with [[AdBlue]] technology introduced to tackle nitrogen oxides in the exhaust. {{convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} versions got a power increase by {{convert|10|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. All models now come with an 8.8-inch infotainment system with [[CarPlay|Apple Car Play]] and [[Android Auto]] as standard.<ref name="2019update">{{cite press release|url=http://www.fiatpress.co.uk/press/article/new-term-updates-for-the-alfa-romeo-giulia-and-stelvio-this-september|title=New Term Updates for the Alfa Romeo Giulia and Stelvio This September|date=17 August 2018|access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref>
In addition, the Giulia Quadrifoglio Engine was updated to include 6 port Injectors following a shut down of the engine factory to update the production lines.<ref name="2019updateGiuliaQuadrifoglio">{{citation |url=https://www.giuliaforums.com/threads/2020-qv-models-%EF%BF%BChas-port-injection-and-twice-the-fuel-system.48839/|title=2020 QV models has port injection and twice the fuel system|date=30 April 2020|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>
Although the engine presented the same power as the previous version, it clearly outdated the previous engine without port injectors.

=== 2020 model year ===
The Giulia's 2020 model year version was first introduced in China. It has an updated interior with a new 8.8-inch touchscreen for the infotainment system, which now offers a Wi-Fi hotspot, over-the-air software upgrades, an integrated emergency call function, and a call assistant function. The interior now has a leather-wrapped multifunction steering wheel and a leather-wrapped gear lever.<ref name="carscoops.com">Carscoops: [https://www.carscoops.com/2019/11/revised-2020-alfa-giulia-and-stelvio-make-surprise-debut-in-china-with-improved-interiors/ Revised 2020 Alfa Giulia And Stelvio Make Surprise Debut In China With Improved Interiors | Carscoops], accessdate: 16. November 2019</ref>

==Equipment and safety==
{{Euro NCAP |align=right |year=2016 |overall_stars=5 |description=Alfa Romeo Giulia |reference_name=Alfa Romeo Giulia Euro NCAP |reference={{cite web|url=https://cdn.euroncap.com/media/35512/euroncap-2016-alfa-romeo-giulia-datasheet.pdf|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia|access-date=22 June 2016|website=euroncap.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023034813/https://cdn.euroncap.com/media/35512/euroncap-2016-alfa-romeo-giulia-datasheet.pdf|archive-date=23 October 2018|url-status=dead}} |adult_points=37.4 |adult_percent=98 |child_points=39.7 |child_percent=81 |pedestrian_points=29.2 |pedestrian_percent=69 |safety_points=7.3 |safety_percent=60 }}

{| class="wikitable" align=right
|+[[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|IIHS]]: 2017 Giulia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/alfa-romeo/giulia-4-door-sedan |title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia |publisher=[[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|IIHS]] |access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
! Category !! Rating
|-
|Small overlap front
|style="background: green"|Good
|-
|Moderate overlap front
|style="background: green"|Good
|-
|Side
|style="background: green"|Good
|-
|Roof strength
|style="background: green"|Good
|-
|Head restraints & seats
|style="background: green"|Good
|}

All Giulia models have active safety systems as standard, including the [[Forward Collision Warning]] (FCW) with [[Emergency brake assist|Autonomous Emergency Brake]] (AEB) and [[pedestrian detection]], IBS (Integrated Brake System) based on [[Continental AG|Continental]] MK C1 electronic brake control system,<ref name="auto-innovations.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.auto-innovations.com/actualite/2602.html |title=Le frein innovant MK C1 de Continental équipe la nouvelle Alfa Romeo Giulia |website=auto-innovations.com |date=2 November 2015 |access-date=22 May 2016 |language=fr}}</ref> [[Lane departure warning system|Lane Departure Warning]] (LDW) and [[cruise control]] with speed limiter. The Giulia is the first car in the world to use Continental MK C1 electronic brake system. Stopping distance from {{convert|62|mph|kph|0|abbr=on}} to 0 are {{convert|38.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} for the Giulia and {{convert|32|m|ft|abbr=on}} for the Quadrifoglio.<ref name="motormag.com.au">MOTOR: [https://www.motormag.com.au/features/1707/geek-speak-alfa-romeos-brake-by-wire Geek Speak: Alfa Romeo's brake by wire | MOTOR], accessdate: 27. January 2018</ref>

Chassis Domain Control (CDC), developed with [[Magneti Marelli]], coordinates and controls all the on-board electronics: Torque Vectoring, Active Aero Splitter, active suspension, brakes, steering and ESC system — according to the mode selected by the driver using the new Alfa DNA Pro.

The Giulia was crash tested in June 2016 by [[Euro NCAP|EuroNCAP]], with a score of 98% for the adult occupant protection — at the time the highest score ever achieved by any car, even with the introduction of a more stringent rating system in 2015. Overall the Giulia achieved five star results.<ref name="automotiveworld.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/alfa-romeo-giulia-earns-five-star-euro-ncap-rating/ |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia earns five-star Euro NCAP rating |website=automotiveworld.com |date=22 June 2016 |access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref>

The Giulia was awarded on October 3, 2017 the Top Safety Pick+ award by [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS).<ref name="iihs">{{cite web |url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/news/desktopnews/alfa-romeo-giulia-earns-top-safety-pick-award/ |title=Alfa Romeo Giulia earns Top Safety Pick+ award |website=iihs.org |date=3 October 2017 |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> The Giulia achieved the highest possible rating in each of the five tests. The TSP+ designation applies to any 2017 model-year Alfa Romeo Giulia produced after May 2017 equipped with Forward Collision Warning-Plus – an option at only $500 MSRP – and bi-xenon projector headlamps (35W) featuring adaptive forward lighting and auto-leveling.<ref name="prnewswire.com">2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Named IIHS Top Safety Pick+: [http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-named-iihs-top-safety-pick-300529880.html The TSP+ designation applies to any 2017 model-year Alfa Romeo Giulia produced after May 2017 equipped with Forward Collision Warning-Plus – an option at only $500 MSRP – and bi-xenon projector headlamps (35W) featuring adaptive forward lighting and auto-leveling.], accessdate: 8. October 2017</ref>

==Production==
The car is assembled at [[FCA Italy]]'s [[Fiat Cassino Plant|Cassino Plant]] in the [[province of Frosinone]], [[Central Italy]].<ref name="rainews24" /> Pre-series production emerged in late August 2015, with full production and sales originally scheduled for November 2015 and February 2016, respectively.<ref name="QR 08/15" /> The official production of the Giulia started on 19 April 2016.<ref name="autoevolution.com">2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Production Has Just Started at Cassino Plant: [http://www.autoevolution.com/news/2017-alfa-romeo-giulia-production-has-just-started-at-cassino-plant-106681.html Cassino Plant], accessdate: 20. April 2016</ref> The Alfa Romeo's Cassino plant manufactures the Giulia saloon, [[Alfa Romeo Stelvio|Stelvio]] SUV and [[Alfa Romeo Giulietta|Giulietta]] compact car. On 6 December 2018 Giulia reached the milestone of 100,000 units produced.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

== Sales ==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar Year
! United States<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carsalesbase.com/us-alfa-romeo-giulia/|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia US car sales figures|date=8 October 2016|publisher=CarSalesBase|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://carfigures.com/us-market-brand/alfa-romeo/giulia|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia US Sales Figures|publisher=CarFigures}}</ref>
! Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carfigures.com/canada-market-brand/alfa-romeo/giulia|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia Canada Sales Figures|publisher=CarFigures}}</ref>
! Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carsalesbase.com/europe-alfa-romeo-giulia/|title=Alfa Romeo Giulia Europe car sales figures|date=13 July 2016|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref>
! Australia<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-news/alfa-romeo-committed-to-giulia-despite-slowing-sedan-sales-81587|title=Alfa Romeo committed to Giulia despite slowing sedan sales|author=Tung Nguyen|date=2020-11-20|publisher=CarsGuide}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|36
|0
|10,475
|0
|-
| 2017
|8,904
|596
|24,679
|639
|-
|2018
|11,519
|510
|17,075
|?
|-
|2019
|8,704
|242
|10,932
|303
|-
|2020
|8,203
|188
|7,436
|142+
|-
|2021
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=4|
|-
! Total to date
| 37,366
|1,536
|70,597

|}

==Awards==
The highly awarded production car, has received many awards from automotive industry groups and media publishers, including following:<ref name="alfaromeopress.com awards">Alfa Romeo Awards: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/alfa-romeo-awards Alfa Romeo Awards], accessdate: 1. May 2019</ref>

*EuroCarBody Award 2016
*Auto Europa 2017
*Das Goldene Lenkrad: The most beautiful car of 2016
*2017 Driver's Choice Award for Best New Luxury Car<ref name="fcanorthamerica.com3">http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17985&mid=701: [http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17985&mid=701 http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17985&mid=701], accessdate: 23. November 2016</ref>
*2017 Auto del Año (Car of the Year) in Mid-size Sedan Segment by Hispanic Motor Press<ref name="fcanorthamerica.com4">http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18008&mid=701: [http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18008&mid=701 2017 Auto del Año© (Car of the Year) in Mid-size Sedan Segment by Hispanic Motor Press], accessdate: 23. November 2016</ref>
*2016 BBC Top Gear Magazine Awards:Car of the Year' title and the inaugural public vote for 'Car of 2016'<ref name="abarthpress.com">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.abarthpress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-giulia-quadrifoglio-named-car-of-the-year-by-top-gear 2016 BBC Top Gear Magazine Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601041237/http://www.abarthpress.com/press/article/alfa-romeo-giulia-quadrifoglio-named-car-of-the-year-by-top-gear |date=2017-06-01 }}, accessdate: 26. November 2016</ref>
*Best Car 2017 - German magazine Auto, Motor und Sport
*Croatian Auto Klub magazine award: Croauto 2017
*2017 Newcomer of the Year, [[Quattroruote]]
*All-new 2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Named Best "Luxury Performance Car" of 2017 by New York Daily News Autos Team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18231&mid=701|title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Named Best "Luxury Performance Car" of 2017 by New York Daily News Autos Team |publisher=FCA US Media Website |access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>
*Wards 10 Best Interiors<ref name="wardsauto.com">Interiors content from WardsAuto: [http://m.wardsauto.com/interiors/subaru-bentley-wards-10-best-interiors-honored nds are receiving their first Wards 10 Best Interiors trophies is a testament to the advances made across the entire auto industry. Prospective buyers in all vehicle segments want and deserve functional and beautiful interiors. Here are our 10 favorites.”], accessdate: 18. April 2017</ref>
*2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Wins "Super Sedan" in Popular Mechanics’ Automotive Excellence Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18244&mid=701|title=2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Wins "Super Sedan" in Popular Mechanics' Automotive Excellence Awards |publisher=FCA US Media Website |access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>
*2017 10 Best Interiors List by WardsAuto
*2017 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio named "Car of Texas" and "Performance Sedan of Texas" and took home "Most Drives" honor<ref name="fcanorthamerica.com">http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18286&mid=446: [http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18286&mid=446 http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18286&mid=446], accessdate: 27. May 2017</ref>
*2017 Sport Auto Award 2017 - German car magazine "Sport Auto"
*2017 [[Evo (magazine)|Evo]] Car of the Year best sports saloon
*2017 Evo Car of the Year best super saloon
*2018 [[Motor Trend Car of the Year]]
*Car and Driver 10Best for 2018
*2018 Car And Driver ‘Editors’ Choice’
*Sport Auto Award 2018 Giulia Quadrifoglio top pick of category 'Imported Standard Sedans/Station Wagons up to 100,000 Euro' by [[Sport auto (Germany)]]<ref name="co.za">South Africa's leading automotive aftermarket magazine: [https://abrbuzz.co.za/mobility-beat/44-motoring/7664-alfa-romeo-giulia-wins-two-categories-at-sport-auto-award-2018 Alfa Romeo Giulia wins two categories at "sport auto AWARD 2018" - aBr Buzz - South Africa's leading automotive aftermarket magazine], accessdate: 10. November 2018</ref>
*Sport Auto Award 2018 Giulia Veloce wins in category 'Imported Standard Sedans/Station Wagons up to 50,000 Euro'. by Sport auto (Germany)
*2019 Readers' choice awards by the Auto, Motor und sport<ref name="alfaromeopress.com 2">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press: [http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/double-victory-for-alfa-romeo-in-the-readers-choice-awards-held-by-the-magazine-auto-motor-und-sport Double victory for Alfa Romeo in the readers' choice awards held by the magazine auto, motor und sport - Press Releases - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles EMEA Press], accessdate: 3. February 2019</ref>
*2019 Auto Bild magazine win of "Design" category "Best Brands" competition.<ref name="theauto.eu">Theauto.eu: [https://www.theauto.eu/triple-victory-for-alfa-romeo-in-the-auto-bild-best-brands-competition/ Triple victory for Alfa Romeo in the Auto Bild „Best Brands“ competition - Theauto.eu], accessdate: 30. March 2019</ref>
*2020 What Car? Performance Car of the Year<ref name="whatcar.com">Performance car: [https://www.whatcar.com/awards/category/performance-car What Car? Car of the Year Awards 2020 | Performance car], accessdate: 15. January 2020</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Alfa Romeo Giulia (2015)}}
* [http://www.alfaromeo.com/com/models/giulia Alfa Romeo Giulia official website]

{{Alfa Romeo}}
{{Alfa Romeo timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Alfa Romeo timeline 2020 to date}}

[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|Giulia (2015)]]
[[Category:Police vehicles]]
[[Category:Compact executive cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Sports sedans]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP large family cars]]

Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977)

2021-12-12T00:50:17Z

Alvarowik: Add designer and assembly

:''See also [[Aston Martin V8 Vantage (disambiguation)]] for other models sharing this name''
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox automobile
| image = V8 Vantage.JPG
| caption = 1976 [[model year]] Cosmetic Vantage at the [[Concours d'Elegance]] in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]
| manufacturer = [[Aston Martin]]
| production = 1977–1989 534 built<ref>{{cite book |title=Aston Martin |last=Edwards |first=Robert |year=2004 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |location=Sparkford |isbn=1-84425-014-8 |page=123}}</ref> 342 Saloon 192 Volante
| predecessor = [[Aston Martin Vantage]]
| successor = [[Aston Martin Virage|Virage/V8 Vantage]]
| class = [[Grand tourer]], [[Muscle car]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupé]] or [[convertible (car)|convertible]]
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| engine = 5.3 L or 6.3 L [[V8 engine|V8]]
| powerout = {{convert|390-450|bhp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}}
| related = [[Aston Martin V8]]
| designer = [[William Towns]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.astonmartin.com/en/our-world/news/2017/11/22/introducing-the-new-vantage-the-successor-to-a-true-sporting-dynasty|title=Introducing the new Vantage: the successor to a true sporting dynasty
|website=Aston Martin|date=22 November 2017|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.goodwood.com/grr/road/news/2020/9/william-towns-was-a-british-car-design-hero/|title=William Towns was a British car design hero – Axon's Automotive Anorak
|website=Goodwood|first=Gary| last=Axon|date=25 September 2020|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025220925/https://www.goodwood.com/grr/road/news/2020/9/william-towns-was-a-british-car-design-hero/|archive-date=25 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| assembly = [[Newport Pagnell]], England<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rmsothebys.com/en/auctions/ca15/california/lots/r0100-1977-aston-martin-v8-coupe/556875|title=1977 Aston Martin V8 Coupe|website=[[RM Sotheby's]]|date=18 July 2015|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/power-and-style-1977-1989-aston-martin-v8-vantage|title=Power and Style - 1977-1989 Aston Martin V8 Vantage|website=Hemmings|publisher=[[American City Business Journals]]|first=Jeff| last=Koch|date=March 2012|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
| sp = uk
}}
The '''Aston Martin V8 Vantage''' is a British grand tourer, a higher performance version of the [[Aston Martin V8]]. It was hailed at its 1977 introduction as "Britain's First [[Supercar]]" (sometimes nicknamed "British [[muscle car]]") for its {{convert|170|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} top speed. Its engine was shared with the [[Aston Martin Lagonda|Lagonda]], but it used high-performance [[camshaft]]s, increased compression ratio, larger inlet valves and bigger [[carburettor]]s mounted on new manifolds for increased output. Straight-line performance was the best of the day, with acceleration from 0–{{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} in 5.3 seconds, one-tenth of a second quicker than the [[Ferrari Daytona]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/80.html|title=Aston Martin V8 Vantage|work=supercars.net|date=19 April 2016}}</ref>

==Design==
The first series equipped with four 48IDF2/100 [[Weber carburetor]]s produced {{convert|390|bhp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} (estimated) at 5800 rpm and {{convert|406|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 4500 rpm of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1977/61055/aston_martin_v8_vantage.html|website=automobile-catalog|title=1977 Aston Martin V8 Vantage|access-date=July 8, 2018}}</ref> and series specific details such as a blanked bonnet vent and a separate rear spoiler.<ref name=RV38>{{cite journal | journal = Rétroviseur | title = Dossier: Aston Martin DBS et AM V8: Le ''muscle car'' de Sa Majesté | trans-title = Her Majesty's muscle car | language = fr | last = Chauvin | first = Xavier | page = 38 | ref = XChauvin |date=April 2012 | number = 277 | publisher = Éditions LVA | location = Fontainebleau, France | issn = 0992-5007 }}</ref> 38 of these were built (plus 13 "Cosmetics" for the US).<ref name=HSEC84>{{cite journal | journal = Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car |date=March 2012 | title = Buyer's Guide: 1977–1989 Aston Martin V8 Vantage | ref = Koch | last = Koch | first = Jeff | page = 84 | issue = 7 | volume = 7 | publisher = Hemmings Motor News | location = Bennington, VT | issn = 1555-6867 }}</ref> The Oscar India (for 1 October, the date of introduction) version, introduced in late 1978, featured an integrated tea-tray spoiler and smoother bonnet bulge. Inside, a black leather-covered dash replaced the previous walnut. The wooden dashboard did find its way back into the Vantage during the eighties, giving a more luxurious appearance. The Oscar India version also received a slight increase in power, to {{convert|390|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=HSEC84/> This line was produced, with some running changes, until 1989. From 1986 the engine had {{convert|403|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.

One of the most noticeable features was the closed-off hood bulge rather than the open scoop found on the normal V8. The grille area was also closed off, with twin driving lights inserted and a spoiler added to the bootlid.

[[File:1990 Aston Martin V8 Vantage Volante X-pack in blue, rear left.jpg|thumb|left|1990 Aston Martin V8 Vantage Volante, with the big wheelarches and sideskirts]]
[[File:SC06 1986 Aston Martin V8 Vantage Volante.jpg|thumb|right|1986 V8 Vantage Volante (USA Specification)]]
The 1986–1989 580 'X-Pack' was a further upgrade, with Cosworth pistons and Nimrod racing-type heads producing 403 hp. A 'big bore' after-market option was also available from Works Service, with 50 mm carbs (instead of 48 mm) and straight-through exhaust system giving 432 hp (the same engine as fitted to the limited-edition [[Aston Martin V8 Zagato|V8 Zagato]].<ref name=HSEC84/> 16-inch wheels were also now fitted. If this wasn't enough, a {{convert|450|bhp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} 6.3-litre version was also available from Aston Martin, and independents offered a 7-litre version.<ref name=RV39>[[#XChauvin|Chauvin]], p. 39</ref>

304 Series 2 Vantage coupés were built - including 131 X-Packs<ref>Kean M Rogers Aston Martin V8 Vantage Volume 5 2010</ref> - and 192 Volantes (in spite of only having been officially introduced in 1986, near the end of production). Of the 'Cosmetic' Vantage (for the US Swiss and Japanese markets, with fuel injection instead of Weber carburettors), 14 Series 2 coupés and 56 Volantes were built.<ref name=HSEC84/> Cosmetic Vantages lacked the powerful Vantage engine but retained the Vantage name and most of its body alterations - though the lack of carburettors allowed a flattened hood. From 1980 they featured DOT-approved {{convert|5|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} safety bumpers front and rear. Most of these cars have since been retrofitted with full power, European spec engines.<ref name=HSEC84/>

Although the full spec (carburettor) Vantage models were not imported into the USA when new, they now qualify for entry under the DOT's 'Show and Display' rules in most US States. Federal requirements are also less strict for cars over 25 years old (as most Vantages now are).<ref>Federal Register / Vol. 64, No. 134 / Wednesday, 14 July 1999 / Rules and Regulations</ref>

==Vantage Volante==
A '''Vantage Volante''' [[convertible (car)|convertible]] version was also produced between 1986 and 1989. Six mechanically similar cars had been built earlier to special order, but it was not regularly available until then. The production version featured an even deeper front spoiler than fitted to the Vantage, even wider wheel arches, and extended side skirts. The Vantage Volante also had a rear spoiler, which the regular Volante did not feature. In total, 166 Vantage Volantes were built, with the last ones leaving the factory in December 1989. In 1987 [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] took delivery of a Vantage Volante, but at his request without the production car's wider wheelarches, front air dam and side skirts. This became known as the 'Prince of Wales Spec' (or PoW) and around another 26 such cars were built by the factory. These are now generally considered the most desirable of all the 1970s/80s V8 models. Combined with the PoW cars, 192 Vantage Volantes were built.

==''The Living Daylights''==
[[File:Aston Martin V8 (The Living Daylights) front-left-2 National Motor Museum, Beaulieu.jpg|thumb|Customised V8 from ''The Living Daylights'' at the [[National Motor Museum, Beaulieu]].]]
[[James Bond]]'s car in the 1987 film, ''[[The Living Daylights]]'', was a V8 Volante (convertible), registration number B549 WUU. The car used was a Volante owned by Aston Martin Lagonda chairman [[Victor Gauntlett]]. Later, the car is fitted with a hardtop ("winterised") at [[Q Branch]], and these scenes feature a pair of non-Vantage V8 saloons, fitted with the same number plate as the initial car, but with Vantage badges now fitted to match the previous Vantage. The number plate B549 WUU was painted on the upper portion of [[Pierre Gasly]]'s [[Red Bull Racing RB15]]'s rear wing for the [[2019 British Grand Prix]].

The alterations and gadgets featured were:

* Police band radio
* Tyre spikes
* Rocket motor behind rear number plate
* Retractable outriggers
* Heat-seeking missiles behind front fog lights
* Lasers in front wheel hubcaps
* Bulletproof windows and body
* Self-destruct system

The car returns to the franchise in the film ''[[No Time to Die]]'' where James Bond drives it to return to MI6 and when he and Madeleine go to Norway to visit her childhood home as well as meeting Mathilde, her daughter. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/357547/aston-martin-v8-vantage-bond/|title = James Bond Shows off His Suave Aston Martin V8 Vantage}}</ref> At the end of the movie, the V8 Vantage would be driven by Madeleine Swann as she takes her daughter Mathilde to Matera and tells her the story of James Bond.

==In other films==
In the James Bond parody ''[[Johnny English Strikes Again]]'', Johnny English drives an Aston Martin V8 Vantage similar to the one used by James Bond, though it is colored red and less modified.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.v8vantage.com/index.htm |title=V8 Vantage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927143348/http://www.v8vantage.com/index.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |df=dmy }}
*{{cite book | author=Sujatha Menon, ed. | title=Super Cars, Classics of Their Time | publisher=Quintet Publishing | year=2004 | isbn=0-7607-6228-7 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/supercarsclassic0000unse }}
{{Refend}}

{{Aston Martin}}

[[Category:Aston Martin vehicles|V8 Vantage (1977)]]
[[Category:1970s cars]]
[[Category:1980s cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1977]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Grand tourers]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Muscle cars]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]

Pontiac Firebird

2021-11-15T05:09:29Z

Alvarowik: Add designer

{{short description|Car model}}
{{redirect|Firebird (car)|another series of prototype cars|General Motors Firebird}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Pontiac Firebird
| image = Trans Am Family.jpg
| caption = Second, third, and fourth generation of Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
| manufacturer = [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] ([[General Motors]])
| production = February 23, 1967 – August 30, 2002
| model_years = 1967 – 2002
| class = [[Pony car]] [[Muscle car]]
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|FR layout]]
}}

The '''Pontiac Firebird''' is an American automobile that was built and produced by [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] from the 1967 to 2002 model years. Designed as a [[pony car]] to compete with the [[Ford Mustang]], it was introduced on February 23, 1967, five months after [[General Motors|GM's]] [[Chevrolet]] division's [[automobile platform|platform-sharing]] [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]].<ref name="Red Book" /> This also coincided with the release of the 1967 [[Mercury Cougar]], Ford's upscale, platform-sharing version of the Mustang.<ref>{{cite web|title=1967 Cougar |url= http://www.musclecarfacts.com/mercury-cougar/383-1967-cougar |access-date=June 10, 2015 |publisher=Muscle Car Facts |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150610172036/http://www.musclecarfacts.com/mercury-cougar/383-1967-cougar |archive-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Montievo |first=Andrew |title=How the Mercury Cougar shaped today's luxury cars |url= http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/02/how-mercury-cougar-shaped-luxury-cars/ |magazine=Tech Gen Magazine |date=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

The name "Firebird" was also previously used by GM for the [[General Motors Firebird]] in the 1950s and early 1960s [[concept car]]s.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== First generation (1967–1969) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = Pontiac Firebird.jpg
| caption = 1967 Pontiac Firebird convertible
| production = February 23, 1967–1969
| engine = [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#230|{{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} Pontiac SOHC]] [[Straight-six engine|I6]] [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#250|{{cvt|250|CID|L}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#326|{{cvt|326|CID|L|1}} Pontiac]] [[V8 engine|V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{cvt|400|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]]
| transmission = 2-speed [[Super Turbine 300|automatic]] 3-speed [[Turbo-Hydramatic]] automatic 3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed manual
| assembly = [[Lordstown Assembly|Lordstown]], Ohio, United States (1967–1969) [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States (1968–1969) [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1969)
| wheelbase = {{convert|108.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| length = {{convert|188.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| width = {{convert|72.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| height = {{convert|51.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=148544 |title=1967 Pontiac Firebird Sprint Technical Specifications |website=Carfolio.com |access-date=November 29, 2011}}</ref>
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)]]
| designer = Jack Humbert<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/the-golden-age-of-pontiac/|title=The Golden Age of Pontiac|website=Hagerty|access-date=November 1, 2021|date=June 4, 2012|first1=Tony|last1=Hossain|first2=Jerry|last2=Burton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804142238/https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/the-golden-age-of-pontiac/|archive-date=August 4, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{see also|GM F platform#First Generation, 1967–1969}}
The first generation Firebird had characteristic [[Coke bottle styling]] shared with its cousin, the [[Chevrolet Camaro]]. Announcing a Pontiac styling trend, the Firebird's bumpers were integrated into the design of the front end, giving it a more streamlined look than the Camaro. The Firebird's rear "slit" taillights were inspired by the 1966–1967 [[Pontiac GTO]]. Both a two-door [[hardtop]] and a [[convertible]] were offered through the 1969 model year. Originally, the car was a "consolation prize" for Pontiac, which had desired to produce a two-seat sports car based on its original [[Pontiac Banshee|Banshee]] concept car. However, GM feared this would cut into [[Chevrolet Corvette]] sales, and gave Pontiac a piece of the "[[pony car]]" market through sharing the [[GM F platform|F-body]] platform with [[Chevrolet]].

The 1967 base model Firebird came equipped with the [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#Overhead cam|Pontiac {{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} SOHC inline-six]]. Based on the architecture of the standard
[[Chevrolet straight-6 engine#230|Chevrolet {{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} inline-six]], it was fitted with a one-barrel [[carburetor]] and rated at {{cvt|165|hp}}.<ref name="Red Book" /> The "Sprint" model six came with a four-barrel carburetor, developing {{cvt|215|hp}}.<ref name=Kowalke_oldCars>{{cite news|last=Kowalke|first=Ron|title=The Six-cylinder Firebird Sprint: Slouch or sleeper?|url= http://www.oldcarsweekly.com/features/bill-krause-1967-firebird-sprint |publisher=Old Cars Weekly |date=26 May 2010}}</ref> Most buyers opted for one of three [[Pontiac V8 engine|V8]]s: the {{cvt|326|CID|L|1}} with a two-barrel carburetor producing {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}; the four-barrel "HO" (high output) 326, producing {{cvt|285|hp}}; or the {{cvt|325|hp}} {{cvt|400|CID|L|1}} from the GTO. All 1967–1968 400 CI engines had throttle restrictors that blocked the carburetors' secondaries from fully opening.<ref name="Red Book" /> A "Ram Air" option was also available, providing functional hood scoops, higher flow heads with stronger valve springs, and a hotter [[camshaft]]. Power for the Ram Air package was the same as the conventional 400 HO, but peaked at 5,200 rpm.

The {{cvt|230|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engines were subsequently enlarged for 1968 to 250 cubic inches(4.1 liters), the base version developing an increased {{cvt|175|hp}} using a one-barrel carburetor, and the high-output Sprint version the same 215 hp with a four-barrel carburetor. Also for the 1968 model, the {{cvt|326|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engine was replaced by the [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|Pontiac {{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} V8]], which actually displaced {{cvt|354|CID|L|1}}, and produced {{cvt|265|hp}} with a two-barrel carburetor. An HO version of the {{cvt|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} with a revised cam was also offered starting in that year, which developed {{cvt|320|hp|0|abbr=}}. Power output of the other engines was increased marginally.<ref name="Red Book" />

There was an additional [[Ram-air intake|Ram Air]] IV option for the {{cvt|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine]]s during 1969, complementing the Ram Air 400(now often colloquially but incorrectly called the "Ram Air III," a name never used by Pontiac). The Ram Air IV was rated at {{convert|345|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5000 rpm and {{convert|430|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] at 3400 rpm;<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=224763|title=Pontiac Firebird Trans Am, 1970 MY 2887|website=Carfolio.com |date=2014-05-01| access-date= August 6, 2018}}</ref> and {{convert|335|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} respectively. The {{Convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} HO engine was revised again with a different cam and [[cylinder head]]s resulting in {{cvt|325|hp}}. During 1969 a special {{cvt|303|CID|L|1}} engine was designed for [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] road racing applications that was not available in production cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pontiac Firebird |url= https://musclecarclub.com/pontiac-firebird/ |website=Muscle Car Club |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

The styling difference from the 1967 to the 1968 model was the addition of [[Automotive lighting#Lateral|federally-mandated side marker lights]]: for the front of the car, the turn signals were made larger and extended to wrap around the front edges of the car, and on the rear, the Pontiac (V-shaped) Arrowhead logo was added to each side. The front door [[Quarter glass|vent-windows]] were replaced with a single pane of glass and Astro Ventilation, a fresh-air-inlet system. The 1969 model received a major [[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]] with a new front-end design but unlike the GTO, it did not have the Endura bumper. The instrument panel and steering wheel were revised. The ignition switch was moved from the dashboard to the steering column with the introduction of GM's new locking ignition switch/steering wheel.<ref name="Red Book" />

In March 1969, a US$1,083 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1083|1969}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} {{inflation-fn|US}})<ref>Hemmings Motor News, Terry Shea July 2013</ref> optional handling package called the "Trans Am performance and appearance package", UPC "WS4", named after the [[Trans Am Series]], was introduced. A total of 689 hardtops and eight convertibles were made.<ref name="Red Book" />

Due to engineering problems that delayed the introduction of the new 1970 Firebird beyond the usual fall debut, Pontiac continued production of 1969 model Firebirds into the early months of the 1970 model year (the other 1970 Pontiac models had been introduced on September 18, 1969). By late spring of 1969, Pontiac had deleted all model-year references on Firebird literature and promotional materials, anticipating the extended production run of the then-current 1969 models.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | Production totals<ref name="Red Book" />
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 250px; text-align: left;"| Model !! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1967<ref name="Buyer's Guide" >{{cite book |last= Gunnell |first= John A. |title= Illustrated Buyer's Guide, Firebird |edition=Third |publisher=MBI Publishing |date= 1998 | isbn=0-7603-0602-8}}</ref>!! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1968 !! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1969
|-
| Two-door hardtop coupe
|align="right" |67,032
|align="right" |90,152
|align="right" |75,362
|-
|-
| Two-door convertible
|align="right" |15,528
|align="right" |16,960
|align="right" |11,649
|-
| Two-door coupe Trans Am
|
|
|align="right" |689
|-
| Two-door convertible Trans Am
|
|
|align="right" |8
|-
| Total
|align="right" |82,560
|align="right" |107,112
|align="right" |87,708
|}

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
| 1967 ||''Std'' [[Pontiac_straight-6_engine#Overhead_cam|{{convert|230|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] {{cvt|165|hp}}||''W53'' "Sprint" 230 CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|215|hp}}||''L30'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#326|{{convert|326|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 326 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|285|hp}}||''W66'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|325|hp}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air V8 {{cvt|325|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1968 || rowspan="2" |''Std'' [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#250|{{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] {{cvt|175|hp}}||''W53'' "Sprint" 250CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|215|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L30'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|265|hp}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|320|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''W66'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air V8 {{cvt|335|hp}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|335|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air II V8 {{cvt|340|hp|0|abbr=}}{{refn|group=a|On March 1, 1968, the '''L67''' 400CID Ram Air engine was deleted as an option and replaced with the same named ''L67'' 400CID Ram Air II engine. The new L67 was rated at {{cvt|340|hp}}, with revised cylinder heads that included round exhaust ports. The pistons and crankshaft were of forged construction and it included a higher lift cam with a more durable valvetrain.<ref name="Red Book" />}}
|-
| 1969 ||''W53'' "Sprint" 250 CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac "HO" V8 {{cvt|325|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac "HO" Ram Air 400 V8 {{cvt|335|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|345|hp}}
|}<ref name="Red Book" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Pontiac Firebird 400 Convertible 1967.jpg|1967 Pontiac Firebird 400 convertible
File:1968 Pontiac Firebird 400, Dutch licence registration DM-57-71 p1.jpg|1968 Pontiac Firebird convertible 400 Ram Air with the optional hood tach
File:Gen1TAs.jpg|1969 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
</gallery>

{{clear}}

== Second generation (1970–1981) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (second generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = 70s Firebird.jpg
| caption = 1974 Firebird Trans Am
| production = 1970–1981
| engine = [[Buick V6 engine#231|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick V6]] [[Chevrolet straight-6 engine#250|{{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet I6]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#265|{{convert|265|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac 301 Turbo|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac turbo V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG3|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet LG3 V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet LG4 V8]] [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8}} [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LM1|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8}} [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]
| transmission = 3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed manual 2-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 3-speed automatic
| assembly = [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States (1970–1971, 1978–1981) [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1970–1981)
| wheelbase = {{convert|108.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.78ta.com/specs1978.php|title=Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site|website=78ta.com|access-date=October 3, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204051520/http://www.78ta.com/specs1978.php|archive-date=December 4, 2010}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|196.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| width = {{convert|73.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| height = {{convert|49.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (second generation)]]
| designer = Bill Porter<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.deansgarage.com/2012/an-interview-in-2000-with-bill-porter-about-pontiac-design-in-the-60s/| title=An interview in 2000 with Bill Porter about Pontiac design in the '60s| website=Dean's garage| first=Eric| last=Peters| date=July 31, 2012| access-date=November 11, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530002033/http://www.deansgarage.com/2012/an-interview-in-2000-with-bill-porter-about-pontiac-design-in-the-60s/| archive-date=May 30, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.williamlporter.com/about.html| title=Automotive Industry Museum Adviser| website=williamlporter.com| first=William L.| last=Porter| access-date=November 11, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812051722/https://www.williamlporter.com/about.html| archive-date=August 12, 2018| url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{see also|GM F platform#Second Generation, 1970–1981}}

The second-generation debut for the 1970 model year was delayed until February 26, 1970, because of tooling and engineering problems; thus, its popular designation as a 1970½ model, while leftover 1969s were listed in early Pontiac literature without a model-year identification.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1970-pontiac-firebird.htm |title=1970s Pontiac Firebird |author=Editors of Publications International |website=auto.howstuffworks.com |date=December 21, 2007 |access-date=February 27, 2011}}</ref> This generation of Firebirds were available in coupe form only; after the 1969 model year, convertibles were not available until 1989.

Replacing the "Coke bottle" styling was a more "swoopy" body style, while still retaining some traditional elements. The top of the rear window line going almost straight down to the lip of the trunk lid, a look that was to epitomize F-body styling for the longest period during the Firebird's lifetime. The new design was initially characterized by a large [[Pillar (car)|B-pillar]], until 1975 when the rear window was enlarged.

'''Models'''
*Firebird
*Firebird Esprit
*Firebird Formula
*Firebird Trans Am

'''Special/Limited Editions and appearance packages'''
*Formula appearance package (RPO W50, 1976–1981)<ref name="Red Book" />
*50th Anniversary limited edition (2,590 units, RPO Y82, 1976)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Special Edition appearance package, black with gold pinstriping (RPO Y82 1977–1978, RPO Y84 1978–1981)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Sky Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W60, 1977–1978)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Red Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W68, 1978–1979)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Yellow Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W73, 1980)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Special Edition appearance package, gold with brown pinstriping (8,666 units, RPO Y88, 1978)<ref name="Red Book" />
*10th Anniversary Trans Am (TATA) limited edition (7,500 units, RPO Y89, 1979)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Turbo Trans Am Indianapolis pace car limited edition (5,700 units, RPO Y85, 1980)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Turbo Trans Am "Daytona 500" pace car limited edition (2,000 units, RPO Y85, 1981)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.78ta.com/special.php |title=Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site – special edition |website=78ta.com |access-date=October 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100925235914/http://www.78ta.com/special.php |archive-date=September 25, 2010 }}</ref>
*Macho Trans Am (offered by the Mecham Pontiac [[Car dealership|dealership]] in Glendale, AZ) (~400 units, 1977-1980).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mechamperformance.com/m_docs/dkm.html |title=Mecham Design Performance |website=mechamperformance.com |access-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref>
*Fire Am (Firebird American) offered by Herb Adams/VSE (~200 units, 1976-1981) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/hppp-0703-pontiac-firebird-fire-am/|title = Pontiac Firebird Vintage Tuner Cars - High Performance Pontiac Magazine|date = 20 December 2006}}</ref>

===1970===
The first year of the second generation Firebird began offering a wider array of model subtypes, and marked the appearance of the Firebird Esprit, and the Firebird Formula. The Firebird Esprit was offered as a luxury model that came with appearance options, the deluxe interior package and a Pontiac 350 as standard equipment. The Formula was advertised as a cost-effective alternative to the Trans Am, and could be ordered with all the options available to the Trans Am with the exception being the fender flares, shaker scoop and fender heat extractors.

The base model Firebird came equipped with a {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} inline-six. The Firebird Esprit and the Firebird Formula came standard with the {{convert|255|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}. The Esprit could be upgraded to a two barrel carbureted {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}{{convert|265|hp|abbr=on}}, while the Formula could be optioned to receive the L78 4 barrel 400 that produced {{convert|330|hp|abbr=on}} or the L74 Ram Air III 400 {{convert|345|hp|abbr=on}}. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1970Engines.aspx</ref>

There were two [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|Ram Air]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}]] engines available for the 1970 Trans Am: the {{convert|335|hp|abbr=on}} L74 [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air 400|Ram Air III 400]] ({{convert|366|hp|abbr=on}} in the GTO) and the {{convert|345|hp|abbr=on}} L67 [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air IV|Ram Air IV]] ({{convert|370|hp|abbr=on}} in the GTO) that were carried over from 1969. The Ram Air IV was exclusive to the Trans Am, and could not be ordered on any of the lower Firebird models. The difference between the GTO and Firebird engines was that the secondary carburetor's throttle linkage had a restrictor which prevented the rear barrels from opening completely,<ref name="Red Book"/> adjusting the linkage could allow full carburetor operation resulting in identical engine performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/1970-gto-ram-air-iv-exception-to-the-rule/|title=1970 GTO Ram Air IV - Exception to the Rule|date=17 December 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/sorting-pontiac-ram-air-engines/|title = Sorting through Pontiac's Ram Air engine production|date = 9 January 2018}}</ref>

For the 1970 and 1971 model years, all Firebirds equipped with radios had the antennae mounted "in-glass" in the windshield.<ref name="Red Book" />

===1971===

The 1971 model year had a few minor changes to the Firebird. Fenders across all models now featured a one year only exhaust vent seen on the lower half of the fenders. The interior options also changed to the newer style collared bucket seats in the deluxe interior, and the previous year's seats with the headrest where no longer available. The rear seat console was introduced as an option, and Honeycomb wheels became available for all Firebirds.

1971 saw changes to the way the engines were rated from factory. GM mandated that engines no longer use net horsepower ratings and to use the gross power ratings to help alleviate the rising cost of insurance for performance vehicles. The compression ration was also lowered for some of the models, de-tuning the power rating for some of the motors as part of new requirements for low-leaded fuels, however, the engine options remained mostly unchanged from 1970. As the limit for the compression ratio was lowered, this allowed for larger displacement motors to become available. The 455 was now available for the Firebird in two configurations. The 455 engine was available in the L75 {{convert|325|hp|abbr=on}} version and the LS5 {{convert|335|hp|abbr=on}} HO version. Both the 455 and 455 HO were available as engine options for the Firebird Formula, but the Trans Am received the 455 HO as standard equipment. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1971Engines.aspx</ref>

===1972===
[[File:'71 Pontiac Trans Am (Cruisin' At The Boardwalk '10).jpg|thumb|right|1972 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am]]

During a 1972 strike, the Firebird (and the similar [[GM F platform|F-body]] [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]]) were nearly dropped.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flory |first=J. Kelly |title=American Cars, 1960–1972: Every Model, Year by Year |url= https://archive.org/details/americancarsever00flor_944 |url-access=limited | publisher=McFarland |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7864-1273-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americancarsever00flor_944/page/n886 881]}}</ref>

1972 saw very few significant changes to the model year. One discernible difference that can be used to differentiate a 1972 Firebird from the other 1970-73 Firebirds is the hexagonal honeycomb grille insert on the nose of the vehicle. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1972Facts.aspx|title = 1972 Firebird and Trans Am Fact Sheet|date = 2 November 2021}}</ref>

Engine options remained mostly unchained again, however, the L75 455 engine was dropped, but the LS5 455 HO remained available as an option for the Formula and standard for the Trans Am. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1972Engines.aspx</ref> Pontiac had apparently advertised the 1972 455 HO motor as de-tuned to 300hp to appease concerns about insurance costs for higher output performance vehicles, but the motor was unchanged from 1971. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1972home.aspx|title = 1972 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

Starting in 1972, and continuing until 1977, the Firebird was only produced at the [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood, Ohio]], facility.<ref name="Red Book" />

===1973===

In 1973, the Trans Am added two new colors to the Cameo White, Buccaneer Red and Brewster Green. Other exterior upgrades included the revised nosecone Firebird decal and the new, soon to be iconic, hood bird decal. This option (RPO WW7) was a pay extra $55 option exclusive to Trans Am. The "Trans Am" decals were slightly larger than previous versions, and shared the same color schemes as the hood decal.

Inside the Firebird the standard interior equipment was almost identical to prior years. The new "horse collar" optional custom interior featured new seat coverings and door panels. Interior colors were limited to black, white, burgundy and saddle but orange, red and blue carpet could be specially ordered to any of the combination.

The 1973 model line introduced "radial tuned suspension" for the Trans Am. When ordered, it included the 15-inch radial tires. Radial tuned suspension with radial tires delivered a much more comfortable ride, while providing improved cornering grip. Radial tires where just coming onto the market and Pontiac's engineering department then implemented RTS as a standard feature for the Trans Am model line.

The Firebird also had to meet the new safety and emissions requirements for 1973. There were now extra steel reinforcements in the bumper and core to support the fender. All Pontiac motors now had to be fitted with new EGR system, which delayed the SD-455 Program until late into production year.

The 1973 Trans Am engine displaced 455 cubic inches, with the two options being the base L75 and Super Duty LS2. The base 455 produced 40 fewer horsepower than the round port Super Duty 455. Horsepower for the base L75 455 was rated at 250 at 4,000 rpm and 370 lb/ft at 2,800 rpm. Pontiac removed the "HO" designation from the base engine, and simply labelled the now non-functional shaker with "455".

In 1973 and 1974, a special version of the 455, called the "Super Duty 455" (SD-455), was offered. The SD-455 consisted of a strengthened cylinder block that included four-bolt main bearings and added material in various locations for improved strength. Original plans called for a forged [[crankshaft]], although actual production SD455s received nodular iron crankshafts with minor enhancements. Forged rods and forged aluminium [[piston]]s were specified, as were unique high-flow cylinder heads. These motors wore the "SD-455" shaker callout and also featured a decal on the driver's side valve cover with oil specifications. These "hand assembled" engines were developed to withstand aftermarket modifications and operate at a higher RPM range when contrasted with the L75. Horsepower for the LS2 SD-455 was rated at 290 at 4,000 rpm and 395 lb/ft at 3,600 rpm.

The 1973 Trans Am production was up over previous years, the L75 455 production had 3,130 automatics and 1,420 manuals. The special ordered $550 option LS2 SD-455 production had 180 automatics and 72 manuals.

The 480737 code cam (identical grind to the RAIV "041" cam) was originally specified for the SD455 engine and was fitted into the "pre-production" test cars , one of which was tested by both ''Hot Rod'' and ''Car and Driver'' magazines. However, actual production cars were fitted with the milder 493323 cam and 1.5:1 rocker ratios, due to the ever-tightening emissions standards of the era. This cam and rocker combination, combined with a low compression ratio of 8.4:1 advertised (7.9:1 actual) yielded 290 SAE net horsepower. Production SD455 cars did not have functional hood scoops, while the "pre-production" test cars did.

McCully verified that no production SD455s released to the public were fitted with the 480737 cam. When asked about the compromises for the production SD455 engine, McCully responded, "Compression, camshaft, jetting, and vacuum advance". He followed by stating that he would have preferred a [[compression ratio]] of 10.25:1, a camshaft with 041 valve timing, slightly richer carburettor jetting, and as much vacuum advance as the engine would tolerate. However, that proved to be impossible due to the emissions regulations of the era.

===1974===
[[File:74bird.jpg|thumb|right|1974 Pontiac Firebird Formula]]

Curb weights rose dramatically in the 1974 model year because of the implementation of {{convert|5|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} telescoping bumpers and various other crash- and safety-related structural enhancements; SD455 Trans Ams weighed in at {{convert|3850|lb|0|abbr=on}} in their first year of production (1974 model year; actually 1973).

The 1974 models featured a redesigned "shovel-nose" front end and new wide "slotted" taillights. The 400, 455, and SD-455 engines were offered in the Trans Am and Formula models during 1974. A June 1974 test of a newly delivered, privately owned SD-455 Trans Am. This appeared in ''Super Stock and Drag Illustrated''. With an unmodified car and a test weight of 4,010 lbs the testers clocked 14.25 seconds at 101 mph. The car had an automatic and A/C.<ref>Super Stock and Drag Illustrated June 1974</ref> Also, the factory rating of 290 hp was listed at 4,400 rpm while the factory tachometer has a 5,750 rpm redline. A production line stock 1974 SD455 produced 253 rear wheel HP on a chassis dyno, as reported by ''High Performance Pontiac'' magazine (January 2007). This is also consistent with the 290 SAE net horsepower factory rating (as measured at the crankshaft).

A 1974 Firebird was driven by [[Jim Rockford (television character)|Jim Rockford]] in the pilot movie and the first season (1974–1975) of ''[[The Rockford Files]]''; every following season, Rockford would change to the next model year. However, in the sixth season (1979–1980), Rockford continued to drive the 1978 Firebird from season five, as the star, [[James Garner]], disliked the 1979 model's restyled front end. The cars in the show were badged as lower-tier Esprit models but were Formulas with the twin-scoop hood replaced with a scoopless one. Another hint was the twin exhausts and rear anti-roll bars that were not used on the Esprit.

===1975===
The 1975 models featured a new wraparound rear window that curved out to occupy more of the B-Pillar, but the rear body shape and bumper remained unchanged. The turn signals were moved up from the valance panel to the grills which helped distinguish the 1975 from the 1974 front end as they are relatively the similar. This was also the last year of the larger profile larger snout Formula hood for the Firebird Formula.

The Super Duty engine and TurboHydramatic 400 3-speed automatic were no longer available in 1975. Due to the use of catalytic converters starting in 1975, the TH400 would not fit alongside the catalytic converter underneath the vehicle. The smaller TurboHydramatic 350 automatic was deemed suitable as the power output for the motors had significantly decreased from the earlier years. TH350 drew less power from the motor, and also did not require an electronic kickdown system. The Pontiac L78 400 was standard in the Trans Am and the 455 was optional for both 1975 and 1976 models.

1975 also saw the start of the "500577" cast 400 engine blocks enter production. The 500577 cast blocks were considered a weaker cast, as the motors had a weaker nickel content and had metal shaved off in the lower journals of the motor to decrease the overall weight, cost and emissions from the motor in an attempt to appease the tightening smog restrictions. These blocks became the norm up until the W72 motor reverted to the original specifications from the start of the decade with the 481988 cast in late 1977.

Originally, the L75 455 7.5L V8 was dropped entirely, but public demand saw the 455 return mid-year, available only with a 4-speed Borg Warner Super T-10, and it was no longer available for the Formula. Although it was brought back as the "455 H.O", it was not the same motor as the 1971-72 LS2 455 HO seen in the earlier Firebirds. The motor was a standard D-port engine with a very low profile camshaft and restrictive exhaust system that was also seen in the larger body Pontiac platforms. The power output was restricted to 200HP with a torque rating of 330lb⋅ft at 2000rpm. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1975home.aspx|title = 1975 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref> This resulted in a very critical response to the "HO" moniker being used on a station wagon motor by critics at the time. However, when later contrasted to what other performance vehicles were available on the market, it was the largest displacement "performance" motor still available that could easily produce more power with basic modifications. Track testing in 1975 showed the 455 received a 16.12 second quarter mile time, which was on par with the only other competition, the L82 Corvette. <ref>https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/unsung-muscle-75-455-ho-pontiac-trans-am</ref>

===1976===
[[File:400ci Pontiac.JPG|thumb|A 1976 Pontiac L78 400CID V8]]

Pontiac celebrated its 50th anniversary year in 1976.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flory Jr. |first=J. Kelly |title=American Cars, 1973–1980: Every Model, Year by Year |year=2012 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786443529 |page=530 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PV1uzCfmJDgC&q=1976+Pontiac%27s+50th+anniversary+year&pg=PA530 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> To commemorate this event, Pontiac unveiled a special Trans Am option at the 1976 [[Chicago Auto Show]].<ref name="Newhardt-57">{{cite book|last=Newhardt |first=David |title=Firebird Trans Am |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=9781610609289 |page=57 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O4TXRK-juZgC&q=commemorate+this+important+event,+Pontiac+unveiled+a+special+Trans+Am+option+at+the+1976+Chicago+Auto+Show&pg=PA57 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> Painted in black with gold accents, this was the first "anniversary" Trans Am package and the first production black and gold special edition. A removable [[T-top]] developed by [[Hurst Performance|Hurst]] was set to be included on all Y82 LE T/As, but proved problematic in installation and quality control, leading some Y82s to not be delivered with the Hurst T-top roof. All Hurst T-top equipped cars were built at the Norwood, Ohio, factory. It became an available option for other Firebirds in 1977.<ref name="Newhardt-57"/>

1976 marked the end of the Pontiac L75 7.5 liter 455 V8, as it could no longer meet the tightening emissions restrictions and the "HO" moniker used the year prior was dropped. The L75 was only available with a four-speed manual Borg Warner Super T-10, and was exclusive to the Trans Am.

1976 also introduced the "W50 appearance package" for the Formula model line, consisting of a two-tone appearance package with lower accents across the bottom of the body, a large "Formula" decal across the bottom of each door, and a "Firebird" decal on the rear spoiler.

===1977===
[[File:Pontiac Trans Am 1977.jpg|thumb|A 1977 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am with an early low-profile shaker.]]

The Firebird received it's most recognizable front end for the 1977 model year. The shaker scoop was also revised for this year, with the early 1977-built T/As coming with off-center, lower-profile shaker scoops. The Formula hood was changed for the last time for the second generation with a much lower profile. The snowflake wheel became an option for all Firebirds and was standard with the Y82 appearance package, although it could be replaced with Rally II wheels as a credit option. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1977home.aspx|title = 1977 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

For the Esprit, an optional appearance package RPO W60 called the "Skybird appearance package" became available, featuring an all blue exterior and interior. This package was originally slated to be called the "Bluebird" similar to the "Yellowbird" and "Redbird" packages to follow in the upcoming model years, but the name was already in use for a company that produced school buses. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firebirdtransamparts.com/redsky/ladybirds.htm#77|title = Hoghead's Ladybird Page}}</ref>

In 1977, General Motors began to source a larger selection of V8 motors to supply in the lower model Firebirds, and the Oldsmobile 350 V8 as well as the Chevrolet 350 V8 became options for the Firebird, Esprit, and Formula. This was the first time GM had required Pontiac to source another V8 motor to supply in its Firebird model line, as previously, the Chevrolet inline six was the only other outsourced motor seen in a Firebird. This marked the beginning of the end for Pontiac's engine development.

The Trans Am had now three different engine options to chose from, the standard Pontiac L78 400, the optional extra cost Pontiac W72 400, and the Oldsmobile-sourced L80 403. 1977 also saw the cubic inch metrics on the shaker dropped in favour of the displacement of the cylinders. The shakers now wore the decal "6.6 Litre" for all L78 Pontiac 400 and L80 Oldsmobile 403 motors. Only the optional W72 Pontiac 400 received the "T/A 6.6" decal. Many reproduction decal kits for Firebirds often did not include the "6.6 Litre" decal, which is why many Firebirds today bear the incorrect decal on the shaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitmantransam.com/Pages/ta66.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site T/A 6.6 or 6.6 Litre}}</ref>

As Pontiac had lost the 455 in the previous model year, they offered a modified 400 Pontiac V8 dubbed the "T/A 6.6" [[Regular Production Option|RPO]] W72 with a single four-barrel 800CFM Rochester Quadrajet carburettor rated at {{convert|200|bhp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,600 rpm and a maximum [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] of {{convert|325|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 2,400 rpm, as opposed to the regular 6.6 Litre 400 (RPO L78) rated at {{convert|180|hp|abbr=on|0}}. The T/A 6.6 equipped engines had chrome valve covers, while the base 400 engines had painted valve covers. For 1977, the W72 shared the same air cleaner and shared the same 500577 cast block as the L78, but received the 6x4 heads, whereas the L78 only received the 6x8 heads. The 6x4 heads were used on early Pontiac 350 blocks that helped increase the compression, and also had hardened valve seats for a higher RPM operating range. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.78ta.com/Pages/w72.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site - W72 Pontiac 400}}</ref>

The Oldsmobile 403 was implemented as the 400 Pontiac could not satisfy emissions requirements for high-altitude states and California. Wanting to still offer a 6.6 litre option for the Trans Am, the 403 Olds was seen as a suitable replacement as when equipped with an A.I.R emissions system, it could satisfy the emissions criteria for these states and still offer the power the Trans Am was known for. The L80 Oldsmobile had slightly more power than the standard L78 Pontiac 400 at 185hp (138kW) and offered the same low end torque of 320 lb⋅ft (430 N⋅m) at a more useable operating range of 2,200rpm. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1977Engines.aspx</ref>

From 1977 to 1981, the Firebird used four square headlamps, while the Camaro continued to retain the two round headlights that had been shared by both second-generation designs. The 1977 Trans-Am special edition became famous after being featured in ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. The 1980 turbo model was used for ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]''.

===1978===

Changes for 1978 were slight, with a switch from a honeycomb to a crosshatch pattern grille being the most notable change to the body style. The decals for the standard Trans Ams changed from the "looping style" lettering to the "block-style" font that would remain on the Firebird until the end of the second generation. <ref name=HBG1>{{citation | url = http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2011/08/01/hmn_buyers_guide1.html |title=1977–'78 Pontiac Firebird Formula |work =Buyer's Guide from Hemmings Muscle Machines |first=David Traver |last=Adolphus |date=August 2011 }}</ref> T-tops in 1978 transitioned from Hurst units to Fisher (GM) in mid-year. Pontiac also introduced the Red Bird package on the Firebird Esprit model. Painted in Roman red with a matching deluxe red interior, it demonstrated gold accents with a unique Red Bird graphic on the b-pillars. It also included a Formula steering wheel with gold spokes and gold dash bezel, similar to the ones included in Special Edition package, however, the red and gold steering wheel was exclusive to the Red Bird Esprit. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firebirdtransamparts.com/redsky/ladybirds.htm#78red|title = Hoghead's Ladybird Page}}</ref>

The W72 engine option also saw a revision to the camshaft duration and the tuning of the Rochester Quadrajet which lead to a 10% increase of horsepower from the following year, bringing the total to 220hp. Additionally, the earlier stronger and more durable 481988 cast block returned on the W72, denoted with a large "XX" cast protruding off side of the block near the cast code. The WS6 special performance package developed by Herb Adams was introduced as a handling option for the Trans Am, including a larger diameter rear sway bar, tighter ration steering box, 15x8 snowflake wheels, additional frame bracing, as well as other suspension changes. Delays in manufacturing prevented the rear disc brake (RPO J65) from being available on the 1978 model year. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitmantransam.com/Pages/ws6ws7.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site - WS6 and WS7}}</ref> Approximately 25% of Trans Ams in 1978 had the WS6 option according to Pontiac sales information at the start of 1979.

===1979===
[[File:Pair of 1979 Pontiac Firebird Trans AMs.jpg|thumb|Two late 70's Trans Am's, in T-top and coupe versions. Note: No Firebird was ever offered factory in Right Hand Drive Configuration]]

The front end was restyled for 1979, which also marked the 10th anniversary of the Trans Am. For 1979, there were three possible engine options. The L80 Oldsmobile 403ci motor became the standard motor and was only available with the TH350 3-speed automatic. The W72 was available for a short period and in limited supply. This was the last of the line for the Pontiac large displacement V8 engines, and only available with the Borg Warner Super T-10, also requiring the WS6 handling package as mandatory equipment in conjunction with this driveline choice. As an alternative option for customers who wanted a four-speed transmission, the smaller displacement Pontiac L37 301 4.9 liter V8 was offered as a credit option and could come equipped with either the ST-10 or TH350. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1979Engines.aspx</ref>

A limited-edition anniversary package was made available: platinum silver paint with charcoal gray upper paint accents and mirrored T-tops, and a special interior featuring silver leather seats with custom-embroidered Firebird emblems and aircraft-inspired red lighting for the gauges. The 10th-anniversary cars also featured special 10th-anniversary decals, including a Firebird hood decal that extended off of the hood and onto the front fenders. Pontiac produced 7,500 10th anniversary cars, of which 1,817 were equipped with the high-output Pontiac T/A 6.6 W72 400 engine. Two 10th anniversary Trans Ams were the actual pace cars for the 1979 Daytona 500, which has been called the race that made NASCAR. ''Car and Driver'' magazine named the Trans Am with the WS6 performance package the best handling car of 1979. During period dyno testing, the National Hot Rod Association rated the limited-availability T/A 6.6 high-output Pontiac 400 engine at 260–280 net horsepower, which was significantly higher than Pontiac's conservative rating of 220 hp. In 1979 Pontiac sold 116,535 Trans Ams, the highest sold in a year.

===1980===
In 1980, ever-increasing emissions restrictions led Pontiac to drop all of its large-displacement engines.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtzK7Hm77sUC&pg=PA20|title=Automotive Atrocities: Cars You Love to Hate|last=Peters|first=Eric|page=20|isbn=9780760317877|year=2004}}</ref> 1980 therefore saw the biggest engine changes for the Trans Am. The [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|301]], offered in 1979 as a credit option, was now the standard engine. No manual transmission was available for the Formula or Trans Am in 1980, all received the 3-speed automatic Turbo Hydramatic 350. Engine options included a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] 301 or the [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|Chevrolet 305]] small block. The turbocharged 301 used a Garrett TB305 turbo attached to a single Rochester Quadrajet four-barrel carburettor and featured a hood mounted "boost" gauge that would light up as the TB305 accumulated boost. The hood of the 301T equipped Firebirds had a large offset bulge to accommodate for the mounting position of the carburettor on the motor as the turbocharger exhaust occupied a large amount of space in the engine bay. The 301T set up was relatively primitive new technology at the time of its development and could not properly maximise the efficiency of the turbocharged set-up. The 301T equipped T/A's were restricted to an automatic transmission and a 3.08 rear differential ratio, but were seen as a disappointment contrasted to the venerable W72 400 available just a year prior. Some owners have claimed quite reasonable performance numbers with the modern fuels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oldcarmemories.com/1980-1981-pontiac-trans-turbo-4-9l-v8-better-think/ | title=1980-1981 Pontiac Trans Am Turbo 4.9L V8 - It's Better Than You Think| date=2018-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.2gta.com/1980ta.html |title = 1980 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am}}</ref>

A 1980 turbo Trans Am was featured in the movie ''Smokey and the Bandit II'', but was fitted with [[nitrous oxide]] tanks by Marvin Miller Systems to get the desired performance.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transam.me/y84_info.html |title =Y84 Special Edition TRANS AM Info |work=transam.me |date=2017 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

===1981===
[[File:1981 Pontiac Trans Am 1.jpg|thumb|right|1981 Pontiac Firebird Turbo Trans Am]]

1981 became the final year for the second generation Pontiac Firebird. The three engine options were unchanged for the model line-up, however, the option for a four-speed Borg Warner Super T-10 was re-introduced for the Formula and Trans Am, but was only available with the Chevrolet sourced LG4 305 5.0 liter V8. As with all other General Motors vehicles for 1981, all engines came equipped with the "computer command control" system attached to the carburettor. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1981home.aspx|title = 1981 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oldcarmemories.com/1981-pontiac-trans-am-5-0-liter-glimpse-into-the-future/|title = 1981 Pontiac Trans Am 5.0 Liter - Glimpse into the Future|date = 23 October 2012}}</ref>

The hood decal for the 1981 model year was also slightly restyled. All Firebirds also received an embossed silver Firebird decal on the petrol tank cap attached to the rear taillights. On the special edition Trans Ams, this Firebird was gold.

The G80 limited slip differential that was previously standard for the last decade on all Trans Ams became a pay-extra option. This decision was made by Pontiac to prepare dealers for the new ordering and pricing for the third generation Firebird where the G80 was no longer being included as a standard option for the Trans Am.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
| 1970 ||''Std'' [[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#250|{{cvt|250|CID|L|1}} Chevrolet I6]] {{cvt|155|hp|lk=on}}||''Esprit std'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{cvt|350|CID|L}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|255|hp}}||''346'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{cvt|400|CID|L}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|265|hp}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air 400 V8 {{cvt|345|hp}}||400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|370|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' (T/A std) 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|335|hp}}||''LS1'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|345|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1971 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 155 hp ([[Horsepower#Brake horsepower (bhp)|bhp]]){{refn|group=a|In 1971, General Motors changed from posting [[brake horsepower]], which is measured at the engine, to [[net horsepower]], measured at the wheels.<ref name="Red Book" />}} {{cvt|110|hp}} ([[Horsepower#Wheel horsepower (bhp)|whp]])||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}} (bhp) {{cvt|165|hp}} (whp)||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 265 hp (bhp) {{cvt|180|hp|0|abbr=}} (whp)||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}} (bhp) {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}} (whp)||''L75'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|325|hp}} (bhp) 255 hp (whp)||''LS5'' 455 CID Pontiac "HO" Ram Air IV V8 335 hp (bhp) {{cvt|305|hp}} (whp)
|-
| 1972 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 110 hp|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|175|hp}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS5'' 455 CID Pontiac "HO" V8 {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1973 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 {{cvt|100|hp}}|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|150|–|175|hp}}{{refn|group=a|name="trans"|The lower rating is for a car equipped with an [[automatic transmissions]], the higher rating is for a car equipped with a [[manual transmission]].<ref name="Red Book" />}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|170|–|185|hp}}{{refn|group=a|name=trans}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L75'' 455 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS2'' 455 CID Pontiac "SD" V8 {{cvt|290–310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}{{refn|group=a|Early engines were rated at 310 hp but due to internal changes, primarily with the [[camshaft]], the rating was dropped to 290 hp, these changes were made to meet emissions standards.<ref name="Red Book" />}}
|-
| 1974 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 100 hp|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|155|–|170|hp}}{{refn|group=a|The 170hp engine was standard on the Esprit and Formula models.<ref name="Red Book" />}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS2'' 455 CID Pontiac "SD" V8 {{cvt|290|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1975 || rowspan="2" |''L22'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 100 hp||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|155|hp||abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|175|hp||abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|185|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |''L75'' 455 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{refn|group=a|Indroduced midyear.<ref name="Red Book" />}}{{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1976 ||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|160|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|165|hp}}
|-
| 1977 ||''LD'' [[Buick V6 engine#231|{{cvt|231|CID|L|1}} Buick V6]] {{cvt|105|hp}}||''L27'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{cvt|301|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|135|hp}}||''L34'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|350 CID Oldsmobile V8]] {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|180|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{cvt|403|CID|L|1}} Oldsmobile V8]] {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1978 || rowspan="3" |''LD5'' {{cvt|231|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Buick V6{{refn|group=a|In 1978 GM switched to referencing their engince displacement in metric terms.<ref name="Red Book" />}} 105 hp||''LG3'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG3|{{cvt|305|CID|L|1|order=flip}} 5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|135|hp}}||''LM1'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LM1|{{cvt|350|CID|L|1|order=flip}} V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8| [[Chevrolet V8 engine#350|Chevrolet 350]], [[VIN]] code "L", [[Buick V8 engine#350|Buick 350]], VIN code "X", and [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|Oldsmobile 350]], VIN code "R", engines were all used.<ref name="Red Book" />}} {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' {{cvt|400|CID|L|order=flip}} Pontiac V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 6.6 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' {{cvt|403|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Oldsmobile V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1979 ||''L27'' {{cvt|301|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Pontiac V8 {{cvt|135|hp}}||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LG3'' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|135 or 150|hp||abbr=}}||''LM1'' 5.7 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 6.6 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' 6.6 L Oldsmobile V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1980 ||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|140|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 4.9 L Pontiac E/C V8 {{cvt|155|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LU8'' [[Pontiac 301 Turbo|4.9 L Pontiac Turbo V8]] {{cvt|210|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''LG4'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1981 ||''LD5'' 3.8 L Buick V6||''LS5'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#265|{{cvt|265|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|140|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac E/C V8 {{cvt|155|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LU8'' 4.9 L Pontiac Turbo V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}
|}
<ref name="Red Book">{{cite book|last=Sessler |first=Peter C. |title=Firebird Red Book – Pontiac Firebird from 1967 |publisher=Motorbooks International |location=Osceola, Wisconsin |date=1992 |isbn=0879385685 }}</ref>

===Production totals===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Model year !! Total<ref name="Red Book" />
|-
| 1970 || 48,739
|-
| 1971 || 53,125
|-
| 1972 || 29,951
|-
| 1973 || 46,313
|-
| 1974 || 73,729
|-
| 1975 || 84,063
|-
| 1976 || 110,775
|-
| 1977 || 155,735
|-
| 1978 || 187,294
|-
| 1979 || 211,453
|-
| 1980 || 107,340
|-
| 1981 || 70,899
|}
{{clear}}

== Third generation (1982–1992) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (third generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = 20th Anniversary Turbo TransAm Convertible august 2009 9,000 original miles.png
| caption = 1989 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am convertible
| production = 1982–1992
| engine = [[Iron Duke engine|{{convert|151|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#Longitudinal|{{convert|173|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} GM 60°]] [[V6 engine|V6]] [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LH0|{{convert|191|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} GM 60° V6]] [[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet]] [[V8 engine|V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]]
| transmission = 3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed automatic 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed manual
| assembly = [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1982–1987)
| wheelbase = {{convert|101|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1990–92 Firebird: {{convert|195.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1990–92 Trans Am: {{convert|195.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Pre-1988 Firebird: {{convert|190.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Pre-1988 Trans Am: {{convert|191.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|72.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|49.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[liftback]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (third generation)]]
| designer = [[Jerry Palmer]], Bill Porter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.corvettemuseum.org/learn/about-corvette/corvette-hall-of-fame/jerry-palmer/|title=JERRY PALMER – GM/CHEVROLET – 2000 CORVETTE HALL OF FAME|publisher=Corvette Museum}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20111031/CHEVY100/310319934/chevrolet-camaro-from-challenger-to-champion|title=Chevrolet Camaro: From challenger to champion|author=Gary Witzenburg|date=2011-10-31|publisher=Automotive News}}</ref>
}}
[[File:1989 Pontiac Trans Am Firebird GTA.png|thumb|1989 Pontiac Trans Am Firebird GTA]]
[[File:3rd-Pontiac-Firebird-convertible.jpg|thumb|1991 Firebird convertible with restyled nose]]

The availability and cost of gasoline (two fuel crises had occurred by this time) meant the weight and the fuel consumption of the third generation had to be considered in the design. In F-body development, both the third generation Firebird and Camaro were proposed as possible front-wheel-drive platforms, but the idea was scrapped. Computerized engine management was in its infancy, and with fuel efficiency being the primary objective, it was not possible to have high horsepower and torque numbers. They did manage to cut enough weight from the design so that acceleration performance would be better than the 1981 models. They also succeeded in reducing fuel consumption, offering a four-cylinder Firebird that would provide {{convert|34|mpgus|l/100km}}.<ref>fueleconomy.gov "Find a Car; 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 Firebird 2.5 L 5-speed fuel economy Official EPA Window Sticker MPG" Web. July 4, 2010</ref> GM executives decided that engineering effort would best be spent on aerodynamics and chassis development. They created a modern platform so that when engine technology advanced, they would have a well-balanced package with acceleration, braking, handling, and aerodynamics.

The Firebird and Camaro were completely redesigned for the 1982 model year, with the windshield slope set at 62 degrees, (about three degrees steeper than anything GM had ever tried before), and for the first time, a large, glass-dominated hatchback that required no metal structure to support it. Two concealed pop-up headlights, a first on the F-Body cars, were the primary characteristic that distinguished the third generation Firebird from both its Camaro sibling and its prior form (a styling characteristic carried into the fourth generation's design). In addition to being about {{convert|500|lb|kg}} lighter than the previous design, the new design was the most aerodynamic product GM had ever released. Wind tunnels were used to form the new F-Body platform's shape, and Pontiac took full advantage of it. The aerodynamic developments extended to the finned aluminum wheels with smooth hubcaps and a functional rear spoiler.

===Models===
*Firebird Base
*Firebird S/E (1982–1987)
*Firebird Formula (1987–1992)
*Firebird Trans Am

===Styles===
Firebird Base (I4/V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1982–85) 
Firebird Base (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1986–92) 
Firebird ASC convertible (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1986–89) 
Firebird convertible (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1991–92) 
Firebird Special Edition (S/E) (I4/V6/V8)-Series 2FX (1982–85) 
Firebird Special Edition (S/E) (V6/V8)-Series 2FX (1986) 
Firebird Formula (V8)-Series 2FS/W66 (1987–92) 
Firebird Formula ASC convertible (V8)-Series 2FS/W66 (1987–89) 
Firebird Trans Am-Series 2FW/WS4 (V8) (1982–92) 
Firebird Trans Am ASC convertible (V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1986–89) 
Firebird Trans Am convertible (V8) 2FW/WS4 (1991–92) 
Firebird [[Recaro]] Trans Am (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1982–84) 
Firebird Trans Am GTA (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1987–92) 
Firebird Trans Am GTA convertible (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1987–89) 
Firebird 25th Anniversary Daytona 500 Limited Edition Trans Am-(V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1994) 
Firebird 15th Anniversary Trans Am-(V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1984) 
Firebird 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am-(V6 Turbo)-Series 5FW/WS4 (1989)<ref>{{cite book|last=Gunnell|first=John|title=standard catalog of Firebird 1967–2002|year=2002|publisher=krause publications|location=Iola, WI|isbn=0-87349-494-6|pages=97–118}}</ref>

=== 1988 ===
[[File:1988GTA1.jpg|alt=1988 Trans Am GTA|thumb|1988 Pontiac Trans Am GTA with Notchback option]]
In 1988 the Trans Am GTA, which was built with the standard 350 cu in 5.7 L V8 engine, was offered with the option of removable roof "T-Tops". However, any buyer ordering this option could only order the 305 cu in 5.0 L V8 engine, because the roof would not have the support for all the extra torque from the engine, requiring a power trade-off for those who wanted this option. Pontiac also introduced a rare option for the Trans Am GTA in the 1988 model year. This notable option on the 1988 Trans Am GTA was the $800 "Notchback", which replaced the standard long large, glass-dominated hatchback to make the Firebird design look less like the Camaro design, and shared an appearance with the [[Pontiac Fiero]]. The Notchback was a special fiberglass rear deck lid, replacing the long-sloped window with a short vertical rear window, resembling the back of a Ferrari 288 GTO.

Approximately 700 of these Notchbacks were built in 1988 and offered for sale by Pontiac. The promotion was only in the form of a sheet in the back of a notebook of available options. The Notchbacks were made by Auto-Fab of Auburn Hills, MI. Problems with the incorrect fitting of the Notchbacks to the GTAs at the Van Nuys plant often resulted in delays of several months for buyers who wanted this option.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hotrod.com/articles/hppp-0809-1988-trans-am-gta-notchback/|title=1988 Trans Am GTA Notchback – Hatch-22 |date=2008-09-01|website=Hot Rod Network |first=Christopher R. |last=Phillip |access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Furthermore, quality control problems plagued the Notchback, many owners complained of rippling and deforming of the fiberglass rear deck, and others complained of large defects resembling acne forming in the Notchbacks. Pontiac had to repair them under warranty, sanding down the imperfections, and repainting them, only to have more flaws resurface months later. Because of the poor quality and numerous expensive warranty repairs and repainting, the Notchback was subsequently canceled for the 1989 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am, although a few were produced.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
| 1982 ||'''LQ9''' [[Iron Duke engine#Tech IV|{{cvt|151|CID|L|1|order=flip}} GM]] [[Electronic fuel injection#Electronic injection|EFI]] [[I4 engine|I4]] {{cvt|90|hp||lk=on}}||'''LC1''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LC1|{{cvt|173|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet]] [[V6 engine|V6]] {{cvt|102|hp}}||'''LG4''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|{{cvt|305|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|145|hp}}||'''LU5''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LU5|Crossfire EFI 5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|165|hp}}
|-
| 1983 || rowspan="2" |'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|92|hp||lk=on}}||'''LC1''' 2.8 L Chevrolet V6 {{cvt|107|hp|}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LL1''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LL1|2.8 L "HO" Chevrolet]] V6 {{cvt|125|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LU5''' 5.0 L Chevrolet Crossfire EFI V8 {{cvt|175|hp|}}||'''L69''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L69|5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1984 ||'''LC1''' 2.8 L Chevrolet V6 {{cvt|125|hp}}||'''L69''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L69|5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1985 ||'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|88|hp|lk=on}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB8''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LB8|2.8 L Chevrolet EFI V6]] {{cvt|135|hp|}}||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|155|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |'''L69''' 5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LB9''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LB9|5.0 L Chevrolet]] [[TPI Specialties|tuned port injection]] V8 {{cvt|205|hp}}
|
|-
| 1986 ||'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|88|hp|lk=on}}(None Produced in '86)||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|165|hp|}}||'''LB9''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LB9|5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1987 || rowspan="2" |'''LB8''' 2.8 L Chevrolet EFI V6 {{cvt|135|hp}}||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|155|hp}}||'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Automatic {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual {{cvt|215|hp|}}
|'''L98''' 5.7 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8 {{cvt|210|hp|}}
|-
| 1988 ||'''LO3''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Automatic {{cvt|195|hp|}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''L98''' 5.7 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8 {{cvt|225|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1989 ||'''LB8''' 2.8 L Chevrolet multi port fuel injection V6 {{cvt|135|hp}}||'''L03''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L03|5.0 L Chevrolet]] throttle body injection V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual w/Dual Cats N10 option {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|225|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
|1989 (cont'd)
|'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] w/Dual Cats N10 Option {{cvt|235|hp|}}
|'''LC2''' Buick 3.8 L Turbocharged V6 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}
|
|
|
|
|}
<ref name="Red Book"/>
{{clear}}

== Fourth generation (1993–2002) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation
| image = 1993-97 Pontiac Firebird.jpg
| production = November 1992 – August 30, 2002<ref>{{cite book|author=Staff of ''Old Cars'' |title=Camaro & Firebird – GM's Power Twins |year=2010 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-1440217524 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XV9YpfvVGu0C&q=camaro+quebec+1992&pg=PA186 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>
| assembly = [[Sainte-Thérèse Assembly|Sainte-Thérèse]], [[Quebec]]
| engine = {{ubl
|{{convert|207|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[General Motors 60° V6 engine#L32|L32]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] (160 hp)
|{{convert|231|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Buick V6 engine#L36 Naturally Aspirated|L36]]'' V6 (205 hp)
|{{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine#LT1|LT1]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] (275-305 hp)
|{{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine#LT4|LT4]]'' V8 (330 hp)
|{{convert|346|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS1|LS1]]'' V8 (305-330 hp)
|{{convert|346|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS1|SLP Firehawk LS1]]'' V8 (345-350 hp)
}}
| transmission = [[Turbo-Hydramatic#700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E|THM 4L60]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (1993) [[Turbo-Hydramatic#700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E|THM 4L60E]] 4-speed automatic (1994–2002) [[Borg-Warner T-5 transmission|Borg Warner T-5]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] (V6 engine) [[T-56|Borg Warner T56]] 6-speed manual (V8 engine)
| wheelbase = {{convert|101.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1993–1997 Firebird: {{convert|195.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–2002 Firebird: {{convert|193.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1997 Trans Am: {{convert|197|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–1999 Trans Am: {{convert|193.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Trans Am: {{convert|193.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = 1993–1997: {{convert|74.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–2002: {{convert|74.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 1993–1999 Firebird {{convert|52|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Firebird: {{convert|51.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1995 Trans Am: {{convert|51.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1996–1999 Trans Am: {{convert|52|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Trans Am: {{convert|51.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1999 Firebird convertible: {{convert|52.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Firebird convertible {{convert|51.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1994–1999 Trans Am convertible: {{convert|52.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3440|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (5.7 L LT1 coupe) {{convert|3284|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (5.7 L LS1 coupe)
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[liftback]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)]]
| designer = John R. Folden<ref>{{cite web| url=https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1993-1994-pontiac-firebird.htm| title=1993-1994 Pontiac Firebird| website=How stuff works| author=Auto Editors of Consumer Guide| access-date=November 14, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017084626/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1993-1994-pontiac-firebird1.htm| archive-date=October 17, 2009| url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
The fourth-generation Firebird amplified the aerodynamic styling initiated by the previous generation. While the live rear axle and floorpan aft of the front seats remained largely the same, ninety percent of the Firebird's parts were all-new.<ref>{{cite book|title=Road & Track Special Series: Guide to the All-New 1993 Pontiac Firebird |date=1992 |publisher=Hachette Magazines |pages=2–3}}</ref> Overall, the styling of the Firebird more strongly reflected the [[Pontiac Banshee|Banshee IV]] concept car than the 1991 "facelift" did. As with the Camaro, major improvements included standard dual airbags, four-wheel anti-lock brakes, 16-inch wheels, rack-and-pinion power steering, short/long-arm front suspension, and several non-rusting composite body panels. Throughout its fourth generation, trim levels included V6-powered Firebird, and V8-powered Formula and Trans Am. Standard manual transmissions were the T5 five-speed manual for the V6s, [[Borg-Warner]]′s T56 six-speed manual for the V8s. The 4L60 four-speed automatic was optional for both in 1993, becoming the 4L60E with built-in electronic controls in 1994.

===1993–1997===
From 1993 until 1995 (1995 non-California cars), Firebirds received a {{convert|160|hp|abbr=on|0}} 3.4 L V6, an enhanced version of the third-generation's 3.1 L V6. Beginning mid-year 1995 onward, a Series II 3.8 L V6 with {{convert|200|hp|abbr=on|0}} became the Firebird's sole engine. From 1993 to 1997, the sole engine for the Formula and Trans Am was the 5.7 L LT1 V8, essentially identical to the LT1 in the [[Chevrolet Corvette#C4|C4 Corvette]] except for more flow-restrictive intake and exhaust systems.
Steering wheel audio controls were included with optional uplevel cassette or compact disc stereo systems.

Beginning with 1994 model year cars, "Delco 2001"-series stereo systems replaced the previous Delco units.<ref name="Flammang">{{cite book|last1=Flammang|first1=James|last2=Kowalke|first2=Ron|title=Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976–1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Krause |isbn=0-87341-755-0 |edition=third}}</ref>{{rp|898}} This revised series, also introduced for other Pontiac car lines, featured ergonomically-designed control panels with larger buttons and an optional seven-band graphic equalizer. Also in 1994, the fourth-generation convertible was available; every Firebird (and Camaro) convertible featured a glass rear window with a built-in electric defroster.

The 1995 models were the same as those of previous years, but traction control (ASR: acceleration slip regulation) was available for LT1 Firebirds, controlled by a switch on the console. The steering wheels in all Firebirds were also changed; their optional built-in audio controls were more closely grouped on each side. The "Trans Am GT" trim level was dropped from the lineup after its model year run in 1994. For 1995, all Trans Ams received 155-mph speedometers and Z-rated tires. 1995 was also the first year of the vented version of the Opti-Spark distributors on LT1 F-cars, addressing a common mechanical fault with the unit. The 'transmission perform' button was available only in the 1994 and 1995 Formula and Trans Am. This option was stopped for the 1996 and later models, but the unused connections remain available for 1996 and 1997 Formula and Trans Am. While 1995 cars still used the OBD-I (on-board diagnostic) computer system (the last year of any American car including the F-body to use OBD-I), a majority of them had OBD-II connector ports under the dash.

Firebird performance levels improved for 1996, with the establishment of the stronger 200-hp 3.8 L V6 as the new base engine, and the power rating of the LT1 increased to 285 for 1996, due to its new dual catalytic-converter exhaust system. 1996 was also the first model year of the OBD-II computer system. Optional performance enhancements were available for each Firebird trim level; the Y87 performance packages for V6s added mechanical features of the V8 setups, such as four-wheel disc brakes, faster-response steering, limited-slip rear differential, and dual tailpipes.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|904}} For Formulas and Trans Ams, functional dual-inlet "Ram Air" hoods returned as part of the WS6 performance package. The optional package boosted rated horsepower from 285 to 305, and torque from 325 lb·ft to 335. Also included were 17x9-wheels wheels with 275/40ZR17 tires, suspension improvements, oval dual tailpipe tips, and a WS6 badge. Bilstein shocks were a further option with the package.

The 1997 model year introduced standard air conditioning, daytime running lamps (utilizing the front turn signal lamps), digital odometer and optional 500-watt Monsoon cassette or compact disc stereo systems to all Firebird trim levels.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|907}} For V6 Firebirds, a W68 sport appearance package was also introduced as a counterpart to the Camaro RS trim level. The WS6 "Ram Air" performance package was now also an option for the Formula and Trans Am convertibles, although these convertibles did not receive the 17-inch wheel-and-tire combination. There were 41 Formula convertibles and 463 Trans Am convertibles produced from 1996 to 1997 with the WS6 package.

===1998–2002===
In 1997, in relation to the Camaro, the Firebird received a mid-cycle refresh for the 1998 model year. Major changes included a new hood and front fascia with dual intakes, retracting quad halogen headlights, circular turn signals and fog lamps, a front license plate pocket, lower fender air vents, unified-style lower door raised lettering for each trim level, and a new "honeycomb" rear light panel, with circular reverse lamps. In the dashboard, "next-generation" reduced-force dual airbags became standard. As before, the Formula and Trans Am again received a close derivative of the Corvette's 5.7 L V8, the LS1 of the [[Chevrolet Corvette C5|C5 Corvette]], as the LT1 (and LT4) V8s were discontinued.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|911}} The LS1 Firebirds were also equipped with an aluminum driveshaft, replacing the previous steel version, while all Firebird trim levels gained four-wheel disc brakes with dual-piston front calipers and larger rotors at each wheel, complete with a solenoid-based Bosch anti-lock system. The Formula convertible was no longer offered.

Beginning in 1998 for 1999 models, a standard 16.8-gallon non-metallic fuel tank increased the potential traveling range. GM's ASR traction control system was extended to the V6-powered Firebirds, and all LS1 (V8) and Y87 (V6) Firebirds also received a Zexel/Torsen II slip-reduction rear axle. An electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) system replaced the old hydraulic proportioning valve for improved brake performance. An enhanced sensing and diagnostic module (SDM) recorded vehicle speed, engine rpm, throttle position, and brake use in the last five seconds prior to airbag deployment.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|915}} In 1999, a [[Hurst Performance|Hurst]] shifter for variants with the 6-speed manual and a power steering cooler became options for LS1 Firebirds.

In 2000, the WS6 performance package was available exclusively for the 2001 model year Trans Am coupe and convertible variants.

For 2002, more convenience items such as power mirrors and power antenna became standard equipment, while cassette stereos were phased out.

===Special editions===
===Firehawk===
The special-edition extra-performance Firehawk (available in Formula trim for 1993–1997, and again in both Formula and Trans Am trims for 1999–2002) was produced by SLP Engineering, Inc., and sold through Pontiac dealerships. Featuring 17-inch wheels with namesake [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] Firehawk 275/40ZR17 tires along with a functional twin-inlet hood above a specific air cleaner box, its rated power increased to {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}} and 330 lb·ft (445 Nm) of torque. A total of 201 Firehawks were built for 1993. In 1994, the Firehawk package was expanded to include options for a suspension upgrade as well as a larger-diameter exhaust system that could boost power to {{cvt|315|hp|0|abbr=on}}. T-top Formula coupes and convertibles could also be optioned as Firehawks beginning in 1995. For 1996 and 1997, the Firehawk gained rectangular driving lights mounted inside the front scoops and (except Firehawk convertibles) the Trans Am's elevated rear wing. In 1997, an LT4 Firehawk was also available, utilizing the same {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=on}}, balanced-and-blueprinted LT4 V8 engine as found in the manual-transmission 1996 Corvette. A total of 29 LT4-powered Firehawks were produced.

Power levels for the 1999 Firehawk, powered by the LS1 V8, rose to {{cvt|327|hp|0|abbr=on}} (330 in 2000, 335 in 2001, and 345 in late 2002 models equipped with the "Blackwing" intake). A 10th-anniversary Firehawk was available in 2001, distinguished as a black Trans Am coupe (123 units) and convertible (16 units) with gold-painted hood stripes (prototype only), gold vinyl stripes on hood and spoiler (production), gold 17-inch wheels, and gold tailpipe tips.

===1994 Trans Am GT===
In 1994 only, a "Trans Am GT" option was available. Trans Am GTs did not receive any special badging, graphics, or emblems, and looked externally identical to the base Trans Am cars. The GT package included 245/50ZR16 tires and a 155-mph speedometer. Non-GT optioned Trans Ams in 1994 received 235/55R16 tires, a 115-mph speedometer, and a much lower top-speed limiter. The "highrise spoiler", leather, and T-tops were not standard on the Trans Am GT cars in 1994, nor any year of LT1 Trans Am. RPO code T43 "uplevel spoiler" was an option on all Trans Ams, and while the mass majority of 1994 Trans Am GT cars received the T43 spoiler (along with the majority of all 1993–1997 Trans Ams), it was not part of the Trans Am GT package. Both base Trans Ams and Trans am GTs could be ordered as coupe, T-top, or convertible versions and were both available with automatic or manual transmissions. While the GT package was a cost option on the 1994 Trans Am, a majority of 1994 Trans Ams were made with the GT package.

All of the 1994 Trans Am GT options became standard in 1995–2002 as part of the Trans Am package, and the GT name/package was dropped for 1995. Some of the early fourth-generation Trans Am and Formula Firebirds list "GT" on the vehicle's title or registration. The reason behind this is because the VIN does not specify a "package" (Formula, Trans Am, Trans Am GT, Firehawk, etc.); it only specifies the engine (5.7 L V8 LT1). Because the title is based on the VIN alone, titles and registrations often list all of the packages, but it does not mean the car is equipped with any certain package.

===1994 25th-anniversary Trans Am===
The 1994 model year marked the 25th anniversary of the Trans Am, and another anniversary edition was released, painted white with a single dark blue stripe down the center of the vehicle that was reminiscent of the 1970 Trans Am. It also featured white-painted, five-spoke, 16-inch alloy wheels, and white leather seats and door trim. This edition was available in either coupe or convertible form.

===1999 30th-anniversary Trans Am===
As with the previous 25th-anniversary edition, the 30th-anniversary edition was either a white WS6 convertible or WS6 T-top coupe, with twin dark blue stripes from hood to tail, and distinct blue anodized five-spoke 17-inch alloy A-mold wheels, with white leather seats and door trim.

2001 was the 75th anniversary of Pontiac. An available 75th Anniversary Package incorporated a power and performance package that included power door locks including retained accessory power, power windows including express down drivers side, dual power sport mirrors, power antenna. Radio, ETR AM/FM stereo with CD player and 7-band graphic equalizer including a clock, seek up/down, remote CD pre-wiring Monsoon 500 watt peak power with 10-speaker premium sound system and steering wheel leather-wrapped w/driver touch radio controls. 4-speed automatic transmission, power drivers 6-way seat, security package (includes theft-deterrent system and remote key-less entry), 3800 performance package that included 3.42 gears with "posi-trac" Zexel Torsen T2 limited-slip differential, 4 wheel disc brakes, dual mufflers, and an LS1 steering rack= 14.4:1, 235/55/16 tires, hatch roof, removable, 16-inch chromed aluminum wheels, 50-state low emission vehicle. There were a total of 472 of these packages sold in 2001, #239 on the L36 Firebird, 231 on the Formula W66 coupe, 5 on Formula Firehawks, and 2 on Trans-Ams.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trans Am World - 2001 Firebird Breakdown |url= http://www.transamworld.com/2001-breakdown.htm |website=transamworld.com |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> The manufacturer original window stickers included this as a separate package listing the items and one price.

===2002 collector's edition Trans Am===
For the Firebird's final year, a collector's edition Trans Am was released as either a yellow WS6 convertible or WS6 t-top coupe, with twin black stripes from hood to tail, black-painted five-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels, and further black-trimmed body details.

<gallery widths="220px" heights="200px" class="center">
File:Pontiac Trans Am convertible.jpg|1994–1997 Trans Am convertible
File:1996 Pontiac Firebird Formula.jpg|1996 Firebird Formula with functional "Ram Air" hood
File:Firebird 07-24-2019.jpg|alt=1993–1997 Pontiac Firebird|rear view (1993–1997)
File:30th Anniversary Trans Am.jpg|The 1999 30th Anniversary Trans Am
File:Joe Aquilante SCCA Pocono Raceway 1999.jpeg|Joe Aquilante on the front stretch of Pocono Raceway 1999, to become SCCA national champ in T-1
File:2002 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Collector's Edition Convertible (23500415186).jpg|Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Collector's Edition convertible
</gallery>

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1993|| rowspan="3" | [[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#3.4|{{convert|3.4|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L32 V6]]|| rowspan="2" | [[GM LT engine#LT1|5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8]]
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1994
|-
| 1995|| [[GM 3800 engine#Series II|{{convert|3.8|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L36 V6]]
(California Only)
| 5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1996|| rowspan="7" | {{convert|3.8|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L36 V6|| rowspan="2" | 5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1997|| [[GM LT engine#LT4|5.7 L 350 CID LT4 V8]]
(iron block, aluminum heads) in Firehawk by SLP
|-
| 1998|| rowspan="5" | [[GM LS engine|5.7 L 346 CID LS1 V8]]
(aluminum block and heads)
|-
| 1999
|-
| 2000
|-
| 2001
|-
| 2002
|}

{{clear}}

== Firebird Trans Am ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name=Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
| image=File:2002 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am WS6.JPG
| production = 1969–2002
| manufacturer = [[General Motors]]
| class = [[Pony car]], [[Muscle car]]
| body_style = 2-door [[convertible]] 1969, 1987–1989 Pontiac sanctioned special edition, 1991–1992, 1994–2002 2-door [[coupe]] 1969–2002
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|FR layout]]
}}

[[File:'72 Pontiac Trans Am (Auto classique).JPG|thumb|right|1971 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:Pontiac Trans Am (Orange Julep).JPG|thumb|right|1974 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:Pontiac Firebird Trans Am (Orange Julep).jpg|thumb|right|1978 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:1981 Pontiac Trans Am 1.jpg|thumb|right|1981 Pontiac Turbo Trans Am]]
[[File:'87 Pontiac Trans Am (Auto classique).JPG|thumb|right|1987 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:KITT Universal Studios.jpg|thumb|right|A modified 3rd generation Trans Am used as [[KITT]] ]]

The Trans Am was a specialty package for the Firebird, typically upgrading [[Car handling|handling]], [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]], and [[horsepower]], as well as minor appearance modifications such as exclusive [[Hood (vehicle)|hoods]], [[Spoiler (automotive)|spoilers]], fog lights and wheels. Four distinct generations were produced between 1969 and 2002. These cars were built on the [[GM F platform|F-body platform]], which was also shared by the [[Chevrolet Camaro]].

Despite its name, the Trans Am was not initially used in the [[Trans Am Series]], as its smallest engine exceeded the SCCA's five-liter displacement limit.

The second generation was available from 1970 to 1981. The Firebird Trans Am was selected as the Official Pace Car for the [[1980 Indianapolis 500]].

The Trans Am GTA (Gran Turismo Americano) was an options package available on the Firebird Trans Am which added gold 16-inch diamond-spoke alloy wheels, a monochromatic paint scheme, and special cloisonné GTA badges. The GTA (along with the Formula model that was intended to fill the gap between the base model Firebird and mid-level Trans Am) was the brainchild of former Pontiac marketing manager Lou Wassel. It was intended to be the "ultimate" Trans Am and was the most expensive Firebird available. The GTA equipment package officially went on sale in 1987 and avoided a gas-guzzler tax thanks to its lightweight PW 16-inch gold cross-lace wheels. The high-performance WS6 suspension package was also re-tuned to offer a more compliant ride while still maintaining tight handling characteristics. Engine choices consisted of an L98 5.7 L (350 ci) TPI V8 mated to GM's corporate 700R4 automatic transmission or the 5.0 L (305 ci) TPI V8. A five-speed manual was available but was mated to the 5.0 L only. The GTA trim level was available from 1987 through the 1992 model year.

For 1989, the 20th-anniversary turbo Trans Am project (originally conceived by Bill Owen of Pontiac) was outsourced to PAS, Inc., an engineering firm led by Jeff Beitzel. Beitzel and his team did most of the TTA development work. The 3.8 L turbocharged V6 engines were built by PAS at their 40,000 square foot City of Industry, CA plant. From there, they went to GM's plant in Van Nuys, CA to be installed into GTAs on the F-Body assembly line. The cars were then shipped back to PAS for final assembly, testing, and quality control. Incidentally, the GTA chassis were selected at random, thus there is no correlation between the VIN and production sequence number. The initial number of cars to be produced had ranged from 500 to 2,500 until GM finally settled on 1,500. In all, a total of 1,555 Turbo Trans Ams were manufactured. One of these served as the [[1989 Indianapolis 500]] pace car.

The 2002 model-year WS6 Trans Am produced {{cvt|310|hp|0|abbr=}} at 5,200 rpm and {{cvt|340|lbft|0|abbr=}} of torque at 4,000 rpm out of its 5.7 L LS1 V8 engine.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nadaguides.com/Cars/2002/Pontiac/FIREBIRD-V8-6-Spd-AT/Coupe-2D-Trans-Am-WS6/Specs |title=2002 Pontiac Firebird Specs & Performance |work=NADA Guides |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref> A stock WS6 completed the ¼—mile in 13.16 seconds at 106.05 mph on Eagle F1 street tires.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.streetfire.net/video/s...ws6_178072.htm |access-date=October 20, 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215646/http://www.streetfire.net/video/s...ws6_178072.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2014 |title=Stock 2002 Trans Am WS6 at the track |work=StreetFire}}</ref>

=== Engines ===

==== First generation ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
|1969|| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air 400 V8]]
{{convert|335|bhp|abbr=on}}
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air IV V8]]
{{convert|345|bhp|abbr=on}}
|}

==== Second generation ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1970|| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air 400]] V8
345 hp
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air IV]] V8
370 hp
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air V V8]]<ref group="Note A">There are no known 1970 Trans Ams with the Ram Air V, no complete engines were ever sold or shipped to dealers, but the parts needed to build one could be ordered over-the-counter.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.wallaceracing.com/RAV-story-page1.html |title=Pontiac Ram Air V Story |work=Wallace Racing |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1971|| rowspan="2" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac H.O. V8]]
|-
| 1972
|-
| 1973|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac S.D. V8
|-
| 1974|| rowspan="3" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac S.D. V8
|-
| 1975|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8 455-H.O. <ref group="Note A">These cars came with a 455-H.O decal on the Shaker Hood Scoop but were not anywhere near the same engine as the 71–72 H.O.'s. They were standard production engines lifted from Pontiac's station wagon line and transplanted straight into the T/A. Rated at ~ 200 hp. Pontiac did this to try to boost sales, and the engine was only available with the 4-speed manual transmission. A total of 857 were built as it was a mid-year addition.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.2gta.com/1975ta.html |title=1975 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am |work=2gta.com |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| 1976|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8 455 H.O.<ref group="Note A">The only difference between this engine and the previous 1975 engine is the ''H.O.'' was removed from the shaker hood scoop and simply said ''455''. It came with a 4-speed manual transmission. A total of 7,099 were built this year's full production run.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.2gta.com/1976ta.html |title=The 1976 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am |work=2gta.com |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1977|| rowspan="2" | [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]]|| rowspan="2" | {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8
|-
| 1978
|-
| 1979|| rowspan="3" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]|| {{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8 (Automatic only)|| {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8 (4-speed only)<ref group="Note A">These engines were actually 1978s that were stockpiled for 1979. Pontiac ceased production of the 400 in 1978.</ref>
|-
| 1980|| [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]] || rowspan="2" |[[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac turbo V8]]
|-
| 1981|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8 (4-speed only)
|}
Notes A:
<references group="Note A" />

==== Third generation ====
From 1982 onward, all engines were Chevrolet sourced, unless stated otherwise.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1982|| rowspan="6" | [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8]]|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} cross-fire injection V8
(First year for fuel injection in Trans Am)
|
|-
| 1983|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} cross-fire injection V8|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8 H.O.
(662 were made, all 5-speeds)
|-
| 1984|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel H.O. V8
(1500 anniversary edition models were made, 500 of them 5-speed)
|
|-
| 1985|| rowspan="8" | {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} tuned port injection V8|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel H.O. V8 H.O.
(5-speed only)
|-
| 1986|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8 H.O.
(5-speed only) A total of 69 were built.
|-
| 1987|| rowspan="6" | [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} tuned port injection V8]]
|-
| 1988|| rowspan="5" | {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} throttle body injection V8
|-
| 1989|| [[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]]
|-
| 1990
|-
| 1991
|-
| 1992
|}

==In popular media==

In 1974, a Brewster Green ’73 Trans Am starred as [[John Wayne]]’s personal transportation in ''[[McQ]]'' and featured in an extended chase sequence.

[[James Garner]] drove a Firebird Esprit during six seasons of ''[[The Rockford Files]]'' from 1974-1980. From 1974 through 1978, the current model year Firebird was used, always finished in Copper Mist gold. For better stunt performance, the cars were built to Formula 400 specifications but were badged to look like the luxury-focused Esprit.

The 1977 Trans Am Special Edition was featured in ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. The 1980 Turbo model was used for ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]''. Both cars were driven by [[Burt Reynolds]] in the films.

A modified 1982 Trans Am known as the [[KITT|Knight Industries Two Thousand]] (or KITT) is driven by [[Michael_Knight_(Knight_Rider)|Michael Knight]] (played by [[David Hasselhoff]]) in the TV series ''[[Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)|Knight Rider]]''. Aside from many useful features, the car has a built-in computer that interacts with Knight with the voice by an uncredited [[William Daniels]].

==Post–Pontiac Trans Am==
[[File:Trans Am Super Duty at the New York International Auto Show NYIAS (39516172660).jpg|thumb|Trans Am Super Duty at the ''[[New York International Auto Show|NYIAS]]'']]
In 2012, General Motors signed a licensing deal with Trans Am Depot to use the Trans Am name and Pontiac logos in custom coach built versions of new Trans Am.<ref>{{cite web|last=Luft |first=Alex |title=TransAm Depot Gives Camaro The Pontiac Treatment |url= http://gmauthority.com/blog/2013/03/transam-depot-gives-camaro-the-pontiac-treatment-ad-break/ |work=GM Authority |date=March 16, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> Under this agreement, Trans Am Depot takes brand-new model [[Chevrolet Camaro]]s, strips them down to their basic components and rebuilds what looks like a new Trans Am.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaowthumrong |first=Patricia |title=Flying High |url= http://performancebiz.com/features/flying-high |work=Performance HotRod Business |date=January 8, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150722113226/http://performancebiz.com/features/flying-high |archive-date=July 22, 2015 }}</ref> They make these in the designs of the 6T9 version Trans Am, 6T9 Goat ("GTO"),<ref name="Lingeman_GTO">{{cite news|last=Lingeman |first=Jake |title=GTO Judge poised for a comeback|url=http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/gto-judge-poised-comeback |work=Autoweek |date=June 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Justin |first=Cesler |title=Here Comes the Judge |url= http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/29-december-2013-high-performance-pontiac-magazine |work=High Performance Pontiac Magazine |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150721175008/http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/29-december-2013-high-performance-pontiac-magazine |archive-date=July 21, 2015 }}</ref> 7T7 Trans Am and the limited-edition Hurst Trans Am.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamdepot.com/hurst-judge/ |title=Hurst Edition Trans Am |work=trans am depot |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ross |first=Jeffrey |title=2013 Hurst Edition Trans Am|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2013/05/13/2013-hurst-edition-trans-am/ |work=AutoBlog |date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref>

On March 26, 2017, at the [[New York International Auto Show]], the Bandit Edition Trans Am was introduced. Built by Trans Am Depot, only 77 will be produced, each signed by [[Burt Reynolds]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/ |website=Transamworldwide.com |title=The Trans Am Bandit Edition Unveiled!
|access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref><ref name="MTNYIAS">{{cite web|url= https://www.motortrend.com/news/1000-hp-2017-trans-am-455-super-duty-bows-in-new-york/ |website=Motortrend.com |title=1000-HP 2017 Trans Am 455 Super Duty bows in New York |access-date=October 20, 2020 |date=April 13, 2017 |first=Jason |last=Udy}}</ref> Powertrain is a {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] version of the current Generation V [[LS based GM small-block engine#LT1|LT1]] V8 engine equipped with a {{convert|2.3|L|CID|1}} Magnuson [[supercharger]] with a boost of {{convert|14|psi|bar|abbr=on}}, developing {{convert|1000|hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1046|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamworldwide.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Trans-Am-455-Super-Duty-Specs.pdf |website=Transamworldwide.com |title=Trans Am 455 Super Duty Specs |access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref><ref name="MTNYIAS"/>

=== Burt Reynolds collection of Firebirds ===
On April 14, 2018, at the [[Barrett-Jackson]] collector car auction in Palm Beach, FL, just 5 months before his death, actor Burt Reynolds presided over the sale of 3 Pontiac Firebird Trans Ams from his personal collection, sold via Bandit Movie Cars of Florida, the custodian of the Burt Reynolds collection. He was also an avid Firebird collector after filming the movies ''[[Hooper (film)|Hooper]]'' and also the ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' movie series. The first car was a red 1977 Firebird Trans Am survivor car from the Restore a Muscle Car Collection with a price of $57,200. The second vehicle was a rare 1974 Pontiac Trans AM 455 Super Duty, which was another survivor that reached $100,000 plus 10% buyer commission. The third car Reynolds sold was a 1980 Indianapolis pace car turbo Trans Am, which was also $100,000, plus 10% buyer commission.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.carbuyingtips.com/articles/blog/burt-reynolds-at-record-2018-barrett-jackson-palm-beach-auction.htm |title=Burt Reynolds adds fuel to the fire at record Barrett-Jackson Palm Beach Auto Auction |website=carbuyingtips.com |date=April 18, 2018 |first=Jeff |last=Ostroff |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref>

== Performance (Firebird / Firebird Trans Am) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!Engine
!Year(s)
!Power
!0–60 mph (0–97 km/h)
!Top speed
!Comments
|-
||[[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8]]
| 1979 || {{convert|220|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center> 6.6 s.</center> || > {{convert|132|mph|abbr=on|0}}|| Trans Am model equipped with 400 4-speed manual<ref>''Hot Rod'' magazine 1979.</ref>
|-
||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} LB9 V8]]
| 1989–1992 || {{convert|225|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center> 7.8 s.</center> || > {{convert|140|mph|abbr=on|0}}|| Formula model equipped with N10/MM5/GM3 option codes<ref name="CnDV35N9">{{cite journal|title=Road Test |journal=Car and Driver |volume=35 |issue=9 |date=March 1990}}</ref>
|-
||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} L98 V8]]
| 1987–1992 || {{convert|235|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center> 6.2 s.</center> || > {{convert|145|mph|abbr=on}} || GTA model
|-
||[[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]]
| 1989 || {{convert|250|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center>4.6 s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gtasourcepage.com/8920thTACDReview.html |title=1989 20th Anniversary Trans Am Road Test, Car & Driver Magazine, June 1989 |via=Gtasourcepage.com |date=2001 |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref></center> || {{convert|162|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flat-out Fastest American Cars II-the Sequel|journal=Motor Trend |date=June 1989 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=42–47, 50, 54}}</ref>|| 20th anniversary Trans Am pace car
|-
| rowspan=2|[[GM LT engine#LT1|{{convert|5.7|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} LT1 V8]]
| 1993–1997 || {{convert|275|-|285|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center>6.0 s.</center> || {{convert|155|mph|abbr=on}} (electronically limited)
|-
| 1996–1997 || {{convert|305|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center>5.6 s.</center> || {{convert|155|mph|abbr=on}} (electronically limited)||Ram Air
|-
| rowspan=2|[[GM LS engine#LS1|5.7 L (345.7 cu in) LS1 V8]]
| 1998–2000 || {{convert|320|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center>5.2 s.</center> || {{convert|160|mph|abbr=on|0}} (electronically limited)
|-
| 2001–2002 || {{convert|325|bhp|abbr=on}} || <center>5.0s.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.motortrend.com/cars/pontiac/firebird/2000/2000-pontiac-firebird-trans-am-ws6/ |title = 2000 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am WS6 - First Drive & Road Test Review |website=Motor Trend|date = 2003-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.zeroto60times.com/vehicle-make/pontiac-0-60-mph-times/ | title=Pontiac 0-60 Times & Pontiac Quarter Mile Times | Pontiac GTO, G8, Trans Am, Grand Am, Fiero & more 0 to 60 stats!}}</ref></center> ||{{convert|160|mph|abbr=on|0}} (electronically limited)
|}

== Racing ==
Firebirds were used in the [[Trans-Am series]] in the 1960s and 1970s. When the Firebird Trans Am was released, there was controversy over the model's inability to compete in the Trans-Am because the smallest available engine was too large for use in the series at 400 cubic inches (6.6 L). The name also caused controversy because it was used without permission from the [[SCCA]], who threatened suit. GM settled the dispute by paying $5 to the SCCA for each car they sold. When the Trans-Am was last seen, the model year 2002 Firebirds were in use. From 1996 to 2006, a WS6 Trans Am coupe provided the body style for the mechanically identical racing cars used in the [[International Race of Champions]] (IROC).

During the 1995, 1996, and 1997 [[NHRA]] seasons, 14-time [[funny car]] champion [[John Force]] used a Firebird body to replace the obsolete [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] and [[Chevrolet Lumina]] bodies he had used since 1988. He used it for three seasons, winning the championship in all three years. The Firebird was also used by drivers such as Del Worsham, Tim Wilkerson, Frank Pedregon, and Jerry Toliver. The Firebird body also replaced the Oldsmobile Cutlass in the pro stock class in 1995, forcing drivers [[Warren Johnson]], Jerry Eckman, and Mark Pawuk to replace their body styles for the 1996 year. None of them would win with the first year of the Firebird body, but pro stock driver Jim Yates, a second-year driver, using the Firebird body, did.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=a}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://transamworldwide.com/ Trans Am world wide]
* [http://www.carsandracingstuff.com/library/f/firebird.php Pontiac Firebird] and [http://www.carsandracingstuff.com/library/t/transam.php Pontiac Trans Am] at The Crittenden Automotive Library
* [http://www.ta1987.com/ The Fire Chicken] restoration project of 1987 Firebird
*[http://www.firebirdclubofcanada.ca/ Firebird Club Of Canada]

{{Pontiac}}
{{Pontiac Early Timeline}}
{{Pontiac timeline 1980s to 2010}}

[[Category:Pontiac vehicles|Firebird]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Pony cars]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Muscle cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1967]]
[[Category:1970s cars]]
[[Category:1980s cars]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

Pontiac Firebird

2021-11-15T02:53:27Z

Alvarowik: Add designer

{{short description|Car model}}
{{redirect|Firebird (car)|another series of prototype cars|General Motors Firebird}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Pontiac Firebird
| image = Trans Am Family.jpg
| caption = Second, third, and fourth generation of Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
| manufacturer = [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] ([[General Motors]])
| production = February 23, 1967 – August 30, 2002
| model_years = 1967 – 2002
| class = [[Pony car]] [[Muscle car]]
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|FR layout]]
}}

The '''Pontiac Firebird''' is an American automobile that was built and produced by [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] from the 1967 to 2002 model years. Designed as a [[pony car]] to compete with the [[Ford Mustang]], it was introduced on February 23, 1967, five months after [[General Motors|GM's]] [[Chevrolet]] division's [[automobile platform|platform-sharing]] [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]].<ref name="Red Book" /> This also coincided with the release of the 1967 [[Mercury Cougar]], Ford's upscale, platform-sharing version of the Mustang.<ref>{{cite web|title=1967 Cougar |url= http://www.musclecarfacts.com/mercury-cougar/383-1967-cougar |access-date=June 10, 2015 |publisher=Muscle Car Facts |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150610172036/http://www.musclecarfacts.com/mercury-cougar/383-1967-cougar |archive-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Montievo |first=Andrew |title=How the Mercury Cougar shaped today's luxury cars |url= http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/02/how-mercury-cougar-shaped-luxury-cars/ |magazine=Tech Gen Magazine |date=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

The name "Firebird" was also previously used by GM for the [[General Motors Firebird]] in the 1950s and early 1960s [[concept car]]s.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== First generation (1967–1969) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = Pontiac Firebird.jpg
| caption = 1967 Pontiac Firebird convertible
| production = February 23, 1967–1969
| engine = [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#230|{{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} Pontiac SOHC]] [[Straight-six engine|I6]] [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#250|{{cvt|250|CID|L}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#326|{{cvt|326|CID|L|1}} Pontiac]] [[V8 engine|V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{cvt|400|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]]
| transmission = 2-speed [[Super Turbine 300|automatic]] 3-speed [[Turbo-Hydramatic]] automatic 3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed manual
| assembly = [[Lordstown Assembly|Lordstown]], Ohio, United States (1967–1969) [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States (1968–1969) [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1969)
| wheelbase = {{convert|108.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| length = {{convert|188.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| width = {{convert|72.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| height = {{convert|51.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=148544 |title=1967 Pontiac Firebird Sprint Technical Specifications |website=Carfolio.com |access-date=November 29, 2011}}</ref>
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)]]
| designer = Jack Humbert<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/the-golden-age-of-pontiac/|title=The Golden Age of Pontiac|website=Hagerty|access-date=November 1, 2021|date=June 4, 2012|first1=Tony|last1=Hossain|first2=Jerry|last2=Burton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804142238/https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/the-golden-age-of-pontiac/|archive-date=August 4, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{see also|GM F platform#First Generation, 1967–1969}}
The first generation Firebird had characteristic [[Coke bottle styling]] shared with its cousin, the [[Chevrolet Camaro]]. Announcing a Pontiac styling trend, the Firebird's bumpers were integrated into the design of the front end, giving it a more streamlined look than the Camaro. The Firebird's rear "slit" taillights were inspired by the 1966–1967 [[Pontiac GTO]]. Both a two-door [[hardtop]] and a [[convertible]] were offered through the 1969 model year. Originally, the car was a "consolation prize" for Pontiac, which had desired to produce a two-seat sports car based on its original [[Pontiac Banshee|Banshee]] concept car. However, GM feared this would cut into [[Chevrolet Corvette]] sales, and gave Pontiac a piece of the "[[pony car]]" market through sharing the [[GM F platform|F-body]] platform with [[Chevrolet]].

The 1967 base model Firebird came equipped with the [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#Overhead cam|Pontiac {{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} SOHC inline-six]]. Based on the architecture of the standard
[[Chevrolet straight-6 engine#230|Chevrolet {{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} inline-six]], it was fitted with a one-barrel [[carburetor]] and rated at {{cvt|165|hp}}.<ref name="Red Book" /> The "Sprint" model six came with a four-barrel carburetor, developing {{cvt|215|hp}}.<ref name=Kowalke_oldCars>{{cite news|last=Kowalke|first=Ron|title=The Six-cylinder Firebird Sprint: Slouch or sleeper?|url= http://www.oldcarsweekly.com/features/bill-krause-1967-firebird-sprint |publisher=Old Cars Weekly |date=26 May 2010}}</ref> Most buyers opted for one of three [[Pontiac V8 engine|V8]]s: the {{cvt|326|CID|L|1}} with a two-barrel carburetor producing {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}; the four-barrel "HO" (high output) 326, producing {{cvt|285|hp}}; or the {{cvt|325|hp}} {{cvt|400|CID|L|1}} from the GTO. All 1967–1968 400 CI engines had throttle restrictors that blocked the carburetors' secondaries from fully opening.<ref name="Red Book" /> A "Ram Air" option was also available, providing functional hood scoops, higher flow heads with stronger valve springs, and a hotter [[camshaft]]. Power for the Ram Air package was the same as the conventional 400 HO, but peaked at 5,200 rpm.

The {{cvt|230|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engines were subsequently enlarged for 1968 to 250 cubic inches(4.1 liters), the base version developing an increased {{cvt|175|hp}} using a one-barrel carburetor, and the high-output Sprint version the same 215 hp with a four-barrel carburetor. Also for the 1968 model, the {{cvt|326|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engine was replaced by the [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|Pontiac {{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} V8]], which actually displaced {{cvt|354|CID|L|1}}, and produced {{cvt|265|hp}} with a two-barrel carburetor. An HO version of the {{cvt|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} with a revised cam was also offered starting in that year, which developed {{cvt|320|hp|0|abbr=}}. Power output of the other engines was increased marginally.<ref name="Red Book" />

There was an additional [[Ram-air intake|Ram Air]] IV option for the {{cvt|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine]]s during 1969, complementing the Ram Air 400(now often colloquially but incorrectly called the "Ram Air III," a name never used by Pontiac). The Ram Air IV was rated at {{convert|345|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5000 rpm and {{convert|430|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] at 3400 rpm;<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=224763|title=Pontiac Firebird Trans Am, 1970 MY 2887|website=Carfolio.com |date=2014-05-01| access-date= August 6, 2018}}</ref> and {{convert|335|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} respectively. The {{Convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} HO engine was revised again with a different cam and [[cylinder head]]s resulting in {{cvt|325|hp}}. During 1969 a special {{cvt|303|CID|L|1}} engine was designed for [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] road racing applications that was not available in production cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pontiac Firebird |url= https://musclecarclub.com/pontiac-firebird/ |website=Muscle Car Club |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

The styling difference from the 1967 to the 1968 model was the addition of [[Automotive lighting#Lateral|federally-mandated side marker lights]]: for the front of the car, the turn signals were made larger and extended to wrap around the front edges of the car, and on the rear, the Pontiac (V-shaped) Arrowhead logo was added to each side. The front door [[Quarter glass|vent-windows]] were replaced with a single pane of glass and Astro Ventilation, a fresh-air-inlet system. The 1969 model received a major [[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]] with a new front-end design but unlike the GTO, it did not have the Endura bumper. The instrument panel and steering wheel were revised. The ignition switch was moved from the dashboard to the steering column with the introduction of GM's new locking ignition switch/steering wheel.<ref name="Red Book" />

In March 1969, a US$1,083 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1083|1969}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} {{inflation-fn|US}})<ref>Hemmings Motor News, Terry Shea July 2013</ref> optional handling package called the "Trans Am performance and appearance package", UPC "WS4", named after the [[Trans Am Series]], was introduced. A total of 689 hardtops and eight convertibles were made.<ref name="Red Book" />

Due to engineering problems that delayed the introduction of the new 1970 Firebird beyond the usual fall debut, Pontiac continued production of 1969 model Firebirds into the early months of the 1970 model year (the other 1970 Pontiac models had been introduced on September 18, 1969). By late spring of 1969, Pontiac had deleted all model-year references on Firebird literature and promotional materials, anticipating the extended production run of the then-current 1969 models.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | Production totals<ref name="Red Book" />
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 250px; text-align: left;"| Model !! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1967<ref name="Buyer's Guide" >{{cite book |last= Gunnell |first= John A. |title= Illustrated Buyer's Guide, Firebird |edition=Third |publisher=MBI Publishing |date= 1998 | isbn=0-7603-0602-8}}</ref>!! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1968 !! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1969
|-
| Two-door hardtop coupe
|align="right" |67,032
|align="right" |90,152
|align="right" |75,362
|-
|-
| Two-door convertible
|align="right" |15,528
|align="right" |16,960
|align="right" |11,649
|-
| Two-door coupe Trans Am
|
|
|align="right" |689
|-
| Two-door convertible Trans Am
|
|
|align="right" |8
|-
| Total
|align="right" |82,560
|align="right" |107,112
|align="right" |87,708
|}

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
| 1967 ||''Std'' [[Pontiac_straight-6_engine#Overhead_cam|{{convert|230|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] {{cvt|165|hp}}||''W53'' "Sprint" 230 CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|215|hp}}||''L30'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#326|{{convert|326|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 326 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|285|hp}}||''W66'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|325|hp}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air V8 {{cvt|325|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1968 || rowspan="2" |''Std'' [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#250|{{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] {{cvt|175|hp}}||''W53'' "Sprint" 250CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|215|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L30'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|265|hp}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|320|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''W66'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air V8 {{cvt|335|hp}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|335|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air II V8 {{cvt|340|hp|0|abbr=}}{{refn|group=a|On March 1, 1968, the '''L67''' 400CID Ram Air engine was deleted as an option and replaced with the same named ''L67'' 400CID Ram Air II engine. The new L67 was rated at {{cvt|340|hp}}, with revised cylinder heads that included round exhaust ports. The pistons and crankshaft were of forged construction and it included a higher lift cam with a more durable valvetrain.<ref name="Red Book" />}}
|-
| 1969 ||''W53'' "Sprint" 250 CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac "HO" V8 {{cvt|325|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac "HO" Ram Air 400 V8 {{cvt|335|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|345|hp}}
|}<ref name="Red Book" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Pontiac Firebird 400 Convertible 1967.jpg|1967 Pontiac Firebird 400 convertible
File:1968 Pontiac Firebird 400, Dutch licence registration DM-57-71 p1.jpg|1968 Pontiac Firebird convertible 400 Ram Air with the optional hood tach
File:Gen1TAs.jpg|1969 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
</gallery>

{{clear}}

== Second generation (1970–1981) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (second generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = 70s Firebird.jpg
| caption = 1974 Firebird Trans Am
| production = 1970–1981
| engine = [[Buick V6 engine#231|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick V6]] [[Chevrolet straight-6 engine#250|{{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet I6]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#265|{{convert|265|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac 301 Turbo|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac turbo V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG3|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet LG3 V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet LG4 V8]] [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8}} [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LM1|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8}} [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]
| transmission = 3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed manual 2-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 3-speed automatic
| assembly = [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States (1970–1971, 1978–1981) [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1970–1981)
| wheelbase = {{convert|108.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.78ta.com/specs1978.php|title=Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site|website=78ta.com|access-date=October 3, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204051520/http://www.78ta.com/specs1978.php|archive-date=December 4, 2010}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|196.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| width = {{convert|73.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| height = {{convert|49.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (second generation)]]
| designer = Bill Porter<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.deansgarage.com/2012/an-interview-in-2000-with-bill-porter-about-pontiac-design-in-the-60s/| title=An interview in 2000 with Bill Porter about Pontiac design in the '60s| website=Dean's garage| first=Eric| last=Peters| date=July 31, 2012| access-date=November 11, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530002033/http://www.deansgarage.com/2012/an-interview-in-2000-with-bill-porter-about-pontiac-design-in-the-60s/| archive-date=May 30, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.williamlporter.com/about.html| title=Automotive Industry Museum Adviser| website=williamlporter.com| first=William L.| last=Porter| access-date=November 11, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812051722/https://www.williamlporter.com/about.html| archive-date=August 12, 2018| url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{see also|GM F platform#Second Generation, 1970–1981}}

The second-generation debut for the 1970 model year was delayed until February 26, 1970, because of tooling and engineering problems; thus, its popular designation as a 1970½ model, while leftover 1969s were listed in early Pontiac literature without a model-year identification.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1970-pontiac-firebird.htm |title=1970s Pontiac Firebird |author=Editors of Publications International |website=auto.howstuffworks.com |date=December 21, 2007 |access-date=February 27, 2011}}</ref> This generation of Firebirds were available in coupe form only; after the 1969 model year, convertibles were not available until 1989.

Replacing the "Coke bottle" styling was a more "swoopy" body style, while still retaining some traditional elements. The top of the rear window line going almost straight down to the lip of the trunk lid, a look that was to epitomize F-body styling for the longest period during the Firebird's lifetime. The new design was initially characterized by a large [[Pillar (car)|B-pillar]], until 1975 when the rear window was enlarged.

'''Models'''
*Firebird
*Firebird Esprit
*Firebird Formula
*Firebird Trans Am

'''Special/Limited Editions and appearance packages'''
*Formula appearance package (RPO W50, 1976–1981)<ref name="Red Book" />
*50th Anniversary limited edition (2,590 units, RPO Y82, 1976)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Special Edition appearance package, black with gold pinstriping (RPO Y82 1977–1978, RPO Y84 1978–1981)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Sky Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W60, 1977–1978)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Red Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W68, 1978–1979)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Yellow Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W73, 1980)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Special Edition appearance package, gold with brown pinstriping (8,666 units, RPO Y88, 1978)<ref name="Red Book" />
*10th Anniversary Trans Am (TATA) limited edition (7,500 units, RPO Y89, 1979)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Turbo Trans Am Indianapolis pace car limited edition (5,700 units, RPO Y85, 1980)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Turbo Trans Am "Daytona 500" pace car limited edition (2,000 units, RPO Y85, 1981)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.78ta.com/special.php |title=Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site – special edition |website=78ta.com |access-date=October 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100925235914/http://www.78ta.com/special.php |archive-date=September 25, 2010 }}</ref>
*Macho Trans Am (offered by the Mecham Pontiac [[Car dealership|dealership]] in Glendale, AZ) (~400 units, 1977-1980).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mechamperformance.com/m_docs/dkm.html |title=Mecham Design Performance |website=mechamperformance.com |access-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref>
*Fire Am (Firebird American) offered by Herb Adams/VSE (~200 units, 1976-1981) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/hppp-0703-pontiac-firebird-fire-am/|title = Pontiac Firebird Vintage Tuner Cars - High Performance Pontiac Magazine|date = 20 December 2006}}</ref>

===1970===
The first year of the second generation Firebird began offering a wider array of model subtypes, and marked the appearance of the Firebird Esprit, and the Firebird Formula. The Firebird Esprit was offered as a luxury model that came with appearance options, the deluxe interior package and a Pontiac 350 as standard equipment. The Formula was advertised as a cost-effective alternative to the Trans Am, and could be ordered with all the options available to the Trans Am with the exception being the fender flares, shaker scoop and fender heat extractors.

The base model Firebird came equipped with a {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} inline-six. The Firebird Esprit and the Firebird Formula came standard with the {{convert|255|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}. The Esprit could be upgraded to a two barrel carbureted {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}{{convert|265|hp|abbr=on}}, while the Formula could be optioned to receive the L78 4 barrel 400 that produced {{convert|330|hp|abbr=on}} or the L74 Ram Air III 400 {{convert|345|hp|abbr=on}}. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1970Engines.aspx</ref>

There were two [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|Ram Air]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}]] engines available for the 1970 Trans Am: the {{convert|335|hp|abbr=on}} L74 [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air 400|Ram Air III 400]] ({{convert|366|hp|abbr=on}} in the GTO) and the {{convert|345|hp|abbr=on}} L67 [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air IV|Ram Air IV]] ({{convert|370|hp|abbr=on}} in the GTO) that were carried over from 1969. The Ram Air IV was exclusive to the Trans Am, and could not be ordered on any of the lower Firebird models. The difference between the GTO and Firebird engines was that the secondary carburetor's throttle linkage had a restrictor which prevented the rear barrels from opening completely,<ref name="Red Book"/> adjusting the linkage could allow full carburetor operation resulting in identical engine performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/1970-gto-ram-air-iv-exception-to-the-rule/|title=1970 GTO Ram Air IV - Exception to the Rule|date=17 December 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/sorting-pontiac-ram-air-engines/|title = Sorting through Pontiac's Ram Air engine production|date = 9 January 2018}}</ref>

For the 1970 and 1971 model years, all Firebirds equipped with radios had the antennae mounted "in-glass" in the windshield.<ref name="Red Book" />

===1971===

The 1971 model year had a few minor changes to the Firebird. Fenders across all models now featured a one year only exhaust vent seen on the lower half of the fenders. The interior options also changed to the newer style collared bucket seats in the deluxe interior, and the previous year's seats with the headrest where no longer available. The rear seat console was introduced as an option, and Honeycomb wheels became available for all Firebirds.

1971 saw changes to the way the engines were rated from factory. GM mandated that engines no longer use net horsepower ratings and to use the gross power ratings to help alleviate the rising cost of insurance for performance vehicles. The compression ration was also lowered for some of the models, de-tuning the power rating for some of the motors as part of new requirements for low-leaded fuels, however, the engine options remained mostly unchanged from 1970. As the limit for the compression ratio was lowered, this allowed for larger displacement motors to become available. The 455 was now available for the Firebird in two configurations. The 455 engine was available in the L75 {{convert|325|hp|abbr=on}} version and the LS5 {{convert|335|hp|abbr=on}} HO version. Both the 455 and 455 HO were available as engine options for the Firebird Formula, but the Trans Am received the 455 HO as standard equipment. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1971Engines.aspx</ref>

===1972===
[[File:'71 Pontiac Trans Am (Cruisin' At The Boardwalk '10).jpg|thumb|right|1972 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am]]

During a 1972 strike, the Firebird (and the similar [[GM F platform|F-body]] [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]]) were nearly dropped.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flory |first=J. Kelly |title=American Cars, 1960–1972: Every Model, Year by Year |url= https://archive.org/details/americancarsever00flor_944 |url-access=limited | publisher=McFarland |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7864-1273-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americancarsever00flor_944/page/n886 881]}}</ref>

1972 saw very few significant changes to the model year. One discernible difference that can be used to differentiate a 1972 Firebird from the other 1970-73 Firebirds is the hexagonal honeycomb grille insert on the nose of the vehicle. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1972Facts.aspx|title = 1972 Firebird and Trans Am Fact Sheet|date = 2 November 2021}}</ref>

Engine options remained mostly unchained again, however, the L75 455 engine was dropped, but the LS5 455 HO remained available as an option for the Formula and standard for the Trans Am. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1972Engines.aspx</ref> Pontiac had apparently advertised the 1972 455 HO motor as de-tuned to 300hp to appease concerns about insurance costs for higher output performance vehicles, but the motor was unchanged from 1971. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1972home.aspx|title = 1972 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

Starting in 1972, and continuing until 1977, the Firebird was only produced at the [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood, Ohio]], facility.<ref name="Red Book" />

===1973===

In 1973, the Trans Am added two new colors to the Cameo White, Buccaneer Red and Brewster Green. Other exterior upgrades included the revised nosecone Firebird decal and the new, soon to be iconic, hood bird decal. This option (RPO WW7) was a pay extra $55 option exclusive to Trans Am. The "Trans Am" decals were slightly larger than previous versions, and shared the same color schemes as the hood decal.

Inside the Firebird the standard interior equipment was almost identical to prior years. The new "horse collar" optional custom interior featured new seat coverings and door panels. Interior colors were limited to black, white, burgundy and saddle but orange, red and blue carpet could be specially ordered to any of the combination.

The 1973 model line introduced "radial tuned suspension" for the Trans Am. When ordered, it included the 15-inch radial tires. Radial tuned suspension with radial tires delivered a much more comfortable ride, while providing improved cornering grip. Radial tires where just coming onto the market and Pontiac's engineering department then implemented RTS as a standard feature for the Trans Am model line.

The Firebird also had to meet the new safety and emissions requirements for 1973. There were now extra steel reinforcements in the bumper and core to support the fender. All Pontiac motors now had to be fitted with new EGR system, which delayed the SD-455 Program until late into production year.

The 1973 Trans Am engine displaced 455 cubic inches, with the two options being the base L75 and Super Duty LS2. The base 455 produced 40 fewer horsepower than the round port Super Duty 455. Horsepower for the base L75 455 was rated at 250 at 4,000 rpm and 370 lb/ft at 2,800 rpm. Pontiac removed the "HO" designation from the base engine, and simply labelled the now non-functional shaker with "455".

In 1973 and 1974, a special version of the 455, called the "Super Duty 455" (SD-455), was offered. The SD-455 consisted of a strengthened cylinder block that included four-bolt main bearings and added material in various locations for improved strength. Original plans called for a forged [[crankshaft]], although actual production SD455s received nodular iron crankshafts with minor enhancements. Forged rods and forged aluminium [[piston]]s were specified, as were unique high-flow cylinder heads. These motors wore the "SD-455" shaker callout and also featured a decal on the driver's side valve cover with oil specifications. These "hand assembled" engines were developed to withstand aftermarket modifications and operate at a higher RPM range when contrasted with the L75. Horsepower for the LS2 SD-455 was rated at 290 at 4,000 rpm and 395 lb/ft at 3,600 rpm.

The 1973 Trans Am production was up over previous years, the L75 455 production had 3,130 automatics and 1,420 manuals. The special ordered $550 option LS2 SD-455 production had 180 automatics and 72 manuals.

The 480737 code cam (identical grind to the RAIV "041" cam) was originally specified for the SD455 engine and was fitted into the "pre-production" test cars , one of which was tested by both ''Hot Rod'' and ''Car and Driver'' magazines. However, actual production cars were fitted with the milder 493323 cam and 1.5:1 rocker ratios, due to the ever-tightening emissions standards of the era. This cam and rocker combination, combined with a low compression ratio of 8.4:1 advertised (7.9:1 actual) yielded 290 SAE net horsepower. Production SD455 cars did not have functional hood scoops, while the "pre-production" test cars did.

McCully verified that no production SD455s released to the public were fitted with the 480737 cam. When asked about the compromises for the production SD455 engine, McCully responded, "Compression, camshaft, jetting, and vacuum advance". He followed by stating that he would have preferred a [[compression ratio]] of 10.25:1, a camshaft with 041 valve timing, slightly richer carburettor jetting, and as much vacuum advance as the engine would tolerate. However, that proved to be impossible due to the emissions regulations of the era.

===1974===
[[File:74bird.jpg|thumb|right|1974 Pontiac Firebird Formula]]

Curb weights rose dramatically in the 1974 model year because of the implementation of {{convert|5|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} telescoping bumpers and various other crash- and safety-related structural enhancements; SD455 Trans Ams weighed in at {{convert|3850|lb|0|abbr=on}} in their first year of production (1974 model year; actually 1973).

The 1974 models featured a redesigned "shovel-nose" front end and new wide "slotted" taillights. The 400, 455, and SD-455 engines were offered in the Trans Am and Formula models during 1974. A June 1974 test of a newly delivered, privately owned SD-455 Trans Am. This appeared in ''Super Stock and Drag Illustrated''. With an unmodified car and a test weight of 4,010 lbs the testers clocked 14.25 seconds at 101 mph. The car had an automatic and A/C.<ref>Super Stock and Drag Illustrated June 1974</ref> Also, the factory rating of 290 hp was listed at 4,400 rpm while the factory tachometer has a 5,750 rpm redline. A production line stock 1974 SD455 produced 253 rear wheel HP on a chassis dyno, as reported by ''High Performance Pontiac'' magazine (January 2007). This is also consistent with the 290 SAE net horsepower factory rating (as measured at the crankshaft).

A 1974 Firebird was driven by [[Jim Rockford (television character)|Jim Rockford]] in the pilot movie and the first season (1974–1975) of ''[[The Rockford Files]]''; every following season, Rockford would change to the next model year. However, in the sixth season (1979–1980), Rockford continued to drive the 1978 Firebird from season five, as the star, [[James Garner]], disliked the 1979 model's restyled front end. The cars in the show were badged as lower-tier Esprit models but were Formulas with the twin-scoop hood replaced with a scoopless one. Another hint was the twin exhausts and rear anti-roll bars that were not used on the Esprit.

===1975===
The 1975 models featured a new wraparound rear window that curved out to occupy more of the B-Pillar, but the rear body shape and bumper remained unchanged. The turn signals were moved up from the valance panel to the grills which helped distinguish the 1975 from the 1974 front end as they are relatively the similar. This was also the last year of the larger profile larger snout Formula hood for the Firebird Formula.

The Super Duty engine and TurboHydramatic 400 3-speed automatic were no longer available in 1975. Due to the use of catalytic converters starting in 1975, the TH400 would not fit alongside the catalytic converter underneath the vehicle. The smaller TurboHydramatic 350 automatic was deemed suitable as the power output for the motors had significantly decreased from the earlier years. TH350 drew less power from the motor, and also did not require an electronic kickdown system. The Pontiac L78 400 was standard in the Trans Am and the 455 was optional for both 1975 and 1976 models.

1975 also saw the start of the "500577" cast 400 engine blocks enter production. The 500577 cast blocks were considered a weaker cast, as the motors had a weaker nickel content and had metal shaved off in the lower journals of the motor to decrease the overall weight, cost and emissions from the motor in an attempt to appease the tightening smog restrictions. These blocks became the norm up until the W72 motor reverted to the original specifications from the start of the decade with the 481988 cast in late 1977.

Originally, the L75 455 7.5L V8 was dropped entirely, but public demand saw the 455 return mid-year, available only with a 4-speed Borg Warner Super T-10, and it was no longer available for the Formula. Although it was brought back as the "455 H.O", it was not the same motor as the 1971-72 LS2 455 HO seen in the earlier Firebirds. The motor was a standard D-port engine with a very low profile camshaft and restrictive exhaust system that was also seen in the larger body Pontiac platforms. The power output was restricted to 200HP with a torque rating of 330lb⋅ft at 2000rpm. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1975home.aspx|title = 1975 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref> This resulted in a very critical response to the "HO" moniker being used on a station wagon motor by critics at the time. However, when later contrasted to what other performance vehicles were available on the market, it was the largest displacement "performance" motor still available that could easily produce more power with basic modifications. Track testing in 1975 showed the 455 received a 16.12 second quarter mile time, which was on par with the only other competition, the L82 Corvette. <ref>https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/unsung-muscle-75-455-ho-pontiac-trans-am</ref>

===1976===
[[File:400ci Pontiac.JPG|thumb|A 1976 Pontiac L78 400CID V8]]

Pontiac celebrated its 50th anniversary year in 1976.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flory Jr. |first=J. Kelly |title=American Cars, 1973–1980: Every Model, Year by Year |year=2012 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786443529 |page=530 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PV1uzCfmJDgC&q=1976+Pontiac%27s+50th+anniversary+year&pg=PA530 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> To commemorate this event, Pontiac unveiled a special Trans Am option at the 1976 [[Chicago Auto Show]].<ref name="Newhardt-57">{{cite book|last=Newhardt |first=David |title=Firebird Trans Am |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=9781610609289 |page=57 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O4TXRK-juZgC&q=commemorate+this+important+event,+Pontiac+unveiled+a+special+Trans+Am+option+at+the+1976+Chicago+Auto+Show&pg=PA57 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> Painted in black with gold accents, this was the first "anniversary" Trans Am package and the first production black and gold special edition. A removable [[T-top]] developed by [[Hurst Performance|Hurst]] was set to be included on all Y82 LE T/As, but proved problematic in installation and quality control, leading some Y82s to not be delivered with the Hurst T-top roof. All Hurst T-top equipped cars were built at the Norwood, Ohio, factory. It became an available option for other Firebirds in 1977.<ref name="Newhardt-57"/>

1976 marked the end of the Pontiac L75 7.5 liter 455 V8, as it could no longer meet the tightening emissions restrictions and the "HO" moniker used the year prior was dropped. The L75 was only available with a four-speed manual Borg Warner Super T-10, and was exclusive to the Trans Am.

1976 also introduced the "W50 appearance package" for the Formula model line, consisting of a two-tone appearance package with lower accents across the bottom of the body, a large "Formula" decal across the bottom of each door, and a "Firebird" decal on the rear spoiler.

===1977===
[[File:Pontiac Trans Am 1977.jpg|thumb|A 1977 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am with an early low-profile shaker.]]

The Firebird received it's most recognizable front end for the 1977 model year. The shaker scoop was also revised for this year, with the early 1977-built T/As coming with off-center, lower-profile shaker scoops. The Formula hood was changed for the last time for the second generation with a much lower profile. The snowflake wheel became an option for all Firebirds and was standard with the Y82 appearance package, although it could be replaced with Rally II wheels as a credit option. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1977home.aspx|title = 1977 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

For the Esprit, an optional appearance package RPO W60 called the "Skybird appearance package" became available, featuring an all blue exterior and interior. This package was originally slated to be called the "Bluebird" similar to the "Yellowbird" and "Redbird" packages to follow in the upcoming model years, but the name was already in use for a company that produced school buses. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firebirdtransamparts.com/redsky/ladybirds.htm#77|title = Hoghead's Ladybird Page}}</ref>

In 1977, General Motors began to source a larger selection of V8 motors to supply in the lower model Firebirds, and the Oldsmobile 350 V8 as well as the Chevrolet 350 V8 became options for the Firebird, Esprit, and Formula. This was the first time GM had required Pontiac to source another V8 motor to supply in its Firebird model line, as previously, the Chevrolet inline six was the only other outsourced motor seen in a Firebird. This marked the beginning of the end for Pontiac's engine development.

The Trans Am had now three different engine options to chose from, the standard Pontiac L78 400, the optional extra cost Pontiac W72 400, and the Oldsmobile-sourced L80 403. 1977 also saw the cubic inch metrics on the shaker dropped in favour of the displacement of the cylinders. The shakers now wore the decal "6.6 Litre" for all L78 Pontiac 400 and L80 Oldsmobile 403 motors. Only the optional W72 Pontiac 400 received the "T/A 6.6" decal. Many reproduction decal kits for Firebirds often did not include the "6.6 Litre" decal, which is why many Firebirds today bear the incorrect decal on the shaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitmantransam.com/Pages/ta66.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site T/A 6.6 or 6.6 Litre}}</ref>

As Pontiac had lost the 455 in the previous model year, they offered a modified 400 Pontiac V8 dubbed the "T/A 6.6" [[Regular Production Option|RPO]] W72 with a single four-barrel 800CFM Rochester Quadrajet carburettor rated at {{convert|200|bhp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,600 rpm and a maximum [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] of {{convert|325|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 2,400 rpm, as opposed to the regular 6.6 Litre 400 (RPO L78) rated at {{convert|180|hp|abbr=on|0}}. The T/A 6.6 equipped engines had chrome valve covers, while the base 400 engines had painted valve covers. For 1977, the W72 shared the same air cleaner and shared the same 500577 cast block as the L78, but received the 6x4 heads, whereas the L78 only received the 6x8 heads. The 6x4 heads were used on early Pontiac 350 blocks that helped increase the compression, and also had hardened valve seats for a higher RPM operating range. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.78ta.com/Pages/w72.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site - W72 Pontiac 400}}</ref>

The Oldsmobile 403 was implemented as the 400 Pontiac could not satisfy emissions requirements for high-altitude states and California. Wanting to still offer a 6.6 litre option for the Trans Am, the 403 Olds was seen as a suitable replacement as when equipped with an A.I.R emissions system, it could satisfy the emissions criteria for these states and still offer the power the Trans Am was known for. The L80 Oldsmobile had slightly more power than the standard L78 Pontiac 400 at 185hp (138kW) and offered the same low end torque of 320 lb⋅ft (430 N⋅m) at a more useable operating range of 2,200rpm. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1977Engines.aspx</ref>

From 1977 to 1981, the Firebird used four square headlamps, while the Camaro continued to retain the two round headlights that had been shared by both second-generation designs. The 1977 Trans-Am special edition became famous after being featured in ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. The 1980 turbo model was used for ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]''.

===1978===

Changes for 1978 were slight, with a switch from a honeycomb to a crosshatch pattern grille being the most notable change to the body style. The decals for the standard Trans Ams changed from the "looping style" lettering to the "block-style" font that would remain on the Firebird until the end of the second generation. <ref name=HBG1>{{citation | url = http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2011/08/01/hmn_buyers_guide1.html |title=1977–'78 Pontiac Firebird Formula |work =Buyer's Guide from Hemmings Muscle Machines |first=David Traver |last=Adolphus |date=August 2011 }}</ref> T-tops in 1978 transitioned from Hurst units to Fisher (GM) in mid-year. Pontiac also introduced the Red Bird package on the Firebird Esprit model. Painted in Roman red with a matching deluxe red interior, it demonstrated gold accents with a unique Red Bird graphic on the b-pillars. It also included a Formula steering wheel with gold spokes and gold dash bezel, similar to the ones included in Special Edition package, however, the red and gold steering wheel was exclusive to the Red Bird Esprit. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firebirdtransamparts.com/redsky/ladybirds.htm#78red|title = Hoghead's Ladybird Page}}</ref>

The W72 engine option also saw a revision to the camshaft duration and the tuning of the Rochester Quadrajet which lead to a 10% increase of horsepower from the following year, bringing the total to 220hp. Additionally, the earlier stronger and more durable 481988 cast block returned on the W72, denoted with a large "XX" cast protruding off side of the block near the cast code. The WS6 special performance package developed by Herb Adams was introduced as a handling option for the Trans Am, including a larger diameter rear sway bar, tighter ration steering box, 15x8 snowflake wheels, additional frame bracing, as well as other suspension changes. Delays in manufacturing prevented the rear disc brake (RPO J65) from being available on the 1978 model year. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitmantransam.com/Pages/ws6ws7.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site - WS6 and WS7}}</ref> Approximately 25% of Trans Ams in 1978 had the WS6 option according to Pontiac sales information at the start of 1979.

===1979===
[[File:Pair of 1979 Pontiac Firebird Trans AMs.jpg|thumb|Two late 70's Trans Am's, in T-top and coupe versions. Note: No Firebird was ever offered factory in Right Hand Drive Configuration]]

The front end was restyled for 1979, which also marked the 10th anniversary of the Trans Am. For 1979, there were three possible engine options. The L80 Oldsmobile 403ci motor became the standard motor and was only available with the TH350 3-speed automatic. The W72 was available for a short period and in limited supply. This was the last of the line for the Pontiac large displacement V8 engines, and only available with the Borg Warner Super T-10, also requiring the WS6 handling package as mandatory equipment in conjunction with this driveline choice. As an alternative option for customers who wanted a four-speed transmission, the smaller displacement Pontiac L37 301 4.9 liter V8 was offered as a credit option and could come equipped with either the ST-10 or TH350. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1979Engines.aspx</ref>

A limited-edition anniversary package was made available: platinum silver paint with charcoal gray upper paint accents and mirrored T-tops, and a special interior featuring silver leather seats with custom-embroidered Firebird emblems and aircraft-inspired red lighting for the gauges. The 10th-anniversary cars also featured special 10th-anniversary decals, including a Firebird hood decal that extended off of the hood and onto the front fenders. Pontiac produced 7,500 10th anniversary cars, of which 1,817 were equipped with the high-output Pontiac T/A 6.6 W72 400 engine. Two 10th anniversary Trans Ams were the actual pace cars for the 1979 Daytona 500, which has been called the race that made NASCAR. ''Car and Driver'' magazine named the Trans Am with the WS6 performance package the best handling car of 1979. During period dyno testing, the National Hot Rod Association rated the limited-availability T/A 6.6 high-output Pontiac 400 engine at 260–280 net horsepower, which was significantly higher than Pontiac's conservative rating of 220 hp. In 1979 Pontiac sold 116,535 Trans Ams, the highest sold in a year.

===1980===
In 1980, ever-increasing emissions restrictions led Pontiac to drop all of its large-displacement engines.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtzK7Hm77sUC&pg=PA20|title=Automotive Atrocities: Cars You Love to Hate|last=Peters|first=Eric|page=20|isbn=9780760317877|year=2004}}</ref> 1980 therefore saw the biggest engine changes for the Trans Am. The [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|301]], offered in 1979 as a credit option, was now the standard engine. No manual transmission was available for the Formula or Trans Am in 1980, all received the 3-speed automatic Turbo Hydramatic 350. Engine options included a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] 301 or the [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|Chevrolet 305]] small block. The turbocharged 301 used a Garrett TB305 turbo attached to a single Rochester Quadrajet four-barrel carburettor and featured a hood mounted "boost" gauge that would light up as the TB305 accumulated boost. The hood of the 301T equipped Firebirds had a large offset bulge to accommodate for the mounting position of the carburettor on the motor as the turbocharger exhaust occupied a large amount of space in the engine bay. The 301T set up was relatively primitive new technology at the time of its development and could not properly maximise the efficiency of the turbocharged set-up. The 301T equipped T/A's were restricted to an automatic transmission and a 3.08 rear differential ratio, but were seen as a disappointment contrasted to the venerable W72 400 available just a year prior. Some owners have claimed quite reasonable performance numbers with the modern fuels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oldcarmemories.com/1980-1981-pontiac-trans-turbo-4-9l-v8-better-think/ | title=1980-1981 Pontiac Trans Am Turbo 4.9L V8 - It's Better Than You Think| date=2018-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.2gta.com/1980ta.html |title = 1980 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am}}</ref>

A 1980 turbo Trans Am was featured in the movie ''Smokey and the Bandit II'', but was fitted with [[nitrous oxide]] tanks by Marvin Miller Systems to get the desired performance.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transam.me/y84_info.html |title =Y84 Special Edition TRANS AM Info |work=transam.me |date=2017 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

===1981===
[[File:1981 Pontiac Trans Am 1.jpg|thumb|right|1981 Pontiac Firebird Turbo Trans Am]]

1981 became the final year for the second generation Pontiac Firebird. The three engine options were unchanged for the model line-up, however, the option for a four-speed Borg Warner Super T-10 was re-introduced for the Formula and Trans Am, but was only available with the Chevrolet sourced LG4 305 5.0 liter V8. As with all other General Motors vehicles for 1981, all engines came equipped with the "computer command control" system attached to the carburettor. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1981home.aspx|title = 1981 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oldcarmemories.com/1981-pontiac-trans-am-5-0-liter-glimpse-into-the-future/|title = 1981 Pontiac Trans Am 5.0 Liter - Glimpse into the Future|date = 23 October 2012}}</ref>

The hood decal for the 1981 model year was also slightly restyled. All Firebirds also received an embossed silver Firebird decal on the petrol tank cap attached to the rear taillights. On the special edition Trans Ams, this Firebird was gold.

The G80 limited slip differential that was previously standard for the last decade on all Trans Ams became a pay-extra option. This decision was made by Pontiac to prepare dealers for the new ordering and pricing for the third generation Firebird where the G80 was no longer being included as a standard option for the Trans Am.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
| 1970 ||''Std'' [[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#250|{{cvt|250|CID|L|1}} Chevrolet I6]] {{cvt|155|hp|lk=on}}||''Esprit std'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{cvt|350|CID|L}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|255|hp}}||''346'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{cvt|400|CID|L}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|265|hp}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air 400 V8 {{cvt|345|hp}}||400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|370|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' (T/A std) 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|335|hp}}||''LS1'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|345|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1971 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 155 hp ([[Horsepower#Brake horsepower (bhp)|bhp]]){{refn|group=a|In 1971, General Motors changed from posting [[brake horsepower]], which is measured at the engine, to [[net horsepower]], measured at the wheels.<ref name="Red Book" />}} {{cvt|110|hp}} ([[Horsepower#Wheel horsepower (bhp)|whp]])||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}} (bhp) {{cvt|165|hp}} (whp)||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 265 hp (bhp) {{cvt|180|hp|0|abbr=}} (whp)||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}} (bhp) {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}} (whp)||''L75'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|325|hp}} (bhp) 255 hp (whp)||''LS5'' 455 CID Pontiac "HO" Ram Air IV V8 335 hp (bhp) {{cvt|305|hp}} (whp)
|-
| 1972 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 110 hp|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|175|hp}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS5'' 455 CID Pontiac "HO" V8 {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1973 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 {{cvt|100|hp}}|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|150|–|175|hp}}{{refn|group=a|name="trans"|The lower rating is for a car equipped with an [[automatic transmissions]], the higher rating is for a car equipped with a [[manual transmission]].<ref name="Red Book" />}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|170|–|185|hp}}{{refn|group=a|name=trans}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L75'' 455 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS2'' 455 CID Pontiac "SD" V8 {{cvt|290–310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}{{refn|group=a|Early engines were rated at 310 hp but due to internal changes, primarily with the [[camshaft]], the rating was dropped to 290 hp, these changes were made to meet emissions standards.<ref name="Red Book" />}}
|-
| 1974 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 100 hp|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|155|–|170|hp}}{{refn|group=a|The 170hp engine was standard on the Esprit and Formula models.<ref name="Red Book" />}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS2'' 455 CID Pontiac "SD" V8 {{cvt|290|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1975 || rowspan="2" |''L22'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 100 hp||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|155|hp||abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|175|hp||abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|185|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |''L75'' 455 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{refn|group=a|Indroduced midyear.<ref name="Red Book" />}}{{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1976 ||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|160|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|165|hp}}
|-
| 1977 ||''LD'' [[Buick V6 engine#231|{{cvt|231|CID|L|1}} Buick V6]] {{cvt|105|hp}}||''L27'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{cvt|301|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|135|hp}}||''L34'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|350 CID Oldsmobile V8]] {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|180|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{cvt|403|CID|L|1}} Oldsmobile V8]] {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1978 || rowspan="3" |''LD5'' {{cvt|231|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Buick V6{{refn|group=a|In 1978 GM switched to referencing their engince displacement in metric terms.<ref name="Red Book" />}} 105 hp||''LG3'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG3|{{cvt|305|CID|L|1|order=flip}} 5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|135|hp}}||''LM1'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LM1|{{cvt|350|CID|L|1|order=flip}} V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8| [[Chevrolet V8 engine#350|Chevrolet 350]], [[VIN]] code "L", [[Buick V8 engine#350|Buick 350]], VIN code "X", and [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|Oldsmobile 350]], VIN code "R", engines were all used.<ref name="Red Book" />}} {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' {{cvt|400|CID|L|order=flip}} Pontiac V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 6.6 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' {{cvt|403|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Oldsmobile V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1979 ||''L27'' {{cvt|301|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Pontiac V8 {{cvt|135|hp}}||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LG3'' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|135 or 150|hp||abbr=}}||''LM1'' 5.7 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 6.6 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' 6.6 L Oldsmobile V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1980 ||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|140|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 4.9 L Pontiac E/C V8 {{cvt|155|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LU8'' [[Pontiac 301 Turbo|4.9 L Pontiac Turbo V8]] {{cvt|210|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''LG4'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1981 ||''LD5'' 3.8 L Buick V6||''LS5'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#265|{{cvt|265|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|140|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac E/C V8 {{cvt|155|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LU8'' 4.9 L Pontiac Turbo V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}
|}
<ref name="Red Book">{{cite book|last=Sessler |first=Peter C. |title=Firebird Red Book – Pontiac Firebird from 1967 |publisher=Motorbooks International |location=Osceola, Wisconsin |date=1992 |isbn=0879385685 }}</ref>

===Production totals===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Model year !! Total<ref name="Red Book" />
|-
| 1970 || 48,739
|-
| 1971 || 53,125
|-
| 1972 || 29,951
|-
| 1973 || 46,313
|-
| 1974 || 73,729
|-
| 1975 || 84,063
|-
| 1976 || 110,775
|-
| 1977 || 155,735
|-
| 1978 || 187,294
|-
| 1979 || 211,453
|-
| 1980 || 107,340
|-
| 1981 || 70,899
|}
{{clear}}

== Third generation (1982–1992) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (third generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = 20th Anniversary Turbo TransAm Convertible august 2009 9,000 original miles.png
| caption = 1989 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am convertible
| production = 1982–1992
| engine = [[Iron Duke engine|{{convert|151|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#Longitudinal|{{convert|173|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} GM 60°]] [[V6 engine|V6]] [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LH0|{{convert|191|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} GM 60° V6]] [[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet]] [[V8 engine|V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]]
| transmission = 3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed automatic 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed manual
| assembly = [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1982–1987)
| wheelbase = {{convert|101|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1990–92 Firebird: {{convert|195.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1990–92 Trans Am: {{convert|195.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Pre-1988 Firebird: {{convert|190.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Pre-1988 Trans Am: {{convert|191.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|72.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|49.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[liftback]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (third generation)]]
| designer = [[Jerry Palmer]], Bill Porter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.corvettemuseum.org/learn/about-corvette/corvette-hall-of-fame/jerry-palmer/|title=JERRY PALMER – GM/CHEVROLET – 2000 CORVETTE HALL OF FAME|publisher=Corvette Museum}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20111031/CHEVY100/310319934/chevrolet-camaro-from-challenger-to-champion|title=Chevrolet Camaro: From challenger to champion|author=Gary Witzenburg|date=2011-10-31|publisher=Automotive News}}</ref>
}}
[[File:1989 Pontiac Trans Am Firebird GTA.png|thumb|1989 Pontiac Trans Am Firebird GTA]]
[[File:3rd-Pontiac-Firebird-convertible.jpg|thumb|1991 Firebird convertible with restyled nose]]

The availability and cost of gasoline (two fuel crises had occurred by this time) meant the weight and the fuel consumption of the third generation had to be considered in the design. In F-body development, both the third generation Firebird and Camaro were proposed as possible front-wheel-drive platforms, but the idea was scrapped. Computerized engine management was in its infancy, and with fuel efficiency being the primary objective, it was not possible to have high horsepower and torque numbers. They did manage to cut enough weight from the design so that acceleration performance would be better than the 1981 models. They also succeeded in reducing fuel consumption, offering a four-cylinder Firebird that would provide {{convert|34|mpgus|l/100km}}.<ref>fueleconomy.gov "Find a Car; 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 Firebird 2.5 L 5-speed fuel economy Official EPA Window Sticker MPG" Web. July 4, 2010</ref> GM executives decided that engineering effort would best be spent on aerodynamics and chassis development. They created a modern platform so that when engine technology advanced, they would have a well-balanced package with acceleration, braking, handling, and aerodynamics.

The Firebird and Camaro were completely redesigned for the 1982 model year, with the windshield slope set at 62 degrees, (about three degrees steeper than anything GM had ever tried before), and for the first time, a large, glass-dominated hatchback that required no metal structure to support it. Two concealed pop-up headlights, a first on the F-Body cars, were the primary characteristic that distinguished the third generation Firebird from both its Camaro sibling and its prior form (a styling characteristic carried into the fourth generation's design). In addition to being about {{convert|500|lb|kg}} lighter than the previous design, the new design was the most aerodynamic product GM had ever released. Wind tunnels were used to form the new F-Body platform's shape, and Pontiac took full advantage of it. The aerodynamic developments extended to the finned aluminum wheels with smooth hubcaps and a functional rear spoiler.

===Models===
*Firebird Base
*Firebird S/E (1982–1987)
*Firebird Formula (1987–1992)
*Firebird Trans Am

===Styles===
Firebird Base (I4/V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1982–85) 
Firebird Base (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1986–92) 
Firebird ASC convertible (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1986–89) 
Firebird convertible (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1991–92) 
Firebird Special Edition (S/E) (I4/V6/V8)-Series 2FX (1982–85) 
Firebird Special Edition (S/E) (V6/V8)-Series 2FX (1986) 
Firebird Formula (V8)-Series 2FS/W66 (1987–92) 
Firebird Formula ASC convertible (V8)-Series 2FS/W66 (1987–89) 
Firebird Trans Am-Series 2FW/WS4 (V8) (1982–92) 
Firebird Trans Am ASC convertible (V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1986–89) 
Firebird Trans Am convertible (V8) 2FW/WS4 (1991–92) 
Firebird [[Recaro]] Trans Am (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1982–84) 
Firebird Trans Am GTA (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1987–92) 
Firebird Trans Am GTA convertible (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1987–89) 
Firebird 25th Anniversary Daytona 500 Limited Edition Trans Am-(V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1994) 
Firebird 15th Anniversary Trans Am-(V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1984) 
Firebird 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am-(V6 Turbo)-Series 5FW/WS4 (1989)<ref>{{cite book|last=Gunnell|first=John|title=standard catalog of Firebird 1967–2002|year=2002|publisher=krause publications|location=Iola, WI|isbn=0-87349-494-6|pages=97–118}}</ref>

=== 1988 ===
[[File:1988GTA1.jpg|alt=1988 Trans Am GTA|thumb|1988 Pontiac Trans Am GTA with Notchback option]]
In 1988 the Trans Am GTA, which was built with the standard 350 cu in 5.7 L V8 engine, was offered with the option of removable roof "T-Tops". However, any buyer ordering this option could only order the 305 cu in 5.0 L V8 engine, because the roof would not have the support for all the extra torque from the engine, requiring a power trade-off for those who wanted this option. Pontiac also introduced a rare option for the Trans Am GTA in the 1988 model year. This notable option on the 1988 Trans Am GTA was the $800 "Notchback", which replaced the standard long large, glass-dominated hatchback to make the Firebird design look less like the Camaro design, and shared an appearance with the [[Pontiac Fiero]]. The Notchback was a special fiberglass rear deck lid, replacing the long-sloped window with a short vertical rear window, resembling the back of a Ferrari 288 GTO.

Approximately 700 of these Notchbacks were built in 1988 and offered for sale by Pontiac. The promotion was only in the form of a sheet in the back of a notebook of available options. The Notchbacks were made by Auto-Fab of Auburn Hills, MI. Problems with the incorrect fitting of the Notchbacks to the GTAs at the Van Nuys plant often resulted in delays of several months for buyers who wanted this option.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hotrod.com/articles/hppp-0809-1988-trans-am-gta-notchback/|title=1988 Trans Am GTA Notchback – Hatch-22 |date=2008-09-01|website=Hot Rod Network |first=Christopher R. |last=Phillip |access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Furthermore, quality control problems plagued the Notchback, many owners complained of rippling and deforming of the fiberglass rear deck, and others complained of large defects resembling acne forming in the Notchbacks. Pontiac had to repair them under warranty, sanding down the imperfections, and repainting them, only to have more flaws resurface months later. Because of the poor quality and numerous expensive warranty repairs and repainting, the Notchback was subsequently canceled for the 1989 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am, although a few were produced.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
| 1982 ||'''LQ9''' [[Iron Duke engine#Tech IV|{{cvt|151|CID|L|1|order=flip}} GM]] [[Electronic fuel injection#Electronic injection|EFI]] [[I4 engine|I4]] {{cvt|90|hp||lk=on}}||'''LC1''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LC1|{{cvt|173|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet]] [[V6 engine|V6]] {{cvt|102|hp}}||'''LG4''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|{{cvt|305|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|145|hp}}||'''LU5''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LU5|Crossfire EFI 5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|165|hp}}
|-
| 1983 || rowspan="2" |'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|92|hp||lk=on}}||'''LC1''' 2.8 L Chevrolet V6 {{cvt|107|hp|}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LL1''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LL1|2.8 L "HO" Chevrolet]] V6 {{cvt|125|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LU5''' 5.0 L Chevrolet Crossfire EFI V8 {{cvt|175|hp|}}||'''L69''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L69|5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1984 ||'''LC1''' 2.8 L Chevrolet V6 {{cvt|125|hp}}||'''L69''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L69|5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1985 ||'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|88|hp|lk=on}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB8''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LB8|2.8 L Chevrolet EFI V6]] {{cvt|135|hp|}}||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|155|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |'''L69''' 5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LB9''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LB9|5.0 L Chevrolet]] [[TPI Specialties|tuned port injection]] V8 {{cvt|205|hp}}
|
|-
| 1986 ||'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|88|hp|lk=on}}(None Produced in '86)||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|165|hp|}}||'''LB9''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LB9|5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1987 || rowspan="2" |'''LB8''' 2.8 L Chevrolet EFI V6 {{cvt|135|hp}}||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|155|hp}}||'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Automatic {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual {{cvt|215|hp|}}
|'''L98''' 5.7 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8 {{cvt|210|hp|}}
|-
| 1988 ||'''LO3''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Automatic {{cvt|195|hp|}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''L98''' 5.7 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8 {{cvt|225|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1989 ||'''LB8''' 2.8 L Chevrolet multi port fuel injection V6 {{cvt|135|hp}}||'''L03''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L03|5.0 L Chevrolet]] throttle body injection V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual w/Dual Cats N10 option {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|225|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
|1989 (cont'd)
|'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] w/Dual Cats N10 Option {{cvt|235|hp|}}
|'''LC2''' Buick 3.8 L Turbocharged V6 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}
|
|
|
|
|}
<ref name="Red Book"/>
{{clear}}

== Fourth generation (1993–2002) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation
| image = 1993-97 Pontiac Firebird.jpg
| production = November 1992 – August 30, 2002<ref>{{cite book|author=Staff of ''Old Cars'' |title=Camaro & Firebird – GM's Power Twins |year=2010 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-1440217524 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XV9YpfvVGu0C&q=camaro+quebec+1992&pg=PA186 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>
| assembly = [[Sainte-Thérèse Assembly|Sainte-Thérèse]], [[Quebec]]
| engine = {{ubl
|{{convert|207|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[General Motors 60° V6 engine#L32|L32]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] (160 hp)
|{{convert|231|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Buick V6 engine#L36 Naturally Aspirated|L36]]'' V6 (205 hp)
|{{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine#LT1|LT1]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] (275-305 hp)
|{{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine#LT4|LT4]]'' V8 (330 hp)
|{{convert|346|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS1|LS1]]'' V8 (305-330 hp)
|{{convert|346|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS1|SLP Firehawk LS1]]'' V8 (345-350 hp)
}}
| transmission = [[Turbo-Hydramatic#700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E|THM 4L60]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (1993) [[Turbo-Hydramatic#700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E|THM 4L60E]] 4-speed automatic (1994–2002) [[Borg-Warner T-5 transmission|Borg Warner T-5]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] (V6 engine) [[T-56|Borg Warner T56]] 6-speed manual (V8 engine)
| wheelbase = {{convert|101.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1993–1997 Firebird: {{convert|195.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–2002 Firebird: {{convert|193.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1997 Trans Am: {{convert|197|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–1999 Trans Am: {{convert|193.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Trans Am: {{convert|193.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = 1993–1997: {{convert|74.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–2002: {{convert|74.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 1993–1999 Firebird {{convert|52|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Firebird: {{convert|51.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1995 Trans Am: {{convert|51.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1996–1999 Trans Am: {{convert|52|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Trans Am: {{convert|51.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1999 Firebird convertible: {{convert|52.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Firebird convertible {{convert|51.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1994–1999 Trans Am convertible: {{convert|52.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3440|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (5.7 L LT1 coupe) {{convert|3284|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (5.7 L LS1 coupe)
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[liftback]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)]]
}}

The fourth-generation Firebird amplified the aerodynamic styling initiated by the previous generation. While the live rear axle and floorpan aft of the front seats remained largely the same, ninety percent of the Firebird's parts were all-new.<ref>{{cite book|title=Road & Track Special Series: Guide to the All-New 1993 Pontiac Firebird |date=1992 |publisher=Hachette Magazines |pages=2–3}}</ref> Overall, the styling of the Firebird more strongly reflected the [[Pontiac Banshee|Banshee IV]] concept car than the 1991 "facelift" did. As with the Camaro, major improvements included standard dual airbags, four-wheel anti-lock brakes, 16-inch wheels, rack-and-pinion power steering, short/long-arm front suspension, and several non-rusting composite body panels. Throughout its fourth generation, trim levels included V6-powered Firebird, and V8-powered Formula and Trans Am. Standard manual transmissions were the T5 five-speed manual for the V6s, [[Borg-Warner]]′s T56 six-speed manual for the V8s. The 4L60 four-speed automatic was optional for both in 1993, becoming the 4L60E with built-in electronic controls in 1994.

===1993–1997===
From 1993 until 1995 (1995 non-California cars), Firebirds received a {{convert|160|hp|abbr=on|0}} 3.4 L V6, an enhanced version of the third-generation's 3.1 L V6. Beginning mid-year 1995 onward, a Series II 3.8 L V6 with {{convert|200|hp|abbr=on|0}} became the Firebird's sole engine. From 1993 to 1997, the sole engine for the Formula and Trans Am was the 5.7 L LT1 V8, essentially identical to the LT1 in the [[Chevrolet Corvette#C4|C4 Corvette]] except for more flow-restrictive intake and exhaust systems.
Steering wheel audio controls were included with optional uplevel cassette or compact disc stereo systems.

Beginning with 1994 model year cars, "Delco 2001"-series stereo systems replaced the previous Delco units.<ref name="Flammang">{{cite book|last1=Flammang|first1=James|last2=Kowalke|first2=Ron|title=Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976–1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Krause |isbn=0-87341-755-0 |edition=third}}</ref>{{rp|898}} This revised series, also introduced for other Pontiac car lines, featured ergonomically-designed control panels with larger buttons and an optional seven-band graphic equalizer. Also in 1994, the fourth-generation convertible was available; every Firebird (and Camaro) convertible featured a glass rear window with a built-in electric defroster.

The 1995 models were the same as those of previous years, but traction control (ASR: acceleration slip regulation) was available for LT1 Firebirds, controlled by a switch on the console. The steering wheels in all Firebirds were also changed; their optional built-in audio controls were more closely grouped on each side. The "Trans Am GT" trim level was dropped from the lineup after its model year run in 1994. For 1995, all Trans Ams received 155-mph speedometers and Z-rated tires. 1995 was also the first year of the vented version of the Opti-Spark distributors on LT1 F-cars, addressing a common mechanical fault with the unit. The 'transmission perform' button was available only in the 1994 and 1995 Formula and Trans Am. This option was stopped for the 1996 and later models, but the unused connections remain available for 1996 and 1997 Formula and Trans Am. While 1995 cars still used the OBD-I (on-board diagnostic) computer system (the last year of any American car including the F-body to use OBD-I), a majority of them had OBD-II connector ports under the dash.

Firebird performance levels improved for 1996, with the establishment of the stronger 200-hp 3.8 L V6 as the new base engine, and the power rating of the LT1 increased to 285 for 1996, due to its new dual catalytic-converter exhaust system. 1996 was also the first model year of the OBD-II computer system. Optional performance enhancements were available for each Firebird trim level; the Y87 performance packages for V6s added mechanical features of the V8 setups, such as four-wheel disc brakes, faster-response steering, limited-slip rear differential, and dual tailpipes.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|904}} For Formulas and Trans Ams, functional dual-inlet "Ram Air" hoods returned as part of the WS6 performance package. The optional package boosted rated horsepower from 285 to 305, and torque from 325 lb·ft to 335. Also included were 17x9-wheels wheels with 275/40ZR17 tires, suspension improvements, oval dual tailpipe tips, and a WS6 badge. Bilstein shocks were a further option with the package.

The 1997 model year introduced standard air conditioning, daytime running lamps (utilizing the front turn signal lamps), digital odometer and optional 500-watt Monsoon cassette or compact disc stereo systems to all Firebird trim levels.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|907}} For V6 Firebirds, a W68 sport appearance package was also introduced as a counterpart to the Camaro RS trim level. The WS6 "Ram Air" performance package was now also an option for the Formula and Trans Am convertibles, although these convertibles did not receive the 17-inch wheel-and-tire combination. There were 41 Formula convertibles and 463 Trans Am convertibles produced from 1996 to 1997 with the WS6 package.

===1998–2002===
In 1997, in relation to the Camaro, the Firebird received a mid-cycle refresh for the 1998 model year. Major changes included a new hood and front fascia with dual intakes, retracting quad halogen headlights, circular turn signals and fog lamps, a front license plate pocket, lower fender air vents, unified-style lower door raised lettering for each trim level, and a new "honeycomb" rear light panel, with circular reverse lamps. In the dashboard, "next-generation" reduced-force dual airbags became standard. As before, the Formula and Trans Am again received a close derivative of the Corvette's 5.7 L V8, the LS1 of the [[Chevrolet Corvette C5|C5 Corvette]], as the LT1 (and LT4) V8s were discontinued.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|911}} The LS1 Firebirds were also equipped with an aluminum driveshaft, replacing the previous steel version, while all Firebird trim levels gained four-wheel disc brakes with dual-piston front calipers and larger rotors at each wheel, complete with a solenoid-based Bosch anti-lock system. The Formula convertible was no longer offered.

Beginning in 1998 for 1999 models, a standard 16.8-gallon non-metallic fuel tank increased the potential traveling range. GM's ASR traction control system was extended to the V6-powered Firebirds, and all LS1 (V8) and Y87 (V6) Firebirds also received a Zexel/Torsen II slip-reduction rear axle. An electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) system replaced the old hydraulic proportioning valve for improved brake performance. An enhanced sensing and diagnostic module (SDM) recorded vehicle speed, engine rpm, throttle position, and brake use in the last five seconds prior to airbag deployment.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|915}} In 1999, a [[Hurst Performance|Hurst]] shifter for variants with the 6-speed manual and a power steering cooler became options for LS1 Firebirds.

In 2000, the WS6 performance package was available exclusively for the 2001 model year Trans Am coupe and convertible variants.

For 2002, more convenience items such as power mirrors and power antenna became standard equipment, while cassette stereos were phased out.

===Special editions===
===Firehawk===
The special-edition extra-performance Firehawk (available in Formula trim for 1993–1997, and again in both Formula and Trans Am trims for 1999–2002) was produced by SLP Engineering, Inc., and sold through Pontiac dealerships. Featuring 17-inch wheels with namesake [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] Firehawk 275/40ZR17 tires along with a functional twin-inlet hood above a specific air cleaner box, its rated power increased to {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}} and 330 lb·ft (445 Nm) of torque. A total of 201 Firehawks were built for 1993. In 1994, the Firehawk package was expanded to include options for a suspension upgrade as well as a larger-diameter exhaust system that could boost power to {{cvt|315|hp|0|abbr=on}}. T-top Formula coupes and convertibles could also be optioned as Firehawks beginning in 1995. For 1996 and 1997, the Firehawk gained rectangular driving lights mounted inside the front scoops and (except Firehawk convertibles) the Trans Am's elevated rear wing. In 1997, an LT4 Firehawk was also available, utilizing the same {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=on}}, balanced-and-blueprinted LT4 V8 engine as found in the manual-transmission 1996 Corvette. A total of 29 LT4-powered Firehawks were produced.

Power levels for the 1999 Firehawk, powered by the LS1 V8, rose to {{cvt|327|hp|0|abbr=on}} (330 in 2000, 335 in 2001, and 345 in late 2002 models equipped with the "Blackwing" intake). A 10th-anniversary Firehawk was available in 2001, distinguished as a black Trans Am coupe (123 units) and convertible (16 units) with gold-painted hood stripes (prototype only), gold vinyl stripes on hood and spoiler (production), gold 17-inch wheels, and gold tailpipe tips.

===1994 Trans Am GT===
In 1994 only, a "Trans Am GT" option was available. Trans Am GTs did not receive any special badging, graphics, or emblems, and looked externally identical to the base Trans Am cars. The GT package included 245/50ZR16 tires and a 155-mph speedometer. Non-GT optioned Trans Ams in 1994 received 235/55R16 tires, a 115-mph speedometer, and a much lower top-speed limiter. The "highrise spoiler", leather, and T-tops were not standard on the Trans Am GT cars in 1994, nor any year of LT1 Trans Am. RPO code T43 "uplevel spoiler" was an option on all Trans Ams, and while the mass majority of 1994 Trans Am GT cars received the T43 spoiler (along with the majority of all 1993–1997 Trans Ams), it was not part of the Trans Am GT package. Both base Trans Ams and Trans am GTs could be ordered as coupe, T-top, or convertible versions and were both available with automatic or manual transmissions. While the GT package was a cost option on the 1994 Trans Am, a majority of 1994 Trans Ams were made with the GT package.

All of the 1994 Trans Am GT options became standard in 1995–2002 as part of the Trans Am package, and the GT name/package was dropped for 1995. Some of the early fourth-generation Trans Am and Formula Firebirds list "GT" on the vehicle's title or registration. The reason behind this is because the VIN does not specify a "package" (Formula, Trans Am, Trans Am GT, Firehawk, etc.); it only specifies the engine (5.7 L V8 LT1). Because the title is based on the VIN alone, titles and registrations often list all of the packages, but it does not mean the car is equipped with any certain package.

===1994 25th-anniversary Trans Am===
The 1994 model year marked the 25th anniversary of the Trans Am, and another anniversary edition was released, painted white with a single dark blue stripe down the center of the vehicle that was reminiscent of the 1970 Trans Am. It also featured white-painted, five-spoke, 16-inch alloy wheels, and white leather seats and door trim. This edition was available in either coupe or convertible form.

===1999 30th-anniversary Trans Am===
As with the previous 25th-anniversary edition, the 30th-anniversary edition was either a white WS6 convertible or WS6 T-top coupe, with twin dark blue stripes from hood to tail, and distinct blue anodized five-spoke 17-inch alloy A-mold wheels, with white leather seats and door trim.

2001 was the 75th anniversary of Pontiac. An available 75th Anniversary Package incorporated a power and performance package that included power door locks including retained accessory power, power windows including express down drivers side, dual power sport mirrors, power antenna. Radio, ETR AM/FM stereo with CD player and 7-band graphic equalizer including a clock, seek up/down, remote CD pre-wiring Monsoon 500 watt peak power with 10-speaker premium sound system and steering wheel leather-wrapped w/driver touch radio controls. 4-speed automatic transmission, power drivers 6-way seat, security package (includes theft-deterrent system and remote key-less entry), 3800 performance package that included 3.42 gears with "posi-trac" Zexel Torsen T2 limited-slip differential, 4 wheel disc brakes, dual mufflers, and an LS1 steering rack= 14.4:1, 235/55/16 tires, hatch roof, removable, 16-inch chromed aluminum wheels, 50-state low emission vehicle. There were a total of 472 of these packages sold in 2001, #239 on the L36 Firebird, 231 on the Formula W66 coupe, 5 on Formula Firehawks, and 2 on Trans-Ams.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trans Am World - 2001 Firebird Breakdown |url= http://www.transamworld.com/2001-breakdown.htm |website=transamworld.com |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> The manufacturer original window stickers included this as a separate package listing the items and one price.

===2002 collector's edition Trans Am===
For the Firebird's final year, a collector's edition Trans Am was released as either a yellow WS6 convertible or WS6 t-top coupe, with twin black stripes from hood to tail, black-painted five-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels, and further black-trimmed body details.

<gallery widths="220px" heights="200px" class="center">
File:Pontiac Trans Am convertible.jpg|1994–1997 Trans Am convertible
File:1996 Pontiac Firebird Formula.jpg|1996 Firebird Formula with functional "Ram Air" hood
File:Firebird 07-24-2019.jpg|alt=1993–1997 Pontiac Firebird|rear view (1993–1997)
File:30th Anniversary Trans Am.jpg|The 1999 30th Anniversary Trans Am
File:Joe Aquilante SCCA Pocono Raceway 1999.jpeg|Joe Aquilante on the front stretch of Pocono Raceway 1999, to become SCCA national champ in T-1
File:2002 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Collector's Edition Convertible (23500415186).jpg|Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Collector's Edition convertible
</gallery>

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1993|| rowspan="3" | [[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#3.4|{{convert|3.4|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L32 V6]]|| rowspan="2" | [[GM LT engine#LT1|5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8]]
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1994
|-
| 1995|| [[GM 3800 engine#Series II|{{convert|3.8|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L36 V6]]
(California Only)
| 5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1996|| rowspan="7" | {{convert|3.8|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L36 V6|| rowspan="2" | 5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1997|| [[GM LT engine#LT4|5.7 L 350 CID LT4 V8]]
(iron block, aluminum heads) in Firehawk by SLP
|-
| 1998|| rowspan="5" | [[GM LS engine|5.7 L 346 CID LS1 V8]]
(aluminum block and heads)
|-
| 1999
|-
| 2000
|-
| 2001
|-
| 2002
|}

{{clear}}

== Firebird Trans Am ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name=Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
| image=File:2002 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am WS6.JPG
| production = 1969–2002
| manufacturer = [[General Motors]]
| class = [[Pony car]], [[Muscle car]]
| body_style = 2-door [[convertible]] 1969, 1987–1989 Pontiac sanctioned special edition, 1991–1992, 1994–2002 2-door [[coupe]] 1969–2002
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|FR layout]]
}}

[[File:'72 Pontiac Trans Am (Auto classique).JPG|thumb|right|1971 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:Pontiac Trans Am (Orange Julep).JPG|thumb|right|1974 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:Pontiac Firebird Trans Am (Orange Julep).jpg|thumb|right|1978 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:1981 Pontiac Trans Am 1.jpg|thumb|right|1981 Pontiac Turbo Trans Am]]
[[File:'87 Pontiac Trans Am (Auto classique).JPG|thumb|right|1987 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:KITT Universal Studios.jpg|thumb|right|A modified 3rd generation Trans Am used as [[KITT]] ]]

The Trans Am was a specialty package for the Firebird, typically upgrading [[Car handling|handling]], [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]], and [[horsepower]], as well as minor appearance modifications such as exclusive [[Hood (vehicle)|hoods]], [[Spoiler (automotive)|spoilers]], fog lights and wheels. Four distinct generations were produced between 1969 and 2002. These cars were built on the [[GM F platform|F-body platform]], which was also shared by the [[Chevrolet Camaro]].

Despite its name, the Trans Am was not initially used in the [[Trans Am Series]], as its smallest engine exceeded the SCCA's five-liter displacement limit.

The second generation was available from 1970 to 1981. The Firebird Trans Am was selected as the Official Pace Car for the [[1980 Indianapolis 500]].

The Trans Am GTA (Gran Turismo Americano) was an options package available on the Firebird Trans Am which added gold 16-inch diamond-spoke alloy wheels, a monochromatic paint scheme, and special cloisonné GTA badges. The GTA (along with the Formula model that was intended to fill the gap between the base model Firebird and mid-level Trans Am) was the brainchild of former Pontiac marketing manager Lou Wassel. It was intended to be the "ultimate" Trans Am and was the most expensive Firebird available. The GTA equipment package officially went on sale in 1987 and avoided a gas-guzzler tax thanks to its lightweight PW 16-inch gold cross-lace wheels. The high-performance WS6 suspension package was also re-tuned to offer a more compliant ride while still maintaining tight handling characteristics. Engine choices consisted of an L98 5.7 L (350 ci) TPI V8 mated to GM's corporate 700R4 automatic transmission or the 5.0 L (305 ci) TPI V8. A five-speed manual was available but was mated to the 5.0 L only. The GTA trim level was available from 1987 through the 1992 model year.

For 1989, the 20th-anniversary turbo Trans Am project (originally conceived by Bill Owen of Pontiac) was outsourced to PAS, Inc., an engineering firm led by Jeff Beitzel. Beitzel and his team did most of the TTA development work. The 3.8 L turbocharged V6 engines were built by PAS at their 40,000 square foot City of Industry, CA plant. From there, they went to GM's plant in Van Nuys, CA to be installed into GTAs on the F-Body assembly line. The cars were then shipped back to PAS for final assembly, testing, and quality control. Incidentally, the GTA chassis were selected at random, thus there is no correlation between the VIN and production sequence number. The initial number of cars to be produced had ranged from 500 to 2,500 until GM finally settled on 1,500. In all, a total of 1,555 Turbo Trans Ams were manufactured. One of these served as the [[1989 Indianapolis 500]] pace car.

The 2002 model-year WS6 Trans Am produced {{cvt|310|hp|0|abbr=}} at 5,200 rpm and {{cvt|340|lbft|0|abbr=}} of torque at 4,000 rpm out of its 5.7 L LS1 V8 engine.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nadaguides.com/Cars/2002/Pontiac/FIREBIRD-V8-6-Spd-AT/Coupe-2D-Trans-Am-WS6/Specs |title=2002 Pontiac Firebird Specs & Performance |work=NADA Guides |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref> A stock WS6 completed the ¼—mile in 13.16 seconds at 106.05 mph on Eagle F1 street tires.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.streetfire.net/video/s...ws6_178072.htm |access-date=October 20, 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215646/http://www.streetfire.net/video/s...ws6_178072.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2014 |title=Stock 2002 Trans Am WS6 at the track |work=StreetFire}}</ref>

=== Engines ===

==== First generation ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
|1969|| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air 400 V8]]
{{convert|335|bhp|abbr=on}}
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air IV V8]]
{{convert|345|bhp|abbr=on}}
|}

==== Second generation ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1970|| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air 400]] V8
345 hp
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air IV]] V8
370 hp
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air V V8]]<ref group="Note A">There are no known 1970 Trans Ams with the Ram Air V, no complete engines were ever sold or shipped to dealers, but the parts needed to build one could be ordered over-the-counter.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.wallaceracing.com/RAV-story-page1.html |title=Pontiac Ram Air V Story |work=Wallace Racing |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1971|| rowspan="2" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac H.O. V8]]
|-
| 1972
|-
| 1973|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac S.D. V8
|-
| 1974|| rowspan="3" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac S.D. V8
|-
| 1975|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8 455-H.O. <ref group="Note A">These cars came with a 455-H.O decal on the Shaker Hood Scoop but were not anywhere near the same engine as the 71–72 H.O.'s. They were standard production engines lifted from Pontiac's station wagon line and transplanted straight into the T/A. Rated at ~ 200 hp. Pontiac did this to try to boost sales, and the engine was only available with the 4-speed manual transmission. A total of 857 were built as it was a mid-year addition.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.2gta.com/1975ta.html |title=1975 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am |work=2gta.com |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| 1976|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8 455 H.O.<ref group="Note A">The only difference between this engine and the previous 1975 engine is the ''H.O.'' was removed from the shaker hood scoop and simply said ''455''. It came with a 4-speed manual transmission. A total of 7,099 were built this year's full production run.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.2gta.com/1976ta.html |title=The 1976 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am |work=2gta.com |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1977|| rowspan="2" | [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]]|| rowspan="2" | {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8
|-
| 1978
|-
| 1979|| rowspan="3" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]|| {{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8 (Automatic only)|| {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8 (4-speed only)<ref group="Note A">These engines were actually 1978s that were stockpiled for 1979. Pontiac ceased production of the 400 in 1978.</ref>
|-
| 1980|| [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]] || rowspan="2" |[[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac turbo V8]]
|-
| 1981|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8 (4-speed only)
|}
Notes A:
<references group="Note A" />

==== Third generation ====
From 1982 onward, all engines were Chevrolet sourced, unless stated otherwise.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1982|| rowspan="6" | [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8]]|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} cross-fire injection V8
(First year for fuel injection in Trans Am)
|
|-
| 1983|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} cross-fire injection V8|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8 H.O.
(662 were made, all 5-speeds)
|-
| 1984|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel H.O. V8
(1500 anniversary edition models were made, 500 of them 5-speed)
|
|-
| 1985|| rowspan="8" | {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} tuned port injection V8|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel H.O. V8 H.O.
(5-speed only)
|-
| 1986|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8 H.O.
(5-speed only) A total of 69 were built.
|-
| 1987|| rowspan="6" | [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} tuned port injection V8]]
|-
| 1988|| rowspan="5" | {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} throttle body injection V8
|-
| 1989|| [[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]]
|-
| 1990
|-
| 1991
|-
| 1992
|}

==In popular media==

In 1974, a Brewster Green ’73 Trans Am starred as [[John Wayne]]’s personal transportation in ''[[McQ]]'' and featured in an extended chase sequence.

[[James Garner]] drove a Firebird Esprit during six seasons of ''[[The Rockford Files]]'' from 1974-1980. From 1974 through 1978, the current model year Firebird was used, always finished in Copper Mist gold. For better stunt performance, the cars were built to Formula 400 specifications but were badged to look like the luxury-focused Esprit.

The 1977 Trans Am Special Edition was featured in ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. The 1980 Turbo model was used for ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]''. Both cars were driven by [[Burt Reynolds]] in the films.

A modified 1982 Trans Am known as the [[KITT|Knight Industries Two Thousand]] (or KITT) is driven by [[Michael_Knight_(Knight_Rider)|Michael Knight]] (played by [[David Hasselhoff]]) in the TV series ''[[Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)|Knight Rider]]''. Aside from many useful features, the car has a built-in computer that interacts with Knight with the voice by an uncredited [[William Daniels]].

==Post–Pontiac Trans Am==
[[File:Trans Am Super Duty at the New York International Auto Show NYIAS (39516172660).jpg|thumb|Trans Am Super Duty at the ''[[New York International Auto Show|NYIAS]]'']]
In 2012, General Motors signed a licensing deal with Trans Am Depot to use the Trans Am name and Pontiac logos in custom coach built versions of new Trans Am.<ref>{{cite web|last=Luft |first=Alex |title=TransAm Depot Gives Camaro The Pontiac Treatment |url= http://gmauthority.com/blog/2013/03/transam-depot-gives-camaro-the-pontiac-treatment-ad-break/ |work=GM Authority |date=March 16, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> Under this agreement, Trans Am Depot takes brand-new model [[Chevrolet Camaro]]s, strips them down to their basic components and rebuilds what looks like a new Trans Am.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaowthumrong |first=Patricia |title=Flying High |url= http://performancebiz.com/features/flying-high |work=Performance HotRod Business |date=January 8, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150722113226/http://performancebiz.com/features/flying-high |archive-date=July 22, 2015 }}</ref> They make these in the designs of the 6T9 version Trans Am, 6T9 Goat ("GTO"),<ref name="Lingeman_GTO">{{cite news|last=Lingeman |first=Jake |title=GTO Judge poised for a comeback|url=http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/gto-judge-poised-comeback |work=Autoweek |date=June 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Justin |first=Cesler |title=Here Comes the Judge |url= http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/29-december-2013-high-performance-pontiac-magazine |work=High Performance Pontiac Magazine |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150721175008/http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/29-december-2013-high-performance-pontiac-magazine |archive-date=July 21, 2015 }}</ref> 7T7 Trans Am and the limited-edition Hurst Trans Am.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamdepot.com/hurst-judge/ |title=Hurst Edition Trans Am |work=trans am depot |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ross |first=Jeffrey |title=2013 Hurst Edition Trans Am|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2013/05/13/2013-hurst-edition-trans-am/ |work=AutoBlog |date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref>

On March 26, 2017, at the [[New York International Auto Show]], the Bandit Edition Trans Am was introduced. Built by Trans Am Depot, only 77 will be produced, each signed by [[Burt Reynolds]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/ |website=Transamworldwide.com |title=The Trans Am Bandit Edition Unveiled!
|access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref><ref name="MTNYIAS">{{cite web|url= https://www.motortrend.com/news/1000-hp-2017-trans-am-455-super-duty-bows-in-new-york/ |website=Motortrend.com |title=1000-HP 2017 Trans Am 455 Super Duty bows in New York |access-date=October 20, 2020 |date=April 13, 2017 |first=Jason |last=Udy}}</ref> Powertrain is a {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] version of the current Generation V [[LS based GM small-block engine#LT1|LT1]] V8 engine equipped with a {{convert|2.3|L|CID|1}} Magnuson [[supercharger]] with a boost of {{convert|14|psi|bar|abbr=on}}, developing {{convert|1000|hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1046|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamworldwide.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Trans-Am-455-Super-Duty-Specs.pdf |website=Transamworldwide.com |title=Trans Am 455 Super Duty Specs |access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref><ref name="MTNYIAS"/>

=== Burt Reynolds collection of Firebirds ===
On April 14, 2018, at the [[Barrett-Jackson]] collector car auction in Palm Beach, FL, just 5 months before his death, actor Burt Reynolds presided over the sale of 3 Pontiac Firebird Trans Ams from his personal collection, sold via Bandit Movie Cars of Florida, the custodian of the Burt Reynolds collection. He was also an avid Firebird collector after filming the movies ''[[Hooper (film)|Hooper]]'' and also the ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' movie series. The first car was a red 1977 Firebird Trans Am survivor car from the Restore a Muscle Car Collection with a price of $57,200. The second vehicle was a rare 1974 Pontiac Trans AM 455 Super Duty, which was another survivor that reached $100,000 plus 10% buyer commission. The third car Reynolds sold was a 1980 Indianapolis pace car turbo Trans Am, which was also $100,000, plus 10% buyer commission.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.carbuyingtips.com/articles/blog/burt-reynolds-at-record-2018-barrett-jackson-palm-beach-auction.htm |title=Burt Reynolds adds fuel to the fire at record Barrett-Jackson Palm Beach Auto Auction |website=carbuyingtips.com |date=April 18, 2018 |first=Jeff |last=Ostroff |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref>

== Performance (Firebird / Firebird Trans Am) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!Engine
!Year(s)
!Power
!0–60 mph (0–97 km/h)
!Top speed
!Comments
|-
||[[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8]]
| 1979 || {{convert|220|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center> 6.6 s.</center> || > {{convert|132|mph|abbr=on|0}}|| Trans Am model equipped with 400 4-speed manual<ref>''Hot Rod'' magazine 1979.</ref>
|-
||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} LB9 V8]]
| 1989–1992 || {{convert|225|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center> 7.8 s.</center> || > {{convert|140|mph|abbr=on|0}}|| Formula model equipped with N10/MM5/GM3 option codes<ref name="CnDV35N9">{{cite journal|title=Road Test |journal=Car and Driver |volume=35 |issue=9 |date=March 1990}}</ref>
|-
||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} L98 V8]]
| 1987–1992 || {{convert|235|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center> 6.2 s.</center> || > {{convert|145|mph|abbr=on}} || GTA model
|-
||[[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]]
| 1989 || {{convert|250|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center>4.6 s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gtasourcepage.com/8920thTACDReview.html |title=1989 20th Anniversary Trans Am Road Test, Car & Driver Magazine, June 1989 |via=Gtasourcepage.com |date=2001 |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref></center> || {{convert|162|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flat-out Fastest American Cars II-the Sequel|journal=Motor Trend |date=June 1989 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=42–47, 50, 54}}</ref>|| 20th anniversary Trans Am pace car
|-
| rowspan=2|[[GM LT engine#LT1|{{convert|5.7|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} LT1 V8]]
| 1993–1997 || {{convert|275|-|285|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center>6.0 s.</center> || {{convert|155|mph|abbr=on}} (electronically limited)
|-
| 1996–1997 || {{convert|305|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center>5.6 s.</center> || {{convert|155|mph|abbr=on}} (electronically limited)||Ram Air
|-
| rowspan=2|[[GM LS engine#LS1|5.7 L (345.7 cu in) LS1 V8]]
| 1998–2000 || {{convert|320|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center>5.2 s.</center> || {{convert|160|mph|abbr=on|0}} (electronically limited)
|-
| 2001–2002 || {{convert|325|bhp|abbr=on}} || <center>5.0s.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.motortrend.com/cars/pontiac/firebird/2000/2000-pontiac-firebird-trans-am-ws6/ |title = 2000 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am WS6 - First Drive & Road Test Review |website=Motor Trend|date = 2003-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.zeroto60times.com/vehicle-make/pontiac-0-60-mph-times/ | title=Pontiac 0-60 Times & Pontiac Quarter Mile Times | Pontiac GTO, G8, Trans Am, Grand Am, Fiero & more 0 to 60 stats!}}</ref></center> ||{{convert|160|mph|abbr=on|0}} (electronically limited)
|}

== Racing ==
Firebirds were used in the [[Trans-Am series]] in the 1960s and 1970s. When the Firebird Trans Am was released, there was controversy over the model's inability to compete in the Trans-Am because the smallest available engine was too large for use in the series at 400 cubic inches (6.6 L). The name also caused controversy because it was used without permission from the [[SCCA]], who threatened suit. GM settled the dispute by paying $5 to the SCCA for each car they sold. When the Trans-Am was last seen, the model year 2002 Firebirds were in use. From 1996 to 2006, a WS6 Trans Am coupe provided the body style for the mechanically identical racing cars used in the [[International Race of Champions]] (IROC).

During the 1995, 1996, and 1997 [[NHRA]] seasons, 14-time [[funny car]] champion [[John Force]] used a Firebird body to replace the obsolete [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] and [[Chevrolet Lumina]] bodies he had used since 1988. He used it for three seasons, winning the championship in all three years. The Firebird was also used by drivers such as Del Worsham, Tim Wilkerson, Frank Pedregon, and Jerry Toliver. The Firebird body also replaced the Oldsmobile Cutlass in the pro stock class in 1995, forcing drivers [[Warren Johnson]], Jerry Eckman, and Mark Pawuk to replace their body styles for the 1996 year. None of them would win with the first year of the Firebird body, but pro stock driver Jim Yates, a second-year driver, using the Firebird body, did.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=a}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://transamworldwide.com/ Trans Am world wide]
* [http://www.carsandracingstuff.com/library/f/firebird.php Pontiac Firebird] and [http://www.carsandracingstuff.com/library/t/transam.php Pontiac Trans Am] at The Crittenden Automotive Library
* [http://www.ta1987.com/ The Fire Chicken] restoration project of 1987 Firebird
*[http://www.firebirdclubofcanada.ca/ Firebird Club Of Canada]

{{Pontiac}}
{{Pontiac Early Timeline}}
{{Pontiac timeline 1980s to 2010}}

[[Category:Pontiac vehicles|Firebird]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Pony cars]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Muscle cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1967]]
[[Category:1970s cars]]
[[Category:1980s cars]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

Pontiac Firebird

2021-11-12T04:30:16Z

Alvarowik: Add designer

{{short description|Car model}}
{{redirect|Firebird (car)|another series of prototype cars|General Motors Firebird}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Pontiac Firebird
| image = Trans Am Family.jpg
| caption = Second, third, and fourth generation of Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
| manufacturer = [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] ([[General Motors]])
| production = February 23, 1967 – August 30, 2002
| model_years = 1967 – 2002
| class = [[Pony car]] [[Muscle car]]
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|FR layout]]
}}

The '''Pontiac Firebird''' is an American automobile that was built and produced by [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] from the 1967 to 2002 model years. Designed as a [[pony car]] to compete with the [[Ford Mustang]], it was introduced on February 23, 1967, five months after [[General Motors|GM's]] [[Chevrolet]] division's [[automobile platform|platform-sharing]] [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]].<ref name="Red Book" /> This also coincided with the release of the 1967 [[Mercury Cougar]], Ford's upscale, platform-sharing version of the Mustang.<ref>{{cite web|title=1967 Cougar |url= http://www.musclecarfacts.com/mercury-cougar/383-1967-cougar |access-date=June 10, 2015 |publisher=Muscle Car Facts |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150610172036/http://www.musclecarfacts.com/mercury-cougar/383-1967-cougar |archive-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Montievo |first=Andrew |title=How the Mercury Cougar shaped today's luxury cars |url= http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/02/how-mercury-cougar-shaped-luxury-cars/ |magazine=Tech Gen Magazine |date=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

The name "Firebird" was also previously used by GM for the [[General Motors Firebird]] in the 1950s and early 1960s [[concept car]]s.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== First generation (1967–1969) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = Pontiac Firebird.jpg
| caption = 1967 Pontiac Firebird convertible
| production = February 23, 1967–1969
| engine = [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#230|{{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} Pontiac SOHC]] [[Straight-six engine|I6]] [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#250|{{cvt|250|CID|L}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#326|{{cvt|326|CID|L|1}} Pontiac]] [[V8 engine|V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{cvt|400|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]]
| transmission = 2-speed [[Super Turbine 300|automatic]] 3-speed [[Turbo-Hydramatic]] automatic 3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed manual
| assembly = [[Lordstown Assembly|Lordstown]], Ohio, United States (1967–1969) [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States (1968–1969) [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1969)
| wheelbase = {{convert|108.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| length = {{convert|188.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| width = {{convert|72.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| height = {{convert|51.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=148544 |title=1967 Pontiac Firebird Sprint Technical Specifications |website=Carfolio.com |access-date=November 29, 2011}}</ref>
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)]]
| designer = Jack Humbert<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/the-golden-age-of-pontiac/|title=The Golden Age of Pontiac|website=Hagerty|access-date=November 1, 2021|date=June 4, 2012|first1=Tony|last1=Hossain|first2=Jerry|last2=Burton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804142238/https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/the-golden-age-of-pontiac/|archive-date=August 4, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{see also|GM F platform#First Generation, 1967–1969}}
The first generation Firebird had characteristic [[Coke bottle styling]] shared with its cousin, the [[Chevrolet Camaro]]. Announcing a Pontiac styling trend, the Firebird's bumpers were integrated into the design of the front end, giving it a more streamlined look than the Camaro. The Firebird's rear "slit" taillights were inspired by the 1966–1967 [[Pontiac GTO]]. Both a two-door [[hardtop]] and a [[convertible]] were offered through the 1969 model year. Originally, the car was a "consolation prize" for Pontiac, which had desired to produce a two-seat sports car based on its original [[Pontiac Banshee|Banshee]] concept car. However, GM feared this would cut into [[Chevrolet Corvette]] sales, and gave Pontiac a piece of the "[[pony car]]" market through sharing the [[GM F platform|F-body]] platform with [[Chevrolet]].

The 1967 base model Firebird came equipped with the [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#Overhead cam|Pontiac {{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} SOHC inline-six]]. Based on the architecture of the standard
[[Chevrolet straight-6 engine#230|Chevrolet {{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} inline-six]], it was fitted with a one-barrel [[carburetor]] and rated at {{cvt|165|hp}}.<ref name="Red Book" /> The "Sprint" model six came with a four-barrel carburetor, developing {{cvt|215|hp}}.<ref name=Kowalke_oldCars>{{cite news|last=Kowalke|first=Ron|title=The Six-cylinder Firebird Sprint: Slouch or sleeper?|url= http://www.oldcarsweekly.com/features/bill-krause-1967-firebird-sprint |publisher=Old Cars Weekly |date=26 May 2010}}</ref> Most buyers opted for one of three [[Pontiac V8 engine|V8]]s: the {{cvt|326|CID|L|1}} with a two-barrel carburetor producing {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}; the four-barrel "HO" (high output) 326, producing {{cvt|285|hp}}; or the {{cvt|325|hp}} {{cvt|400|CID|L|1}} from the GTO. All 1967–1968 400 CI engines had throttle restrictors that blocked the carburetors' secondaries from fully opening.<ref name="Red Book" /> A "Ram Air" option was also available, providing functional hood scoops, higher flow heads with stronger valve springs, and a hotter [[camshaft]]. Power for the Ram Air package was the same as the conventional 400 HO, but peaked at 5,200 rpm.

The {{cvt|230|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engines were subsequently enlarged for 1968 to 250 cubic inches(4.1 liters), the base version developing an increased {{cvt|175|hp}} using a one-barrel carburetor, and the high-output Sprint version the same 215 hp with a four-barrel carburetor. Also for the 1968 model, the {{cvt|326|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engine was replaced by the [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|Pontiac {{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} V8]], which actually displaced {{cvt|354|CID|L|1}}, and produced {{cvt|265|hp}} with a two-barrel carburetor. An HO version of the {{cvt|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} with a revised cam was also offered starting in that year, which developed {{cvt|320|hp|0|abbr=}}. Power output of the other engines was increased marginally.<ref name="Red Book" />

There was an additional [[Ram-air intake|Ram Air]] IV option for the {{cvt|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine]]s during 1969, complementing the Ram Air 400(now often colloquially but incorrectly called the "Ram Air III," a name never used by Pontiac). The Ram Air IV was rated at {{convert|345|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5000 rpm and {{convert|430|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] at 3400 rpm;<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=224763|title=Pontiac Firebird Trans Am, 1970 MY 2887|website=Carfolio.com |date=2014-05-01| access-date= August 6, 2018}}</ref> and {{convert|335|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} respectively. The {{Convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} HO engine was revised again with a different cam and [[cylinder head]]s resulting in {{cvt|325|hp}}. During 1969 a special {{cvt|303|CID|L|1}} engine was designed for [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] road racing applications that was not available in production cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pontiac Firebird |url= https://musclecarclub.com/pontiac-firebird/ |website=Muscle Car Club |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

The styling difference from the 1967 to the 1968 model was the addition of [[Automotive lighting#Lateral|federally-mandated side marker lights]]: for the front of the car, the turn signals were made larger and extended to wrap around the front edges of the car, and on the rear, the Pontiac (V-shaped) Arrowhead logo was added to each side. The front door [[Quarter glass|vent-windows]] were replaced with a single pane of glass and Astro Ventilation, a fresh-air-inlet system. The 1969 model received a major [[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]] with a new front-end design but unlike the GTO, it did not have the Endura bumper. The instrument panel and steering wheel were revised. The ignition switch was moved from the dashboard to the steering column with the introduction of GM's new locking ignition switch/steering wheel.<ref name="Red Book" />

In March 1969, a US$1,083 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1083|1969}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} {{inflation-fn|US}})<ref>Hemmings Motor News, Terry Shea July 2013</ref> optional handling package called the "Trans Am performance and appearance package", UPC "WS4", named after the [[Trans Am Series]], was introduced. A total of 689 hardtops and eight convertibles were made.<ref name="Red Book" />

Due to engineering problems that delayed the introduction of the new 1970 Firebird beyond the usual fall debut, Pontiac continued production of 1969 model Firebirds into the early months of the 1970 model year (the other 1970 Pontiac models had been introduced on September 18, 1969). By late spring of 1969, Pontiac had deleted all model-year references on Firebird literature and promotional materials, anticipating the extended production run of the then-current 1969 models.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | Production totals<ref name="Red Book" />
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 250px; text-align: left;"| Model !! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1967<ref name="Buyer's Guide" >{{cite book |last= Gunnell |first= John A. |title= Illustrated Buyer's Guide, Firebird |edition=Third |publisher=MBI Publishing |date= 1998 | isbn=0-7603-0602-8}}</ref>!! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1968 !! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1969
|-
| Two-door hardtop coupe
|align="right" |67,032
|align="right" |90,152
|align="right" |75,362
|-
|-
| Two-door convertible
|align="right" |15,528
|align="right" |16,960
|align="right" |11,649
|-
| Two-door coupe Trans Am
|
|
|align="right" |689
|-
| Two-door convertible Trans Am
|
|
|align="right" |8
|-
| Total
|align="right" |82,560
|align="right" |107,112
|align="right" |87,708
|}

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
| 1967 ||''Std'' [[Pontiac_straight-6_engine#Overhead_cam|{{convert|230|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] {{cvt|165|hp}}||''W53'' "Sprint" 230 CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|215|hp}}||''L30'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#326|{{convert|326|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 326 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|285|hp}}||''W66'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|325|hp}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air V8 {{cvt|325|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1968 || rowspan="2" |''Std'' [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#250|{{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] {{cvt|175|hp}}||''W53'' "Sprint" 250CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|215|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L30'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|265|hp}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|320|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''W66'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air V8 {{cvt|335|hp}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|335|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air II V8 {{cvt|340|hp|0|abbr=}}{{refn|group=a|On March 1, 1968, the '''L67''' 400CID Ram Air engine was deleted as an option and replaced with the same named ''L67'' 400CID Ram Air II engine. The new L67 was rated at {{cvt|340|hp}}, with revised cylinder heads that included round exhaust ports. The pistons and crankshaft were of forged construction and it included a higher lift cam with a more durable valvetrain.<ref name="Red Book" />}}
|-
| 1969 ||''W53'' "Sprint" 250 CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac "HO" V8 {{cvt|325|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac "HO" Ram Air 400 V8 {{cvt|335|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|345|hp}}
|}<ref name="Red Book" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Pontiac Firebird 400 Convertible 1967.jpg|1967 Pontiac Firebird 400 convertible
File:1968 Pontiac Firebird 400, Dutch licence registration DM-57-71 p1.jpg|1968 Pontiac Firebird convertible 400 Ram Air with the optional hood tach
File:Gen1TAs.jpg|1969 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
</gallery>

{{clear}}

== Second generation (1970–1981) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (second generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = 70s Firebird.jpg
| caption = 1974 Firebird Trans Am
| production = 1970–1981
| engine = [[Buick V6 engine#231|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick V6]] [[Chevrolet straight-6 engine#250|{{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet I6]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#265|{{convert|265|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac 301 Turbo|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac turbo V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG3|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet LG3 V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet LG4 V8]] [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8}} [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LM1|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8}} [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]
| transmission = 3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed manual 2-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 3-speed automatic
| assembly = [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States (1970–1971, 1978–1981) [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1970–1981)
| wheelbase = {{convert|108.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.78ta.com/specs1978.php|title=Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site|website=78ta.com|access-date=October 3, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204051520/http://www.78ta.com/specs1978.php|archive-date=December 4, 2010}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|196.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| width = {{convert|73.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| height = {{convert|49.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (second generation)]]
| designer = Bill Porter<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.deansgarage.com/2012/an-interview-in-2000-with-bill-porter-about-pontiac-design-in-the-60s/| title=An interview in 2000 with Bill Porter about Pontiac design in the '60s| website=Dean's garage| first=Eric| last=Peters| date=July 31, 2012| access-date=November 11, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530002033/http://www.deansgarage.com/2012/an-interview-in-2000-with-bill-porter-about-pontiac-design-in-the-60s/| archive-date=May 30, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.williamlporter.com/about.html| title=Automotive Industry Museum Adviser| website=williamlporter.com| first=William L.| last=Porter| access-date=November 11, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812051722/https://www.williamlporter.com/about.html| archive-date=August 12, 2018| url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{see also|GM F platform#Second Generation, 1970–1981}}

The second-generation debut for the 1970 model year was delayed until February 26, 1970, because of tooling and engineering problems; thus, its popular designation as a 1970½ model, while leftover 1969s were listed in early Pontiac literature without a model-year identification.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1970-pontiac-firebird.htm |title=1970s Pontiac Firebird |author=Editors of Publications International |website=auto.howstuffworks.com |date=December 21, 2007 |access-date=February 27, 2011}}</ref> This generation of Firebirds were available in coupe form only; after the 1969 model year, convertibles were not available until 1989.

Replacing the "Coke bottle" styling was a more "swoopy" body style, while still retaining some traditional elements. The top of the rear window line going almost straight down to the lip of the trunk lid, a look that was to epitomize F-body styling for the longest period during the Firebird's lifetime. The new design was initially characterized by a large [[Pillar (car)|B-pillar]], until 1975 when the rear window was enlarged.

'''Models'''
*Firebird
*Firebird Esprit
*Firebird Formula
*Firebird Trans Am

'''Special/Limited Editions and appearance packages'''
*Formula appearance package (RPO W50, 1976–1981)<ref name="Red Book" />
*50th Anniversary limited edition (2,590 units, RPO Y82, 1976)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Special Edition appearance package, black with gold pinstriping (RPO Y82 1977–1978, RPO Y84 1978–1981)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Sky Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W60, 1977–1978)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Red Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W68, 1978–1979)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Yellow Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W73, 1980)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Special Edition appearance package, gold with brown pinstriping (8,666 units, RPO Y88, 1978)<ref name="Red Book" />
*10th Anniversary Trans Am (TATA) limited edition (7,500 units, RPO Y89, 1979)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Turbo Trans Am Indianapolis pace car limited edition (5,700 units, RPO Y85, 1980)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Turbo Trans Am "Daytona 500" pace car limited edition (2,000 units, RPO Y85, 1981)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.78ta.com/special.php |title=Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site – special edition |website=78ta.com |access-date=October 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100925235914/http://www.78ta.com/special.php |archive-date=September 25, 2010 }}</ref>
*Macho Trans Am (offered by the Mecham Pontiac [[Car dealership|dealership]] in Glendale, AZ) (~400 units, 1977-1980).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mechamperformance.com/m_docs/dkm.html |title=Mecham Design Performance |website=mechamperformance.com |access-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref>
*Fire Am (Firebird American) offered by Herb Adams/VSE (~200 units, 1976-1981) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/hppp-0703-pontiac-firebird-fire-am/|title = Pontiac Firebird Vintage Tuner Cars - High Performance Pontiac Magazine|date = 20 December 2006}}</ref>

===1970===
The first year of the second generation Firebird began offering a wider array of model subtypes, and marked the appearance of the Firebird Esprit, and the Firebird Formula. The Firebird Esprit was offered as a luxury model that came with appearance options, the deluxe interior package and a Pontiac 350 as standard equipment. The Formula was advertised as a cost-effective alternative to the Trans Am, and could be ordered with all the options available to the Trans Am with the exception being the fender flares, shaker scoop and fender heat extractors.

The base model Firebird came equipped with a {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} inline-six. The Firebird Esprit and the Firebird Formula came standard with the {{convert|255|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}. The Esprit could be upgraded to a two barrel carbureted {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}{{convert|265|hp|abbr=on}}, while the Formula could be optioned to receive the L78 4 barrel 400 that produced {{convert|330|hp|abbr=on}} or the L74 Ram Air III 400 {{convert|345|hp|abbr=on}}. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1970Engines.aspx</ref>

There were two [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|Ram Air]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}]] engines available for the 1970 Trans Am: the {{convert|335|hp|abbr=on}} L74 [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air 400|Ram Air III 400]] ({{convert|366|hp|abbr=on}} in the GTO) and the {{convert|345|hp|abbr=on}} L67 [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air IV|Ram Air IV]] ({{convert|370|hp|abbr=on}} in the GTO) that were carried over from 1969. The Ram Air IV was exclusive to the Trans Am, and could not be ordered on any of the lower Firebird models. The difference between the GTO and Firebird engines was that the secondary carburetor's throttle linkage had a restrictor which prevented the rear barrels from opening completely,<ref name="Red Book"/> adjusting the linkage could allow full carburetor operation resulting in identical engine performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/1970-gto-ram-air-iv-exception-to-the-rule/|title=1970 GTO Ram Air IV - Exception to the Rule|date=17 December 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/sorting-pontiac-ram-air-engines/|title = Sorting through Pontiac's Ram Air engine production|date = 9 January 2018}}</ref>

For the 1970 and 1971 model years, all Firebirds equipped with radios had the antennae mounted "in-glass" in the windshield.<ref name="Red Book" />

===1971===

The 1971 model year had a few minor changes to the Firebird. Fenders across all models now featured a one year only exhaust vent seen on the lower half of the fenders. The interior options also changed to the newer style collared bucket seats in the deluxe interior, and the previous year's seats with the headrest where no longer available. The rear seat console was introduced as an option, and Honeycomb wheels became available for all Firebirds.

1971 saw changes to the way the engines were rated from factory. GM mandated that engines no longer use net horsepower ratings and to use the gross power ratings to help alleviate the rising cost of insurance for performance vehicles. The compression ration was also lowered for some of the models, de-tuning the power rating for some of the motors as part of new requirements for low-leaded fuels, however, the engine options remained mostly unchanged from 1970. As the limit for the compression ratio was lowered, this allowed for larger displacement motors to become available. The 455 was now available for the Firebird in two configurations. The 455 engine was available in the L75 {{convert|325|hp|abbr=on}} version and the LS5 {{convert|335|hp|abbr=on}} HO version. Both the 455 and 455 HO were available as engine options for the Firebird Formula, but the Trans Am received the 455 HO as standard equipment. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1971Engines.aspx</ref>

===1972===
[[File:'71 Pontiac Trans Am (Cruisin' At The Boardwalk '10).jpg|thumb|right|1972 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am]]

During a 1972 strike, the Firebird (and the similar [[GM F platform|F-body]] [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]]) were nearly dropped.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flory |first=J. Kelly |title=American Cars, 1960–1972: Every Model, Year by Year |url= https://archive.org/details/americancarsever00flor_944 |url-access=limited | publisher=McFarland |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7864-1273-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americancarsever00flor_944/page/n886 881]}}</ref>

1972 saw very few significant changes to the model year. One discernible difference that can be used to differentiate a 1972 Firebird from the other 1970-73 Firebirds is the hexagonal honeycomb grille insert on the nose of the vehicle. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1972Facts.aspx|title = 1972 Firebird and Trans Am Fact Sheet|date = 2 November 2021}}</ref>

Engine options remained mostly unchained again, however, the L75 455 engine was dropped, but the LS5 455 HO remained available as an option for the Formula and standard for the Trans Am. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1972Engines.aspx</ref> Pontiac had apparently advertised the 1972 455 HO motor as de-tuned to 300hp to appease concerns about insurance costs for higher output performance vehicles, but the motor was unchanged from 1971. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1972home.aspx|title = 1972 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

Starting in 1972, and continuing until 1977, the Firebird was only produced at the [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood, Ohio]], facility.<ref name="Red Book" />

===1973===

In 1973, the Trans Am added two new colors to the Cameo White, Buccaneer Red and Brewster Green. Other exterior upgrades included the revised nosecone Firebird decal and the new, soon to be iconic, hood bird decal. This option (RPO WW7) was a pay extra $55 option exclusive to Trans Am. The "Trans Am" decals were slightly larger than previous versions, and shared the same color schemes as the hood decal.

Inside the Firebird the standard interior equipment was almost identical to prior years. The new "horse collar" optional custom interior featured new seat coverings and door panels. Interior colors were limited to black, white, burgundy and saddle but orange, red and blue carpet could be specially ordered to any of the combination.

The 1973 model line introduced "radial tuned suspension" for the Trans Am. When ordered, it included the 15-inch radial tires. Radial tuned suspension with radial tires delivered a much more comfortable ride, while providing improved cornering grip. Radial tires where just coming onto the market and Pontiac's engineering department then implemented RTS as a standard feature for the Trans Am model line.

The Firebird also had to meet the new safety and emissions requirements for 1973. There were now extra steel reinforcements in the bumper and core to support the fender. All Pontiac motors now had to be fitted with new EGR system, which delayed the SD-455 Program until late into production year.

The 1973 Trans Am engine displaced 455 cubic inches, with the two options being the base L75 and Super Duty LS2. The base 455 produced 40 fewer horsepower than the round port Super Duty 455. Horsepower for the base L75 455 was rated at 250 at 4,000 rpm and 370 lb/ft at 2,800 rpm. Pontiac removed the "HO" designation from the base engine, and simply labelled the now non-functional shaker with "455".

In 1973 and 1974, a special version of the 455, called the "Super Duty 455" (SD-455), was offered. The SD-455 consisted of a strengthened cylinder block that included four-bolt main bearings and added material in various locations for improved strength. Original plans called for a forged [[crankshaft]], although actual production SD455s received nodular iron crankshafts with minor enhancements. Forged rods and forged aluminium [[piston]]s were specified, as were unique high-flow cylinder heads. These motors wore the "SD-455" shaker callout and also featured a decal on the driver's side valve cover with oil specifications. These "hand assembled" engines were developed to withstand aftermarket modifications and operate at a higher RPM range when contrasted with the L75. Horsepower for the LS2 SD-455 was rated at 290 at 4,000 rpm and 395 lb/ft at 3,600 rpm.

The 1973 Trans Am production was up over previous years, the L75 455 production had 3,130 automatics and 1,420 manuals. The special ordered $550 option LS2 SD-455 production had 180 automatics and 72 manuals.

The 480737 code cam (identical grind to the RAIV "041" cam) was originally specified for the SD455 engine and was fitted into the "pre-production" test cars , one of which was tested by both ''Hot Rod'' and ''Car and Driver'' magazines. However, actual production cars were fitted with the milder 493323 cam and 1.5:1 rocker ratios, due to the ever-tightening emissions standards of the era. This cam and rocker combination, combined with a low compression ratio of 8.4:1 advertised (7.9:1 actual) yielded 290 SAE net horsepower. Production SD455 cars did not have functional hood scoops, while the "pre-production" test cars did.

McCully verified that no production SD455s released to the public were fitted with the 480737 cam. When asked about the compromises for the production SD455 engine, McCully responded, "Compression, camshaft, jetting, and vacuum advance". He followed by stating that he would have preferred a [[compression ratio]] of 10.25:1, a camshaft with 041 valve timing, slightly richer carburettor jetting, and as much vacuum advance as the engine would tolerate. However, that proved to be impossible due to the emissions regulations of the era.

===1974===
[[File:74bird.jpg|thumb|right|1974 Pontiac Firebird Formula]]

Curb weights rose dramatically in the 1974 model year because of the implementation of {{convert|5|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} telescoping bumpers and various other crash- and safety-related structural enhancements; SD455 Trans Ams weighed in at {{convert|3850|lb|0|abbr=on}} in their first year of production (1974 model year; actually 1973).

The 1974 models featured a redesigned "shovel-nose" front end and new wide "slotted" taillights. The 400, 455, and SD-455 engines were offered in the Trans Am and Formula models during 1974. A June 1974 test of a newly delivered, privately owned SD-455 Trans Am. This appeared in ''Super Stock and Drag Illustrated''. With an unmodified car and a test weight of 4,010 lbs the testers clocked 14.25 seconds at 101 mph. The car had an automatic and A/C.<ref>Super Stock and Drag Illustrated June 1974</ref> Also, the factory rating of 290 hp was listed at 4,400 rpm while the factory tachometer has a 5,750 rpm redline. A production line stock 1974 SD455 produced 253 rear wheel HP on a chassis dyno, as reported by ''High Performance Pontiac'' magazine (January 2007). This is also consistent with the 290 SAE net horsepower factory rating (as measured at the crankshaft).

A 1974 Firebird was driven by [[Jim Rockford (television character)|Jim Rockford]] in the pilot movie and the first season (1974–1975) of ''[[The Rockford Files]]''; every following season, Rockford would change to the next model year. However, in the sixth season (1979–1980), Rockford continued to drive the 1978 Firebird from season five, as the star, [[James Garner]], disliked the 1979 model's restyled front end. The cars in the show were badged as lower-tier Esprit models but were Formulas with the twin-scoop hood replaced with a scoopless one. Another hint was the twin exhausts and rear anti-roll bars that were not used on the Esprit.

===1975===
The 1975 models featured a new wraparound rear window that curved out to occupy more of the B-Pillar, but the rear body shape and bumper remained unchanged. The turn signals were moved up from the valance panel to the grills which helped distinguish the 1975 from the 1974 front end as they are relatively the similar. This was also the last year of the larger profile larger snout Formula hood for the Firebird Formula.

The Super Duty engine and TurboHydramatic 400 3-speed automatic were no longer available in 1975. Due to the use of catalytic converters starting in 1975, the TH400 would not fit alongside the catalytic converter underneath the vehicle. The smaller TurboHydramatic 350 automatic was deemed suitable as the power output for the motors had significantly decreased from the earlier years. TH350 drew less power from the motor, and also did not require an electronic kickdown system. The Pontiac L78 400 was standard in the Trans Am and the 455 was optional for both 1975 and 1976 models.

1975 also saw the start of the "500577" cast 400 engine blocks enter production. The 500577 cast blocks were considered a weaker cast, as the motors had a weaker nickel content and had metal shaved off in the lower journals of the motor to decrease the overall weight, cost and emissions from the motor in an attempt to appease the tightening smog restrictions. These blocks became the norm up until the W72 motor reverted to the original specifications from the start of the decade with the 481988 cast in late 1977.

Originally, the L75 455 7.5L V8 was dropped entirely, but public demand saw the 455 return mid-year, available only with a 4-speed Borg Warner Super T-10, and it was no longer available for the Formula. Although it was brought back as the "455 H.O", it was not the same motor as the 1971-72 LS2 455 HO seen in the earlier Firebirds. The motor was a standard D-port engine with a very low profile camshaft and restrictive exhaust system that was also seen in the larger body Pontiac platforms. The power output was restricted to 200HP with a torque rating of 330lb⋅ft at 2000rpm. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1975home.aspx|title = 1975 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref> This resulted in a very critical response to the "HO" moniker being used on a station wagon motor by critics at the time. However, when later contrasted to what other performance vehicles were available on the market, it was the largest displacement "performance" motor still available that could easily produce more power with basic modifications. Track testing in 1975 showed the 455 received a 16.12 second quarter mile time, which was on par with the only other competition, the L82 Corvette. <ref>https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/unsung-muscle-75-455-ho-pontiac-trans-am</ref>

===1976===
[[File:400ci Pontiac.JPG|thumb|A 1976 Pontiac L78 400CID V8]]

Pontiac celebrated its 50th anniversary year in 1976.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flory Jr. |first=J. Kelly |title=American Cars, 1973–1980: Every Model, Year by Year |year=2012 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786443529 |page=530 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PV1uzCfmJDgC&q=1976+Pontiac%27s+50th+anniversary+year&pg=PA530 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> To commemorate this event, Pontiac unveiled a special Trans Am option at the 1976 [[Chicago Auto Show]].<ref name="Newhardt-57">{{cite book|last=Newhardt |first=David |title=Firebird Trans Am |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=9781610609289 |page=57 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O4TXRK-juZgC&q=commemorate+this+important+event,+Pontiac+unveiled+a+special+Trans+Am+option+at+the+1976+Chicago+Auto+Show&pg=PA57 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> Painted in black with gold accents, this was the first "anniversary" Trans Am package and the first production black and gold special edition. A removable [[T-top]] developed by [[Hurst Performance|Hurst]] was set to be included on all Y82 LE T/As, but proved problematic in installation and quality control, leading some Y82s to not be delivered with the Hurst T-top roof. All Hurst T-top equipped cars were built at the Norwood, Ohio, factory. It became an available option for other Firebirds in 1977.<ref name="Newhardt-57"/>

1976 marked the end of the Pontiac L75 7.5 liter 455 V8, as it could no longer meet the tightening emissions restrictions and the "HO" moniker used the year prior was dropped. The L75 was only available with a four-speed manual Borg Warner Super T-10, and was exclusive to the Trans Am.

1976 also introduced the "W50 appearance package" for the Formula model line, consisting of a two-tone appearance package with lower accents across the bottom of the body, a large "Formula" decal across the bottom of each door, and a "Firebird" decal on the rear spoiler.

===1977===
[[File:Pontiac Trans Am 1977.jpg|thumb|A 1977 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am with an early low-profile shaker.]]

The Firebird received it's most recognizable front end for the 1977 model year. The shaker scoop was also revised for this year, with the early 1977-built T/As coming with off-center, lower-profile shaker scoops. The Formula hood was changed for the last time for the second generation with a much lower profile. The snowflake wheel became an option for all Firebirds and was standard with the Y82 appearance package, although it could be replaced with Rally II wheels as a credit option. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1977home.aspx|title = 1977 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

For the Esprit, an optional appearance package RPO W60 called the "Skybird appearance package" became available, featuring an all blue exterior and interior. This package was originally slated to be called the "Bluebird" similar to the "Yellowbird" and "Redbird" packages to follow in the upcoming model years, but the name was already in use for a company that produced school buses. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firebirdtransamparts.com/redsky/ladybirds.htm#77|title = Hoghead's Ladybird Page}}</ref>

In 1977, General Motors began to source a larger selection of V8 motors to supply in the lower model Firebirds, and the Oldsmobile 350 V8 as well as the Chevrolet 350 V8 became options for the Firebird, Esprit, and Formula. This was the first time GM had required Pontiac to source another V8 motor to supply in its Firebird model line, as previously, the Chevrolet inline six was the only other outsourced motor seen in a Firebird. This marked the beginning of the end for Pontiac's engine development.

The Trans Am had now three different engine options to chose from, the standard Pontiac L78 400, the optional extra cost Pontiac W72 400, and the Oldsmobile-sourced L80 403. 1977 also saw the cubic inch metrics on the shaker dropped in favour of the displacement of the cylinders. The shakers now wore the decal "6.6 Litre" for all L78 Pontiac 400 and L80 Oldsmobile 403 motors. Only the optional W72 Pontiac 400 received the "T/A 6.6" decal. Many reproduction decal kits for Firebirds often did not include the "6.6 Litre" decal, which is why many Firebirds today bear the incorrect decal on the shaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitmantransam.com/Pages/ta66.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site T/A 6.6 or 6.6 Litre}}</ref>

As Pontiac had lost the 455 in the previous model year, they offered a modified 400 Pontiac V8 dubbed the "T/A 6.6" [[Regular Production Option|RPO]] W72 with a single four-barrel 800CFM Rochester Quadrajet carburettor rated at {{convert|200|bhp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,600 rpm and a maximum [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] of {{convert|325|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 2,400 rpm, as opposed to the regular 6.6 Litre 400 (RPO L78) rated at {{convert|180|hp|abbr=on|0}}. The T/A 6.6 equipped engines had chrome valve covers, while the base 400 engines had painted valve covers. For 1977, the W72 shared the same air cleaner and shared the same 500577 cast block as the L78, but received the 6x4 heads, whereas the L78 only received the 6x8 heads. The 6x4 heads were used on early Pontiac 350 blocks that helped increase the compression, and also had hardened valve seats for a higher RPM operating range. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.78ta.com/Pages/w72.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site - W72 Pontiac 400}}</ref>

The Oldsmobile 403 was implemented as the 400 Pontiac could not satisfy emissions requirements for high-altitude states and California. Wanting to still offer a 6.6 litre option for the Trans Am, the 403 Olds was seen as a suitable replacement as when equipped with an A.I.R emissions system, it could satisfy the emissions criteria for these states and still offer the power the Trans Am was known for. The L80 Oldsmobile had slightly more power than the standard L78 Pontiac 400 at 185hp (138kW) and offered the same low end torque of 320 lb⋅ft (430 N⋅m) at a more useable operating range of 2,200rpm. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1977Engines.aspx</ref>

From 1977 to 1981, the Firebird used four square headlamps, while the Camaro continued to retain the two round headlights that had been shared by both second-generation designs. The 1977 Trans-Am special edition became famous after being featured in ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. The 1980 turbo model was used for ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]''.

===1978===

Changes for 1978 were slight, with a switch from a honeycomb to a crosshatch pattern grille being the most notable change to the body style. The decals for the standard Trans Ams changed from the "looping style" lettering to the "block-style" font that would remain on the Firebird until the end of the second generation. <ref name=HBG1>{{citation | url = http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2011/08/01/hmn_buyers_guide1.html |title=1977–'78 Pontiac Firebird Formula |work =Buyer's Guide from Hemmings Muscle Machines |first=David Traver |last=Adolphus |date=August 2011 }}</ref> T-tops in 1978 transitioned from Hurst units to Fisher (GM) in mid-year. Pontiac also introduced the Red Bird package on the Firebird Esprit model. Painted in Roman red with a matching deluxe red interior, it demonstrated gold accents with a unique Red Bird graphic on the b-pillars. It also included a Formula steering wheel with gold spokes and gold dash bezel, similar to the ones included in Special Edition package, however, the red and gold steering wheel was exclusive to the Red Bird Esprit. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firebirdtransamparts.com/redsky/ladybirds.htm#78red|title = Hoghead's Ladybird Page}}</ref>

The W72 engine option also saw a revision to the camshaft duration and the tuning of the Rochester Quadrajet which lead to a 10% increase of horsepower from the following year, bringing the total to 220hp. Additionally, the earlier stronger and more durable 481988 cast block returned on the W72, denoted with a large "XX" cast protruding off side of the block near the cast code. The WS6 special performance package developed by Herb Adams was introduced as a handling option for the Trans Am, including a larger diameter rear sway bar, tighter ration steering box, 15x8 snowflake wheels, additional frame bracing, as well as other suspension changes. Delays in manufacturing prevented the rear disc brake (RPO J65) from being available on the 1978 model year. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitmantransam.com/Pages/ws6ws7.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site - WS6 and WS7}}</ref> Approximately 25% of Trans Ams in 1978 had the WS6 option according to Pontiac sales information at the start of 1979.

===1979===
[[File:Pair of 1979 Pontiac Firebird Trans AMs.jpg|thumb|Two late 70's Trans Am's, in T-top and coupe versions. Note: No Firebird was ever offered factory in Right Hand Drive Configuration]]

The front end was restyled for 1979, which also marked the 10th anniversary of the Trans Am. For 1979, there were three possible engine options. The L80 Oldsmobile 403ci motor became the standard motor and was only available with the TH350 3-speed automatic. The W72 was available for a short period and in limited supply. This was the last of the line for the Pontiac large displacement V8 engines, and only available with the Borg Warner Super T-10, also requiring the WS6 handling package as mandatory equipment in conjunction with this driveline choice. As an alternative option for customers who wanted a four-speed transmission, the smaller displacement Pontiac L37 301 4.9 liter V8 was offered as a credit option and could come equipped with either the ST-10 or TH350. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1979Engines.aspx</ref>

A limited-edition anniversary package was made available: platinum silver paint with charcoal gray upper paint accents and mirrored T-tops, and a special interior featuring silver leather seats with custom-embroidered Firebird emblems and aircraft-inspired red lighting for the gauges. The 10th-anniversary cars also featured special 10th-anniversary decals, including a Firebird hood decal that extended off of the hood and onto the front fenders. Pontiac produced 7,500 10th anniversary cars, of which 1,817 were equipped with the high-output Pontiac T/A 6.6 W72 400 engine. Two 10th anniversary Trans Ams were the actual pace cars for the 1979 Daytona 500, which has been called the race that made NASCAR. ''Car and Driver'' magazine named the Trans Am with the WS6 performance package the best handling car of 1979. During period dyno testing, the National Hot Rod Association rated the limited-availability T/A 6.6 high-output Pontiac 400 engine at 260–280 net horsepower, which was significantly higher than Pontiac's conservative rating of 220 hp. In 1979 Pontiac sold 116,535 Trans Ams, the highest sold in a year.

===1980===
In 1980, ever-increasing emissions restrictions led Pontiac to drop all of its large-displacement engines.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtzK7Hm77sUC&pg=PA20|title=Automotive Atrocities: Cars You Love to Hate|last=Peters|first=Eric|page=20|isbn=9780760317877|year=2004}}</ref> 1980 therefore saw the biggest engine changes for the Trans Am. The [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|301]], offered in 1979 as a credit option, was now the standard engine. No manual transmission was available for the Formula or Trans Am in 1980, all received the 3-speed automatic Turbo Hydramatic 350. Engine options included a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] 301 or the [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|Chevrolet 305]] small block. The turbocharged 301 used a Garrett TB305 turbo attached to a single Rochester Quadrajet four-barrel carburettor and featured a hood mounted "boost" gauge that would light up as the TB305 accumulated boost. The hood of the 301T equipped Firebirds had a large offset bulge to accommodate for the mounting position of the carburettor on the motor as the turbocharger exhaust occupied a large amount of space in the engine bay. The 301T set up was relatively primitive new technology at the time of its development and could not properly maximise the efficiency of the turbocharged set-up. The 301T equipped T/A's were restricted to an automatic transmission and a 3.08 rear differential ratio, but were seen as a disappointment contrasted to the venerable W72 400 available just a year prior. Some owners have claimed quite reasonable performance numbers with the modern fuels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oldcarmemories.com/1980-1981-pontiac-trans-turbo-4-9l-v8-better-think/ | title=1980-1981 Pontiac Trans Am Turbo 4.9L V8 - It's Better Than You Think| date=2018-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.2gta.com/1980ta.html |title = 1980 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am}}</ref>

A 1980 turbo Trans Am was featured in the movie ''Smokey and the Bandit II'', but was fitted with [[nitrous oxide]] tanks by Marvin Miller Systems to get the desired performance.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transam.me/y84_info.html |title =Y84 Special Edition TRANS AM Info |work=transam.me |date=2017 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

===1981===
[[File:1981 Pontiac Trans Am 1.jpg|thumb|right|1981 Pontiac Firebird Turbo Trans Am]]

1981 became the final year for the second generation Pontiac Firebird. The three engine options were unchanged for the model line-up, however, the option for a four-speed Borg Warner Super T-10 was re-introduced for the Formula and Trans Am, but was only available with the Chevrolet sourced LG4 305 5.0 liter V8. As with all other General Motors vehicles for 1981, all engines came equipped with the "computer command control" system attached to the carburettor. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1981home.aspx|title = 1981 Pontiac Firebird Home|date = 2 July 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oldcarmemories.com/1981-pontiac-trans-am-5-0-liter-glimpse-into-the-future/|title = 1981 Pontiac Trans Am 5.0 Liter - Glimpse into the Future|date = 23 October 2012}}</ref>

The hood decal for the 1981 model year was also slightly restyled. All Firebirds also received an embossed silver Firebird decal on the petrol tank cap attached to the rear taillights. On the special edition Trans Ams, this Firebird was gold.

The G80 limited slip differential that was previously standard for the last decade on all Trans Ams became a pay-extra option. This decision was made by Pontiac to prepare dealers for the new ordering and pricing for the third generation Firebird where the G80 was no longer being included as a standard option for the Trans Am.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
| 1970 ||''Std'' [[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#250|{{cvt|250|CID|L|1}} Chevrolet I6]] {{cvt|155|hp|lk=on}}||''Esprit std'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{cvt|350|CID|L}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|255|hp}}||''346'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{cvt|400|CID|L}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|265|hp}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air 400 V8 {{cvt|345|hp}}||400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|370|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' (T/A std) 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|335|hp}}||''LS1'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|345|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1971 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 155 hp ([[Horsepower#Brake horsepower (bhp)|bhp]]){{refn|group=a|In 1971, General Motors changed from posting [[brake horsepower]], which is measured at the engine, to [[net horsepower]], measured at the wheels.<ref name="Red Book" />}} {{cvt|110|hp}} ([[Horsepower#Wheel horsepower (bhp)|whp]])||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}} (bhp) {{cvt|165|hp}} (whp)||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 265 hp (bhp) {{cvt|180|hp|0|abbr=}} (whp)||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}} (bhp) {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}} (whp)||''L75'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|325|hp}} (bhp) 255 hp (whp)||''LS5'' 455 CID Pontiac "HO" Ram Air IV V8 335 hp (bhp) {{cvt|305|hp}} (whp)
|-
| 1972 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 110 hp|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|175|hp}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS5'' 455 CID Pontiac "HO" V8 {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1973 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 {{cvt|100|hp}}|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|150|–|175|hp}}{{refn|group=a|name="trans"|The lower rating is for a car equipped with an [[automatic transmissions]], the higher rating is for a car equipped with a [[manual transmission]].<ref name="Red Book" />}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|170|–|185|hp}}{{refn|group=a|name=trans}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L75'' 455 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS2'' 455 CID Pontiac "SD" V8 {{cvt|290–310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}{{refn|group=a|Early engines were rated at 310 hp but due to internal changes, primarily with the [[camshaft]], the rating was dropped to 290 hp, these changes were made to meet emissions standards.<ref name="Red Book" />}}
|-
| 1974 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 100 hp|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|155|–|170|hp}}{{refn|group=a|The 170hp engine was standard on the Esprit and Formula models.<ref name="Red Book" />}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS2'' 455 CID Pontiac "SD" V8 {{cvt|290|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1975 || rowspan="2" |''L22'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 100 hp||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|155|hp||abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|175|hp||abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|185|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |''L75'' 455 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{refn|group=a|Indroduced midyear.<ref name="Red Book" />}}{{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1976 ||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|160|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|165|hp}}
|-
| 1977 ||''LD'' [[Buick V6 engine#231|{{cvt|231|CID|L|1}} Buick V6]] {{cvt|105|hp}}||''L27'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{cvt|301|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|135|hp}}||''L34'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|350 CID Oldsmobile V8]] {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|180|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{cvt|403|CID|L|1}} Oldsmobile V8]] {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1978 || rowspan="3" |''LD5'' {{cvt|231|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Buick V6{{refn|group=a|In 1978 GM switched to referencing their engince displacement in metric terms.<ref name="Red Book" />}} 105 hp||''LG3'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG3|{{cvt|305|CID|L|1|order=flip}} 5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|135|hp}}||''LM1'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LM1|{{cvt|350|CID|L|1|order=flip}} V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8| [[Chevrolet V8 engine#350|Chevrolet 350]], [[VIN]] code "L", [[Buick V8 engine#350|Buick 350]], VIN code "X", and [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|Oldsmobile 350]], VIN code "R", engines were all used.<ref name="Red Book" />}} {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' {{cvt|400|CID|L|order=flip}} Pontiac V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 6.6 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' {{cvt|403|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Oldsmobile V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1979 ||''L27'' {{cvt|301|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Pontiac V8 {{cvt|135|hp}}||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LG3'' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|135 or 150|hp||abbr=}}||''LM1'' 5.7 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 6.6 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' 6.6 L Oldsmobile V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1980 ||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|140|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 4.9 L Pontiac E/C V8 {{cvt|155|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LU8'' [[Pontiac 301 Turbo|4.9 L Pontiac Turbo V8]] {{cvt|210|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''LG4'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1981 ||''LD5'' 3.8 L Buick V6||''LS5'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#265|{{cvt|265|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|140|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac E/C V8 {{cvt|155|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LU8'' 4.9 L Pontiac Turbo V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}
|}
<ref name="Red Book">{{cite book|last=Sessler |first=Peter C. |title=Firebird Red Book – Pontiac Firebird from 1967 |publisher=Motorbooks International |location=Osceola, Wisconsin |date=1992 |isbn=0879385685 }}</ref>

===Production totals===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Model year !! Total<ref name="Red Book" />
|-
| 1970 || 48,739
|-
| 1971 || 53,125
|-
| 1972 || 29,951
|-
| 1973 || 46,313
|-
| 1974 || 73,729
|-
| 1975 || 84,063
|-
| 1976 || 110,775
|-
| 1977 || 155,735
|-
| 1978 || 187,294
|-
| 1979 || 211,453
|-
| 1980 || 107,340
|-
| 1981 || 70,899
|}
{{clear}}

== Third generation (1982–1992) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (third generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = 20th Anniversary Turbo TransAm Convertible august 2009 9,000 original miles.png
| caption = 1989 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am convertible
| production = 1982–1992
| engine = [[Iron Duke engine|{{convert|151|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#Longitudinal|{{convert|173|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} GM 60°]] [[V6 engine|V6]] [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LH0|{{convert|191|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} GM 60° V6]] [[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet]] [[V8 engine|V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]]
| transmission = 3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed automatic 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed manual
| assembly = [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1982–1987)
| wheelbase = {{convert|101|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1990–92 Firebird: {{convert|195.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1990–92 Trans Am: {{convert|195.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Pre-1988 Firebird: {{convert|190.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Pre-1988 Trans Am: {{convert|191.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|72.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|49.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[liftback]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (third generation)]]
}}
[[File:1989 Pontiac Trans Am Firebird GTA.png|thumb|1989 Pontiac Trans Am Firebird GTA]]
[[File:3rd-Pontiac-Firebird-convertible.jpg|thumb|1991 Firebird convertible with restyled nose]]

The availability and cost of gasoline (two fuel crises had occurred by this time) meant the weight and the fuel consumption of the third generation had to be considered in the design. In F-body development, both the third generation Firebird and Camaro were proposed as possible front-wheel-drive platforms, but the idea was scrapped. Computerized engine management was in its infancy, and with fuel efficiency being the primary objective, it was not possible to have high horsepower and torque numbers. They did manage to cut enough weight from the design so that acceleration performance would be better than the 1981 models. They also succeeded in reducing fuel consumption, offering a four-cylinder Firebird that would provide {{convert|34|mpgus|l/100km}}.<ref>fueleconomy.gov "Find a Car; 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 Firebird 2.5 L 5-speed fuel economy Official EPA Window Sticker MPG" Web. July 4, 2010</ref> GM executives decided that engineering effort would best be spent on aerodynamics and chassis development. They created a modern platform so that when engine technology advanced, they would have a well-balanced package with acceleration, braking, handling, and aerodynamics.

The Firebird and Camaro were completely redesigned for the 1982 model year, with the windshield slope set at 62 degrees, (about three degrees steeper than anything GM had ever tried before), and for the first time, a large, glass-dominated hatchback that required no metal structure to support it. Two concealed pop-up headlights, a first on the F-Body cars, were the primary characteristic that distinguished the third generation Firebird from both its Camaro sibling and its prior form (a styling characteristic carried into the fourth generation's design). In addition to being about {{convert|500|lb|kg}} lighter than the previous design, the new design was the most aerodynamic product GM had ever released. Wind tunnels were used to form the new F-Body platform's shape, and Pontiac took full advantage of it. The aerodynamic developments extended to the finned aluminum wheels with smooth hubcaps and a functional rear spoiler.

===Models===
*Firebird Base
*Firebird S/E (1982–1987)
*Firebird Formula (1987–1992)
*Firebird Trans Am

===Styles===
Firebird Base (I4/V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1982–85) 
Firebird Base (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1986–92) 
Firebird ASC convertible (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1986–89) 
Firebird convertible (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1991–92) 
Firebird Special Edition (S/E) (I4/V6/V8)-Series 2FX (1982–85) 
Firebird Special Edition (S/E) (V6/V8)-Series 2FX (1986) 
Firebird Formula (V8)-Series 2FS/W66 (1987–92) 
Firebird Formula ASC convertible (V8)-Series 2FS/W66 (1987–89) 
Firebird Trans Am-Series 2FW/WS4 (V8) (1982–92) 
Firebird Trans Am ASC convertible (V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1986–89) 
Firebird Trans Am convertible (V8) 2FW/WS4 (1991–92) 
Firebird [[Recaro]] Trans Am (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1982–84) 
Firebird Trans Am GTA (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1987–92) 
Firebird Trans Am GTA convertible (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1987–89) 
Firebird 25th Anniversary Daytona 500 Limited Edition Trans Am-(V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1994) 
Firebird 15th Anniversary Trans Am-(V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1984) 
Firebird 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am-(V6 Turbo)-Series 5FW/WS4 (1989)<ref>{{cite book|last=Gunnell|first=John|title=standard catalog of Firebird 1967–2002|year=2002|publisher=krause publications|location=Iola, WI|isbn=0-87349-494-6|pages=97–118}}</ref>

=== 1988 ===
[[File:1988GTA1.jpg|alt=1988 Trans Am GTA|thumb|1988 Pontiac Trans Am GTA with Notchback option]]
In 1988 the Trans Am GTA, which was built with the standard 350 cu in 5.7 L V8 engine, was offered with the option of removable roof "T-Tops". However, any buyer ordering this option could only order the 305 cu in 5.0 L V8 engine, because the roof would not have the support for all the extra torque from the engine, requiring a power trade-off for those who wanted this option. Pontiac also introduced a rare option for the Trans Am GTA in the 1988 model year. This notable option on the 1988 Trans Am GTA was the $800 "Notchback", which replaced the standard long large, glass-dominated hatchback to make the Firebird design look less like the Camaro design, and shared an appearance with the [[Pontiac Fiero]]. The Notchback was a special fiberglass rear deck lid, replacing the long-sloped window with a short vertical rear window, resembling the back of a Ferrari 288 GTO.

Approximately 700 of these Notchbacks were built in 1988 and offered for sale by Pontiac. The promotion was only in the form of a sheet in the back of a notebook of available options. The Notchbacks were made by Auto-Fab of Auburn Hills, MI. Problems with the incorrect fitting of the Notchbacks to the GTAs at the Van Nuys plant often resulted in delays of several months for buyers who wanted this option.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hotrod.com/articles/hppp-0809-1988-trans-am-gta-notchback/|title=1988 Trans Am GTA Notchback – Hatch-22 |date=2008-09-01|website=Hot Rod Network |first=Christopher R. |last=Phillip |access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Furthermore, quality control problems plagued the Notchback, many owners complained of rippling and deforming of the fiberglass rear deck, and others complained of large defects resembling acne forming in the Notchbacks. Pontiac had to repair them under warranty, sanding down the imperfections, and repainting them, only to have more flaws resurface months later. Because of the poor quality and numerous expensive warranty repairs and repainting, the Notchback was subsequently canceled for the 1989 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am, although a few were produced.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
| 1982 ||'''LQ9''' [[Iron Duke engine#Tech IV|{{cvt|151|CID|L|1|order=flip}} GM]] [[Electronic fuel injection#Electronic injection|EFI]] [[I4 engine|I4]] {{cvt|90|hp||lk=on}}||'''LC1''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LC1|{{cvt|173|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet]] [[V6 engine|V6]] {{cvt|102|hp}}||'''LG4''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|{{cvt|305|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|145|hp}}||'''LU5''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LU5|Crossfire EFI 5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|165|hp}}
|-
| 1983 || rowspan="2" |'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|92|hp||lk=on}}||'''LC1''' 2.8 L Chevrolet V6 {{cvt|107|hp|}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LL1''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LL1|2.8 L "HO" Chevrolet]] V6 {{cvt|125|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LU5''' 5.0 L Chevrolet Crossfire EFI V8 {{cvt|175|hp|}}||'''L69''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L69|5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1984 ||'''LC1''' 2.8 L Chevrolet V6 {{cvt|125|hp}}||'''L69''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L69|5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1985 ||'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|88|hp|lk=on}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB8''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LB8|2.8 L Chevrolet EFI V6]] {{cvt|135|hp|}}||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|155|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |'''L69''' 5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LB9''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LB9|5.0 L Chevrolet]] [[TPI Specialties|tuned port injection]] V8 {{cvt|205|hp}}
|
|-
| 1986 ||'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|88|hp|lk=on}}(None Produced in '86)||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|165|hp|}}||'''LB9''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LB9|5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1987 || rowspan="2" |'''LB8''' 2.8 L Chevrolet EFI V6 {{cvt|135|hp}}||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|155|hp}}||'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Automatic {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual {{cvt|215|hp|}}
|'''L98''' 5.7 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8 {{cvt|210|hp|}}
|-
| 1988 ||'''LO3''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Automatic {{cvt|195|hp|}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''L98''' 5.7 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8 {{cvt|225|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1989 ||'''LB8''' 2.8 L Chevrolet multi port fuel injection V6 {{cvt|135|hp}}||'''L03''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L03|5.0 L Chevrolet]] throttle body injection V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual w/Dual Cats N10 option {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|225|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
|1989 (cont'd)
|'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] w/Dual Cats N10 Option {{cvt|235|hp|}}
|'''LC2''' Buick 3.8 L Turbocharged V6 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}
|
|
|
|
|}
<ref name="Red Book"/>
{{clear}}

== Fourth generation (1993–2002) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation
| image = 1993-97 Pontiac Firebird.jpg
| production = November 1992 – August 30, 2002<ref>{{cite book|author=Staff of ''Old Cars'' |title=Camaro & Firebird – GM's Power Twins |year=2010 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-1440217524 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XV9YpfvVGu0C&q=camaro+quebec+1992&pg=PA186 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>
| assembly = [[Sainte-Thérèse Assembly|Sainte-Thérèse]], [[Quebec]]
| engine = {{ubl
|{{convert|207|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[General Motors 60° V6 engine#L32|L32]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] (160 hp)
|{{convert|231|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Buick V6 engine#L36 Naturally Aspirated|L36]]'' V6 (205 hp)
|{{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine#LT1|LT1]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] (275-305 hp)
|{{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine#LT4|LT4]]'' V8 (330 hp)
|{{convert|346|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS1|LS1]]'' V8 (305-330 hp)
|{{convert|346|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS1|SLP Firehawk LS1]]'' V8 (345-350 hp)
}}
| transmission = [[Turbo-Hydramatic#700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E|THM 4L60]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (1993) [[Turbo-Hydramatic#700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E|THM 4L60E]] 4-speed automatic (1994–2002) [[Borg-Warner T-5 transmission|Borg Warner T-5]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] (V6 engine) [[T-56|Borg Warner T56]] 6-speed manual (V8 engine)
| wheelbase = {{convert|101.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1993–1997 Firebird: {{convert|195.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–2002 Firebird: {{convert|193.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1997 Trans Am: {{convert|197|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–1999 Trans Am: {{convert|193.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Trans Am: {{convert|193.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = 1993–1997: {{convert|74.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–2002: {{convert|74.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 1993–1999 Firebird {{convert|52|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Firebird: {{convert|51.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1995 Trans Am: {{convert|51.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1996–1999 Trans Am: {{convert|52|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Trans Am: {{convert|51.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1999 Firebird convertible: {{convert|52.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Firebird convertible {{convert|51.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1994–1999 Trans Am convertible: {{convert|52.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3440|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (5.7 L LT1 coupe) {{convert|3284|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (5.7 L LS1 coupe)
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[liftback]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)]]
}}

The fourth-generation Firebird amplified the aerodynamic styling initiated by the previous generation. While the live rear axle and floorpan aft of the front seats remained largely the same, ninety percent of the Firebird's parts were all-new.<ref>{{cite book|title=Road & Track Special Series: Guide to the All-New 1993 Pontiac Firebird |date=1992 |publisher=Hachette Magazines |pages=2–3}}</ref> Overall, the styling of the Firebird more strongly reflected the [[Pontiac Banshee|Banshee IV]] concept car than the 1991 "facelift" did. As with the Camaro, major improvements included standard dual airbags, four-wheel anti-lock brakes, 16-inch wheels, rack-and-pinion power steering, short/long-arm front suspension, and several non-rusting composite body panels. Throughout its fourth generation, trim levels included V6-powered Firebird, and V8-powered Formula and Trans Am. Standard manual transmissions were the T5 five-speed manual for the V6s, [[Borg-Warner]]′s T56 six-speed manual for the V8s. The 4L60 four-speed automatic was optional for both in 1993, becoming the 4L60E with built-in electronic controls in 1994.

===1993–1997===
From 1993 until 1995 (1995 non-California cars), Firebirds received a {{convert|160|hp|abbr=on|0}} 3.4 L V6, an enhanced version of the third-generation's 3.1 L V6. Beginning mid-year 1995 onward, a Series II 3.8 L V6 with {{convert|200|hp|abbr=on|0}} became the Firebird's sole engine. From 1993 to 1997, the sole engine for the Formula and Trans Am was the 5.7 L LT1 V8, essentially identical to the LT1 in the [[Chevrolet Corvette#C4|C4 Corvette]] except for more flow-restrictive intake and exhaust systems.
Steering wheel audio controls were included with optional uplevel cassette or compact disc stereo systems.

Beginning with 1994 model year cars, "Delco 2001"-series stereo systems replaced the previous Delco units.<ref name="Flammang">{{cite book|last1=Flammang|first1=James|last2=Kowalke|first2=Ron|title=Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976–1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Krause |isbn=0-87341-755-0 |edition=third}}</ref>{{rp|898}} This revised series, also introduced for other Pontiac car lines, featured ergonomically-designed control panels with larger buttons and an optional seven-band graphic equalizer. Also in 1994, the fourth-generation convertible was available; every Firebird (and Camaro) convertible featured a glass rear window with a built-in electric defroster.

The 1995 models were the same as those of previous years, but traction control (ASR: acceleration slip regulation) was available for LT1 Firebirds, controlled by a switch on the console. The steering wheels in all Firebirds were also changed; their optional built-in audio controls were more closely grouped on each side. The "Trans Am GT" trim level was dropped from the lineup after its model year run in 1994. For 1995, all Trans Ams received 155-mph speedometers and Z-rated tires. 1995 was also the first year of the vented version of the Opti-Spark distributors on LT1 F-cars, addressing a common mechanical fault with the unit. The 'transmission perform' button was available only in the 1994 and 1995 Formula and Trans Am. This option was stopped for the 1996 and later models, but the unused connections remain available for 1996 and 1997 Formula and Trans Am. While 1995 cars still used the OBD-I (on-board diagnostic) computer system (the last year of any American car including the F-body to use OBD-I), a majority of them had OBD-II connector ports under the dash.

Firebird performance levels improved for 1996, with the establishment of the stronger 200-hp 3.8 L V6 as the new base engine, and the power rating of the LT1 increased to 285 for 1996, due to its new dual catalytic-converter exhaust system. 1996 was also the first model year of the OBD-II computer system. Optional performance enhancements were available for each Firebird trim level; the Y87 performance packages for V6s added mechanical features of the V8 setups, such as four-wheel disc brakes, faster-response steering, limited-slip rear differential, and dual tailpipes.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|904}} For Formulas and Trans Ams, functional dual-inlet "Ram Air" hoods returned as part of the WS6 performance package. The optional package boosted rated horsepower from 285 to 305, and torque from 325 lb·ft to 335. Also included were 17x9-wheels wheels with 275/40ZR17 tires, suspension improvements, oval dual tailpipe tips, and a WS6 badge. Bilstein shocks were a further option with the package.

The 1997 model year introduced standard air conditioning, daytime running lamps (utilizing the front turn signal lamps), digital odometer and optional 500-watt Monsoon cassette or compact disc stereo systems to all Firebird trim levels.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|907}} For V6 Firebirds, a W68 sport appearance package was also introduced as a counterpart to the Camaro RS trim level. The WS6 "Ram Air" performance package was now also an option for the Formula and Trans Am convertibles, although these convertibles did not receive the 17-inch wheel-and-tire combination. There were 41 Formula convertibles and 463 Trans Am convertibles produced from 1996 to 1997 with the WS6 package.

===1998–2002===
In 1997, in relation to the Camaro, the Firebird received a mid-cycle refresh for the 1998 model year. Major changes included a new hood and front fascia with dual intakes, retracting quad halogen headlights, circular turn signals and fog lamps, a front license plate pocket, lower fender air vents, unified-style lower door raised lettering for each trim level, and a new "honeycomb" rear light panel, with circular reverse lamps. In the dashboard, "next-generation" reduced-force dual airbags became standard. As before, the Formula and Trans Am again received a close derivative of the Corvette's 5.7 L V8, the LS1 of the [[Chevrolet Corvette C5|C5 Corvette]], as the LT1 (and LT4) V8s were discontinued.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|911}} The LS1 Firebirds were also equipped with an aluminum driveshaft, replacing the previous steel version, while all Firebird trim levels gained four-wheel disc brakes with dual-piston front calipers and larger rotors at each wheel, complete with a solenoid-based Bosch anti-lock system. The Formula convertible was no longer offered.

Beginning in 1998 for 1999 models, a standard 16.8-gallon non-metallic fuel tank increased the potential traveling range. GM's ASR traction control system was extended to the V6-powered Firebirds, and all LS1 (V8) and Y87 (V6) Firebirds also received a Zexel/Torsen II slip-reduction rear axle. An electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) system replaced the old hydraulic proportioning valve for improved brake performance. An enhanced sensing and diagnostic module (SDM) recorded vehicle speed, engine rpm, throttle position, and brake use in the last five seconds prior to airbag deployment.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|915}} In 1999, a [[Hurst Performance|Hurst]] shifter for variants with the 6-speed manual and a power steering cooler became options for LS1 Firebirds.

In 2000, the WS6 performance package was available exclusively for the 2001 model year Trans Am coupe and convertible variants.

For 2002, more convenience items such as power mirrors and power antenna became standard equipment, while cassette stereos were phased out.

===Special editions===
===Firehawk===
The special-edition extra-performance Firehawk (available in Formula trim for 1993–1997, and again in both Formula and Trans Am trims for 1999–2002) was produced by SLP Engineering, Inc., and sold through Pontiac dealerships. Featuring 17-inch wheels with namesake [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] Firehawk 275/40ZR17 tires along with a functional twin-inlet hood above a specific air cleaner box, its rated power increased to {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}} and 330 lb·ft (445 Nm) of torque. A total of 201 Firehawks were built for 1993. In 1994, the Firehawk package was expanded to include options for a suspension upgrade as well as a larger-diameter exhaust system that could boost power to {{cvt|315|hp|0|abbr=on}}. T-top Formula coupes and convertibles could also be optioned as Firehawks beginning in 1995. For 1996 and 1997, the Firehawk gained rectangular driving lights mounted inside the front scoops and (except Firehawk convertibles) the Trans Am's elevated rear wing. In 1997, an LT4 Firehawk was also available, utilizing the same {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=on}}, balanced-and-blueprinted LT4 V8 engine as found in the manual-transmission 1996 Corvette. A total of 29 LT4-powered Firehawks were produced.

Power levels for the 1999 Firehawk, powered by the LS1 V8, rose to {{cvt|327|hp|0|abbr=on}} (330 in 2000, 335 in 2001, and 345 in late 2002 models equipped with the "Blackwing" intake). A 10th-anniversary Firehawk was available in 2001, distinguished as a black Trans Am coupe (123 units) and convertible (16 units) with gold-painted hood stripes (prototype only), gold vinyl stripes on hood and spoiler (production), gold 17-inch wheels, and gold tailpipe tips.

===1994 Trans Am GT===
In 1994 only, a "Trans Am GT" option was available. Trans Am GTs did not receive any special badging, graphics, or emblems, and looked externally identical to the base Trans Am cars. The GT package included 245/50ZR16 tires and a 155-mph speedometer. Non-GT optioned Trans Ams in 1994 received 235/55R16 tires, a 115-mph speedometer, and a much lower top-speed limiter. The "highrise spoiler", leather, and T-tops were not standard on the Trans Am GT cars in 1994, nor any year of LT1 Trans Am. RPO code T43 "uplevel spoiler" was an option on all Trans Ams, and while the mass majority of 1994 Trans Am GT cars received the T43 spoiler (along with the majority of all 1993–1997 Trans Ams), it was not part of the Trans Am GT package. Both base Trans Ams and Trans am GTs could be ordered as coupe, T-top, or convertible versions and were both available with automatic or manual transmissions. While the GT package was a cost option on the 1994 Trans Am, a majority of 1994 Trans Ams were made with the GT package.

All of the 1994 Trans Am GT options became standard in 1995–2002 as part of the Trans Am package, and the GT name/package was dropped for 1995. Some of the early fourth-generation Trans Am and Formula Firebirds list "GT" on the vehicle's title or registration. The reason behind this is because the VIN does not specify a "package" (Formula, Trans Am, Trans Am GT, Firehawk, etc.); it only specifies the engine (5.7 L V8 LT1). Because the title is based on the VIN alone, titles and registrations often list all of the packages, but it does not mean the car is equipped with any certain package.

===1994 25th-anniversary Trans Am===
The 1994 model year marked the 25th anniversary of the Trans Am, and another anniversary edition was released, painted white with a single dark blue stripe down the center of the vehicle that was reminiscent of the 1970 Trans Am. It also featured white-painted, five-spoke, 16-inch alloy wheels, and white leather seats and door trim. This edition was available in either coupe or convertible form.

===1999 30th-anniversary Trans Am===
As with the previous 25th-anniversary edition, the 30th-anniversary edition was either a white WS6 convertible or WS6 T-top coupe, with twin dark blue stripes from hood to tail, and distinct blue anodized five-spoke 17-inch alloy A-mold wheels, with white leather seats and door trim.

2001 was the 75th anniversary of Pontiac. An available 75th Anniversary Package incorporated a power and performance package that included power door locks including retained accessory power, power windows including express down drivers side, dual power sport mirrors, power antenna. Radio, ETR AM/FM stereo with CD player and 7-band graphic equalizer including a clock, seek up/down, remote CD pre-wiring Monsoon 500 watt peak power with 10-speaker premium sound system and steering wheel leather-wrapped w/driver touch radio controls. 4-speed automatic transmission, power drivers 6-way seat, security package (includes theft-deterrent system and remote key-less entry), 3800 performance package that included 3.42 gears with "posi-trac" Zexel Torsen T2 limited-slip differential, 4 wheel disc brakes, dual mufflers, and an LS1 steering rack= 14.4:1, 235/55/16 tires, hatch roof, removable, 16-inch chromed aluminum wheels, 50-state low emission vehicle. There were a total of 472 of these packages sold in 2001, #239 on the L36 Firebird, 231 on the Formula W66 coupe, 5 on Formula Firehawks, and 2 on Trans-Ams.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trans Am World - 2001 Firebird Breakdown |url= http://www.transamworld.com/2001-breakdown.htm |website=transamworld.com |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> The manufacturer original window stickers included this as a separate package listing the items and one price.

===2002 collector's edition Trans Am===
For the Firebird's final year, a collector's edition Trans Am was released as either a yellow WS6 convertible or WS6 t-top coupe, with twin black stripes from hood to tail, black-painted five-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels, and further black-trimmed body details.

<gallery widths="220px" heights="200px" class="center">
File:Pontiac Trans Am convertible.jpg|1994–1997 Trans Am convertible
File:1996 Pontiac Firebird Formula.jpg|1996 Firebird Formula with functional "Ram Air" hood
File:Firebird 07-24-2019.jpg|alt=1993–1997 Pontiac Firebird|rear view (1993–1997)
File:30th Anniversary Trans Am.jpg|The 1999 30th Anniversary Trans Am
File:Joe Aquilante SCCA Pocono Raceway 1999.jpeg|Joe Aquilante on the front stretch of Pocono Raceway 1999, to become SCCA national champ in T-1
File:2002 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Collector's Edition Convertible (23500415186).jpg|Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Collector's Edition convertible
</gallery>

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1993|| rowspan="3" | [[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#3.4|{{convert|3.4|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L32 V6]]|| rowspan="2" | [[GM LT engine#LT1|5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8]]
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1994
|-
| 1995|| [[GM 3800 engine#Series II|{{convert|3.8|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L36 V6]]
(California Only)
| 5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1996|| rowspan="7" | {{convert|3.8|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L36 V6|| rowspan="2" | 5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1997|| [[GM LT engine#LT4|5.7 L 350 CID LT4 V8]]
(iron block, aluminum heads) in Firehawk by SLP
|-
| 1998|| rowspan="5" | [[GM LS engine|5.7 L 346 CID LS1 V8]]
(aluminum block and heads)
|-
| 1999
|-
| 2000
|-
| 2001
|-
| 2002
|}

{{clear}}

== Firebird Trans Am ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name=Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
| image=File:2002 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am WS6.JPG
| production = 1969–2002
| manufacturer = [[General Motors]]
| class = [[Pony car]], [[Muscle car]]
| body_style = 2-door [[convertible]] 1969, 1987–1989 Pontiac sanctioned special edition, 1991–1992, 1994–2002 2-door [[coupe]] 1969–2002
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|FR layout]]
}}

[[File:'72 Pontiac Trans Am (Auto classique).JPG|thumb|right|1971 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:Pontiac Trans Am (Orange Julep).JPG|thumb|right|1974 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:Pontiac Firebird Trans Am (Orange Julep).jpg|thumb|right|1978 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:1981 Pontiac Trans Am 1.jpg|thumb|right|1981 Pontiac Turbo Trans Am]]
[[File:'87 Pontiac Trans Am (Auto classique).JPG|thumb|right|1987 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:KITT Universal Studios.jpg|thumb|right|A modified 3rd generation Trans Am used as [[KITT]] ]]

The Trans Am was a specialty package for the Firebird, typically upgrading [[Car handling|handling]], [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]], and [[horsepower]], as well as minor appearance modifications such as exclusive [[Hood (vehicle)|hoods]], [[Spoiler (automotive)|spoilers]], fog lights and wheels. Four distinct generations were produced between 1969 and 2002. These cars were built on the [[GM F platform|F-body platform]], which was also shared by the [[Chevrolet Camaro]].

Despite its name, the Trans Am was not initially used in the [[Trans Am Series]], as its smallest engine exceeded the SCCA's five-liter displacement limit.

The second generation was available from 1970 to 1981. The Firebird Trans Am was selected as the Official Pace Car for the [[1980 Indianapolis 500]].

The Trans Am GTA (Gran Turismo Americano) was an options package available on the Firebird Trans Am which added gold 16-inch diamond-spoke alloy wheels, a monochromatic paint scheme, and special cloisonné GTA badges. The GTA (along with the Formula model that was intended to fill the gap between the base model Firebird and mid-level Trans Am) was the brainchild of former Pontiac marketing manager Lou Wassel. It was intended to be the "ultimate" Trans Am and was the most expensive Firebird available. The GTA equipment package officially went on sale in 1987 and avoided a gas-guzzler tax thanks to its lightweight PW 16-inch gold cross-lace wheels. The high-performance WS6 suspension package was also re-tuned to offer a more compliant ride while still maintaining tight handling characteristics. Engine choices consisted of an L98 5.7 L (350 ci) TPI V8 mated to GM's corporate 700R4 automatic transmission or the 5.0 L (305 ci) TPI V8. A five-speed manual was available but was mated to the 5.0 L only. The GTA trim level was available from 1987 through the 1992 model year.

For 1989, the 20th-anniversary turbo Trans Am project (originally conceived by Bill Owen of Pontiac) was outsourced to PAS, Inc., an engineering firm led by Jeff Beitzel. Beitzel and his team did most of the TTA development work. The 3.8 L turbocharged V6 engines were built by PAS at their 40,000 square foot City of Industry, CA plant. From there, they went to GM's plant in Van Nuys, CA to be installed into GTAs on the F-Body assembly line. The cars were then shipped back to PAS for final assembly, testing, and quality control. Incidentally, the GTA chassis were selected at random, thus there is no correlation between the VIN and production sequence number. The initial number of cars to be produced had ranged from 500 to 2,500 until GM finally settled on 1,500. In all, a total of 1,555 Turbo Trans Ams were manufactured. One of these served as the [[1989 Indianapolis 500]] pace car.

The 2002 model-year WS6 Trans Am produced {{cvt|310|hp|0|abbr=}} at 5,200 rpm and {{cvt|340|lbft|0|abbr=}} of torque at 4,000 rpm out of its 5.7 L LS1 V8 engine.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nadaguides.com/Cars/2002/Pontiac/FIREBIRD-V8-6-Spd-AT/Coupe-2D-Trans-Am-WS6/Specs |title=2002 Pontiac Firebird Specs & Performance |work=NADA Guides |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref> A stock WS6 completed the ¼—mile in 13.16 seconds at 106.05 mph on Eagle F1 street tires.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.streetfire.net/video/s...ws6_178072.htm |access-date=October 20, 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215646/http://www.streetfire.net/video/s...ws6_178072.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2014 |title=Stock 2002 Trans Am WS6 at the track |work=StreetFire}}</ref>

=== Engines ===

==== First generation ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
|1969|| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air 400 V8]]
{{convert|335|bhp|abbr=on}}
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air IV V8]]
{{convert|345|bhp|abbr=on}}
|}

==== Second generation ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1970|| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air 400]] V8
345 hp
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air IV]] V8
370 hp
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air V V8]]<ref group="Note A">There are no known 1970 Trans Ams with the Ram Air V, no complete engines were ever sold or shipped to dealers, but the parts needed to build one could be ordered over-the-counter.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.wallaceracing.com/RAV-story-page1.html |title=Pontiac Ram Air V Story |work=Wallace Racing |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1971|| rowspan="2" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac H.O. V8]]
|-
| 1972
|-
| 1973|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac S.D. V8
|-
| 1974|| rowspan="3" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac S.D. V8
|-
| 1975|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8 455-H.O. <ref group="Note A">These cars came with a 455-H.O decal on the Shaker Hood Scoop but were not anywhere near the same engine as the 71–72 H.O.'s. They were standard production engines lifted from Pontiac's station wagon line and transplanted straight into the T/A. Rated at ~ 200 hp. Pontiac did this to try to boost sales, and the engine was only available with the 4-speed manual transmission. A total of 857 were built as it was a mid-year addition.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.2gta.com/1975ta.html |title=1975 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am |work=2gta.com |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| 1976|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8 455 H.O.<ref group="Note A">The only difference between this engine and the previous 1975 engine is the ''H.O.'' was removed from the shaker hood scoop and simply said ''455''. It came with a 4-speed manual transmission. A total of 7,099 were built this year's full production run.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.2gta.com/1976ta.html |title=The 1976 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am |work=2gta.com |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1977|| rowspan="2" | [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]]|| rowspan="2" | {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8
|-
| 1978
|-
| 1979|| rowspan="3" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]|| {{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8 (Automatic only)|| {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8 (4-speed only)<ref group="Note A">These engines were actually 1978s that were stockpiled for 1979. Pontiac ceased production of the 400 in 1978.</ref>
|-
| 1980|| [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]] || rowspan="2" |[[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac turbo V8]]
|-
| 1981|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8 (4-speed only)
|}
Notes A:
<references group="Note A" />

==== Third generation ====
From 1982 onward, all engines were Chevrolet sourced, unless stated otherwise.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1982|| rowspan="6" | [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8]]|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} cross-fire injection V8
(First year for fuel injection in Trans Am)
|
|-
| 1983|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} cross-fire injection V8|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8 H.O.
(662 were made, all 5-speeds)
|-
| 1984|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel H.O. V8
(1500 anniversary edition models were made, 500 of them 5-speed)
|
|-
| 1985|| rowspan="8" | {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} tuned port injection V8|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel H.O. V8 H.O.
(5-speed only)
|-
| 1986|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8 H.O.
(5-speed only) A total of 69 were built.
|-
| 1987|| rowspan="6" | [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} tuned port injection V8]]
|-
| 1988|| rowspan="5" | {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} throttle body injection V8
|-
| 1989|| [[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]]
|-
| 1990
|-
| 1991
|-
| 1992
|}

==In popular media==

In 1974, a Brewster Green ’73 Trans Am starred as [[John Wayne]]’s personal transportation in ''[[McQ]]'' and featured in an extended chase sequence.

[[James Garner]] drove a Firebird Esprit during six seasons of ''[[The Rockford Files]]'' from 1974-1980. From 1974 through 1978, the current model year Firebird was used, always finished in Copper Mist gold. For better stunt performance, the cars were built to Formula 400 specifications but were badged to look like the luxury-focused Esprit.

The 1977 Trans Am Special Edition was featured in ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. The 1980 Turbo model was used for ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]''. Both cars were driven by [[Burt Reynolds]] in the films.

A modified 1982 Trans Am known as the [[KITT|Knight Industries Two Thousand]] (or KITT) is driven by [[Michael_Knight_(Knight_Rider)|Michael Knight]] (played by [[David Hasselhoff]]) in the TV series ''[[Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)|Knight Rider]]''. Aside from many useful features, the car has a built-in computer that interacts with Knight with the voice by an uncredited [[William Daniels]].

==Post–Pontiac Trans Am==
[[File:Trans Am Super Duty at the New York International Auto Show NYIAS (39516172660).jpg|thumb|Trans Am Super Duty at the ''[[New York International Auto Show|NYIAS]]'']]
In 2012, General Motors signed a licensing deal with Trans Am Depot to use the Trans Am name and Pontiac logos in custom coach built versions of new Trans Am.<ref>{{cite web|last=Luft |first=Alex |title=TransAm Depot Gives Camaro The Pontiac Treatment |url= http://gmauthority.com/blog/2013/03/transam-depot-gives-camaro-the-pontiac-treatment-ad-break/ |work=GM Authority |date=March 16, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> Under this agreement, Trans Am Depot takes brand-new model [[Chevrolet Camaro]]s, strips them down to their basic components and rebuilds what looks like a new Trans Am.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaowthumrong |first=Patricia |title=Flying High |url= http://performancebiz.com/features/flying-high |work=Performance HotRod Business |date=January 8, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150722113226/http://performancebiz.com/features/flying-high |archive-date=July 22, 2015 }}</ref> They make these in the designs of the 6T9 version Trans Am, 6T9 Goat ("GTO"),<ref name="Lingeman_GTO">{{cite news|last=Lingeman |first=Jake |title=GTO Judge poised for a comeback|url=http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/gto-judge-poised-comeback |work=Autoweek |date=June 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Justin |first=Cesler |title=Here Comes the Judge |url= http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/29-december-2013-high-performance-pontiac-magazine |work=High Performance Pontiac Magazine |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150721175008/http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/29-december-2013-high-performance-pontiac-magazine |archive-date=July 21, 2015 }}</ref> 7T7 Trans Am and the limited-edition Hurst Trans Am.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamdepot.com/hurst-judge/ |title=Hurst Edition Trans Am |work=trans am depot |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ross |first=Jeffrey |title=2013 Hurst Edition Trans Am|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2013/05/13/2013-hurst-edition-trans-am/ |work=AutoBlog |date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref>

On March 26, 2017, at the [[New York International Auto Show]], the Bandit Edition Trans Am was introduced. Built by Trans Am Depot, only 77 will be produced, each signed by [[Burt Reynolds]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/ |website=Transamworldwide.com |title=The Trans Am Bandit Edition Unveiled!
|access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref><ref name="MTNYIAS">{{cite web|url= https://www.motortrend.com/news/1000-hp-2017-trans-am-455-super-duty-bows-in-new-york/ |website=Motortrend.com |title=1000-HP 2017 Trans Am 455 Super Duty bows in New York |access-date=October 20, 2020 |date=April 13, 2017 |first=Jason |last=Udy}}</ref> Powertrain is a {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] version of the current Generation V [[LS based GM small-block engine#LT1|LT1]] V8 engine equipped with a {{convert|2.3|L|CID|1}} Magnuson [[supercharger]] with a boost of {{convert|14|psi|bar|abbr=on}}, developing {{convert|1000|hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1046|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamworldwide.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Trans-Am-455-Super-Duty-Specs.pdf |website=Transamworldwide.com |title=Trans Am 455 Super Duty Specs |access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref><ref name="MTNYIAS"/>

=== Burt Reynolds collection of Firebirds ===
On April 14, 2018, at the [[Barrett-Jackson]] collector car auction in Palm Beach, FL, just 5 months before his death, actor Burt Reynolds presided over the sale of 3 Pontiac Firebird Trans Ams from his personal collection, sold via Bandit Movie Cars of Florida, the custodian of the Burt Reynolds collection. He was also an avid Firebird collector after filming the movies ''[[Hooper (film)|Hooper]]'' and also the ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' movie series. The first car was a red 1977 Firebird Trans Am survivor car from the Restore a Muscle Car Collection with a price of $57,200. The second vehicle was a rare 1974 Pontiac Trans AM 455 Super Duty, which was another survivor that reached $100,000 plus 10% buyer commission. The third car Reynolds sold was a 1980 Indianapolis pace car turbo Trans Am, which was also $100,000, plus 10% buyer commission.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.carbuyingtips.com/articles/blog/burt-reynolds-at-record-2018-barrett-jackson-palm-beach-auction.htm |title=Burt Reynolds adds fuel to the fire at record Barrett-Jackson Palm Beach Auto Auction |website=carbuyingtips.com |date=April 18, 2018 |first=Jeff |last=Ostroff |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref>

== Performance (Firebird / Firebird Trans Am) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!Engine
!Year(s)
!Power
!0–60 mph (0–97 km/h)
!Top speed
!Comments
|-
||[[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8]]
| 1979 || {{convert|220|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center> 6.6 s.</center> || > {{convert|132|mph|abbr=on|0}}|| Trans Am model equipped with 400 4-speed manual<ref>''Hot Rod'' magazine 1979.</ref>
|-
||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} LB9 V8]]
| 1989–1992 || {{convert|225|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center> 7.8 s.</center> || > {{convert|140|mph|abbr=on|0}}|| Formula model equipped with N10/MM5/GM3 option codes<ref name="CnDV35N9">{{cite journal|title=Road Test |journal=Car and Driver |volume=35 |issue=9 |date=March 1990}}</ref>
|-
||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} L98 V8]]
| 1987–1992 || {{convert|235|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center> 6.2 s.</center> || > {{convert|145|mph|abbr=on}} || GTA model
|-
||[[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]]
| 1989 || {{convert|250|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center>4.6 s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gtasourcepage.com/8920thTACDReview.html |title=1989 20th Anniversary Trans Am Road Test, Car & Driver Magazine, June 1989 |via=Gtasourcepage.com |date=2001 |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref></center> || {{convert|162|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flat-out Fastest American Cars II-the Sequel|journal=Motor Trend |date=June 1989 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=42–47, 50, 54}}</ref>|| 20th anniversary Trans Am pace car
|-
| rowspan=2|[[GM LT engine#LT1|{{convert|5.7|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} LT1 V8]]
| 1993–1997 || {{convert|275|-|285|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center>6.0 s.</center> || {{convert|155|mph|abbr=on}} (electronically limited)
|-
| 1996–1997 || {{convert|305|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center>5.6 s.</center> || {{convert|155|mph|abbr=on}} (electronically limited)||Ram Air
|-
| rowspan=2|[[GM LS engine#LS1|5.7 L (345.7 cu in) LS1 V8]]
| 1998–2000 || {{convert|320|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center>5.2 s.</center> || {{convert|160|mph|abbr=on|0}} (electronically limited)
|-
| 2001–2002 || {{convert|325|bhp|abbr=on}} || <center>5.0s.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.motortrend.com/cars/pontiac/firebird/2000/2000-pontiac-firebird-trans-am-ws6/ |title = 2000 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am WS6 - First Drive & Road Test Review |website=Motor Trend|date = 2003-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.zeroto60times.com/vehicle-make/pontiac-0-60-mph-times/ | title=Pontiac 0-60 Times & Pontiac Quarter Mile Times | Pontiac GTO, G8, Trans Am, Grand Am, Fiero & more 0 to 60 stats!}}</ref></center> ||{{convert|160|mph|abbr=on|0}} (electronically limited)
|}

== Racing ==
Firebirds were used in the [[Trans-Am series]] in the 1960s and 1970s. When the Firebird Trans Am was released, there was controversy over the model's inability to compete in the Trans-Am because the smallest available engine was too large for use in the series at 400 cubic inches (6.6 L). The name also caused controversy because it was used without permission from the [[SCCA]], who threatened suit. GM settled the dispute by paying $5 to the SCCA for each car they sold. When the Trans-Am was last seen, the model year 2002 Firebirds were in use. From 1996 to 2006, a WS6 Trans Am coupe provided the body style for the mechanically identical racing cars used in the [[International Race of Champions]] (IROC).

During the 1995, 1996, and 1997 [[NHRA]] seasons, 14-time [[funny car]] champion [[John Force]] used a Firebird body to replace the obsolete [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] and [[Chevrolet Lumina]] bodies he had used since 1988. He used it for three seasons, winning the championship in all three years. The Firebird was also used by drivers such as Del Worsham, Tim Wilkerson, Frank Pedregon, and Jerry Toliver. The Firebird body also replaced the Oldsmobile Cutlass in the pro stock class in 1995, forcing drivers [[Warren Johnson]], Jerry Eckman, and Mark Pawuk to replace their body styles for the 1996 year. None of them would win with the first year of the Firebird body, but pro stock driver Jim Yates, a second-year driver, using the Firebird body, did.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=a}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://transamworldwide.com/ Trans Am world wide]
* [http://www.carsandracingstuff.com/library/f/firebird.php Pontiac Firebird] and [http://www.carsandracingstuff.com/library/t/transam.php Pontiac Trans Am] at The Crittenden Automotive Library
* [http://www.ta1987.com/ The Fire Chicken] restoration project of 1987 Firebird
*[http://www.firebirdclubofcanada.ca/ Firebird Club Of Canada]

{{Pontiac}}
{{Pontiac Early Timeline}}
{{Pontiac timeline 1980s to 2010}}

[[Category:Pontiac vehicles|Firebird]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Pony cars]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Muscle cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1967]]
[[Category:1970s cars]]
[[Category:1980s cars]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

Pontiac Firebird

2021-11-02T01:12:23Z

Alvarowik: Add designer

{{short description|Car model}}
{{redirect|Firebird (car)|another series of prototype cars|General Motors Firebird}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Pontiac Firebird
| image = Trans Am Family.jpg
| caption = Second, third, and fourth generation of Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
| manufacturer = [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] ([[General Motors]])
| production = February 23, 1967 – August 30, 2002
| model_years = 1967 – 2002
| class = [[Pony car]] [[Muscle car]]
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|FR layout]]
}}

The '''Pontiac Firebird''' is an American automobile that was built and produced by [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] from the 1967 to 2002 model years. Designed as a [[pony car]] to compete with the [[Ford Mustang]], it was introduced on February 23, 1967, five months after [[General Motors|GM's]] [[Chevrolet]] division's [[automobile platform|platform-sharing]] [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]].<ref name="Red Book" /> This also coincided with the release of the 1967 [[Mercury Cougar]], Ford's upscale, platform-sharing version of the Mustang.<ref>{{cite web|title=1967 Cougar |url= http://www.musclecarfacts.com/mercury-cougar/383-1967-cougar |access-date=June 10, 2015 |publisher=Muscle Car Facts |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150610172036/http://www.musclecarfacts.com/mercury-cougar/383-1967-cougar |archive-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Montievo |first=Andrew |title=How the Mercury Cougar shaped today's luxury cars |url= http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/02/how-mercury-cougar-shaped-luxury-cars/ |magazine=Tech Gen Magazine |date=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

The name "Firebird" was also previously used by GM for the [[General Motors Firebird]] in the 1950s and early 1960s [[concept car]]s.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== First generation (1967–1969) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (first generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = Pontiac Firebird.jpg
| caption = 1967 Pontiac Firebird convertible
| production = February 23, 1967–1969
| engine = [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#230|{{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} Pontiac SOHC]] [[Straight-six engine|I6]] [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#250|{{cvt|250|CID|L}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#326|{{cvt|326|CID|L|1}} Pontiac]] [[V8 engine|V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{cvt|400|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]]
| transmission = 2-speed [[Super Turbine 300|automatic]] 3-speed [[Turbo-Hydramatic]] automatic 3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed manual
| assembly = [[Lordstown Assembly|Lordstown]], Ohio, United States (1967–1969) [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States (1968–1969) [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1969)
| wheelbase = {{convert|108.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| length = {{convert|188.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| width = {{convert|72.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)
| height = {{convert|51.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1967)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=148544 |title=1967 Pontiac Firebird Sprint Technical Specifications |website=Carfolio.com |access-date=November 29, 2011}}</ref>
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)]]
| designer = Jack Humbert<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/the-golden-age-of-pontiac/|title=The Golden Age of Pontiac|website=Hagerty|access-date=November 1, 2021|date=June 4, 2012|first1=Tony|last1=Hossain|first2=Jerry|last2=Burton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804142238/https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/the-golden-age-of-pontiac/|archive-date=August 4, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{see also|GM F platform#First Generation, 1967–1969}}
The first generation Firebird had characteristic [[Coke bottle styling]] shared with its cousin, the [[Chevrolet Camaro]]. Announcing a Pontiac styling trend, the Firebird's bumpers were integrated into the design of the front end, giving it a more streamlined look than the Camaro. The Firebird's rear "slit" taillights were inspired by the 1966–1967 [[Pontiac GTO]]. Both a two-door [[hardtop]] and a [[convertible]] were offered through the 1969 model year. Originally, the car was a "consolation prize" for Pontiac, which had desired to produce a two-seat sports car based on its original [[Pontiac Banshee|Banshee]] concept car. However, GM feared this would cut into [[Chevrolet Corvette]] sales, and gave Pontiac a piece of the "[[pony car]]" market through sharing the [[GM F platform|F-body]] platform with [[Chevrolet]].

The 1967 base model Firebird came equipped with the [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#Overhead cam|Pontiac {{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} SOHC inline-six]]. Based on the architecture of the standard
[[Chevrolet straight-6 engine#230|Chevrolet {{cvt|230|CID|L|1}} inline-six]], it was fitted with a one-barrel [[carburetor]] and rated at {{cvt|165|hp}}.<ref name="Red Book" /> The "Sprint" model six came with a four-barrel carburetor, developing {{cvt|215|hp}}.<ref name=Kowalke_oldCars>{{cite news|last=Kowalke|first=Ron|title=The Six-cylinder Firebird Sprint: Slouch or sleeper?|url= http://www.oldcarsweekly.com/features/bill-krause-1967-firebird-sprint |publisher=Old Cars Weekly |date=26 May 2010}}</ref> Most buyers opted for one of three [[Pontiac V8 engine|V8]]s: the {{cvt|326|CID|L|1}} with a two-barrel carburetor producing {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}; the four-barrel "HO" (high output) 326, producing {{cvt|285|hp}}; or the {{cvt|325|hp}} {{cvt|400|CID|L|1}} from the GTO. All 1967–1968 400 CI engines had throttle restrictors that blocked the carburetors' secondaries from fully opening.<ref name="Red Book" /> A "Ram Air" option was also available, providing functional hood scoops, higher flow heads with stronger valve springs, and a hotter [[camshaft]]. Power for the Ram Air package was the same as the conventional 400 HO, but peaked at 5,200 rpm.

The {{cvt|230|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engines were subsequently enlarged for 1968 to 250 cubic inches(4.1 liters), the base version developing an increased {{cvt|175|hp}} using a one-barrel carburetor, and the high-output Sprint version the same 215 hp with a four-barrel carburetor. Also for the 1968 model, the {{cvt|326|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engine was replaced by the [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|Pontiac {{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} V8]], which actually displaced {{cvt|354|CID|L|1}}, and produced {{cvt|265|hp}} with a two-barrel carburetor. An HO version of the {{cvt|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} with a revised cam was also offered starting in that year, which developed {{cvt|320|hp|0|abbr=}}. Power output of the other engines was increased marginally.<ref name="Red Book" />

There was an additional [[Ram-air intake|Ram Air]] IV option for the {{cvt|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine]]s during 1969, complementing the Ram Air 400(now often colloquially but incorrectly called the "Ram Air III," a name never used by Pontiac). The Ram Air IV was rated at {{convert|345|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5000 rpm and {{convert|430|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] at 3400 rpm;<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=224763|title=Pontiac Firebird Trans Am, 1970 MY 2887|website=Carfolio.com |date=2014-05-01| access-date= August 6, 2018}}</ref> and {{convert|335|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} respectively. The {{Convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} HO engine was revised again with a different cam and [[cylinder head]]s resulting in {{cvt|325|hp}}. During 1969 a special {{cvt|303|CID|L|1}} engine was designed for [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] road racing applications that was not available in production cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pontiac Firebird |url= https://musclecarclub.com/pontiac-firebird/ |website=Muscle Car Club |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

The styling difference from the 1967 to the 1968 model was the addition of [[Automotive lighting#Lateral|federally-mandated side marker lights]]: for the front of the car, the turn signals were made larger and extended to wrap around the front edges of the car, and on the rear, the Pontiac (V-shaped) Arrowhead logo was added to each side. The front door [[Quarter glass|vent-windows]] were replaced with a single pane of glass and Astro Ventilation, a fresh-air-inlet system. The 1969 model received a major [[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]] with a new front-end design but unlike the GTO, it did not have the Endura bumper. The instrument panel and steering wheel were revised. The ignition switch was moved from the dashboard to the steering column with the introduction of GM's new locking ignition switch/steering wheel.<ref name="Red Book" />

In March 1969, a US$1,083 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1083|1969}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} {{inflation-fn|US}})<ref>Hemmings Motor News, Terry Shea July 2013</ref> optional handling package called the "Trans Am performance and appearance package", UPC "WS4", named after the [[Trans Am Series]], was introduced. A total of 689 hardtops and eight convertibles were made.<ref name="Red Book" />

Due to engineering problems that delayed the introduction of the new 1970 Firebird beyond the usual fall debut, Pontiac continued production of 1969 model Firebirds into the early months of the 1970 model year (the other 1970 Pontiac models had been introduced on September 18, 1969). By late spring of 1969, Pontiac had deleted all model-year references on Firebird literature and promotional materials, anticipating the extended production run of the then-current 1969 models.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | Production totals<ref name="Red Book" />
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 250px; text-align: left;"| Model !! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1967<ref name="Buyer's Guide" >{{cite book |last= Gunnell |first= John A. |title= Illustrated Buyer's Guide, Firebird |edition=Third |publisher=MBI Publishing |date= 1998 | isbn=0-7603-0602-8}}</ref>!! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1968 !! scope="col" style="width: 50px; text-align: right;"| 1969
|-
| Two-door hardtop coupe
|align="right" |67,032
|align="right" |90,152
|align="right" |75,362
|-
|-
| Two-door convertible
|align="right" |15,528
|align="right" |16,960
|align="right" |11,649
|-
| Two-door coupe Trans Am
|
|
|align="right" |689
|-
| Two-door convertible Trans Am
|
|
|align="right" |8
|-
| Total
|align="right" |82,560
|align="right" |107,112
|align="right" |87,708
|}

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
| 1967 ||''Std'' [[Pontiac_straight-6_engine#Overhead_cam|{{convert|230|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] {{cvt|165|hp}}||''W53'' "Sprint" 230 CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|215|hp}}||''L30'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#326|{{convert|326|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 326 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|285|hp}}||''W66'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|325|hp}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air V8 {{cvt|325|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1968 || rowspan="2" |''Std'' [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#250|{{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac SOHC I6]] {{cvt|175|hp}}||''W53'' "Sprint" 250CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|215|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L30'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|265|hp}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|320|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''W66'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air V8 {{cvt|335|hp}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{cvt|335|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air II V8 {{cvt|340|hp|0|abbr=}}{{refn|group=a|On March 1, 1968, the '''L67''' 400CID Ram Air engine was deleted as an option and replaced with the same named ''L67'' 400CID Ram Air II engine. The new L67 was rated at {{cvt|340|hp}}, with revised cylinder heads that included round exhaust ports. The pistons and crankshaft were of forged construction and it included a higher lift cam with a more durable valvetrain.<ref name="Red Book" />}}
|-
| 1969 ||''W53'' "Sprint" 250 CID Pontiac SOHC I6 {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac "HO" V8 {{cvt|325|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac "HO" Ram Air 400 V8 {{cvt|335|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L67'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|345|hp}}
|}<ref name="Red Book" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Pontiac Firebird 400 Convertible 1967.jpg|1967 Pontiac Firebird 400 convertible
File:1968 Pontiac Firebird 400, Dutch licence registration DM-57-71 p1.jpg|1968 Pontiac Firebird convertible 400 Ram Air with the optional hood tach
File:Gen1TAs.jpg|1969 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
</gallery>

{{clear}}

== Second generation (1970–1981) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (second generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = 70s Firebird.jpg
| caption = 1974 Firebird Trans Am
| production = 1970–1981
| engine = [[Buick V6 engine#231|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick V6]] [[Chevrolet straight-6 engine#250|{{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet I6]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#265|{{convert|265|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac 301 Turbo|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac turbo V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG3|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet LG3 V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet LG4 V8]] [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8}} [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LM1|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8}} [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]
| transmission = 3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed manual 2-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 3-speed automatic
| assembly = [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States (1970–1971, 1978–1981) [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1970–1981)
| wheelbase = {{convert|108.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.78ta.com/specs1978.php|title=Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site|website=78ta.com|access-date=October 3, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204051520/http://www.78ta.com/specs1978.php|archive-date=December 4, 2010}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|196.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| width = {{convert|73.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| height = {{convert|49.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1978)
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (second generation)]]
}}
{{see also|GM F platform#Second Generation, 1970–1981}}

The second-generation debut for the 1970 model year was delayed until February 26, 1970, because of tooling and engineering problems; thus, its popular designation as a 1970½ model, while leftover 1969s were listed in early Pontiac literature without a model-year identification.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1970-pontiac-firebird.htm |title=1970s Pontiac Firebird |author=Editors of Publications International |website=auto.howstuffworks.com |date=December 21, 2007 |access-date=February 27, 2011}}</ref> This generation of Firebirds were available in coupe form only; after the 1969 model year, convertibles were not available until 1989.

'''Models'''
*Firebird
*Firebird Esprit
*Firebird Formula
*Firebird Trans Am

'''Special/Limited Editions and appearance packages'''
*Formula appearance package (RPO W50, 1976–1981)<ref name="Red Book" />
*50th Anniversary limited edition (2,590 units, RPO Y82, 1976)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Special Edition appearance package, black with gold pinstriping (RPO Y82 1977–1978, RPO Y84 1978–1981)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Sky Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W60, 1977–1978)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Red Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W68, 1978–1979)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Yellow Bird Esprit appearance package (RPO W73, 1980)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Special Edition appearance package, gold with brown pinstriping (8,666 units, RPO Y88, 1978)<ref name="Red Book" />
*10th Anniversary Trans Am (TATA) limited edition (7,500 units, RPO Y89, 1979)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Turbo Trans Am Indianapolis pace car limited edition (5,700 units, RPO Y85, 1980)<ref name="Red Book" />
*Turbo Trans Am "Daytona 500" pace car limited edition (2,000 units, RPO Y85, 1981)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.78ta.com/special.php |title=Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site – special edition |website=78ta.com |access-date=October 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100925235914/http://www.78ta.com/special.php |archive-date=September 25, 2010 }}</ref>
*Macho Trans Am (offered by the Mecham Pontiac [[Car dealership|dealership]] in Glendale, AZ) (~400 units, 1977-1980).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mechamperformance.com/m_docs/dkm.html |title=Mecham Design Performance |website=mechamperformance.com |access-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref>
*Fire Am (Firebird American) offered by Herb Adams/VSE (~200 units, 1976-1981) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/hppp-0703-pontiac-firebird-fire-am/|title = Pontiac Firebird Vintage Tuner Cars - High Performance Pontiac Magazine|date = 20 December 2006}}</ref>

Replacing the "Coke bottle" styling was a more "swoopy" body style, while still retaining some traditional elements. The top of the rear window line going almost straight down to the lip of the trunk lid, a look that was to epitomize F-body styling for the longest period during the Firebird's lifetime. The new design was initially characterized by a large [[Pillar (car)|B-pillar]], until 1975 when the rear window was enlarged.

===1970===
There were two [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|Ram Air]] [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engines]] for 1970: the {{convert|335|hp|abbr=on}} L74 [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air 400|Ram Air 400]] ({{convert|366|hp|abbr=on}} in the GTO) and the {{convert|345|hp|abbr=on}} LS1 [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air IV|Ram Air IV]] ({{convert|370|hp|abbr=on}} in the GTO) that were carried over from 1969. The difference between the GTO and Firebird engines was that the secondary carburetor's throttle linkage had a restrictor which prevented the rear barrels from opening completely,<ref name="Red Book" /> adjusting the linkage could allow full carburetor operation resulting in identical engine performance.

For the 1970 and 1971 model years, all Firebirds equipped with radios had the antennae mounted "in-glass" in the windshield.<ref name="Red Book" />

===1971===
[[File:'71 Pontiac Trans Am (Cruisin' At The Boardwalk '10).jpg|thumb|right|1971 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am]]

The [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|Pontiac {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} engine]] first became available in the second generation Firebird in 1971. The 455 engine was available in the L75 {{convert|325|hp|abbr=on}} version and the LS5 335 hp HO version, which was the standard, and only engine option, for the Trans Am. The HO engine also included Ram Air IV.<ref name="Red Book" />

===1972===
During a 1972 strike, the Firebird (and the similar [[GM F platform|F-body]] [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]]) were nearly dropped.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flory |first=J. Kelly |title=American Cars, 1960–1972: Every Model, Year by Year |url= https://archive.org/details/americancarsever00flor_944 |url-access=limited | publisher=McFarland |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7864-1273-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americancarsever00flor_944/page/n886 881]}}</ref>

Again the 455 HO was the only engine available for the Trans Am.<ref name="Red Book" />

Starting in 1972, and continuing until 1977, the Firebird was only produced at the [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood, Ohio]], facility.<ref name="Red Book" />

===1973===

In 1973, the Trans Am added two new colors to the Cameo White, Buccaneer Red and Brewster Green. Other exterior upgrades included the revised nosecone Firebird decal and the new, soon to be iconic, hood bird decal. This option (RPO WW7) was a pay extra $55 option exclusive to Trans Am. The "Trans Am" decals were slightly larger than previous versions, and shared the same color schemes as the hood decal.

Inside the Firebird the standard interior equipment was almost identical to prior years. The new "horse collar" optional custom interior featured new seat coverings and door panels. Interior colors were limited to black, white, burgundy and saddle but orange, red and blue carpet could be specially ordered to any of the combination.

The 1973 model line introduced "radial tuned suspension" for the Trans Am. When ordered, it included the 15-inch radial tires. Radial tuned suspension with radial tires delivered a much more comfortable ride, while providing improved cornering grip. Radial tires where just coming onto the market and Pontiac's engineering department then implemented RTS as a standard feature for the Trans Am model line.

The Firebird also had to meet the new safety and emissions requirements for 1973. There were now extra steel reinforcements in the bumper and core to support the fender. All Pontiac motors now had to be fitted with new EGR system, which delayed the SD-455 Program until late into production year.

The 1973 Trans Am engine displaced 455 cubic inches, with the two options being the base L75 and Super Duty LS2. The base 455 produced 40 fewer horsepower than the round port Super Duty 455. Horsepower for the base L75 455 was rated at 250 at 4,000 rpm and 370 lb/ft at 2,800 rpm. Pontiac removed the "HO" designation from the base engine, and simply labelled the now non-functional shaker with "455".

In 1973 and 1974, a special version of the 455, called the "Super Duty 455" (SD-455), was offered. The SD-455 consisted of a strengthened cylinder block that included four-bolt main bearings and added material in various locations for improved strength. Original plans called for a forged [[crankshaft]], although actual production SD455s received nodular iron crankshafts with minor enhancements. Forged rods and forged aluminium [[piston]]s were specified, as were unique high-flow cylinder heads. These motors wore the "SD-455" shaker callout and also featured a decal on the driver's side valve cover with oil specifications. These "hand assembled" engines were developed to withstand aftermarket modifications and operate at a higher RPM range when contrasted with the L75. Horsepower for the LS2 SD-455 was rated at 290 at 4,000 rpm and 395 lb/ft at 3,600 rpm.

The 1973 Trans Am production was up over previous years, the L75 455 production had 3,130 automatics and 1,420 manuals. The special ordered $550 option LS2 SD-455 production had 180 automatics and 72 manuals.

The 480737 code cam (identical grind to the RAIV "041" cam) was originally specified for the SD455 engine and was fitted into the "pre-production" test cars , one of which was tested by both ''Hot Rod'' and ''Car and Driver'' magazines. However, actual production cars were fitted with the milder 493323 cam and 1.5:1 rocker ratios, due to the ever-tightening emissions standards of the era. This cam and rocker combination, combined with a low compression ratio of 8.4:1 advertised (7.9:1 actual) yielded 290 SAE net horsepower. Production SD455 cars did not have functional hood scoops, while the "pre-production" test cars did.

McCully verified that no production SD455s released to the public were fitted with the 480737 cam. When asked about the compromises for the production SD455 engine, McCully responded, "Compression, camshaft, jetting, and vacuum advance". He followed by stating that he would have preferred a [[compression ratio]] of 10.25:1, a camshaft with 041 valve timing, slightly richer carburettor jetting, and as much vacuum advance as the engine would tolerate. However, that proved to be impossible due to the emissions regulations of the era.

===1974===
[[File:74bird.jpg|thumb|right|1974 Pontiac Firebird Formula]]

Curb weights rose dramatically in the 1974 model year because of the implementation of {{convert|5|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} telescoping bumpers and various other crash- and safety-related structural enhancements; SD455 Trans Ams weighed in at {{convert|3850|lb|0|abbr=on}} in their first year of production (1974 model year; actually 1973).

The 1974 models featured a redesigned "shovel-nose" front end and new wide "slotted" taillights. In 1974, Pontiac offered two base engines for the Firebird: a {{convert|100|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|250|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} inline-six and a {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} V8. Available were {{convert|175|to|225|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} V8 engines, as well as the {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} produced {{convert|215|or|250|hp|abbr=on}}, while the SD-455 produced {{convert|290|hp|abbr=on|0}}. The 400, 455, and SD-455 engines were offered in the Trans Am and Formula models during 1974. A June 1974 test of a newly delivered, privately owned SD-455 Trans Am. This appeared in ''Super Stock and Drag Illustrated''. With an unmodified car and a test weight of 4,010 lbs the testers clocked 14.25 seconds at 101 mph. The car had an automatic and A/C.<ref>Super Stock and Drag Illustrated June 1974</ref> Also, the factory rating of 290 hp was listed at 4,400 rpm while the factory tachometer has a 5,750 rpm redline. A production line stock 1974 SD455 produced 253 rear wheel HP on a chassis dyno, as reported by ''High Performance Pontiac'' magazine (January 2007). This is also consistent with the 290 SAE net horsepower factory rating (as measured at the crankshaft).

A 1974 Firebird was driven by [[Jim Rockford (television character)|Jim Rockford]] in the pilot movie and the first season (1974–1975) of ''[[The Rockford Files]]''; every following season, Rockford would change to the next model year. However, in the sixth season (1979–1980), Rockford continued to drive the 1978 Firebird from season five, as the star, [[James Garner]], disliked the 1979 model's restyled front end. The cars in the show were badged as lower-tier Esprit models but were Formulas with the twin-scoop hood replaced with a scoopless one. Another hint was the twin exhausts and rear anti-roll bars that were not used on the Esprit.

===1975===
The 1975 models featured a new wraparound rear window that curved out to occupy more of the B-Pillar, but the rear body shape and bumper remained unchanged. The turn signals were moved up from the valance panel to the grills which helped distinguish the 1975 from the 1974 front end as they are relatively the similar. This was also the last year of the larger profile larger snout Formula hood for the Firebird Formula.

The Super Duty engine and TurboHydramatic 400 3-speed automatic were no longer available in 1975. Due to the use of catalytic converters starting in 1975, the TH400 would not fit alongside the catalytic converter underneath the vehicle. The smaller TurboHydramatic 350 automatic was deemed suitable as the power output for the motors had significantly decreased from the earlier years. TH350 drew less power from the motor, and also did not require an electronic kickdown system. The Pontiac L78 400 was standard in the Trans Am and the 455 was optional for both 1975 and 1976 models.

Originally, the L75 455 7.5L V8 was dropped entirely, but public demand saw the 455 return mid-year, available only with a 4-speed Borg Warner Super T-10, and it was no longer available for the Formula. Although it was brought back as the "455 H.O", it was not the same motor as the 1971-72 LS2 455 HO seen in the earlier Firebirds. The motor was a standard D-port engine with a very low profile camshaft and restrictive exhaust system that was also seen in the larger body Pontiac platforms. The power output was restricted to 200HP with a torque rating of 330lb⋅ft at 2000rpm. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1975home.aspx</ref> This resulted in a very critical response to the "HO" moniker being used on a station wagon motor by critics at the time. However, when later contrasted to what other performance vehicles were available on the market, it was the largest displacement "performance" motor still available that could easily produce more power with basic modifications. Track testing in 1975 showed the 455 received a 16.12 second quarter mile time, which was on par with the only other competition, the L82 Corvette. <ref>https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/unsung-muscle-75-455-ho-pontiac-trans-am</ref>

===1976===
Pontiac celebrated its 50th anniversary year in 1976.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flory Jr. |first=J. Kelly |title=American Cars, 1973–1980: Every Model, Year by Year |year=2012 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786443529 |page=530 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PV1uzCfmJDgC&q=1976+Pontiac%27s+50th+anniversary+year&pg=PA530 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> To commemorate this event, Pontiac unveiled a special Trans Am option at the 1976 [[Chicago Auto Show]].<ref name="Newhardt-57">{{cite book|last=Newhardt |first=David |title=Firebird Trans Am |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=9781610609289 |page=57 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O4TXRK-juZgC&q=commemorate+this+important+event,+Pontiac+unveiled+a+special+Trans+Am+option+at+the+1976+Chicago+Auto+Show&pg=PA57 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> Painted in black with gold accents, this was the first "anniversary" Trans Am package and the first production black and gold special edition. A removable [[T-top]] developed by [[Hurst Performance|Hurst]] was set to be included on all Y82 LE T/As, but proved problematic in installation and quality control, leading some Y82s to not be delivered with the Hurst T-top roof. All Hurst T-top equipped cars were built at the Norwood, Ohio, factory. It became an available option for other Firebirds in 1977.<ref name="Newhardt-57"/>

1976 marked the end of the Pontiac L75 7.5 liter 455 V8, as it could no longer meet the tightening emissions restrictions and the "HO" moniker used the year prior was dropped. The L75 was only available with a four-speed manual Borg Warner Super T-10, and was exclusive to the Trans Am.

1976 also introduced the "W50 appearance package" for the Formula model line, consisting of a two-tone appearance package with lower accents across the bottom of the body, a large "Formula" decal across the bottom of each door, and a "Firebird" decal on the rear spoiler.

===1977===
[[File:Pontiac Trans Am 1977.jpg|thumb|1977 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am]]

The Firebird received it's most recognizable front end for the 1977 model year. The shaker scoop was also revised for this year, with the early 1977-built T/As coming with off-center, lower-profile shaker scoops. The Formula hood was changed for the last time for the second generation with a much lower profile. The snowflake wheel became an option for all Firebirds and was standard with the Y82 appearance package, although it could be replaced with Rally II wheels as a credit option. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1977home.aspx</ref>

For the Esprit, an optional appearance package RPO W60 called the "Skybird appearance package" became available, featuring an all blue exterior and interior. This package was originally slated to be called the "Bluebird" similar to the "Yellowbird" and "Redbird" packages to follow in the upcoming model years, but the name was already in use for a company that produced school buses. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firebirdtransamparts.com/redsky/ladybirds.htm#77|title = Hoghead's Ladybird Page}}</ref>

In 1977, General Motors began to source a larger selection of V8 motors to supply in the lower model Firebirds, and the Oldsmobile 350 V8 as well as the Chevrolet 350 V8 became options for the Firebird, Esprit, and Formula. This was the first time GM had required Pontiac to source another V8 motor to supply in its Firebird model line, as previously, the Chevrolet inline six was the only other outsourced motor seen in a Firebird. This marked the beginning of the end for Pontiac's engine development.

The Trans Am had now three different engine options to chose from, the standard Pontiac L78 400, the pay extra Pontiac W72 400, and the Oldsmobile-sourced L80 403. 1977 also saw the cubic inch metrics on the shaker dropped in favour of the displacement of the cylinders. The shakers now wore the decal "6.6 Litre" for all L78 Pontiac 400 and L80 Oldsmobile 403 motors. Only the optional W72 Pontiac 400 received the "T/A 6.6" decal. Many reproduction decal kits for Firebirds often did not include the "6.6 Litre" decal, which is why many Firebirds today bear the incorrect decal on the shaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitmantransam.com/Pages/ta66.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site T/A 6.6 or 6.6 Litre}}</ref>

As Pontiac had lost the 455 in the previous model year, they offered a modified 400 Pontiac V8 dubbed the "T/A 6.6" [[Regular Production Option|RPO]] W72 with a single four-barrel 800CFM Rochester Quadrajet carburettor rated at {{convert|200|bhp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3,600 rpm and a maximum [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] of {{convert|325|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 2,400 rpm, as opposed to the regular 6.6 Litre 400 (RPO L78) rated at {{convert|180|hp|abbr=on|0}}. The T/A 6.6 equipped engines had chrome valve covers, while the base 400 engines had painted valve covers. For 1977, the W72 shared the same air cleaner as the L78.

The Oldsmobile 403 was implemented as the 400 Pontiac could not satisfy emissions requirements for high-altitude states and California. Wanting to still offer a 6.6 litre option for the Trans Am, the 403 Olds was seen as a suitable replacement as when equipped with an A.I.R emissions system, it could satisfy the emissions criteria for these states and still offer the power the Trans Am was known for. The L80 Oldsmobile had slightly more power than the standard L78 Pontiac 400 at 185hp (138kW) and offered the same low end torque of 320 lb⋅ft (430 N⋅m) at a more useable operating range of 2,200rpm. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1977Engines.aspx</ref>

From 1977 to 1981, the Firebird used four square headlamps, while the Camaro continued to retain the two round headlights that had been shared by both second-generation designs. The 1977 Trans-Am special edition became famous after being featured in ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. The 1980 turbo model was used for ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]''.

===1978===
[[File:Pontiac Firebird front.jpg|thumb|right|Pontiac Firebird Trans Am]]
[[File:400ci Pontiac.JPG|thumb|A 1976 Pontiac L78 400CID V8]]

Changes for 1978 were slight, with a switch from a honeycomb to a crosshatch pattern grille being the most notable change to the body style. The decals for the standard Trans Ams changed from the "looping style" lettering to the "block-style" font that would remain on the Firebird until the end of the second generation. <ref name=HBG1>{{citation | url = http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2011/08/01/hmn_buyers_guide1.html |title=1977–'78 Pontiac Firebird Formula |work =Buyer's Guide from Hemmings Muscle Machines |first=David Traver |last=Adolphus |date=August 2011 }}</ref> T-tops in 1978 transitioned from Hurst units to Fisher (GM) in mid-year. Pontiac also introduced the Red Bird package on the Firebird Esprit model. Painted in Roman red with a matching deluxe red interior, it demonstrated gold accents with a unique Red Bird graphic on the b-pillars. It also included a Formula steering wheel with gold spokes and gold dash bezel, similar to the ones included in Special Edition package, however, the red and gold steering wheel was exclusive to the Red Bird Esprit. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firebirdtransamparts.com/redsky/ladybirds.htm#78red|title = Hoghead's Ladybird Page}}</ref>

The W72 engine option also saw a revision to the camshaft duration and the tuning of the Rochester Quadrajet which lead to a 10% increase of horsepower from the following year, bringing the total to 220hp. The WS6 special performance package developed by Herb Adams was introduced as a handling option for the Trans Am, including a larger diameter rear sway bar, tighter ration steering box, 15x8 snowflake wheels, additional frame bracing, as well as other suspension changes. Delays in manufacturing prevented the rear disc brake (RPO J65) from being available on the 1978 model year. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitmantransam.com/Pages/ws6ws7.htm|title = Hitman's Pontiac Trans Am Site - WS6 and WS7}}</ref> Approximately 25% of Trans Ams in 1978 had the WS6 option according to Pontiac sales information at the start of 1979.

===1979===
[[File:Pair of 1979 Pontiac Firebird Trans AMs.jpg|thumb|1979 Pontiac Firebird Trans AM, in T-top and coupe versions]]

The front end was restyled for 1979, which also marked the 10th anniversary of the Trans Am. For 1979, there were three possible engine options. The L80 Oldsmobile 403ci motor became the standard motor and was only available with the TH350 3-speed automatic. The W72 was available for a short period and in limited supply. This was the last of the line for the Pontiac large displacement V8 engines, and only available with the Borg Warner Super T-10, also requiring the WS6 handling package as mandatory equipment in conjunction with this driveline choice. As an alternative option for customers who wanted a four-speed transmission, the smaller displacement Pontiac L37 301 4.9 liter V8 was offered as a credit option and could come equipped with either the ST-10 or TH350. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1979Engines.aspx</ref>

A limited-edition anniversary package was made available: platinum silver paint with charcoal gray upper paint accents and mirrored T-tops, and a special interior featuring silver leather seats with custom-embroidered Firebird emblems and aircraft-inspired red lighting for the gauges. The 10th-anniversary cars also featured special 10th-anniversary decals, including a Firebird hood decal that extended off of the hood and onto the front fenders. Pontiac produced 7,500 10th anniversary cars, of which 1,817 were equipped with the high-output Pontiac T/A 6.6 W72 400 engine. Two 10th anniversary Trans Ams were the actual pace cars for the 1979 Daytona 500, which has been called the race that made NASCAR. ''Car and Driver'' magazine named the Trans Am with the WS6 performance package the best handling car of 1979. During period dyno testing, the National Hot Rod Association rated the limited-availability T/A 6.6 high-output Pontiac 400 engine at 260–280 net horsepower, which was significantly higher than Pontiac's conservative rating of 220 hp. In 1979 Pontiac sold 116,535 Trans Ams, the highest sold in a year.

===1980===
In 1980, ever-increasing emissions restrictions led Pontiac to drop all of its large-displacement engines.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtzK7Hm77sUC&pg=PA20|title=Automotive Atrocities: Cars You Love to Hate|last=Peters|first=Eric|page=20|isbn=9780760317877|year=2004}}</ref> 1980 therefore saw the biggest engine changes for the Trans Am. The [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|301]], offered in 1979 as a credit option, was now the standard engine. No manual transmission was available for the Formula or Trans Am in 1980, all received the 3-speed automatic Turbo Hydramatic 350. Engine options included a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] 301 or the [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|Chevrolet 305]] small block. The turbocharged 301 used a Garrett TB305 turbo attached to a single Rochester Quadrajet four-barrel carburettor and featured a hood mounted "boost" gauge that would light up as the TB305 accumulated boost. The hood of the 301T equipped Firebirds had a large offset bulge to accommodate for the mounting position of the carburettor on the motor as the turbocharger exhaust occupied a large amount of space in the engine bay. The 301T set up was relatively primitive new technology at the time of its development and could not properly maximise the efficiency of the turbocharged set-up. The 301T equipped T/A's were restricted to an automatic transmission and a 3.08 rear differential ratio, but were seen as a disappointment contrasted to the venerable W72 400 available just a year prior. Some owners have claimed quite reasonable performance numbers with the modern fuels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oldcarmemories.com/1980-1981-pontiac-trans-turbo-4-9l-v8-better-think/ | title=1980-1981 Pontiac Trans Am Turbo 4.9L V8 - It's Better Than You Think| date=2018-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.2gta.com/1980ta.html |title = 1980 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am}}</ref>

A 1980 turbo Trans Am was featured in the movie ''Smokey and the Bandit II'', but was fitted with [[nitrous oxide]] tanks by Marvin Miller Systems to get the desired performance.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transam.me/y84_info.html |title =Y84 Special Edition TRANS AM Info |work=transam.me |date=2017 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

===1981===
[[File:1981 Pontiac Trans Am 1.jpg|thumb|right|1981 Pontiac Firebird turbo Trans Am]]

1981 became the final year for the second generation Pontiac Firebird. The three engine options were unchanged for the model line-up, however, the option for a four-speed Borg Warner Super T-10 was re-introduced for the Formula and Trans Am, but was only available with the Chevrolet sourced LG4 305 5.0 liter V8. As with all other General Motors vehicles for 1981, all engines came equipped with the "computer command control" system attached to the carburettor. <ref>https://tran-zam.com/fhistory/1981home.aspx</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oldcarmemories.com/1981-pontiac-trans-am-5-0-liter-glimpse-into-the-future/|title = 1981 Pontiac Trans Am 5.0 Liter - Glimpse into the Future|date = 23 October 2012}}</ref>

The hood decal for the 1981 model year was also slightly restyled. All Firebirds also received an embossed silver Firebird decal on the petrol tank cap attached to the rear taillights. On the special edition Trans Ams, this Firebird was gold.

The G80 limited slip differential that was previously standard for the last decade on all Trans Ams became a pay-extra option. This decision was made by Pontiac to prepare dealers for the new ordering and pricing for the third generation Firebird where the G80 was no longer being included as a standard option for the Trans Am.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
| 1970 ||''Std'' [[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#250|{{cvt|250|CID|L|1}} Chevrolet I6]] {{cvt|155|hp|lk=on}}||''Esprit std'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|{{cvt|350|CID|L}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|255|hp}}||''346'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{cvt|400|CID|L}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|265|hp}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air 400 V8 {{cvt|345|hp}}||400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|370|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L74'' (T/A std) 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|335|hp}}||''LS1'' 400 CID Pontiac Ram Air IV V8 {{cvt|345|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1971 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 155 hp ([[Horsepower#Brake horsepower (bhp)|bhp]]){{refn|group=a|In 1971, General Motors changed from posting [[brake horsepower]], which is measured at the engine, to [[net horsepower]], measured at the wheels.<ref name="Red Book" />}} {{cvt|110|hp}} ([[Horsepower#Wheel horsepower (bhp)|whp]])||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}} (bhp) {{cvt|165|hp}} (whp)||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 265 hp (bhp) {{cvt|180|hp|0|abbr=}} (whp)||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}} (bhp) {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}} (whp)||''L75'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|325|hp}} (bhp) 255 hp (whp)||''LS5'' 455 CID Pontiac "HO" Ram Air IV V8 335 hp (bhp) {{cvt|305|hp}} (whp)
|-
| 1972 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 110 hp|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|175|hp}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS5'' 455 CID Pontiac "HO" V8 {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1973 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 {{cvt|100|hp}}|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|150|–|175|hp}}{{refn|group=a|name="trans"|The lower rating is for a car equipped with an [[automatic transmissions]], the higher rating is for a car equipped with a [[manual transmission]].<ref name="Red Book" />}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|170|–|185|hp}}{{refn|group=a|name=trans}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L75'' 455 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS2'' 455 CID Pontiac "SD" V8 {{cvt|290–310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}{{refn|group=a|Early engines were rated at 310 hp but due to internal changes, primarily with the [[camshaft]], the rating was dropped to 290 hp, these changes were made to meet emissions standards.<ref name="Red Book" />}}
|-
| 1974 ||''Std'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 100 hp|| ''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|155|–|170|hp}}{{refn|group=a|The 170hp engine was standard on the Esprit and Formula models.<ref name="Red Book" />}}||''L65'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LS2'' 455 CID Pontiac "SD" V8 {{cvt|290|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1975 || rowspan="2" |''L22'' 250 CID Chevrolet I6 100 hp||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|155|hp||abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|175|hp||abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|185|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |''L75'' 455 CID Pontiac "H.O." V8 {{refn|group=a|Indroduced midyear.<ref name="Red Book" />}}{{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1976 ||''L30'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|160|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|165|hp}}
|-
| 1977 ||''LD'' [[Buick V6 engine#231|{{cvt|231|CID|L|1}} Buick V6]] {{cvt|105|hp}}||''L27'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{cvt|301|CID|L|1}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|135|hp}}||''L34'' 350 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L76'' [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|350 CID Oldsmobile V8]] {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|180|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 400 CID Pontiac V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{cvt|403|CID|L|1}} Oldsmobile V8]] {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1978 || rowspan="3" |''LD5'' {{cvt|231|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Buick V6{{refn|group=a|In 1978 GM switched to referencing their engince displacement in metric terms.<ref name="Red Book" />}} 105 hp||''LG3'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG3|{{cvt|305|CID|L|1|order=flip}} 5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|135|hp}}||''LM1'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LM1|{{cvt|350|CID|L|1|order=flip}} V8]]{{refn|group=a|name= 350 V8| [[Chevrolet V8 engine#350|Chevrolet 350]], [[VIN]] code "L", [[Buick V8 engine#350|Buick 350]], VIN code "X", and [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|Oldsmobile 350]], VIN code "R", engines were all used.<ref name="Red Book" />}} {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L78'' {{cvt|400|CID|L|order=flip}} Pontiac V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 6.6 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' {{cvt|403|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Oldsmobile V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1979 ||''L27'' {{cvt|301|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Pontiac V8 {{cvt|135|hp}}||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LG3'' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|135 or 150|hp||abbr=}}||''LM1'' 5.7 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 6.6 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L80'' 6.6 L Oldsmobile V8 {{cvt|185|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1980 ||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac V8 {{cvt|140|hp|0|abbr=}}||''W72'' 4.9 L Pontiac E/C V8 {{cvt|155|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LU8'' [[Pontiac 301 Turbo|4.9 L Pontiac Turbo V8]] {{cvt|210|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |''LG4'' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1981 ||''LD5'' 3.8 L Buick V6||''LS5'' [[Pontiac V8 engine#265|{{cvt|265|CID|L|1|order=flip}} Pontiac V8]] {{cvt|140|hp|0|abbr=}}||''L37'' 4.9 L Pontiac E/C V8 {{cvt|155|hp|0|abbr=}}||''LU8'' 4.9 L Pontiac Turbo V8 {{cvt|200|hp|0|abbr=}}
|}
<ref name="Red Book">{{cite book|last=Sessler |first=Peter C. |title=Firebird Red Book – Pontiac Firebird from 1967 |publisher=Motorbooks International |location=Osceola, Wisconsin |date=1992 |isbn=0879385685 }}</ref>

===Production totals===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Model year !! Total<ref name="Red Book" />
|-
| 1970 || 48,739
|-
| 1971 || 53,125
|-
| 1972 || 29,951
|-
| 1973 || 46,313
|-
| 1974 || 73,729
|-
| 1975 || 84,063
|-
| 1976 || 110,775
|-
| 1977 || 155,735
|-
| 1978 || 187,294
|-
| 1979 || 211,453
|-
| 1980 || 107,340
|-
| 1981 || 70,899
|}
{{clear}}

== Third generation (1982–1992) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (third generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = 20th Anniversary Turbo TransAm Convertible august 2009 9,000 original miles.png
| caption = 1989 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am convertible
| production = 1982–1992
| engine = [[Iron Duke engine|{{convert|151|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#Longitudinal|{{convert|173|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} GM 60°]] [[V6 engine|V6]] [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LH0|{{convert|191|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} GM 60° V6]] [[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet]] [[V8 engine|V8]] [[Chevrolet small-block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]]
| transmission = 3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed automatic 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed manual
| assembly = [[Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys]], California, United States [[Norwood Assembly|Norwood]], Ohio, United States (1982–1987)
| wheelbase = {{convert|101|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1990–92 Firebird: {{convert|195.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1990–92 Trans Am: {{convert|195.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Pre-1988 Firebird: {{convert|190.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Pre-1988 Trans Am: {{convert|191.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|72.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|49.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[liftback]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (third generation)]]
}}
[[File:1989 Pontiac Trans Am Firebird GTA.png|thumb|1989 Pontiac Trans Am Firebird GTA]]
[[File:3rd-Pontiac-Firebird-convertible.jpg|thumb|1991 Firebird convertible with restyled nose]]

The availability and cost of gasoline (two fuel crises had occurred by this time) meant the weight and the fuel consumption of the third generation had to be considered in the design. In F-body development, both the third generation Firebird and Camaro were proposed as possible front-wheel-drive platforms, but the idea was scrapped. Computerized engine management was in its infancy, and with fuel efficiency being the primary objective, it was not possible to have high horsepower and torque numbers. They did manage to cut enough weight from the design so that acceleration performance would be better than the 1981 models. They also succeeded in reducing fuel consumption, offering a four-cylinder Firebird that would provide {{convert|34|mpgus|l/100km}}.<ref>fueleconomy.gov "Find a Car; 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 Firebird 2.5 L 5-speed fuel economy Official EPA Window Sticker MPG" Web. July 4, 2010</ref> GM executives decided that engineering effort would best be spent on aerodynamics and chassis development. They created a modern platform so that when engine technology advanced, they would have a well-balanced package with acceleration, braking, handling, and aerodynamics.

The Firebird and Camaro were completely redesigned for the 1982 model year, with the windshield slope set at 62 degrees, (about three degrees steeper than anything GM had ever tried before), and for the first time, a large, glass-dominated hatchback that required no metal structure to support it. Two concealed pop-up headlights, a first on the F-Body cars, were the primary characteristic that distinguished the third generation Firebird from both its Camaro sibling and its prior form (a styling characteristic carried into the fourth generation's design). In addition to being about {{convert|500|lb|kg}} lighter than the previous design, the new design was the most aerodynamic product GM had ever released. Wind tunnels were used to form the new F-Body platform's shape, and Pontiac took full advantage of it. The aerodynamic developments extended to the finned aluminum wheels with smooth hubcaps and a functional rear spoiler.

===Models===
*Firebird Base
*Firebird S/E (1982–1987)
*Firebird Formula (1987–1992)
*Firebird Trans Am

===Styles===
Firebird Base (I4/V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1982–85) 
Firebird Base (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1986–92) 
Firebird ASC convertible (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1986–89) 
Firebird convertible (V6/V8)-Series 2FS (1991–92) 
Firebird Special Edition (S/E) (I4/V6/V8)-Series 2FX (1982–85) 
Firebird Special Edition (S/E) (V6/V8)-Series 2FX (1986) 
Firebird Formula (V8)-Series 2FS/W66 (1987–92) 
Firebird Formula ASC convertible (V8)-Series 2FS/W66 (1987–89) 
Firebird Trans Am-Series 2FW/WS4 (V8) (1982–92) 
Firebird Trans Am ASC convertible (V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1986–89) 
Firebird Trans Am convertible (V8) 2FW/WS4 (1991–92) 
Firebird [[Recaro]] Trans Am (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1982–84) 
Firebird Trans Am GTA (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1987–92) 
Firebird Trans Am GTA convertible (V8)-Series 2FW/Y84 (1987–89) 
Firebird 25th Anniversary Daytona 500 Limited Edition Trans Am-(V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1994) 
Firebird 15th Anniversary Trans Am-(V8)-Series 2FW/WS4 (1984) 
Firebird 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am-(V6 Turbo)-Series 5FW/WS4 (1989)<ref>{{cite book|last=Gunnell|first=John|title=standard catalog of Firebird 1967–2002|year=2002|publisher=krause publications|location=Iola, WI|isbn=0-87349-494-6|pages=97–118}}</ref>

=== 1988 ===
[[File:1988GTA1.jpg|alt=1988 Trans Am GTA|thumb|1988 Pontiac Trans Am GTA with Notchback option]]
In 1988 the Trans Am GTA, which was built with the standard 350 cu in 5.7 L V8 engine, was offered with the option of removable roof "T-Tops". However, any buyer ordering this option could only order the 305 cu in 5.0 L V8 engine, because the roof would not have the support for all the extra torque from the engine, requiring a power trade-off for those who wanted this option. Pontiac also introduced a rare option for the Trans Am GTA in the 1988 model year. This notable option on the 1988 Trans Am GTA was the $800 "Notchback", which replaced the standard long large, glass-dominated hatchback to make the Firebird design look less like the Camaro design, and shared an appearance with the [[Pontiac Fiero]]. The Notchback was a special fiberglass rear deck lid, replacing the long-sloped window with a short vertical rear window, resembling the back of a Ferrari 288 GTO.

Approximately 700 of these Notchbacks were built in 1988 and offered for sale by Pontiac. The promotion was only in the form of a sheet in the back of a notebook of available options. The Notchbacks were made by Auto-Fab of Auburn Hills, MI. Problems with the incorrect fitting of the Notchbacks to the GTAs at the Van Nuys plant often resulted in delays of several months for buyers who wanted this option.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hotrod.com/articles/hppp-0809-1988-trans-am-gta-notchback/|title=1988 Trans Am GTA Notchback – Hatch-22 |date=2008-09-01|website=Hot Rod Network |first=Christopher R. |last=Phillip |access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Furthermore, quality control problems plagued the Notchback, many owners complained of rippling and deforming of the fiberglass rear deck, and others complained of large defects resembling acne forming in the Notchbacks. Pontiac had to repair them under warranty, sanding down the imperfections, and repainting them, only to have more flaws resurface months later. Because of the poor quality and numerous expensive warranty repairs and repainting, the Notchback was subsequently canceled for the 1989 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am, although a few were produced.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
| 1982 ||'''LQ9''' [[Iron Duke engine#Tech IV|{{cvt|151|CID|L|1|order=flip}} GM]] [[Electronic fuel injection#Electronic injection|EFI]] [[I4 engine|I4]] {{cvt|90|hp||lk=on}}||'''LC1''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LC1|{{cvt|173|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet]] [[V6 engine|V6]] {{cvt|102|hp}}||'''LG4''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LG4|{{cvt|305|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|145|hp}}||'''LU5''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LU5|Crossfire EFI 5.0 L Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|165|hp}}
|-
| 1983 || rowspan="2" |'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|92|hp||lk=on}}||'''LC1''' 2.8 L Chevrolet V6 {{cvt|107|hp|}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LL1''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LL1|2.8 L "HO" Chevrolet]] V6 {{cvt|125|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|150|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LU5''' 5.0 L Chevrolet Crossfire EFI V8 {{cvt|175|hp|}}||'''L69''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L69|5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1984 ||'''LC1''' 2.8 L Chevrolet V6 {{cvt|125|hp}}||'''L69''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L69|5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1985 ||'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|88|hp|lk=on}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB8''' [[General Motors 60° V6 engine#LB8|2.8 L Chevrolet EFI V6]] {{cvt|135|hp|}}||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|155|hp}}|| rowspan="2" |'''L69''' 5.0 L "HO" Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LB9''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LB9|5.0 L Chevrolet]] [[TPI Specialties|tuned port injection]] V8 {{cvt|205|hp}}
|
|-
| 1986 ||'''LQ9''' 2.5 L GM EFI I4 {{cvt|88|hp|lk=on}}(None Produced in '86)||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|165|hp|}}||'''LB9''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#LB9|5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1987 || rowspan="2" |'''LB8''' 2.8 L Chevrolet EFI V6 {{cvt|135|hp}}||'''LG4''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|155|hp}}||'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Automatic {{cvt|190|hp|0|abbr=}}||'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual {{cvt|215|hp|}}
|'''L98''' 5.7 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8 {{cvt|210|hp|}}
|-
| 1988 ||'''LO3''' 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Automatic {{cvt|195|hp|}}|| rowspan="2" |'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual {{cvt|220|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''L98''' 5.7 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8 {{cvt|225|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
| 1989 ||'''LB8''' 2.8 L Chevrolet multi port fuel injection V6 {{cvt|135|hp}}||'''L03''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L03|5.0 L Chevrolet]] throttle body injection V8 {{cvt|170|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''LB9''' 5.0 L Chevrolet tuned port injection V8, Manual w/Dual Cats N10 option {{cvt|230|hp|0|abbr=}}
|'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] {{cvt|225|hp|0|abbr=}}
|-
|1989 (cont'd)
|'''L98''' [[Chevrolet small-block engine#L98|{{cvt|350|CID|L|order=flip}} Chevrolet tuned port injection V8]] w/Dual Cats N10 Option {{cvt|235|hp|}}
|'''LC2''' Buick 3.8 L Turbocharged V6 {{cvt|250|hp|0|abbr=}}
|
|
|
|
|}
<ref name="Red Book"/>
{{clear}}

== Fourth generation (1993–2002) ==
{{Main|Pontiac Firebird (fourth generation)}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation
| image = 1993-97 Pontiac Firebird.jpg
| production = November 1992 – August 30, 2002<ref>{{cite book|author=Staff of ''Old Cars'' |title=Camaro & Firebird – GM's Power Twins |year=2010 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-1440217524 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XV9YpfvVGu0C&q=camaro+quebec+1992&pg=PA186 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>
| assembly = [[Sainte-Thérèse Assembly|Sainte-Thérèse]], [[Quebec]]
| engine = {{ubl
|{{convert|207|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[General Motors 60° V6 engine#L32|L32]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] (160 hp)
|{{convert|231|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Buick V6 engine#L36 Naturally Aspirated|L36]]'' V6 (205 hp)
|{{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine#LT1|LT1]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] (275-305 hp)
|{{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine#LT4|LT4]]'' V8 (330 hp)
|{{convert|346|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS1|LS1]]'' V8 (305-330 hp)
|{{convert|346|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS1|SLP Firehawk LS1]]'' V8 (345-350 hp)
}}
| transmission = [[Turbo-Hydramatic#700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E|THM 4L60]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (1993) [[Turbo-Hydramatic#700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E|THM 4L60E]] 4-speed automatic (1994–2002) [[Borg-Warner T-5 transmission|Borg Warner T-5]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] (V6 engine) [[T-56|Borg Warner T56]] 6-speed manual (V8 engine)
| wheelbase = {{convert|101.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1993–1997 Firebird: {{convert|195.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–2002 Firebird: {{convert|193.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1997 Trans Am: {{convert|197|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–1999 Trans Am: {{convert|193.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Trans Am: {{convert|193.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = 1993–1997: {{convert|74.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–2002: {{convert|74.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 1993–1999 Firebird {{convert|52|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Firebird: {{convert|51.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1995 Trans Am: {{convert|51.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1996–1999 Trans Am: {{convert|52|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Trans Am: {{convert|51.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1993–1999 Firebird convertible: {{convert|52.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2000–2002 Firebird convertible {{convert|51.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1994–1999 Trans Am convertible: {{convert|52.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3440|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (5.7 L LT1 coupe) {{convert|3284|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (5.7 L LS1 coupe)
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| body_style = 2-door [[liftback]] 2-door [[convertible]]
| related = [[Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)]]
}}

The fourth-generation Firebird amplified the aerodynamic styling initiated by the previous generation. While the live rear axle and floorpan aft of the front seats remained largely the same, ninety percent of the Firebird's parts were all-new.<ref>{{cite book|title=Road & Track Special Series: Guide to the All-New 1993 Pontiac Firebird |date=1992 |publisher=Hachette Magazines |pages=2–3}}</ref> Overall, the styling of the Firebird more strongly reflected the [[Pontiac Banshee|Banshee IV]] concept car than the 1991 "facelift" did. As with the Camaro, major improvements included standard dual airbags, four-wheel anti-lock brakes, 16-inch wheels, rack-and-pinion power steering, short/long-arm front suspension, and several non-rusting composite body panels. Throughout its fourth generation, trim levels included V6-powered Firebird, and V8-powered Formula and Trans Am. Standard manual transmissions were the T5 five-speed manual for the V6s, [[Borg-Warner]]′s T56 six-speed manual for the V8s. The 4L60 four-speed automatic was optional for both in 1993, becoming the 4L60E with built-in electronic controls in 1994.

===1993–1997===
From 1993 until 1995 (1995 non-California cars), Firebirds received a {{convert|160|hp|abbr=on|0}} 3.4 L V6, an enhanced version of the third-generation's 3.1 L V6. Beginning mid-year 1995 onward, a Series II 3.8 L V6 with {{convert|200|hp|abbr=on|0}} became the Firebird's sole engine. From 1993 to 1997, the sole engine for the Formula and Trans Am was the 5.7 L LT1 V8, essentially identical to the LT1 in the [[Chevrolet Corvette#C4|C4 Corvette]] except for more flow-restrictive intake and exhaust systems.
Steering wheel audio controls were included with optional uplevel cassette or compact disc stereo systems.

Beginning with 1994 model year cars, "Delco 2001"-series stereo systems replaced the previous Delco units.<ref name="Flammang">{{cite book|last1=Flammang|first1=James|last2=Kowalke|first2=Ron|title=Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976–1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Krause |isbn=0-87341-755-0 |edition=third}}</ref>{{rp|898}} This revised series, also introduced for other Pontiac car lines, featured ergonomically-designed control panels with larger buttons and an optional seven-band graphic equalizer. Also in 1994, the fourth-generation convertible was available; every Firebird (and Camaro) convertible featured a glass rear window with a built-in electric defroster.

The 1995 models were the same as those of previous years, but traction control (ASR: acceleration slip regulation) was available for LT1 Firebirds, controlled by a switch on the console. The steering wheels in all Firebirds were also changed; their optional built-in audio controls were more closely grouped on each side. The "Trans Am GT" trim level was dropped from the lineup after its model year run in 1994. For 1995, all Trans Ams received 155-mph speedometers and Z-rated tires. 1995 was also the first year of the vented version of the Opti-Spark distributors on LT1 F-cars, addressing a common mechanical fault with the unit. The 'transmission perform' button was available only in the 1994 and 1995 Formula and Trans Am. This option was stopped for the 1996 and later models, but the unused connections remain available for 1996 and 1997 Formula and Trans Am. While 1995 cars still used the OBD-I (on-board diagnostic) computer system (the last year of any American car including the F-body to use OBD-I), a majority of them had OBD-II connector ports under the dash.

Firebird performance levels improved for 1996, with the establishment of the stronger 200-hp 3.8 L V6 as the new base engine, and the power rating of the LT1 increased to 285 for 1996, due to its new dual catalytic-converter exhaust system. 1996 was also the first model year of the OBD-II computer system. Optional performance enhancements were available for each Firebird trim level; the Y87 performance packages for V6s added mechanical features of the V8 setups, such as four-wheel disc brakes, faster-response steering, limited-slip rear differential, and dual tailpipes.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|904}} For Formulas and Trans Ams, functional dual-inlet "Ram Air" hoods returned as part of the WS6 performance package. The optional package boosted rated horsepower from 285 to 305, and torque from 325 lb·ft to 335. Also included were 17x9-wheels wheels with 275/40ZR17 tires, suspension improvements, oval dual tailpipe tips, and a WS6 badge. Bilstein shocks were a further option with the package.

The 1997 model year introduced standard air conditioning, daytime running lamps (utilizing the front turn signal lamps), digital odometer and optional 500-watt Monsoon cassette or compact disc stereo systems to all Firebird trim levels.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|907}} For V6 Firebirds, a W68 sport appearance package was also introduced as a counterpart to the Camaro RS trim level. The WS6 "Ram Air" performance package was now also an option for the Formula and Trans Am convertibles, although these convertibles did not receive the 17-inch wheel-and-tire combination. There were 41 Formula convertibles and 463 Trans Am convertibles produced from 1996 to 1997 with the WS6 package.

===1998–2002===
In 1997, in relation to the Camaro, the Firebird received a mid-cycle refresh for the 1998 model year. Major changes included a new hood and front fascia with dual intakes, retracting quad halogen headlights, circular turn signals and fog lamps, a front license plate pocket, lower fender air vents, unified-style lower door raised lettering for each trim level, and a new "honeycomb" rear light panel, with circular reverse lamps. In the dashboard, "next-generation" reduced-force dual airbags became standard. As before, the Formula and Trans Am again received a close derivative of the Corvette's 5.7 L V8, the LS1 of the [[Chevrolet Corvette C5|C5 Corvette]], as the LT1 (and LT4) V8s were discontinued.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|911}} The LS1 Firebirds were also equipped with an aluminum driveshaft, replacing the previous steel version, while all Firebird trim levels gained four-wheel disc brakes with dual-piston front calipers and larger rotors at each wheel, complete with a solenoid-based Bosch anti-lock system. The Formula convertible was no longer offered.

Beginning in 1998 for 1999 models, a standard 16.8-gallon non-metallic fuel tank increased the potential traveling range. GM's ASR traction control system was extended to the V6-powered Firebirds, and all LS1 (V8) and Y87 (V6) Firebirds also received a Zexel/Torsen II slip-reduction rear axle. An electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) system replaced the old hydraulic proportioning valve for improved brake performance. An enhanced sensing and diagnostic module (SDM) recorded vehicle speed, engine rpm, throttle position, and brake use in the last five seconds prior to airbag deployment.<ref name="Flammang"/>{{rp|915}} In 1999, a [[Hurst Performance|Hurst]] shifter for variants with the 6-speed manual and a power steering cooler became options for LS1 Firebirds.

In 2000, the WS6 performance package was available exclusively for the 2001 model year Trans Am coupe and convertible variants.

For 2002, more convenience items such as power mirrors and power antenna became standard equipment, while cassette stereos were phased out.

===Special editions===
===Firehawk===
The special-edition extra-performance Firehawk (available in Formula trim for 1993–1997, and again in both Formula and Trans Am trims for 1999–2002) was produced by SLP Engineering, Inc., and sold through Pontiac dealerships. Featuring 17-inch wheels with namesake [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] Firehawk 275/40ZR17 tires along with a functional twin-inlet hood above a specific air cleaner box, its rated power increased to {{cvt|300|hp|0|abbr=}} and 330 lb·ft (445 Nm) of torque. A total of 201 Firehawks were built for 1993. In 1994, the Firehawk package was expanded to include options for a suspension upgrade as well as a larger-diameter exhaust system that could boost power to {{cvt|315|hp|0|abbr=on}}. T-top Formula coupes and convertibles could also be optioned as Firehawks beginning in 1995. For 1996 and 1997, the Firehawk gained rectangular driving lights mounted inside the front scoops and (except Firehawk convertibles) the Trans Am's elevated rear wing. In 1997, an LT4 Firehawk was also available, utilizing the same {{cvt|330|hp|0|abbr=on}}, balanced-and-blueprinted LT4 V8 engine as found in the manual-transmission 1996 Corvette. A total of 29 LT4-powered Firehawks were produced.

Power levels for the 1999 Firehawk, powered by the LS1 V8, rose to {{cvt|327|hp|0|abbr=on}} (330 in 2000, 335 in 2001, and 345 in late 2002 models equipped with the "Blackwing" intake). A 10th-anniversary Firehawk was available in 2001, distinguished as a black Trans Am coupe (123 units) and convertible (16 units) with gold-painted hood stripes (prototype only), gold vinyl stripes on hood and spoiler (production), gold 17-inch wheels, and gold tailpipe tips.

===1994 Trans Am GT===
In 1994 only, a "Trans Am GT" option was available. Trans Am GTs did not receive any special badging, graphics, or emblems, and looked externally identical to the base Trans Am cars. The GT package included 245/50ZR16 tires and a 155-mph speedometer. Non-GT optioned Trans Ams in 1994 received 235/55R16 tires, a 115-mph speedometer, and a much lower top-speed limiter. The "highrise spoiler", leather, and T-tops were not standard on the Trans Am GT cars in 1994, nor any year of LT1 Trans Am. RPO code T43 "uplevel spoiler" was an option on all Trans Ams, and while the mass majority of 1994 Trans Am GT cars received the T43 spoiler (along with the majority of all 1993–1997 Trans Ams), it was not part of the Trans Am GT package. Both base Trans Ams and Trans am GTs could be ordered as coupe, T-top, or convertible versions and were both available with automatic or manual transmissions. While the GT package was a cost option on the 1994 Trans Am, a majority of 1994 Trans Ams were made with the GT package.

All of the 1994 Trans Am GT options became standard in 1995–2002 as part of the Trans Am package, and the GT name/package was dropped for 1995. Some of the early fourth-generation Trans Am and Formula Firebirds list "GT" on the vehicle's title or registration. The reason behind this is because the VIN does not specify a "package" (Formula, Trans Am, Trans Am GT, Firehawk, etc.); it only specifies the engine (5.7 L V8 LT1). Because the title is based on the VIN alone, titles and registrations often list all of the packages, but it does not mean the car is equipped with any certain package.

===1994 25th-anniversary Trans Am===
The 1994 model year marked the 25th anniversary of the Trans Am, and another anniversary edition was released, painted white with a single dark blue stripe down the center of the vehicle that was reminiscent of the 1970 Trans Am. It also featured white-painted, five-spoke, 16-inch alloy wheels, and white leather seats and door trim. This edition was available in either coupe or convertible form.

===1999 30th-anniversary Trans Am===
As with the previous 25th-anniversary edition, the 30th-anniversary edition was either a white WS6 convertible or WS6 T-top coupe, with twin dark blue stripes from hood to tail, and distinct blue anodized five-spoke 17-inch alloy A-mold wheels, with white leather seats and door trim.

2001 was the 75th anniversary of Pontiac. An available 75th Anniversary Package incorporated a power and performance package that included power door locks including retained accessory power, power windows including express down drivers side, dual power sport mirrors, power antenna. Radio, ETR AM/FM stereo with CD player and 7-band graphic equalizer including a clock, seek up/down, remote CD pre-wiring Monsoon 500 watt peak power with 10-speaker premium sound system and steering wheel leather-wrapped w/driver touch radio controls. 4-speed automatic transmission, power drivers 6-way seat, security package (includes theft-deterrent system and remote key-less entry), 3800 performance package that included 3.42 gears with "posi-trac" Zexel Torsen T2 limited-slip differential, 4 wheel disc brakes, dual mufflers, and an LS1 steering rack= 14.4:1, 235/55/16 tires, hatch roof, removable, 16-inch chromed aluminum wheels, 50-state low emission vehicle. There were a total of 472 of these packages sold in 2001, #239 on the L36 Firebird, 231 on the Formula W66 coupe, 5 on Formula Firehawks, and 2 on Trans-Ams.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trans Am World - 2001 Firebird Breakdown |url= http://www.transamworld.com/2001-breakdown.htm |website=transamworld.com |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> The manufacturer original window stickers included this as a separate package listing the items and one price.

===2002 collector's edition Trans Am===
For the Firebird's final year, a collector's edition Trans Am was released as either a yellow WS6 convertible or WS6 t-top coupe, with twin black stripes from hood to tail, black-painted five-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels, and further black-trimmed body details.

<gallery widths="220px" heights="200px" class="center">
File:Pontiac Trans Am convertible.jpg|1994–1997 Trans Am convertible
File:Pontiac Firebird V6 Convertible Silver.jpg|1997-2002 Firebird convertible
File:1996 Pontiac Firebird Formula.jpg|1996 Firebird Formula with functional "Ram Air" hood
File:Firebird 07-24-2019.jpg|alt=1993–1997 Pontiac Firebird|rear view (1993–1997)
File:30th Anniversary Trans Am.jpg|The 1999 30th Anniversary Trans Am
File:Joe Aquilante SCCA Pocono Raceway 1999.jpeg|Joe Aquilante on the front stretch of Pocono Raceway 1999, to become SCCA national champ in T-1
File:2002 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Collector's Edition Convertible (23500415186).jpg|Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Collector's Edition convertible
</gallery>

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1993|| rowspan="3" | [[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#3.4|{{convert|3.4|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L32 V6]]|| rowspan="2" | [[GM LT engine#LT1|5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8]]
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1994
|-
| 1995|| [[GM 3800 engine#Series II|{{convert|3.8|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L36 V6]]
(California Only)
| 5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1996|| rowspan="7" | {{convert|3.8|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} L36 V6|| rowspan="2" | 5.7 L 350 CID LT1 V8
(iron block, aluminum heads)
|-
| 1997|| [[GM LT engine#LT4|5.7 L 350 CID LT4 V8]]
(iron block, aluminum heads) in Firehawk by SLP
|-
| 1998|| rowspan="5" | [[GM LS engine|5.7 L 346 CID LS1 V8]]
(aluminum block and heads)
|-
| 1999
|-
| 2000
|-
| 2001
|-
| 2002
|}

{{clear}}

== Firebird Trans Am ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name=Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
| image=File:2002 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am WS6.JPG
| production = 1969–2002
| manufacturer = [[General Motors]]
| class = [[Pony car]], [[Muscle car]]
| body_style = 2-door [[convertible]] 1969, 1987–1989 Pontiac sanctioned special edition, 1991–1992, 1994–2002 2-door [[coupe]] 1969–2002
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|FR layout]]
}}

[[File:'72 Pontiac Trans Am (Auto classique).JPG|thumb|right|1971 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:Pontiac Trans Am (Orange Julep).JPG|thumb|right|1974 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:Pontiac Firebird Trans Am (Orange Julep).jpg|thumb|right|1978 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:1981 Pontiac Trans Am 1.jpg|thumb|right|1981 Pontiac Turbo Trans Am]]
[[File:'87 Pontiac Trans Am (Auto classique).JPG|thumb|right|1987 Pontiac Trans Am]]
[[File:KITT Universal Studios.jpg|thumb|right|A modified 3rd generation Trans Am used as [[KITT]] ]]

The Trans Am was a specialty package for the Firebird, typically upgrading [[Car handling|handling]], [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]], and [[horsepower]], as well as minor appearance modifications such as exclusive [[Hood (vehicle)|hoods]], [[Spoiler (automotive)|spoilers]], fog lights and wheels. Four distinct generations were produced between 1969 and 2002. These cars were built on the [[GM F platform|F-body platform]], which was also shared by the [[Chevrolet Camaro]].

Despite its name, the Trans Am was not initially used in the [[Trans Am Series]], as its smallest engine exceeded the SCCA's five-liter displacement limit.

The second generation was available from 1970 to 1981. The Firebird Trans Am was selected as the Official Pace Car for the [[1980 Indianapolis 500]].

The Trans Am GTA (Gran Turismo Americano) was an options package available on the Firebird Trans Am which added gold 16-inch diamond-spoke alloy wheels, a monochromatic paint scheme, and special cloisonné GTA badges. The GTA (along with the Formula model that was intended to fill the gap between the base model Firebird and mid-level Trans Am) was the brainchild of former Pontiac marketing manager Lou Wassel. It was intended to be the "ultimate" Trans Am and was the most expensive Firebird available. The GTA equipment package officially went on sale in 1987 and avoided a gas-guzzler tax thanks to its lightweight PW 16-inch gold cross-lace wheels. The high-performance WS6 suspension package was also re-tuned to offer a more compliant ride while still maintaining tight handling characteristics. Engine choices consisted of an L98 5.7 L (350 ci) TPI V8 mated to GM's corporate 700R4 automatic transmission or the 5.0 L (305 ci) TPI V8. A five-speed manual was available but was mated to the 5.0 L only. The GTA trim level was available from 1987 through the 1992 model year.

For 1989, the 20th-anniversary turbo Trans Am project (originally conceived by Bill Owen of Pontiac) was outsourced to PAS, Inc., an engineering firm led by Jeff Beitzel. Beitzel and his team did most of the TTA development work. The 3.8 L turbocharged V6 engines were built by PAS at their 40,000 square foot City of Industry, CA plant. From there, they went to GM's plant in Van Nuys, CA to be installed into GTAs on the F-Body assembly line. The cars were then shipped back to PAS for final assembly, testing, and quality control. Incidentally, the GTA chassis were selected at random, thus there is no correlation between the VIN and production sequence number. The initial number of cars to be produced had ranged from 500 to 2,500 until GM finally settled on 1,500. In all, a total of 1,555 Turbo Trans Ams were manufactured. One of these served as the [[1989 Indianapolis 500]] pace car.

The 2002 model-year WS6 Trans Am produced {{cvt|310|hp|0|abbr=}} at 5,200 rpm and {{cvt|340|lbft|0|abbr=}} of torque at 4,000 rpm out of its 5.7 L LS1 V8 engine.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nadaguides.com/Cars/2002/Pontiac/FIREBIRD-V8-6-Spd-AT/Coupe-2D-Trans-Am-WS6/Specs |title=2002 Pontiac Firebird Specs & Performance |work=NADA Guides |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref> A stock WS6 completed the ¼—mile in 13.16 seconds at 106.05 mph on Eagle F1 street tires.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.streetfire.net/video/s...ws6_178072.htm |access-date=October 20, 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215646/http://www.streetfire.net/video/s...ws6_178072.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2014 |title=Stock 2002 Trans Am WS6 at the track |work=StreetFire}}</ref>

=== Engines ===

==== First generation ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
|1969|| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air 400 V8]]
{{convert|335|bhp|abbr=on}}
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air IV V8]]
{{convert|345|bhp|abbr=on}}
|}

==== Second generation ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1970|| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air 400]] V8
345 hp
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air IV]] V8
370 hp
| [[Pontiac V8 engine#Ram Air|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac Ram Air V V8]]<ref group="Note A">There are no known 1970 Trans Ams with the Ram Air V, no complete engines were ever sold or shipped to dealers, but the parts needed to build one could be ordered over-the-counter.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.wallaceracing.com/RAV-story-page1.html |title=Pontiac Ram Air V Story |work=Wallace Racing |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1971|| rowspan="2" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#455|{{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac H.O. V8]]
|-
| 1972
|-
| 1973|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac S.D. V8
|-
| 1974|| rowspan="3" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac S.D. V8
|-
| 1975|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8 455-H.O. <ref group="Note A">These cars came with a 455-H.O decal on the Shaker Hood Scoop but were not anywhere near the same engine as the 71–72 H.O.'s. They were standard production engines lifted from Pontiac's station wagon line and transplanted straight into the T/A. Rated at ~ 200 hp. Pontiac did this to try to boost sales, and the engine was only available with the 4-speed manual transmission. A total of 857 were built as it was a mid-year addition.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.2gta.com/1975ta.html |title=1975 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am |work=2gta.com |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| 1976|| {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8 455 H.O.<ref group="Note A">The only difference between this engine and the previous 1975 engine is the ''H.O.'' was removed from the shaker hood scoop and simply said ''455''. It came with a 4-speed manual transmission. A total of 7,099 were built this year's full production run.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.2gta.com/1976ta.html |title=The 1976 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am |work=2gta.com |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1977|| rowspan="2" | [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8]]|| rowspan="2" | {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8
|-
| 1978
|-
| 1979|| rowspan="3" | [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac V8]]|| {{convert|403|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Oldsmobile V8 (Automatic only)|| {{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8 (4-speed only)<ref group="Note A">These engines were actually 1978s that were stockpiled for 1979. Pontiac ceased production of the 400 in 1978.</ref>
|-
| 1980|| [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8]] || rowspan="2" |[[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{convert|301|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac turbo V8]]
|-
| 1981|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet V8 (4-speed only)
|}
Notes A:
<references group="Note A" />

==== Third generation ====
From 1982 onward, all engines were Chevrolet sourced, unless stated otherwise.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size||95%;"
| 1982|| rowspan="6" | [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8]]|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} cross-fire injection V8
(First year for fuel injection in Trans Am)
|
|-
| 1983|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} cross-fire injection V8|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8 H.O.
(662 were made, all 5-speeds)
|-
| 1984|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel H.O. V8
(1500 anniversary edition models were made, 500 of them 5-speed)
|
|-
| 1985|| rowspan="8" | {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} tuned port injection V8|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel H.O. V8 H.O.
(5-speed only)
|-
| 1986|| {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} 4 barrel V8 H.O.
(5-speed only) A total of 69 were built.
|-
| 1987|| rowspan="6" | [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} tuned port injection V8]]
|-
| 1988|| rowspan="5" | {{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} throttle body injection V8
|-
| 1989|| [[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]]
|-
| 1990
|-
| 1991
|-
| 1992
|}

==In popular media==

In 1974, a Brewster Green ’73 Trans Am starred as [[John Wayne]]’s personal transportation in ''[[McQ]]'' and featured in an extended chase sequence.

[[James Garner]] drove a Firebird Esprit during six seasons of ''[[The Rockford Files]]'' from 1974-1980. From 1974 through 1978, the current model year Firebird was used, always finished in Copper Mist gold. For better stunt performance, the cars were built to Formula 400 specifications but were badged to look like the luxury-focused Esprit.

The 1977 Trans Am Special Edition was featured in ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. The 1980 Turbo model was used for ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]''. Both cars were driven by [[Burt Reynolds]] in the films.

A modified 1982 Trans Am known as the [[KITT|Knight Industries Two Thousand]] (or KITT) is driven by [[Michael_Knight_(Knight_Rider)|Michael Knight]] (played by [[David Hasselhoff]]) in the TV series ''[[Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)|Knight Rider]]''. Aside from many useful features, the car has a built-in computer that interacts with Knight with the voice by an uncredited [[William Daniels]].

==Post–Pontiac Trans Am==
[[File:Trans Am Super Duty at the New York International Auto Show NYIAS (39516172660).jpg|thumb|Trans Am Super Duty at the ''[[New York International Auto Show|NYIAS]]'']]
In 2012, General Motors signed a licensing deal with Trans Am Depot to use the Trans Am name and Pontiac logos in custom coach built versions of new Trans Am.<ref>{{cite web|last=Luft |first=Alex |title=TransAm Depot Gives Camaro The Pontiac Treatment |url= http://gmauthority.com/blog/2013/03/transam-depot-gives-camaro-the-pontiac-treatment-ad-break/ |work=GM Authority |date=March 16, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> Under this agreement, Trans Am Depot takes brand-new model [[Chevrolet Camaro]]s, strips them down to their basic components and rebuilds what looks like a new Trans Am.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaowthumrong |first=Patricia |title=Flying High |url= http://performancebiz.com/features/flying-high |work=Performance HotRod Business |date=January 8, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150722113226/http://performancebiz.com/features/flying-high |archive-date=July 22, 2015 }}</ref> They make these in the designs of the 6T9 version Trans Am, 6T9 Goat ("GTO"),<ref name="Lingeman_GTO">{{cite news|last=Lingeman |first=Jake |title=GTO Judge poised for a comeback|url=http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/gto-judge-poised-comeback |work=Autoweek |date=June 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Justin |first=Cesler |title=Here Comes the Judge |url= http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/29-december-2013-high-performance-pontiac-magazine |work=High Performance Pontiac Magazine |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150721175008/http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/29-december-2013-high-performance-pontiac-magazine |archive-date=July 21, 2015 }}</ref> 7T7 Trans Am and the limited-edition Hurst Trans Am.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamdepot.com/hurst-judge/ |title=Hurst Edition Trans Am |work=trans am depot |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ross |first=Jeffrey |title=2013 Hurst Edition Trans Am|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2013/05/13/2013-hurst-edition-trans-am/ |work=AutoBlog |date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref>

On March 26, 2017, at the [[New York International Auto Show]], the Bandit Edition Trans Am was introduced. Built by Trans Am Depot, only 77 will be produced, each signed by [[Burt Reynolds]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamworldwide.com/newsroom/ |website=Transamworldwide.com |title=The Trans Am Bandit Edition Unveiled!
|access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref><ref name="MTNYIAS">{{cite web|url= https://www.motortrend.com/news/1000-hp-2017-trans-am-455-super-duty-bows-in-new-york/ |website=Motortrend.com |title=1000-HP 2017 Trans Am 455 Super Duty bows in New York |access-date=October 20, 2020 |date=April 13, 2017 |first=Jason |last=Udy}}</ref> Powertrain is a {{convert|455|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] version of the current Generation V [[LS based GM small-block engine#LT1|LT1]] V8 engine equipped with a {{convert|2.3|L|CID|1}} Magnuson [[supercharger]] with a boost of {{convert|14|psi|bar|abbr=on}}, developing {{convert|1000|hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1046|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://transamworldwide.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Trans-Am-455-Super-Duty-Specs.pdf |website=Transamworldwide.com |title=Trans Am 455 Super Duty Specs |access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref><ref name="MTNYIAS"/>

=== Burt Reynolds collection of Firebirds ===
On April 14, 2018, at the [[Barrett-Jackson]] collector car auction in Palm Beach, FL, just 5 months before his death, actor Burt Reynolds presided over the sale of 3 Pontiac Firebird Trans Ams from his personal collection, sold via Bandit Movie Cars of Florida, the custodian of the Burt Reynolds collection. He was also an avid Firebird collector after filming the movies ''[[Hooper (film)|Hooper]]'' and also the ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' movie series. The first car was a red 1977 Firebird Trans Am survivor car from the Restore a Muscle Car Collection with a price of $57,200. The second vehicle was a rare 1974 Pontiac Trans AM 455 Super Duty, which was another survivor that reached $100,000 plus 10% buyer commission. The third car Reynolds sold was a 1980 Indianapolis pace car turbo Trans Am, which was also $100,000, plus 10% buyer commission.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.carbuyingtips.com/articles/blog/burt-reynolds-at-record-2018-barrett-jackson-palm-beach-auction.htm |title=Burt Reynolds adds fuel to the fire at record Barrett-Jackson Palm Beach Auto Auction |website=carbuyingtips.com |date=April 18, 2018 |first=Jeff |last=Ostroff |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref>

== Performance (Firebird / Firebird Trans Am) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!Engine
!Year(s)
!Power
!0–60 mph (0–97 km/h)
!Top speed
!Comments
|-
||[[Pontiac V8 engine#400|{{convert|400|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Pontiac W72 V8]]
| 1979 || {{convert|220|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center> 6.6 s.</center> || > {{convert|132|mph|abbr=on|0}}|| Trans Am model equipped with 400 4-speed manual<ref>''Hot Rod'' magazine 1979.</ref>
|-
||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{convert|305|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} LB9 V8]]
| 1989–1992 || {{convert|225|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center> 7.8 s.</center> || > {{convert|140|mph|abbr=on|0}}|| Formula model equipped with N10/MM5/GM3 option codes<ref name="CnDV35N9">{{cite journal|title=Road Test |journal=Car and Driver |volume=35 |issue=9 |date=March 1990}}</ref>
|-
||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|{{convert|350|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} L98 V8]]
| 1987–1992 || {{convert|235|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center> 6.2 s.</center> || > {{convert|145|mph|abbr=on}} || GTA model
|-
||[[Buick V6 engine#LD5|{{convert|231|CID|L|1|abbr=on}} Buick Turbo V6]]
| 1989 || {{convert|250|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center>4.6 s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gtasourcepage.com/8920thTACDReview.html |title=1989 20th Anniversary Trans Am Road Test, Car & Driver Magazine, June 1989 |via=Gtasourcepage.com |date=2001 |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref></center> || {{convert|162|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flat-out Fastest American Cars II-the Sequel|journal=Motor Trend |date=June 1989 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=42–47, 50, 54}}</ref>|| 20th anniversary Trans Am pace car
|-
| rowspan=2|[[GM LT engine#LT1|{{convert|5.7|L|CID|1|abbr=on}} LT1 V8]]
| 1993–1997 || {{convert|275|-|285|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center>6.0 s.</center> || {{convert|155|mph|abbr=on}} (electronically limited)
|-
| 1996–1997 || {{convert|305|bhp|abbr=on}}|| <center>5.6 s.</center> || {{convert|155|mph|abbr=on}} (electronically limited)||Ram Air
|-
| rowspan=2|[[GM LS engine#LS1|5.7 L (345.7 cu in) LS1 V8]]
| 1998–2000 || {{convert|320|bhp|abbr=on|0}}||<center>5.2 s.</center> || {{convert|160|mph|abbr=on|0}} (electronically limited)
|-
| 2001–2002 || {{convert|325|bhp|abbr=on}} || <center>5.0s.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.motortrend.com/cars/pontiac/firebird/2000/2000-pontiac-firebird-trans-am-ws6/ |title = 2000 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am WS6 - First Drive & Road Test Review |website=Motor Trend|date = 2003-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.zeroto60times.com/vehicle-make/pontiac-0-60-mph-times/ | title=Pontiac 0-60 Times & Pontiac Quarter Mile Times | Pontiac GTO, G8, Trans Am, Grand Am, Fiero & more 0 to 60 stats!}}</ref></center> ||{{convert|160|mph|abbr=on|0}} (electronically limited)
|}

== Racing ==
Firebirds were used in the [[Trans-Am series]] in the 1960s and 1970s. When the Firebird Trans Am was released, there was controversy over the model's inability to compete in the Trans-Am because the smallest available engine was too large for use in the series at 400 cubic inches (6.6 L). The name also caused controversy because it was used without permission from the [[SCCA]], who threatened suit. GM settled the dispute by paying $5 to the SCCA for each car they sold. When the Trans-Am was last seen, the model year 2002 Firebirds were in use. From 1996 to 2006, a WS6 Trans Am coupe provided the body style for the mechanically identical racing cars used in the [[International Race of Champions]] (IROC).

During the 1995, 1996, and 1997 [[NHRA]] seasons, 14-time [[funny car]] champion [[John Force]] used a Firebird body to replace the obsolete [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] and [[Chevrolet Lumina]] bodies he had used since 1988. He used it for three seasons, winning the championship in all three years. The Firebird was also used by drivers such as Del Worsham, Tim Wilkerson, Frank Pedregon, and Jerry Toliver. The Firebird body also replaced the Oldsmobile Cutlass in the pro stock class in 1995, forcing drivers [[Warren Johnson]], Jerry Eckman, and Mark Pawuk to replace their body styles for the 1996 year. None of them would win with the first year of the Firebird body, but pro stock driver Jim Yates, a second-year driver, using the Firebird body, did.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=a}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://transamworldwide.com/ Trans Am world wide]
* [http://www.carsandracingstuff.com/library/f/firebird.php Pontiac Firebird] and [http://www.carsandracingstuff.com/library/t/transam.php Pontiac Trans Am] at The Crittenden Automotive Library
* [http://www.ta1987.com/ The Fire Chicken] restoration project of 1987 Firebird
*[http://www.firebirdclubofcanada.ca/ Firebird Club Of Canada]

{{Pontiac}}
{{Pontiac Early Timeline}}
{{Pontiac timeline 1980s to 2010}}

[[Category:Pontiac vehicles|Firebird]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Pony cars]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Muscle cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1967]]
[[Category:1970s cars]]
[[Category:1980s cars]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

Lee Noble

2021-09-23T16:20:04Z

Alvarowik: Add citation

'''Lee Noble''' is a British entrepreneur, car designer and engineer. He is the founder of the [[sports car]] companies [[Noble Automotive Ltd]] in 1999 and [[Fenix Automotive]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insideline.com/noble/the-return-of-lee-noble.html|title=Car News - Latest Auto News, First Looks and First Drives | Edmunds}}</ref> He is also the designer of some low-volume sports cars, including the [[Ultima Mk1]], Ultima Mk2, Ultima Mk3, Midtec Spyder and [[Ascari FGT]].

Noble's designs have also been further developed beyond Noble's involvement, resulting in successful designs such as the [[Ultima GTR]], [[Ascari Ecosse]],<ref name="Ascari Ecosse as developed FGT">{{cite web | url = http://www.fenixautomotive.com/content.php?122-Bio | title = LEE NOBLE: A LIFETIME OF ACHIEVEMENT | accessdate = 2010-11-24 | date = 2010-01-08 | publisher = Fenix Automotive}}</ref> [[Noble M400]],<ref name="Rossion Q1 as redeveloped M400">{{cite web | url = http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/car/10q2/rossion_q1-specialty_file | title = Rossion Q1 - Specialty File | accessdate = 2010-11-24 | date = 2010-06-19 | publisher = Car and Driver }}</ref> [[Noble M600]],<ref name=Automotive>{{cite web| url=https://www.leenobleautomotive.com/|title=Lee Noble - Specialised Sporting Vehicles| website=Lee Noble Automotive| access-date=2021-09-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204925/https://www.leenobleautomotive.com/| archive-date=2017-08-02| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rossion Q1]] and designs such as the Salica GT,<ref name="Salica GT as redeveloped M12">{{cite web | url = http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/Noble-M12/230854/ | title = Brit firm announces ‘Noble Roadster’ | accessdate = 2010-11-24 | date = 2008-02-04 | publisher = Autocar }}</ref> which was never made. His style for sports cars is to start with a lightweight space frame, have a big powerful engine and an aerodynamic sports-racer body. Almost all the cars Noble has designed have been mid-engined.

Noble started Noble Automotive after he finished his involvement with Ascari, a manufacturer of supercars with a high price and small market. Lee Noble wanted to produce cheaper cars, so Noble Automotive set out to build a relatively affordable, fast car. To sell hundreds or thousands of cars per year, build costs need to be low and quality needs to be high. Noble does much of its basic manufacturing in South Africa. The core body/chassis assemblies are shipped from [[South Africa]] to [[England]], where Noble installs the drivetrain, for the European market, and performs final tests.

Lee Noble left Noble Automotive in the spring of 2008 and created a new company [[Fenix Automotive]] in late 2009, which was subsequently dissolved in late 2012. Noble was involved in the design of the [[Arrinera Hussarya]] supercar that will be produced in Poland.<ref>http://recombu.com/cars/news/arrinera-super-car-confirmed-pictures-suggest-cheap-lamborghini-alternative.html</ref>

== Cars developed under Noble ==
* (1983) [[Ultima Mk1]]<ref name="ultimasports.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ultimasports.co.uk/Content.aspx|title=Ultima Sports|website=Ultima Sports Ltd}}</ref>
* (1984) Ultima MK 2<ref name="ultimasports.co.uk"/>
* (1986) Ferrari P4 replica
* (1987) Lotus 23 replica
* (1989) Ultima MK 3<ref name="ultimasports.co.uk"/>
* (1989) Prosport LM 3000
* (1991) [[Midtec Spyder]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.midtec.nl/articles/whichkit_p4.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-11-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101175716/http://www.midtec.nl/articles/whichkit_p4.html |archivedate=2010-11-01 }}</ref>
* (1995) Prosport spyder
* (1996) Ascari FGT
* (1999) Noble M10 <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/news/10747/noble-gallery|title=Noble gallery|website=evo}}</ref>
* (2000) Noble M12 GTO<ref name="auto"/>
* (2002) Noble M12 GTO-3<ref name="auto"/>
* (2003) Noble M12 GTO-3R<ref name="auto"/>
* (2005) Noble M400<ref name="auto"/>
* (2006) [[Noble M15]]
* (2009) Noble M600<ref name=Automotive/>
* (2011) Fenix GT
* (2013) [[Arrinera Hussarya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noble, Lee}}
[[Category:British founders of automobile manufacturers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Noble M600

2021-09-22T21:13:08Z

Alvarowik: Add citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Noble M600
| image = Noble M600 Carbon Sport (8727178385) (cropped).jpg
| manufacturer = [[Noble Automotive]]
| related = [[Noble M14]]
| production = 2010–present
| model_years = 2011–present
| assembly = United Kingdom: [[Leicestershire]]
| predecessor = {{ubl
|[[Noble M400]]
|[[Noble M15]]
}}
| designer = [[Lee Noble]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.leenobleautomotive.com/|title=Lee Noble - Specialised Sporting Vehicles| website=Lee Noble Automotive| access-date=2021-09-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204925/https://www.leenobleautomotive.com/| archive-date=2017-08-02| url-status=live}}</ref>
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[coupé]] 2-door [[targa top]]
| layout = [[Longitudinal engine|Longitudinal]], [[Mid-engine design|Mid-engine]], [[Rear wheel drive|Rear-wheel drive]]
| powerout = {{convert|650|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|604|lbft|0|abbr=on}} (maximum)
| engine = {{convert|4414|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[Volvo B8444S engine|''Volvo/Yamaha B8444S'' twin-turbocharged V8]]
| transmission = 6-speed Oerlikon Graziano transaxle [[manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed Oerlikon Graziano transaxle [[Electrohydraulic manual transmission|Semi-automatic]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2540|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4360|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1910|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1120|mm|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=a-c>{{cite web| url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2011/2325515/noble_m600.html| title=2011 Noble M600| website=Automobile-catalog| first=Pawel| last=Zal| access-date=2021-09-20}}</ref>
| weight = {{convert|1250|kg|abbr=on}}
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Noble M600''' is a handbuilt British [[sports car]] manufactured by low volume automobile manufacturer [[Noble Automotive]] in [[Leicestershire]]. Construction of the car is of [[stainless steel]] and [[carbon fibre]]. The car uses a twin-turbocharged [[Volvo]]/[[Yamaha]] [[V8 engine]].

[[File:Noble M600.jpg|thumb|right|Rear view]]

==Model information==
===General===
[[File:FoS20162016 0624 182519AA (27608210510).jpg|thumb|left|M600 Speedster]]
The M600 comes in three specifications, the standard; which uses a fibre glass body; the carbon sport which uses a carbon-fibre body and the Speedster which is basically a targa top version. The M600 is hand-built by a team of 20 workers at the company's Leicestershire facility. The M600 uses a steel backbone and aluminium chassis which is the same chassis used on the stillborn M15. The standard model uses carbon-fibre for vital body parts of the car and this allows it to have a curb weight of {{cvt|1250|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, although when independently tested, the standard model weighed {{cvt|1305|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/noble/m600|title=Noble M600 review|first=Matt|last=Prior|publisher=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]|accessdate=2019-07-05}}</ref>

===Engine and transmission===
The M600 uses a {{convert|4414|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]-built [[Volvo B8444S engine|Volvo B8444S]] 60º [[V8 engine]] which is also used in the [[Volvo XC90]] and [[Volvo S80|S80]]. The engine used in the M600 is manufactured by Motorkraft in the US from B8444S crate engines with [[Garrett AiResearch]] [[twin-turbo]]chargers equipped with variable boost. This allows the buyer to choose from variable power outputs ranging from {{convert|450|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} (Road setting, {{cvt|0.6|bar|psi|abbr=on}} pressure), {{convert|550|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} (Track setting, {{cvt|0.8|bar|psi|abbr=on}}) and {{convert|650|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} (Race setting, {{cvt|1|bar|psi|abbr=on}}) through the use of a switch present on the dashboard. The engine also features a MoTeC M190 and Injector Dynamics ID725 [[Fuel injection#Electronic injection|electronic fuel injection]]. It has a compression ratio of 9.50:1. It uses an [[Saurer|Oerlikon]] [[Graziano Trasmissioni|Graziano]] [[transaxle]] six-speed manual gearbox and has the redline set at 7,000 rpm.<ref name="Evo">{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/reviews/6769/noble-m600|title=Noble M600|date=2009-09-09|first=John|last=Barker|publisher=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|accessdate=2019-07-05}}</ref> At least, a pre-production variant of the Speedster is also equipped with an automatic gearbox.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/noble/m600/first-drives/noble-m600-speedster| title=Noble M600 Speedster| website=Autocar| publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group]]| location=UK| first=Matt| last=Prior| date=2016-08-01| access-date=2021-09-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628172154/https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/noble/m600/first-drives/noble-m600-speedster| archive-date=2020-06-28| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Brakes===
The M600 uses steel brake discs with six piston calipers at the front and four piston calipers at the rear. The brakes are designed by Britain-based braking specialist Alcon. Owing to the driver focused nature of the car, there is no Anti-lock Braking System installed and the brakes have limited servo assistance.

===Interior===
The interior of the car has twin hide upholstery and gloss carbon-fibre trim as standard. Buyers have the choice to choose from leather, suede an advantage upholstery along with knurled wood trim and wool carpeting. The switches and instrumentation are bespoke to the M600, although some components are shared with [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and [[Aston Martin]] models. The car is equipped with an adjustable steering column and driver's seat while the pedals are offset to the left. The pedals are adjusted according to the owner's preference in order to provide a good driving position. A highlight of the interior is the engine power control knob, similar to [[Ferrari]]'s [[Manettino dial]], which allows the driver to choose from variable engine power outputs along with related turbo boost pressure (Road, Track and Race). The knob is present ahead of the gearshift knob on the dashboard. A traction control switch activates the limited traction control which is present to avoid oversteer. The interior is based on simplicity and is driver focused, inspired by the [[Ferrari F40]] and due to this, it does away with climate control and modern infotainment systems.<ref name="Evo"/><ref name="TG"/>

===Performance===
*0–{{convert|97|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}: 3.0 seconds<ref name="TG">{{cite web|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/noble/m600/driving|title=The Top Hear Car Review: Noble M600|publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|accessdate=2019-07-05}}</ref>
*0–{{convert|120|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}: 8.9 seconds<ref name="TG"/>
*0–{{convert|200|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}: 29.8 seconds
*Standing 1/4 mile: 10.9 seconds
*Standing km: 19.9 seconds
*Power-to-weight ratio: 558 hp/tonne
*Top speed: {{convert|362|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} - estimated / {{convert|346|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} - proven<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXvQvA3EXLg|title = What's The Top Speed of the Noble M600? {{!}} Top Gear USA | date = 31 October 2013}} </ref>
*[[Fuel tank|Fuel capacity]]: {{convert|68|L|usgal impgal|0}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noblecars.com/m600/m600.html|title=Flash Page Flip|work=noblecars.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141320/http://www.noblecars.com/m600/m600.html|archivedate=9 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Reception==
The car was driven two times on the British motoring show ''[[Top Gear (2002 series)|Top Gear]]''. First in [[Top Gear (series 14)|Series 14, Episode 5]] by [[Jeremy Clarkson]], who praised the car considerably and the show's racing driver [[the Stig]] took it around the Top Gear track and it did a 1:17.7 on a cold day, beating the [[Pagani Zonda|Pagani Zonda F Roadster]] and the [[Bugatti Veyron]]. In [[Top Gear (series 18)|Series 18, Episode 1]] co-host [[Richard Hammond]] drove a left-hand drive version of the car through [[Italy]] and the clutch failed, causing clutch material to damage the gearbox; Noble sent the production team another car. Later in the same episode Hammond drove it during a challenge where he attempted to beat a laptime set by the Stig at the [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari]] on the outskirts of [[Imola]]. Despite the breakdown, Hammond heaped considerable praise on the car. It has also been featured in [[Top Gear (U.S. TV series)|the American adaptation]] of the show where it receives considerable praise, the main "challenge" was to reach its top speed, the vehicle reached {{Convert|215|mph|0|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web| url=https://carbuzz.com/news/noble-m600-is-supercar-purity| title= Noble M600 is Supercar purity| website=Carbuzz| first=Jay| last=Traugott| date=2013-11-16| access-date=2021-09-21}}</ref> but stopped because the vehicle ran out of space on the runway it was being tested on.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.worldcarfans.com/109081921132/2010-noble-m600-breaks-cover 2010 Noble M600 Breaks Cover]
*[http://www.autoblog.com/2009/08/19/breaking-noble-unleashes-225-mph-m600-supercar/ BREAKING: Noble unleashes 225 mph M600 supercar]
*[http://jalopnik.com/5340649/noble-m600-650-hp-225-mph-driving-excitement/gallery/ Noble M600: 650 HP, 225 MPH Driving Excitement]
*Top Gear Review: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100914105210/http://www.topgear.com/uk/videos/brand-new-clip-clarkson-vs-noble-m600]
*E-brochure: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141320/http://www.noblecars.com/m600/m600.html]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120627041919/http://www.atfullchat.com/index.php/news/item/198-exclusive-noble-m600-spider-%E2%80%93-first-official-pic M600 Roadster/convertible - official factory design study revealed]

[[Category:Noble vehicles|M600]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2010]]

SSC Tuatara

2021-09-18T02:47:04Z

Alvarowik: Add torque, obviously including "marked with a chalk and cut with an axe" figures

{{short description|High performance sports car produced by SSC North America}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{about|the [[sports car]]|the experimental music band|Tuatara (band)|the animal|Tuatara}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = SSC Tuatara
| image = 2019 SSC Tuatara at Pebble Beach Press Conference.jpg
| caption =
| manufacturer = [[SSC North America]]
| production = {{unbulleted list
| 2020–present (production model)
}}
| assembly = United States: [[Richland, Washington]]
| designer = [[Jason Castriota]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
| doors = [[Butterfly doors|Butterfly]]
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout| Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{convert|360.8|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} SSC [[Twin-Turbo]] [[flat-plane crank]]<ref name=sscna/> [[V8 engine|V8]]
| powerout = {{unbulleted list
| {{convert|1350|hp|kW|round=50|abbr=on}} (91 octane)
| {{convert|1750|hp|kW|round=50|abbr=on}} ([[E85]] flex fuel)
| {{convert|2200|hp|kW|round=50|abbr=on}} (Non-Street Legal Upgrade)
}}
| transmission = 7-speed ''CIMA'' [[Automated manual transmission|automated manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|105.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|182.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|81.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|42.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|2750|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (dry)
| predecessor = [[SSC Aero|SSC Ultimate Aero]]
| sp = us
}}
The '''SSC Tuatara''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|u|ə|t|ɑː|r|ə}} is a [[sports car]] designed, developed and manufactured by American automobile manufacturer [[SSC North America]] (formerly '''S'''helby '''S'''uper'''C'''ars Inc.). The car is the successor to the [[SSC Aero|Ultimate Aero]] and is the result of a design collaboration between [[Jason Castriota]] and SSC. Initially powered by a 6.9-liter [[twin-turbocharged]] [[V8 engine]], the capacity of the engine was later reduced to {{convert|360.8|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} in order to allow the engine to have a higher redline of 8,800 rpm.<ref name=sscna>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/tuatara|date=July 6, 2019|title=Tuatara,SSC North America|publisher=SSC North America|access-date=July 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830081935/https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/tuatara|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> SSC had stated that the power output would be rated at {{convert|1350|hp|kW|round=50|abbr=on}} or {{convert|1750|hp|kW|round=50|abbr=on}} on [[E85]] fuel, along with a {{convert|300|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} + top speed.

== Design & Development ==
[[File:SSC Tuatara by J.Smith831 - 003.jpg|thumb|left|SSC Tuatara concept]]
[[File:SSC Tuatara by J.Smith831 - 002.jpg|thumb| SSC Tuatara Side View. ]]

SSC began working on the development of the successor of the [[SSC Aero|SSC Ultimate Aero]] in 2011. The new car named the Tuatara was previewed in concept form at the 2011 [[Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance]]. In August 2018, seven years after the debut of the concept, the production version of the Tuatara was shown to the general public. Designed by ex-[[Pininfarina]] designer Jason Castriota, the car takes inspiration from the aerospace industry.

The Tuatara is named after the [[Tuatara|reptile]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=This obscure US company now has the world's fastest car|url=https://www.afr.com/world/north-america/this-obscure-us-company-now-has-the-world-s-fastest-car-20201020-p566na#:~:text=Named%20after%20a%20lizard%20native,the%20animal%20Tuatara%27s%20third%20eye%3B|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Financial Review|first=Hannah|last=Elliott|location=Australia|publisher=[[The Australian Financial Review]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021090142/https://www.afr.com/world/north-america/this-obscure-us-company-now-has-the-world-s-fastest-car-20201020-p566na|archive-date=October 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> found only in New Zealand, known for having the fastest molecular evolution of any living animal.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 4, 2008|title=Tuatara evolving faster than any other species|url=http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/about-massey/news/article.cfm?mnarticle=tuatara-evolving-faster-than-any-other-species-01-03-2008|publisher=[[Massey University]]|accessdate=28 June 2009|location=New Zealand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210013822/https://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/about-massey/news/article.cfm?mnarticle=tuatara-evolving-faster-than-any-other-species-01-03-2008|archive-date=February 10, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Interior ==
The interior contains leather and [[Alcantara (material)|Alcantara]] upholstery and the functions of the car are controlled through a touch screen located on the center console. There is a configurable instrument panel behind the steering wheel displaying important information about the car's status along with a {{convert|300|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} speedometer. The car uses a camera system instead of traditional side-view mirrors. SSC claims that the interior can seat a {{convert|6|ft|5|in|m|2|adj=on}} tall person wearing a helmet.<ref name=debut>{{Cite press release |title=2020 Tuatara Debut |url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/2020-tuatara-debut |date=February 7, 2020 |access-date=2021-05-20 |publisher=SSC North America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923114332/https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/2020-tuatara-debut|archive-date=23 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Exterior ==
The car has a [[Carbon fiber reinforced polymer|carbon-fiber]] body construction with aluminum crumple zones and incorporates active aerodynamics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gilboy|first=James|title=SSC Tuatara Finally Crashes The Hypercar Party with 1,750 American-Made Horsepower|url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/32117/ssc-tuatara-finally-crashes-the-hypercar-party-with-1750-american-made-horsepower|access-date=2020-05-26|website=The Drive|date=February 7, 2020|publisher=Brookline Media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922153545/https://www.thedrive.com/news/32117/ssc-tuatara-finally-crashes-the-hypercar-party-with-1750-american-made-horsepower|archive-date=September 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Performance ==
SSC claims the Tuatara has the lowest drag coefficient in its class at {{Cd|link=car|0.279}}.<ref name=sscna/><ref name=debut/><ref name=released/><ref name=automobilemag/>

SSC has partnered with Nelson Racing Engines to build the engine, Linder Power Systems for engine sub-assembly fabrication and Automac for the production of the 7-speed automated manual transmission.<ref name=released>{{cite press release |date=August 25, 2018 |title=The Tuatara Released |url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/tuatara-released |publisher=SSC North America |access-date=August 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826183036/https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/tuatara-released|archive-date=26 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The transmission was later revealed to be a 7-speed automated manual manufactured by CIMA. The car has the following driving modes: "Sport", "Track" and "Lift". In Sport mode, the ride height is {{convert|4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} at the front and {{convert|4.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} at the rear. In Track mode, the ride height lowers to {{convert|2.75|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} at the front and {{convert|3.75|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} at the rear. The Lift mode is designed to protect the underbody of the car while driving over speed bumps or driveways.<ref name=automobilemag>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-10|title=First 2020 SSC Tuatara Goes Public: 1,750 HP, 300 MPH, $1.6 Million|url=https://www.automobilemag.com/news/2020-ssc-tuatara-supercar-photos-specs/|access-date=2020-05-26|website=Automobile Magazine|first=Ed|last=Tahaney|publisher=[[Motor Trend Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218162912/https://www.automobilemag.com/news/2020-ssc-tuatara-supercar-photos-specs/|archive-date=18 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Production ==
The Tuatara is produced at a purpose-built facility in [[Richland, Washington]], and production is limited to 100 cars.

== World Record ==

=== Initial Attempt ===
On October 10, 2020, the Tuatara - according to SSC (pending independent confirmation) - claimed a disputed<ref name="Disputed Speed Record">{{Cite news|last=Gardner|first=Daniel|date=October 29, 2020|title=SSC Tuatara speed record under scrutiny|work=Which Car|location=Australia|url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/car-news/ssc-tuatara-speed-record-questioned|access-date=October 31, 2020|publisher=[[Are Media]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027152205/https://www.whichcar.com.au/car-news/ssc-tuatara-speed-record-questioned|archive-date=October 27, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Production car speed record|production car top speed record]], recording a one-way top speed of {{convert|331.15|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a two-way average of {{convert|316.11|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on a seven-mile stretch of closed road outside of [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], near [[Pahrump]] on [[Nevada State Route 160|State Route 160]].<ref name=topgearfastest>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=SSC's Tuatara is the fastest car in the world with 331mph top speed|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/sscs-tuatara-fastest-car-world-331mph-top-speed|access-date=2020-10-19 |website=Top Gear|publisher=BBC|location=UK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019164021/https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/sscs-tuatara-fastest-car-world-331mph-top-speed|archive-date=2020-10-19|url-status=live}}</ref> SSC claims that this speed beat the [[Koenigsegg Agera#Koenigsegg Agera RS (2015–2018)|Koenigsegg Agera RS]]'s record, which set a record on the same highway in 2017, by {{convert|46.6|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=1750-HP SSC Tuatara Sets Record for Fastest Production Car|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a34406893/ssc-tuatara-fastest-production-car/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Car and Driver|first=Brett|last=Berk|publisher=[[Hearst Communications]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128031955/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a34406893/ssc-tuatara-fastest-production-car/|archive-date=November 28, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilkinson|first=Joseph|title=Fastest car in the world: SSC Tuatara hits 316 mph in record-breaking drive|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-fastest-car-in-the-world-ssc-tuatara-20201020-wz3bbo7z7vcexijhz73pb4kbx4-story.html|access-date=2020-10-20 |publisher=[[New York Daily News]]|date=2020-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031162112/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-fastest-car-in-the-world-ssc-tuatara-20201020-wz3bbo7z7vcexijhz73pb4kbx4-story.html|archive-date=October 31, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> British racing driver [[Oliver Webb]] piloted the car.<ref name=topgearfastest/> Various independent analysts subsequently challenged the record's accuracy.<ref name="Disputed Speed Record" /><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=3daTG4_JS_4|title=Did the SSC Tuatara REALLY Set a 331mph World Record?|date=October 26, 2020|access-date=October 31, 2020|website=YouTube|publisher=[[Shmee150]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119010020/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3daTG4_JS_4|archive-date=2020-11-19|url-status=live}}</ref> In a video on the SSC North America YouTube channel uploaded October 30, 2020, SSC's founder [[Jerod Shelby]] stated that the run had been ruined after they started seeing some doubts, and the only way to fix them was to re-run the top speed in the near future.<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Jerod Shelby {{!}} SSC Record Personal Statement|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrclO1wG2Y8|website=YouTube|access-date=2021-08-05|date=2020-10-30|publisher=SSC North America|first=Jerod|last=Shelby|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230080734/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrclO1wG2Y8|archive-date=2020-12-30|url-status=live}}</ref> SSC released a statement on July 21, 2021 stating that the initial record attempt did not reach over {{cvt|300|mph|km/h|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hoffman|first=Connor|date=2021-07-22|title=SSC Finally Admits 1750-HP Tuatara Did Not Break 300 MPH|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a37101351/ssc-tuatara-did-not-break-production-car-speed-record/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Car and Driver|publisher=Hearst Communications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722142148/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a37101351/ssc-tuatara-did-not-break-production-car-speed-record/|archive-date=2021-07-22|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Successful Record Run ===
A second top speed run was attempted in Florida on December 12-13, 2020, but the car was unable to exceed {{cvt|252|mph|km/h|0}} due to mechanical problems.<ref name="SSC Tuatara Second Record Attempt">{{Cite AV media|last=Mitchell|first=Robert|date=December 23, 2020|title=SSC Tuatara Second Record Attempt|location=US|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Env-uFvSydI&t=1433s|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=YouTube}}</ref>

On January 27, 2021, the Tuatara reached a one-way speed of {{convert|286.1|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a two-way average of {{convert|282.9|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} over the course of {{convert|2.3|mi|km}} at [[Space Florida]]'s [[Shuttle Landing Facility|Launch and Landing Facility]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Racelogic Certifies SSC Tuatara Record Speed |url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/racelogic-certifies-ssc-tuatara-speed |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |publisher=SSC North America|location=Richland, Washington, USA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127195544/https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/racelogic-certifies-ssc-tuatara-speed|archive-date=2021-01-27|url-status=live}}</ref> American dentist and entrepreneur Larry Caplin, owner of the car, piloted it during the run, which was verified with multiple satellite tracking systems from Racelogic, Life Racing, Garmin, and IMRA.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxBdzOr91Gk|title=OFFICIAL: SSC TUATARA BREAKS WORLD RECORD|date=January 27, 2021|publisher=Driven Plus|access-date=January 27, 2021|website=YouTube|location=Cape Canaveral|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128015211/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxBdzOr91Gk|archive-date=2021-01-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Planned Records ===
Shelby noted that this is just an update of their high-speed testing and they happened to break the world record. SSC plans to break {{convert|300|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} on the same runway. In April 2021 while traveling back to Florida to reattempt the speed record, the Tuatara was damaged after its trailer flipped over in high winds in [[Utah]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Holderith|first=Peter|title=Top Speed Record-Holding SSC Tuatara Wrecked in Car Carrier Crash|url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/40486/top-speed-record-holding-ssc-tuatara-wrecked-in-car-carrier-crash|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Drive|date=2021-05-07|publisher=Brookline Media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507195028/https://www.thedrive.com/news/40486/top-speed-record-holding-ssc-tuatara-wrecked-in-car-carrier-crash|archive-date=2021-05-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Model Variants ==
In May, 2020, SSC North America announced a soft reveal of two Tuatara variants that focused on track abilities.<ref name="RR-even-more-powerful">{{Cite web |last=Hood |first=Bryan |title=The 1750 HP SSC Tuatara, the World’s Fastest Car, Just Got Even More Powerful |url=https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/the-1750-hp-ssc-tuatara-the-worlds-fastest-car-just-got-even-more-powerful-1234616347/|website=Robb Report |location=US |date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-06-01|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528211117/https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/the-1750-hp-ssc-tuatara-the-worlds-fastest-car-just-got-even-more-powerful-1234616347/|archive-date=2021-05-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tuatara Striker ===
The Tuatara Striker features additional aerodynamic components that increases downforce for track handling.<ref name="RR-even-more-powerful"/>

=== Tuatara Aggressor ===
The Tuatara Aggressor has the same body style as the Striker, but allows the customer to choose from non-road legal options, such as racing seats and a {{cvt|2200|hp|kW|round=50|abbr=on}} engine upgrade.<ref name="RR-even-more-powerful"/>

== Specifications ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!SSC Tuatara
!Tuatara Striker
!Tuatara Aggressor
|----
!align="left"|Production
| colspan="2" align="center" |100 units combined
| align="center" |10 units
|----
!align="left"|Engine
| colspan="3" align="center" | {{cvt|360.8|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name=bangshift>{{cite web|url=https://bangshift.com/general-news/5-9l-of-concentrated-rage-get-a-closer-look-at-the-ssc-tuataras-powerplant/|title=5.9L Of Concentrated Rage: Get A Closer Look At the SSC Tuatara’s Powerplant!|website=Bang shift|date=21 October 2020|first=Bryan|last=McTaggart|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> V8, twin-turbo
|----
!align="left"|Bore x stroke
| colspan="3" align="center" | {{cvt|4.125x3.375|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=bangshift/>
|----
! align="left" |Transmission
| colspan="3" align="center" |CIMA 7-Speed [[Automated manual transmission|robotized manual]]
|----
! align="left" |Power (Horsepower)
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{cvt|1350|hp|kW|round=50|abbr=on}} 91 [[Octane rating|Octane]] {{cvt|1750|hp|kW|round=50|abbr=on}} E85
| align="center" | {{cvt|2200|hp|kW|round=50|abbr=on}} Option
|-
|----
! align="left" |Torque
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{cvt|984|lbft|round=50|abbr=on}} 91 Octane<ref name=authority-strikeraggressor>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1132400_ssc-tuatara-striker-and-aggressor-unveiled-with-up-to-2-200-horsepower|title=SSC Tuatara Striker and Aggressor unveiled with up to 2,200 horsepower|website=Motor Authority|date=2021-05-27|first=Joel|last=Feder|access-date=2021-09-17|publisher=[[MH Sub I, LLC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527154759/https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1132400_ssc-tuatara-striker-and-aggressor-unveiled-with-up-to-2-200-horsepower|archive-date=2021-05-27|url-status=live}}</ref> {{cvt|1322|lbft|round=50|abbr=on}} E85<ref name=authority-strikeraggressor/>
| align="center" | {{cvt|1604|lbft|round=50|abbr=on}} Option<ref name=authority-strikeraggressor/>
|-
!Aerodynamics
| align="center" | {{Cd|0.279|link=car}}
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{cvt|1100|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}} downforce
|----
! align="left" | {{cvt|0-60|mph|km/h|0}}
| align="center" | 2.5 sec
| align="center" | TBA
| align="center" | TBA
|----
! align="left" |{{cvt|60-120|mph|km/h|0}}
| align="center" | 2.5 sec
| align="center" | TBA
| align="center" | TBA
|----
|}

== "Little Brother" Project ==
CEO Jerod Shelby has shared limited information about a "Little Brother" supercar in early development that will decrease the price-point of a Tuatara-related vehicle to make it available to a larger market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SSC "Little Brother" to be $400-$500K, 700-800-hp, scaled down Tuatara|url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1129989_ssc-little-brother-to-be-400-500k-700-800-hp-scaled-down-tuatara|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Motor Authority|first=Joel|last=Feder|date=2020-10-19|publisher=MH Sub I, LLC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021005944/https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1129989_ssc-little-brother-to-be-400-500k-700-800-hp-scaled-down-tuatara|archive-date=2020-10-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of production cars by power output]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|SSC Tuatara}}
* {{Official website|https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/tuatara}}

[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2011|SSC Tuatara Concept]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2020]]

SSC Tuatara

2021-09-17T04:28:55Z

Alvarowik: Improve citations

{{short description|High performance sports car produced by SSC North America}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{about|the [[sports car]]|the experimental music band|Tuatara (band)|the animal|Tuatara}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = SSC Tuatara
| image = 2019 SSC Tuatara at Pebble Beach Press Conference.jpg
| caption =
| manufacturer = [[SSC North America]]
| production = {{unbulleted list
| 2020–present (production model)
}}
| assembly = United States: [[Richland, Washington]]
| designer = [[Jason Castriota]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
| doors = [[Butterfly doors|Butterfly]]
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout| Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{convert|360.8|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} SSC [[Twin-Turbo]] [[V8 engine|V8]]
| powerout = {{unbulleted list
| {{convert|1350|hp|kW PS|abbr=on|0}} (91 octane)
| {{convert|1750|hp|kW PS|abbr=on|0}} ([[E85]] flex fuel)
| {{convert|2200|hp|kW PS|abbr=on|0}} (Non-Street Legal Upgrade)
}}
| transmission = 7-speed ''CIMA'' [[Automated manual transmission|automated manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|105.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|182.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|81.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|42.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|2750|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (dry)
| predecessor = [[SSC Aero|SSC Ultimate Aero]]
| sp = us
}}
The '''SSC Tuatara''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|u|ə|t|ɑː|r|ə}} is a [[sports car]] designed, developed and manufactured by American automobile manufacturer [[SSC North America]] (formerly '''S'''helby '''S'''uper'''C'''ars Inc.). The car is the successor to the [[SSC Aero|Ultimate Aero]] and is the result of a design collaboration between [[Jason Castriota]] and SSC. Initially powered by a 6.9-liter [[twin-turbocharged]] [[V8 engine|V8]] engine, the capacity of the engine was later reduced to 5.9 liters in order to allow the engine to have a higher redline of 8,800 rpm.<ref name=sscna>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/tuatara|date=July 6, 2019|title=Tuatara,SSC North America|publisher=SSC North America|access-date=July 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830081935/https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/tuatara|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> SSC had stated that the power output would be rated at {{convert|1350|hp|kW PS|abbr=on|0}} or {{convert|1750|hp|kW PS|abbr=on|0}} on [[E85]] fuel, along with a 300+ mph top speed.

== Design & Development ==
[[File:SSC Tuatara by J.Smith831 - 003.jpg|thumb|left|SSC Tuatara concept]]
[[File:SSC Tuatara by J.Smith831 - 002.jpg|thumb| SSC Tuatara Side View. ]]

SSC began working on the development of the successor of the [[SSC Aero|SSC Ultimate Aero]] in 2011. The new car named the Tuatara was previewed in concept form at the 2011 [[Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance]]. In August 2018, seven years after the debut of the concept, the production version of the Tuatara was shown to the general public. Designed by ex-[[Pininfarina]] designer [[Jason Castriota]], the car takes inspiration from the aerospace industry.

The Tuatara is named after the [[Tuatara|reptile]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=This obscure US company now has the world's fastest car|url=https://www.afr.com/world/north-america/this-obscure-us-company-now-has-the-world-s-fastest-car-20201020-p566na#:~:text=Named%20after%20a%20lizard%20native,the%20animal%20Tuatara%27s%20third%20eye%3B|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Financial Review|language=en}}</ref> found only in New Zealand, known for having the fastest molecular evolution of any living animal.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 4, 2008|title=Tuatara evolving faster than any other species|url=http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/about-massey/news/article.cfm?mnarticle=tuatara-evolving-faster-than-any-other-species-01-03-2008|publisher=[[Massey University]]|accessdate=28 June 2009}}</ref>

== Interior ==
The interior contains leather and [[Alcantara (material)|Alcantara]] upholstery and the functions of the car are controlled through a touch screen located on the center console. There is a configurable instrument panel behind the steering wheel displaying important information about the car's status along with a 300 mph speedometer. The car uses a camera system instead of traditional side-view mirrors. SSC claims that the interior can seat a 6-foot 5-inch tall person wearing a helmet.<ref name=debut>{{Cite press release |title=2020 Tuatara Debut |url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/2020-tuatara-debut |date=February 7, 2020 |access-date=2021-05-20 |publisher=SSC North America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923114332/https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/2020-tuatara-debut|archive-date=23 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Exterior ==
The car has a [[Carbon fiber reinforced polymer|carbon-fiber]] body construction with aluminum crumple zones and incorporates active aerodynamics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gilboy|first=James|title=SSC Tuatara Finally Crashes The Hypercar Party with 1,750 American-Made Horsepower|url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/32117/ssc-tuatara-finally-crashes-the-hypercar-party-with-1750-american-made-horsepower|access-date=2020-05-26|website=The Drive}}</ref>

== Performance ==
SSC claims the Tuatara has the lowest drag coefficient in its class at {{Cd|link=car|0.279}}.<ref name=sscna/><ref name=debut/><ref name=released/><ref name=automobilemag/>

SSC has partnered with Nelson Racing Engines to build the engine, Linder Power Systems for engine sub-assembly fabrication and Automac for the production of the 7-speed automated manual transmission.<ref name=released>{{cite press release |date=August 25, 2018 |title=The Tuatara Released |url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/tuatara-released |publisher=SSC North America |access-date=August 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826183036/https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/tuatara-released|archive-date=26 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The transmission was later revealed to be a 7-speed automated manual manufactured by CIMA. The car has the following driving modes: "Sport", "Track" and "Lift". In Sport mode, the ride height is {{convert|4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} at the front and {{convert|4.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} at the rear. In Track mode, the ride height lowers to {{convert|2.75|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} at the front and {{convert|3.75|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} at the rear. The Lift mode is designed to protect the underbody of the car while driving over speed bumps or driveways.<ref name=automobilemag>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-10|title=First 2020 SSC Tuatara Goes Public: 1,750 HP, 300 MPH, $1.6 Million|url=https://www.automobilemag.com/news/2020-ssc-tuatara-supercar-photos-specs/|access-date=2020-05-26|website=Automobile Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218162912/https://www.automobilemag.com/news/2020-ssc-tuatara-supercar-photos-specs/|archive-date=18 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Production ==
The Tuatara is produced at a purpose-built facility in [[Richland, Washington]], and production is limited to 100 cars.

== World Record ==

=== Initial Attempt ===
On October 10, 2020, the Tuatara - according to SSC (pending independent confirmation) - claimed a disputed<ref name="Disputed Speed Record">{{Cite news|last=Gardner|first=Daniel|date=October 29, 2020|title=SSC Tuatara speed record under scrutiny|work=Which Car|location=Australia|url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/car-news/ssc-tuatara-speed-record-questioned|access-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref> [[Production car speed record|production car top speed record]], recording a one-way top speed of {{convert|331.15|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a two-way average of {{convert|316.11|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on a seven-mile stretch of closed road outside of [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], near [[Pahrump]] on [[Nevada State Route 160|State Route 160]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=SSC's Tuatara is said to be the fastest car in the world with 331.15mph top speed|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/sscs-tuatara-fastest-car-world-331mph-top-speed|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Top Gear|language=en}}</ref> SSC claims that this speed beat the [[Koenigsegg Agera#Koenigsegg Agera RS (2015–2018)|Koenigsegg Agera RS]]'s record, which set a record on the same highway in 2017, by {{convert|46.6|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=1750-HP SSC Tuatara Sets Record for Fastest Production Car|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a34406893/ssc-tuatara-fastest-production-car/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Car and Driver|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilkinson|first=Joseph|title=Fastest car in the world: SSC Tuatara hits 316 mph in record-breaking drive|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-fastest-car-in-the-world-ssc-tuatara-20201020-wz3bbo7z7vcexijhz73pb4kbx4-story.html|access-date=2020-10-20|website=nydailynews.com}}</ref> British racing driver [[Oliver Webb]] piloted the car.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=SSC's Tuatara is the fastest car in the world with 331mph top speed|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/sscs-tuatara-fastest-car-world-331mph-top-speed|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Top Gear|language=en}}</ref> Various independent analysts subsequently challenged the record's accuracy.<ref name="Disputed Speed Record" /><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=3daTG4_JS_4|title=Did the SSC Tuatara REALLY Set a 331mph World Record?|date=October 26, 2020|access-date=October 31, 2020|via=YouTube}}</ref> In a video on the SSC North America [[YouTube]] channel uploaded October 30, 2020, SSC's founder Jerod Shelby stated that the run had been ruined after they started seeing some doubts, and the only way to fix them was to re-run the top speed in the near future.<ref>{{Citation|title=Jerod Shelby {{!}} SSC Record Personal Statement|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrclO1wG2Y8|language=en|access-date=2021-08-05}}</ref> SSC released a statement on July 21, 2021 stating that the initial record attempt did not reach over {{cvt|300|mph|km/h|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hoffman|first=Connor|date=2021-07-22|title=SSC Finally Admits 1750-HP Tuatara Did Not Break 300 MPH|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a37101351/ssc-tuatara-did-not-break-production-car-speed-record/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Car and Driver|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Successful Record Run ===
A second top speed run was attempted in Florida on December 12-13, 2020, but the car was unable to exceed {{cvt|252|mph|km/h|0}} due to mechanical problems.<ref name="SSC Tuatara Second Record Attempt">{{Cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Robert|date=December 23, 2020|title=SSC Tuatara Second Record Attempt|location=US|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Env-uFvSydI&t=1433s|access-date=December 27, 2020|via=YouTube}}</ref>

On January 27, 2021, the Tuatara reached a one-way speed of {{convert|286.1|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a two-way average of {{convert|282.9|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} over the course of 2.3 miles at [[Space Florida]]'s [[Shuttle Landing Facility|Launch and Landing Facility]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Racelogic Certifies SSC Tuatara Record Speed |url=https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/news/racelogic-certifies-ssc-tuatara-speed |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |publisher=SSC North America}}</ref> American dentist and entrepreneur Larry Caplin, owner of the car, piloted it during the run, which was verified with multiple satellite tracking systems from Racelogic, Life Racing, Garmin, and IMRA.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxBdzOr91Gk|title=OFFICIAL: SSC TUATARA BREAKS WORLD RECORD|date=January 27, 2021|publisher=Driven Plus|access-date=January 27, 2021|via=YouTube}}</ref>

=== Planned Records ===
Shelby noted that this is just an update of their high-speed testing and they happened to break the world record. SSC plans to break 300 mph on the same runway. In April 2021 while traveling back to Florida to reattempt the speed record, the Tuatara was damaged after its trailer flipped over in high winds in [[Utah]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Holderith|first=Peter|title=Top Speed Record-Holding SSC Tuatara Wrecked in Car Carrier Crash|url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/40486/top-speed-record-holding-ssc-tuatara-wrecked-in-car-carrier-crash|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Drive|language=en}}</ref>

== Model Variants ==
In May, 2020, SSC North America announced a soft reveal of two Tuatara variants that focused on track abilities.<ref name="RR-even-more-powerful">{{Cite web |last=Hood |first=Bryan |title=The 1750 HP SSC Tuatara, the World’s Fastest Car, Just Got Even More Powerful |url=https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/the-1750-hp-ssc-tuatara-the-worlds-fastest-car-just-got-even-more-powerful-1234616347/ |website=Robb Report |location=US |date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-06-01}}</ref>

=== Tuatara Striker ===
The Tuatara Striker features additional aerodynamic components that increases downforce for track handling.<ref name="RR-even-more-powerful"/>

=== Tuatara Aggressor ===
The Tuatara Aggressor has the same body style as the Striker, but allows the customer to choose from non-road legal options, such as racing seats and a {{cvt|2200|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} engine upgrade.<ref name="RR-even-more-powerful"/>

== Specifications ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!SSC Tuatara
!Tuatara Striker
!Tuatara Aggressor
|----
!align="left"|Production
| colspan="2" align="center" |100 units combined
| align="center" |10 units
|----
!align="left"|Engine
| colspan="3" align="center" | {{cvt|360.8|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name=bangshift>{{cite web|url=https://bangshift.com/general-news/5-9l-of-concentrated-rage-get-a-closer-look-at-the-ssc-tuataras-powerplant/|title=5.9L Of Concentrated Rage: Get A Closer Look At the SSC Tuatara’s Powerplant!|website=Bang shift|date=21 October 2020|first=Bryan|last=McTaggart|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> V8, twin-turbo
|----
!align="left"|Bore x stroke
| colspan="3" align="center" | {{cvt|4.125x3.375|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=bangshift/>
|----
! align="left" |Transmission
| colspan="3" align="center" |CIMA 7-Speed [[Automated manual transmission|robotized manual]]

|----
! align="left" |Power (Horsepower)
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{cvt|1350|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 91 [[Octane rating|Octane]] {{cvt|1750|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} E85
| align="center" | {{cvt|2200|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Option
|-
!Aerodynamics
| align="center" | {{Cd|0.279|link=car}}
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{cvt|1100|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}} downforce
|----
! align="left" | {{cvt|0-60|mph|km/h|0}}
| align="center" | 2.5 sec
| align="center" | TBA
| align="center" | TBA
|----
! align="left" |{{cvt|60-120|mph|km/h|0}}
| align="center" | 2.5 sec
| align="center" | TBA
| align="center" | TBA
|----
|}

== "Little Brother" Project ==
CEO Jerod Shelby has shared limited information about a "Little Brother" supercar in early development that will decrease the price-point of a Tuatara-related vehicle to make it available to a larger market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SSC "Little Brother" to be $400-$500K, 700-800-hp, scaled down Tuatara|url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1129989_ssc-little-brother-to-be-400-500k-700-800-hp-scaled-down-tuatara|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Motor Authority|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of production cars by power output]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|SSC Tuatara}}
* {{Official website|https://www.sscnorthamerica.com/tuatara}}

[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2011|SSC Tuatara Concept]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2020]]

McLaren Artura

2021-09-13T03:24:29Z

Alvarowik: Disambiguation

{{Infobox automobile
| name = McLaren Artura
| image = 2021 McLaren Artura (1).jpg
| manufacturer = [[McLaren Automotive]]
| designer = [[Robert Melville (car designer)|Robert Melville]]<ref name=press>{{cite press release| url=https://cars.mclaren.press/ww/releases/883| title=McLaren unveils all-new, next-generation High-Performance Hybrid supercar - the McLaren Artura| publisher=McLaren| date=17 February 2021| access-date=12 September 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218155438/https://cars.mclaren.press/ww/releases/883| archive-date=18 February 2021| url-status=live}}</ref>
| production = 2021 (to commence)
| assembly = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
| platform = MCLA (McLaren Carbon Lightweight Architecture)
| engine = {{cvt|2993|cc|L|1}} ''M630'' [[Twin-turbo|twin-turbocharged]] 120º [[V6 engine|V6]]
| motor = {{cvt|95|PS|kW|order=flip}} [[Axial flux motor|Axial Flux E-Motor]]
| transmission = 8-speed SSG-Seamless Shift Gearbox [[Dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch]] + E-Reverse gear
| battery = 7.4 kWh [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-ion]]
| drivetrain = [[PHEV]]
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2640|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{cvt|4539|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{cvt|1913|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{cvt|1193|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3075|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (dry) {{convert|3303|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (kerb)
| predecessor = [[McLaren 570S]]
| doors = [[Dihedral doors|Dihedral]]<ref name=press/>
| sp = uk
}}

The '''McLaren Artura''' is a hybrid [[sports car]] designed and manufactured by the British car manufacturer [[McLaren Automotive]], scheduled to enter production from 2021.

== Nomenclature ==
According to [[Shmee150]], the name Artura is a mix of the words 'art' and 'future'. In a video on YouTube, Shmee150 stated that McLaren are looking toward the next generation, replacing the outgoing ''Sport Series'' models, like the [[McLaren 570S]] and the [[McLaren 600LT]].<ref>{{Citation|title=New MCLAREN ARTURA! My First Look at the Latest Hybrid Supercar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47XYjqtzS58|language=en|access-date=2021-05-02}}</ref>

==Overview==
The name of the second hybrid McLaren and the first McLaren with a [[V6 engine]] was announced on 23 November 2020.

It inaugurates a new carbon fiber chassis called MCLA (McLaren Carbon Lightweight Architecture).<ref name="source"/>

<gallery widths="220px" heights="150px">
File:2021 McLaren Artura.jpg|McLaren Artura
</gallery>

==Specifications==
===Engine===
The Artura uses an all-new {{convert|2993|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on}} [[twin-turbo]]charged [[V6 engine]] paired with an [[electric motor]] to produce a combined output of {{convert|500|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 7,500 rpm and {{convert|720|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 2,250 rpm. On its own, the engine produces {{convert|430|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} and {{convert|584|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque. The all-aluminum engine has a bank angle of 120 degrees, a world first for a production V6 engine. This is to accommodate a hot-vee layout, where the two [[turbochargers]] are placed in the vee of the engine. Power is sent to the rear wheels through an all-new 8 speed [[Dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch transmission]]. Redline is at 8,500 rpm.<ref name="source3">{{cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a35522372/2022-mclaren-artura-revealed/ | title=671-HP McLaren Artura Plug-In Hybrid Breaks New Ground, Stays Light | publisher=Car and Driver| date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2021/02/this-plug-in-hybrid-is-mclarens-new-supercar-called-the-artura/|title=McLaren drops the V8, moves to V6 plug-in hybrid for its next supercar|publisher=Ars Technica|date=16 February 2021}}</ref>

===Electric motor===
The electric motor used in the Artura produces {{convert|95|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|225|Nm|ftlb|0|abbr=on}} of torque. The combined torque peak is less than the sum of both sides as the output is limited to "optimize powertrain drivability characteristics." The 7.4-kWh lithium-ion battery pack weighs {{convert|194|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} and is positioned under the rear of the passenger compartment. McLaren claims a 2.5-hour time for an 80 percent charge using an EVSE cable and a 19-mile electric range under European testing methodology. This motor replaces the reverse gear, similar to the [[Ferrari SF90 Stradale]]. The total mass of all electrical components is {{convert|287|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}, which means that the Artura has a kerb weight only {{convert|102|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} more than that of its predecessor, the [[McLaren 570S]]. <ref name="source3"/>
The Artura has a range of {{convert|19|miles|km|1|abbr=on}} on electric-only mode.<ref name="source">{{cite web|url=https://cars.mclaren.com/en/artura | title=McLaren Artura | publisher=McLaren| date=16 February 2021| author=McLaren}}</ref>

===Performance===
According to McLaren, the Artura can accelerate to {{convert|62|mph|km/h|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} in 2.9 seconds, to {{cvt|124|mph|kph|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in 8.3 seconds, can achieve a maximum speed of {{convert|205|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|0|order=flip}}, and has a {{convert|1/4|mi|m|0}} time of 10.7 seconds.<ref name="source2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2022-mclaren-artura-plug-in-hybrid-supercar/|title=The McLaren Artura plug-in hybrid is a 670-hp supercar superstar
|last=Ewing|first=Steven|date=2021-02-16|website=CNET|access-date=2021-02-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://cars.mclaren.com/en/artura Official website]

{{McLaren Automotive}}

[[Category:McLaren vehicles|Artura]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric cars]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2021]]

McLaren Artura

2021-09-13T03:15:46Z

Alvarowik: Add designer

{{Infobox automobile
| name = McLaren Artura
| image = 2021 McLaren Artura (1).jpg
| manufacturer = [[McLaren Automotive]]
| designer = [[Robert Melville]]<ref name=press>{{cite press release| url=https://cars.mclaren.press/ww/releases/883| title=McLaren unveils all-new, next-generation High-Performance Hybrid supercar - the McLaren Artura| publisher=McLaren| date=17 February 2021| access-date=12 September 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218155438/https://cars.mclaren.press/ww/releases/883| archive-date=18 February 2021| url-status=live}}</ref>
| production = 2021 (to commence)
| assembly = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
| platform = MCLA (McLaren Carbon Lightweight Architecture)
| engine = {{cvt|2993|cc|L|1}} ''M630'' [[Twin-turbo|twin-turbocharged]] 120º [[V6 engine|V6]]
| motor = {{cvt|95|PS|kW|order=flip}} [[Axial flux motor|Axial Flux E-Motor]]
| transmission = 8-speed SSG-Seamless Shift Gearbox [[Dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch]] + E-Reverse gear
| battery = 7.4 kWh [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-ion]]
| drivetrain = [[PHEV]]
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2640|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{cvt|4539|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{cvt|1913|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{cvt|1193|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3075|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (dry) {{convert|3303|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (kerb)
| predecessor = [[McLaren 570S]]
| doors = [[Dihedral doors|Dihedral]]<ref name=press/>
| sp = uk
}}

The '''McLaren Artura''' is a hybrid [[sports car]] designed and manufactured by the British car manufacturer [[McLaren Automotive]], scheduled to enter production from 2021.

== Nomenclature ==
According to [[Shmee150]], the name Artura is a mix of the words 'art' and 'future'. In a video on YouTube, Shmee150 stated that McLaren are looking toward the next generation, replacing the outgoing ''Sport Series'' models, like the [[McLaren 570S]] and the [[McLaren 600LT]].<ref>{{Citation|title=New MCLAREN ARTURA! My First Look at the Latest Hybrid Supercar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47XYjqtzS58|language=en|access-date=2021-05-02}}</ref>

==Overview==
The name of the second hybrid McLaren and the first McLaren with a [[V6 engine]] was announced on 23 November 2020.

It inaugurates a new carbon fiber chassis called MCLA (McLaren Carbon Lightweight Architecture).<ref name="source"/>

<gallery widths="220px" heights="150px">
File:2021 McLaren Artura.jpg|McLaren Artura
</gallery>

==Specifications==
===Engine===
The Artura uses an all-new {{convert|2993|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on}} [[twin-turbo]]charged [[V6 engine]] paired with an [[electric motor]] to produce a combined output of {{convert|500|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 7,500 rpm and {{convert|720|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 2,250 rpm. On its own, the engine produces {{convert|430|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} and {{convert|584|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque. The all-aluminum engine has a bank angle of 120 degrees, a world first for a production V6 engine. This is to accommodate a hot-vee layout, where the two [[turbochargers]] are placed in the vee of the engine. Power is sent to the rear wheels through an all-new 8 speed [[Dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch transmission]]. Redline is at 8,500 rpm.<ref name="source3">{{cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a35522372/2022-mclaren-artura-revealed/ | title=671-HP McLaren Artura Plug-In Hybrid Breaks New Ground, Stays Light | publisher=Car and Driver| date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2021/02/this-plug-in-hybrid-is-mclarens-new-supercar-called-the-artura/|title=McLaren drops the V8, moves to V6 plug-in hybrid for its next supercar|publisher=Ars Technica|date=16 February 2021}}</ref>

===Electric motor===
The electric motor used in the Artura produces {{convert|95|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|225|Nm|ftlb|0|abbr=on}} of torque. The combined torque peak is less than the sum of both sides as the output is limited to "optimize powertrain drivability characteristics." The 7.4-kWh lithium-ion battery pack weighs {{convert|194|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} and is positioned under the rear of the passenger compartment. McLaren claims a 2.5-hour time for an 80 percent charge using an EVSE cable and a 19-mile electric range under European testing methodology. This motor replaces the reverse gear, similar to the [[Ferrari SF90 Stradale]]. The total mass of all electrical components is {{convert|287|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}, which means that the Artura has a kerb weight only {{convert|102|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} more than that of its predecessor, the [[McLaren 570S]]. <ref name="source3"/>
The Artura has a range of {{convert|19|miles|km|1|abbr=on}} on electric-only mode.<ref name="source">{{cite web|url=https://cars.mclaren.com/en/artura | title=McLaren Artura | publisher=McLaren| date=16 February 2021| author=McLaren}}</ref>

===Performance===
According to McLaren, the Artura can accelerate to {{convert|62|mph|km/h|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} in 2.9 seconds, to {{cvt|124|mph|kph|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in 8.3 seconds, can achieve a maximum speed of {{convert|205|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|0|order=flip}}, and has a {{convert|1/4|mi|m|0}} time of 10.7 seconds.<ref name="source2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2022-mclaren-artura-plug-in-hybrid-supercar/|title=The McLaren Artura plug-in hybrid is a 670-hp supercar superstar
|last=Ewing|first=Steven|date=2021-02-16|website=CNET|access-date=2021-02-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://cars.mclaren.com/en/artura Official website]

{{McLaren Automotive}}

[[Category:McLaren vehicles|Artura]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric cars]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2021]]

McLaren 650S

2021-09-11T19:36:03Z

Alvarowik: Add citation

{{Short description|British sports car}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = McLaren 650S
| image = The frontview of McLaren 650S Coupé.JPG
| caption =
| manufacturer = [[McLaren Automotive]]
| aka =
| production = 2014–2017 525 675LT Coupe made 525 675LT Spider made
| assembly = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], England
| designer = [[Frank Stephenson]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]]) 
| body_style = {{ubl
|2-door [[coupé]]
|2-door [[convertible (car)|retractable hard-top convertible]] (Spider)
}}
| platform =
| related = [[McLaren 12C]] [[McLaren P1]]
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]]
| engine = 3.8 L [[twin-turbocharged]] [[McLaren M838T engine|''M838T'' V8]]
| transmission = 7-speed [[Dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|105.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| length = {{ubl
|{{convert|177.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (650S)
|{{convert|179|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (675 LT)
}}
| width = {{ubl
|{{convert|74.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (650S)
|{{convert|2093|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} (675 LT)
}}
| height = {{ubl
|{{convert|47.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (650S)
|{{convert|46.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (675 LT)
}}
| weight = {{ubl
|{{convert|3,148|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (650S coupé)<ref name="McLHP"/>
|{{convert|3,239|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (650S Spider)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pobst|first1=Randy|title=Motortrend 2015 650S Spyder First Test|url=http://www.motortrend.com/news/2015-mclaren-650s-spider-first-test/|website=MotorTrend}}</ref>
|{{convert|2993|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (675 LT coupé)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seabaugh|first1=Christian|title=2016 McLaren 675LT First Test Review|url=http://www.motortrend.com/cars/mclaren/675lt/2016/2016-mclaren-675lt-first-test-review/|website=MotorTrend}}</ref>
}}
| sp = uk
| predecessor = [[McLaren 12C]]
| successor = [[McLaren 720S]]
| doors = [[Butterfly doors|Dihedral]]
}}

The '''McLaren 650S''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[sports car]] designed and manufactured by British automobile manufacturer [[McLaren Automotive]]. It was announced in February 2014 as a new model, but based on the existing [[McLaren MP4-12C|MP4-12C]] with 25% new parts,<ref>{{cite web|title=McLaren 650S (2014) first official pictures|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/McLaren-650S-2014-first-official-pictures/|work=Car|date=17 February 2014|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> and was formally unveiled at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2014|2014 Geneva Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite web|title=McLaren reveals new 650S supercar|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/driveon/2014/02/17/mclaren-650s-supercar/5555303/|work=USA Today|date=17 February 2014|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

The 650S shares the MP4-12C's [[carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer]] chassis, and is powered by the same 3.8-litre [[twin-turbocharged]] [[McLaren M838T engine|McLaren M838T V8 engine]], but is now rated at {{convert|650|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|500|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque.<ref>{{cite web|title=McLaren reveals details of 650S|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/car-manufacturers/mclaren/10643807/McLaren-reveals-details-of-650S.html|work=Daily Telegraph|access-date=19 February 2014|date=17 February 2014}}</ref> Power is transmitted to the wheels through a seven-speed [[dual-clutch]] gearbox.<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 McLaren 650S Performance and Styling|url=http://2015carreviews.com/2015-mclaren-650s-specs-styling-review/|publisher=2015CarReviews.com|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223225158/http://2015carreviews.com/2015-mclaren-650s-specs-styling-review/|archive-date=23 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Specifications and performance==
[[File:McLaren 650S - tył (MSP15).JPG|alt=|thumb|Rear view]]
The 650S is an evolution of the preceding 12C and uses the findings gained from the [[McLaren P1|P1]] in order to make the car more responsive and focused. It was initially designed to be offered alongside the 12C but the declining sales of the 12C prompted McLaren to market the 650S as its replacement.<ref name="TG1">{{cite web|url=https://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/mclaren/650s|title=The Top Gear car review: McLaren 650S|work=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> The '''650''' in the car's name refers to the engine's power output in ''[[Pferdestärke]]'', the European standard for horsepower while the '''S''' stands for Sport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.drive.com.au/news/mclaren-650s-new-luxury-sports-car-teased-ahead-of-geneva/|title=McLaren 650S new luxury sports car teased ahead of Geneva|publisher=Drive|location=Australia|first=Matt|last=Campbell|date=February 18, 2014|access-date=September 11, 2021}}</ref> Most of the components are carried over from the 12C which includes the carbon-fibre monocoque chassis which has aluminium subframes front and aft. The monocoque weighs {{cvt|165|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} and is manufactured by Carbo Tech, an aerospace contractor based in Austria. With an aim of building 4,000 cars per year, McLaren deemed the traditional pre-impregnation method used to mould parts too labour-intensive and instead used an alternative method which involves a resin transfer moulding process.

The process involves a mould whose tooling involves internal, removable mandrels for the hollow sections which allows the tub to be built in one piece. The pre-cut sheets of carbon fibre are placed in the tooling of the mould and aluminium components are also positioned to be bolted onto the monocoque later. To avoid the galvanic corrosion between aluminium and carbon, the aluminium components of the chassis are primed before assembly. The wide and deep hollow box sections on each side of the carbon fibre tub are designed for easy entry and exit from the car.

The powertrain of the 650S is largely carried over from the 12C but involves new pistons, better-flowing cylinder heads, new exhaust valves, and recalibrated camshaft timing. A new exhaust system also reduces weight while being more responsive. The red-line of the engine was increased to 8,500 rpm.

The engine is mated to the same 7-speed dual clutch transmission as in the 12C but it has been recalibrated for faster shift times. The 650S comes with new aluminium forged wheels wrapped in Pirelli P Zero Corsa tyres having wider contact patch than the previous versions for improved grip. In order to improve ride quality, McLaren used ProActive Chassis Control (PCC) which is a derivative of McLaren's F1 active suspension system. The system consists of dampers on either sides of the car which are hydraulically linked which allows the car to resist roll. The dampers have been divided into sections for rebound and compression. The front damper's compression is linked to the rear damper's rebound. The pressure is gathered in an accumulator which is controlled using gas pressure, by adjusting the pressure in each accumulator, the stiffness of the suspension is adjusted for different driving conditions.

A new front splitter and redesigned wing blades increase downforce by 24% over the 12C while the new tyres contribute to improved handling. The new rear diffuser is based on the bumper/diffuser concept and is carried over from the 12C GT3 race car. The air brake which is carried over from the 12C is now controlled by an onboard computer which uses the data gathered from accelerometers in the car in order to counteract lift. The 650S also makes use of a Drag Reduction System (DRS) for reducing drag and to improve the car's aerodynamics. Like the 12C, the 650S comes standard with a carbon ceramic braking system manufactured by Akebono but the problems related to braking response in the 12C were addressed and improvements were made.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.motortrend.com/cars/mclaren/650s/2015/2015-mclaren-650s-first-drive/|title=2015 McLaren 650S First Drive|first=Michael|last=Febbo|date=2 April 2014|publisher=[[Motor Trend]]|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

The 650S featured a revised front end, resembling the flagship P1 in order to update the styling of the car and to give it a more aggressive appearance than its predecessor. The design language defined the design ethos of future McLaren sports cars.<ref name="TG1"/>

The interior includes Alcantara as the standard upholstery material and the infotainment system is based on the same unit used in the P1. Optional carbon fibre sports seats reduce the weight of the car by 15 kg. The interior focus on a symmetrical design language which McLaren claims reduces the shift time required by the owner to learn about the car's functions. The portrait infotainment screen is improved over the 12C and the sat nav system is now easily accessible.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/mclaren/650s|first=Matt|last=Burt|title=McLaren 650S review|publisher=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

The 650S has a claimed top speed of {{convert|207|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}, and can accelerate from {{convert|0|-|62|mph|order=flip|abbr=on}} in 3.0 seconds and from {{convert|0|-|124|mph|order=flip|abbr=on}} in 8.4 seconds.<ref name="McLHP">{{cite web|title=McLaren 650S Coupé Specification|url=http://cars.mclaren.com/superseries/650s/specification|website=mclaren.com}}</ref>
{{clear left}}

==Variants==
===650S Spider (2014–2016)===
[[File:McLaren 650S - Dunsfold 2015 (20495591963).jpg|left|thumb|McLaren 650S Spider (with roof closed)]]
First announced in February 2014, the '''650S Spider''' is a convertible version of the 650S. It weighs {{convert|40|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} more than the coupe, but it offers nearly identical performance. The Spider has the same structural stiffness as the coupé primarily because the carbon monocell chassis was designed without a roof.<ref name="TG1"/> the Spider features a three-piece retractable hard-top carbon fibre roof which takes 17 seconds for operation.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/27/mclaren-650s-spider-car-review-martin-love|title=McLaren 650S Spider: car review|date=27 November 2016|first=Martin|last=Love|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

It can accelerate from 0 to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} in 3 seconds and has a top speed of {{convert|204|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 McLaren 650S Spider |url=http://www.topspeed.com/cars/mclaren/2015-mclaren-650s-spider-ar162444.html|website=Top Speed|access-date=17 February 2015|date=4 February 2014}}</ref> Up to 25 percent of the parts are new compared to the [[McLaren 12C#Spider|12C Spider]].

===MSO 650S (2014–2017)===
An MSO (McLaren Special Operations) version of the 650S is offered in a limited production run of 50 vehicles. Introduced in 2014, the car was offered in three matte carbon, exclusive MSO colours, Papaya Spark, Agrigan Black and Sarigan Quartz. It features unique and lightweight alloy wheels. These are {{convert|4|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} lighter than the standard alloys, helped by the fact that titanium wheel bolts are used. The interior is upholstered in Alcantara and contains a specialised plaque which has the car's designer Frank Stephenson's branded sketch and an MSO branded leather holdall.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercar/it%E2%80%99s-mclaren-mso-650s|title=It’s the McLaren MSO 650S!|date=25 June 2014|first=Piers|last=Ward|publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

===625C (2015–2016)===
In September 2014, McLaren launched an additional model to the range, the '''625C''', available in both coupé and roadster bodystyles and aimed at specific markets in the South Asia Pacific region. As with the 650S, the '''625''' in the model's name refers to the engine's power output in PS while the '''C''' refers to Club which hints at the less extreme nature of the car.<ref>{{cite web|title=New McLaren 625C revealed|url=http://www.autocarindia.com/auto-news/new-mclaren-625c-revealed-390763.aspx|website=Autocar India|date=30 September 2014|access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.evo.co.uk/mclaren/650s/14455/mclaren-previews-asia-only-625c|title=McLaren previews Asia-only 625C|first=Anthony|last=Ingram|publisher=[[Evo (magazine)|Evo]]|access-date=27 April 2019|date=24 September 2014}}</ref>

Powered by the same 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine, but with a reduced power output of {{convert|625|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. The 625C is fitted with new dampers and a revised suspension setup, including softer spring rates. Braking is by cast-iron discs instead of the carbon fibre-ceramic units fitted to the 650S. Top speed remains the same as the 650S but acceleration from {{convert|0|-|62|mph|order=flip|abbr=on}} is slightly slower at 3.1 seconds (when equipped with optional Pirelli P Zero Corsa tyres).<ref>{{cite web|title=McLaren reveals softened 625C for Asian market|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mclaren/88739/mclaren-reveals-softened-625c-for-asian-market|website=Auto Express|date=26 September 2014|access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref>
[[File:McLaren 650S Le Mans.jpg|left|thumb|650S Le Mans]]

===650S Le Mans (2015–2016)===
The McLaren 650S Le Mans was revealed in early 2015 to commemorate McLaren's inaugural win at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1995. This edition marks McLaren's 20th anniversary since this important win - it was also their first entry ever at Le Mans where five McLaren F1 GTRs finished 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 13th.

Developed by McLaren Special Operations, the McLaren 650S Le Mans is limited to 50 units all in coupé variants. It is inspired by the No.59 McLaren F1 GTR that won the 1995 Le Mans. Hence the 650S Le Mans is finished in a metallic Sarthe Grey exterior colour and fitted with ‘Le Mans Edition’ lightweight wheels. Other distinct features from the entry 650S model include a functional roof-mounted engine induction ‘snorkel’ and subtle louvres on the front wings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official: 2015 McLaren 650S Le Mans by MSO|url=http://www.gtspirit.com/2015/01/21/official-2015-mclaren-650s-le-mans-by-mso|website=GTspirit.com|access-date=21 January 2015|date=21 January 2014}}</ref>
[[File:McLaren 650S Can Am.jpg|thumb|650S Can-Am]]

===650S Can-Am (2015–2016)===
The Can-Am is a limited edition of the 650S Spider developed by McLaren Special Operations and features cosmetic upgrades over the standard model. It was introduced as a celebration of the 50 years of the first Can-Am race. Differences from the standard 650S Spider include a carbon-fibre hood, roof, airbrake, door blades and front splitter. The car comes with forged alloy wheels with titanium wheel nuts in the style of the Can-Am race cars of the 1960s wrapped in Pirelli P Zero Corsa tyres. The car featured a slightly designed rear end featuring quad exhaust tips while the front has additional brake cooling gills on the front fenders. The launch car was finished in Mars Red harking back to Bruce McLaren's M1B race car. Other colours included racing orange and onyx black and were available in customisable race liveries. Production was limited to 50 units only.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/news/a26981/mclaren-650s-can-am-is-an-expensive-walk-down-memory-lane/|title=McLaren 650S Can-Am Is an Expensive Walk Down Memory Lane|date=9 October 2015|first=Kristen|last=Lee|publisher=[[Road & Track]]|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/british/mclaren-goes-retro-ps255000-can-am-special-edition-650s|title=McLaren goes retro with £255,000 'Can-Am' special edition 650S|date=9 October 2015|first=Ollie|last=Kew|publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==675LT==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width = 200
|image1= FoS20162016 0625 104524AA (27867780366).jpg
|image2= McLaren 675 LT 3.8 '16 (17159466960).jpg
|footer= McLaren 675LT
}}

The '''McLaren 675LT''' is a lightweight, track-focused evolution of the McLaren 650S.<ref name="topgear 675LT">{{cite news |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/mclaren-675-longtail-geneva-motor-show-2015-02-25 |title=First pics of the new McLaren 675LT |first = Vijay | last = Pattni | website=topgear.com/uk |publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]] |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> It was announced in February 2015 and introduced at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2015|2015 Geneva Motor Show]].<ref name="topgear 675LT"/> McLaren only made 500 675LT Coupe (without counting the special editions such as the MSO HS).<ref>{{Cite web|title=McLaren 675LT is already sold out|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2015/05/08/mclaren-675lt-sold-out-confirmed/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Autoblog|language=en}}</ref>

===Chassis===
As with the 650S, the 675LT makes use of single-piece carbon fibre monocell weighing {{convert|75|kg|0|abbr=on}}, and carbon fibre use in the vehicle is increased in order to further minimise weight and increase rigidity.
The 675LT is supplied with new carbon ceramic brake discs to increase braking performance over the 650S. Disc sizes are 394 mm at the front and 380 mm at the rear. Six-piston calipers grip the front discs with four-piston caliper used for the rears. Braking performance is also aided by the air brake ability of the new rear wing.<ref name="Performance"/>

The 675LT makes use of a new 10-spoke wheel design, each weighing 800 g less than the alloy wheels on the McLaren P1, supplied in a 19-inch front and 20-inch rear fitment.<ref name="Performance"/>

The new wheels are shod in [[Pirelli]] P-Zero Trofeo R track-focused, street-legal tyres which increase grip by up to 6% over the P-Zero Corsa sold with the 650S.<ref name="Performance"/>

===Body and cabin===
[[File:McLaren 675LT One of 500 1X7A7887.jpg|thumb|left|Interior]]

The length of the 675LT is {{cvt|1.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} more than the 650S. The 675LT utilises a new rear wing/air brake assembly 50% larger than that used in the 650S, along with a new carbon fibre diffuser and an 80% larger front splitter with sizeable endplates that together increase total downforce by 40%.<ref name="Design"/>

New carbon fibre pieces include both the front and rear bumpers as well as front undertray, rear fenders, side intakes and decklid that contribute to the significant weight savings over the 650S.<ref name="Design">{{cite web |title=McLaren Automotive - McLaren 675LT - Design |url=http://cars.mclaren.com/home/models_link/mclaren-675lt/DESIGN.html |website=cars.mclaren.com |publisher=McLaren |access-date=4 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506071657/http://cars.mclaren.com/home/models_link/mclaren-675lt/DESIGN.html |archive-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alcantara is used throughout the interior where carpeting is removed and removal of the air conditioning unit and new carbon fibre race seats together save {{convert|26.5|kg|0|abbr=on}} although an adjustable passenger seat and air-conditioning are included as no-cost options. Other differences from the 650S' interior include the integration of climate controls into the centre console mounted touch screen. 1 millimetre thinner window glass further reduces weight by {{convert|3|kg|0|abbr=on}}. New 10-spoke forged aluminium wheels with titanium wheel nuts reduce weight by {{cvt|1.8|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}. This extreme focus in weight saving results in a dry weight of {{convert|1230|kg|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|100|kg|0|abbr=on}} less than the 650S.<ref name="Design"/><ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a15107128/2016-mclaren-675lt-first-drive-review/|title=2016 McLaren 675LT|date=21 July 2015|first=Mike|last=Duff|publisher=[[Car and Driver]]|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

===Drivetrain===
{{Main|McLaren M838T engine}}
The car is powered by a variation of the [[McLaren M838T engine|M838T]] {{cvt|3799|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip}} [[twin-turbocharged]] V8 engine rated at {{convert|675|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 7,100 rpm and {{convert|700|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 5,500 rpm. This is achieved through the addition of new lightweight connecting rods, a bespoke camshaft, an electronic recirculation valve and a lightweight titanium exhaust featuring dual circular outlets. Also used in the engine are revised turbocharger compressor wheels and an optimised [[fuel pump]].<ref name="Performance">{{cite web|title=McLaren Automotive - McLaren 675LT - Performance|url=http://cars.mclaren.com/home/models_link/mclaren-675lt/PERFORMANCE.html|website=mclaren.com|publisher=McLaren|access-date=4 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306201644/http://cars.mclaren.com/home/models_link/mclaren-675lt/PERFORMANCE.html|archive-date=6 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 675LT uses the 7-speed automatic [[dual-clutch gearbox]] used in the 650S, with improved software reducing the shift time.<ref name="Performance" />

===Performance===

The 675LT can accelerate from 0–{{convert|100|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} in 2.9 seconds, 0.1 seconds faster than the 650S. 0–{{convert|200|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} in 7.9 seconds, 0–{{convert|300|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} in 25.9 seconds, 0–{{convert|200|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in 31.2 seconds, and do the {{convert|1/4|mi|m|0}} sprint in 10.3 seconds at {{convert|141.1|mi/h|km/h|1|abbr=on|order=flip}},<ref>Road & Track 15 March 2016 test [http://www.germancarforum.com/attachments/761b0ef99767f5a96caee7123bc7e5fb-jpg.376755/] [http://www.germancarforum.com/attachments/90d8c4c126bcbfd39a0a847d54c9ad37-jpg.376756/]</ref> continuing on to a claimed top speed of {{convert|330|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Specification">{{cite web|title=McLaren Automotive - McLaren 675LT - Specification|url=http://cars.mclaren.com/home/models_link/mclaren-675lt/SPECIFICATION.html|website=mclaren.com|publisher=McLaren|access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref>

===Nomenclature===
The '''675''' in the 675LT model name refers to the power output of {{convert|675|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}}, following the naming scheme started by the 650S. The '''LT''' in the model name is a reference to the "Long Tail" 1997 [[McLaren F1#F1 GT|McLaren F1 GT]] which was the final incarnation of the F1 road car built to comply with FIA homologation regulations for the 1997 [[McLaren F1 GTR|F1 GTR]]. The F1 GT featured extended front and rear overhangs that produced similar downforce to the previous homologation special, the [[McLaren F1 LM|F1 LM]], without the use of a drag-inducing fixed rear wing.

===675LT Spider (2016–2017)===
[[File:2016-03-01 Geneva Motor Show 0956.JPG|thumb|675LT Spider at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2016|2016 Geneva Motor Show]].|alt=]]

A convertible variant of the 675LT was revealed online in December 2015. It shares the same {{convert|675|PS|kW bhp|abbr=on|0}}, 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine as the coupé, but has a folding hardtop roof as seen on the 650S Spider taking 16 seconds for operation. The 675LT Spider can accelerate from 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 2.9 seconds and 0–200 km/h (0-124 mph) in 8.1 seconds. The top speed is reduced slightly, to {{convert|327|kph|mph|abbr=on|0}}.<ref>{{cite web| first = Brett | last = Hansen|title=Official: 2016 McLaren 675LT Spider|url=http://gtspirit.com/2015/12/04/official-2016-mclaren-675lt-spider/|website=gtspirit.com|publisher=GTspirit.com|access-date=5 December 2015|date=4 December 2015}}</ref> McLaren only built 500 675LT Spider (without counting special editions such as the Carbon Series).<ref>{{Cite web|title=McLaren 675LT Spider roofless up top, party in the back|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2015/12/03/mclaren-675lt-spider-official/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Autoblog|language=en}}</ref>

===675LT Spider Carbon Series===
In June 2016, McLaren publicly released the 675LT Spider Carbon Series. The cars are based on the 675LT Spider and have the same engine and performance. An extra 40 percent of the body panels are carbon fiber such as the retractable roof and tonneau, A-pillars, bonnet and rear deck, side blades, complete front and rear wings, and even fuel filler flap. Only 25 Carbon Series have been built bringing the total number of 675LTs Spider to 525.<ref>{{Cite web|title=McLaren 675LT Spider Carbon Series stuns in naked carbon fiber|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2016/06/07/mclaren-675lt-spider-carbon-series/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Autoblog|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:2016 Mclaren MSO HS.jpg|thumb|MSO HS at the 2017 City Concours at the Honourable Artillery Company]]

===MSO HS (2016–2017)===
The McLaren MSO HS is a limited version of the outgoing 650S model and is based on the 675LT variant, inspired by the [[McLaren P1 GTR]]. It was introduced online in late 2015 and publicly in August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The McLaren MSO HS is a full-custom, 679-hp menace inspired by the P1 GTR|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2016/08/18/mclaren-mso-hs-details/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Autoblog|language=en}}</ref> The car is lighter and more powerful than the 675LT, the upgraded engine now rated at {{cvt|688|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|516|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 7,000 rpm. The car is approximately {{cvt|19|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} lighter than the 675LT thanks to the use of Alcantara interior upholstery and carbon fibre racing seats with racing harnesses similar to those found in the P1 GTR, although, a Nappa leather interior upholstery is optional. Exterior changes include a new bumper with front splitters, roof mounted air scoop, full length side skirts and an adjustable fixed rear wing, inspired by the P1 GTR. The wing can be adjusted electronically via the settings programmed in the car's computer. Overall exterior modifications of the car help generate {{cvt|220|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} of downforce at {{cvt|150|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}. Only 25 were made with each car fully customisable by the customer, bringing the total number of 675LTs to 525. Performance figures of the car remain unknown but the car is likely to have improvements in acceleration, handling and top speed.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sheehan|first1=Sam|title=McLaren MSO HS full tech specs and pictures officially revealed|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mclaren-mso-hs-full-tech-specs-and-pictures-officially-revealed|website=autocar.co.uk}}</ref>

=== MSO R ===

In October 2017, McLaren announced the one-offs MSO R Coupe and MSO R Spider both ordered by the same customer. The cars use the same engine as the MSO HS. One way to differentiate the MSO HS from the MSO R is with the rear wing which has 2 levels on the MSO R. Both cars are silver but the coupe has a matte finish. The cars have been seen wearing German license plates with the coupe's reading "M RR 688" and the spider's reading "M SR 688".<ref>{{Cite web|title=McLaren MSO R Coupe and Spider are one customer's perfect supercar twins|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2017/10/12/mclaren-mso-r-coupe-spider-one-customer-supercar-twins/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Autoblog|language=en}}</ref>{{clear}}

==Motorsports==
===GT3===
[[File:BGT-31.05.15 0688.jpg|left|thumb|McLaren 650S GT3 at Silverstone National Circuit]]
[[File:No 59 Tekno Autosport McLaren 650S GT3.jpg|right|thumb|The winning McLaren 650S GT3 at the [[2016 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour]]]]

In June 2014, McLaren announced that they would produce a [[Group GT3|GT3]] version of the 650S, either as a new car or as an upgrade for the existing [[McLaren MP4-12C#GT3|12C GT3]] – which will contest GT3 championships from 2015 onwards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.mclarenautomotive.com/release/263/ |title=McLaren 650S GT3 Announcement website |publisher=Mclarengt.com |access-date=4 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706233235/http://media.mclarenautomotive.com/release/263 |archive-date=6 July 2014 }}</ref>

Changes to the car from the road car includes a new 6-speed sequential motorsport gearbox; 380 mm ventilated brake discs with six-piston calipers at the front and four-piston units at the rear; a 52 mm wider track; revised suspension geometry and upgraded components. It is distinguished from the road car by larger air intakes and front splitter, and carbon fibre air intakes and a new rear wing.

The 3.8-litre McLaren twin-turbocharged V8 engine, also used in the 12C-GT3, produces {{convert|500|PS|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, and includes a new ECU to improve turbo boost and gearshifts. The power output is lower than the road going 650S's due to [[Homologation (motorsport)|homologation]].

[[Andrew Kirkaldy (racing driver)|Andrew Kirkaldy]], whose [[CRS Racing]] team developed the GT3 version of the [[McLaren MP4-12C|MP4-12C]], said that they were aiming to develop a version that conforms to the [[LM GTE]] regulations at the 2016 [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], but the plan never worked and didn't appear at the endurance race event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/114736 |title=McLaren closing on return to the Le Mans 24 Hours with 650S GT car |last1=Watkins |first1=Gary |date=1 July 2014 |website=[[autosport.com]] |access-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>

The 650S achieved its biggest success when it won the [[2016 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour]] race in Australia at the hands of [[Álvaro Parente]], [[Shane van Gisbergen]] and [[Jonathon Webb]]. Van Gisbergen set a new outright lap record with a time of 2:01.567 on 7 February 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.speedcafe.com/2016/02/07/svg-leads-mclaren-to-bathurst-12-hour-victory/ | title=SVG leads McLaren to Bathurst 12 Hour victory | work=Speedcafe | date=7 February 2016 | access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category multiple|McLaren 650S|McLaren 675LT}}
* [http://cars.mclaren.com/ McLaren Automotive official website]

{{McLaren Automotive}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McLaren 650S}}
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2014]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Hardtop convertibles]]
[[Category:McLaren vehicles|650S]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]

Ken Okuyama

2020-11-08T06:56:50Z

Alvarowik: Citation needed

{{Infobox person
| name = Ken Okuyama {{nihongo2|奥山清行}}
| image = Ken Okuyama at TEDxTokyo 2010.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Okuyama speaking at TEDxTokyo 2010
| birth_name = {{nihongo|奥山清行|Okuyama Kiyoyuki}}
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1959}}
| birth_place = [[Yamagata, Yamagata|Yamagata, Japan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nationality = Japanese
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Art Center College of Design]]
| occupation = Industrial designer
| years_active =
| organization = Ken Okuyama Design
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| partner = 
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|http://www.kenokuyama.jp}}
}}

'''Ken Okuyama''' (born 1959) is a Japanese industrial designer. He is the owner of the '''Ken Okuyama Design''' company. Okuyama formerly worked for [[Pininfarina]], designing and supervising projects such as the [[Enzo Ferrari (automobile)|Enzo Ferrari]] and [[Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina|Ferrari P4/5]].<ref name="Philips">{{cite web|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/About/article-14699.html |title=Ken Okuyama, creative director, Pininfarina S.p.A. |publisher=[[Philips]] |access-date=2007-01-14 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20061209161626/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/About/article-14699.html |archivedate=2006-12-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Pin P4/5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/ultimi/p4_5 |title=Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina: A Dream Come True |access-date=2007-01-14 |publisher=[[Pininfarina]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114202434/http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/ultimi/p4_5 |archivedate=2006-11-14 }}</ref> His given name is {{Nihongo|Kiyoyuki Okuyama|奥山清行|Okuyama Kiyoyuki}} but goes by {{Nihongo|Ken Okuyama|ケン・オクヤマ}} outside Japan. He was born in the city of [[Yamagata, Yamagata|Yamagata]], Japan, lives in Tokyo, and speaks Japanese, Italian, and English fluently.<ref name="Philips" />

==Career==
Okuyama graduated in 1986 from the [[Art Center College of Design]] in [[Pasadena, California]].<ref name="Philips" /> For the next three years he was a visiting professor at [[Tohoku University of Art and Design]]. In 1991, he returned to teach part-time at the Art Center College of Design. Between 2000 and 2004, he was Chair of the Transportation Design Department at the college, but in 2004 he was offered a job at Pininfarina.<ref name="Design Taxi">{{cite web|url=http://www.designtaxi.com/news.jsp?id=171&monthview=1&month=2&year=2004 |title=Ken Okuyama returns to Pininfarina as Creative Director |access-date=2006-01-14 |publisher=[[TAXI (website)|DesignTAXI]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222125959/http://www.designtaxi.com/news.jsp?id=171&monthview=1&month=2&year=2004 |archivedate=2006-02-22 }}</ref>

Okuyama worked for [[General Motors]] and [[Porsche]], helping design the new generation of the [[Porsche 911]] (aka 996) as well as the Boxster.<ref name="Philips" /> Before moving to Pininfarina, he worked for General Motors in the Advanced Concepts Center in California.<ref name="Philips" />

On 10 May 2004, Ken Okuyama began work as Creative Director at Pininfarina.<ref name="Design Taxi" /> He had been working with Pininfarina before, supervising the design of the [[Enzo Ferrari (automobile)|Enzo Ferrari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.car.co.nz/performance.asp?articleid=4364 |title=Ferrari Enzo |access-date=2007-01-14 |publisher=Car.co.nz |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821080931/http://www.car.co.nz/performance.asp?articleid=4364 |archivedate=2006-08-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As Creative Director Ken oversaw projects including the [[Ferrari 599|Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano]], [[Ferrari 456|Ferrari 456M GT]], [[Ferrari California]], [[Ferrari 612 Scaglietti]], [[Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)]], Ferrari Rossa (Concept car), [[Mitsubishi Colt|Mitsubishi Colt CZC]], [[Maserati Birdcage 75th]], [[Maserati Quattroporte V]] and [[Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina|Ferrari P4/5]].<ref name="Pin P4/5" /><ref name="Pin Colt">{{cite web|url=http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/ultimi/coltCZC.html |title=Mitsubishi Colt CZC, Dynamic and Functional |access-date=2007-01-14 |publisher=[[Pininfarina]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111065822/http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/ultimi/coltCZC.html |archivedate=2007-01-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Pin 599">{{cite web|url=http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/ultimi/ferrari599.html |title=Ferrari and Pininfarina: The Story Continues |publisher=[[Pininfarina]] |access-date=2007-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114160819/http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/ultimi/ferrari599.html |archivedate=2007-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/whats_new/display/store4/item49796/ |title=Ken Okuyama parts company with Pininfarina |publisher=Car Design News |access-date=2007-01-14 |date=2006-09-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120722155436/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/whats_new/display/store4/item49796/ |archivedate=2012-07-22 }}</ref>

In 2006, Okuyama left Pininfarina and set up his own design firm, Newton Design Lab. In late 2007, Okuyama launched the ''Ken Okuyama Eyes collection'', an eyewear collection manufactured in Japan.

In 2008, Ken Okuyama presented his first concept car under his own name, the K.O. 7 Spider, a [[carbon fiber reinforced polymer]] and unpainted [[aluminium]] two-seater. The K.O. 7 was unveiled at the [[Geneva Motor Show]] in March 2008. Ken Okuyama has cooperated with the luxury watch producer [[TAG Heuer]], having fitted the TAG Heuer Grand Carrera at the dashboard of the car. The interior of the concept car was inspired by the design of the TAG Heuer watch.

In 2008, Ken Okuyama's design studio produced the first 20 models of the K.O. 7 Spider, already pre-sold to an "inner circle" of the designer's fans. It was followed by the production of 99 cars in 2009 and 99 more in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://watches.infoniac.com/tag-heuer-grand-carrera-car-designers-muse.html |title=Ken Okuyama's K.O. 7 Spider and TAG Heuer |publisher=Watches.infoniac.com |date=2008-04-11 |access-date=2012-04-24}}</ref>

In 2016, Ken Okuyama revealed the Kode 57.<ref>http://www.kenokuyamadesign.com/kode57/</ref> This will be an additional member to the limited-edition family, as only five units will be produced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.4wheelsnews.com/auto/kode-57-roadster-35970.html|title=Ken Okuyama creates another masterpiece – Meet the Kode 57 Roadster!|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref> Forbes Magazine stated "Enzo Ferrari Designer Stuns Monterey With Breathtaking Kode 57 Supercar".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterlyon/2016/08/19/enzo-ferrari-designer-woos-monterey-with-breathtaking-kode-57-supercar/#3c8d9996189d|title=Enzo Ferrari Designer Stuns Monterey With Breathtaking Kode 57 Supercar|last=Lyon|first=Peter|access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref>

==Projects==
===Railway vehicles===
* JR East [[E6 Series Shinkansen]], introduced in March 2013<ref name="47news20100202">{{cite web|url=http://www.47news.jp/CN/201002/CN2010020201000681.html |script-title=ja:「こまち」の新型車両発表　１３年に秋田新幹線に導入 |trans-title=New ''Komachi'' trains unveiled - To be introduced on Akita Shinkansen in 2013 |date=2 February 2010 |work=47 News |publisher=Press Net Japan Co., Ltd. |location=Japan |language=Japanese |access-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319062000/http://www.47news.jp/CN/201002/CN2010020201000681.html |archivedate=19 March 2013 }}</ref>
* JR East [[E7 Series Shinkansen]], introduced in March 2014<ref name="chunichi20120905">{{cite web |url= http://www.chunichi.co.jp/hokuriku/article/news/CK2012090502000199.html|archive-url= https://archive.is/20120909130615/http://www.chunichi.co.jp/hokuriku/article/news/CK2012090502000199.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 9 September 2012|script-title=ja:北陸路走る　伝統と未来　新幹線デザイン決定|trans-title=Hokuriku Shinkansen design announced - tradition and future|date= 5 September 2012 |work= Chunichi Web|publisher= The Chunichi Shimbun|location= Japan|language= Japanese|access-date= 18 September 2012}}</ref>
* Rebuilt [[KiHa 141 series]] coaches for the JR East ''[[SL Ginga]]'' [[excursion train]], introduced on the [[Kamaishi Line]] in April 2014<ref name="jreast20131106">{{cite web |url= http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2013/20131103.pdf|script-title=ja:東北で復活するＳＬによる新しい列車「ＳＬ銀河」 |trans-title=New "SL Ginga" train using erstored steam locomotive in Tohoku|date= 6 November 2013|work= News release|publisher= East Japan Railway Company|location= Japan|language= Japanese|format= pdf|access-date= 6 November 2013}}</ref>
* Revised colour scheme for JR East [[E3 Series Shinkansen]] fleet used on ''[[Tsubasa (train)|Tsubasa]]'' services from April 2014<ref name="jreast20140304">{{cite web |url= http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2013/20140303.pdf|script-title=ja:山形新幹線に新たな魅力が誕生します！|trans-title=A new allure born on the Yamagata Shinkansen|date= 4 March 2014|work= News release|publisher= East Japan Railway Company|location= Japan|format=pdf|language= Japanese|access-date= 4 March 2014}}</ref>
* JR East [[E3 Series Shinkansen|E3 series]] ''Toreiyu'' excursion train, entering service on the [[Yamagata Shinkansen]] from July 2014<ref name="jreast20140304" />
* [[E235 series]] commuter trains for the [[Yamanote Line]] in Tokyo, scheduled to be introduced from autumn 2015<ref name="kenokuyamadesign20140703">{{cite web | url=http://www.kenokuyamadesign.com/main/?page_id=1414 | title=news 2014.07.03 | publisher=Ken Okuyama Design | date=3 July 2014 | location=Japan|language=Japanese| access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref>
* JR East [[E353 series]] ''Super Azusa'' trains entering service in 2015<ref name="hachioji20140204">{{cite web | url=http://hachioji.keizai.biz/headline/1557/ | title=中央線新型特急「E353系」量産先行車新造へ－2015年夏以降に完成 |trans-title=Pre-production E353 series limited express to be built for Chuo Line | publisher=Factory ZIAS G.K. | work=Hachioji Keizai Shimbun | date=4 February 2014 | location=Japan|language=Japanese| access-date=4 February 2014}}</ref>
* [[HB-E300 series]] 4-car hybrid DMU set for use on ''[[Resort Shirakami|Resort Shirakami - Buna]]'' services in the north of Japan from July 2016<ref name="tetsudo20150514">{{cite web |url= http://www.tetsudo.com/news/1326/|script-title=ja: リゾートしらかみにHB-E300系を追加投入|trans-title=Additional HB-E300 series to be introduced on Resort Shirakami|date= 14 May 2015|work= Tetsudo.com|publisher= Asahi Interactive, Inc.|location= Japan|language= Japanese|access-date= 14 May 2015}}</ref>
* JR East [[E001 series]] ''Train Suite Shiki-shima'' luxury cruise train, scheduled to enter service in May 2017<ref name="jreast20141007">{{cite web |url= http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2014/20141005.pdf |script-title=ja:クルーズトレインの列車名について |trans-title=Cruise train name details |date= 7 October 2014 |work= News release|publisher= East Japan Railway Company|location= Japan|language= Japanese|access-date= 8 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[Tobu 500 series]] limited express trains entering service in spring 2017<ref name="response20150422">{{cite web |url= http://response.jp/article/2015/04/22/249586.html |script-title=ja: 東武鉄道、新型特急「500系」2017年春導入へ…分割・併合運転に対応 |trans-title=Tobu Railway to introduce new 500 series limited express trains in spring 2017 - To allow coupling/splitting en route |first= Yoshimasa|last= Kusamachi|date= 22 April 2015|work= Response|publisher= IID Inc.|location= Japan|language= Japanese|access-date= 22 April 2015}}</ref>
* New trains for the [[Kobe Municipal Subway]] [[Seishin-Yamate Line]], entering service in fiscal 2018<ref name="railfan20161017">{{cite web |url= http://railf.jp/news/2016/10/17/163000.html|script-title=ja: 神戸市交通局，新形車両デザインのデザイン案を公開|trans-title=Kobe Municipal Transportation Bureau publishes proposed designs for new trains|date= 17 October 2016|work= Japan Railfan Magazine Online|publisher= Koyusha Co., Ltd.|location= Japan|language= Japanese|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161017101502/http://railf.jp/news/2016/10/17/163000.html|archivedate= 17 October 2016|url-status=live |access-date= 17 October 2016}}</ref>
* JR East [[E8 Series Shinkansen]], entering service in 2024. <ref name="jreast_pr">{{cite web |title=山形新幹線をより便利に快適にします |url=https://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2019/20200303_ho01.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1tRToGUgxxxTA9ckudLqhTO2Rl_TkStuA1To-HAB7fDwk7V3zj-blOdhE |website=jreast.co.jp |publisher=東日本旅客鉄道株式会社 |accessdate=3 March 2020}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:E6-E5-Coupling in omiya 20130320.jpg|An E6 series shinkansen set in March 2013
File:E7 F4 Asama 522 Omiya 20140419.jpg|An E7 series shinkansen set in April 2014
File:SLginga-kiha141.JPG|The rebuilt KiHa 141 series cars for the ''SL Ginga'' excursion trainset in May 2014
File:E3-700 R18 Toreiyu 1 20140719.jpg|The E3 series ''Toreiyu'' excursion trainset in July 2014
File:JR East E235-0 Series No.13 Ebisu Sta.jpg|The first E235 series trainset in April 2015
File:Series-E353 S110.jpg|A E353 series trainset in July 2015
File:JR East E001 Train Suite Shiki-shima Kōzu 2016 0907.jpg|The E001 series ''Train Suite Shiki-shima'' cruise train on delivery in September 2016
File:JR East EV-E301 Series BEMU 101.JPG|A EV301 series set in April 2014
</gallery>

===Car===

*[[Honda NSX (first generation)]]
* [[Mitsubishi Colt CZC]]
* KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode7
* KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode7 clubman
* KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode7 SeriesII
* KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode8
* KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode9
* KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode9 Spyder
* KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode57 Enji
* KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode0
* [[Ferrari 456|Ferrari 456M GT]]
* [[Ferrari_550#Ferrari_Rossa|Ferrari Rossa]] (Concept car)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archivioprototipi.it/carrozzieri/pininfarina/rossa.html|title=2000 PININFARINA FERRARI ROSSA|website=archivioprototipi.it|language=italian|accessdate=17 December 2019}}</ref>
* [[Enzo Ferrari (automobile)|Enzo Ferrari]]
* [[Ferrari 612 Scaglietti]]
* [[Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano]]
* [[Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina|Ferrari P4/5]] (Concept car)
* [[Ferrari California]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Where is the specific source about Okuyama on the design of the Ferrari California?}}
* [[Maserati Quattroporte V]]
* [[Maserati Birdcage 75th]] (Concept car)

=== Other Projects ===

* OHCO [https://www.ohcomassage.com/models/m8-limited-edition/ M.8LE] (limited edition) massage chair.
* OHCO [https://www.ohcomassage.com/models/m8/ M.8] massage chair.
* OHCO [https://www.ohcomassage.com/models/mdx/ M.DX] massage chair.
* OHCO [https://www.ohcomassage.com/models/r6/ R.6] massage chair.
Ken Okuyama designed the M-series and R-series massage chairs with a swing door in partnership with Furniture for Life [https://www.furnitureforlife.com/ (FFL)]. FFL is Inc. 5000 company based in Boulder, Colorado.

<gallery>
File:OHCOM8LEMassageChair.jpg|OHCO M.8LE Massage Chair
</gallery>

* Gundam G40 (Industrial Design Ver.) (HG)
<gallery>
File:Ken okuyama design kode7 131127.JPG|Kode7
File:Ken okuyama design kode7clubman 131127.JPG|Kode7 Clubman
File:Ken okuyama design kode9naname 131127.JPG|Kode9
File:Ken okuyama design Yanmar yt01 131127.JPG|[[Yanmar]] YT01

File:Kode57 front 20160819 162707.jpg|Kode57 Enji
File:Kode57 20160819 134448.jpg|Kode57 Enji Rear
</gallery>

==Awards==
The following were awarded to either Ken Okuyama, car, or other project he worked with others to design:
*The [[Pininfarina Metrocubo]] won ''The Best Interior Design of the Year Award'' in 1999<ref name="Philips" />
*The [[Ferrari 550#Ferrari Rossa|Ferrari Rossa]], designed by Okuyama, won ''The Best Concept Car of The Year'' award in 2000<ref name="Philips" />
*The [[Maserati Birdcage 75th]] won the ''Best Concept'' prize at the Editors Choice Awards by [[Autoweek]]<ref name="WCF">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/news.cfm/newsid/2060210.016/country/ecf/Pininfarina/pininfarina-wins-louis-vuitton-classic-concept-award|title=Pininfarina Wins Louis Vuitton Classic Concept Award|publisher=World Car Fans|access-date=2007-01-14|date=2006-10-02}}</ref>
*The Maserati Birdcage 75th won the ''[[Louis Vuitton]] Classic Concept Award'' which Pininfarina gave to Okuyama<ref name="WCF" />
*The prestigious Hall of Fame award “La Bella Macchina” was given to Ken Okuyama at Concorso Italiano on August 20, 2016.
*2019 [https://www.ces.tech/Events-Programs/Innovation-Awards/Honorees.aspx Consumer Electronics Show Innovation Honor] awarded in the Fitness, Sports, and Biotech Category for the OHCO M.8
* 2019 ePDA (European Product Design Award) for the OHCO M.8
* 2019 Pinnacle Award in Furniture for the OHCO M.8
* 2020 Good Design award for the OHCO M.8

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.kenokuyama.jp}} {{in lang|ja|en}}
* [http://www.yamagatakoubou.jp/ Yamagata Koubou website]
*[https://www.ohcomassage.com/ OHCO Massage Chairs website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Okuyama}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Art Center College of Design people]]
[[Category:Japanese automobile designers]]
[[Category:Japanese expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Yamagata Prefecture]]
[[Category:Pininfarina people]]
[[Category:Ferrari people]]

Ferrari California

2020-11-08T06:53:57Z

Alvarowik:

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari California
| image = Ferrari California - Flickr - Alexandre Prévot (11).jpg
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| production = 2008–2017
| assembly = [[Maranello]], Italy
| class = [[Grand tourer]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door, [[2+2 (car body style)|2+2]] [[Retractable hardtop|retractable hardtop convertible]]
| layout = [[Front mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|Front mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]]
| sp = uk
| successor = [[Ferrari Portofino]]
}}

The '''Ferrari California''' (Type F149) is a [[Grand tourer|grand touring]] [[sports car]] produced by the Italian automotive manufacturer [[Ferrari]]. It is a two-door [[2+2 (car body style)|2+2]] [[Retractable hardtop|hard top convertible]]. When originally unveiled in 2008, the California was powered by a [[Front mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|front-mid mounted, rear wheel drive]], [[naturally aspirated]] 4.3-litre [[V8 engine|V8]].<ref name="italiaspeed.com"/> In 2012 a lighter, slightly more powerful variant, the '''California 30''' was introduced. In 2014, Ferrari announced the second generation of the model, named '''California T''' powered by a new [[twin-turbo]] 3.9-litre V8.

The car revives the name used on the late-1950s [[Ferrari 250#250 GT California Spyder SWB|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]] and the 1960s [[Ferrari America#365 California|365 California]]. The modern California (2008) was originally introduced as an entry level model, however, it included many new design innovations from Ferrari. The original base price of the California was similar to the base price of the [[Ferrari F430| F430]], the company's V8 flagship sports car at the time of its introduction. In 2018, the California was succeeded by the [[Ferrari Portofino|Portofino]].

=={{anchor|California}}Ferrari California (2008–2014)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari California
| image = Ferrari California - Flickr - Alexandre Prévot (13) (cropped).jpg
| production = 2008<ref name="worldcarfans.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/1080626851/ferrari-california-begins-production-on-new-line |title=Ferrari California Begins Production on New Line |website=worldcarfans.com |date=2008-06-26 |accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref>–2013
|model_years = 2009–2014
| designer = [[Pininfarina]] under [[Ken Okuyama]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Where is the specific source about Okuyama on the design of the California?}}
| engine = 4.3 L ''[[Ferrari F136 engine#Ferrari|Ferrari F136 I]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
| transmission = 7-speed [[Dual clutch transmission|dual-clutch]] 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2670|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="italiaspeed.com" />
| length = {{convert|4563|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="italiaspeed.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2008/cars/ferrari/10/california_new_model/0710.html |title=New model: Ferrari California |website=italiaspeed.com |date=2008-10-08 |accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref>
| width = {{convert|1902|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="italiaspeed.com" />
| height = {{convert|1308|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="italiaspeed.com" />
| weight = {{ubl
| {{convert|1735|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (Europe)<ref name="italiaspeed.com" />
| {{convert|4123|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (US)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.caranddriver.com/files/2009-ferrari-california-vs-2009-mercedes-benz-sl63-amgconvertible-vehicle-chart.pdf |title=2009 Ferrari California vs 2009 Mercedes Benz SL63 AMG Convertible Vehicle Chart |work=Car and Driver |location=US |access-date=2016-04-07}}</ref>
}}
| sp = uk
| predecessor =
| successor = [[#California T|Ferrari California T]]
}}
{{Listen
|filename = Ferrari California (2009).ogg
|title = 2009 Ferrari California
|type = sound
|style = float:right
}}
The California was launched at the October [[2008 Paris Motor Show]]. When introduced, the California represented a new fourth model range for Ferrari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com/car-news/california-dreaming|title=California dreaming |work=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]] |date=2008-05-13 |accessdate=2010-09-30}}</ref> The new model range (front-engine, eight cylinder grand touring sports car) joined the then current models: the mid-engine eight cylinder sports car, the front-engine twelve cylinder sports car, and the front-engine twelve cylinder grand touring car.

===Design===
[[File:Ferrari California - Flickr - Alexandre Prévot (21) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Ferrari California (Monaco)]]

The California represented a radical new design by [[Pininfarina|Pininfarina S.p.A.]] and was developed under the oversight of Ken Okuyama.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Where is the specific source about Okuyama on the design of the California?}} The model was primarily intended to attract new Ferrari owners. The car's grand touring personality was emphasized with a slightly higher ride height compared to its more aggressive siblings. The chassis was designed and manufactured by Ferrari division [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Overall, it is considered a landmark car for Ferrari in that it represents a number of concepts being used for the first time in their road cars:<ref name="italiaspeed.com"/>

* The first front engined Ferrari with a [[V8 engine|V8]]
* The first to feature a 7-speed [[dual-clutch transmission]]
* The first hard top convertible with a [[Retractable hardtop|folding metal roof]]
* The first with [[multi-link suspension|multi-link rear suspension]]
* The first with [[direct petrol injection]]

The engine displaces {{convert|4,297|cc|cuin|abbr=off}}, and used a [[gasoline direct injection]] system produced by [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]]. It generates a maximum power output of {{convert|338|kW|PS hp|abbr=on|0}} at 7,750 rpm; its maximum torque produced is {{convert|485|Nm|abbr=on|0}} at 5,000 rpm. The resulting {{convert|{{#expr:338/(4297/1000)round0}}|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} per litre of engine displacement is extremely high for a naturally aspirated engine, as other manufacturers have used [[forced induction]] to reach similar power levels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inautonews.com/bosh-provides-gasoline-direct-injection-for-the-new-ferrari-california |title=Bosh provides gasoline direct injection for the new Ferrari California |first=Mircea |last=Serafim |website=inautonews.com |date=2008-11-28 |accessdate=2011-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006204525/http://www.inautonews.com/bosh-provides-gasoline-direct-injection-for-the-new-ferrari-california |archive-date=2011-10-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The engine makes use of a [[wet sump]] designed lubrication system. The [[body computer]] system was developed by [[Magneti Marelli]] Automotive Lighting.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

The California's mid-front engine layout and rear gear box configuration create a 47% front to 53% rear weight distribution.

====Traction Control====
The California is equipped with an exclusive Ferrari designed F1-Trac system. The system, originally introduced on the 599 GTB Fiorano, was updated for the model. The variable power distribution to the rear wheels allows greater stability and performance in roadway turns. The result is an average increase of 20% in acceleration when exiting curves (when compared to traditional traction control systems).

====Configuration====
The [[Grand tourer|grand touring]] California was available with two passenger seating configurations. The first option ([[2+2 (car body style)|2+2]]), included two rear seats that are limited in space and arguably only capable of accommodating small child safety seats. The second option (2+), did away with the rear seats replacing them with a bench storage area. This storage area could accommodate slightly more luggage or personal effects than the seats and included matching leather luggage tie-down belts.

====Stop/Start Technology====
The California was the first Ferrari road car to offer [[start-stop system|stop/start technology]]. What was an option package and called the HELE system (High Emotion / Low Emission) allowed the engine to shut off while at extended idle and start again immediately upon pushing the accelerator pedal. While this technology was not always well received by many of the Ferrari [[Tifosi]], it did allow for substantial tax savings upon sale in certain governmental jurisdictions. Later Ferrari models also offered this technology.

===Performance===
The original California had a top speed of {{convert|310|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} and it could accelerate from {{convert|0-100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in four seconds.<ref name="italiaspeed.com" /> Although that model was {{convert|180|kg|lb|0}} heavier and {{convert|22|kW|PS hp|abbr=on}} less powerful than the mid-engined [[Ferrari F430|F430]], the California reached {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} in the same time as the F430 due to the dual-clutch transmission.

===Aerodynamics===
Ferrari spent over 1,000 hours in the wind tunnel with a one-third-scale model of the vehicle perfecting its aerodynamics. With the top up, the California has greatly reduced wind resistance with a {{Cd|link=yes|long=yes|0.32}}. The California was, at the time, the most aerodynamic Ferrari road car ever made<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081101/FREE/810299983 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102073532/http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081101/FREE/810299983 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-02 |title=Ferrari California First Drive: new car signals new direction for company |first=Roger |last=Hart |website=autoweek.com |date=2008-10-31 |accessdate=2008-12-06 }}</ref> until the introduction of the [[Ferrari F12berlinetta|F12berlinetta]].

===Production===
The California was manufactured in a purpose built facility that was constructed adjacent to the existing factory at [[Maranello]].<ref name="Times1">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/videos/article4961501.ece |title=Ferrari California |first=Nick |last=Rufford |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |location=London |date=2008-10-19 |accessdate=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name="Autoblog">{{cite web |last=Corsani |first=Lorenzo |title=Una nuova linea di produzione per la California |url=http://www.autoblog.it/post/14602/una-nuova-linea-di-produzione-per-la-ferrari-california |website=autoblog.it |date=2008-06-29 |accessdate=2013-06-27 |language=it}}</ref> The new facility was part of Ferrari's [[Ferrari#Formula Uomo programme|Formula Uomo programme]]<ref>{{cite news |url= https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/wellbeing-programme-at-ferrari-formula-uomo |title= Wellbeing Programme Ferrari Formula Uomo |work= Europa OSHA Case Studies |location=Europe | access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> that started in 1997 to improve production, safety and employee happiness.<ref name="worldcarfans.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/1080626851/ferrari-california-begins-production-on-new-line |title=Ferrari California Begins Production on New Line |website=worldcarfans.com |date=2008-06-26 |accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref>
Overall, the Ferrari production line(s) make a total of about 27 cars per day, or between 6,000 and 8,000 cars per year.

Production of the California amounted to about 8,000 units spanning between 2008 and 2012. 1,219 cars were manufactured in calendar year 2013; 1,645 in calendar year 2014; and 2,638 in calendar year 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/ferrari_prospectus_-_final_version_-_14.3.2016.pdf|title=Ferrari N.V Prospectus March 16, 2016|accessdate=2018-09-14}}</ref>
2016 saw production of 2,247 vehicles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/2016_12_31_-_ferrari_nv_annual_report_0.pdf|title=Ferrari N.V. Annual Report 2016|accessdate=2018-09-14}}</ref> and about 1,600 were made in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/Documentazione/annual_report_ferrari_nv_12.31.2017_.pdf|title=Ferrari N.V. Annual Report 2017|accessdate=2018-09-14}}</ref>Total production of all variants was about 17,300 vehicles.

Throughout the modern California's history (2008 to 2017), only 3 cars were built with manual transmission,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jalopnik.com/5965281/how-this-years-least-popular-new-ferrari-could-become-the-most-valuable-in-30-years |title=How This Year's Least Popular New Ferrari Could Become The Most Valuable In 30 Years |first=Travis |last=Okulski |website=jalopnik.com |date=2014-12-04}}</ref> including one order from the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/community/car-magazines-blogs/tim-pollard-blog2/ferrari-click-clack-manual-transmissions-rip/ |title=Ferrari click-clack manual transmissions, RIP |first=Tim |last=Pollard |website=Car Magazine |date=2011-11-11 |accessdate=2015-11-08}}</ref>

===California 30 - 2012 update===
On 15 February 2012, Ferrari announced the California 30, an updated model that was lighter and more powerful. While the Pininfarina design remained, the changes included reducing body weight by {{convert|30|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}; increased power output by {{convert|22|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|15|Nm|abbr=on|0}} of torque; acceleration time from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) reduced to 3.8 seconds; introduction of Handling Speciale (HS) package and elimination of the manual transmission option.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/that-few-only-two-ferrari-californias-sold-with-manual-transmissions-127029/ |title=That Few? Only Two Ferrari Californias Sold With Manual Transmissions |first=Evan |last=McCausland |website=automobilemag.com |date=2012-04-20}}</ref> The “30” has a published top speed of 312 km/h (194 mph)

The car was unveiled at the March [[Geneva Motor Show#2012|2012 Geneva Motor Show]] as a 2012 model in Europe and as a 2013 model in North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.automoblog.net/2012/03/07/geneva-2013-ferrari-california-is-more-speciale/ |title=Geneva: 2013 Ferrari California is More "Speciale" |first=Tony |last=Pimpo |website=automobilemag.com |date=2012-03-07 |accessdate=2012-03-08}}</ref> Deliveries began in Europe first.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/03/07/2013-ferrari-california-geneva-2012/ |title=2013 Ferrari California loses weight and gains power to command more respect |first=Michael |last=Harley |website=autoblog.com |date=2012-03-27}}</ref> It was produced in North American model years 2013 and 2014 only.

====Engine====
The updated engine continued with the naturally aspirated ''[[Ferrari F136 engine#Ferrari|Ferrari/Maserati F136]]''. Made entirely of aluminium, it retains many of the original features but generates a maximum power output of {{convert|360|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 7,750 rpm; its maximum torque produced is 505 Nm (372 ft-lbs) at 5,000 rpm. 75% of which is available at 2,250 rpm. The engine's sound - a feature that distinguishes every Ferrari - was engineered to enhance the vehicle's driving experience both with the top open and closed.

The California 30 can be differentiated from the base California by the VIN. In the 30 variant, the VIN's sixth digit (in North America) is “T” representing the F136IH engine. In the base model, the VIN's sixth digit (again in North America) is “L” representing the earlier generation F136IB engine.

====Chassis====
The California 30 chassis was re-engineered with structural modifications including new materials and aerospace derived construction technologies. It is the first Ferrari road car with a completely modular type chassis and was made entirely of innovative aluminum alloys. It is {{cvt|30|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} lighter than the standard California chassis with no loss in structural capacity providing an extremely high torsional rigidity value.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/past-models/ferrari-california/|title=Ferrari California 30 (2012)|website=auto.ferrari.com|accessdate=11 December 2019}}</ref>

====Handling Speciale package====
[[File:2013 Ferrari California HS.jpg|thumb|2013 Ferrari California HS]]
To give the clients a more dynamic driving experience, an optional '''HS''' (Handling Speciale) package was developed as part of the update in 2012 (for the US 2013 model year). It can typically be recognized by a no cost option of a silver coloured grille and silver ventilation blisters behind the front wheel wells.

The HS package includes Delphi MagneRide [[magnetorheological damper]]s controlled by the ECU with 50% faster response time utilizing a patented Ferrari software, stiffer springs for more precise body control<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/first-drives/reviews/a18196/2013-ferrari-california-hs/ |title=2013 Ferrari California HS Photos, Specs, Price: The Handling Speciale package works wonders for the California. |first=Thos L. |last=Bryant |publisher=Road & Track |date=2012-04-25 |accessdate=2015-01-11}}</ref> and a steering rack with a 9% quicker steering ratio (2.3 turns lock to lock as opposed to the standard rack's 2.5).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2013-ferrari-california-first-drive-review-great-for-greenies-great-for-performance-page-2 |title=Great for greenies, great for performance: 2013 Ferrari California |first=David |last=Gluckman |website=[[Car and Driver]] |date=April 2012 |accessdate=2015-01-11}}</ref> Overall it does away with some driving comfort trading it for reduced body roll, higher-speed cornering, and better handling during aggressive vehicle operation.

====Customization====
Ferrari has historically been very open to working with customers to develop specific model variants or specialized features. In late 2011, this philosophy was taken up a step with the announcement of the Tailor Made programme. In the program, interested clients work with Ferrari's personal designers in Maranello to assist in decision making throughout the entire process<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/news/a22052/ferrari-tailor-made-29880/ | title=Ferrari Tailor Made | first=Ian | last=Adcock | work=Road & Track | date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2018-03-31}}</ref> The California 30 was one of the initial models to benefit from this service.

===Recall===
In May 2012, Ferrari recalled certain vehicles because the engine could freeze suddenly and possibly cause a crash. The F136 engines had crankshafts that were machined incorrectly. The auto maker learned of the problem when it happened during a review by car critics. Owners could choose from having a new engine installed by their dealer, having the engine removed and the work done by Ferrari North America or having a new crankshaft and bearings installed at the dealership.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-ferrari-recall-20120521,0,4843963.story |title=Ferrari recalls California, Italia models for faulty crankshafts |first=Jerry |last=Hirsch |date=2012-05-21 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> The recall was for a total of 200 vehicles worldwide that were produced in 2011 and 2012. Of those 200 affected vehicles, 74 were delivered to North America. The 200 recalled vehicles were from the California and 458 Italia model ranges.<ref>Road & Track, (2012-05-22)</ref>

{{clear}}

=={{anchor|California T}}Ferrari California T (2014–2017)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari California T
| image = Ferrari California T - Mondial de l'Automobile de Paris 2014 - 003.jpg
| production = 2014–2017
| model_years = 2015–2018
| designer = Ferrari Styling Centre in collaboration with [[Pininfarina]]<ref name="California T Design">{{Cite web|url=http://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/car-range/california-t/#design|title=California T Design|website=ferrari.com|accessdate=2016-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406131627/http://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/car-range/california-t/#design|archive-date=2016-04-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| engine = 3.9 L ''[[Ferrari F154 engine|Ferrari F154 BB]]'' [[twin-turbo]] [[V8 engine|V8]]
| transmission = 7-speed [[Dual clutch transmission|dual-clutch]]<ref name="California T Specifications">{{Cite web|url=http://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/car-range/california-t/#specifications|title=California T Specifications|website=ferrari.com|accessdate=2015-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406131627/http://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/car-range/california-t/#specifications|archive-date=2016-04-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| powerout = {{convert|412|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2670|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4570|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1910|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1322|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{ubl
| {{convert|3813|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (Europe)<ref name="California T Specifications" />
| {{convert|4064|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} (US)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2015-ferrari-california-t-test-review |title=2015 Ferrari California T Test |first=Aaron |last=Robinson |work=Car and Driver |location=US |date=May 2015 |access-date=2016-04-07}}</ref>
}}
| sp = uk
| predecessor = [[#California|Ferrari California]]
| successor = [[Ferrari Portofino]]
}}
[[File:2014-03-04 Geneva Motor Show 1452.JPG|thumb|left|California T]]

The '''Ferrari California T''' (Type 149M) is an updated design of the California model featuring new sheetmetal and revised body features; a new interior, a revised chassis and a new turbocharged powertrain. It debuted in 2014 for the 2015 model year.

First unveiled on the web on February 12, 2014, subsequently, the car debuted at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2014|Geneva Motor Show]] (March 6–16, 2014). The T in the moniker stands for Turbo, a technology Ferrari last used on the [[Ferrari F40|F40]] roadcar. The car utilizes a new {{convert|3855|cc|L cuin|1|abbr=on}} [[twin-turbo]]charged [[V8 engine]] that produces {{convert|412|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 7,500 rpm and {{convert|755|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 4,750 rpm as well as a 7-speed dual clutch transmission with different gear ratios, a revised MagneRide adaptive suspension, as well as a new F1 Trac system. The car can accelerate from {{convert|0–62|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} in 3.6 seconds and attain a top speed of {{convert|196|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The car also features a new front fascia that was influenced by the F12, a revised rear section and a revised interior. The revised rear end replaced the two sets of two vertically stacked exhaust pipes with four horizontally aligned pipes. Another improvement to the car is the reduction of emission pollution by 15% compared to its naturally aspirated predecessor. The car also utilises small turbo chargers and a variable boost management system to reduce turbo lag.

It is also the first Ferrari road car debuting the new [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[CarPlay]] functionality into its built-in infotainment system – Apple confirmed at the launch of the Geneva Motor Show that [[Ferrari]], [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Volvo]] would be among the first car manufacturers to bring CarPlay compatible models to the market.<ref name="2014 brands start 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/mar/03/apple-carplay-ferrari-mercedes-benz-volvo|title=Apple CarPlay debuts with Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz and Volvo|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|first=Stuart|last=Dredge|date=2014-03-03|accessdate=2014-04-22}}</ref><ref name="ferrari carplay calT 1">{{cite web |url=http://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/news-events/news/ferrari-california-t-apple-carplay-equipped-ff-debut-tomorrow-geneva |title=The Ferrari California T and the Apple CarPlay equipped FF debut tomorrow at Geneva |work=Ferrari PR |publisher=[[Ferrari]] |date=2014-03-03 |accessdate=2014-05-31}}</ref>

{{anchor|California T Handling Speciale}}

===California T Handling Speciale (2016–2017)===
Similarly to the previous generation, a Handling Speciale (HS) package was made available for the California T, providing sportier handling at the expense of a stiffer ride. The Handling Speciale includes stiffer springs front and aft, retuned magnetorheological dampers, faster gear shifts when in Sport mode, a reprogrammed F1-Trac stability control, and a new sport exhaust system. Visually, the HS package-equipped cars are distinguished by a matte grey grille and rear diffuser, matte black diffuser fences and matte black exhaust tips.<ref name="autoblog T HS">{{cite web |first=Alex |last=Kierstein |title=Ferrari California T gets sharper edge with Handling Speciale package |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/01/22/ferrari-california-handling-package/|website=autoblog.com |date=2016-01-22 |accessdate=2016-09-05}}</ref>

The California T Handling Speciale was unveiled at the March [[Geneva Motor Show#2016|2016 Geneva Motor Show]].<ref name=wows>{{cite press release |url=http://corporate.ferrari.com/en/ferrari-gtc4lusso-wows-geneva |title=The Ferrari GTC4Lusso wows Geneva |publisher=Ferrari |date=2016-03-01 |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref>

{{anchor|California T Tailor Made}}

===Tailor Made===
Through the Tailor Made programme, the California T was produced in several special editions and could also be customised to suit individual customers. For Ferrari's 70th anniversary in 2017, this included 70 liveries inspired by the company's iconic cars of the past such as the 250 GT Berlinetta SWB and [[Steve McQueen]]'s 1963 250 GT Berlinetta lusso. The California T Tailor Made liveries were unveiled at the March [[Geneva Motor Show#2016|2016 Geneva Motor Show]] and also shown at other subsequent motor shows such as the October [[2016 Paris Motor Show]].<ref name=wows/><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://corporate.ferrari.com/en/paris-world-premiere |title=Paris World Premiere |publisher=Ferrari |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://gtspirit.com/2016/10/03/paris-2016-ferrari-california-t-the-steve-mcqueen/ |title=Paris 2016: Ferrari California T “The Steve McQueen” |first=Niels |last=Stolte |work=GT Spirit |date=2016-10-03 |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://jalopnik.com/ferraris-70th-anniversary-cars-pay-homage-to-great-race-1787219147 |title=Ferrari's 70th Anniversary Cars Pay Homage To Great Race Drivers And Also Steve McQueen |first=David |last=Tracy |work=Jalopnik |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Marketing}}Marketing==

The California and California T have both been commemorated by Amalgam Collection<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.amalgamcollection.com/?s=Ferrari+California&post_type=product |title= Amalgam Collection - Ferrari California Replicas}}</ref> in large 1:8 scale diecast replicas. These include hard top and convertible versions. MR Collection<ref>{{cite news |url= https://mrcollection.com/page/1/?s=Ferrari+california |title= MR Collection - Ferrari California Replicas}}</ref> and BBR Models<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbrmodelstore.com/english/car-models-ricerca.aspx?q=ferrari-california |title= BBR Models - Ferrari California Replicas}}</ref> have also produced 1:18 and 1:43 scale replicas in hard top and convertible versions, including several different liveries. These replicas are all collectible investment pieces. Mass model manufacturers like Bburago, Maisto, Looksmart and Kyosho have also produced diecast models in 1:18, 1:24, 1:43, and 1:64 scale sizes. Hot Wheels manufactured at least six different California series in 1:18 and 1:43 scales.
{{clear}}

=={{anchor|Other media}}Other media==

The California was featured on the British TV show ''[[Top Gear (series 14)|Top Gear]]'' (November 2009). The episode centered on a cross country challenge to determine the best grand touring vehicle. The California was matched against the [[Aston Martin DBS V12#DBS Volante (2009–2012)|Aston Martin DBS Volante]] and the [[Lamborghini Gallardo Spyder]]. The tour went through the Romanian countryside from the Black Sea to the [[Carpathian Mountains]] and across the acclaimed [[Transfăgărăşan|Transfăgărăşan Highway]]. The results of the challenge were inconclusive.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ferrari California}}
* {{official website
| http://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/past-models/ferrari-california/}}

{{Ferrari}}
{{Ferrari modern car timeline}}

[[Category:Ferrari vehicles|California]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Grand tourers]]
[[Category:Hardtop convertibles]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2008]]

Petrofina

2020-05-21T17:27:09Z

Alvarowik: Add logo company and McLaren F1 GTR image

{{short description|Former Belgian oil company}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2009}}
{{Infobox company|
name = Petrofina |
logo = Fina enamel advert sign at the den hartog ford museum pic-092.JPG|
type = public|
slogan = |
foundation = |
location = |
key_people = |
num_employees = |
revenue = $|
industry = [[Petroleum]]|
products = Fuels, lubricants|
homepage = n/a
}}

[[File:Fina - Hallset Trafikksenter (1998) (8588793489).jpg|thumb|right|A Fina petrol station in [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]] in 1998.]]
[[File:Fina Gas Station Closed.PNG|thumb|right|A closed Fina petrol station in Florida, US.]]
'''Petrofina''' was a [[Belgium|Belgian]] oil [[company]]. It merged with [[Total S.A.|Total]] in 1999 to form '''TotalFina''', which after subsequent mergers has changed its name back to Total. In the United States, Fina's former refining and marketing operations are now owned by [[Delek US]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Petrofina was founded on 25 February 1920 by Auguste Diagre, [[Hector Carlier]] his brother Fernand and [[Aloys Van de Vyvere]] as an [[Antwerp]]-based group called '''Compagnie Financière Belge des Pétroles''',<ref>{{cite book|title=The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry|author=Marius S. Vassiliou|page=392}}</ref> but changed to PetroFina to reflect their [[telegraphic address]] name.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Petrofina's Canadian retail operations in eastern Canada were sold to the Canadian government and became part of [[Petro-Canada]].<ref name="PetroCanada">Giniger, Henry. "[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/03/business/canada-buying-unit-of-petrofina.html Canada Buying Unit of PetroFina]." ''[[New York Times]]''. Sunday February 3, 1981. Business Day. Retrieved on June 1, 2017.</ref>

Petrofina merged with [[Total S.A.]] of [[France]] to form TotalFina and with Elf in 2000 to form TotalFinaElf. The company's current name is [[Total S.A.]] (since 2003).<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://publications.total.com/registration_document_2012/total-and-its-shareholders/shareholders/merger-of-total-with-petrofina-in-1999.html|title=Merger of TOTAL with PetroFina in 1999}}</ref>

==FINA in the United States - "Pink Air" and "Pflash"==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2009}}
Petrofina expanded its operations to the United States in 1956 with the purchase of Texas-based Panhandle Oil Company, which was headquartered in [[Wichita Falls, Texas]], where the firm operated an oil refinery and marketed gasoline through service stations in Texas, [[Oklahoma]] and [[New Mexico]]. American Petrofina, as the [[United States]] operation was called, further expanded its presence in the US through the purchase of several small oil companies, the largest being the Cosden Oil Company from W.R. Grace in 1963, which gave FINA a very large chain of service stations in [[Texas]] and [[New Mexico]] along with an oil refinery in [[Big Spring, Texas]].

The FINA brand appeared on [[gasoline]] and other petroleum products at Panhandle stations in 1958, with the service stations rebranded as FINA in 1959 and service stations acquired through purchase of Cosden and other companies also converted to the FINA brand. In 1961, FINA introduced its Pink Air promotional campaign noting that while FINA gasolines were loaded with all the same ingredients that made their fuels "Exactly As Good As The Best" adding that only at FINA stations could motorists get "Pink Air" for their [[tire]]s to keep them from deteriorating. In its "Pink Air" ads, Fina (then undergoing a major expansion of its marketing territory which encompassed the Mid-Continent region from Texas to Minnesota) noted that Pink Air was arriving at new FINA stations as fast as they could be opened and set a goal of having Pink Air in all of its stations by May 1966 - five years later.

In 1966, when "Pink Air" finally arrived at every FINA station, FINA replaced that campaign with a new one regarding an ingredient in its gasoline called "PFLASH." At a time when other US oil companies were promoting their gasoline products with campaigns such as [[Exxon|Exxon/Esso]]'s "Put A Tiger in Your Tank!", Shell's "Platformate" additive that improved gas mileage, Texaco's invitation to "Trust Your Car to the Man Who Wears The Star" and Mobil's "Detergent gasoline"; ""PFLASH", was promoted as an ingredient in FINA gasoline that would improve driving pleasure by "turning red lights green," "smoothing out rough roads," "improving the food at roadside restaurants" and "making you feel less sorry you ever got a driver's license." FINA stations even offered free "Pflash" bumper stickers to motorists who pulled in for gasoline purchases.

In 1973, American Petrofina expanded its marketing area to include [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and several other Southeastern states following the purchase of [[BP]]'s marketing assets including service stations, terminals and jobber contracts, converting them to the FINA brand. Another expansion of FINA's marketing operations came in 1984, when American Petrofina purchased several thousand service stations from Oklahoma-based [[H. H. Champlin House#Champlin Oil Company|Champlin Refining Company]] following that firm's closing of its [[Enid, Oklahoma]] refinery. The Champlin assets were rebranded as FINA stations in several Mid-Continent states including Texas, Oklahoma, [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]] and [[Iowa]] among others.

Petrofina's U.S. subsidiary, Fina Inc., announced that it would move its headquarters to [[Houston]] from [[Plano, Texas]] in 2000. Fina Inc. planned to occupy {{Convert|149000|sqft|sqm}} in the World Houston Plaza building, near [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]].<ref name="BivinsWoodlands">Bivins, Ralph. "[http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2000_3195216 The Woodlands becomes a leader in office construction]." ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. Sunday February 13, 2000. Business 8. Retrieved on November 12, 2009.</ref>

In 2005, TOTAL Petrochemicals USA, Inc., moved to offices in downtown Houston at 1201 Louisiana St. TOTAL Petrochemicals USA, Inc. has retained the petrochemicals operations of the former Fina, Inc and the Port Arthur, Texas refinery.

==US FINA assets now owned by ALON USA==
Since the Total-Petrofina merger in 1999, all of FINA's former marketing assets and the Big Spring refinery have been owned by Texas-based [[Alon USA]]. ALON assets include the former FINA refinery at Big Spring, Texas and the FINA brand name. ALON supplies gasoline and other petroleum products to 1,200 FINA stations directly and through distributors in seven Southwestern states including Texas, Oklahoma, [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]], New Mexico, Arizona and the southern portion of [[Colorado]]. ALON also owns Southwest Convenience Stores, [[Limited liability company|LLC]], which is the largest franchiser of [[7-Eleven]] convenience stores in the United States. Southwest owns and operates 160 7-Eleven stores in West Texas and New Mexico, each of which sell FINA gasoline.
In 2012, Alon announced it would be converting all of its retail locations to the ALON gasoline brand, rather than extend the contract they had with TotalElf which lasted 12 years to keep using the Fina brand. Doing so would also allow them to expand beyond the original eight state territory they could use the Fina name in (Arizona, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Louisiana, Colorado, and New Mexico). This conversion was completed by the end of 2012 at all former Fina locations.

The Fina Port Arthur refinery is still owned by Total.

==BMW Motorsport==
[[File:FoS20162016 0624 104945AA (27886441395).jpg|thumb|McLaren F1 GTR at the [[Goodwood Festival of Speed]] on June 24th, 2016.]]
Fina were BMW's primary oil & lubricants partner from 1988 to 1998, featuring on all of [[BMW Motorsport]]'s works team racing cars beginning with the 1988 [[European Touring Car Championship]],<ref>http://www.racingsportscars.com/etcc/race/Silverstone-1988-09-04.html</ref> through entries in the [[World Rally Championship]], [[British Touring Car Championship]], the [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft]] (DTM) until 1992 and the German [[Super Tourenwagen Cup]] (STW). Fina also supported BMW's in the [[French Touring Car Championship]] (Supertourisme), and both Rafanelli and [[Schnitzer Motorsport]]'s [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] entries, plus the works [[McLaren F1 GTR|McLaren-BMW F1 GTR and GTR Longtail]] from 1996 to 1998 at Le Mans and the [[FIA GT Championship]].

==NASCAR sponsorship==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2009}}
Fina was a major sponsor of NASCAR teams in the 1990s, most notably of [[Randy LaJoie]]'s Busch Series (now Xfinity Series) teams. Fina was LaJoie's primary sponsor from 1993-1994, and then again from 1996-1998, which included two Busch Series championships in 1996 and 1997 in the #74 Fina Chevrolets owned by Bill Baumgartner.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{PM20|FID=co/018106|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{Portal|Belgium|Energy}}
[[Category:Oil and gas companies of Belgium]]
[[Category:Automotive fuel retailers]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1920]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1920]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1999]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in Belgium]]
[[Category:1999 disestablishments in Belgium]]
[[Category:Companies based in Antwerp]]
[[Category:Total S.A.]]

Chevrolet Corvette (C8)

2019-11-08T18:27:03Z

Alvarowik: Add first available photo and unit conversions

{{short description|Eighth generation of the Corvette sports car}}
{{about|the eighth generation of the Chevrolet Corvette sports car|general Corvette information|Chevrolet Corvette}}

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Chevrolet Corvette (C8)
| image = C8.R-Mid-Engine-Corvette-18.jpg
| caption = Mid-Engine Corvette C8.R testing at Road America track in August 2018
| manufacturer = [[Chevrolet]] ([[General Motors]])
| production = 2019–
| model_years = 2020–
| assembly = United States: [[Bowling Green, Kentucky]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/2020-chevrolet-corvette-c8-mid-engine-bowling-green-plant-production/|title=Bowling Green Plant Adds a Second Shift for Mid-Engine Corvette Production|last=Pleskot|first=Kelly|date=2019-04-25|website=Motortrend}}</ref>
| designer = Tom Peters (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmauthority.com/blog/2019/07/gm-designer-has-no-doubt-mid-engine-corvette-c8-will-be-a-hit/|title=GM Designer Has No Doubt Mid Engine Corvette C8 Will Be A Hit|last=McEachern|first=Sam|date=2019-07-16|website=GM Authority}}</ref>
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| related =
| body_style = {{unbulleted list
| 2-door [[targa top]]
| 2-door [[retractable hardtop]] [[convertible]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a29342131/mid-engine-chevy-corvette-convertible/|title=Chevy Just Revealed the Mid-Engine Corvette Convertible|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=White|first=Annie|date=2 October 2019|accessdate=2 October 2019}}</ref>
}}
| powerout = {{Convert|490-495|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = 6.2 L [[LS based GM small-block engine#LT2|''LT2'']] [[V8 engine|V8]]
| transmission = 8-speed ''[[TREMEC Corporation|Tremec]] M1L'' [[Dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|107.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|182.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|76.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|48.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3366|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (dry)
| sp = us
| predecessor = [[Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]]
| successor =
}}
The '''Chevrolet Corvette (C8)''' is the eighth generation of the [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvette]] [[sports car]] manufactured by American automobile manufacturer [[Chevrolet]]. Following several experimental [[Chevrolet Engineering Research Vehicle|CERV]] prototype vehicles, it is the first [[Mid-engine design|mid-engine]] Corvette since the model's introduction in 1953 (as well as GM’s first production mid-engine sports car since the [[Pontiac Fiero]] was discontinued in 1988), differing from the traditional [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|front-engine]] design. The C8 was announced in April of 2019, and the coupe made its official debut on July 18, 2019 during a media event at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] (referencing its [[Chevrolet Corvette#NASA Corvettes|association with NASA]]) to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the [[Apollo 11]] mission. The convertible made its debut in October 2019 alongside the racing version, the [[Chevrolet Corvette C8.R|C8.R]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a28442145/2020-corvette-c8-stingray-base-price/|title=The 2020 Corvette C8 Stingray Starts Under $60,000|last=Sorokanich|first=Bob|date=2019-07-18|website=Road & Track}}</ref>
== Stingray (2020–) ==
The first production model of the C8 Corvette is the Stingray with its new mid-mounted 6.2 L [[LS based GM small-block engine#LT2|''LT2'' V8 engine]]; available as a 2-door [[targa top]] or a [[retractable hardtop]] convertible.

=== Design ===
The C8 retains some design elements found on the C7, but the majority of the exterior has been completely overhauled. The engine's re-positioning has necessitated a stronger focus on aerodynamics and cooling. Large side scoops house air intakes and accentuate the side panels, and the rear features smaller vents below the taillights. A conventional trunk is located at the rear, with additional storage spaces over the engine and at the front of the car. Combined, these provide {{convert|13|cuft|L}} of cargo space, {{convert|2|cuft|L}} less than that of the C7.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2019/07/18/new-mid-engine-corvette-c-8-premieres/1750088001/|title=Revealed: Chevrolet takes the wraps off mid-engine Corvette C8|last=Payne|first=Henry|date=2019-07-18|website=The Detriot News}}</ref> As a result of the switch to a mid-engine layout, the passenger cell has been shifted forward by {{convert|16.5|in|mm}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/295225-2020-corvette-launches-mid-engine-495-hp-more-tech-less-than-60k|title=2020 Corvette Launches: Mid-Engine, {{Convert|495|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, More Tech, Less Than $60K|last=Howard|first=Bill|date=2019-07-19|website=ExtremeTech}}</ref> The C8 will also be offered in both left and right hand drive configurations, another first for the Corvette.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a28442169/2020-chevy-corvette-c8-right-hand-drive/|title=For the First Time, Chevy Corvette Can Be Left- or Right-Hand Drive from the Factory|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Stoklosa|first=Alexander|date=19 July 2019|accessdate=22 July 2019}}</ref> The cockpit has been designed to be driver-centric, with numerous controls mounted on the center console (known as the Electronic Transmission Range Selector, or ETRS) as well as implementing a new hexagonal steering wheel. A special Z button (an homage to the [[Chevrolet Corvette Z06|Z06]], [[Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1|ZR1]] and Z51) is also mounted on the steering wheel; this can quickly activate customized performance settings. Models equipped with the available [[magnetorheological damper]]s will also offer adjustable suspension settings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a28410775/2020-chevy-corvette-c8-z-mode/|title=Here's How the 2020 Chevy Corvette C8's Special Z Mode Works|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Stafford|first=Eric|date=22 July 2019|accessdate=22 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Trim levels and options ===
Three trim levels will be available, 1LT, 2LT and 3LT, augmented by three suspension setups, FE1, FE3 and FE4 which correspond with the two Z51 Performance packages. Three seat options will also be available: GT1, GT2 and Competition Sport. The interior is upholstered in leather, microsuede or performance textile with carbon fiber or aluminum trims. Additionally, the Performance Data Recorder has been upgraded with a higher resolution camera as well as a new interface. GM’s virtual camera mirror will be optional, which projects video from the backup camera onto the rear view mirror.<ref name="C/D C8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a28409341/2020-chevy-corvette-c8-mid-engine-photos-info/|title=The Mid-Engined 2020 Chevy Corvette Is Here|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Huffman|first=John Pearley|date=19 July 2019|accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a28413258/2020-chevrolet-corvette-c8-colors-trims-features/|title=Everything You Need to Know about the 2020 Chevy Corvette C8's Colors, Trims, Options, and Features|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Golson|first=Daniel|date=19 July 2019|accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Engine ===
The C8 Corvette Stingray uses a new version of the [[LS based GM small-block engine]] derived from the C7 Stingray's ''LT1'', now called the ''LT2''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/360672/c8-corvette-2020-chevy-debut/|title=2020 Chevrolet C8 Corvette Unveiled As Mid-Engine Rocket|last=Smith|first=Christopher|date=2019-07-19|website=motor1.com}}</ref> The new [[Naturally aspirated engine|natually aspirated]] V8 is rated at {{Convert|490|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 6,450 rpm and {{Convert|465|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 5,150 rpm, an improvement of {{convert|40|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|10|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} over the outgoing C7 Corvette Stringray.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.automobilemag.com/news/2020-chevrolet-corvette-c8-specs-horsepower-dimensions-torque/|title=2020 Chevrolet Corvette C8 Specs: Horsepower, Chassis, Dimensions, and More|last=Lassa|first=Todd|date=2019-07-18|website=Automobile}}</ref> The engine uses [[Dry sump|dry sump lubrication]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jalopnik.com/heres-a-detailed-look-at-the-2020-corvette-c8s-impressi-1836540969|title=Here's A Detailed Look At The 2020 Corvette C8's Impressive Engineering|last=Tracy|first=David|date=2019-07-19|website=Jalopnik}}</ref>

The optional Z51 performance package adds a sport exhaust system to the Stingray, bringing the total power output to {{Convert|495|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} and torque to {{Convert|470|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/g00/roadshow/news/2020-chevy-corvette-stingray-c8-mid-engine-price/?i10c.ua=1&i10c.encReferrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8%3d&i10c.dv=19|title=2020 Chevy Corvette Stingray: C8 means mid-engined reinvention|last=Stevens|first=Tim|date=2019-07-18|website=Road Show by CNET}}</ref> Chevrolet claims that the C8 can accelerate to {{cvt|60|mph|kph|0|abbr=on}} in under 3 seconds when equipped with the package;<ref name="C/D C8"/> ''[[Car and Driver]]'' recorded a time of 2.8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a29462701/2020-chevy-corvette-by-the-numbers/|title=2020 Chevrolet Corvette Is More Than the Best Corvette Ever|last=Ceppos|first=Rich|date=2019-10-15|website=Car and Driver|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>

=== Transmission ===
The Stingray is only offered with an 8-speed [[Dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch automatic transmission]] made by [[TREMEC Corporation|Tremec]], with no [[manual transmission]] option available, which makes it the first Corvette not offered with a manual transmission since the [[Chevrolet Corvette (C1)#1953–1955|1953–1955 C1 model]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a28409341/2020-chevy-corvette-c8-mid-engine-photos-info/|title=The Mid-Engined 2020 Chevy Corvette Is Here|last=Huffman|first=John Pearley|date=2019-07-19|website=Car and Driver}}</ref> The car does however allow for [[Semi-automatic transmission|semi-automatic]] shifting action with paddle shifters on the steering wheel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/258428/mid-engined-corvette-everything-we-know/|title=2020 Mid-Engined Corvette C8: Everything We Know|last=Perez|first=Jeff|date=2019-07-19|website=motor1.com}}</ref> The manual was dropped primarily due to lack of demand for manual C7's, although other factors include improvements for the dual clutch automatic transmission and structural concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a28531606/2020-chevy-corvette-manual-transmission/|title=The Real Reason the New C8 Corvette Isn't Available with a Manual Transmission|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Vanderwerp|first=Dave|date=29 July 2019|accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Suspension ===
The base model of the Stingray comes with [[Double wishbone suspension#Short long arms suspension|unequal length double wishbone]] suspension at the front and rear axles made from forged aluminum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a28437032/c8-mid-engine-corvette-stingray-2020-photos-specs/|title=The Mid-Engine C8 Corvette Has 495 HP and Hits 60 MPH In Under 3.0 Seconds|last=Sorokanich|first=Bob|date=2019-07-19|website=Road and Track}}</ref> [[Shock absorber#Mono-tube|Monotube shock absorbers]] are standard at all four wheels. The car can be equipped with a front-axle lifting [[height adjustable suspension]] system that can add {{Convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} of ground clearance at speeds under {{Convert|25|mph|kph|abbr=on|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/07/19/2020-chevrolet-corvette-stingray-mid-engine/|title=2020 Chevrolet Corvette Mid Engine|last=Lawler|first=Richard|date=2019-07-19|website=engadget}}</ref>

The Z51 package adds a performance-tuned adjustable suspension setup with threaded spring seats for further setup customization, as well as an [[Limited-slip differential|electronic limited-slip differential]].<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, the top-of-the-line FE4 trim level includes the fourth generation of [[MagneRide|GM's magnetic ride]] adaptive suspension system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slashgear.com/this-is-the-2020-corvette-stingray-c8-18584427/|title=This is the 2020 Corvette Stingray C8|last=Davies|first=Chris|date=2019-07-18|website=Slashgear}}</ref>

=== Wheels ===
The Stingray is equipped with alloy wheels with diameters of {{Convert|19|in|cm}} at the front and {{Convert|20|in|cm}} at the rear. The standard tires are [[Michelin]] Pilot Sport ALS, with Michelin Pilot Sport 4S available as a part of the Z51 performance package. All-season tires are used on base models for better grip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a28414993/2020-chevrolet-corvette-mid-engine-all-season-tires/|title=The Base 2020 Corvette Comes with All-Season Tires. Here's Why|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last1=Jacquot|first1=Josh|last2=Vanderwerp|first2=Dave|date=23 July 2019|accessdate=3 November 2019}}</ref> The exact tire dimensions are 245/45ZR-19 at the front and 305/30ZR-20 at the rear.<ref name="C/D C8" /> The standard brakes are four-piston [[Brembo]] [[Ventilated disc brake|ventilated discs]] with diameters of {{Convert|12.6|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} at the front and {{Convert|13.6|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} at the rear. The Z51 package provides upgraded and enlarged brakes measuring {{Convert|13.3|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} at the front and {{Convert|13.8|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} at the rear.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Chevrolet Corvette C8}}
*{{Official website|https://www.chevrolet.com/upcoming-vehicles/next-generation-corvette}}

{{Chevrolet}}
{{Corvette timeline}}

[[Category:Cars introduced in 2019]]
[[Category:Chevrolet Corvette]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Flagship vehicles]]

D.A.R.Y.L.

2019-08-16T19:35:48Z

Alvarowik:

{{Infobox film
| name = D.A.R.Y.L.
| image = DarylPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Simon Wincer]]
| producer = John Heyman Burtt Harris Gabrielle Kelly
| writer = [[David Ambrose]] [[Allan Scott (Scottish screenwriter)|Allan Scott]] Jeffrey Ellis
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mary Beth Hurt]]
* [[Michael McKean]]
* [[Kathryn Walker]]
* [[Colleen Camp]]
* [[Josef Sommer]]
* [[Barret Oliver]]
}}
| music = [[Marvin Hamlisch]]
| cinematography = Frank Watts
| editing = Adrian Carr
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] {{small| (USA & Canada)}} [[Columbia Pictures]] {{small| (International)}}
| released = {{Unbulleted list | June 14, 1985 (US) |}}
| runtime = 99 minutes
| country = United States United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget = $12 million
| gross = $7,840,873
}}
'''''D.A.R.Y.L.''''' is a 1985 [[science fiction film]] written by [[David Ambrose]], [[Allan Scott (Scottish screenwriter)|Allan Scott]] and Jeffrey Ellis. It was directed by [[Simon Wincer]] and stars [[Barret Oliver]], [[Mary Beth Hurt]], [[Michael McKean]], [[Danny Corkill]], and [[Josef Sommer]]. The original music score was composed by [[Marvin Hamlisch]].

==Plot==
{{plot|date=October 2018}}
"Daryl" (whose name is an [[acronym]] for "[[Data]]-[[Analysis|Analyzing]] [[Robot]] [[Youth]] [[Outline of life forms|Lifeform]]") ([[Barret Oliver]]) is an experiment in [[artificial intelligence]], created by a government company called TASCOM. Although physically indistinguishable from an ordinary ten-year-old boy, his brain is actually a super-sophisticated microcomputer with several unique capabilities. These include exceptional reflexes, superhuman multitasking ability, and the ability to "hack" other computer systems. The D.A.R.Y.L. experiment was funded by the military, with the intention of producing a "super-soldier".

One of the original scientists, Dr. Mulligan, has misgivings about the experiment and frees Daryl. Pursued by a helicopter, Mulligan drops off Daryl in a mountain forest in [[South Carolina]], and tries to escape from the helicopter. The chase ends when Mulligan drives his car off a cliff and dies.

Daryl is found by an elderly couple and taken to an orphanage in the fictional town of Barkenton, South Carolina; he does not remember who or what he is. Though a normal pre-adolescent boy in most respects, Daryl begins to exhibit extraordinary talents after he goes to live with his new foster parents Joyce ([[Mary Beth Hurt]]) and Andy Richardson ([[Michael McKean]]). He is also introduced to the neighbors of the Richardsons: Howie ([[Steve Ryan (actor)|Steve Ryan]]) and Elaine Fox ([[Colleen Camp]]) and their children Sherie ([[Amy Linker]]) and Tyler "Turtle" ([[Danny Corkill]]). Due to being raised in isolation, Daryl's social skills are rather limited, but Turtle, a sarcastic, foul-mouthed wisecracker, manages to help him develop such skills.

Turtle wonders how Daryl can remember his name and how to read, but does not remember anything else about himself. Daryl tells him that he was diagnosed with [[amnesia]], and that his real parents might pick him up one day. At Turtle's house, Daryl notices Turtle playing ''[[Pole Position (video game)|Pole Position]]'', and decides to try it out, playing and reacting faster than humanly possible.

Andy decides to teach Daryl how to improve his social skills by teaching him how to play [[baseball]], to which Daryl shows uncanny abilities, including hitting multiple [[home run]]s; one of them shatters a window. When Andy shows Daryl how to use an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]], Daryl helps Andy to rectify a problem when it won't accept his [[credit card]]. Daryl then makes a transaction with the ATM which results in Daryl withdrawing $100 dollars from Andy's account, but then manipulates the ATM to show $1,426,372 in Andy's account.

The baseball game starts with Andy's team, the Mohawks, facing the Warriors, coached by a rival of Andy's, Bull MacKenzie ([[Hardy Rawls]]). Daryl shows off his impressive ability, and the Mohawks start winning the game, but Turtle — who had noticed that Joyce is slightly annoyed that she cannot do anything for Daryl because Daryl can look after himself perfectly — tells him that it is okay for him to not always be perfect and to mess up sometimes; Daryl ends up striking out his next turn, so Turtle ends up taking over for Daryl as the cleanup hitter. Turtle manages to hit a home run, and wins the game for the team, and everyone is joyous over the Mohawks' victory.

However, just as the Richardsons have truly begun to form a bond with Daryl, their new-found happiness is shattered when government agents find him and return him to the TASCOM facility where he was created, in [[Washington, D.C.]] Once there, his memory is restored and he is debriefed on the lessons he learned during his time with the Richardsons. Notable items in the debriefing include his decision to strike out at a baseball game, because sub-optimal performance in some areas can be more beneficial when building relationships with others, as well as his subjective preference for chocolate-flavored ice cream over vanilla-flavored ice cream. Because Daryl has revealed a capacity for human emotions, including fear, the D.A.R.Y.L. experiment is considered a failure by the military and the decision is made that the project be "terminated".

Dr. Jeffrey Stewart ([[Josef Sommer]]), one of Daryl's designers, decides to free Daryl so he can return to the Richardson family. Unfortunately, despite the cooperation of Dr. Ellen Lamb ([[Kathryn Walker]]) - who was originally skeptical about Daryl's humanity and had alerted the military to Daryl's continued existence - they do not get away cleanly. When asked by the military to justify her complicity, Dr. Lamb offers a reformulation of the [[Turing test]]: "General, a machine becomes human... when you can't tell the difference anymore," implying that she is no longer certain that Daryl is not human.

Daryl and Dr. Stewart manage to escape the first wave of pursuers, thanks to Daryl's advanced driving skills, apparently acquired through playing the ''Pole Position'' video game. As the sun comes up, they drive into the [[Northern Virginia]] countryside and steal a [[pickup truck]] to avoid being recognized. However, when passing two police roadblocks, Dr. Stewart is mortally wounded by a police officer's shotgun. With his dying words, he assures Daryl that he is indeed a real person and Daryl continues his escape.
[[File:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird.jpg|thumb|Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird]]
That night, Daryl sneaks into a nearby [[United States Air Force|USAF]] airbase, hacks into a computer to trigger several faraway alarms as a distraction, and steals a [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird]]. Daryl sets a course for Barkenton, and contacts Turtle telling him and Sherie to meet up with him at Blue Lake, a lake where he and Turtle had been before.

Because their missiles cannot intercept the plane, the Air Force tells Daryl that the plane will be vaporized mid-flight using a self-destruct mechanism. Daryl ejects at the last moment to fake his own death, as the plane is blown apart over Barkenton. In the meantime, Turtle and Sherie bike to the lake to meet up with Daryl. Unfortunately, the ejection had knocked Daryl unconscious, and he plummets into Blue Lake in his ejection seat with a deployed parachute. The added weight of both the seat and the parachute causes him to sink and Daryl drowns. When his body resurfaces, Daryl is rushed to the hospital, but shows no signs of life and is officially declared dead.

Everyone is depressed over Daryl's death, even though Turtle says that since he is a computer, he can't die. In the hospital, Dr. Lamb finds him and reactivates his electronic brain, restoring him to life. Now that he is declared dead, Daryl is no longer on the run from TASCOM and is free to return to his foster family. As Turtle walks out of the Richardsons' house, he sees Daryl running back to the house, and they joyfully reunite with everyone.

==Cast==
* [[Barret Oliver]] as D.A.R.Y.L.
* [[Mary Beth Hurt]] as Joyce Richardson
* [[Michael McKean]] as Andy Richardson
* [[Danny Corkill]] as Tyler "Turtle" Fox
* [[Josef Sommer]] as Dr. Jeffrey Stewart
* [[David Wohl (actor)|David Wohl]] as Mr. Nesbitt
* [[Colleen Camp]] as Elaine Fox
* [[Steve Ryan (actor)|Steve Ryan]] as Howie Fox
* [[Amy Linker]] as Sherie Lee Fox
* [[Kathryn Walker]] as Dr. Ellen Lamb
* [[Hardy Rawls]] as Bull McKenzie
* [[Jim Fitzpatrick (actor)|Jim Fitzpatrick]] as TASCOM Security Cop

==Production==
===Filming===

Filming took place from January to March 1985.

The movie was filmed at [[Pinewood Studios]]; [[Orlando, Florida]]; and [[Dillsboro, North Carolina]].

Almost all of Barkenton was filmed in Orlando, and the surrounding areas, with one exception in Dillsboro.

*Daryl's house was filmed at 716 Euclid Avenue in Orlando.
*Turtle's house was filmed at 717 Euclid Avenue in Orlando.
*Barkenton's city hall was filmed at 50 Front Street in Dillsboro.
*The hospital scenes were filmed at Orlando VA Medical Center.
*Blue Lake was filmed at Lake Copeland in Orlando.
*The baseball game at Barkenton Park was filmed at Delaney Park in Orlando.
*Barkenton School was filmed at Kaley School in Orlando.

The other locations in the movie were also filmed in Orlando.

*The exterior of the TASCOM facility was filmed at the Siemens Energy Inc. building in Orlando; The interiors were filmed at [[Pinewood Studios]].
*Daryl's escape onto the freeway was filmed on [[FL-408]] and [[US-17]] in Orlando.
*The airport scenes were filmed at [[Kissimmee Gateway Airport]] in Kissimmee.

==Reception==
''D.A.R.Y.L.'' failed to make it into the box office top five, and has received mainly mixed reviews. The film currently holds a "rotten" 50% positive critics' score on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 15 reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/daryl/reviews/|title=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> A 1985 reviewer for ''The New York Times'' wrote, "The best that can be said about ''D.A.R.Y.L.''... is that it's inoffensive."<ref>{{cite news|date=June 14, 1985|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C04EEDF1339F937A25755C0A963948260|title=Screen: DARYL|publisher=The New York Times|author=Canby, Vincent}}</ref> In his review for ''Entertainment Tonight'', [[Leonard Maltin]] said, "This is one of the blandest movies I've seen all year. No punch. No surprises. No juice, especially in the way it's directed."<ref>{{cite web|title=Leonard Maltin review (Entertainment Tonight)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMXgL7I1mT0}}</ref> On their show ''[[At the Movies (1982 TV program)|At the Movies]]'', [[Gene Siskel]] gave ''D.A.R.Y.L.'' a "thumbs down" for being predictable and formulaic, while [[Roger Ebert]] recommended the movie, praising its ending and comparing its theme to that of the 1968 film ''[[Charly]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siskelandebert.org/video/NASHW991M3D3/Cocoon--Return-To-Oz--DARYL-1985|title=At the Movies}}</ref>

DVD Verdict cites "wooden" acting and a "preposterous" plot, but ultimately concludes that the film is "a formulaic slice of family entertainment that doesn't do much new, but follows the blueprint well enough to warrant a look."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/daryl.php | title=DVD Verdict | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216070407/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/daryl.php | archivedate=2012-12-16 | df= }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0088979}}
* {{AllMovie title|11910}}
* {{Mojo title|daryl}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|daryl}}

{{Simon Wincer}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1980s action films]]
[[Category:1980s science fiction films]]
[[Category:American science fiction action films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Android (robot) films]]
[[Category:British action films]]
[[Category:British science fiction films]]
[[Category:British films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Marvin Hamlisch]]
[[Category:Films directed by Simon Wincer]]
[[Category:Films set in South Carolina]]
[[Category:Films set in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Films set in Virginia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Florida]]
[[Category:Films shot in North Carolina]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Films shot at Pinewood Studios]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]

Rover L-series engine

2019-07-18T14:27:16Z

Alvarowik:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox automobile engine
|name=Rover L series
|manufacturer=[[Rover Group]] [[MG Rover Group]]/[[Powertrain Ltd]]
|production=1994-2005
|configuration=[[Straight-4]]
|valvetrain=[[SOHC]] 2 [[Poppet valve|valves]] x [[Cylinder (engine)|cyl.]]
|fueltype=[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]
|fuelsystem={{Unbulleted list|[[Mechanical fuel injection|Mechanical FI]]|[[Electronic fuel-injection|Electronic FI]]|[[Common rail]] [[Fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]]}}
|coolingsystem=[[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]]
|predecessor = [[BL_O-Series_engine|Perkins Prima Diesel]]
|successor = [[Rover G series]]
|bore = {{convert|84.5|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}
|stroke = {{convert|88.9|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|displacement = {{convert|1994|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|compression = 19.5:1
|power={{Convert|84-114|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
|torque= {{Convert|210|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}
|block=[[Cast iron]]
|head=[[Aluminum alloy]]
|turbocharger=With [[intercooler]] (in some versions)
|management=[[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] or [[Lucas Industries|Lucas]]
|emissions control=[[Exhaust gas recirculation|EGR]] [[Catalytic converter|Oxidation catalyst]]
|sp=uk
}}
The '''L-series''' [[engine]] is an [[automotive]] [[diesel engine]] built by [[Powertrain Ltd]], a sister company of [[MG Rover]].

==History==
The L-series engine commenced production on 28 November 1994 and was the first Rover designed and manufactured ''[[Fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]]'' Diesel for use in Rover Cars applications and derived from the established Rover MDi / Perkins Prima engine (Perkins BA / Perkins 4.20 [[naturally aspirated]] and Perkins BB / Perkins T4.20 turbocharged) used in the [[Austin Montego]], [[Austin Maestro]], and [[Leyland Sherpa]] van sold by '[[Freight Rover]]' in the '80s, later by [[LDV Group|LDV]]. Which was a dieselized version of the [[BL O-series engine]]. The engine started production in low volume at [[Longbridge]] for [[Rover 600]] only (Job 1 engine) with later higher volume production at [[Solihull]] for [[Rover 600]] and all other applications (Job 2). The L series was extremely versatile and has been fitted in the [[Land Rover Freelander]], [[Rover 200|Rover 200 Mk3]], [[Rover 400|Rover 400 Mk2]], [[Rover 600]], and European versions of the [[Honda Accord]] and [[Honda Civic]]. It has been successfully tuned to produce much higher power than standard. A development of the L-series engine ([[Rover G series|G series]]) featuring a modern [[common rail]] [[fuel injection]] system was underway when MG-Rover ceased production, but the company's closure prevented it from being fully developed and released.

==Technology==
There are several forms of this engine.

The first is a non intercooled, [[Mechanical fuel injection|mechanically controlled fuel-injection]] system. This version is available in [[Rover 200]] and [[Rover 400]] models and the model designation ends in "D", i.e. SD, SLD etc., etc.

The second is [[intercooled]] and has an [[Electronic fuel-injection|electronically controlled fuel-injection]] system. This version is available in [[Rover 200]], [[Rover 400]] and [[Rover 600]] models. The model designation ends in "Di", i.e. SDi, SLDi etc., etc.

The last and most recent engine is intercooled and also has an electronically controlled injection system which is slightly more advanced and produces more [[torque]] but the same power output as earlier intercooled models. This is the version that is used in the [[Rover 25]], [[Rover 45]], [[MG ZR]], and [[MG ZS]].

All versions use [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] fuel-injection equipment of various designs. An unusual feature is that the injector pump is driven by a toothed belt from the 'rear' end of the [[overhead camshaft]], itself driven at the 'front' end by another toothed belt connected to the [[crankshaft]].

The engine is extremely environmentally friendly in terms of its [[Automobile emissions control|emissions]]. It is quiet in operation owing to its two-stage fuel injection & [[Engine Control Unit|ECU]] controlling fuel for most models and timing for them all. The engine currently satisfies ECD III derogated Diesel emissions legislation when installed with an appropriate specified [[Catalytic converter|oxidation catalyst]].

[[:Category:Engine sensors|Sensors]] around the engine constantly give feedback to the ECU regarding injection timing, engine speed, load, fuel and coolant temperature, boost pressure etc. to ensure that optimum running conditions are maintained.

The basic engine is a conventional [[4-cylinder]] with 2 valves per cylinder operated by a [[single overhead camshaft]] and [[hydraulic tappet]]s.

The [[Cylinder block|block]] is made of [[cast iron]] with [[aluminum alloy]] [[cylinder head]] and [[sump]]. An [[AlliedSignal]] GT15 [[turbocharger]] supplies boosted air. A fully modulated, either air- or water-cooled [[exhaust gas recirculation]] (EGR) system is incorporated into the intake/[[exhaust system]].

All accessories ([[Power steering|PAS]], [[aircon]], water pump, [[vacuum pump]], [[alternator (automotive)|alternator]]) are all driven off a single [[polygroove belt|poly-vee-belt drive]] with autotensioner. [[Camshaft]] and [[injection pump]] drives are via two multi-toothed belts with either automatic or manual tensioners.

==Related development==
The [[Land Rover]] Td5 engine, a 2.5-litre, [[Inline-five engine|5-cylinder]] [[turbodiesel]] used in the [[Land Rover Discovery|Discovery]] and the [[Land Rover Defender|Defender]] had the same bore/stroke dimensions as the L series and used the same pistons, [[connecting rod]]s and crankshaft dimensions. However, the Td5 was not simply a 5-cylinder L series. It used [[LucasVarity|Lucas]] [[unit injector|electronic unit injection]], instead of the L series' direct-injection system, as well as a through-flow cylinder head and a very different ancillary equipment layout. The Td5 had been developed by the [[Rover Group]] under the codename 'Project Storm', which was originally to develop a replacement range of turbodiesels to replace the L series, with 4-, 5-, and 6-cylinder engines of 2, 2.5, and 3 litres respectively. When the Rover Group was taken over by [[BMW]], they brought their own range of diesels which rendered the 2-litre and 3-litre Storm engines unnecessary. Only the Td5 entered production as this was the only diesel engine of the [[BMW]] or [[Rover Group]] that would fit (engine length) in [[Land Rover Discovery|Discovery]] and [[Land Rover Defender|Defender]] with sufficient power output and had the then up-to-date direct-injection system.

==Specifications==
The L-series engine has been available in a number of power specifications:

{{Convert|84|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/Non-intercooled (ceased production in 2000) 
{{Convert|104|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/intercooled (Torque: {{Convert|210|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2000 rpm.) 
{{Convert|111|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/intercooled 
{{Convert|99|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/intercooled (in later cars) 
{{Convert|114|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/intercooled (in later cars)

'''General''' 
[[Firing order]] – 1-3-4-2 
Boost pressure – {{Convert|14|psi|bar|abbr=on}} 
Fuel pressure – {{Convert|20500|psi|bar|abbr=on}} maxv

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rover L-Series Engine}}
[[Category:Rover engines|L]]
[[Category:Diesel engines by model]]

Rover T-series engine

2019-07-17T20:30:54Z

Alvarowik:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{noref|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox automobile engine
|name=Rover T series
|image=File:Rover T-series insitu..JPG
|manufacturer=[[Rover Group]]
|production=1992-1999
|configuration=[[Straight-4]]
|block=[[Cast iron]]
|head=Cast aluminium
|displacement={{convert|1997|cc|L cuin|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|bore={{convert|84.45|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|stroke={{convert|89|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|valvetrain=[[DOHC]] [[Multivalve#Four valves|4 valves]] x [[Cylinder (engine)|cyl.]]
|fuelsystem=[[Fuel injection]]
|management=[[Rover MEMS]]
|fueltype=[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]
|coolingsystem=[[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]]
|turbocharger=In some versions
|power={{convert|136-200|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
|sp=uk
}}
The '''Rover T16 engine''' was a {{convert|1997|cc|L cuin|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} fuel injected [[DOHC]] [[inline-four]] [[petrol engine]] produced by [[MG Rover Group|Rover]] from 1992 to 1999. It has a bore and a stroke of {{convert|84.45x89|mm|in|abbr=on}}. It is a development of the [[Rover M-series engine|M series]] (M16), which was in turn a development of the [[BL O-series engine|O series]], which dated back to the [[BMC B-series engine]] as found in the [[MG MGB|MG B]] and many others. Several variants were produced for various models, but all had the same displacement. The [[naturally aspirated]] type produced {{convert|136|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, and turbocharged types were available with {{Convert|180 and 200|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}.

While the engine itself is capable of a great deal of power, its limiting factor was the PG1 [[Powertrain Ltd]] gearbox it was coupled with which could not handle the torque.{{fact|date=November 2012}} As a result, the engine is electronically limited to a lower torque output than it is easily capable of, giving the engine a very 'flat' overall [[torque curve]].

==Applications==
[[File:Rover 620ti.jpg|thumb|left|Rover 620ti]]The [[Rover 600|Rover 620ti]] [[Turbo]], [[Rover 200|220]] turbo [[coupé]] and [[Rover 800|820]] Vitesse all utilised the engine. The T-series engine also found its way into limited-run Rover 220 3-door hatchbacks in GTi and later GSi trims and the [[Rover 400|420]] GSI turbo and GSI Sport turbo. The T-series engine is a popular engine for engine conversions in to other Rover-[[MG Cars|MG vehicles]] i.e. [[MG ZR]], [[MG ZS]] etc. It can also be adapted to a [[rear-wheel drive]] layout using a Rover LT77 or R380 [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]].

The non-turbo engine also found its way into the short-lived and generally underpowered [[Land Rover Discovery]] 2.0i. [[Land Rover]] also fitted the same engine to a special batch of [[Land Rover Defender|Defenders]] built for the Italian [[Carabinieri]], which operated an exclusively petrol-powered vehicle fleet. A development vehicle was also built using a turbocharged version of the engine which far out performed the V8 production cars, but no room could be found for it in Land Rover's vehicle strategy.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rover T-Series Engine}}
[[Category:Rover engines|T]]
[[Category:Gasoline engines by model]]

Rover L-series engine

2019-07-17T19:03:18Z

Alvarowik:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox automobile engine
|name=Rover L series
|manufacturer=[[Rover Group]] [[MG Rover Group]]/[[Powertrain Ltd]]
|production=1994-2005
|configuration=[[Straight-4]]
|fueltype=[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]
|fuelsystem={{Unbulleted list|[[Mechanical fuel injection|Mechanical FI]]|[[Electronic fuel-injection|Electronic FI]]|[[Common rail]] [[direct injection]]}}
|coolingsystem=[[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]]
|predecessor = [[BL_O-Series_engine|Perkins Prima Diesel]]
|successor = [[Rover G series]]
|bore = {{convert|84.5|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}
|stroke = {{convert|88.9|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}
|displacement = {{convert|1994|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|compression = 19.5:1
|power={{Convert|84-114|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
|torque= {{Convert|210|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}
|block=[[Cast iron]]
|head=[[Aluminum alloy]]
|turbocharger=With [[intercooler]] (in some versions)
|management=[[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] or [[Lucas Industries|Lucas]]
|emissions control=[[Exhaust gas recirculation|EGR]] [[Catalytic converter|Oxidation catalyst]]
}}
The '''L-series''' [[engine]] is an [[automotive]] [[diesel engine]] built by [[Powertrain Ltd]], a sister company of [[MG Rover]].

==History==
The L-series engine commenced production on 28 November 1994 and was the first Rover designed and manufactured ''[[direct injection]]'' Diesel for use in Rover Cars applications and derived from the established Rover MDi / Perkins Prima engine (Perkins BA / Perkins 4.20 [[naturally aspirated]] and Perkins BB / Perkins T4.20 turbocharged) used in the [[Austin Montego]], [[Austin Maestro]], and [[Leyland Sherpa]] van sold by '[[Freight Rover]]' in the '80s, later by [[LDV Group|LDV]]. Which was a dieselized version of the [[BL O-series engine]]. The engine started production in low volume at [[Longbridge]] for [[Rover 600]] only (Job 1 engine) with later higher volume production at [[Solihull]] for [[Rover 600]] and all other applications (Job 2). The L series was extremely versatile and has been fitted in the [[Land Rover Freelander]], [[Rover 200|Rover 200 Mk3]], [[Rover 400|Rover 400 Mk2]], [[Rover 600]], and European versions of the [[Honda Accord]] and [[Honda Civic]]. It has been successfully tuned to produce much higher power than standard. A development of the L-series engine ([[Rover G series|G series]]) featuring a modern [[common rail]] [[fuel injection]] system was underway when MG-Rover ceased production, but the company's closure prevented it from being fully developed and released.

==Technology==
There are several forms of this engine.

The first is a non intercooled, [[Mechanical fuel injection|mechanically controlled fuel-injection]] system. This version is available in [[Rover 200]] and [[Rover 400]] models and the model designation ends in "D", i.e. SD, SLD etc., etc.

The second is [[intercooled]] and has an [[Electronic fuel-injection|electronically controlled fuel-injection]] system. This version is available in [[Rover 200]], [[Rover 400]] and [[Rover 600]] models. The model designation ends in "Di", i.e. SDi, SLDi etc., etc.

The last and most recent engine is intercooled and also has an electronically controlled injection system which is slightly more advanced and produces more [[torque]] but the same power output as earlier intercooled models. This is the version that is used in the [[Rover 25]], [[Rover 45]], [[MG ZR]], and [[MG ZS]].

All versions use [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] fuel-injection equipment of various designs. An unusual feature is that the injector pump is driven by a toothed belt from the 'rear' end of the [[overhead camshaft]], itself driven at the 'front' end by another toothed belt connected to the [[crankshaft]].

The engine is extremely environmentally friendly in terms of its [[Automobile emissions control|emissions]]. It is quiet in operation owing to its two-stage fuel injection & [[Engine Control Unit|ECU]] controlling fuel for most models and timing for them all. The engine currently satisfies ECD III derogated Diesel emissions legislation when installed with an appropriate specified [[Catalytic converter|oxidation catalyst]].

[[:Category:Engine sensors|Sensors]] around the engine constantly give feedback to the ECU regarding injection timing, engine speed, load, fuel and coolant temperature, boost pressure etc. to ensure that optimum running conditions are maintained.

The basic engine is a conventional [[4-cylinder]] with 2 valves per cylinder operated by a [[single overhead camshaft]] and [[hydraulic tappet]]s.

The [[Cylinder block|block]] is made of [[cast iron]] with [[aluminum alloy]] [[cylinder head]] and [[sump]]. An [[AlliedSignal]] GT15 [[turbocharger]] supplies boosted air. A fully modulated, either air- or water-cooled [[exhaust gas recirculation]] (EGR) system is incorporated into the intake/[[exhaust system]].

All accessories ([[Power steering|PAS]], [[aircon]], water pump, [[vacuum pump]], [[alternator (automotive)|alternator]]) are all driven off a single [[polygroove belt|poly-vee-belt drive]] with autotensioner. [[Camshaft]] and [[injection pump]] drives are via two multi-toothed belts with either automatic or manual tensioners.

==Related development==
The [[Land Rover]] Td5 engine, a 2.5-litre, [[Inline-five engine|5-cylinder]] [[turbodiesel]] used in the [[Land Rover Discovery|Discovery]] and the [[Land Rover Defender|Defender]] had the same bore/stroke dimensions as the L series and used the same pistons, [[connecting rod]]s and crankshaft dimensions. However, the Td5 was not simply a 5-cylinder L series. It used [[LucasVarity|Lucas]] [[unit injector|electronic unit injection]], instead of the L series' direct-injection system, as well as a through-flow cylinder head and a very different ancillary equipment layout. The Td5 had been developed by the [[Rover Group]] under the codename 'Project Storm', which was originally to develop a replacement range of turbodiesels to replace the L series, with 4-, 5-, and 6-cylinder engines of 2, 2.5, and 3 litres respectively. When the Rover Group was taken over by [[BMW]], they brought their own range of diesels which rendered the 2-litre and 3-litre Storm engines unnecessary. Only the Td5 entered production as this was the only diesel engine of the [[BMW]] or [[Rover Group]] that would fit (engine length) in [[Land Rover Discovery|Discovery]] and [[Land Rover Defender|Defender]] with sufficient power output and had the then up-to-date direct-injection system.

==Specifications==
The L-series engine has been available in a number of power specifications:

{{Convert|84|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/Non-intercooled (ceased production in 2000) 
{{Convert|104|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/intercooled (Torque: {{Convert|210|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2000 rpm.) 
{{Convert|111|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/intercooled 
{{Convert|99|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/intercooled (in later cars) 
{{Convert|114|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Turbo/intercooled (in later cars)

'''General''' 
[[Firing order]] – 1-3-4-2 
Boost pressure – {{Convert|14|psi|bar|abbr=on}} 
Fuel pressure – {{Convert|20500|psi|bar|abbr=on}} maxv

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rover L-Series Engine}}
[[Category:Rover engines|L]]
[[Category:Diesel engines by model]]

MG XPower SV

2019-07-17T17:58:26Z

Alvarowik:

{{EngvarB|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2007}}
{{Infobox automobile
|MG XPower SV
|image = AMI SV-R.jpg
|name = MG XPower SV
|manufacturer = [[MG Cars|MG]] ([[MG Rover]])
|production = 2003–2005
|assembly =[[Modena]], {{ITA}} [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]], {{UK}}
|predecessor =
|successor =
|class = [[Sports car]]
|body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
|layout = [[Longitudinal engine|Longitudinally-mounted]], [[Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel drive]]
|powerout ={{convert|320-385|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
|engine = ''[[Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular]]'' [[DOHC]] 90° [[V8 engine|V8]]s: 4.6 litre 5.0 litre
|transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] [[TREMEC Corporation|Tremec]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2670|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|4480|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1900|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1320|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|weight = {{Convert|1540|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
|related = [[De Tomaso Biguà]] [[Qvale Mangusta]]
|designer = [[Peter Stevens (car designer)|Peter Stevens]]
|sp =uk
}}

The '''MG XPower SV''' is a [[sports car]] that was produced by [[MG Rover]]. Manufactured in [[Modena]], Italy and finished at [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]], United Kingdom, it was based on the platform of the [[Qvale Mangusta]], formerly the [[De Tomaso Biguà]].<ref name="aro">{{Cite web|url=http://austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?x80devf.htm|title=Wonderful irelevance|last=Adams|first=Keith|accessdate=2011-03-04|work=AROnline|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515170311/http://austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?x80devf.htm|archivedate=15 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
After acquiring [[Qvale]] of Italy, [[MG Rover]] allocated the project code '''X80''', and set up a subsidiary company, MG X80 Ltd., to produce a new model based on the Qvale Mangusta. One attraction was the potential sales in the United States, as the Mangusta had already been homologated for the market in the United States.

The MG X80 was originally revealed as a [[concept car]] in 2001. However, the styling was considered too sedate.<ref name="aro"/> When the production model, now renamed MG ''XPower SV'', was eventually launched the following year, designer [[Peter Stevens (car designer)|Peter Stevens]] had made the car's styling more aggressive.

The conversion from a clay model to a production car, including all requirements, was done in just three hundred days by the Swedish company ''Caran''. One goal was to get a street price of under £100,000. The car's baseline model eventually cost £65,000, with the uprated XPower SV-R model costing £83,000.<ref name="aro"/>

The production process was complex, partly caused by the use of [[carbon fibre]] to make the body panels. The basic body parts were made in the United Kingdom by SP Systems, and then shipped to Belco Avia near [[Turin]] for assembly into body panels.

These were then assembled into a complete body shell and fitted onto the box frame chassis and running gear and shipped to the MG Rover Longbridge factory to be trimmed and finished.<ref name=safetyfast>{{Cite journal
| last = Simpson
| first = Jock
| title = The MG Supercar
| journal = Safety Fast
| volume = 51
| pages = 16–20
|date=December 2007 }}</ref> Several of the cars' exterior and interior parts were sourced from current and past models of [[Fiat]]. The headlights, for example, were taken from a [[Fiat Punto|Punto Mk.2]], and the rear lights from a [[Fiat Coupe]].<ref>Fact confirmed by mgsv-club.com</ref>

According to the data at the MG XPower SV Club, approximately 82 cars were produced excluding the four 'XP' pre production prototypes.

This included a few pre production and show cars which were later dismantled, before production was stopped due to lack of sales. Most were sold to private owners, with the final ones being sold to customers in the beginning of 2008.<ref name=safetyfast/> most were sold in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], with only one model sold in America, a [[supercharged]] XP model.

One body shell and chassis is owned by Bad Obsession Motorsport Ltd, [[Shrewsbury]], England. and may be featured in a future Youtube video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBePeBMklko

== Variants ==
[[File:MGXPowerSV-rear.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rear view]]
The base MG XPower SV was powered by a 4.6 L [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[Ford Modular engine|Modular]] V8<ref>{{cite web|title=MG SV-R |publisher=Yahoo! |url=http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/06032006/45/mg-sv-r-0.html |accessdate=2007-04-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112203906/http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/06032006/45/mg-sv-r-0.html |archivedate=12 November 2006 }}</ref> which produced {{convert|320|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm and {{Convert|410|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 4750 rpm. The SV's advanced carbon fibre body meant it had a top speed of {{convert|165|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} and a 0 to {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} time of 5.3 seconds<ref name=safetyfast/>. Club Sport options, for customers who wished to use their SV on the track, were planned but never produced.

The XPower SV-R, released the following year, featured a [[Roush Performance|Roush]] tuned, "cammer" 5.0 L 32 valve Modular V8. MG claimed the SV-R produced {{convert|385|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, however some sources claim this figure is actually closer to {{convert|410|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref>https://www.aronline.co.uk/mg-xpower-sv/the-cars-mg-xpower-sv-development-history</ref>. Its top speed was estimated to be around {{convert|175|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} and its 0 to {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} time to be close to 4.9 seconds<ref name=safetyfast/>.

Unlike the base SV model, the SV-R was offered with a choice of either manual or automatic transmissions, as well as a factory approved [[nitrous oxide]] kit from the [[MG_ZT#Land_Speed_Record|MG ZT-T]] Bonneville world record car, which pushed the power output to an estimated {{convert|1000|bhp|kW|-2|abbr=on}}.

== Performance ==
Performance data for the MG XPower SV range:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"
!Model
![[Engine displacement|Displacement]]
![[Bore (engine)|Bore]] x [[Stroke (engine)|stroke]]
!Power
![[Torque]]
!{{convert|0–60|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
!Top speed
|-
!style="background: #ececec;"|2003 SV
| {{convert|4601|cc|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|90.2x90|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|320|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm
| {{convert|410|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 4750 rpm
| 5.3 seconds
| {{convert|165|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
|-

!style="background: #ececec;"|2004 SV-R
| {{convert|4997|cc|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|94x90|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|385|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm
| {{convert|510|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at 4750 rpm
| 4.9 seconds
| {{convert|175|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|}

==XPower WR==
In July 2008, William Riley, who claims to be a descendant of the [[Riley Motor]] dynasty, although this has been disputed,<ref name="ft-letter">{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8be5512a-552a-11dd-ae9c-000077b07658.html|title=Riley dynastic claim is a non-starter|last=Riley|first=V. W.|date=2008-07-19|work=[[Financial Times]]|accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> bought XPower SV related assets from the administrators of [[MG Rover]], [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]]. Riley formed [[MG Sports and Racing Europe]] Ltd, to continue production of the model.<ref name="ft-2008">{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a227419e-4a2d-11dd-891a-000077b07658.html|title=Battle over MG badge shifts up a gear|last=Murphy|first=Megan|date=2008-07-05|work=[[Financial Times]]|accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref>

In April 2008, MG Sports and Racing Europe, based in [[Eardiston]], near [[Tenbury Wells]] in [[Worcestershire]], announced the relaunch of the XPower SV under the name '''MG XPower WR'''. Priced at between £75,000 and £90,000, the new model had a supercharged engine rated at {{Convert|540|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, and seven cars were said to have already been sold.<ref name="car-2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/MG-SV-returns-TF-founders/|title=MG SV returns, TF founders|last=Adams|first=Keith|date=2008-04-15|work=[[Car Magazine]]|accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref>

Riley's use of the "MG" trademark resulted in a legal dispute with [[Nanjing Automobile (Group) Corporation]], which had also acquired assets of the defunct MG Rover Group.<ref name="ft-2008"/> This case was won by Nanjing in February 2010.<ref name="bbc-nac">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hereford/worcs/8525609.stm|title=Car maker wins MG trademark battle |date=2010-02-19|work=news.bbc.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=22 February 2010}}</ref>

In December 2009, it was reported in the press<ref name="bp-2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/12/31/x-power-dream-turns-sour-for-mg-sports-and-will-riley-65233-25502951/|title=X Power dream turns sour for MG Sports and Will Riley|last=Chadwick|first=Edward |date=2009-12-31|work=[[Birmingham Post]]|accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> that no new cars had been manufactured by MG Sports and Racing Europe since its founding, and that [[employment tribunal]] proceedings had been initiated by two employees for non payment of wages. Riley was also arrested by police in December 2009, on suspicion of theft of an XPower WR car previously sold to a Canadian businessman, who had been working on behalf of the company.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Rover Cars}}
{{Automobiles made by BMC, BL and Rover Group companies, post-1945}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mg Xpower Sv}}
[[Category:MG vehicles|XPower SV]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]

Handley Page Victor

2019-07-09T22:06:46Z

Alvarowik:

{{good article}}

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name =HP.80 Victor
|image =File:raf victor in 1961 arp.jpg
|caption =RAF Victor after landing, with drag parachute deployed
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type =[[Strategic bomber]] or [[aerial refueling]] tanker aircraft
|national origin={{UK}}
|manufacturer =[[Handley Page|Handley Page Limited]]
|designer = [[Reginald Stafford]]
|first flight = 24 December 1952
|last flight = 4 May 2009
|introduced =April 1958
|retired = 1993
|status =Retired
|primary user =[[Royal Air Force]]
|more users =
|produced = 1952–1963
|number built =86
|unit cost = £300,000 – £400,000<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sidney|first1=William (Lord De L'Isle and Dudley)|author-link=William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle |title=Supply of Aircraft |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1953/feb/17/supply-of-aircraft#S5LV0180P0_19530217_HOL_38| work=House of Lords Debates | date=17 February 1953 |volume= 180 |at=cc463 |publisher=Hansard|accessdate=30 May 2016}}</ref>
|variants with their own articles =
}}
|}

The '''Handley Page Victor''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Jet aircraft|jet-powered]] [[strategic bomber]], developed and produced by the [[Handley Page Aircraft Company]], which served during the [[Cold War]]. It was the third and final ''[[V bomber|V-bomber]]'' to be operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF), the other two being the [[Avro Vulcan]] and the [[Vickers Valiant]]. The Victor had been developed as part of the United Kingdom's airborne [[nuclear deterrent]]. In 1968, it was retired from the nuclear mission following the discovery of [[Fatigue (material)|fatigue crack]]s, which had been exacerbated by the RAF's adoption of a low-altitude flight profile to avoid [[Interceptor aircraft|interception]].

A number of Victors were modified for strategic reconnaissance, using a combination of [[radar]], cameras, and other sensors. As the [[nuclear deterrence]] mission was given to the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[submarine]]-launched [[Polaris missile#British Polaris|Polaris missiles]] in 1969, a large V-bomber fleet could not be justified. Consequently, many of the surviving Victors were converted into [[aerial refueling tanker|aerial refuelling tanker]]s. During the [[Falklands War]], Victor tankers were used in the airborne logistics operation to repeatedly refuel Vulcan bombers on their way to and from the [[Operation Black Buck|Black Buck raids]].

The Victor was the last of the V-bombers to be retired, the final aircraft being removed from service on 15 October 1993. In its refuelling role, it was replaced by the [[Vickers VC10]] and the [[Lockheed TriStar (RAF)|Lockheed Tristar]].

==Development==

===Origins===
[[File:Painting of Victor XA918.png|thumb|300px|right|Painting of test Victor B1 XA918 by artist and former Handley Page employee Peter Coombs]]The origin of the Victor and the other V bombers is heavily linked with the early [[Blue Danube (nuclear weapon)|British atomic weapons programme]] and [[Deterrence theory#Nuclear power and deterrence|nuclear deterrent]] policies that developed in the aftermath of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The atom bomb programme formally began with Air Staff Operational Requirement OR.1001 issued in August 1946, which anticipated a government decision in January 1947 to authorise research and development work on atomic weapons, the U.S. [[Atomic Energy Act of 1946]] (McMahon Act) having prohibited exporting atomic knowledge, even to countries that had collaborated on the [[Manhattan Project]].<ref>Wynn 1997, pp. 7, 16.</ref> OR.1001 envisaged a weapon not to exceed {{convert|24|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} in length, {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} in diameter, {{convert|10000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} in weight, and suitable for release from {{convert|20000|ft|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|50000|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>Wynn 1997, p. 18.</ref>

At the same time, the [[Air Ministry]] drew up requirements for bombers to replace the existing [[piston-engine]]d heavy bombers such as the [[Avro Lancaster]] and the new [[Avro Lincoln]] which equipped [[RAF Bomber Command]].{{refn|[[Frederick Handley Page]], the founder and owner of Handley Page, had anticipated that there would be a need to replace the Lincoln bomber well in advance of any requirement, having issued a memo on 14 June 1945 requesting the immediate investigation of two new bomber designs.<ref>Brookes 2011, p. 6.</ref>|group=N}} In January 1947, the [[Ministry of Supply]] distributed [[List of Air Ministry specifications|Specification B.35/46]] to aviation companies to satisfy Air Staff Operational Requirement OR.229 for "a medium range bomber landplane capable of carrying one {{convert|10000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bomb to a target {{convert|1500|nmi|mi km}} from a base which may be anywhere in the world." A cruising speed of {{convert|500|kn|mph km/h}} at heights between {{convert|35000|ft|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|50000|ft|m|abbr=on}} was specified. The maximum weight when fully loaded ought not to exceed {{convert|100000|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. The weapons load was to include a {{convert|10000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} "Special gravity bomb" (i.e. a [[gravity bomb|free-fall]] [[nuclear weapon]]), or over shorter ranges {{convert|20000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of conventional bombs. No defensive weapons were to be carried, the aircraft relying on its speed and altitude to avoid opposing fighters.<ref name="Buttler vital p28–31">Buttler ''Air Enthusiast'' January/February 1999, pp. 28–31.</ref>

The similar OR.230 required a "long range bomber" with a {{convert|2000|nmi|mi km}} radius of action at a height of {{convert|50000|ft|m|abbr=on}}, a cruise speed of {{convert|575|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, and a maximum weight of {{convert|200000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} when fully loaded.<ref>Wynn 1997, pp. 44–46.</ref> Responses to OR.230 were received from [[Short Brothers]], [[Bristol Aeroplane Company|Bristol]], and [[Handley Page]]; however, the Air Ministry recognised that developing an aircraft to meet these stringent requirements would have been technically demanding and so expensive that the resulting bomber could only be purchased in small numbers.<ref name="BB 7">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 7.</ref> As a result, realising that the majority of likely targets would not require such a long range, a less demanding specification for a medium-range bomber, [[List of Air Ministry Specifications|Air Ministry Specification B.35/46]] was issued. This demanded the ability to carry the same 10,000 lb bomb-load to a target {{convert|1500|nmi|mi km}} away at a height of {{convert|45000–50000|ft|m|abbr=on}} at a speed of {{convert|575|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Buttler vital p28–31"/>

===HP.80===
The design proposed by Handley Page in response to B.35/46 was given the internal designation of HP.80. To achieve the required performance, Handley Page's aerodynamicist Dr. [[Gustav Lachmann]] and his deputy, Godfrey Lee developed a [[crescent wing|crescent-shaped swept wing]] for the HP.80.<ref>Brookes 2011, pp. 6–7.</ref> Aviation author Bill Gunston described the Victor's compound-sweep crescent wing as having been "undoubtedly the most efficient high-subsonic wing on any drawing board in 1947".<ref name="gunbombp80">Gunston 1973, p. 80</ref> The [[swept wing|sweep]] and [[Chord (aircraft)|chord]] of the wing decreased in three distinct steps from the root to the tip, to ensure a constant [[Mach number|critical Mach number]] across the entire wing and consequently a high cruise speed.<ref>Lee, G.H. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%201386.html "Aerodynamics of the Crescent Wing."] ''[[Flight International|Flight]]'', 14 May 1954, pp. 611–612.</ref> The other parts of the aircraft which accelerate the flow, the nose and tail, were also designed for the same critical mach number so the shape of the HP.80 had a constant critical mach number all over.<ref name="gunbombp80"/> Early work on the project included tailless aircraft designs, which would have used wing-tip vertical surfaces instead; however as the proposal matured, a high-mounted, full tailplane was adopted instead.<ref name="Flight59 p463">''Flight'' 30 October 1959, p. 463.</ref> The profile and shaping of the crescent wing was subject to considerable fine-tuning and alterations throughout the early development stages, particularly to counter unfavourable pitching behaviour in flight.<ref name="BB 9">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 9.</ref>

The HP.80 and Avro's [[Avro Vulcan|Type 698]] were chosen as the best two of the proposed designs to B.35/46, and orders for two prototypes of each were placed.<ref name="Lake 364">Lake 2002, p. 364.</ref> It was recognised, however, that there were many unknowns associated with both designs, and an order was also placed for Vickers' design, which became the [[Vickers Valiant|Valiant]]. Although not fully meeting the requirements of the specification, the Valiant design posed little risk of failure and could therefore reach service earlier.<ref name="Buttler vital p38-9">Buttler ''Air Enthusiast'' January/February 1999, pp. 38–39.</ref> The HP.80's crescent wing was tested on a ⅓-scale [[Glider aircraft|glider]], the HP.87, and a heavily modified [[Supermarine Attacker]], which was given the [[Handley Page HP.88]] designation. The HP.88 crashed on 26 August 1951 after completing only about thirty flights and little useful data was gained during its brief two months of existence. By the time the HP.88 was ready, the HP.80 wing had changed such that the former was no longer representative. The design of the HP.80 had sufficiently advanced that the loss of the HP.88 had little effect on the programme.<ref>Donald 2008, pp. 127–128.</ref>

Two HP.80 prototypes, ''WB771'' and ''WB775'', were built. ''WB771'' was broken down at the Handley Page factory at [[Radlett]] and transported by road to [[MoD Boscombe Down|RAF Boscombe Down]] for its first flight; bulldozers were used to clear the route and create paths around obstacles. Sections of the aircraft were hidden under wooden framing and tarpaulins printed with "GELEYPANDHY / SOUTHAMPTON" to make it appear as a boat hull in transit. GELEYPANDHY was an [[anagram]] of "Handley Pyge" marred by a signwriter's error.<ref name="Barnes p502">Barnes 1976, p. 502.</ref> On 24 December 1952, piloted by Handley Page's chief test pilot [[Hedley Hazelden]], ''WB771'' made its maiden flight, which lasted for a total of 17 minutes.<ref name="Barnes p503">Barnes 1976, p. 503.</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19530115&id=q8NVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SsMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1926,1289410 "This British Bomber Leads The World."] ''The Age'', 15 January 1953. p. 2.</ref> Ten days later, the Air Ministry announced the aircraft's official name to be ''Victor''.<ref>Brookes 2011, p. 9.</ref>{{refn|According to aviation author Jon Lake, the name 'Victor' had originated from British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="Lake 364"/>|group=N}}

The prototypes performed well; however, design failings led to the loss of ''WB771'' on 14 July 1954, when the tailplane detached whilst making a low-level pass over the runway at [[Cranfield Airport|Cranfield]], causing the aircraft to crash with the loss of the crew. Attached to the fin using three bolts, the tailplane was subjected to considerably more load than had been anticipated, causing fatigue cracking around the bolt holes. This led to the bolts loosening and failing in shear. Stress concentrations around the holes were reduced by adding a fourth bolt.<ref name="Brooksv1p114">Brooks ''The Handley Page Victor: Volume 1'' 2007, p. 114.</ref> The potential for flutter due to shortcomings in the design of the fin/tailplane joint was also reduced by shortening the fin.<ref name="Barnes p506">Barnes 1976, p. 506.</ref><ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p61">Gunston ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 1981, p. 61.</ref> Additionally, the prototypes were tail heavy due to the lack of equipment in the nose; this was remedied by adding large ballast weights to the prototypes.<ref>Darling 2012, p. 49.</ref> Production Victors had a lengthened nose to move the crew escape door further from the engine intakes as the original position was considered too dangerous as an emergency exit in flight. The lengthened nose also improved the [[Center of gravity of an aircraft|center of gravity]] range.<ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p61-2">Gunston ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 1981, pp. 61–62.</ref>

===Victor B.1===
[[File:Victor 50s.jpg|thumb|Victor B1A XH588 at an East Anglian [[Battle of Britain]] day event, 1959]]
Production ''B.1'' Victors were powered by the [[Armstrong Siddeley]] [[Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire|Sapphire ASSa.7]] [[turbojet]]s rated at {{convert|11000|lbf|kN|abbr=on|lk=on}}, and was initially deployed with the [[Blue Danube (nuclear weapon)|Blue Danube]] nuclear weapon, re-deploying with the more powerful [[Yellow Sun (nuclear weapon)|Yellow Sun]] weapon when it became available. Victors also carried U.S.-owned [[Mark 5 nuclear bomb]]s (made available under the [[Project E]] programme) and the British [[Red Beard (nuclear weapon)|Red Beard]] tactical nuclear weapon.<ref name="Mason Bomber p388"/><ref name="Units p29">Brookes 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref name="Leitch p55,8">Leitch ''Air Enthusiast'' September/October 2003, pp. 55, 58.</ref> A total of 24 were upgraded to ''B.1A'' standard by the addition of [[List of Rainbow Codes|Red Steer]] tail warning radar in an enlarged tail-cone and a suite of radar warning receivers and [[electronic countermeasures]] (ECM) from 1958 to 1960.<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.gatwick-aviation-museum.co.uk/victor/victor.html|title=Handley page Victor K.2|author=|date=|work=|publisher=Gatwick Aviation Museum|accessdate=12 April 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515045401/http://www.gatwick-aviation-museum.co.uk/victor/victor.html|archivedate=15 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p63">Gunston ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 1981, p. 63.</ref>

On 1 June 1956, a production Victor ''XA917'' flown by [[test pilot]] Johnny Allam inadvertently exceeded the [[speed of sound]] after Allam let the nose drop slightly at a high power setting. Allam noticed a cockpit indication of [[Mach number|Mach 1.1]] and ground observers from [[Watford]] to [[Banbury]] reported hearing a [[sonic boom]]. The Victor maintained stability throughout the event. Aviation author Andrew Brookes has claimed that Allam broke the sound barrier knowingly to demonstrate the Victor's superiority to the earlier V-bombers.<ref name="Units p10">Brookes 2011, p. 10.</ref>{{refn|Paul Langston, an observer on-board while ''XA917'' broke the sound barrier, has the distinction of being the first man to break the sound barrier seated backwards.<ref name="Units p10"/>|group=N}} The Victor was the largest aircraft to have broken the sound barrier at that time.<ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p62">Gunston ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 1981, p. 62.</ref>

===Victor B.2===
[[File:RAF Victor B.2.jpg|thumb|right|Victor B.2 aircraft (''XL158''), at RAF Wittering, Cambridgeshire undergoing pre-flight preparations]]
The RAF required a higher ceiling for its bombers, and a number of proposals were considered for improved Victors to meet this demand. At first, Handley Page proposed use of the {{convert|14000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} Sapphire 9 engines to produce a "Phase 2" bomber, to be followed by "Phase 3" Victors with much greater wingspan at {{convert|137|ft|m|abbr=on}} and powered by [[Rolls-Royce Olympus|Bristol Siddeley Olympus]] turbojets or [[Rolls-Royce Conway]] [[turbofan]]s. The Sapphire 9 was cancelled, however, and the heavily modified Phase 3 aircraft would have delayed production, so an interim "Phase 2A" Victor was proposed and accepted, to be powered by the Conway and having minimal modifications.<ref name="Barnes p509-511">Barnes 1976, pp. 509–511.</ref><ref>Darling 2012, p. 50.</ref>

The "Phase 2A" proposal was accepted by the Air Staff as the '' Victor B.2'', with Conway RCo.11 engines providing {{convert|17250|lbf|kN|abbr=on}}. The new Conway engines required redesigned enlarged intakes to provide the greater airflow required. The wingtips were extended, increasing the wingspan to {{convert|120|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rees 2 p220">ap Rees ''Air Pictorial'' June 1972, p. 220.</ref> The B.2 featured distinctive retractable "elephant ear" intakes not found on the B.1, located on the rear fuselage forward of the tail fin. These scoops fed ram air to [[Ram air turbine|Ram Air Turbine]]s (RAT) which could provide electrical power during emergency situations, such as engine failure, during flight.<ref name="Database p86-7">Fraser-Mitchell 2009, pp. 86–87.</ref><ref name="Flight59 p472">''Flight'' 30 October 1959, p. 472.</ref>

The first prototype Victor B.2, serial number ''XH668'' made its maiden flight on 20 February 1959.<ref name="Barnes p514">Barnes 1976, p. 514.</ref> It had flown 100 hours by 20 August 1959, when, while high-altitude engine tests were being carried out by the [[Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment]] (A&AEE), it disappeared from radar screens, crashing into the sea off the coast of [[Pembrokeshire]]. An extensive search operation was initiated to locate and salvage the wreckage of ''XH668'' to determine the cause of the crash. It took until November 1960 to recover most of the aircraft; the accident investigation concluded that the starboard [[Pitot tube|pitot head]] had failed inflight, causing the [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]] to force the aircraft into an unrecoverable dive.<ref name="Testing p70-1">Middleton ''Air Enthusiast'' Winter 1993, pp. 70–71.</ref> Only minor changes were needed to resolve this problem,<ref name="Barnes p516">Barnes 1976, p. 516.</ref> allowing the Victor B.2 to enter service in February 1962.<ref name="Barnes p519-0"/>

===Further development===
A total of 21 B.2 aircraft were upgraded to the B.2R standard with Conway RCo.17 engines ({{convert|20600|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=or}} thrust) and facilities to carry a [[Blue Steel (missile)|Blue Steel stand-off nuclear missile]].<ref name="Mason Bomber p388-9">Mason 1994, pp. 388–389.</ref> Their wings were modified to incorporate two "speed pods" or "[[Dietrich Küchemann|Küchemann]] carrots". These were [[anti-shock body|anti-shock bodies]]; bulged fairings that reduced [[wave drag]] at [[transonic]] speeds (see [[area rule]]), which were also used as a convenient place to house [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] dispensers.<ref name="rees pt2 p222">ap Rees ''Air Pictorial'' June 1972, p. 222.</ref> Handley Page proposed to build a further refined "Phase 6" Victor, with more fuel and capable of carrying up to four [[GAM-87 Skybolt|Skybolt]] (AGM-48) ballistic missiles on standing airborne patrols, but this proposal was rejected although it was agreed that some of the Victor B.2s on order would be fitted to carry two Skybolts. This plan was abandoned when the U.S. cancelled the whole Skybolt programme in 1963.<ref name="Barnes p518"/> With the move to low-level penetration missions, the Victors were fitted with air-to-air refuelling probes above the cockpit and received large underwing fuel tanks.<ref name="Steel p241">Rodwell ''Flight'' 13 February 1964, p. 241.</ref>

Nine B.2 aircraft were converted for strategic reconnaissance purposes to replace Valiants which had been withdrawn due to wing fatigue, with delivery beginning in July 1965.<ref name="Mason Bomber p388"/> These aircraft received a variety of cameras, a bomb bay-mounted radar mapping system and wing top sniffers to detect particles released from [[nuclear testing]].<ref name="History"/> Designated Victor SR.2, a single aircraft could photograph the whole of the United Kingdom in a single two-hour sortie. Different camera configurations could be installed in the bomb bay, including up to four F49 survey cameras and up to eight F96 cameras could be fitted to take vertical or oblique daylight photography; nighttime photography required the fitting of F89 cameras.<ref>Darling 2012, pp. 52–53.</ref>

===Aerial refuelling conversion===
[[File:H.P. Victor K.2 XL188 55 Sqn FFD 13.07.85 edited-2.jpg|thumb|right|Victor K.2 of [[No. 55 Squadron RAF]] in 1985; note the deployed refuelling drogues]]
Prior to the demise of the Valiant tankers, a trial installation of refuelling equipment was carried out, including: overload bomb-bay tanks, underwing tanks, refuelling probe and jettisonable [[de Havilland Spectre]] Assisted Take-Off units. The aircraft involved in the trials, B.1 "XA930", carried out successful trials at Boscombe Down at very high all-up weights with relatively short field length take-offs.<ref name="Barnes p513">Barnes 1976, p.P. 513-514.</ref>

The withdrawal of the Valiant fleet because of [[metal fatigue]] in December 1964 meant that the RAF had no front line tanker aircraft, so the B.1/1A aircraft, now judged to be surplus in the strategic bomber role, were refitted for this duty. To get some tankers into service as quickly as possible, six B.1A aircraft were converted to ''B(K).1A'' standard (later redesignated ''B.1A (K2P)''<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>), receiving a two-point system with a hose and drogue carried under each wing, while the bomb bay remained available for weapons. Handley Page worked day and night to convert these six aircraft, with the first being delivered on 28 April 1965, and [[No. 55 Squadron RAF|55 Squadron]] becoming operational in the tanker role in August 1965.<ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p64-5">Gunston ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 1981, pp. 64–65.</ref>

While these six aircraft provided a limited tanker capability suitable for refuelling fighters, the Mk 20A wing hosereels could only deliver fuel at a limited rate, and were not suitable for refuelling bombers. Work therefore continued to produce a definitive three-point tanker conversion of the Victor Mk.1. Fourteen further B.1A and 11 B.1 were fitted with two permanently fitted fuel tanks in the bomb bay, and a high-capacity Mk 17 centreline hose dispenser unit with three times the fuel flow rate as the wing reels, and were designated ''K.1A'' and ''K.1'' respectively.<ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p64-5"/>

The remaining B.2 aircraft were not as suited to the low-level mission profile that the RAF had adopted for carrying out strategic bombing missions as the Vulcan with its strong delta wing.<ref name = "darling 53">Darling 2012, p. 53.</ref> This, combined with the switch of the nuclear deterrent from the RAF to the [[Royal Navy]] (with the [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris missile]]) meant that the Victors were considered to be surplus to requirements.<ref name="History"/> Hence, 24 B.2 were modified to ''K.2'' standard. Similar to the K.1/1A conversions, the wing was trimmed to reduce stress and the bomb aimer's nose glazing was plated over. During 1982, the glazing was reintroduced on some aircraft, the former nose bomb aimer's position having been used to mount F95 cameras in order to perform reconnaissance missions during the [[Falklands War]].<ref>Darling 2012, pp. 162–163.</ref> The K.2 could carry {{convert|91000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of fuel. It served in the tanker role until withdrawn in October 1993.<ref name="History"/>

==Design==
===Overview===
[[File:Handley Page HP-80 Victor K2 AN1103895.jpg|thumb|right|Head-on view of a Victor during a ground taxi run, 2006]]
The Victor was a futuristic-looking, streamlined aircraft, with four [[turbojet]] (later [[turbofan]]) engines buried in the thick wing roots. Distinguishing features of the Victor were its highly swept [[T-tail]] with considerable [[dihedral (aircraft)|dihedral]] on the tail planes, and a prominent chin bulge that contained the targeting [[radar]], nose [[landing gear]] unit and an auxiliary [[bombardier (air force)|bomb aimer]]'s position.<ref name="parade p495"/> It was originally required by the specification that the whole nose section could be detached at high altitudes to act as an escape pod, but the Air Ministry abandoned this requirement in 1950.<ref name="rees pt1 p166">ap Rees ''Air Pictorial'' May 1972, p. 166.</ref><ref name="Gunston AMJan81 p6-7">Gunston ''Aeroplane Monthly'' January 1981, pp. 6–7.</ref>

The Victor had a five-man crew, comprising the two pilots seated side-by-side and three rearward-facing crew, these being the navigator/plotter, the navigator/radar operator, and the air electronics officer (AEO).<ref>''Flight'' 19 September 1958, pp. 494–495.</ref> Unlike the Vulcan and Valiant, the Victor's pilots sat at the same level as the rest of the crew, due to a larger [[Cabin pressurization|pressurised]] compartment that extended all the way to the nose.<ref name="parade p495">''Flight'' 19 September 1958, p. 495.</ref> As with the other V-bombers, only the pilots were provided with [[ejection seat]]s; the three systems operators relying on "explosive cushions" inflated by a [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] bottle that would help them from their seats and towards a traditional bail out in the event of high [[g-force|g-loading]], but despite this, escape for the three backseaters was extremely difficult.<ref name="Gunston AMJan81 p9">Gunston ''Aeroplane Monthly'' January 1981, p. 9.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A49097307 "The V-Bomber Ejector Seat Story."] ''BBC''. Retrieved: 27 September 2010.</ref>{{refn|[[Martin-Baker|Martin Baker]] developed and tested rearward ejection systems for both the Valiant and the Vulcan, proceeding to the point of a modified Valiant undergoing testing; however the company concluded that the same approach on the Victor would be substantially more difficult due to structural reasons.<ref>Hamilton-Paterson 2010, p. 156.</ref>|group=N}}

While assigned to the nuclear delivery role, the Victor was finished in an all-over [[anti-flash white]] colour scheme, designed to protect the aircraft against the damaging effects of a nuclear detonation. The white colour scheme was intended to reflect heat away from the aircraft; paler variations of RAF's roundels were also applied for this same reason. When the V-bombers were assigned to the low-level approach profile in the 1960s, the Victors were soon repainted in green/grey tactical [[camouflage]] to reduce visibility to ground observation; the same scheme was applied to subsequently converted tanker aircraft.<ref>Butler and Buttler 2009, pp. 38–39.</ref>

===Armaments and equipment===
[[File:Handley Page HP-80 Victor K2, UK - Air Force AN0992882.jpg|thumb|right|Victor landing near Yeovilton, 1984, note airbrakes extended]]
The Victor's bomb bay was much larger than that of the Valiant and Vulcan, which allowed heavier weapon loads to be carried at the cost of range. As an alternative to the single "10,000 lb" [[nuclear bomb]] as required by the specification, the bomb bay was designed to carry several conventional armaments, including a single {{convert|22000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} [[Grand Slam bomb|Grand Slam]] or two {{convert|12000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} [[Tallboy bomb|Tallboy]] [[earthquake bomb]]s, up to forty-eight {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs{{refn|In operational service with the RAF, a maximum payload of 35 1,000 lb bombs could be carried.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389">Mason 1994, p. 389.</ref>|group=N}} or thirty-nine {{convert|2000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} sea mines. One proposed addition to the Victor were underwing panniers capable of carrying a further 28 1,000 lb bombs to supplement the main bomb bay, but this option was not pursued.<ref name="Barnes p508">Barnes 1976, p. 508.</ref>

In addition to a range of free-fall nuclear bombs, later Victor B.2s operated as missile carriers for standoff nuclear missiles such as Blue Steel; it had been intended for the American Skybolt missile to be introduced; however, development of Skybolt was cancelled.<ref name="Steel p241-242"/> Target information for Blue Steel could be input during flight, as well in advance of the mission. It was reported that, with intensive work, a B.2 missile carrier could revert to carrying free-fall nuclear weapons or conventional munitions within 30 hours.<ref name="Steel p245">Rodwell ''Flight'' 13 February 1964, p. 245.</ref>

Like the other two V-Bombers, the Victor made use of the Navigational and Bombing System (NBS); a little-used optical sight had also been installed upon early aircraft.<ref name="BB 61">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 61.</ref> For navigation and bomb-aiming purposes, the Victor employed several radar systems. These included the [[H2S radar]], developed from the first airborne ground-scanning radar, and the [[Green Satin radar]].<ref name="BB 40">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 40.</ref> Radar information was inputted into the onboard [[Electromechanics|electromechanical]] analogue bomb-aiming apparatus. Some of the navigation and targeting equipment was either directly descended from, or shared concepts with, those used on Handley Page's preceding [[Handley Page Halifax|Halifax]] bomber. Operationally, the accuracy of the bomb-aiming system proved to be limited to roughly 400 yards, which was deemed sufficient for high-level nuclear strike operations.<ref>Brookes 2011, p. 21.</ref>

===Avionics and systems===
The Victor had fully powered flying controls, i.e. ailerons, elevators and rudder, with no manual reversion which, therefore, required a back-up system, i.e. duplication. Since they were fully powered an artificial feel unit was needed, fed by ram air from the pitot in the nose. The control system was duplicated in flying control units which received pilot and autopilot demands. Pilot control movements were transmitted via a low-friction mechanical system to the flying control units. Duplication was provided on the premise that the single pilots input would remain functional and that neither hydraulic motors nor screwjack on a unit would jam. A separate hydraulic circuit was used for each of the following: landing gear, flaps, nose flaps, air brakes, bomb doors, wheel brakes, nose-wheel steering, ram-air-turbine air scoops.<ref name="Flight59 p472"/> An [[alternating current|AC]] electrical system and [[auxiliary power unit]] were significant additions to the later Victor B.2, electrical reliability being noticeably improved.<ref name="BB 44">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 44.</ref>{{refn|Godfrey Lee, one of the aircraft's designers, stated of the electrical changes that "an unbelievable improvement followed from going over from DC to AC".<ref>Brookes 2011, p. 13.</ref>|group=N}}

To evade enemy detection and interception efforts, the Victor was outfitted with an extensive [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM) suite which were operated by the air electronics officer (AEO), who had primary responsibility for the aircraft's electronics and communication systems. The ECM equipment could be employed to disrupt effective use of both active and passive radar in the vicinity of the aircraft, and to provide situational awareness for the crew. Enemy communications could also be jammed, and [[Active radar homing|radar guided missiles]] of the era were also reportedly rendered ineffective.<ref name="auto">Brookes 2011, p. 24.</ref> The Victor B.2 featured an extended area located around the base of the tail fin which contained cooling systems and some of the ECM equipment.<ref name="Barnes p519">Barnes 1976, p. 519.</ref>

Some of the ECM equipment which initially saw use on the Victor, such as the original [[chaff]] dispenser and Orange Putter tail warning radar, had been developed for the earlier [[English Electric Canberra]] bomber and were already considered to be near-obsolete by the time the Victor had entered service.<ref name="BB 39">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 39.</ref> Significant improvements and alterations would be made to the avionics and ECM suites, as effective ECMs had been deemed critical to the Victor's role; for example, the introduction of the more capable Red Steer [[tail warning radar]].<ref>Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 39-40.</ref> The introduction of the Victor B.2 was accompanied by several new ECM systems, including a passive radar warning receiver, a metric radar jammer and communications jamming equipment. Streamlined [[Aircraft fairing|fairings]] on the [[trailing edge]]s of the wings that could house large quantities of defensive [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|flares]] were also new additions.<ref>Butler and Buttler 2009, pp. 44, 47.</ref> While trials were conducted with terrain-following radar and a side scan mode for the bombing and navigation radar, neither of these functions were integrated into the operational fleet.<ref name="History"/>

===Engines===
[[File:RRConway.JPG|thumb|Rolls-Royce Conway RCo.17 Mk201 on static display]]
The Victor B.1 was powered by four [[Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire]] [[turbojet]] engines. The engines were embedded in pairs in the wing roots. Because of the high mounted position of the wing, the tail had to adopt a high mounting to maintain clearance of the jet turbulence, but the airbrakes were ideally situated to take advantage of this phenomenon.<ref>''Flight'' 30 October 1959, pp. 463–465.</ref> Difficulties were encountered with the Sapphires when stationed in tropical environments as several engines were destroyed by the [[turbine blade]]s striking the outer engine casing, which could occur when flying through dense cloud or heavy rain.<ref name="BB 61"/><ref name="Brooksv2p282">Brooks ''The Handley Page Victor Volume 2'' 2007, p. 282</ref> The Victor B.2 was powered by the newer [[Rolls-Royce Conway]] [[turbofan]] which at one point held the distinction of being the most powerful non-[[afterburner|afterburn]]ing engine outside of the Soviet Union. The Conway had significantly higher thrust than the Sapphire engine in the B.1.<ref>''Flight'' 30 October 1959, pp. 463–466.</ref>

The Victor B.2 featured a distinct change in the aircraft's engine arrangements; incorporated into the right wing root was a [[Turbomeca Artouste|Blackburn ''Artouste'']] airborne [[auxiliary power unit]] (AAPU), effectively a small fifth engine. The AAPU was capable of providing high-pressure air for starting the main engines, and also providing electrical power on the ground or alternatively in the air as an emergency back-up in the event of main engine failures. The AAPU also acted to reduce the need for external specialist support equipment. Turbine-driven alternators, otherwise known as [[ram air turbine]]s (RATs), had been introduced on the B.2 to provide emergency power in the event of electrical or hydraulic power being lost. Retractable scoops in the rear fuselage would open to feed ram air into the RATs, which would provide sufficient electrical power to operate the flight controls. In the event of engine [[flameout]] RATs would assist the crew in maintaining control of the aircraft until the main engines could be relit.<ref name="Database p86-7"/><ref name="Flight59 p472"/>

===Flight profile===
The Victor was commonly described as having good handling and excellent performance, along with favourable low speed flight characteristics.<ref name="BB 60">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 60.</ref> During the flight tests of the first prototype, the Victor proved its aerodynamic performance, flying up to Mach 0.98 without handling or buffeting problems; there were next to no aerodynamic changes between prototype and production aircraft.<ref name="BB 31">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 31.</ref>{{refn|[[Hedley Hazelden]], Handley Page's chief test pilot, stated that "From a pilot's point of view, the Victor wasn't that much of a problem. In spite of innovations such as powered controls and nose flaps, it flew like any other aeroplane".<ref name="Brookes 2011, p. 18">Brookes 2011, p. 18.</ref>|group=N}} Production aircraft featured an automated nose-flap operation to counteract a tendency for the aircraft to pitch upwards during low-to-moderate Mach numbers.<ref name="BB 33">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 33.</ref> At low altitude, the Victor typically flew in a smooth and comfortable manner, in part due to its narrowness and flexibility of the crescent wing.<ref>Hamilton-Paterson 2010, p. 112.</ref> One unusual flight characteristic of the early Victor was its self-landing capability; once lined up with the runway, the aircraft would naturally [[Flare (aviation)|flare]] as the wing entered into [[Ground effect (aircraft)|ground effect]] while the tail continued to sink, giving a cushioned landing without any command or intervention by the pilot.<ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p63"/><ref name="BB 29">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 29.</ref>

The Victor has been described as an agile aircraft, atypical for a large bomber aircraft; in 1958, a Victor had performed several loops and a [[barrel roll]] during practices for a display flight at [[Farnborough Airshow]].<ref name="BB 35">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 35.</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958-1-%20-%200438.html "Farnborough Week: The most Memorable S.B.A.C. Display Yet."] ''Flight International'', 12 September 1958. pp. 438, 442.</ref> Manoeuvrability was greatly enabled by the light controls, quick response of the aircraft, and the design of certain flight surfaces such as the infinitely-variable tail-mounted airbrake.<ref name="BB 32">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 32.</ref> The Victor was designed for flight at high subsonic speeds, although multiple instances have occurred in which the [[sound barrier]] was broken.<ref>Butler and Buttler 2009, pp. 33–34.</ref> During development of the Victor B.2, the RAF had stressed the concept of tactical manoeuvrability, which led to much effort in development being given to increasing the aircraft's height and range performance.<ref>Butler and Buttler 2009, pp. 60–61.</ref>

==Operational history==
[[File:Handley Page Victor B.1 in flight c1957.jpg|thumb|right|Victor B.1 (''XA922'') on a landing approach, circa 1959.]]

The Victor was the last of the V bombers to enter service, with deliveries of B.1s to [[No. 232 Operational Conversion Unit RAF]] based at [[RAF Gaydon]], [[Warwickshire]] taking place in late 1957.<ref name="Mason Bomber p387">Mason 1994, p. 387.</ref> The first operational bomber squadron, [[No. 10 Squadron RAF|10 Squadron]], formed at [[RAF Cottesmore]] in April 1958, with a second squadron, [[No. 15 Squadron RAF|15 Squadron]], forming before the end of the year.<ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p62-3">Gunston ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 1981, pp. 62–63.</ref> Four Victors, fitted with Yellow Astor reconnaissance radar, together with passive sensors, were used to equip a secretive unit, the Radar Reconnaissance Flight at [[RAF Wyton]].<ref name="Mason Bomber p387"/><ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p62-3"/> The Victor bomber force continued to build up, with [[No. 57 Squadron RAF|57 Squadron]] forming in March 1959 and [[No. 55 Squadron RAF|55 Squadron]] in October 1960.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/><ref name="BB 63">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 63.</ref> At its height, the Victor was simultaneously operating with six squadrons of [[RAF Bomber Command]].<ref name="BB 61"/>

According to the operational doctrine developed by the RAF, in the circumstance of deploying a large-scale nuclear strike, each Victor would have operated entirely independently; the crews would conduct their mission without external guidance and be reliant upon the effectiveness of their individual tactics to reach and successfully attack their assigned target; thus great emphasis was placed on continuous crew training during peacetime.<ref name="parade p493">''Flight'' 19 September 1958, p. 493.</ref> Developing a sense of a crew unity was considered highly important; Victor crews would typically serve together for at least five years, and a similar approach was adopted with ground personnel.<ref>''Flight'' 19 September 1958, pp. 493–495.</ref> In order to maximise the operational lifespan of each aircraft, Victor crews typically flew a single five-hour training mission per week.<ref name="parade p494">''Flight'' 19 September 1958, p. 494.</ref> Each crew member was required to qualify for servicing certificates to independently undertake inspection, refuelling and turnaround operations.<ref name="Brookes 2011, p. 18"/>

[[File:Handley Page HP-80 Victor K2, UK - Air Force AN0992865.jpg|thumb|left|Victor K2 (''XM669'') refuelling a pair of [[English Electric Lightning]]s, September 1978]]
In times of high international tension, the V-bombers would be dispersed and have been maintained at a high state of readiness; if the order was given to deploy a nuclear strike, Victors at high readiness would have been airborne in under four minutes from the point the order had been issued.<ref>Brookes 2011, pp. 23–24.</ref> British intelligence had estimated that the Soviets' radar network was capable of detecting the Victor at up to 200 miles away, so to avoid interception, the Victor would follow carefully planned routes to exploit weaknesses in the Soviet detection network. This tactic was employed in conjunction with the Victor's extensive onboard [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM) to increase the chances of evasion.<ref name="auto"/> Whilst originally the Victor would have maintained high-altitude flight throughout a nuclear strike mission, rapid advances of the Soviet [[anti-aircraft warfare]] capabilities (exemplified by the [[1960 U-2 incident|downing of a U2 from 70,000 ft]] in 1960) led to this tactic being abandoned: a low-level high-speed approach supported by increasingly sophisticated ECMs was adopted in its place.<ref name="BB 49">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 49.</ref><ref>Windle and Bowman 2009, p. 21.</ref>

The improved Victor B.2 started to be delivered in 1961, with the first B.2 Squadron, [[No. 139 Squadron RAF|139 Squadron]], forming in February 1962, and a second, [[No. 100 Squadron RAF|100 Squadron]], in May 1962.<ref name="Barnes p519-0">Barnes 1976, pp. 519–520.</ref> These were the only two bomber squadrons to form on the B.2, as the last 28 Victors on order were cancelled.<ref name="Mason Bomber p388">Mason 1994, p. 388.</ref> The prospect of [[Skybolt]] ballistic missiles, with which each V-bomber could strike at two separate targets, meant that fewer bombers would be needed,<ref name="Barnes p518-9">Barnes 1976, pp. 518–519.</ref> while the government was unhappy with [[Sir Frederick Handley Page]]'s resistance to their pressure to merge his company with competitors.<ref name="lake 369"/> While Skybolt's development would be terminated, Victor B.2s were retrofitted as carrier aircraft for the Blue Steel standoff nuclear missile. The introduction of standoff weapons and the switch to low-level flight in order to evade radar detection were said to be decisive factors in the successful penetration of enemy territory.<ref name="Steel p241-242">Rodwell ''Flight'' 13 February 1964, pp. 241–242.</ref>

[[File:Avro Vulcan & Handley Page Victor nuclear bombers at the 1964 Richmond Air Show, NSW.jpg|thumb|right|A Victor and a Vulcan at Richmond Air Show, [[New South Wales]], 1964]]
In 1964–1965, a series of detachments of Victor B.1As was deployed to [[RAF Tengah]], Singapore as a deterrent against Indonesia during the [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation|Borneo conflict]], the detachments fulfilling a strategic deterrent role as part of [[Far East Air Force (Royal Air Force)|Far East Air Force]], while also giving valuable training in low-level flight and visual bombing.<ref name="Barnes p527"/><ref name="Lo p703">Rodwell ''Flight'' 6 May 1965, p. 703.</ref> In September 1964, with the confrontation with Indonesia reaching a peak, the detachment of four Victors was prepared for rapid dispersal, with two aircraft loaded with live conventional bombs and held on one-hour readiness, ready to fly operational sorties. However, they were never required to fly combat missions and the high readiness alert finished at the end of the month.<ref name="Units p65">Brookes 2011, p. 65.</ref>

Following the discovery of fatigue cracks, developing due to their low-altitude usage,<ref name="lake 369">Lake 2002, p. 369.</ref> the B.2R strategic bombers were retired and placed in storage by the end of 1968. The RAF had experienced intense demand on its existing aerial refuelling tanker fleet, and its existing fleet of Victor B.1 tankers that had been converted earlier were due to be retired in the 1970s, so it was decided that the stored Victor B.2Rs would be converted to tankers also.<ref>Darling 2012, pp. 110–111.</ref> Handley Page prepared a modification scheme that would see the Victors fitted with tip tanks, the structure modified to limit further fatigue cracking in the wings, and ejection seats provided for all six crewmembers.<ref name="Barnes p526">Barnes 1976, p. 526.</ref><ref name="Database p88-9">Fraser-Mitchell 2009, pp. 88–89.</ref> The Ministry of Defence delayed signing the order for conversion of the B2s until after Handley Page went into [[liquidation]]. The contract for conversion was instead awarded to [[Hawker Siddeley]], who produced a much simpler conversion than that planned by Handley Page, with the wingspan shortened to reduce wing bending stress and hence extend airframe life.<ref name="Database p90-1">Fraser-Mitchell 2009, pp. 90–91.</ref>

[[File:Handley Page HP-80 Victor K2, UK - Air Force AN2272519.jpg|thumb|left|Victor K2 (''XL161'') near [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]], September 1979]]
While the Victor was never permanently based with any units stationed overseas, temporary deployments were frequently conducted, often in a ceremonial capacity or to participate in training exercises and competitions. Victor squadrons were dispatched on several extended deployments to the [[Far East]], and short term deployments to Canada were also conducted for training purposes.<ref>Butler and Buttler 2009, pp. 72, 75.</ref> At one point during the early 1960s, South Africa showed considerable interest in the acquisition of several bomber-configured Victors; in the end, the Victor did not serve with any operator other than the RAF.<ref name="BB 75">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 75.</ref>

Several of the Victor B.2s had been converted for Strategic Reconnaissance missions following the retirement of the Valiant in this capacity. In service, this type was primarily used in surveillance of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]]s, capable of surveying 400,000 square miles in an eight-hour mission; they were also used to sample the fallout from French [[nuclear tests]] conducted in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]].<ref name="BB 72">Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 72.</ref> Originally reconnaissance Victors were equipped for visual reconnaissance; it was found to be cheaper to assign Canberra light bombers to this duty and the cameras were removed in 1970. Subsequently, radar-based reconnaissance was emphasised in the type's role.<ref>Brookes 2011, p. 69.</ref> The reconnaissance Victors remained in use until 1974 when they followed the standard bombers into the tanker conversion line; a handful of modified Avro Vulcans assumed the maritime radar reconnaissance role in their place.<ref name="Barnes p527"/>

Two of the V-bombers, the Victor and the Vulcan, played a high-profile role during the 1982 [[Falklands War]]. In order to cross the vast distance of the [[Atlantic Ocean]], a single Vulcan required refuelling several times from Victor tankers. A total of [[Operation Black Buck|three bombing missions]] were flown against Argentine forces deployed to the Falklands, with approximately 1.1 million gal (5 million L) of fuel consumed in each mission.<ref name="Falklands">[http://www.raf.mod.uk/falklands/bb.html "The Falkland Islands: A history of the 1982 conflict."] ''Royal Air Force'', 29 April 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/OperationBlackBuck.cfm "Operation Black Buck."] ''Royal Air Force'', Retrieved: 20 April 2014.</ref> At the time, these missions held the record for the world's longest-distance bombing raids.<ref name="stbull84">Bull 2004, p. 84.</ref> The deployment of other assets to the theatre, such as the [[Hawker Siddeley Nimrod]] and [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed Hercules]], required the support of the Victor tanker fleet, which had been temporarily relocated to [[RAF Ascension Island]] for the campaign.<ref>Thompson, Julian. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/falklands/falklands_gallery_04.shtml "Falklands Conflict Gallery."] ''BBC'', June 2007.</ref><ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20071104162619/http://www.operations.mod.uk/falklands25/NARRATIVE%20OF%20RAF%20CONTRIBUTION.doc "Narrative of RAF Contribution to the Falklands Campaign."] ''The National Archives'', Retrieved: 20 April 2014.</ref> The Victor also undertook several reconnaissance missions over the South Atlantic. These missions provided valuable intelligence for the retaking of [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] by British forces.<ref>Darling 2012, pp. 162–165.</ref>

{{External media|topic= |width=20% |align=right |video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40knj0qg_Us Documentary on the Black Buck raids] |video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylJJuOokbdM RAF training film focused on the Victor] |video3=}}
Following the [[invasion of Kuwait]] by neighbouring [[Iraq]] in 1991, a total of eight Victor K.2s were deployed to [[Bahrain]] to provide in-flight refuelling support to RAF and other coalition aircraft during the subsequent [[1991 Gulf War]].<ref name="lake 369"/><ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/RAFAircraftinOperationGranby.cfm "RAF Aircraft in Operation Granby."] ''Royal Air Force'', Retrieved: 20 April 2014.</ref> RAF strike aircraft such as the [[Panavia Tornado]] would frequently make use of the tanker to refuel prior to launching cross-border strikes inside Iraq. Shortly after the Gulf War, the remaining Victor fleet was quickly retired in 1993, at which point it had been the last of the three V-bombers in operational service; retiring nine years after the last Vulcan, although the Vulcan had survived longer in its original role as a bomber.<ref>Brookes 2011, pp. 90–91.</ref>

==Variants==

[[File:HP Victor K2.png|thumb|right|[[Ventral]] plan of a Victor K.2]]
[[File:HP Victor B1.png|thumb|right|3-view of Victor B.1]]
[[File:HP Victor B2.png|thumb|right|3-view of Victor B.2]]
;HP.80
:Prototype, two aircraft built.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
;Victor B.1
:Strategic bomber aircraft, 50 built.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
;Victor B.1A
:Strategic bomber aircraft, B.1 updated with [[Rainbow codes|Red Steer]] tail warning radar and [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]] suite, 24 converted.<ref name="Units p14-5">Brookes and Davy 2011, pp. 14–15.</ref>
;Victor B.1A (K.2P)
:2 point in-flight refuelling tanker retaining bomber capability, six converted.<ref name="Variants">[http://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/explore/aircraft-information.cfm?aircraft=Handley%20Page%20Victor%20K2&topic=Variants "Handley Page Victor K2"]. ''Royal Air Force Museum'', 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2011.</ref>
;Victor BK.1
:3 point in-flight refuelling tanker (renamed ''K.1'' after bombing capability removed), 11 converted.<ref name="Variants"/>
;Victor BK.1A
:3 point in-flight refuelling tanker (renamed ''K.1A'' as for K.1), 14 converted.<ref name="Variants"/>
;Victor B.2
:Strategic bomber aircraft, 34 built.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
;Victor B.2RS
:[[Blue Steel missile|Blue Steel]]-capable aircraft with RCo.17 Conway 201 engines, 21 converted.<ref name="Variants"/>
;Victor B(SR).2
:Strategic reconnaissance aircraft, nine converted.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
;Victor K.2
:In-flight refuelling tanker. 24 converted from B.2 and B(SR).2.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
;HP.96
:Proposed military transport of 1950 with new fuselage carrying 85 troops. Unbuilt.<ref name="Barnes p498">Barnes 1976, p. 498.</ref>
;HP.97
:1950 civil airliner project. Not built.<ref name="Barnes p498"/>
;HP.98
:Proposed [[pathfinder (RAF)|pathfinder]] version with remotely operated tail guns and powered by Conway engines. Rejected in favour of [[Vickers Valiant|Valiant B.2]].<ref name="Barnes p501">Barnes 1976, p. 501.</ref>
;HP.101
:Proposed military transport version of HP.97. Not built.<ref name="Barnes p527">Barnes 1976, p. 527.</ref>
;HP.104
:Proposed "Phase 3" bomber of 1955 powered by [[Rolls-Royce Olympus|Bristol Olympus]] or Sapphire engines. Not built.<ref name="Barnes p605">Barnes 1976, p. 605.</ref>
;HP.111
:1958 project for military or civil transport, powered by four Conway engines. Capacity for 200 troops in military version or 145 passengers in airliner in a double-decker fuselage.<ref name="Barnes p527-9">Barnes 1976, pp. 527–529.</ref>
;HP.114
:Proposed "Phase 6" bomber designed for standing patrols carrying two or four [[GAM-87 Skybolt]] ballistic missiles.<ref name="Barnes p518">Barnes 1976, p. 518.</ref>
;HP.123
:Proposed military tactical transport based on HP.111 and fitted with [[blown flap]]s. Rejected in favour of [[Armstrong Whitworth AW.681]].<ref name="Barnes p529">Barnes 1976, p. 529.</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:Victor IWM Duxford.JPG|thumb|right|Victor B.1A (K.2P) ''XH648'' preserved at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]]]]
*[[Royal Air Force]]
** [[No. 10 Squadron RAF]] operated B.1 from April 1958 to March 1964 at RAF Cottesmore.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
** [[No. 15 Squadron RAF]] operated B.1 from September 1958 to October 1964 at RAF Cottesmore.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
** [[No. 55 Squadron RAF]] operated B.1 and B.1As from RAF Honington from October 1960,<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/> moving to RAF Marham and receiving B.1(K)A tankers in May 1965.<ref name="Gunston AMFeb81 p65">Gunston ''Aeroplane Monthly'' February 1981, p. 65.</ref> These were replaced by K.2 in July 1975,<ref name="Ashworth p131">Ashworth 1989, p. 131.</ref> with the squadron continuing to operate Victors in the tanker role until disbanding in October 1993.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
** [[No. 57 Squadron RAF]] operated B.1As from RAF Honington from March 1959, moving to RAF Marham in December 1965 for conversion to K.1 and later K.2 tankers until disbanding in June 1986.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/><ref name="Brookes 2011, p.75,92">Brookes 2011, pp. 75, 92.</ref>
** [[No. 100 Squadron RAF]] operated B.2s at RAF Wittering from May 1962 to September 1968.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
** [[No. 139 Squadron RAF|No. 139 (Jamaica) Squadron RAF]] operated B.2s from RAF Wittering from February 1962 to December 1968.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
** [[No. 214 Squadron RAF]] operated K.1 tankers from RAF Marham from July 1966 to January 1977.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
** [[No. 543 Squadron RAF]] operated B(SR).2s from RAF Wyton from December 1965 to May 1974.<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
** [[No. 232 Operational Conversion Unit RAF]].<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
** Radar Reconnaissance Flight RAF Wyton.<ref name="Mason Bomber p387"/>

==Accidents and incidents==
* 14 July 1954: ''WB771'' the prototype HP.80 crashed during a test flight at [[Cranfield Airport|Cranfield, England]]. All four crewmen died. The tailplane became detached from the top of the fin.<ref>The Determination of the Flutter Speed of a T-tail Unit by Calculations, Model Tests and Flight Flutter Tests, Baldock, October 1958, AGARD Report 221 para.2.6</ref>
* 16 April 1958: ''XA921'' a B.1 undertaking [[Ministry of Supply]] trials experienced a collapse of the rear bomb bay bulkhead while cycling the bomb bay doors, damaging hydraulic and electrical systems; the aircraft successfully returned to base. Following the incident, in-service Victors had restrictions put in place on the opening of the bomb doors until Modification 943 was applied to all aircraft.<ref>Darling 2012, p. 55.</ref>
* 20 August 1959: ''XH668'' a B2 of the A&AEE lost a [[Pitot tube|pitot head]] and dived into the sea off [[Milford Haven]], [[Pembrokeshire]].<ref name="Halley42">Halley 2001, p. 42.</ref>
* 19 June 1960: ''XH617'' a B1A of [[No. 57 Squadron RAF|57 Squadron]] caught fire in the air and was abandoned near [[Diss]], [[Norfolk]].<ref name="Halley42" />
* 23 March 1962: ''XL159'' a B2 of the A&AEE stalled and dived into a house at [[Stubton]], [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name="Halley54">Halley 2001, p. 54.</ref>
* 14 June 1962: ''XH613'' a B1A of [[No. 15 Squadron RAF|15 Squadron]] lost power on all engines and was abandoned on approach to [[RAF Cottesmore]].<ref name="Halley42" />
* 16 June 1962: ''XA929'' a B1 of [[No. 10 Squadron RAF|10 Squadron]] overshot the runway and broke up at [[RAF Akrotiri]] following an aborted takeoff.<ref name="Halley9" />
* 2 October 1962: ''XA934'' a B1 of 'A' Squadron, [[No. 232 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|232 OCU]] had an engine failure and deliberate shutdown of the adjacent engine on takeoff from [[RAF Gaydon]]. During the approach to land the other two engines flamed out.<ref name="Halley9">Halley 2001, p. 9.</ref> The aircraft crashed into a copse several miles from RAF Gaydon. Of the four crew on board only the co-pilot survived. The RAF accident record states the prime cause as mis-management of the fuel system and consequent fuel starvation of the two running engines.
* 20 March 1963: ''XM714'' a B2 of [[No. 100 Squadron RAF|100 Squadron]] stalled after takeoff from [[RAF Wittering]].<ref name="Halley64">Halley 2001, p. 64.</ref>
* 29 June 1966: ''XM716'' a SR2 of [[No. 543 Squadron RAF|543 Squadron]] was giving a demonstration flight for the press and television at [[RAF Wyton]].<ref name="times56671">"A Victor 2 Falls In Flames Four killed in display run." ''The Times,'' Issue 56671, 30 June 1966, p. 1, Column G.</ref> The aircraft had made one high-speed circuit and was flying low in a wide arc to return over the airfield when the starboard wing was seen to break away and both it and the rest of the aircraft burst into flames.<ref name="times56671" /> All four crew were killed.<ref name="times56671" /> The aircraft was the first SR2 to enter service with the squadron. The aircraft had exceeded its operational limitations causing overstressing.<ref name="EjectionHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/Victor.htm |title=Handley Page Victor |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Ejection History |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Brooksv2p268">Brooks ''The Handley Page Victor Volume 2'' 2007, p. 268</ref>
* 19 August 1968: Victor K1 ''XH646'' of [[No. 214 Squadron RAF|214 Squadron]] collided in midair near [[Holt, Norfolk|Holt]], [[Norfolk]] in bad weather with a [[No. 213 Squadron RAF|213 Squadron]] [[English Electric Canberra]] ''WT325''; all four crew members of the Victor died<ref name="Halley42" /><ref name="Barnes p525">Barnes 1976, p. 525.</ref><ref>[http://www.ukserials.com/losses-1968.htm "UK Military Aircraft Losses: 1968"]. ukserials.com. ''Wolverhampton Aviation Group''. Retrieved 19 April 2011.</ref>
* 10 May 1973: ''XL230'' a SR2 of [[No. 543 Squadron RAF|543 Squadron]] bounced during landing at [[RAF Wyton]] and exploded.<ref name="Halley54" />
* 24 March 1975: Victor K1A ''XH618'' of [[No. 57 Squadron RAF|57 Squadron]] was involved in a midair collision with [[Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer]] ''XV156'' during a simulated refuelling. The Buccaneer hit the Victor's tailplane causing the Victor to crash into the sea 95 mi (153 km) east of [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]], [[Tyne and Wear]], four crew killed.<ref name="Halley42" /><ref name="EjectionHistory"/>
* 29 Sept 1976: ''XL513'' a K2 of No 55 Squadron aborted take off and overshot the runway at [[RAF Marham]] after a bird strike. The crew escaped with no serious injuries. The aircraft caught fire and was damaged beyond repair.<ref name=ASN55300>{{Citation|title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55300|url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=55300|accessdate=22 Aug 2015}}</ref>
*15 October 1982: ''XL232'' a K2 of No 55 Squadron suffered an uncontained turbine failure early in the take off run. The aircraft was stopped and the crew evacuated the aircraft with no injuries. Debris from the turbine penetrated a fuselage fuel tank, starting an uncontrolled fire, destroying the aircraft and damaging the runway at RAF Marham.<ref name=ASN55299>{{Citation|title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55299|url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=55299}}</ref>
*19 June 1986: ''XL191'' a K2 of [[No. 55 Squadron RAF|57 Squadron]] undershot approach in bad weather at [[Hamilton, Ontario]].<ref name="Halley54" />
* 3 May 2009: During a "fast taxi" run at [[Bruntingthorpe Aerodrome]], ''XM715'' made an unplanned brief flight, reaching a height of about {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} at maximum, then carrying out a safe landing before the aircraft could reach the runway threshold. The aircraft did not have a permit to fly; however, the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA) stated that they would not be conducting an investigation.<ref name=Noinvest>[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/05/05/326067/pictures-victor-bomber-accidentally-becomes-airborne-during-taxi.html "Pictures: Victor bomber accidentally becomes airborne during taxi demo."] ''Flight International'', 9 September 2009. Retrieved: 24 July 2010.</ref> The co-pilot had failed to reply to the command "throttles back"; the pilot then had to control the throttles himself, the confusion temporarily disrupting firm control of the aircraft.<ref name=Cause>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1211925/Hero-pilot-averted-air-disaster-pilot-hit-throttle-giant-bomber-mistake.html "Hero pilot, 70, averted air show disaster after co-pilot hit throttle of giant bomber by mistake."] ''Daily Mail'', 9 September 2009. Retrieved: 24 July 2010.</ref><ref name=Hop>[http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/news/Probe-launched-10-second-Victor-flight/article-1003711-detail/article.html "Probe into unauthorised Victor flight."] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5k5mRSyb2?url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/news/Probe-launched-10-second-Victor-flight/article-1003711-detail/article.html |date=27 September 2009 }} ''Leicester Mercury'', 9 September 2009. Retrieved: 24 July 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rh2YSzBdWFg "Victor test flight."] ''YouTube video''. Retrieved: 25 July 2010.</ref>

==Survivors==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header =
| width = 225
| image1 = Victor K2 Lusty Lindy (5580797156).jpg
| caption1 = Victor ''XL231'' ''Lusty Lindy'', 2011
| image2 = Victor XM705.jpg
| caption2 = Victor ''XM715'' ''Teasin' Tina'', 2008
}}
A total of five Victors have survived and are on display in the United Kingdom. None are flightworthy as of 2013.<ref>[http://www.imeche.org/news/engineering/concorde-will-never-fly-again-says-vulcan-restoration-expert "Concorde will never fly again, says Vulcan restoration expert"] ''Institute of Mechanical Engineers'', 28 June 2013.</ref>

* Victor B.1A ''XH648'': a B.1A (K.2P) at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]], [[Cambridgeshire]]. This is the sole B.1 to survive.<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100402100648/http://duxford.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1205 "Handley Page Victor."] ''Imperial War Museum Duxford'' via ''The National Archive'', Retrieved: 20 April 2014.</ref>
* Victor K.2 ''XH672'': ''Maid Marian'', at the [[Royal Air Force Museum]], [[Cosford, Shropshire]], in the National Cold War Exhibition.<ref>Simpson, Andrew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416155111/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/cosford/collections/aircraft/aircraft_histories/1995-1001-A%20Victor%20K2%20XH672.pdf "Individual History: Handley Page Victor K.2 XH672/9242M: Museum Accession Number 1995/1001/A"]. ''Royal Air Force Museum Cosford''. Retrieved 12 April 2011.</ref>
* Victor K.2 ''XH673'': [[Gate guardian]] at [[RAF Marham]], [[Norfolk]], the Victor's last home.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/victor/survivor.php?id=86 |title=Survivor XH673 |author=Thunder & Lightnings |date=2 October 2008 |work= |publisher=Thunder & Lightnings |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
* Victor K.2 ''XL231'': ''Lusty Lindy'', at the [[Yorkshire Air Museum]], [[York]]. The prototype for the B.2 to K.2 conversion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thevictorassociation.org.uk/?page_id=732 |title=XL 231 Lindy Updates |author=The Victor Association |date= |work= |publisher=The Victor Association |accessdate=12 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208151719/http://www.thevictorassociation.org.uk/?page_id=732 |archivedate=8 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> XL231 is one of two Victors currently in taxiable condition.
* Victor K.2 ''XM715'': ''Teasin' Tina''/''Victor Meldrew'', at the British Aviation Heritage Centre, Bruntingthorpe, [[Leicestershire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/victor/survivor.php?id=88 |title=Survivor XM715 |author=Thunder & Lightnings |date=25 May 2010 |work= |publisher=Thunder & Lightnings |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref> XM715 is also one of two Victors currently in taxiable condition.

==Specifications (Handley Page Victor B.1)==
[[File:Handley Page Victor 3.svg|right|350px|3 view of Victor]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Handley Page Aircraft since 1907<ref name="Barnes p529"/>
|prime units?=kts

|crew=5
|length ft=114
|length in=11
|length note=
|span ft=110
|span in=
|span note=
|height ft=28
|height in=1.5
|height note=<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
|wing area sqft=2406
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=Root: 16% Modified RAE Airfoil; Tip: 6% Modified RAE Airfoil<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |date=15 September 2010 |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=UIUC Applied Aerodynamics Group |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight lb=89030
|empty weight note=<ref name="Database p86">Fraser-Mitchell 2009, p. 86.</ref>
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=205000
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=

|eng1 number=4
|eng1 name=[[Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire|Armstrong Siddeley A.S.Sa.7 Sapphire]]
|eng1 type=[[turbojet]] engines
|eng1 lbf=11050
|eng1 note=

|max speed kts=545
|max speed note=at {{cvt|36000|ft}}<ref name="Mason Bomber p389"/>
|max speed mach=
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kts=
|minimum control speed note=
|range nmi=5217
|range note=
|combat range nmi=
|combat range note=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling ft=56000
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=

|bombs=
* Up to 35 × {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs ''or''
* 1× [[Yellow Sun (nuclear weapon)|Yellow Sun]] free-fall nuclear bomb

|avionics=
}}

==Notable appearances in media==
{{Main|Aircraft in fiction#Handley Page Victor|l1=Handley Page Victor in fiction}}



A 1964 [[Gerhard Richter]] painting titled ''XL 513'' depicts Victor K.2, which was lost in a 1976 accident at [[RAF Marham]].<ref>{{Citation|title=XL 513 » documenta 9 » Exhibitions » Gerhard Richter|url=https://www.gerhard-richter.com/en/exhibitions/documenta-9-376/xl-513-5487/?p=1|accessdate=22 Aug 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Handley Page HP.88]], British research aircraft
|similar aircraft=
* [[Avro Vulcan]]
* [[Boeing B-47 Stratojet]]
* [[Short Sperrin]]
* [[Tupolev Tu-16]]/[[Xian H-6]]
* [[Vickers Valiant]]
|lists=
*[[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]
|see also=
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=N|30em}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* ap Rees, Elfan. "Handley Page Victor: Part 1". ''Air Pictorial'', May 1972, Vol. 34, No 5., pp. 162–167.
* ap Rees, Elfan. "Handley Page Victor: Part 2". ''Air Pictorial'', June 1972, Vol. 34, No 6., pp. 220–226.
* Ashworth, Chris. ''Encyclopaedia of Modern Royal Air Force Squadrons''. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. {{ISBN|1-85260-013-6}}.
* Barnes, C.H. ''Handley Page Aircraft since 1907''. London: Putnam, 1976. {{ISBN|0-370-00030-7}}.
* Bull, Stephen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EGKATNM4scMC ''Encyclopedia of Military Technology And Innovation.''] Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-57356-557-8}}.
* Butler, Phil and Tony Buttler. ''Aerofax: Handley-Page Victor''. Midland Publishing, 2009. {{ISBN|1-85780-311-6}}.
* Buttler, Tony. "Vital Bombers: Origins of the RAF's 'V-Bomber' Force". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', No. 79, January/February 1999, pp. 28–41. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}.
* Brookes, Andrew. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NBOOQWxn9k4C ''Victor Units of the Cold War''.] Osprey Publishing, 2011. {{ISBN|1-84908-339-8}}.
* Brooks, Roger R. ''The Handley Page Victor: The History & Development of a Classic Jet: Volume 1 The HP80 Prototype & The Mark I'', Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2007, {{ISBN|978 1 84415 411 1}}.
* Brooks, Roger R. ''The Handley Page Victor: The History & Development of a Classic Jet: Volume 2, The Mark 2 and Comprehensive Appendices and Accident Analysis for all Marks'' Barnsley, UK:Pen & Sword Aviation, 2007. {{ISBN|978 1 84415 570 5}}
* Darling, Kev. ''RAF Strike Command 1968 -2007: Aircraft, Men and Action''. Casemate Publishers, 2012. {{ISBN|1-84884-898-6}}.
* Donald, David. "Warplane Classic: Handley Page Victor." ''International Airpower Review'', Issue 25, 2008, pp. 124–153. Westport, CT: AIRtime Publishing. {{ISSN|1473-9917}}.
* Fraser-Mitchell, Harry. "Database: Handley Page Victor". ''[[Aeroplane Monthly|Aeroplane]]'', Vol. 37, No. 7, July 2009, pp. 73–94. {{ISSN|0143-7240}}.
* [[Bill Gunston|Gunston, Bill]]. ''Bombers of the West.'' London: Ian Allan, 1973, pp. 78–102. {{ISBN|0-7110-0456-0}}.
* Gunston, Bill."The V-Bombers: Handley Page Victor—Part 1". ''[[Aeroplane Monthly]]'', Vol. 9, No 1, January 1981, pp. 4–9. {{ISSN|0143-7240}}.
* Gunston, Bill."The V-Bombers: Handley Page Victor—Part 2". ''Aeroplane Monthly'', Vol. 9, No 2, February 1981, pp. 60–65. {{ISSN|0143-7240}}.
* Gunston, Bill."The V-Bombers: Handley Page Victor—Part 3". ''Aeroplane Monthly'', Vol. 9, No 3, March 1981, pp. 136–139, 142–146. {{ISSN|0143-7240}}.
* Halley, James. ''Royal Air Force Aircraft XA100 to XZ999.'' Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2001. {{ISBN|0-85130-311-0}}.
* Hamilton-Paterson, James. ''Empire of the Clouds: When Britain's Aircraft Ruled the World''. Faber & Faber, 2010. {{ISBN|0-57127-173-1}}.
* Lake, Jon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OGTGKbnQgFEC ''The Great Book of Bombers: The World's Most Important Bombers from World War I to the Present Day''.] Zenith Imprint, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7603-1347-4}}.
* Leich, Andy. "V Force Nuclear Arsenal: Weapons for the Valiant, Victor and Vulcan". ''Air Enthusiast'', No. 107, September/October 2003, pp. 52–59. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}.
* Mason, Francis K. ''The British Bomber since 1914''. London: Putnam, 1994. {{ISBN|0-85177-861-5}}.
* Middleton, Don. "Testing the Victor". ''Air Enthusiast'', Fifty-Two, Winter 1993. pp. 60–75. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}.
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958-1-%20-%200489.html "Parade of Victors: No. 10 Squadron at RAF Cottesmore"]. ''Flight'', 19 September 1958, pp. 493–496.
* Rodwell, Robert R. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%201270.html "Lo-Hi Victor: Mixed Mission over Malaya"]. ''Flight'', 6 May 1965. pp. 700–703.
* Rodwell, Robert R. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%200386.html "The Steel in the Blue: Last Week's Glimpse of the V-force"]. ''Flight'', 13 February 1964, pp. 241–245.
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%202812.html "Victor: A Technical Description of Britain's Latest V-Bomber."] ''Flight'', 30 October 1959, pp. 463–472.
* Windle, Dave and Martin Bowman. ''V Bombers: Vulcan, Valiant and Victor'', Casemate Publishers, 2009. {{ISBN|1-84415-827-6}}.
* Wynn, Humphrey. ''RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Origins, Roles and Deployment 1946–1969.'' London: The Stationery Office, 1997. {{ISBN|0-11-772833-0}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Handley Page Victor}}
* [http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/victor/ Victor information from "Thunder and Lightnings"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050525180337/http://www.vectorsite.net/avvictor.html The Handley Page Victor at Greg Goebel's "In The Public Domain"]
* [http://nuclear-weapons.info/images/deliverymethods.ppt Nuclear weapon drop methods including from a Victor]
* [http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/VictorNoseArt.cfm RAF gallery of Victor nose art]

{{Handley Page aircraft}}
{{:Portal:British aircraft since World War II}}
{{Strategic nuclear weapon systems of the United Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}

[[Category:1950s British bomber aircraft]]
[[Category:Handley Page aircraft|Victor]]
[[Category:Air refueling]]
[[Category:Quadjets]]
[[Category:T-tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1952]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:V bombers|Victor]]

Ferrari SF90 Stradale

2019-07-06T03:03:48Z

Alvarowik: /* Powertrain */

{{dablink|This article is about the sports car. Not to be confused with the [[Ferrari SF90]] Formula One racing car.}}
{{short description|Upcoming mid-engine hybrid sports car manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari SF90 Stradale
| image =
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| aka =
| production = 2020 (expected)
| model_years =
| related = {{ubl
|[[Ferrari 488]]
|[[Ferrari F8 Tributo]]
}}
| assembly = [[Maranello]], Italy
| designer = Centro Stile Ferrari under [[Flavio Manzoni]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[berlinetta]]
| platform =
| layout = [[Longitudinal engine|Longitudinal]] [[Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|mid-engine, all-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{cvt|3990|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Ferrari F154 engine|''Ferrari F154CD'']] [[V8 engine|V8]]
| transmission = 8-speed [[Dual clutch transmission|dual clutch]]
| motor = 3 electric motors (one mounted on the transmission and two on each front wheels)<ref name="DT">{{cite web|URL=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/ferrari-hybrid-supercar-revealed/|title=Ferrari’s SF90 Stradale, its most powerful road car ever, is a plug-in hybrid|date=29 May 2019|first=Stephen|last=Edelstein|publisher=Digital Trends|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>
| battery = {{convert|7.9|kWh|hph|1|abbr=on}} [[lithium-ion battery]]<ref name="DT"/>
| electric_range = {{convert|16|mile|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="DT"/>
| wheelbase = {{convert|2650|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4710|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1972|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1186|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{ubl
|{{convert|1600|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (base, dry)
|{{convert|1570|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (Assetto Fiorano, dry)<ref name="autonews.com">{{cite web|URL=https://www.autonews.com/cars-concepts/ferrari-sf90-stradale-sets-new-high-mark-power|title=Ferrari's 986-hp SF90 Stradale sets new high mark for power|date=29 May 2019|first=Andrea|last=Malan|publisher=Auto News|accessdate= 31 May 2019}}</ref>}}
| powerout = {{convert|780|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} ({{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} total combined)
| successor =
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Ferrari SF90 Stradale''' is an upcoming [[mid-engine design|mid-engine]] [[PHEV]] ([[Plug-in]] [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle]]) [[sports car]] produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer [[Ferrari]]. The car shares its name with the [[Ferrari SF90|SF90]] [[Formula One car]] with the name standing for the 90th anniversary of the [[Scuderia Ferrari]] racing team and "Stradale" meaning for road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a27630393/ferrari-sf90-stradale-photos-info/|title=The 986-HP Ferrari SF90 Stradale Plug-In Hybrid Yanks Maranello Back Into Hypercar Race|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Stoklosa|first=Alexander|date=29 May 2019|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref>

==Specifications==
===Battery and driving modes===
The car has a {{convert|7.9|kWh|hph|1|abbr=on}} [[lithium-ion battery]] for [[Regenerative brake|regenerative braking]], giving the car {{cvt|16|mile|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of electric range.<ref name=Sorokanich/><ref name="DT"/> The car comes with four driving modes depending on road conditions. The modes are changed by the ''eManettino'' knob present on the steering wheel.

The ''eDrive'' mode runs the car only on the electric motors. The ''Hybrid'' mode runs the car on both the internal combustion engine and the electric motors and is the car's default mode. In this mode, the car's onboard computer (called control logic) also turns off the engine if the conditions are ideal in order to save fuel while allowing the driver to start the engine again. The ''Performance'' mode keeps the engine running in order to charge the batteries and keeps the car responsive in order for optimum performance. The ''Qualify'' mode uses the powertrain to its full potential.

The control logic system makes use of three primary areas; the high voltage controls of the car (including the batteries), the RAC-e (Rotation Axis Control-electric) torque vectoring system and the MGUK along with the engine and gearbox.<ref name="TG"/>

===Powertrain===
The SF90 Stradale is equipped with three electric motors, adding a combined output of {{cvt|220|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ferrari.com"/> to a twin-turbocharged V8 engine rated at a power output of {{cvt|780|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 7,500 rpm.<ref name="TG">{{cite web|URL=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/new-ferrari-sf90-stradale-986bhp-hybrid-supercar|title=The new Ferrari SF90 Stradale is a {{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} hybrid supercar|date=29 May 2019|first=Jason|last=Barlow|publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> The car is rated at a total output of {{cvt|1000|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 8,000 rpm<ref name="Ferrari.com">{{cite web |title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale |url=https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/auto/sf90-stradale |website=ferrari.com |publisher=ferrari.com |accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All-new {{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} Ferrari SF90 Stradale supercar revealed |url=https://www.evo.co.uk/ferrari/22636/all-new-986bhp-ferrari-sf90-stradale-supercar-revealed |accessdate=29 May 2019 |publisher=evo.co.uk}}</ref> and a maximum [[torque]] of {{convert|590|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm.<ref>{{cite web |title=The SF90 is the craziest Ferrari to date – really; it is|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/the-ferrari-sf90-stradale-marks-progress-and-breaks-a-lot-of-in-house-records-ar185647.html|website=Top Speed.com |last=Moore|first=Robert|date=30 May 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ferrari SF90 Stradale Has 986 HP and All-Wheel Drive|url=https://jalopnik.com/the-ferrari-sf90-stradale-has-986-hp-and-all-wheel-driv-1835098561|website=Jalopnik.com |last=Lee|first=Kristen|date=29 May 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref>

The engine is an evolution of the unit found in the [[Ferrari 488|488 Pista]] and the upcoming [[Ferrari F8 Tributo|F8 Tributo]] models.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markewing/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-986-horsepower-hybrid-ferrari-hypercar-will-sing-mezzo-soprano-arias-of-speed/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale: 986 Horsepower Hybrid Ferrari Hypercar Will Sing Mezzo-Soprano Arias Of Speed|date=29 May 2019|first=Mark|last=Ewing|publisher=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> The engine's capacity has been increased to {{convert|3990|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} and the bore has also been increased to {{convert|88|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. The intake and exhaust of the engine have been completely modified. The cylinder heads of the engine are now narrower and the all-new central fuel injectors run at a pressure of {{convert|350|bar|psi|abbr=on}}. The assembly for the turbochargers is lower than that of the exhaust system and the engine sits {{cvt|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} lower in the chassis than the other mid-engine V8 models in order to maintain a lower centre of gravity. The engine utilises a smaller flywheels and an inconel exhaust manifold.<ref name="TG"/>

The front wheels are powered by two electric motors (one for each wheel), providing [[torque vectoring]]. They also function as the reversing gear, as the main transmission (eight-speed dual-clutch) does not have a reversing gear.<ref name=Sorokanich>{{cite web |last1=Sorokanich |first1=Bob |title=This Is the SF90 Stradale, The Most Powerful Ferrari Ever |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a27626676/ferrari-sf90-stradale-hybrid-hypercar-power-specs-photos/ |website=Road & Track |date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

===Transmission===
The engine of the SF90 Stradale is mated to a new 8-speed dual-clutch transmission. The new transmission is {{cvt|22|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} lighter and more compact than the existing 7-speed transmission used by the other offerings of the manufacturer partly due to the absence of a dedicated reverse gear since reversing is provided by the electric motors mounted on the front axle. The new transmission also has a 30% faster shift time (200 milliseconds).<ref name="AB">{{cite web|URL=https://www.autoblog.com/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-official/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale is a 986-horsepower plug-in hybrid|date=29 May 2019|first=Joel|last=Stocksdale|publisher=[[Autoblog]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="C">{{cite web|URL=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/ferrari-sf90-stradale-hybrid-hypercar-official/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale brings new hybrid tech to hypercar heights|date=29 May 2019|first=Tim|last=Stevens|publisher=cNet|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Interior ===
The interior of the SF90 Stradale features Ferrari's high-tech technology. A 16-inch curved display located behind the steering wheel displays various vital statistics of the car to the driver. The car also employs a new head-up display that would reconfigure itself according to the selected driving mode. The steering wheel is carried over from the 488 but now features multiple capacitive touch interfaces to control the various functions of the car. Other conventional levers and buttons are retained. The interior will also channel sound of the engine to the driver according to the manufacturer.<ref name="C"/>

===Handling===
The SF90 Stradale employs eSSC (electric Side Slip Control) which controls the torque distribution to all four wheels of the car. The eSSC is combined with eTC (electric Tractional Control), a new brake-by-wire system which combines the traditional hydraulic braking system and electric motors to provide optimal regenerative braking and torque vectoring.

===Chassis===
The car's all-new chassis combines aluminium and [[carbon fibre]] to improve structural rigidity and provide a suitable platform for the car's hybrid system. The car has a total [[dry weight]] of {{convert|1570|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} after combining the {{convert|270|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} weight of the electric system.

===Performance===
Ferrari states that the SF90 Stradale is capable of accelerating from a standstill to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 2.5 seconds,and 0–{{convert|200|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 6.7 seconds and can attain a top speed in excess of {{cvt|211|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/ferrari-sf90-stradale-revealed-fabulous-hybrid-supercar-packed/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale revealed: a fabulous hybrid supercar packed with technical firsts|date=29 May 2019|first=Paul|last=Hudson|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Design==
The manufacturer claims that the SF90 Stradale can generate {{cvt|390|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} of [[downforce]] at {{cvt|250|kph|mph|0|abbr=on}} due to new findings in aero and thermal dynamics.

The main feature of the design is the twin-part rear wing which is an application of the DRS ([[Drag Reduction System]]) used in Formula One. A fixed element in the wing incorporates the rear light, the mobile parts of the wing (called "shut off Gurney" by the manufacturer) integrate into the body by using electric actuators in order to maximise downforce. The SF90 Stradale uses an evolution of Ferrari's vortex generators mounted at the front of the car.

The car employs a cab-forward design in order to utilise the new aerodynamic parts of the car more effectively and in order to incorporate radiators or the cooling requirements of the hybrid system of the car. The design is a close collaboration between Ferrari Styling Centre and Ferrari engineers.

The rear-end of the car carries over many iconic Ferrari Styling elements such as the flying buttresses. The engine cover has been kept as low as possible in order to maximise airflow. According to the car's lead designer, Flavio Manzoni, the car's design lies in between that of a spaceship and of a race car. The rear side-profile harkens back to the 1960s [[Ferrari P|330 P3/4]].<ref name="TG"/>
{{clear}}

==Assetto Fiorano==
A higher-performance version, the SF90 Stradale Assetto Fiorano, will be available as well. The Assetto Fiorano has racing-derived Multimatic shocks and lightweight carbon fibre parts like door panels and underbody. The Assetto Fiorano also employs a light weight titanium exhaust system. The above measures save {{cvt|30|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} as compared to the standard SF90 Stradale.<ref name="Sorokanich"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ferrari modern car timeline}}
{{Ferrari}}

[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:Ferrari vehicles|SF90 Stradale]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2019]]

Ferrari SF90 Stradale

2019-07-06T02:59:14Z

Alvarowik: /* Powertrain */

{{dablink|This article is about the sports car. Not to be confused with the [[Ferrari SF90]] Formula One racing car.}}
{{short description|Upcoming mid-engine hybrid sports car manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari SF90 Stradale
| image =
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| aka =
| production = 2020 (expected)
| model_years =
| related = {{ubl
|[[Ferrari 488]]
|[[Ferrari F8 Tributo]]
}}
| assembly = [[Maranello]], Italy
| designer = Centro Stile Ferrari under [[Flavio Manzoni]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[berlinetta]]
| platform =
| layout = [[Longitudinal engine|Longitudinal]] [[Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|mid-engine, all-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{cvt|3990|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Ferrari F154 engine|''Ferrari F154CD'']] [[V8 engine|V8]]
| transmission = 8-speed [[Dual clutch transmission|dual clutch]]
| motor = 3 electric motors (one mounted on the transmission and two on each front wheels)<ref name="DT">{{cite web|URL=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/ferrari-hybrid-supercar-revealed/|title=Ferrari’s SF90 Stradale, its most powerful road car ever, is a plug-in hybrid|date=29 May 2019|first=Stephen|last=Edelstein|publisher=Digital Trends|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>
| battery = {{convert|7.9|kWh|hph|1|abbr=on}} [[lithium-ion battery]]<ref name="DT"/>
| electric_range = {{convert|16|mile|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="DT"/>
| wheelbase = {{convert|2650|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4710|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1972|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1186|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{ubl
|{{convert|1600|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (base, dry)
|{{convert|1570|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (Assetto Fiorano, dry)<ref name="autonews.com">{{cite web|URL=https://www.autonews.com/cars-concepts/ferrari-sf90-stradale-sets-new-high-mark-power|title=Ferrari's 986-hp SF90 Stradale sets new high mark for power|date=29 May 2019|first=Andrea|last=Malan|publisher=Auto News|accessdate= 31 May 2019}}</ref>}}
| powerout = {{convert|780|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} ({{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} total combined)
| successor =
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Ferrari SF90 Stradale''' is an upcoming [[mid-engine design|mid-engine]] [[PHEV]] ([[Plug-in]] [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle]]) [[sports car]] produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer [[Ferrari]]. The car shares its name with the [[Ferrari SF90|SF90]] [[Formula One car]] with the name standing for the 90th anniversary of the [[Scuderia Ferrari]] racing team and "Stradale" meaning for road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a27630393/ferrari-sf90-stradale-photos-info/|title=The 986-HP Ferrari SF90 Stradale Plug-In Hybrid Yanks Maranello Back Into Hypercar Race|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Stoklosa|first=Alexander|date=29 May 2019|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref>

==Specifications==
===Battery and driving modes===
The car has a {{convert|7.9|kWh|hph|1|abbr=on}} [[lithium-ion battery]] for [[Regenerative brake|regenerative braking]], giving the car {{cvt|16|mile|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of electric range.<ref name=Sorokanich/><ref name="DT"/> The car comes with four driving modes depending on road conditions. The modes are changed by the ''eManettino'' knob present on the steering wheel.

The ''eDrive'' mode runs the car only on the electric motors. The ''Hybrid'' mode runs the car on both the internal combustion engine and the electric motors and is the car's default mode. In this mode, the car's onboard computer (called control logic) also turns off the engine if the conditions are ideal in order to save fuel while allowing the driver to start the engine again. The ''Performance'' mode keeps the engine running in order to charge the batteries and keeps the car responsive in order for optimum performance. The ''Qualify'' mode uses the powertrain to its full potential.

The control logic system makes use of three primary areas; the high voltage controls of the car (including the batteries), the RAC-e (Rotation Axis Control-electric) torque vectoring system and the MGUK along with the engine and gearbox.<ref name="TG"/>

===Powertrain===
The SF90 Stradale is equipped with three electric motors, adding a combined output of {{cvt|223|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} to a twin-turbocharged V8 engine rated at a power output of {{cvt|780|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 7,500 rpm.<ref name="TG">{{cite web|URL=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/new-ferrari-sf90-stradale-986bhp-hybrid-supercar|title=The new Ferrari SF90 Stradale is a {{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} hybrid supercar|date=29 May 2019|first=Jason|last=Barlow|publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> The car is rated at a total output of {{cvt|1000|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 8,000 rpm<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale |url=https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/auto/sf90-stradale |website=ferrari.com |publisher=ferrari.com |accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All-new {{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} Ferrari SF90 Stradale supercar revealed |url=https://www.evo.co.uk/ferrari/22636/all-new-986bhp-ferrari-sf90-stradale-supercar-revealed |accessdate=29 May 2019 |publisher=evo.co.uk}}</ref> and a maximum [[torque]] of {{convert|590|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm.<ref>{{cite web |title=The SF90 is the craziest Ferrari to date – really; it is|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/the-ferrari-sf90-stradale-marks-progress-and-breaks-a-lot-of-in-house-records-ar185647.html|website=Top Speed.com |last=Moore|first=Robert|date=30 May 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ferrari SF90 Stradale Has 986 HP and All-Wheel Drive|url=https://jalopnik.com/the-ferrari-sf90-stradale-has-986-hp-and-all-wheel-driv-1835098561|website=Jalopnik.com |last=Lee|first=Kristen|date=29 May 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref>

The engine is an evolution of the unit found in the [[Ferrari 488|488 Pista]] and the upcoming [[Ferrari F8 Tributo|F8 Tributo]] models.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markewing/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-986-horsepower-hybrid-ferrari-hypercar-will-sing-mezzo-soprano-arias-of-speed/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale: 986 Horsepower Hybrid Ferrari Hypercar Will Sing Mezzo-Soprano Arias Of Speed|date=29 May 2019|first=Mark|last=Ewing|publisher=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> The engine's capacity has been increased to {{convert|3990|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} and the bore has also been increased to {{convert|88|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. The intake and exhaust of the engine have been completely modified. The cylinder heads of the engine are now narrower and the all-new central fuel injectors run at a pressure of {{convert|350|bar|psi|abbr=on}}. The assembly for the turbochargers is lower than that of the exhaust system and the engine sits {{cvt|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} lower in the chassis than the other mid-engine V8 models in order to maintain a lower centre of gravity. The engine utilises a smaller flywheels and an inconel exhaust manifold.<ref name="TG"/>

The front wheels are powered by two electric motors (one for each wheel), providing [[torque vectoring]]. They also function as the reversing gear, as the main transmission (eight-speed dual-clutch) does not have a reversing gear.<ref name=Sorokanich>{{cite web |last1=Sorokanich |first1=Bob |title=This Is the SF90 Stradale, The Most Powerful Ferrari Ever |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a27626676/ferrari-sf90-stradale-hybrid-hypercar-power-specs-photos/ |website=Road & Track |date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

===Transmission===
The engine of the SF90 Stradale is mated to a new 8-speed dual-clutch transmission. The new transmission is {{cvt|22|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} lighter and more compact than the existing 7-speed transmission used by the other offerings of the manufacturer partly due to the absence of a dedicated reverse gear since reversing is provided by the electric motors mounted on the front axle. The new transmission also has a 30% faster shift time (200 milliseconds).<ref name="AB">{{cite web|URL=https://www.autoblog.com/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-official/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale is a 986-horsepower plug-in hybrid|date=29 May 2019|first=Joel|last=Stocksdale|publisher=[[Autoblog]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="C">{{cite web|URL=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/ferrari-sf90-stradale-hybrid-hypercar-official/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale brings new hybrid tech to hypercar heights|date=29 May 2019|first=Tim|last=Stevens|publisher=cNet|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Interior ===
The interior of the SF90 Stradale features Ferrari's high-tech technology. A 16-inch curved display located behind the steering wheel displays various vital statistics of the car to the driver. The car also employs a new head-up display that would reconfigure itself according to the selected driving mode. The steering wheel is carried over from the 488 but now features multiple capacitive touch interfaces to control the various functions of the car. Other conventional levers and buttons are retained. The interior will also channel sound of the engine to the driver according to the manufacturer.<ref name="C"/>

===Handling===
The SF90 Stradale employs eSSC (electric Side Slip Control) which controls the torque distribution to all four wheels of the car. The eSSC is combined with eTC (electric Tractional Control), a new brake-by-wire system which combines the traditional hydraulic braking system and electric motors to provide optimal regenerative braking and torque vectoring.

===Chassis===
The car's all-new chassis combines aluminium and [[carbon fibre]] to improve structural rigidity and provide a suitable platform for the car's hybrid system. The car has a total [[dry weight]] of {{convert|1570|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} after combining the {{convert|270|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} weight of the electric system.

===Performance===
Ferrari states that the SF90 Stradale is capable of accelerating from a standstill to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 2.5 seconds,and 0–{{convert|200|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 6.7 seconds and can attain a top speed in excess of {{cvt|211|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/ferrari-sf90-stradale-revealed-fabulous-hybrid-supercar-packed/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale revealed: a fabulous hybrid supercar packed with technical firsts|date=29 May 2019|first=Paul|last=Hudson|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Design==
The manufacturer claims that the SF90 Stradale can generate {{cvt|390|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} of [[downforce]] at {{cvt|250|kph|mph|0|abbr=on}} due to new findings in aero and thermal dynamics.

The main feature of the design is the twin-part rear wing which is an application of the DRS ([[Drag Reduction System]]) used in Formula One. A fixed element in the wing incorporates the rear light, the mobile parts of the wing (called "shut off Gurney" by the manufacturer) integrate into the body by using electric actuators in order to maximise downforce. The SF90 Stradale uses an evolution of Ferrari's vortex generators mounted at the front of the car.

The car employs a cab-forward design in order to utilise the new aerodynamic parts of the car more effectively and in order to incorporate radiators or the cooling requirements of the hybrid system of the car. The design is a close collaboration between Ferrari Styling Centre and Ferrari engineers.

The rear-end of the car carries over many iconic Ferrari Styling elements such as the flying buttresses. The engine cover has been kept as low as possible in order to maximise airflow. According to the car's lead designer, Flavio Manzoni, the car's design lies in between that of a spaceship and of a race car. The rear side-profile harkens back to the 1960s [[Ferrari P|330 P3/4]].<ref name="TG"/>
{{clear}}

==Assetto Fiorano==
A higher-performance version, the SF90 Stradale Assetto Fiorano, will be available as well. The Assetto Fiorano has racing-derived Multimatic shocks and lightweight carbon fibre parts like door panels and underbody. The Assetto Fiorano also employs a light weight titanium exhaust system. The above measures save {{cvt|30|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} as compared to the standard SF90 Stradale.<ref name="Sorokanich"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ferrari modern car timeline}}
{{Ferrari}}

[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:Ferrari vehicles|SF90 Stradale]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2019]]

Ferrari SF90 Stradale

2019-07-05T16:02:58Z

Alvarowik:

{{dablink|This article is about the sports car. Not to be confused with the [[Ferrari SF90]] Formula One racing car.}}
{{short description|Upcoming mid-engine hybrid sports car manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari SF90 Stradale
| image =
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| aka =
| production = 2020 (expected)
| model_years =
| related = {{ubl
|[[Ferrari 488]]
|[[Ferrari F8 Tributo]]
}}
| assembly = [[Maranello]], Italy
| designer = Centro Stile Ferrari under [[Flavio Manzoni]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[berlinetta]]
| platform =
| layout = [[Longitudinal engine|Longitudinal]] [[Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|mid-engine, all-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{cvt|3990|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Ferrari F154 engine|''Ferrari F154CD'']] [[V8 engine|V8]]
| transmission = 8-speed [[Dual clutch transmission|dual clutch]]
| motor = 3 electric motors (one mounted on the transmission and two on each front wheels)<ref name="DT">{{cite web|URL=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/ferrari-hybrid-supercar-revealed/|title=Ferrari’s SF90 Stradale, its most powerful road car ever, is a plug-in hybrid|date=29 May 2019|first=Stephen|last=Edelstein|publisher=Digital Trends|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>
| battery = {{convert|7.9|kWh|hph|1|abbr=on}} [[lithium-ion battery]]<ref name="DT"/>
| electric_range = {{convert|16|mile|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="DT"/>
| wheelbase = {{convert|2650|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4710|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1972|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1186|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{ubl
|{{convert|1600|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (base, dry)
|{{convert|1570|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (Assetto Fiorano, dry)<ref name="autonews.com">{{cite web|URL=https://www.autonews.com/cars-concepts/ferrari-sf90-stradale-sets-new-high-mark-power|title=Ferrari's 986-hp SF90 Stradale sets new high mark for power|date=29 May 2019|first=Andrea|last=Malan|publisher=Auto News|accessdate= 31 May 2019}}</ref>}}
| powerout = {{convert|780|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} ({{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} total combined)
| predecessor = [[Ferrari LaFerrari]]
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Ferrari SF90 Stradale''' is an upcoming [[mid-engine design|mid-engine]] [[PHEV]] ([[Plug-in electric vehicle|Plug-in]] [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle]]) [[sports car]] produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer [[Ferrari]]. The car shares its name with the [[Ferrari SF90|SF90]] [[Formula One car]] with the name standing for the 90th anniversary of the [[Scuderia Ferrari]] racing team and "Stradale" meaning for road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a27630393/ferrari-sf90-stradale-photos-info/|title=The 986-HP Ferrari SF90 Stradale Plug-In Hybrid Yanks Maranello Back Into Hypercar Race|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Stoklosa|first=Alexander|date=29 May 2019|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref>

==Specifications==
===Battery and driving modes===
The car has a {{convert|7.9|kWh|hph|1|abbr=on}} [[lithium-ion battery]] for [[Regenerative brake|regenerative braking]], giving the car {{cvt|16|mile|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of electric range.<ref name=Sorokanich/><ref name="DT"/> The car comes with four driving modes depending on road conditions. The modes are changed by the ''eManettino'' knob present on the steering wheel.

The ''eDrive'' mode runs the car only on the electric motors. The ''Hybrid'' mode runs the car on both the internal combustion engine and the electric motors and is the car's default mode. In this mode, the car's onboard computer (called control logic) also turns off the engine if the conditions are ideal in order to save fuel while allowing the driver to start the engine again. The ''Performance'' mode keeps the engine running in order to charge the batteries and keeps the car responsive in order for optimum performance. The ''Qualify'' mode uses the powertrain to its full potential.

The control logic system makes use of three primary areas; the high voltage controls of the car (including the batteries), the RAC-e (Rotation Axis Control-electric) torque vectoring system and the MGUK along with the engine and gearbox.<ref name="TG"/>

===Powertrain===
The SF90 Stradale is equipped with three electric motors, adding a combined output of {{cvt|223|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} to a twin-turbocharged V8 engine rated at a power output of {{cvt|780|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 7,500 rpm.<ref name="TG">{{cite web|URL=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/new-ferrari-sf90-stradale-986bhp-hybrid-supercar|title=The new Ferrari SF90 Stradale is a {{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} hybrid supercar|date=29 May 2019|first=Jason|last=Barlow|publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> The car is rated at a total output of {{cvt|1000|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 8,000 rpm.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale |url=https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/auto/sf90-stradale |website=ferrari.com |publisher=ferrari.com |accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All-new {{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} Ferrari SF90 Stradale supercar revealed |url=https://www.evo.co.uk/ferrari/22636/all-new-986bhp-ferrari-sf90-stradale-supercar-revealed |accessdate=29 May 2019 |publisher=evo.co.uk}}</ref>

The engine is an evolution of the unit found in the [[Ferrari 488|488 Pista]] and the upcoming [[Ferrari F8 Tributo|F8 Tributo]] models.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markewing/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-986-horsepower-hybrid-ferrari-hypercar-will-sing-mezzo-soprano-arias-of-speed/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale: 986 Horsepower Hybrid Ferrari Hypercar Will Sing Mezzo-Soprano Arias Of Speed|date=29 May 2019|first=Mark|last=Ewing|publisher=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> The engine's capacity has been increased to {{convert|3990|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} and the bore has also been increased to {{convert|88|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. The intake and exhaust of the engine have been completely modified. The cylinder heads of the engine are now narrower and the all-new central fuel injectors run at a pressure of {{convert|350|bar|psi|abbr=on}}. The assembly for the turbochargers is lower than that of the exhaust system and the engine sits {{cvt|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} lower in the chassis than the other mid-engine V8 models in order to maintain a lower centre of gravity. The engine utilises a smaller flywheels and an inconel exhaust manifold.<ref name="TG"/>

The front wheels are powered by two electric motors (one for each wheel), providing [[torque vectoring]]. They also function as the reversing gear, as the main transmission (eight-speed dual-clutch) does not have a reversing gear.<ref name=Sorokanich>{{cite web |last1=Sorokanich |first1=Bob |title=This Is the SF90 Stradale, The Most Powerful Ferrari Ever |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a27626676/ferrari-sf90-stradale-hybrid-hypercar-power-specs-photos/ |website=Road & Track |date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

===Transmission===
The engine of the SF90 Stradale is mated to a new 8-speed dual-clutch transmission. The new transmission is {{cvt|22|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} lighter and more compact than the existing 7-speed transmission used by the other offerings of the manufacturer partly due to the absence of a dedicated reverse gear since reversing is provided by the electric motors mounted on the front axle. The new transmission also has a 30% faster shift time (200 milliseconds).<ref name="AB">{{cite web|URL=https://www.autoblog.com/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-official/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale is a 986-horsepower plug-in hybrid|date=29 May 2019|first=Joel|last=Stocksdale|publisher=[[Autoblog]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="C">{{cite web|URL=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/ferrari-sf90-stradale-hybrid-hypercar-official/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale brings new hybrid tech to hypercar heights|date=29 May 2019|first=Tim|last=Stevens|publisher=cNet|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Interior ===
The interior of the SF90 Stradale features Ferrari's high-tech technology. A 16-inch curved display located behind the steering wheel displays various vital statistics of the car to the driver. The car also employs a new head-up display that would reconfigure itself according to the selected driving mode. The steering wheel is carried over from the 488 but now features multiple capacitive touch interfaces to control the various functions of the car. Other conventional levers and buttons are retained. The interior will also channel sound of the engine to the driver according to the manufacturer.<ref name="C"/>

===Handling===
The SF90 Stradale employs eSSC (electric Side Slip Control) which controls the torque distribution to all four wheels of the car. The eSSC is combined with eTC (electric Tractional Control), a new brake-by-wire system which combines the traditional hydraulic braking system and electric motors to provide optimal regenerative braking and torque vectoring.

===Chassis===
The car's all-new chassis combines aluminium and [[carbon fibre]] to improve structural rigidity and provide a suitable platform for the car's hybrid system. The car has a total [[dry weight]] of {{convert|1570|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} after combining the {{convert|270|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} weight of the electric system.

===Performance===
Ferrari states that the SF90 Stradale is capable of accelerating from a standstill to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 2.5 seconds,and 0–{{convert|200|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 6.7 seconds and can attain a top speed in excess of {{cvt|211|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/ferrari-sf90-stradale-revealed-fabulous-hybrid-supercar-packed/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale revealed: a fabulous hybrid supercar packed with technical firsts|date=29 May 2019|first=Paul|last=Hudson|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Design==
The manufacturer claims that the SF90 Stradale can generate {{cvt|390|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} of [[downforce]] at {{cvt|250|kph|mph|0|abbr=on}} due to new findings in aero and thermal dynamics.

The main feature of the design is the twin-part rear wing which is an application of the DRS ([[Drag Reduction System]]) used in Formula One. A fixed element in the wing incorporates the rear light, the mobile parts of the wing (called "shut off Gurney" by the manufacturer) integrate into the body by using electric actuators in order to maximise downforce. The SF90 Stradale uses an evolution of Ferrari's vortex generators mounted at the front of the car.

The car employs a cab-forward design in order to utilise the new aerodynamic parts of the car more effectively and in order to incorporate radiators or the cooling requirements of the hybrid system of the car. The design is a close collaboration between Ferrari Styling Centre and Ferrari engineers.

The rear-end of the car carries over many iconic Ferrari Styling elements such as the flying buttresses. The engine cover has been kept as low as possible in order to maximise airflow. According to the car's lead designer, Flavio Manzoni, the car's design lies in between that of a spaceship and of a race car. The rear side-profile harkens back to the 1960s [[Ferrari P|330 P3/4]].<ref name="TG"/>
{{clear}}

==Assetto Fiorano==
A higher-performance version, the SF90 Stradale Assetto Fiorano, will be available as well. The Assetto Fiorano has racing-derived Multimatic shocks and lightweight carbon fibre parts like door panels and underbody. The Assetto Fiorano also employs a light weight titanium exhaust system. The above measures save {{cvt|30|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} as compared to the standard SF90 Stradale.<ref name="Sorokanich"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ferrari modern car timeline}}
{{Ferrari}}

[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:Ferrari vehicles|SF90 Stradale]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2019]]

Ferrari SF90 Stradale

2019-07-04T17:27:33Z

Alvarowik:

{{dablink|This article is about the sports car. Not to be confused with the [[Ferrari SF90]] Formula One racing car.}}
{{short description|Upcoming mid-engine hybrid sports car manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ferrari SF90 Stradale
| image =
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| aka =
| production = 2020 (expected)
| model_years =
| related = {{ubl
|[[Ferrari 488]]
|[[Ferrari F8 Tributo]]
}}
| assembly = [[Maranello]], Italy
| designer = Centro Stile Ferrari under [[Flavio Manzoni]]
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[berlinetta]]
| platform =
| layout = [[Longitudinal engine|Longitudinal]] [[Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|mid-engine, all-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{cvt|3990|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[twin-turbocharged]] [[Ferrari F154 engine|''Ferrari F154CD'']] [[V8 engine|V8]]
| transmission = 8-speed [[Dual clutch transmission|dual clutch]]
| motor = 3 electric motors (one mounted on the transmission and two on each front wheels)<ref name="DT">{{cite web|URL=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/ferrari-hybrid-supercar-revealed/|title=Ferrari’s SF90 Stradale, its most powerful road car ever, is a plug-in hybrid|date=29 May 2019|first=Stephen|last=Edelstein|publisher=Digital Trends|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>
| battery = {{convert|7.9|kWh|hph|1|abbr=on}} [[lithium-ion battery]]<ref name="DT"/>
| electric_range = {{convert|16|mile|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="DT"/>
| wheelbase = {{convert|2650|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4710|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1972|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1186|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{ubl
|{{convert|1600|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (base, dry)
|{{convert|1570|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (Assetto Fiorano, dry)<ref name="autonews.com">{{cite web|URL=https://www.autonews.com/cars-concepts/ferrari-sf90-stradale-sets-new-high-mark-power|title=Ferrari's 986-hp SF90 Stradale sets new high mark for power|date=29 May 2019|first=Andrea|last=Malan|publisher=Auto News|accessdate= 31 May 2019}}</ref>}}
| powerout = {{convert|780|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} ({{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} total combined)
| successor =
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Ferrari SF90 Stradale''' is an upcoming [[mid-engine design|mid-engine]] [[PHEV]] ([[Plug-in]] [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle]]) [[sports car]] produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer [[Ferrari]]. The car shares its name with the [[Ferrari SF90|SF90]] [[Formula One car]] with the name standing for the 90th anniversary of the [[Scuderia Ferrari]] racing team and "Stradale" meaning for road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a27630393/ferrari-sf90-stradale-photos-info/|title=The 986-HP Ferrari SF90 Stradale Plug-In Hybrid Yanks Maranello Back Into Hypercar Race|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Stoklosa|first=Alexander|date=29 May 2019|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref>

==Specifications==
===Battery and driving modes===
The car has a {{convert|7.9|kWh|hph|1|abbr=on}} [[lithium-ion battery]] for [[Regenerative brake|regenerative braking]], giving the car {{cvt|16|mile|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of electric range.<ref name=Sorokanich/><ref name="DT"/> The car comes with four driving modes depending on road conditions. The modes are changed by the ''eManettino'' knob present on the steering wheel.

The ''eDrive'' mode runs the car only on the electric motors. The ''Hybrid'' mode runs the car on both the internal combustion engine and the electric motors and is the car's default mode. In this mode, the car's onboard computer (called control logic) also turns off the engine if the conditions are ideal in order to save fuel while allowing the driver to start the engine again. The ''Performance'' mode keeps the engine running in order to charge the batteries and keeps the car responsive in order for optimum performance. The ''Qualify'' mode uses the powertrain to its full potential.

The control logic system makes use of three primary areas; the high voltage controls of the car (including the batteries), the RAC-e (Rotation Axis Control-electric) torque vectoring system and the MGUK along with the engine and gearbox.<ref name="TG"/>

===Powertrain===
The SF90 Stradale is equipped with three electric motors, adding a combined output of {{cvt|223|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} to a twin-turbocharged V8 engine rated at a power output of {{cvt|780|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 7,500 rpm.<ref name="TG">{{cite web|URL=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/new-ferrari-sf90-stradale-986bhp-hybrid-supercar|title=The new Ferrari SF90 Stradale is a {{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} hybrid supercar|date=29 May 2019|first=Jason|last=Barlow|publisher=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> The car is rated at a total output of {{cvt|1000|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 8,000 rpm.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale |url=https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/auto/sf90-stradale |website=ferrari.com |publisher=ferrari.com |accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All-new {{convert|986|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} Ferrari SF90 Stradale supercar revealed |url=https://www.evo.co.uk/ferrari/22636/all-new-986bhp-ferrari-sf90-stradale-supercar-revealed |accessdate=29 May 2019 |publisher=evo.co.uk}}</ref>

The engine is an evolution of the unit found in the [[Ferrari 488|488 Pista]] and the upcoming [[Ferrari F8 Tributo|F8 Tributo]] models.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markewing/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-986-horsepower-hybrid-ferrari-hypercar-will-sing-mezzo-soprano-arias-of-speed/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale: 986 Horsepower Hybrid Ferrari Hypercar Will Sing Mezzo-Soprano Arias Of Speed|date=29 May 2019|first=Mark|last=Ewing|publisher=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> The engine's capacity has been increased to {{convert|3990|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} and the bore has also been increased to {{convert|88|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. The intake and exhaust of the engine have been completely modified. The cylinder heads of the engine are now narrower and the all-new central fuel injectors run at a pressure of {{convert|350|bar|psi|abbr=on}}. The assembly for the turbochargers is lower than that of the exhaust system and the engine sits {{cvt|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} lower in the chassis than the other mid-engine V8 models in order to maintain a lower centre of gravity. The engine utilises a smaller flywheels and an inconel exhaust manifold.<ref name="TG"/>

The front wheels are powered by two electric motors (one for each wheel), providing [[torque vectoring]]. They also function as the reversing gear, as the main transmission (eight-speed dual-clutch) does not have a reversing gear.<ref name=Sorokanich>{{cite web |last1=Sorokanich |first1=Bob |title=This Is the SF90 Stradale, The Most Powerful Ferrari Ever |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a27626676/ferrari-sf90-stradale-hybrid-hypercar-power-specs-photos/ |website=Road & Track |date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

===Transmission===
The engine of the SF90 Stradale is mated to a new 8-speed dual-clutch transmission. The new transmission is {{cvt|22|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} lighter and more compact than the existing 7-speed transmission used by the other offerings of the manufacturer partly due to the absence of a dedicated reverse gear since reversing is provided by the electric motors mounted on the front axle. The new transmission also has a 30% faster shift time (200 milliseconds).<ref name="AB">{{cite web|URL=https://www.autoblog.com/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-official/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale is a 986-horsepower plug-in hybrid|date=29 May 2019|first=Joel|last=Stocksdale|publisher=[[Autoblog]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="C">{{cite web|URL=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/ferrari-sf90-stradale-hybrid-hypercar-official/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale brings new hybrid tech to hypercar heights|date=29 May 2019|first=Tim|last=Stevens|publisher=cNet|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Interior ===
The interior of the SF90 Stradale features Ferrari's high-tech technology. A 16-inch curved display located behind the steering wheel displays various vital statistics of the car to the driver. The car also employs a new head-up display that would reconfigure itself according to the selected driving mode. The steering wheel is carried over from the 488 but now features multiple capacitive touch interfaces to control the various functions of the car. Other conventional levers and buttons are retained. The interior will also channel sound of the engine to the driver according to the manufacturer.<ref name="C"/>

===Handling===
The SF90 Stradale employs eSSC (electric Side Slip Control) which controls the torque distribution to all four wheels of the car. The eSSC is combined with eTC (electric Tractional Control), a new brake-by-wire system which combines the traditional hydraulic braking system and electric motors to provide optimal regenerative braking and torque vectoring.

===Chassis===
The car's all-new chassis combines aluminium and [[carbon fibre]] to improve structural rigidity and provide a suitable platform for the car's hybrid system. The car has a total [[dry weight]] of {{convert|1570|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} after combining the {{convert|270|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} weight of the electric system.

===Performance===
Ferrari states that the SF90 Stradale is capable of accelerating from a standstill to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 2.5 seconds,and 0–{{convert|200|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 6.7 seconds and can attain a top speed in excess of {{cvt|211|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/ferrari-sf90-stradale-revealed-fabulous-hybrid-supercar-packed/|title=Ferrari SF90 Stradale revealed: a fabulous hybrid supercar packed with technical firsts|date=29 May 2019|first=Paul|last=Hudson|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Design==
The manufacturer claims that the SF90 Stradale can generate {{cvt|390|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} of [[downforce]] at {{cvt|250|kph|mph|0|abbr=on}} due to new findings in aero and thermal dynamics.

The main feature of the design is the twin-part rear wing which is an application of the DRS ([[Drag Reduction System]]) used in Formula One. A fixed element in the wing incorporates the rear light, the mobile parts of the wing (called "shut off Gurney" by the manufacturer) integrate into the body by using electric actuators in order to maximise downforce. The SF90 Stradale uses an evolution of Ferrari's vortex generators mounted at the front of the car.

The car employs a cab-forward design in order to utilise the new aerodynamic parts of the car more effectively and in order to incorporate radiators or the cooling requirements of the hybrid system of the car. The design is a close collaboration between Ferrari Styling Centre and Ferrari engineers.

The rear-end of the car carries over many iconic Ferrari Styling elements such as the flying buttresses. The engine cover has been kept as low as possible in order to maximise airflow. According to the car's lead designer, Flavio Manzoni, the car's design lies in between that of a spaceship and of a race car. The rear side-profile harkens back to the 1960s [[Ferrari P|330 P3/4]].<ref name="TG"/>
{{clear}}

==Assetto Fiorano==
A higher-performance version, the SF90 Stradale Assetto Fiorano, will be available as well. The Assetto Fiorano has racing-derived Multimatic shocks and lightweight carbon fibre parts like door panels and underbody. The Assetto Fiorano also employs a light weight titanium exhaust system. The above measures save {{cvt|30|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} as compared to the standard SF90 Stradale.<ref name="Sorokanich"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ferrari modern car timeline}}
{{Ferrari}}

[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:Ferrari vehicles|SF90 Stradale]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2019]]

Volkswagen G60 engine

2019-07-03T22:51:07Z

Alvarowik:

{{refimprove|date=July 2009}}{{Advertisement|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox automobile engine
|name = Volkswagen G60/G40 engine
|image =
|aka =
|manufacturer = [[Volkswagen Group]]
|production = '''''G60''''': August 1988–July 1993 '''''G40''''': August 1986–July 1994
|predecessor =
|successor = 2005 [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 TSI 90-133kW|1.4-litre 'Twincharger']]
|configuration = [[Inline-four engine|Inline-4]]
|displacement = '''''G60''''': {{convert|1781|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|1272|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|bore = '''''G60''''': {{convert|81|mm|2|abbr=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|75|mm|2|abbr=on}}
|stroke = '''''G60''''': {{convert|86.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|72|mm|2|abbr=on}}
|block = [[Gray cast iron]]
|head = [[casting|Cast]] [[aluminium alloy]]
|valvetrain = 2 [[poppet valve#Internal combustion engine|valves]] per [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]], [[hydraulics|hydraulic]] [[hydraulic tappet|valve lifters]], [[Timing belt (camshaft)|belt]]-driven [[overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|single overhead camshaft]] (SOHC)
|supercharger = [[G-Lader]] with [[intercooler]]
|fuelsystem = [[Common rail]] electronic [[Multi-point fuel injection]]
|management = [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Digifant Engine Management system|Digifant]]
|fueltype = Unleaded [[Petrol engine|Gasoline]]
|oilsystem = [[Wet sump]]
|coolingsystem = [[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]]
|power = '''''G60''''': {{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|85|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}}
|specpower =
|torque = '''''G60''''': {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}
|compression = 8.0:1
}}

[[File:VW Corrado G60 red vl 1991 TCE.jpg|thumb|One of the users of the G60 engine, the [[Volkswagen Corrado]] 2-door coupé]]
[[File:RallyeGolf.jpg|thumb|A [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2#Rallye Golf|Volkswagen Golf Mk2 Rallye]] powered by the G60 engine]]
[[File:Golf2 g60ltd front.JPG|thumb|A rare [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]] G60 Limited [[hot hatch]] - one of only 71 produced]]

The Volkswagen '''G60''' and '''G40''' engines are [[inline-four engine|inline-four cylinder]] [[automobile]] [[petrol engine]]s, which uses a specific method of [[forced induction]] - by way of a [[scroll-type supercharger]]. The G60 engine was formerly manufactured by the German automaker [[Volkswagen Group]], and was installed in a limited number and range of '[[hot hatch]]' cars from their [[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]] [[marque]] from August 1988 to July 1993.<ref>[[ETKA]]{{Clarify|date=April 2010|reason=This is not a proper reference citation.Use {{tl|Cite web}} or similar to provide source details.}}</ref>

A smaller '''G40''' engine of identical design had earlier been installed in the [[Volkswagen Polo Mk2|Mk2 Volkswagen Polo]] [[Volkswagen Polo G40|GT G40]] from August 1986 to July 1994.

==Design and specifications==
The '''G60''' is a {{convert|1781|cc|L|1|order=flip|adj=on}} [[internal combustion engine]], from a [[cylinder bore]] of {{convert|81|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}, and a [[stroke (engine)|piston stroke]] of {{convert|86.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Its [[cylinder block]] is constructed from grey cast iron, and its [[cylinder head]] is [[casting|cast]] aluminium alloy, with additional post-production heat treatment. The [[crankcase]] contains a [[forged steel]] [[crankshaft]] which runs in five [[main bearing]]s, and cast [[piston]]s with increased size [[gudgeon pin]]s. It has two [[poppet valve#Internal combustion engine|valves]] per cylinder (eight valves in total), which are operated by a [[timing belt (camshaft)|toothed belt]]-driven forged steel [[overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|single overhead camshaft]] (SOHC) via [[hydraulics|hydraulic]] [[hydraulic tappet|valve lifters]], with the valves being closed by two [[concentric]] valve springs. Charged air is cooled via an intercooler, and the operation and control of the engine is managed by a [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Digifant Engine Management system|Digifant]] [[engine control unit]], which includes [[common rail]] electronic [[multi-point fuel injection]] and a [[engine knocking|knock]] sensor. It produced a maximum rated [[motive power|motive]] [[power (physics)|power]] output of {{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 5,800 [[revolutions per minute|rpm]], and could generate a turning force [[torque]] of {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm.

Although it was based on an existing [[Volkswagen Group]] engine from their EA111 series, it underwent so many modifications, it is usually regarded as a separate powerplant from others which the Group produced. It was named after the "[[G-Lader]]" [[magnesium]]-cased supercharger that it was mated to - this supercharger having a {{convert|60|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} diameter inlet, hence the "G60" moniker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jalopnik.com/not-new-review-the-volkswagen-corrado-g60-is-flawed-bu-1794316760|title=Not-New Review: The Volkswagen Corrado G60 Is Flawed But It's The One You Want|last=Clavey|first=William|work=Jalopnik|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> It utilised a side-mounted intercooler (SMIC), positioned in front of the left front wheel, to lower the temperature of the compressed charged engine intake air.

The G60 engine was developed from an earlier, smaller version called the '''G40'''. This engine displaced {{convert|1272|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} from a bore of {{convert|75|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} and a stroke of {{convert|72|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. The G40's supercharger had an inlet diameter of {{convert|40|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}, hence the "G40" name. The engine produced a maximum power of {{convert|85|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 5,500 rpm, and torque of {{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 3,500 rpm.

==Applications==
The original "[[G-Lader]]" engine, the smaller version of the G60 engine, called the '''G40''', was previously used in the [[Volkswagen Polo Mk2|Mk2 Volkswagen Polo]] [[Volkswagen Polo G40|Coupé GT G40]] supermini. The G40 engine could propel this nervous little car to a top speed of {{convert|196|km/h|1|abbr=on}}.

The larger '''G60''' engine debuted in August 1988 in the [[Volkswagen Passat#B3|B3 Volkswagen Passat G60]] [[sedan (automobile)|saloon]], and the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|Mk2 Volkswagen Golf G60]] [[hatchback]]. In the Golf G60, it was capable of propelling the car from a standstill to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in 7.8 seconds, reaching a top speed of {{convert|216|km/h|1|abbr=on}}.

A month later, in September 1988, the [[Volkswagen Corrado|Volkswagen Corrado G60]] was released. Performance figures for the Corrado G60 state a 0 - {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} time of 8.3 seconds and a top speed of {{convert|225|km/h|1|abbr=on}}.

In the [[United States]], the G60 engine was used only in the Corrado, and this was dropped in 1992 in favour of the newer, more powerful [[VR6 engine]].

A limited-production, [[four-wheel drive]] [[4motion|Syncro]] variant of the Golf G60, called the Golf Rallye was also powered by the eight-valve G60, but the engine was reduced to {{convert|1763|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} for sports [[homologation]] purposes. It included a larger intercooler, which is mounted across the full width of the radiator. Power remained at {{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}}.

A [[multi-valve#Four valves|16-valve]] G60 engine was used in the ultra-rare '''Golf Limited''', of which only 71 were produced by VW Motorsport, all with [[four-wheel drive]]<ref name="BaT">[http://bringatrailer.com/2009/08/31/euro-motorsport-edition-1990-vw-golf-limited/ Euro Motorsport Edition: 1990 VW Golf Limited]</ref><ref>[https://archive.is/20120731052449/http://www.doppel-wobber.de/wbb2/Modell_79_VW-Golf-Limited.html VW Golf II Limited auf Doppel WOBber] {{De icon}}</ref>. Power was raised to {{convert|154|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}}, and the car could now accelerate from 0 - {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds, reaching a top speed of {{convert|247|km/h|1|abbr=on}}, which was Volkswagen's highest-performance production car ever, until the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4#R32|Golf R32]] in 2004.{{citation needed|date=September 2010}}

The G60 engine, like any supercharged or [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] engine, was sensitive to high air temperatures, so engine performance very much depended on the weather conditions. Some models, like the Golf Rallye, or even some variants of the Golf G60, had a bigger, better-placed intercooler, resulting in increased, and more consistent performance compared to the standard placed intercooler.

==VW engine ID codes==
All Volkswagen [[G-Lader]] [[internal combustion engine]]s are [[inline-four engine|inline four-cylinder]] [[overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|SOHC]] designs, operate on the [[four-stroke engine|four-stroke cycle]] [[petrol engine]]s with [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Digifant Engine Management system|Digifant]] electronic [[multi-point fuel injection]], are [[water cooling|water-cooled]], and use a G-Lader [[supercharger]]:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
!Engine ID code!![[Engine displacement|Displacement]]!![[Valvetrain]]!!Max. power!!Max. [[torque]]!!Applications!!Years installed
|-
|align="left"|'''G40 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.3 R4 G40 85kW|PY]]'''
|{{convert|1272|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|rowspan=4|[[SOHC]] 8v
|{{convert|85|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,500 rpm
|{{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 3,500 rpm
|[[Volkswagen Polo Mk2|VW Polo Mk2]] [[Volkswagen Polo G40|GT G40]]
|08/86-07/94
|-
|align="left"|'''G60 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW|1H]]'''
|{{convert|1763|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,800 rpm
|{{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 4,000 rpm
|[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|VW Golf Mk2 G60]]
|08/88-07/89
|-
|align="left"|'''G60 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW|PG]]'''
|rowspan=3|{{convert|1781|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|110|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}}
|
|[[Volkswagen Passat#B3|VW Passat (B3) G60]]
|08/88-07/89
|-
|align="left"|'''G60 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW|PG]]'''
|{{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,800 rpm
|{{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 4,000 rpm
|VW Golf Mk2 G60 VW Passat (B3) G60 [[Volkswagen Corrado|VW Corrado G60]]
|08/88-07/91 08/88-07/93 09/88-07/93
|-
|align="left"|'''G60 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW|3G]]'''
|[[DOHC]] [[Multi-valve#Four valves|16v]]
|{{convert|154|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6,300 rpm
|{{convert|247|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,000 rpm
|[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|VW Golf Mk2 Limited]] [[4motion|Syncro 4WD]]
|????
|}

==Future use of technology==
{{Importance section}}
Technologies found in the G40 and G60 engines have subsequently been used in other Volkswagen engines.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} They first utilised this technology with [[turbocharger]]s in their [[turbodiesel|TurboDiesel]] 'TD' engines. This then evolved into their highly regarded range of [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] 'TDI' [[diesel engine]]s, which are now available throughout virtually every car and [[light commercial vehicle]] in the Volkswagen Group. Turbochargers have also been of great benefit to recent [[petrol engine]]s in the Volkswagen Group. Probably their most famous and widely used engine is their highly popular [[Audi]]-developed {{nowrap|[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 20vT 110-176kW|1.8-litre 20-valve Turbo]]}} [[inline-four engine]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} This has been used in many of their mainstream, and [[high-performance vehicle|high-performance cars]]; such as the original [[Audi S3]] and [[Audi TT]], the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4#GTI|Mk4 VW Golf GTI]], the original [[Škoda Octavia#1U|Škoda Octavia vRS]], and the original [[SEAT León]] Cupra R. Furthermore, this same engine is used in a very high state of tune in the one-make [[Formula Palmer Audi]] (FPA) [[open wheel car|open-wheeled]] racing series.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

==See also==
{{commons category|Volkswagen Group engines}}
*[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
*[[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
*[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
*[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
*[[list of North American Volkswagen engines]]
*[[Wasserboxer]]
*[[VR6 engine]]
*[[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI)
*[[SDI (engine)|Suction Diesel Injection]] (SDI)
*[[BlueMotion]]
*[[list of Volkswagen Group platforms]]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|last=Sly|first=James|date=January–February 1990|title=Development of the G-60|journal=VW & Porsche magazine|pages=pg.52/53}}
{{refend}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.VolkswagenAG.com Volkswagen Group corporate website]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318045446/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Europa/Chemnitz.html Chemnitz (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090319033446/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Europa/Kassel.html Kassel (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090319034725/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Europa/Salzgitter.html Salzgitter (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20100327032409/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Europa/Polkowice.html Polkowice (Poland) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316063814/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/amerika/Sao_Carlos.html São Carlos (Brazil) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20091023131145/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Asien/Shanghai.html Shanghai (China) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/investor_relations/audi_at_a_glance.html Audi at a glance - includes information on the Győr engine plant]
*[http://www.corradog60.com Corrado G60 Forum] - Corrado G60 Forum with [http://www.corradog60.com/page/vw-corrado-g60-history History], [http://www.corradog60.com/vw-corrado-g60-register.php Owners Register] and [http://www.corradog60.com/page/vw-corrado-g60-buyers-guide Buyers Guide]

{{Volkswagen}}
{{Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Volkswagen Group brands}}

[[Category:Volkswagen Group engines]]
[[Category:Superchargers]]
[[Category:Lists of engines]]

Volkswagen G60 engine

2019-07-03T22:47:21Z

Alvarowik:

{{refimprove|date=July 2009}}{{Advertisement|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox automobile engine
|name = Volkswagen G60/G40 engine
|image =
|aka =
|manufacturer = [[Volkswagen Group]]
|production = '''''G60''''': August 1988–July 1993 '''''G40''''': August 1986–July 1994
|predecessor =
|successor = 2005 [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 TSI 90-133kW|1.4-litre 'Twincharger']]
|configuration = [[Inline-four engine|Inline-4]]
|displacement = '''''G60''''': {{convert|1781|cc|1|abbr=on|lk=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|1272|cc|1|abbr=on}}
|bore = '''''G60''''': {{convert|81|mm|2|abbr=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|75|mm|2|abbr=on}}
|stroke = '''''G60''''': {{convert|86.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|72|mm|2|abbr=on}}
|block = [[Gray cast iron]]
|head = [[casting|Cast]] [[aluminium alloy]]
|valvetrain = 2 [[poppet valve#Internal combustion engine|valves]] per [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]], [[hydraulics|hydraulic]] [[hydraulic tappet|valve lifters]], [[Timing belt (camshaft)|belt]]-driven [[overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|single overhead camshaft]] (SOHC)
|supercharger = [[G-Lader]] with [[intercooler]]
|fuelsystem = [[Common rail]] electronic [[Multi-point fuel injection]]
|management = [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Digifant Engine Management system|Digifant]]
|fueltype = Unleaded [[Petrol engine|Gasoline]]
|oilsystem = [[Wet sump]]
|coolingsystem = [[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]]
|power = '''''G60''''': {{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|85|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}}
|specpower =
|torque = '''''G60''''': {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} '''''G40''''': {{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}
|compression = 8.0:1
}}

[[File:VW Corrado G60 red vl 1991 TCE.jpg|thumb|One of the users of the G60 engine, the [[Volkswagen Corrado]] 2-door coupé]]
[[File:RallyeGolf.jpg|thumb|A [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2#Rallye Golf|Volkswagen Golf Mk2 Rallye]] powered by the G60 engine]]
[[File:Golf2 g60ltd front.JPG|thumb|A rare [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]] G60 Limited [[hot hatch]] - one of only 71 produced]]

The Volkswagen '''G60''' and '''G40''' engines are [[inline-four engine|inline-four cylinder]] [[automobile]] [[petrol engine]]s, which uses a specific method of [[forced induction]] - by way of a [[scroll-type supercharger]]. The G60 engine was formerly manufactured by the German automaker [[Volkswagen Group]], and was installed in a limited number and range of '[[hot hatch]]' cars from their [[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]] [[marque]] from August 1988 to July 1993.<ref>[[ETKA]]{{Clarify|date=April 2010|reason=This is not a proper reference citation.Use {{tl|Cite web}} or similar to provide source details.}}</ref>

A smaller '''G40''' engine of identical design had earlier been installed in the [[Volkswagen Polo Mk2|Mk2 Volkswagen Polo]] [[Volkswagen Polo G40|GT G40]] from August 1986 to July 1994.

==Design and specifications==
The '''G60''' is a {{convert|1781|cc|L|1|order=flip|adj=on}} [[internal combustion engine]], from a [[cylinder bore]] of {{convert|81|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}, and a [[stroke (engine)|piston stroke]] of {{convert|86.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Its [[cylinder block]] is constructed from grey cast iron, and its [[cylinder head]] is [[casting|cast]] aluminium alloy, with additional post-production heat treatment. The [[crankcase]] contains a [[forged steel]] [[crankshaft]] which runs in five [[main bearing]]s, and cast [[piston]]s with increased size [[gudgeon pin]]s. It has two [[poppet valve#Internal combustion engine|valves]] per cylinder (eight valves in total), which are operated by a [[timing belt (camshaft)|toothed belt]]-driven forged steel [[overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|single overhead camshaft]] (SOHC) via [[hydraulics|hydraulic]] [[hydraulic tappet|valve lifters]], with the valves being closed by two [[concentric]] valve springs. Charged air is cooled via an intercooler, and the operation and control of the engine is managed by a [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Digifant Engine Management system|Digifant]] [[engine control unit]], which includes [[common rail]] electronic [[multi-point fuel injection]] and a [[engine knocking|knock]] sensor. It produced a maximum rated [[motive power|motive]] [[power (physics)|power]] output of {{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 5,800 [[revolutions per minute|rpm]], and could generate a turning force [[torque]] of {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm.

Although it was based on an existing [[Volkswagen Group]] engine from their EA111 series, it underwent so many modifications, it is usually regarded as a separate powerplant from others which the Group produced. It was named after the "[[G-Lader]]" [[magnesium]]-cased supercharger that it was mated to - this supercharger having a {{convert|60|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} diameter inlet, hence the "G60" moniker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jalopnik.com/not-new-review-the-volkswagen-corrado-g60-is-flawed-bu-1794316760|title=Not-New Review: The Volkswagen Corrado G60 Is Flawed But It's The One You Want|last=Clavey|first=William|work=Jalopnik|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> It utilised a side-mounted intercooler (SMIC), positioned in front of the left front wheel, to lower the temperature of the compressed charged engine intake air.

The G60 engine was developed from an earlier, smaller version called the '''G40'''. This engine displaced {{convert|1272|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} from a bore of {{convert|75|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} and a stroke of {{convert|72|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. The G40's supercharger had an inlet diameter of {{convert|40|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}, hence the "G40" name. The engine produced a maximum power of {{convert|85|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} at 5,500 rpm, and torque of {{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 3,500 rpm.

==Applications==
The original "[[G-Lader]]" engine, the smaller version of the G60 engine, called the '''G40''', was previously used in the [[Volkswagen Polo Mk2|Mk2 Volkswagen Polo]] [[Volkswagen Polo G40|Coupé GT G40]] supermini. The G40 engine could propel this nervous little car to a top speed of {{convert|196|km/h|1|abbr=on}}.

The larger '''G60''' engine debuted in August 1988 in the [[Volkswagen Passat#B3|B3 Volkswagen Passat G60]] [[sedan (automobile)|saloon]], and the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|Mk2 Volkswagen Golf G60]] [[hatchback]]. In the Golf G60, it was capable of propelling the car from a standstill to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in 7.8 seconds, reaching a top speed of {{convert|216|km/h|1|abbr=on}}.

A month later, in September 1988, the [[Volkswagen Corrado|Volkswagen Corrado G60]] was released. Performance figures for the Corrado G60 state a 0 - {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} time of 8.3 seconds and a top speed of {{convert|225|km/h|1|abbr=on}}.

In the [[United States]], the G60 engine was used only in the Corrado, and this was dropped in 1992 in favour of the newer, more powerful [[VR6 engine]].

A limited-production, [[four-wheel drive]] [[4motion|Syncro]] variant of the Golf G60, called the Golf Rallye was also powered by the eight-valve G60, but the engine was reduced to {{convert|1763|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} for sports [[homologation]] purposes. It included a larger intercooler, which is mounted across the full width of the radiator. Power remained at {{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}}.

A [[multi-valve#Four valves|16-valve]] G60 engine was used in the ultra-rare '''Golf Limited''', of which only 71 were produced by VW Motorsport, all with [[four-wheel drive]]<ref name="BaT">[http://bringatrailer.com/2009/08/31/euro-motorsport-edition-1990-vw-golf-limited/ Euro Motorsport Edition: 1990 VW Golf Limited]</ref><ref>[https://archive.is/20120731052449/http://www.doppel-wobber.de/wbb2/Modell_79_VW-Golf-Limited.html VW Golf II Limited auf Doppel WOBber] {{De icon}}</ref>. Power was raised to {{convert|154|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}}, and the car could now accelerate from 0 - {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds, reaching a top speed of {{convert|247|km/h|1|abbr=on}}, which was Volkswagen's highest-performance production car ever, until the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4#R32|Golf R32]] in 2004.{{citation needed|date=September 2010}}

The G60 engine, like any supercharged or [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] engine, was sensitive to high air temperatures, so engine performance very much depended on the weather conditions. Some models, like the Golf Rallye, or even some variants of the Golf G60, had a bigger, better-placed intercooler, resulting in increased, and more consistent performance compared to the standard placed intercooler.

==VW engine ID codes==
All Volkswagen [[G-Lader]] [[internal combustion engine]]s are [[inline-four engine|inline four-cylinder]] [[overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|SOHC]] designs, operate on the [[four-stroke engine|four-stroke cycle]] [[petrol engine]]s with [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Digifant Engine Management system|Digifant]] electronic [[multi-point fuel injection]], are [[water cooling|water-cooled]], and use a G-Lader [[supercharger]]:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
!Engine ID code!![[Engine displacement|Displacement]]!![[Valvetrain]]!!Max. power!!Max. [[torque]]!!Applications!!Years installed
|-
|align="left"|'''G40 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.3 R4 G40 85kW|PY]]'''
|{{convert|1272|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|rowspan=4|[[SOHC]] 8v
|{{convert|85|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,500 rpm
|{{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 3,500 rpm
|[[Volkswagen Polo Mk2|VW Polo Mk2]] [[Volkswagen Polo G40|GT G40]]
|08/86-07/94
|-
|align="left"|'''G60 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW|1H]]'''
|{{convert|1763|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,800 rpm
|{{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 4,000 rpm
|[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|VW Golf Mk2 G60]]
|08/88-07/89
|-
|align="left"|'''G60 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW|PG]]'''
|rowspan=3|{{convert|1781|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|110|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}}
|
|[[Volkswagen Passat#B3|VW Passat (B3) G60]]
|08/88-07/89
|-
|align="left"|'''G60 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW|PG]]'''
|{{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,800 rpm
|{{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 4,000 rpm
|VW Golf Mk2 G60 VW Passat (B3) G60 [[Volkswagen Corrado|VW Corrado G60]]
|08/88-07/91 08/88-07/93 09/88-07/93
|-
|align="left"|'''G60 [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW|3G]]'''
|[[DOHC]] [[Multi-valve#Four valves|16v]]
|{{convert|154|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6,300 rpm
|{{convert|247|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,000 rpm
|[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|VW Golf Mk2 Limited]] [[4motion|Syncro 4WD]]
|????
|}

==Future use of technology==
{{Importance section}}
Technologies found in the G40 and G60 engines have subsequently been used in other Volkswagen engines.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} They first utilised this technology with [[turbocharger]]s in their [[turbodiesel|TurboDiesel]] 'TD' engines. This then evolved into their highly regarded range of [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] 'TDI' [[diesel engine]]s, which are now available throughout virtually every car and [[light commercial vehicle]] in the Volkswagen Group. Turbochargers have also been of great benefit to recent [[petrol engine]]s in the Volkswagen Group. Probably their most famous and widely used engine is their highly popular [[Audi]]-developed {{nowrap|[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 20vT 110-176kW|1.8-litre 20-valve Turbo]]}} [[inline-four engine]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} This has been used in many of their mainstream, and [[high-performance vehicle|high-performance cars]]; such as the original [[Audi S3]] and [[Audi TT]], the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4#GTI|Mk4 VW Golf GTI]], the original [[Škoda Octavia#1U|Škoda Octavia vRS]], and the original [[SEAT León]] Cupra R. Furthermore, this same engine is used in a very high state of tune in the one-make [[Formula Palmer Audi]] (FPA) [[open wheel car|open-wheeled]] racing series.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

==See also==
{{commons category|Volkswagen Group engines}}
*[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
*[[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
*[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
*[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
*[[list of North American Volkswagen engines]]
*[[Wasserboxer]]
*[[VR6 engine]]
*[[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI)
*[[SDI (engine)|Suction Diesel Injection]] (SDI)
*[[BlueMotion]]
*[[list of Volkswagen Group platforms]]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|last=Sly|first=James|date=January–February 1990|title=Development of the G-60|journal=VW & Porsche magazine|pages=pg.52/53}}
{{refend}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.VolkswagenAG.com Volkswagen Group corporate website]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318045446/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Europa/Chemnitz.html Chemnitz (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090319033446/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Europa/Kassel.html Kassel (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090319034725/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Europa/Salzgitter.html Salzgitter (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20100327032409/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Europa/Polkowice.html Polkowice (Poland) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316063814/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/amerika/Sao_Carlos.html São Carlos (Brazil) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20091023131145/http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Asien/Shanghai.html Shanghai (China) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability]
**[http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/investor_relations/audi_at_a_glance.html Audi at a glance - includes information on the Győr engine plant]
*[http://www.corradog60.com Corrado G60 Forum] - Corrado G60 Forum with [http://www.corradog60.com/page/vw-corrado-g60-history History], [http://www.corradog60.com/vw-corrado-g60-register.php Owners Register] and [http://www.corradog60.com/page/vw-corrado-g60-buyers-guide Buyers Guide]

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[[Category:Volkswagen Group engines]]
[[Category:Superchargers]]
[[Category:Lists of engines]]