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Football at the 1908 Summer Olympics

2011-11-25T13:41:06Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Fotbal na Letních olympijských hrách 1908

{{Infobox Olympic event
|event = Men's football
|games = 1908 Summer
|image =
|caption =
|venue = [[White City Stadium]]
|dates = October 19–20 (quarterfinals) October 22 (semifinals) October 23 (bronze match) October 24 (final)
|competitors = 72
|nations = 5
|longnames = yes
|gold = [[Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic football team|Great Britain national football team]]
|goldNOC = GBR
|silver = [[Denmark national football team]]
|silverNOC = DEN
|bronze = [[Netherlands national football team]]
|bronzeNOC = NED
|prev = [[Football at the 1904 Summer Olympics|1904]]
|next = [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912]]
}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2009}}

At the '''[[1908 Summer Olympics]]''' in [[London]], [[Great Britain]], an official [[football (soccer)|football]] tournament between national representative selections was contested for the first time: football at the two previous games had been played between club teams. Eight teams entered (including two from [[France]]), although [[Hungary]] and [[Bohemia]] withdrew before the start. [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]]'s [[Sophus Nielsen|Sophus "Krølben" Nielsen]] set a record by scoring 10 goals in a 17-1 win against [[France national football team|France]]. [[Great Britain national football team|Great Britain]] won the gold. Also representing the Danish team was the famous mathematician [[Harald Bohr]].

==Medal table==
{| class=wikitable
! Position || Country
|align=center bgcolor=gold| '''Gold'''
|align=center bgcolor=silver| '''Silver'''
|align=center bgcolor=cc9966| '''Bronze'''
|- align=center
| 1 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|GBR|1908 Summer}} || 1 || 0 || 0
|- align=center
| 2 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|DEN|1908 Summer}} || 0 || 1 || 0
|- align=center
| 3 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|NED|1908 Summer}} || 0 || 0 || 1
|- bgcolor=lightgray
|colspan=5|
|- align=center
|rowspan=2| — ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|FRA|1908 Summer}} || 0 || 0 || 0
|- align=center
|align=left| {{flagIOCteam|SWE|1908 Summer}} || 0 || 0 || 0
|}

==Medal summary==

{| class=wikitable
! Event
|align=center bgcolor=gold| '''Gold'''
|align=center bgcolor=silver| '''Silver'''
|align=center bgcolor=cc9966| '''Bronze'''
|-
| Men's tournament
| {{flagIOC|GBR|1908 Summer}}
| {{flagIOC|DEN|1908 Summer}}
| {{flagIOC|NED|1908 Summer}}
|}

==Squads==
*{{Main|Football at the 1908 Summer Olympics - Men's team squads}}

==Final tournament==
===Results===
===Quarter-finals===

{{footballbox
|date = 19 October 1908
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|NED}}
|score = w/o
|report =
|team2 = {{flagIOC|HUN|1908 Summer}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
<center>''Hungary withdrew before the tournament started for financial reasons.''</center>

{{footballbox
|date = 19 October 1908
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|DEN}}
|score = 9–0
|report =
|team2 = {{flagicon|France}} [[France B national football team|France B]]
|goals1 = [[Nils Middelboe|N. Middelboe]] {{goal|10||49}} [[Vilhelm Wolfhagen|Wolfhagen]] {{goal|15||17||67||72}} [[Harald Bohr|Bohr]] {{goal|25||47}} [[Sophus Nielsen|S. Nielsen]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[White City Stadium|White City]]
|attendance = 2,000
|referee = [[Thomas Kyle (referee)|Thomas Kyle]] ([[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]])''
}}

{{footballbox
|date = 20 October 1908
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|FRA|name=France A}}
|score = w/o
|report =
|team2 = {{fb|BOH}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
<center>''Bohemia were forced to withdraw before the tournament started after losing their [[FIFA]] membership.''</center>

{{footballbox
|date = 20 October 1908
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|GBR}}
|score = 12–1
|report =
|team2 = {{fb|SWE}}
|goals1 = [[Harold Stapley|Stapley]] {{goal|15||??}} [[Vivian Woodward|Woodward]] {{goal|??||??}} [[Arthur Berry (footballer)|Berry]] {{goal|??}} [[Frederick Chapman (footballer)|Chapman]] {{goal|??}} [[Clyde Purnell|Purnell]] {{goal|??||??||??||??}} [[Robert Hawkes|Hawkes]] {{goal|??||??}}
|goals2 = [[Gustaf Bergström|Bergström]] {{goal|65}}
|stadium = [[White City Stadium|White City]]
|attendance = 2,000
|referee = [[John Ibbotson|Ibbotson]] ([[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]])
}}

===Semi-finals===

{{footballbox
|date = 22 October 1908
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|GBR}}
|score = 4–0
|report =
|team2 = {{fb|NED}}
|goals1 = [[Harold Stapley|Stapley]] {{goal|37||60||64||75}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[White City Stadium|White City]], [[London]]
|attendance = 6,000
|referee =[[John Howcroft|Howcroft]] ([[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]])
}}

{{footballbox
|date = 22 October 1908
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|DEN}}
|score = 17–1
|report =
|team2 = {{fb|FRA|name=France A}}
|goals1 = [[Sophus Nielsen|S.Nielsen]] {{goal|3||4||6||39||46||48||52||64||66||76}} [[August Lindgren|Lindgren]] {{goal|18||37}} [[Vilhelm Wolfhagen|Wolfhagen]] {{goal|60||72||82||89}} [[Nils Middelboe|N.Middelboe]] {{goal|68}}
|goals2 = [[Émile Sartorius|Sartorius]] {{goal|16}}
|stadium = [[White City Stadium|White City]], [[London]]
|attendance = 1,000
|referee = [[Thomas Campbell (Referee)|Campbell]] ([[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]])
}}

===Bronze medal match===
The French were so shocked by their humiliating 17-1 defeat against Denmark that they declined to play for the bronze medal; therefore, the Netherlands played Sweden for third place.<ref>[http://www.iffhs.de/?70aeedaca29d815685fdcdc3bfcdc0aece15 IFFHS]</ref>

{{footballbox
|date = 23 October 1908
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|NED}}
|score = 2–0<ref>The official report states that the score was 2-1. http://www.aafla.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1908/1908.pdf ''"Holland and Sweden also played for the consolation stakes, and Holland scored two goals to one from Sweden, who were rather unlucky in not getting a second."''</ref>
|report =
|team2 = {{fb|SWE}}
|goals1 = [[Jops Reeman|Reeman]] {{goal|6}} [[Edu Snethlage|Snethlage]] {{goal|58}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[White City Stadium|White City]], [[London]]
|attendance = 1,000
|referee = [[John Pearson (footballer)|Pearson]] ([[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]]).<ref>{{Cite web| title= Netherlands 2 Sweden 0 (Match summary) | url= http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.coupe.pays-bas.suede.43730.en.html| publisher= www.footballdatabase.eu| date= 23 October 1908| accessdate= 5 May 2009}}</ref>
}}

===Gold medal match===

{{footballbox
|date = 24 October 1908
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|GBR}}
|score = 2–0
|report =
|team2 = {{fb|DEN}}
|goals1 = [[Frederick Chapman (footballer)|Chapman]] {{goal|20}} [[Vivian Woodward|Woodward]] {{goal|46}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[White City Stadium|White City]], [[London]]
|attendance = 8,000
|referee = [[John Lewis (referee)|Lewis]] ([[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]])
}}

==Statistics==
===Scoring===
15 footballers scored over the course of the tournament. Nielsen, with 10 goals in one game and 11 over the full event, set a pair of daunting records.

{| class=wikitable
! Place || Name || Nation || Goals
|-
|align=center| 1 || [[Sophus Nielsen]] || {{flagIOC|DEN|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 11
|-
|align=center| 2 || [[Vilhelm Wolffhagen]] || {{flagIOC|DEN|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 8
|-
|align=center| 3 || [[Harold Stapley]] || {{flagIOC|GBR|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 6
|-
|align=center| 4 || [[Clyde Purnell]] || {{flagIOC|GBR|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 4
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center| 5 || [[Nils Middelboe]] || {{flagIOC|DEN|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 3
|-
| [[Vivian Woodward]] || {{flagIOC|GBR|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 3
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center| 7 || [[Harald Bohr]] || {{flagIOC|DEN|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| [[Frederick Chapman (footballer)|Frederick Chapman]] || {{flagIOC|GBR|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| [[Robert Hawkes]] || {{flagIOC|GBR|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| [[August Lindgren]] || {{flagIOC|DEN|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center| 11 || [[Gustaf Bergström]] || {{flagIOC|SWE|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| [[Arthur Berry (footballer)|Arthur Berry]] || {{flagIOC|GBR|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| [[Jops Reeman]] || {{flagIOC|NED|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| [[Émile Sartorius]] || {{flagIOC|FRA|1908 Summer}}||align=center| 1
|-
| [[Edu Snethlage]] || {{flagIOC|NED|1908 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|}

===Goalkeeping===

{| class=wikitable
! Place || Name || Nation || Goals allowed || Games || GAA
|- align=center
| 1 ||align=left| [[Horace Bailey]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|GBR|1908 Summer}} || 1 || 3 || 0.33
|- align=center
| 2 ||align=left| [[Ludvig Drescher]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|DEN|1908 Summer}} || 3 || 3 || 1.00
|- align=center
| 3 ||align=left| [[Reinier Beeuwkes]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|NED|1908 Summer}} || 4 || 2 || 2.00
|- align=center
| 4 ||align=left| [[Oskar Bengtsson]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|SWE|1908 Summer}} || 14 || 2 || 7.00
|- align=center
| 5 ||align=left| [[Fernand Desrousseaux]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|FRA|1908 Summer}}|| 9 || 1 || 9.00
|- align=center
| 6 ||align=left| [[Maurice Tillette]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|FRA|1908 Summer}} || 17 || 1 || 17.00
|}

==Sources==
<references/>
* {{cite book | last = Cook | first = Theodore Andrea | year = 1908 | title = The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report | publisher = British Olympic Association | location = London}}
* {{cite web | last = De Wael | first = Herman | year = 2001 | url = http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/foo1908.html | title = Football 1908 | work = Herman's Full Olympians | accessdate = 2 May 2006 }}
* {{cite web | last = Reyes | first = Macario | year = 2001 | url = http://www.rsssf.com/tableso/ol1908f.html | title = IV. Olympiad London 1908 Football Tournament | publisher = Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation | accessdate = 2 May 2006 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.iffhs.de/?35bb6b28a76055ae1817f7370eff3702bb0a09 | title = Olympic Tournament, 1908 London | publisher = IFFHS | accessdate = 7 May 2011 }}

{{EventsAt1908SummerOlympics}}

{{Olympic Games Football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Football At The 1908 Summer Olympics}}
[[Category:Football at the 1908 Summer Olympics| ]]
[[Category:Football at the Summer Olympics|1908]]
[[Category:1908 Summer Olympics events]]
[[Category:1908 in association football]]
[[Category:International association football competitions hosted by England|1908]]
[[Category:Football competitions hosted by London]]

[[bg:1908 Олимпийски футболен турнир]]
[[ca:Futbol als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1908]]
[[cs:Fotbal na Letních olympijských hrách 1908]]
[[de:Olympische Sommerspiele 1908/Fußball]]
[[es:Anexo:Fútbol en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 1908]]
[[fr:Football aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1908]]
[[hr:Nogomet na OI 1908.]]
[[it:Calcio ai Giochi della IV Olimpiade]]
[[hu:Labdarúgás az 1908. évi nyári olimpiai játékokon]]
[[nl:Voetbal op de Olympische Zomerspelen 1908]]
[[ja:ロンドンオリンピック (1908年) におけるサッカー競技]]
[[no:Fotball under Sommer-OL 1908]]
[[pl:Piłka nożna na Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 1908]]
[[pt:Futebol nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1908]]
[[sk:Futbal na Letných olympijských hrách 1908]]
[[fi:Jalkapallo kesäolympialaisissa 1908]]
[[sv:Fotboll vid olympiska sommarspelen 1908]]
[[tr:1908 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda futbol]]
[[zh:1908年夏季奥林匹克运动会足球比赛]]

Chile at the Paralympics

2011-11-25T13:40:14Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:צ'ילה במשחקים הפאראלימפיים

{{Infobox Paralympics Chile}}
'''[[Chile]]''' made its [[Paralympic Games]] début at the [[1992 Summer Paralympics]] in [[Barcelona]] (following its [[History_of_Chile#Return_to_democracy|return to democracy]]), sending a two-man delegation: a swimmer and a powerlifter. Its has competed in every edition of the [[Summer Paralympics]] since then. Chile first competed in the [[Winter Paralympics]] in [[2002 Winter Paralympics|2002]], and has also taken part in every subsequent edition of the Winter Games. Chilean delegations to the Winter Games have been small, always consisting in just two athletes. No Chilean has ever won a Paralympic medal.<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/search.html?npc=CHI&gender=all&medal=all&sport=all&games=all Chile at the Paralympics], [[International Paralympic Committee]]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chile at the Olympics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Paralympics-stub}}

{{NationsinParalympics}}

[[Category:Chile at the Paralympics| ]]

[[he:צ'ילה במשחקים הפאראלימפיים]]

Saltivka

2011-11-25T11:40:21Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding uk:Салтівка

{{Orphan|date=September 2010}}

[[File:House on Saltovka.jpg|thumb|150px|A recently-built 25 floor building on the Saltivka sands.]]

'''Saltivka''' or the '''Saltivka Massyv''' ({{lang-uk|Салтiвка}}; {{lang-ru|Салтовка}}) is large residential area located in the northeastern region of [[Kharkiv]] in eastern [[Ukraine]].

Limited to the flood plain north of [[Kharkiv River]] in east regional road [[sovkhoz]] Ukrainka and Kulynychi village, from the south ravine River Nemyshlya, from the west - streets Marshal Batytsky and Yakir street and to the market at [[Kharkiv Metro]] station [[Akademika Barabashova (Kharkiv Metro)|Akademika Barabashova]]. County so named because of road runs from the centre of the city of Kharkiv Old Saltiv - Saltiv highway. Prior to the 1960s years Saltivka was called - ''Saltivsky village''. And had a few small scattered areas in three-storied buildings (Tyurynka, Old Saltivka, Shevchenko town, Kirov's village)

In spite of the relevance to Saltivka as a kind of deprived living area with outdated and dilapidated housing, more than a third of Kharkiv's total population resides within its boundaries.

Saltivka was conceived from the start as a purely residential neighborhood according to the [[Soviet]] concept of allocating the so called ''[[sleeping districts]]'' in large industrial cities. According to various estimates, from around 400-800,000 inhabitants lived in Saltivka, making it one of the largest residential areas in Ukraine. Saltivka has almost no industrial compounds, but there are many shops and markets for residents. The neighbourhood includes one of the largest warehouse markets in Ukraine near the subway station named after Academician [[Barabashov]]. The Barabashov marketplace, according to some sources, is the largest in Europe.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Residential development was produced by the Institute Hiprobud in the 1963. Saltivka's panel residential buildings are typically in the form of 9, 12 and 16 floors, and rarely, 5-floor buildings. Separate high-rise buildings were constructed from 1967 and construction on the bulk of the buildings in Saltiva began in the 1970s. The most recent constructions (in 1984-1993), built up areas of northern Saltivka streets and the Krasnodar Street.

==Attractions==
* [[Zhuravlevsky Hydropark]], a place of rest.
* Victory Park - founded in honor of 40 anniversary Victory Day in [[1985]] from.
* Cinemas «Kronverk», «Russia», «Poznan»
* Monuments - Hero of the Soviet Union Shironin at the guardsmen and-shironyntsi (the intersection of Avenue "50 of years VLKSM" and street "guards Shironyntsi"), Lomonosov Monument (Prospect Traktorobudivnyky).
* Sports: home field of American football team "Texas"
* Exhibition Center «Radmir», near metro station «Akademika Pavlova».

From the city centre Saltivka links the Kharkiv Metro [[Saltiv Line]] from station [[Geroev Truda (Kharkiv Metro)|Heroiv Truda]] and station [[Istorichesky Muzei (Kharkiv Metro)]]|Istorychniy Muzei]]. In all, four subway stations serve the Saltivka neighborhood, and depot Saltivska. The Saltiv [[tram]] depot is also located in the area, on Leo Tolstoy street. The tram was once the largest in the former [[Soviet Union]] with an area of His area of 20.8 hectares.

The construction of the subway station named after academician Barabashova is planned with three stations in the district. There are also many trolleys, bus, [[marshrutka]] (mini bus) stations and lines that serve the area.

[[Category:Kharkiv]]

[[ru:Салтовка]]
[[uk:Салтівка]]

Timon

2011-11-25T10:41:46Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Timon

'''Timon''' may refer to:

A [[given name]] of Greek origin:
*[[Timon of Phlius]], a Skeptic philosopher of classical Greece
*[[Timon of Athens (person)]], a legendary misanthrope
*[[Timon the Deacon]], an early Christian leader

Fiction:
*''[[Timon of Athens]]'', a play by William Shakespeare
*''[[Timon of Athens by Thomas Shadwell|Timon of Athens (Thomas Shadwell)]]'', a rewrite of Shakespeare's original play by Thomas Shadwell
*[[Timon (Lion King)]], a film and television character, originally from the movie ''The Lion King''
*[[Timon (character of Rome)]], a character in the 2005 television series ''Rome''

Other:
*[[Timon, Maranhão]], a town in the Brazilian state of Maranhão
*[[Timon (genus)]] is genus of wall lizards, including [[Ocellated Lizard]] (''Timon lepidus'')

{{disambig}}

[[cs:Timon]]
[[de:Timon]]
[[fr:Timon]]
[[ko:티몬]]
[[it:Timon]]
[[nl:Timon]]
[[ja:ティモン]]
[[no:Timon (andre betydninger)]]
[[pt:Timão]]
[[ru:Тимон]]
[[fi:Timon]]

Lot (river)

2011-11-25T10:41:00Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Lot (řeka)

{{Infobox River | river_name = Lot
| image_name = Cahors Pont Valentré.jpg
| caption = The Lot in Cahors
| origin = [[Cévennes]] {{coord|44.51493|N|3.78462|E|scale:5000}}
| mouth = [[Garonne]] {{coord|44|19|0|N|0|20|6|E|name=Garonne-Lot|display=inline,title}}
| basin_countries = [[France]]
| length = 481 km
| elevation = 1,499 m
| discharge = 155 m³/s
| watershed = 11,254 km²
}}
The '''Lot''', {{IPA-fr|lɔt|pron}}, originally the '''Olt''' ({{lang-oc|Òlt}}; {{lang-la|Oltis}}), is a [[river]] in [[France]], right tributary of the [[Garonne]]. It rises in the [[Cévennes]], flowing west through [[Quercy]], where it flows into the [[Garonne]] near [[Aiguillon, Lot-et-Garonne|Aiguillon]], a total distance of {{convert|481|km|mi}}. It gives its name to the [[Lot (département)|Lot ''département'']].

The Lot is prone to flooding in the winter and spring.<ref name='hugh'/>

==Main tributaries==
* [[Lède]] (near [[Villeneuve-sur-Lot]])
* [[Célé]] (near [[Cabrerets]])
* [[Truyère]] (in [[Entraygues-sur-Truyère]])
* [[Colagne]] (in [[Le Monastier-Pin-Moriès]])

==Départements and towns==
The Lot flows through the following ''[[département in France|départements]]'' and towns:

* [[Lozère]]: [[Mende, Lozère|Mende]]
* [[Aveyron]]: [[Entraygues-sur-Truyère]], [[Capdenac-Gare]]
* [[Cantal]]
* [[Lot (département)|Lot]]: [[Cahors]]
* [[Lot-et-Garonne]]: [[Villeneuve-sur-Lot]], [[Aiguillon, Lot-et-Garonne|Aiguillon]]

==Canalized portions==
===History===
The river was used for transport as early as the 12th century when 11 flash locks were installed between [[Penne-d'Agenais]] and [[Fumel]]. A reliable route was not provided until the 17 century when [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|Colbert]] ordered new works. By 1776, the river had 12 locks.<ref name='hugh'/> New construction was begun in 1835 for some 297 km and 76 locks, connecting [[Le Moulin d'Olt]] at [[Entraygues-sur-Truyère|Entraygues]] to the [[Garonne]] at [[Nicole, Lot-et-Garonne|Nicole]]. Four tunnels were included at this time with lengths from 139m to 364m. Railway competition caused the abandonment of Lot navigation in 1926. Over the next 60 years, there were no repairs or maintenance of the canal. Repairs in the Lower Lot began in the end of the 1990s.<ref name='hugh'/>

===River Lot (Aval) ({{lang-en|downstream}})===
This portion of the Lot, aka ''Lower River Lot'',<ref name='hugh'>{{cite book | last = McKnight | first = Hugh | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Cruising French Waterways, 4th Edition | publisher = Sheridan House| year = 2005 | pages = | isbn = 8124-0152-1 }}</ref> is a 71.5 km route, with 7 locks, from [[Nicole, Lot-et-Garonne|Nicole]] to [[Lustrac]] (commune of [[Trentels]]).<ref name='jefferson'>{{cite book | last = Jefferson | first = David | title = Through the French Canals | publisher = Adlard Coles Nautical | year = 2009 | pages = 275| isbn = 978-1-4081-0381-4 }}</ref> The Lower Lot is open to traffic and is being extended upstream with the objective of some day being connected to the Upper Lot.<ref name='hugh'/>

====En Route====
* PK 0 [[Nicole, Lot-et-Garonne|Nicole]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 10 [[Clairac]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 22.5 [[Castelmoron-sur-Lot]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 32 [[Sainte-Livrade-sur-Lot]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 50 [[Villeneuve-sur-Lot]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 68 {{coord|44.43401|N|0.88785|E|scale:5000 Lustrac}} <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 71.5 Les Ondes <ref name='jefferson'/>

===River Lot (Amont) ({{lang-en|upstream}}) ===
This portion of the Lot, aka ''Upper River lot'',<ref name='hugh'/> is a 72.5 km route, with 17 locks, from [[Luzech]] to [[Larnagol]].<ref name='jefferson'/> It was reopened to boats in May 1990.<ref name='hugh'/>

====En Route====
* PK 0 [[Luzech]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 28 [[Cahors]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 36.5 [[Lamagdelaine]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 45 [[Vers, Lot|Vers]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 62 [[Saint-Cirq-Lapopie]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
* PK 72.5 [[Larnagol]] <ref name='jefferson'/>
 
[[Image:Lot drawing final.jpg|thumb|center|390px|Canalized Lot River]]
[[Image:Lot whole original out.jpg|thumb|center|590px|Entire Lot River - origin to [[Garonne]]]]

==See also==
* [[List of canals in France]]
* [[List of rivers of France]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://sandre.eaufrance.fr/app/chainage/courdo/htm/O---0150.php?cg=O---0150 The Lot at the Sandre database]

==External links==
* [http://www.tagweb.co.uk/french-waterways/river-lot.html Navigation guide] Place, ports and moorings on the Lot (Aval).
{{commonscat|Lot River}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lot (River)}}
[[Category:Rivers of France]]
[[Category:Canals in France]]
[[Category:Garonne basin]]
[[Category:Aveyron]]
[[Category:Cantal]]
[[Category:Lot]]
[[Category:Lot-et-Garonne]]
[[Category:Lozère]]

[[br:Lot (stêr)]]
[[ca:Òlt (riu)]]
[[cs:Lot (řeka)]]
[[cy:Afon Lot]]
[[da:Lot (flod)]]
[[de:Lot (Fluss)]]
[[et:Loti jõgi]]
[[es:Río Lot]]
[[eu:Lot ibaia]]
[[fr:Lot (rivière)]]
[[it:Lot (fiume)]]
[[la:Olitis]]
[[lt:Lo (upė)]]
[[hu:Lot (folyó)]]
[[nl:Lot (rivier)]]
[[ja:ロット川]]
[[nn:Elva Lot]]
[[oc:Òlt (riu)]]
[[pl:Lot (rzeka)]]
[[pt:Rio Lot]]
[[ro:Râul Lot]]
[[ru:Ло (река)]]
[[sl:Lot (reka)]]
[[sr:Лот (река)]]
[[fi:Lot (joki)]]
[[uk:Лот (річка)]]
[[zh:洛特河]]

Al Raed FC

2011-11-25T09:59:14Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:باشگاه فوتبال الرائد عربستان سعودی

{{unreferenced|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox football club |
clubname = Al-Ra'ed |
image = [[Image:Raed.png|150px]] |
fullname = Al-Ra'ed Saudi Club |
nickname = Challenge leaders |
founded = [[1954]] |
ground = [[King Abdullah Sport City Stadium]], [[Buraidah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]|
capacity = 35,000|
chairman = Fahad Al-Mutawa‏|
manager = [[Ammar Souayah]] |
league = [[Saudi Premier League]] |
season = 2009-10 |
position = 11th|
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'''Al-Ra'ed''' is a Saudi sports club and the first of its kind in the Qassim region. One of the most important founders is Abdulaziz Al-Obodi. Al-Raed Plays in the professional Saudi league (2008 / 2009) and had been to the league 11 times. The club was established back in 1954.

==Current squad==
''For [[Saudi Professional League]] 2010''
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=KSA|name=[[Ahmed Al-Kassar]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=KSA|name=[[Majed Fersani]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=KSA|name=[[Bandar Al-Qarni]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=KSA|name=[[Ahmed Saad Abdullah|Ahmed Saad]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=KSA|name=[[Mohsen Al-Garni]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=KSA|name=[[Musa Al-Shamri]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=KSA|name=[[Ibrahim Al-Thiab]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=KSA|name=[[Saleh Al-Ghuwainim]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=KSA|name=[[Ahmad Al-Khayer]]|pos=MF|other=[[Captain (association football)|VC]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=KSA|name=[[Ibraheam Shraheali]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=KSA|name=[[Ahmed Khater]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=KSA|name=[[Abdullah Haidar]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=KSA|name=[[Mazen Al Farij]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=KSA|name=[[Musa Al-Shamar]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=KSA|name=[[Abbas Al-Raheb]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=KSA|name=[[Abdul-Majid Al-Ruwaili]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=KSA|name=[[Basem Al-Sharif]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=KSA|name=[[Mohammed Al-Khojali]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=KSA|name=[[Ahmed Al-Zaag]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=KSA|name=[[Abdoh Hakami]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=KSA|name=[[Obaid Al-Shumrani]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=KSA|name=[[Abdulmohsen Al-Dosari]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=KSA|name=[[Raid Al-Omari]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=KSA|name=[[Dhafer Al-Bishi]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=KSA|name=[[Saad Al-Yami]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=DR Congo|name=[[Yves Diba Ilunga]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=KSA|name=[[Hamad Al-Sagoor]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=KSA|name=[[Majed Hazzazi]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=KSA|name=[[Murad Mahdi]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=Oman|name=[[Khalifa Ayil Al-Naufli]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=KSA|name=[[Yahya Al-Muslem]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=KSA|name=[[Fahd Al-Ghamdi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=KSA|name=[[Majed Al-Muwallad]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=KSA|name=[[Ahmed Menawer]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=KSA|name=[[Meshal Al-Enazi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=Morocco|name=[[Issam Erraki]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs end}}

==Notable former players==
{{col-start}}
{{col-3}}
:'''[[Asian Football Confederation|Asia]]'''
* {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Saleh Abdulhamid]]
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Hatem Aqel]]
* {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Khalifa Ayil Al-Naufli]]
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Nawwaf Al-Dajani]]
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Mohsen Al-Garni]]
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Mohammed Al-Khojali]]
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Ibraheam Shraheali]]
{{col-3}}
:'''[[Confederation of African Football|Africa]]'''
* {{flagicon|Côte d'Ivoire}} [[Boris Kabi]]
* {{flagicon|DR Congo}} [[Yves Diba Ilunga]]
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Yasser Ezzat]]
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Effat Nassar]]
* {{flagicon|Mali}} [[Janvier Abouta]]
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Jaouad Akaddar]]
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Salaheddine Aqqal]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Freddie Ekpo]]
* {{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Ali Mall (football player)|Ali Mall]]
* {{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Moody Ngai]]
{{col-3}}
:'''[[CONMEBOL|South America]]'''
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Felipe de Souza Campos|Felipe]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Jelmar da Silva]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Sergio Ricardo]]
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Al-Raed}}
*[[Saudi Premier League]]

{{Al-Raed FC}}
{{Saudi League}}

[[Category:Saudi Arabian football clubs|Raed]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1954]]
[[Category:Buraidah]]

[[ar:نادي الرائد السعودي]]
[[fa:باشگاه فوتبال الرائد عربستان سعودی]]
[[pt:Al-Raed]]
[[ro:Al-Raed]]

Audio and video connector

2011-11-25T09:40:24Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding tr:Ses ve video konnektörleri

{{Merge|Audio and video interfaces and connectors| discuss=Talk:Audio and video connector|date=July 2009}}
[[Image:Composite-cables.jpg|thumb|right|250px|RCA connectors are commonly used for home stereo and video equipment.]]

'''Audio connectors''' and '''video connectors''' are [[electrical connector]]s (or optical connectors) for carrying [[audio signal]] and [[video signal]], of either [[analog circuit|analog]] or [[digital]] format. Analog A/V connectors often use [[Shielded cable]] to inhibit [[RF interference|radio frequency interference]] (RFI) and [[noise]].

== Audio only ==
'''Audio connectors''' are [[electrical connector]]s designed and used for [[Sound|audio]] frequencies. They can be [[analog circuit|analog]] or [[digital]]. Common audio connectors include:

* Single-conductor connectors:
** [[Banana connector]]s
** [[Binding post|Five-way binding posts]] and [[Banana connector|banana plugs]] for [[loudspeaker]]s
** [[Fahnestock clip]]s on early [[breadboard]] radio receivers.

* Multi-conductor connectors:
** [[D-subminiature|DB25]] is for [[multi-track recording]] and other multi-channel audio, analog or digital
** [[DIN connector|DIN]] connectors and [[mini-DIN]] connectors
** [[RCA connector]]s, also known as ''phono'' connectors or ''phono plugs'', used for analog or digital audio or analog video
** [[Speakon connector]]s by [[Neutrik]] for [[loudspeaker]]s
** [[TRS connector]] also known as tip-ring-sleeve plug, phone plug, jack plug, mini-jack, and mini-stereo. This includes the original 6.35mm (quarter inch) jack and the more recent 3.5mm (miniature or 1/8 inch) and 2.5mm (subminiature) jacks, both mono and stereo (balanced) versions.
** [[XLR connector]]s, also known as ''Cannon plugs'', used for analog or digital [[balanced audio]] with a [[balanced line]]

* Digital audio interfaces and interconnects:
** [[ADAT]] interface (DB25)
** [[AES/EBU]] interface, normally with [[XLR connector]]
** [[S/PDIF]], either over electrical [[coaxial cable]] (with [[RCA connector|RCA jack]]s) or [[optical fiber]] ([[TOSLINK]]).

===Color codes===
{| class=wikitable
|-
|white RCA/TS
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=silver align=center |analogue audio, left channel; also [[Monaural|mono]] (RCA/TS), [[stereophonic|stereo]] (TRS only), or undefined/other
|- style=color:white;background:black
|black RCA/TS/TRS
|- style=color:white;background:gray
|grey RCA/TS/TRS
|- style=color:black;background:red
|red RCA/TS
| analogue audio, right channel
|- style=color:black;background:orange
|orange RCA
| SPDIF digital audio
|}

For computers:
{| class=wikitable
|- style=color:black;background:lightgreen
|green TRS 3.5mm
| stereo output, front channels
|- style=color:white;background:black
|black TRS 3.5mm
| stereo output, rear channels
|- style=color:white;background:gray
|grey TRS 3.5mm
| stereo output, side channels
|- style=color:black;background:gold
|gold TRS 3.5mm
| dual output, center and [[subwoofer]]
|- style=color:black;background:lightblue
|blue TRS 3.5mm
| stereo input, [[line level]]
|- style=color:black;background:pink
|pink TS 3.5mm
| mono [[microphone]] input
|}

There are exceptions to the above:
*[[Hosa Technology|Hosa]] cables use grey and orange for left and right analogue channels.
*[[RadioShack]] cables sometimes use grey and black for left and right.
*Older [[sound card]]s had non-standard colour codes until after [[PC System Design Guide#PC_99|PC99]], prior to that there were no colours at all.

== Video only ==
{{Main|List of video connectors}}

[[Image:SVGA port.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[VGA connector]]]]
Video connectors carry only [[video]] signals. Common video-only connectors include:
* [[Component video]] aka [[YPbPr]] (3 [[RCA connector|RCA]] or [[BNC connector|BNC]]; or [[D-Terminal]])
* [[Composite video]] (1 [[RCA connector|RCA]], [[Antenna socket]], or [[BNC connector|BNC]])
* [[DB13W3]] ("13W3" computer video connector)
* [[DMS-59]], single connector carrying two DVI and two VGA
* [[Musa connector|Musa]], British connector used in broadcasting and telecommunications
* [[TV Aerial Plug|PAL connector]], common in [[Europe]] as an antenna connector
* [[S-Video]] (1 [[Mini-DIN]])
* [[Serial Digital Interface|SDI]] - Broadcast grade digital interface over [[BNC connector|BNC]] cables
* [[VGA connector]] A type of [[D-sub]] connector standard on most video cards
* [[Mini-VGA]] Found on some laptop computers
* 5 BNC Connectors can also be used to carry the VGA signal as R, G, B, HSync, VSync
* [[Digital Visual Interface]] (DVI) A hybrid analog/digital connector commonly found on PC graphics cards and LCD monitors
* [[Mini-DVI]] Found on some Apple laptops
* [[Enhanced Graphics Adapter]] (EGA)
* [[RGBI interface]]
* [[RGB interface]]

===Color codes===
{| class=wikitable
|- style=color:black;background:yellow
|yellow RCA/BNC
| composite video
|- style=color:white;background:red
|red RCA/BNC
| red or Pr/Cr chrominance
|- style=color:white;background:green
|green RCA/BNC
| green or luminance
|- style=color:white;background:blue
|blue RCA/BNC
| blue or Pb/Cb chrominance
|- style=color:black;background:white
|white BNC
| horizontal sync
|- style=color:white;background:black
|black BNC
| vertical sync
|}

Newer connectors are identified by their shape and not their colour.

== Multiple signals ==
Some connectors can carry both audio and video signals simultaneously:
* [[HDMI]] is a new digital standard
* [[FireWire]] is used on Camcorders, commonly ones using MiniDV tapes, and high-end audio equipment.
* [[Digital Media Port]] a connector proposed by [[Sony]] on its audio/video products
* [[DisplayPort]] carries digital audio and video, as well as auxiliary information
* [[Unified Display Interface]] (UDI)
* [[F connector]]s are used with [[Radio frequency|RF]] [[modulator]]s for [[television]]s without direct inputs
* [[SCART]], now the most common in [[Europe]]
* [[Jack plug|TRS connector]]s with more than one ring, or [[Sony]]'s hybrid RCA with a TRS pin
* [[Coaxial cable]]/[[RG-6]]/[[RG-59]]/[[Cable television]] (CATV)

Other composite connectors that carry video, audio, power, and [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]]:
* [[Apple Display Connector|ADC]], now-defunct Apple Display Connector
* [[IPod dock connector|Apple 30-pin dock connector]], a docking cradle for Apple iPod, iPhone and iPad
* [[PDMI|Portable Digital Media Interface]] (PDMI) - includes [[DisplayPort]] for digital video and audio, analog audio, USB 3.0, and power

==See also==
* [[High-end audio cables]]
* [[Audio and video interfaces and connectors]]
* [[List of video connectors]]
* [[:Category:Digital display connectors]]
* [[:Category:Telecommunications standards]]

{{AVconn}}
{{Audio and video interfaces and connectors}}
{{Electronic components}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Audio And Video Connector}}
[[Category:Audiovisual connectors| ]]
[[Category:Color codes]]

[[ca:Connector audiovisual de banda ampla]]
[[ko:영상 및 음성 단자]]
[[id:Konektor audio dan video]]
[[it:Connettori audio/video]]
[[ja:AV端子]]
[[tr:Ses ve video konnektörleri]]

Gaius Atilius Regulus (consul 225 BC)

2011-11-25T09:40:22Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding uk:Гай Атілій Регул (консул 225 року до н. е.)

:''This article is about the 225 BC consul. See [[Gaius Atilius Regulus Serranus]] for the 257 and 250 BC consul.''
'''Gaius Atilius M.f. M.n. Regulus''' (killed 225 BC at [[Telamon]] in [[Battle of Telamon|battle]]) was one of the two Roman consuls who fought a Celtic invasion of Italy in 225 BC-224 BC; he however was killed in battle and beheaded. Regulus came from a prominent family of consuls for four generations; the family originally hailed from southern Italy.

==Family==
Regulus was a younger son of the Roman hero [[Marcus Atilius Regulus]], the consul captured during the [[First Punic War]], and grandson of [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 294 BC)|another Marcus Atilius Regulus]]. His [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 BC)|elder brother]] was Roman [[consul]] for the year 227 BC, together with [[Publius Valerius Flaccus]], and consul ''suffectus'' for 217 BC replacing [[Gaius Flaminius]] and later censor. An uncle of the same name was also twice consul during the First Punic War.<ref name="smith">[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', 1870, [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2977.html "G. Atilius M. f. M. n. Regulus"]</ref>

Regulus's father [[Marcus Atilius Regulus]] died by 250 BC, by a manner debated subsequently by historians. (Most now believe Roman accounts of his barbaric death to be propaganda). His mother [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2047.html Marcia] allegedly tortured [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0510.html two Punic prisoners] to death in revenge. According to Livy, etc., the hostage consul had at least two surviving sons and one surviving daughter when he returned to Carthage.

==Military career==

He was elected consul in 225 BC as the plebeian consul with the patrician [[Lucius Aemilius Papus]], and was sent to quell a revolt in [[Sardinia]] which he quickly accomplished. He then returned to the Italian mainland to fight the Gauls, and fell in the [[Battle of Telamon]].

==Battle of Telamon==

The consul had been sent to Sardinia, from where he returned with his legions. After hearing stories about the Celtic (or Gaulish) invasion of Etruria, the consul returned hastily to engage in battle. Since Roman consuls of this era desired [[Roman triumph|triumphs]], Atilius decided to engage the Gauls on his own. By being the first to engage hi battle, he hoped to get the larger share of the credit of the victory. However, his plans miscalculated when the Roman cavalry encountered the more experienced Celtic cavalry and was cut to pieces.

According to [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#21 Polybius. Histories, 2.27-2.28] (bold emphasis added) <blockquote>''Just at this time, '''Gaius Atilius, the other Consul, had reached Pisa from Sardinia with his legions and was on his way to Rome, marching in the opposite direction to the enemy'''. When the Celts were near Telamon in Etruria, their advanced foragers encountered the advance guard of Gaius and were made prisoners. On being examined by the Consul they narrated all that had recently occurred and told him of the presence of the two armies, stating that the Gauls were quite near and Lucius behind them. The news surprised him but at the same time made him very hopeful, as he thought he had caught the Gauls on the march between the two armies. He ordered his Tribunes to put the legions in fighting order and to advance thus at marching pace in so far as the nature of the ground allowed the attack in line. He himself had happily noticed a hill situated above the road by which the Celts must pass, and taking his cavalry with him, advanced at full speed, being anxious to occupy the crest of the hill before their arrival and '''be the first to begin the battle, feeling certain that thus he would get the largest share of credit for the result.'''''<ref>Polybius, ''Histories,'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#27 2.27]</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>''At first the battle was confined to the hill, all the armies gazing on it, so great were the numbers of cavalry from each host combating there pell-mell. '''In this action Gaius the Consul fell in the mellay fighting with desperate courage, and his head was brought to the Celtic kings'''; but the Roman cavalry, after a stubborn struggle, at length overmastered the enemy and gained possession of the hill.''<ref>Polybius, ''Histories,'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#28 2.28]</ref></blockquote>

Regulus's death did not dismay his officers who continued the battle without him and won possession of the hill. However, the Roman victory was due to the Gaulish decision to face the battle both ways (according to historian Dr [[Aryeh Nusbacher]] appearing in Time Commanders: Battle of Telamon) and thus divide their energies. The surviving consul [[Lucius Aemilius Papus]] obtained sole credit for the victory, and was awarded a triumph.

It is not known if Regulus was married or left any surviving issue. No Atilii Reguli appear in subsequent histories.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[[Livy]], [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/ ''History of Rome''], Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.
*[[Polybius]], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#21 ''Histories'', 2.28-2.28].

{{SmithDGRBM}}

 
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Consul]] of the [[Roman Republic]]|before=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla (consul 226 BC)|Marcus Valerius Messalla]] and [[Lucius Apustius Fullo]]||after=[[Titus Manlius Torquatus (235 BC)|Titus Manlius Torquatus]] and [[Quintus Fulvius Flaccus]]|years=''with [[Lucius Aemilius Papus]]'' 225 BC}}
{{end box}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Regulus, Gaius Atilius
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Regulus, Gaius Atilius}}
[[Category:Roman Republican consuls|Atilius Regulus, Gaius]]
[[Category:Atilii|Regulus, Gaius, consul 225 BC]]
[[Category:224 BC deaths]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC births]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Romans|Atilius regulus, Gaius]]
[[Category:Roman generals killed in action|Atilius Regulus, Gaius]]
[[Category:Roman consuls dying in year of consulship|Atilius Regulus, Gaius]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

[[bg:Гай Атилий Регул (консул 225 пр.н.е.)]]
[[ca:Gai Atili Règul]]
[[de:Gaius Atilius Regulus (Konsul 225 v. Chr.)]]
[[es:Cayo Atilio Régulo (cónsul 225 a. C.)]]
[[fr:Caius Atilius Regulus]]
[[it:Gaio Atilio Regolo]]
[[pt:Caio Atílio Régulo (cônsul de 225 a.C.)]]
[[sh:Gaj Atilije Regul (konzul 225. pne.)]]
[[uk:Гай Атілій Регул (консул 225 року до н. е.)]]

Mikveh Israel Cemetery

2011-11-25T09:40:21Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:בית קברות מקווה ישראל

{{Infobox NRHP | name =Mikveh Israel Cemetery
| nrhp_type =
| image = Mikveh Israel Cemetery.jpg
| caption = as seen from [[Pennsylvania Hospital]]
| location= [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
| lat_degrees = 39
| lat_minutes = 56
| lat_seconds = 44.77
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 75
| long_minutes = 9
| long_seconds = 22.15
| long_direction = W
| locmapin = Pennsylvania
| area =
| built =1740
| architect=
| architecture=
| added = June 24, 1971
| governing_body = Private
| refnum=71000061<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}
'''Mikveh Israel Cemetery''' is the oldest [[Jewish cemetery]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], although the oldest in the United States is the Second Cemetery of the [[Congregation Shearith Israel]] in New York. The site, less than {{convert|0.2|acre|m2|-1}} in size, is a registered historic place in Philadelphia and a [[national historic site]] administered by [[Independence National Historical Park]] (even though the expense of maintaining the cemetery is borne by sponsoring [[Kahal Kadosh Mikveh Israel|Congregation Mikveh Israel]]). It is located in the [[Center City, Philadelphia|center city]] section of Philadelphia, on Spruce Street, near 8th Street, about two blocks west and four blocks south of [[Independence Hall (United States)|Independence Hall]].

Mikveh Israel Cemetery was originally a private burial ground for the family of Nathan Levy, whose ship, ''Myrtilla'' was long reputed to have transported the [[Liberty Bell]] from England to Philadelphia (though the snow ''Hibernia'', captained by William Child, may actually have transported the bell in 1752). In [[1738]], one of Levy's children died. Rather than bury the child in unsanctified ground, he applied to [[John Penn ("the American")|John Penn]] (chief of Pennsylvania's proprietary government at that time) for "a small piece of ground" with permission to make it a family cemetery. This property was at the corner of 9th and Walnut Streets, the present site of the [[Walnut Street Theatre]]. Two years later, Nathan Levy secured a larger plot from the Penn family at the present location of Mikveh Israel Cemetery. This was meant to be a permanent burial ground for the entire Jewish community of Philadelphia. Levy was buried there upon his death in 1753.

The cemetery in 1740 was a 30' x 30' plot. In 1752, Nathan Levy received an additional grant of land north of the first plot. In 1765, John Penn granted Mathias Bush an adjacent piece of ground for burial purposes. By that time, the burial place was managed by the Sephardic synagogue '''[[Kahal Kadosh Mikveh Israel|Congregation Mikveh Israel]]''' (official name: קהל קדוש מקוה ישראל, '''Kahal Kadosh Mikveh Israel''', or "Holy Congregation Hope of Israel"), founded in [[1740]] and still active in the 21st century.

==Burials==
[[Image:Mikveh Israel Cemetery sign.jpg|thumb|200px|Mikveh Israel Cemetery sign]]
Many distinguished Americans are buried in Mikveh Israel Cemetery. They include:
*Nathan Levy (1704–1753)
*[[Haym Solomon]] (1740–1785), patriot and financier of the American Revolution, arrived in New York in 1772, joined the Sons of Liberty, one of George Washington's personal friends, captured and sentenced to death by the British in 1776, used his knowledge of German (he spoke eight languages) to convince his Hessian jailer to escape with him to Philadelphia, where he arrived penniless
*Michael Gratz (1740–1811), signed the [[Maryland's RESOLUTION OF NON-IMPORTATION|Non-Importation Resolutions]] of 1765 to protest the Stamp Act, encouraged the opening of the West to settlement
*Jacob Gratz (1790–1856), son of Michael Gratz, served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and State Senate.
*[[Rebecca Gratz]] (1781–1869), daughter of Michael Gratz, noted for her philanthropy, regarded as the model for the character Rebecca in [[Walter Scott|Walter Scott's]] ''[[Ivanhoe]]'', and the first Jewish female college student in the United States (at Franklin College, later part of [[Franklin and Marshall College]] in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]])
*Aaron Levy, founder of [[Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania|Aaronsburg]], [[Centre County, Pennsylvania|Centre County]], [[Pennsylvania]] in 1786. Named for him, Aaronsburg is the first town in Pennsylvania (and probably in the entire United States) that was planned by and named after a Jew. A pioneer and fur trader, he was a close friend and financial supporter of [[Haym Salomon]]
*Benjamin Nones (1757–1826), born in France, he served on the staffs of both General Washington and General Lafayette. While still a private under Count Pulaski, he received a letter of commendation in 1779 written by Captain Verdier, a splendid testimonial to his courage. He fought in almost every action in the Carolinas. Nones became a Major of the [[Hebrew Legion]] of 400 men attached to DeKalb’s command. Several years after the war, he was appointed an interpreter of Spanish and French for the United States government.
*Phillip Moses Russell, surgeon’s mate to General Washington
*At least 21 Jewish soldiers of the Revolutionary War, and others from the War of 1812 and the Civil War, are interred in the burial grounds
*Isaac Djerassi (1925-2011), member of the first graduating class of the Hebrew University and an Oncologist from the Philadelphia area who advanced cancer therapy.
The cemetery ceased to be a regular place of burial in 1886 except for the interment of Josephine Etting in 1913, Fanny Polano Elmaleh, wife of Reverend Leon H. Elmaleh, in 1966, and Reverend Leon H. Elmaleh in 1972.<ref>''Bulletin Almanac: 1976''. Philadelphia: Bulletin Co., 1976. (p 292).</ref><ref>Elmaleh, L.H., and J. Bunford Samuel. ''The Jewish Cemetery: Ninth and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia''. (1906, revised 1962).</ref><ref>"Gratz Family". ''The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia''. 1941, Volume V.</ref><ref>Wolf, Edwin, II, and Maxwell Whiteman. ''The History of the Jews of Philadelphia from Colonial Times to the Age of Jackson''. (1957).</ref><ref>Wolf, Edwin, II, and Maxwell Whiteman. ''Haym Salomon: The Patriotic Money Manipulator''. Philadelphia Inquirer (1976).</ref><ref>Mary M. Cohen, ''An Old Philadelphia Cemetery: The Resting Place of Rebecca Gratz'', Vol. 2, No. 4 (Philadelphia, PA: City History Soc. of Philadelphia, 1920).</ref>

<gallery>
image:Philip Moses Russell marker.jpg|Philip Moses Russell
image:Joseph Rodrigwez Pereyra marker.jpg|Joseph Rodriguez Pereyra
image:Moses Mordcai marker.jpg|Moses Mordecai
image:Samuel Hays marker.jpg|Samuel Hays
image:Michael Gratz marker.jpg|Michael Gratz
image:Reuben Etting marker.jpg|Reuben Etting
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Philadelphia}}
*[[Sons of the American Revolution]]
*[[Jewish history in Philadelphia]]
*[[Wikipedia:Jewish Encyclopedia topics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://local.live.com/default.aspx?v=2&cp=39.94618~-75.155599&style=o&lvl=2&scene=1926476 Aerial photo] - This aerial perspective photo barely shows tiny Mikveh Israel surrounded by taller buildings. The view looks eastward.
*[http://www.mikvehisrael.org/TheCemeteries/ Congregation Mikveh Israel's Web page about the cemetery]
*[http://www.sephardicstudies.org/csi11.html/ Cemeteries of Congregation Shearith Israel]

{{National Register of Historic Places}}

[[Category:Cemeteries in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Jewish cemeteries in Pennsylvania]]

[[fr:Cimetière Mikveh Israel]]
[[he:בית קברות מקווה ישראל]]

The People Next Door (1996 film)

2011-11-25T09:40:16Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fr:La Confiance d'une mère

{{for|the television series|The People Next Door}}
{{italictitle}}
'''''The People Next Door''''' is a 1996 [[television film]] starring [[Faye Dunaway]], [[Michael O'Keefe]], [[Nicollette Sheridan]] and [[Carrie Boen]]. It was written by [[Fred Mills (writer)|Fred Mills]] and directed by [[Tim Hunter (director)|Tim Hunter]].

==External links==
*{{imdb title|0117317|The People Next Door}}
*{{amg movie|163222|The People Next Door}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|people_next_door|The People Next Door}}
*[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FN5O76 Amazon.com: The People Next Door]
*[http://www.mylifetime.com/movies/the-people-next-door MyLifetime.com: The People Next Door]

{{DEFAULTSORT:People Next Door}}
{{tv-film-stub}}

[[Category:1996 television films]]

[[fr:La Confiance d'une mère]]

Eine Nacht in Venedig

2011-11-25T08:40:30Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:לילה בוונציה

{{nofootnotes|date=November 2008}}
{{Strauss II operas}}
''''' Eine Nacht in Venedig ''''' (''A Night in Venice'') is an [[operetta]] in three acts by [[Johann Strauss II]] and was premiered in [[Berlin]] on 3 October [[1883 in music|1883]] in the Neues Friedrich Wilhelmstadisches Theater, and is the only one of the operettas of [[Johann Strauss II]] ever to be premiered outside [[Vienna]]. Its [[libretto]] was by F.Zell ([[Camillo Walzel]]) and [[Richard Genée]] based on ''Le Château Trompette'' by [[Jules Cormon]].

Its initial performance is not the version that we are familiar with today, having undergone much revision on the libretto. Early reviews of the premiere in [[Berlin]] were unfavorable. Although the press at that time praised Strauss's music, the words that accompanied it were banal and silly, for instance, references were made to roast beef made from the sole of a boot and, where the waltz scene was played, the character of Duke Urbino was singing to passages of "meows" in tune with the waltz song which was met with much embarrassment from the Berlin audience.

Unperturbed, Strauss made several alterations to the work with his librettists and scored a triumph in his native Vienna at the famed [[Theater an der Wien]] on 9 October 1883. It ran for forty four consecutive performances and was firmly established as one of three Strauss's most recognisable stage works alongside ''[[Die Fledermaus]]'' and ''[[The Gypsy Baron|Der Zigeunerbaron]]''. Strauss also drew themes from the stage work and set them to individual pieces of which [[Lagunen Walzer]] ''Lagoon Waltz'' op.411 and [[Die Tauben von San Marco Polka]] ''The Pigeons of San Marco'' op.414 enjoyed enduring popularity. A 1923 production, starring [[Richard Tauber]], used a score and libretto revised by composer [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]] and writer [[Hubert Marischka]], which was later used in other productions and recordings.<ref>Kirk, David L. [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Name/Pierre-Gylbert/Performer/166712-2 Arkivmusic, 2009, accessed 17 May 2011. Note: Arkivmusic says that the version was edited by Hubert Marischka, while Naxos says it was his brother Ernst.</ref><ref>Walker, Malcolm. [http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.111254&catNum=8111254&filetype=About+this+Recording&language=English "About this Recording"]. Naxos.com, accessed 17 May 2011</ref>

The work played at Daly's Theatre in New York in 1884. English language versions have included one with a translation by [[Lesley Storm]] and lyrics by Dudley Glass that played at the [[Cambridge Theatre]] in London in 1944,<ref>[http://www.musicaltheatreguide.com/composers/straussjnr/nightinvenice.htm ''"A Night in Venice"'']. The Guide to Light Opera and Operetta, accessed 10 May 2011</ref> one for [[English National Opera]] in 1976 at the [[London Coliseum]] by [[Murray Dickie]]<ref>Forbes, Elizabeth. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries-murray-dickie-1588898.html "Obituaries: Murray Dickie"]. ''The Independent'', 29 June 1995, accessed 10 May 2011</ref> and a 1980s production for the [[Light Opera of Manhattan]] by Alice Hammerstein Matthias.<ref>[http://www.rnh.com/bio/8/Mathias-Alice-Hammerstein "Alice Hammerstein Mathias"]. Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, accessed 10 May 2011</ref><ref>Davis, Peter G. [http://books.google.com/books?id=4-cCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=%22Light+Opera+of+Manhattan%22+%22William+Mount+Burke%22&source=bl&ots=fijp6Tyndu&sig=gYtwK65oM6jGpqPoM4ytI5yp3E0&hl=en&ei=r-LSTbLlLMGw0QHi6PDuCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepage&q=%22Light%20Opera%20of%20Manhattan%22%20%22William%20Mount%20Burke%22&f=false "Some Enchanted Evenings"]. ''New York Magazine'', May 31, 1982, p. 84, accessed 17 May 2011</ref> [[Ohio Light Opera]] performed the work in 1981, 1991, 1999 and 2009,<ref>[http://archive.ohiolightopera.org/index.php ''"A Night in Venice"'']. Ohio Light Opera archive, accessed 10 May 2011</ref> recording it in 2000.<ref>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=10629 "Strauss: ''A Night In Venice'' / Thompson, Ohio Light Opera"]. Arkivmusic, accessed 10 May 2011</ref>

== Roles ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Role
!Voice type
!Premiere Cast, 3 October 1883 (Conductor: - )
|-
|Guido, ''Duke of Urbino''
|[[tenor]]
|Sigmund Steiner
|-
|Caramello, ''the Duke's personal barber''
|tenor
|Jani Szika
|-
|Centurio, ''the Duke's page''
|
|
|-
|Bartolomeo Delacqua, ''senator of Venice''
|[[baritone]]
|
|-
|Barbara Delacqua, ''his wife''
|[[mezzo-soprano]]
|
|-
|Annina, ''a fisher-girl, Barbara's foster sister''
|[[soprano]]
|Ottile Collin
|-
|Ciboletta, ''a cook in Delacqua's service''
|soprano
|
|-
|Enrico Piselli, ''a naval officer, Delacqua's nephew''
|
|
|-
|Stefano Barbaruccio, ''senator of Venice''
|
|
|-
|Agricola Barbaruccio, ''his wife''
|mezzo-soprano
|
|-
|Giorgio Testaccio, ''senator of Venice''
|
|
|-
|Constantina Testaccio, ''his wife''
|
|
|-
|Pappacoda, ''a macaroni cook''
|baritone
|
|-
|}

==Synopsis==
===Act 1===
It is an evening in eighteenth-century [[Venice]]. In a square on the Grand Canal, with a view across to the Ducal Palace and the [[San Giorgio Maggiore|Isle of San Giorgio]], the people are strolling around as the sun goes down while the tradeswomen call out their wares. The young Neapolitan macaroni cook Pappacoda pipes up with the observation that, for all the splendours of Venice, they do not have everything without their [[macaroni]] cook. "Macaroni as long as the Grand Canal, with as much [[cheese]] as there is sand in the [[Lido di Venezia|Lido]]" — that is what Pappacoda offers. The young man is approached by Enrico, a naval officer, enquiring whether the Senator Delacqua is at home. When he is told that he is at a sitting of the Senate, Enrico sees it as an opportunity for a few private minutes with the Senator's young wife Barbara. However, she also is out, so Enrico slips Pappacoda a coin to give Barbara a letter with the message that Enrico will be ready for her at nine o'clock that evening.

As the people watch, a boat arrives carrying Annina, a fisher-girl, calling her wares. Pappacoda greets her, hinting that what has really brought her hither is the imminent arrival of the Duke of Urbino, and more particularly his barber Caramello, Annina's sweetheart. 'Caramello is a monster, a ne'er-do-well, and a conceited blockhead into the bargain,' she pouts. 'Stupidity is no hindrance to love,' Pappacoda retorts, sampling an [[oyster]]. "After all, I'm passionately in love with Ciboletta, Signora Delacqua's pretty cook — a girl as stupid as this oyster, and yet just as appetising, just as worthy of catching!'

When Barbara Delacqua returns home, Pappacoda gives her the message from Enrico and receives another tip for his troubles. Annina departs with Barbara, leaving Pappacoda to greet his own [[girlfriend]], Ciboletta. She is wondering when they are going to get married, and he promises that they will do so just as soon as he gets a position in service.

The senators return from a stormy session, discussing the banquet that the Duke of Urbino is to give today when he arrives for his annual [[Carnival]]-time visit to Venice. The Duke is a notorious [[womaniser]] and has already cast his roving eye on Barbara, so Delacqua has taken the precaution of arranging for his wife to be taken by gondola to Murano to stay with an old abbess aunt in the convent there.

The Duke's arrival is signalled by the appearance of a [[gondola]] carrying his personal [[barber]], Caramello, who is warmly greeted by the crowd. He proceeds to show off his close acquaintance with the Duke and rounds things off with an agile [[tarantella]] for good measure. He quickly spots Annina, but she is not too pleased that he has practically ignored her for the past year. She becomes interested enough when the subject of their talk turns to marriage, but Caramello explains that he is anxious to obtain the position as the Duke's steward before committing himself to [[matrimony]].

In pursuit of amorous adventures on his master's behalf Caramello has learned with interest from Pappacoda that a gondolier is due to take Barbara Delacqua to Murano at 9 p.m. What he does not know is that his own girlfriend, Annina, has been persuaded by Barbara to take her place in the gondola, so that Barbara may spend her time with Enrico Piselli. Annina is determined to be back within the hour so that she may join in the Carnival dancing with Caramello, Pappacoda and Ciboletta in masks borrowed from their masters.

The Duke arrives and greets Venice and its people. He loves them all, he tells them, though it is noticed that he seems to love the pretty girls rather more than the rest. To the Duke's great delight, Caramello reveals to him his plan to take the place of the gondolier in the gondola calling for Barbara. Instead of taking her to Murano, he will then deliver her to the Duke's palace. Pulling on a gondolier's cloak and hood, he sets off on his adventure.
The scene is set and the evening still, as the Duke looks up to Delacqua's balcony and sings a serenade. Inside the Delacqua house Barbara and Annina are making their final preparations, putting on the dominoes that will disguise them, as they await the sound of the gondolier's song that is to be the agreed signal. Down below Ciboletta brings Pappacoda a carnival costume.

Finally the voice of Caramello is heard from the gondola singing the gondolier's song. Delacqua helps into the gondola the masked figure he believes to be his wife and he bids her farewell as the Duke looks on with keen anticipation. A group of sailors appear and, with Enrico at their head, they sing a serenade to Delacqua for his birthday the following day. While Delacqua is on the balcony thanking the singers, Barbara slips out below to join Enrico. The [[birthday]] [[serenade]] merges with the sound of Caramello's gondola song as night falls on Venice and the disguised Caramello glides away with his masked sweetheart Annina, neither knowing the true identity of the other.

===Act 2===
Watching from a room in his palace, the Duke is eagerly awaiting the arrival of the gondola in which Caramello is due to bring Barbara, as Agricola, Constantia and the other senators' wives arrive in their carnival costumes, ignoring their husbands' fears for their moral safety. Finally the gondola is seen approaching, and the Duke ushers his guests into the ballroom while he prepares to greet his special lady guest. When Caramello and Annina arrive and masks are removed, Caramello is dismayed to discover who it is he has brought for the Duke's pleasure, but Annina fancies making the most of the opportunity with the Duke that fate has given her.

Caramello does his best to warn the Duke off Annina. 'Don't trust her. She scratches and bites!' he warns. Finally Annina and the Duke are left alone and the disguised Annina is shocked and thrown on the defensive when the Duke rhapsodises over the receptive response that his advances to Barbara had previously aroused. As the orchestra in the [[ballroom]] strikes up a [[waltz]], the Duke takes the reluctant Annina into his arms.

Caramello finds an excuse to interrupt the amorous scene and Annina persuades the Duke to take her into the ballroom. While they are away, Caramello opens the doors to the Duke's apartments and a crowd enters, including Pappacoda, prominent in a faded, shabby senator's costume with false, misshapen nose and spectacles and with his pockets stuffed with sausages, meat and pastries. Pappacoda has brought with him all his tradesmen friends, to whom he has distributed invitations given to him by Caramello. They are wide-eyed at the scale of the Duke's hospitality and, having introduced his friends to Caramello, Pappacoda invites them to help themselves.

As the Duke seeks somewhere to be alone with Annina, a group of senators and their wives detain him. Among them are Senator Delacqua and his supposed wife, and the Duke is taken aback at being introduced to a second Barbara. However, Annina identifies this 'wife' for the Duke as the masked Ciboletta. The Duke goes along with Ciboletta's pretence, as he recalls the serenade he had sung to Barbara at previous carnival times. Delacqua pushes the supposed Barbara forward to put his own case for the position of the Duke's steward, but Ciboletta instead asks for a place for Pappacoda as the Duke's personal cook and the Duke is only too ready to oblige her. Delacqua departs to join Barbara in Murano, leaving the Duke to take supper with Annina and Ciboletta. Caramello has sent away the servants, and he and Pappacoda wait on the trio personally in order to keep their eyes open for any unwelcome developments.

As the Duke courts the two ladies, Caramello and Pappacoda repeatedly interrupt. The cook gives a timely discourse on his culinary arts before the senators' wives arrive seeking the Duke's attention. By now midnight is approaching-the time when the Duke must go to lead the revels in [[San Marco|Saint Mark's Square]]. When the bells of Saint Mark's sound out, Annina joins in the revelry and all go off in masks to enjoy themselves.

===Act 3===
In Saint Mark's Square, before the moonlit cathedral, the revellers are celebrating but Caramello stands alone, reflecting upon Annina's flirtation with the Duke and lamenting the fickleness of women. Ciboletta, meanwhile, is looking for Pappacoda to tell him of his appointment as the Duke's personal cook, a piece of news that dispels Pappacoda's wrath at Ciboletta's adventures with the Duke. Now they can marry. When Pappacoda goes to pay his respects to the Duke, Ciboletta reveals to the Duke that the young lady on whom he had been lavishing his attention was not Barbara but Caramello's sweetheart Annina. When the Duke finally catches up with Annina, he finds her telling the senators' wives all about her escapade with him. Fanfares announce the start of the grand Carnival procession, in which all sections of Venetian life are represented and, when it is over, the pigeons of Saint Mark's flutter down into the square.

Delacqua has returned, distressed by the discovery that Barbara is not in Murano and, when she appears with Enrico, the young man reassures Delacqua with a story of how he has rescued his aunt Barbara from an impostor gondolier. The Duke is decidedly less interested in Barbara when he discovers that she has a nephew as big as Enrico, and he rewards Caramello for delivering him from a potentially awkward situation by making him his steward. Caramello and Annina can therefore join Pappacoda and Ciboletta in marrying, and the revelries are set fair to go on long into the night.

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Sources
*Lamb, Andrew (1992), "''Nacht in Venedig, Ein''" in ''The [[New Grove Dictionary of Opera]]'', ed. Stanley Sadie (London) ISBN 0-333-73432-7

==External links==
*[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=311606 2009 Naxos recording]
*[http://www.operanews.com/operanews/templates/content.aspx?id=15350 Review of Naxos recording] by [[Richard Traubner]]
*[http://www.comicoperaguild.org/PAGES/COG-SHOW-RENTALS.html Comic Opera Guild production materials]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nacht in Venedig, Ein}}
[[Category:Operas by Johann Strauss II]]
[[Category:German-language operettas]]
[[Category:1883 operas]]

[[de:Eine Nacht in Venedig]]
[[es:Eine Nacht in Venedig]]
[[fr:Eine Nacht in Venedig]]
[[it:Eine Nacht in Venedig (operetta)]]
[[he:לילה בוונציה]]
[[ja:ヴェネツィアの一夜]]
[[pl:Noc w Wenecji]]
[[pt:Eine Nacht in Venedig]]
[[sk:Noc v Benátkach]]
[[tr:Venedik'te Bir Gece]]

Rob Sheffield

2011-11-25T06:40:21Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Rob Sheffield

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Rob Sheffield
| image = Rob Sheffield credit Deborah Suchman Zeolla.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|2|2}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Author, columnist
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| genre = [[Music]] [[Pop culture]]
}}

'''Rob Sheffield''' (born February 2, 1966) is an American [[music]] [[journalist]] and [[author]]. He is currently a contributing editor at ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', writing music reviews and essays on pop culture. Prior to that, he was a contributing editor at ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' before the print version of the magazine folded in 2009, and at ''[[Spin Magazine|Spin]]''. A native of [[Boston]], Sheffield attended Yale and the University of Virginia.

His first book, ''[[Love is a Mix Tape|Love is a Mix Tape: Life and Loss, One Song at a Time]]'' (an excerpt of which was featured in the January 2007 issue of ''[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]''), was released by [[Random House]] in January 2007. It received starred reviews in ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' and ''[[Library Journal]]''.

Most of ''Love is a Mix Tape'' takes place in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], where Sheffield met and married his late wife Renée Crist, a fellow DJ at radio station [[WTJU]], and continues in [[New York City]] after Crist's death in 1997. The couple had no children.

Sheffield remarried in 2006 and lives in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]].

Sheffield's second book, released in July 2010, is called ''[[Talking to Girls About Duran Duran: One Young Man's Quest for True Love and a Cooler Haircut]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.readthehook.com/stories/2007/01/25/COVER-Sheffield-E.rtf.aspx Barnes, Lindsay. "Love Is a Mix Tape: Rolling Stone writer on love and loss in Charlottesville." The Hook. January 25, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2007]
*{{IMDb name|2758956}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Sheffield, Rob
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 2, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheffield, Rob}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American music critics]]
[[Category:American music journalists]]
[[Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

{{US-nonfiction-writer-stub}}

[[cs:Rob Sheffield]]
[[pt:Rob Sheffield]]
[[fi:Rob Sheffield]]

Barbary leopard

2011-11-25T04:46:14Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:پلنگ بربری

{{Taxobox
| name = Barbary Leopard
| status = CR
| status_system = iucn3.1
| image = The last barbary leopard.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Felidae]]
| genus = ''[[Panthera]]''
| species = ''[[Panthera pardus|P. pardus]]''
| subspecies = '''''P. p. panthera'''''
| trinomial = ''Panthera pardus panthera''
| trinomial_authority = ([[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]], 1777)
| synonyms = North African Leopard
}}

The '''Barbary Leopard''' or North African Leopard has been described originally as a separate subspecies (''Panthera pardus panthera'') of the [[leopard]]. It is native to the [[Atlas Mountains]] of [[North Africa]]. However, according to recent genetic data, the subspecies status is probably not valid, because there are no significant genetic differences to other African leopards, which are supposed to represent one single subspecies, the [[African leopard]] (''Panthera pardus pardus'').<ref name=Uphyrkina>{{ cite journal | last =Uphyrkina | first =O. | coauthors =Johnson, E.W.; et al. | year =2001 | month =November | title = Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, ''Panthera pardus'' | journal =Molecular Ecology | volume =10 | issue =11 | pages = 2617–2633 | url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x?cookieSet=1 | accessdate =2008-08-06 | doi = 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x | pmid =11883877 }}</ref>

The leopard is very rare in northern Africa. Only small populations persist in the Atlas Mountains of [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]] and a few may remain also in [[Egypt]].<ref name="Ref_">Kristin Nowell,Peter Jackson,IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: ''Wild cats: status survey and conservation action plan''. Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources,Switzerland (Juni 1993). ISBN 2831700450</ref>

This subspecies has a very thick coat of fur, as compared to other leopards, that suits its cold mountain habitat. It preys on [[Barbary macaque]]s, [[gazelles]] and some small animals.<ref name="Ref_a">Breitenmoser, U., Breitenmoser-Wursten, C., Henschel, P. & Hunter, L. 2008. {{IUCNlink|15954|Panthera pardus. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.}} Version 2009.1.</ref>

==References==
<references/>
{{Carnivora|Fe.}}

==External links==
* [http://www.arkive.org/north-african-leopard/panthera-pardus-panthera/videos.html Video of the Barbary Leopard in the wild (broken link)]

[[Category:Leopards]]
[[Category:Mammals of Africa|Leopard, Barbary]]
[[Category:Fauna of Morocco|Leopard, Barbary]]
[[Category:Critically endangered animals]]

{{cat-stub}}

[[az:Panthera pardus panthera]]
[[bg:Берберски леопард]]
[[de:Berberleopard]]
[[es:Panthera pardus panthera]]
[[fa:پلنگ بربری]]
[[fr:Panthera pardus panthera]]
[[it:Panthera pardus panthera]]
[[he:נמר ברבארי]]
[[lt:Berberinis leopardas]]
[[hu:Berber leopárd]]
[[mk:Барбарски леопард]]
[[pt:Leopardo-do-atlas]]
[[tr:Berberistan parsı]]
[[zh:北非豹]]

Lola Beltrán

2011-11-25T02:40:31Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:לולה בלטראן

{{Infobox actor
| name = Lola Beltrán
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = María Lucila Beltrán Ruiz
| birth_date = March 7, 1932
| birth_place = [[Rosario, Sinaloa]], [[Mexico]]
| death_date = March 24, 1996
| death_place = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]
| occupation = Actress and singer
| years_active = 1947–1982
| spouse = Alfredor Leal 2 children
}}

'''Lola Beltrán''' (March 7, 1932 – March 24, 1996) was a [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[film]] [[actress]] and one of the most acclaimed [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[ranchera]] singers, nicknamed '''Lola la Grande''' ("Lola the Great").<ref>[http://musicnet8.tripod.com/jasonb.htm Unofficial Lola Beltran Resource]</ref>

==Biography==
In her native town of Rosario, Beltrán completed [[secretary|secretarial]] studies while she participated in singing competitions. She then moved to Mexico City, never to return to Rosario, working as a secretary at Mexico's number-one radio station, [[XEW]], where she was professionally discovered by radio announcer [[Raul Mendivil]].

She was married to [[matador]] and film actor Alfredo Leal and had two children with him: a daughter, singer María Elena Leal, and son José Leal. She entered the world of film in 1954 in ''El Tesoro de la Muerte''. After appearing in dozens of films, most of them musicals, she obtained a starring role in the [[telenovela]] ''Mi rival'' with [[Saby Kamalich]]. From 1976 to 1984 she also hosted the musical shows ''Noches Tapatías'' and ''El Estudio de Lola Beltrán'' respectively.

Beltrán is still considered one of the most successful [[ranchera]] artists of all time. She gave concerts before various world leaders: President [[Charles de Gaulle]] of [[France]], the leader of [[Yugoslavia]] [[Josip Broz Tito]], [[Soviet]] minister [[Andrei Gromyko]], Premier of the [[Soviet Union]] [[Leonid Brezhnev]], [[King of Spain]] [[Juan Carlos I]] and [[Queen Sofia of Spain|Queen Sofia]], [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], American Presidents [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and [[Richard Nixon]] and [[president of Mexico|Presidents of Mexico]] [[Adolfo Ruiz Cortines]] and [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]].

She was the first ranchera singer to perform at the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of Fine Arts), the premier opera house and concert hall in Mexico. She also sang in the [[Paris Olympia|Olympia Music Hall]] in [[Paris]], the [[Moscow Conservatory|Tchaikovsky Hall]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Saint Petersburg Conservatory|Conservatory]] of Leningrad (now [[Saint Petersburg]]) in the former Soviet Union.

Beltrán was honored in 1995 with her inclusion into a series of commemorative postage stamps, issued by her native Mexico, honoring 'Popular Idols of Radio'. This was done in recognition of her lifetime achievement in the realm of popular music and her success in spreading an appreciation of Mexican culture throughout the world.

==Death==
Soon after recording ''Disco del Siglo'' (English: ''Album of the Century'') with [[Lucha Villa]] and [[Amalia Mendoza]] "La Tariácuri" (produced by [[Juan Gabriel]]) she died of a massive [[pulmonary embolism]] at Ángeles Hospital in Mexico City. Her body lay on display in the rotunda of the Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City in order to give her countrymen a chance to say goodbye. Only the most acclaimed artists, recording artists, poets, writers and actors are accorded this honor.

==Telenovelas==
* ''[[Mi rival]]'' (1973)

==Television shows==
* ''[[El estudio de Lola Beltrán]]''
* ''[[Noches tapatías]]''

==Films==
* ''[[Una gallina muy ponedora]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Las fuerzas vivas]]'' (1975) as Chabela, Eufemio's wife
* ''[[Me caíste del cielo]]'' (1975) as Lupita
* ''[[Padre nuestro que estás en la tierra]]'' (1972) as Matilde
* ''[[Furias bajo el cielo]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Duelo en El Dorado]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Valentín de la Sierra]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Matar es fácil]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Tirando a gol]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Cucurrucucú Paloma]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Los Hermanos Muerte]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Canción del alma]]'' (1964) as Lola
* ''[[El revólver sangriento]]'' (1964)
* ''[[México de mi corazón]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Baila mi amor]]'' (1963)
* ''[[El hombre de papel]]'' (1963)
* ''[[La bandida]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Camino de la horca]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Besito a papá]]'' (1961)
* ''[[La joven mancornadora]]'' (1961)
* ''[[¿Donde estás, corazón?]]'' (1961)
* ''[[México lindo y querido]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Las canciones unidas]]'' (1960)
* ''[[¡Qué bonito amor!]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Sucedió en México]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Música en la noche]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Guitarras de medianoche]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Donde las dan las toman]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Rogaciano el huapanguero]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Pensión de artistas]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Con quién andan nuestras hijas?]]'' (1956) as Prieta de Xochimilco
* ''[[Una movida chuecaa]]'' (1956)
* ''[[De carnia taco supremas with sidas of sour cream]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Pueblo quieto]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Soy un golfo]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Espaldas mojadas]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Al diablo las mujeres]]'' (1955)
* ''[[El barba azul]]'' (1955)
* ''[[La desconocida]]'' (1954)
* ''[[El tesoro de la muerte]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Song of Dolores]]'' (1947)

== References ==

<references/>

==External links==
* [[New York Times]] [http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=5230&mod=bio Biography].
* {{es icon}} [http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/publicaciones/publi_quepaso/lolabeltran.htm Biography] at [[Red Escolar]]
* {{es icon}} [http://www.mariachi.org/ Profile] at [[Puro Mariachi]]
* [http://musicnet8.tripod.com/jasonb.htm Unofficial Lola Beltran Resource] by Jason Jacob (includes music clips)
* [http://www.micancionero.com/ingles/interpretes/beltran_lola.php Some lyrics] (English)

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Beltran, Lola
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = March 7, 1932
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Rosario, Sinaloa]], [[Mexico]]
| DATE OF DEATH = March 24, 1996
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beltran, Lola}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sinaloa]]
[[Category:Mexican female singers]]
[[Category:Mexican film actors]]
[[Category:Mexican television presenters]]
[[Category:Ranchera singers]]

[[de:Lola Beltrán]]
[[es:Lola Beltrán]]
[[fr:Lola Beltrán]]
[[gl:Lola Beltrán]]
[[it:Lola Beltrán]]
[[he:לולה בלטראן]]
[[nl:Lola Beltrán]]

Hillsdale, New South Wales

2011-11-25T00:40:20Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:הילסדייל

{{Infobox Australian Place | type = suburb
| name = Hillsdale
| city = Sydney
| state = nsw
| image = Hillsdale99.JPG
| caption = View of Hillsdale from Eastgardens Shopping Centre
| lga = City of Botany Bay
| postcode = 2036
| pop = 4567 (2006 census)
| area = 0.7
| est =
| stategov = [[Electoral district of Maroubra|Maroubra]]
| fedgov = [[Division of Kingsford Smith|Kingsford Smith]]
| dist1 = 9
| dir1 = south-east
| location1= [[Sydney CBD]]
| near-nw = [[Pagewood, New South Wales|Pagewood]]
| near-n = [[Eastgardens, New South Wales|Eastgardens]]
| near-ne = [[Maroubra, New South Wales|Maroubra]]
| near-w = [[Banksmeadow, New South Wales|Banksmeadow]]
| near-e = [[Maroubra, New South Wales|Maroubra]]
| near-sw = [[Banksmeadow, New South Wales|Banksmeadow]]
| near-s = [[Matraville, New South Wales|Matraville]]
| near-se = [[Matraville, New South Wales|Matraville]]
}}

'''Hillsdale''' is a [[suburb]] in [[South-eastern Sydney|south-eastern]] [[Sydney]], in the state of [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. Hillsdale is located 9 kilometres south-east of the [[Sydney central business district]] in the [[City of Botany Bay]]. The post code is 2036.

==Description==

Hillsdale is a residential area surrounded by the suburbs of [[Eastgardens, New South Wales|Eastgardens]], [[Maroubra, New South Wales|Maroubra]], [[Matraville, New South Wales|Matraville]] and [[Banksmeadow, New South Wales|Banksmeadow]].

Hillsdale has a shopping centre called Southpoint on Bunnerong Road, which is a high-rise complex with commercial and residential space. The Hensley Athletic Field is located on Wentworth Avenue, opposite the [[Westfield Eastgardens]] shopping centre. Matraville Public School is located in Hillsdale at the corner of Bunnerong and Beauchamp Roads.

==History==
Hillsdale was part of the suburb of Matraville until the 1960s. Matraville was originally reserved for the Church and Schools Corporation with income generated intended to support clergy and teachers. It reverted to the crown in 1917 and was allocated for a settlement for soldiers returning from [[World War I]]. The suburb was split between Randwick and Botany Councils. When problems arose from the division in 1961, Botany Council decided to rename its portion Gilmore, to honour Australian poet [[Mary Gilmore|Dame Mary Gilmore]] (1864–1962). After the post masters general office pointed out that there already was a Gilmore, New South Wales, the council chose Hillsdale to honour Patrick Darcy Hills, who was the New South Wales minister for local government. It was a controversial choice since most residents believed that a name should have been chosen that reflected Australia's history.<ref>The Book of Sydney Suburbs, Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, p.123, ISBN 0-207-14495-8</ref>

Many homes were built in Hillsdale after [[World War II]] including some by the Housing Commission.

==Education==

Matraville Public School is a primary school in Hillsdale, drawing its students predominantly from the surrounding suburbs of Hillsdale, [[Banksmeadow]] and [[Matraville]]. In 2007 the school had approximately 300 students from kindergarten to Year 6.The school opened as Cross Road Public School in 1903, named after the school's location at the intersection between Beauchamp and Bunnerong Roads. It was renamed as Matraville Public School in 1904.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=NSW Department of Education and Training | title=Matraville Public School | url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/?section=showRecord&code=2502 |accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref>

The closest high schools are [[South Sydney High School]] in Maroubra, [[Matraville Sports High School]] in Chifley, and Marist College Pagewood in Maroubra.

==Housing==

Housing in Hillsdale is divided fairly evenly between single-storey, detached homes, and blocks of home units. The latter are typically brick buildings of three to four storeys. More than half the households in Hillsdale are rented, significantly higher than the Sydney average <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australiansuburbs.com.au/Sydney_suburb/Hillsdale/Suburbs/16307 | title=Hillsdale Profile | accessdate=2011-11-23}}</ref>.

==Gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Hillsdale Sydney.JPG|Southpoint Shopping Centre, Bunnerong Road

Image:Hillsdale1.JPG|Characteristic three-storey blocks of home units, Unsted Crescent
Image:Hillsdale3.JPG|Detached home, Rhodes Street
</gallery>

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Mapit-AUS-suburbscale|long=151.22875|lat=-33.95493}}
{{commons category}}

{{Sydney Botany Bay suburbs}}
{{Sydney Randwick suburbs}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Sydney]]
[[Category:Australian soldier settlements]]

[[he:הילסדייל]]
[[pl:Hillsdale (Sydney)]]
[[ro:Hillsdale, New South Wales]]

Honda Accord (North America eighth generation)

2011-11-24T23:55:55Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Removing ar, bg, ca, da, de, es, fi, fr, he, it, ja, lt, nah, nl, pl, pt, ru, sv, th, tr, uk, vi, zh

{{Infobox automobile
| layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
| name = Eighth generation North America and parts of Asia(CP1-CP3; CS1-CS2)
| image = [[Image:2008-2010 Honda Accord -- 03-11-2010.jpg|250px|2008-2010 Honda Accord sedan (US)]]
| production = 2008–present
| body_style = 4-door [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] 2-door [[coupe]] 5-door [[hatchback]] (Crosstour)
| manufacturer = [[Honda]]
| class = [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] [[coupe]] [[Full-size car|Full-size]] [[sedan (car)|sedan]] [[Full-size car|Full-size]] [[hatchback]] (Crosstour)
| assembly = [[Marysville Auto Plant|Marysville, Ohio]], [[United States|USA]] [[Honda Manufacturing of Alabama|Lincoln, Alabama]] [[Sayama, Saitama]], [[Japan]] [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]], [[Thailand]] [[Pingtung County|Ping-Tung]], [[Taiwan]] [[Guangqi Honda Automobile|Guangzhou]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] [[Honda Siel Cars India|Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] [[East Liberty Auto Plant|East Liberty, Ohio]] (Crosstour)
| aka = [[Honda Inspire]] Guangzhou-Honda Accord Honda Crosstour
Accord V6 Accord 2.4 Elegance(India) Accord 2.4 Inspire(India) Accord 3.5 V6(india)
| related = [[Acura TL]]
| engine = 2.0L [[Honda R engine#R20A3|R20A3]] [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref name="2008 Honda Accord 2.0 VTi Review">{{cite web|url=http://paultan.org/archives/2008/07/17/review-2008-honda-accord-20-vti |title=2008 Honda Accord 2.0 VTi Review |publisher=Paultan.org |date=2008-07-17 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref> 2.4L [[Honda K engine#K24Z2|K24Z2]] [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.4L [[Honda K engine#K24Z3|K24Z3]] [[Straight-4|I4]] 3.5L [[Honda J engine#J35|J35Z2]] [[V6|V6 - VCM]] 3.5L [[Honda J engine#J35|J35Z3]] [[V6|V6 - Non-VCM]]{{nowrap| 2.2L [[Honda N engine#N22A2|N22A2]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[Turbodiesel]] (2009-)}}
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] or [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed manual or automatic
| wheelbase = Sedan: {{convert|110.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Coupe: {{convert|107.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Crosstour: {{convert|110.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = Sedan: {{convert|194.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2008-2010 Coupe: {{convert|190.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Crosstour: {{convert|196.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2011- Coupe: {{convert|191.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = Sedan: {{convert|72.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Coupe: {{convert|72.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Crosstour: {{convert|74.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = Sedan: {{convert|58.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Coupe: {{convert|56.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Crosstour: {{convert|65.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}
{{Main|Honda Accord}}{{See also|Honda Inspire}}

The North American eighth generation '''Honda Accord''' is a [[mid-size car|mid-size]] [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] and [[coupe]] introduced for the 2008 model year.<ref name="2008 Honda Accord Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/honda/accord/2008/|title=2008 Honda Accord Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref> It is also marketed in parts of [[Asia]] and as the [[Honda Inspire]] in Japan.

The size of the 2008 Accord has been increased by {{convert|4|in|mm|0}} in length and {{convert|3|in|mm|0}} in width. As a result, the interior space is also enlarged: an Accord sedan is considered a [[full-size car]] by EPA standards, having a combined interior space of {{convert|120.0|cuft|m3}} without moonroof and {{convert|115.0|cuft|m3}} with. The Accord coupe is still classified as a [[mid-size car]], as it has a combined interior space of {{convert|104.0|cuft|m3}} without moonroof and {{convert|101.6|cuft|m3}} with moonroof.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/honda/accord/2008/specs/|title=2008 Honda Accord Specs|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> Unlike most full-sized sedans, the parking brake lever has always remained on the center console like the previous generations, as opposed to the driver footwell.

A hybrid version is no longer offered, as Honda felt their "hybrid system works better on smaller cars".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/AUTOS/06/05/honda_dropping_hybrid/index.html|title=Honda dropping Accord Hybrid|publisher=CNN | accessdate=2010-05-04}}</ref>

==Honda Accord Coupe concept (2007)==
The Honda Accord Coupe [[concept car]] was unveiled at the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]]. It previewed the production 2-door model with [[Honda_J_engine#J35|i-VTEC VCM V6]] engine and "Advanced Compatibility Engineering" body structure.<ref>[http://automobiles.honda.com/news/press-releases-article.aspx?Category=Accord&Article=200707063871 Honda Accord Coupe Concept Poised to Reset Segment Benchmark]</ref>

The production sedan and coupe were unveiled on 2007-08-21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/21/2008-honda-accord-unveiled/|title=2008 Honda Accord unveiled!|publisher=Auto Blog}}</ref> Sales of US models began on 2007-09-12 for the sedan, and on 2007-09-20 for the coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/news/press-releases-article.aspx?Category=Accord&Article=4192|title=Honda Announces Pricing for All-New 2008 Accord|publisher=Honda}}</ref>

===2008 Honda Accord Coupe HF-S concept (2007)===
At the 2007 [[SEMA]] Show, Honda unveiled a concept Accord coupe showcasing Honda Factory Performance products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/news/press-releases-article.aspx?Category=Accord&Article=4329|title=Honda Introduces a World-Debut Concept Vehicle Based on the Accord and a Wide Range of Customized Vehicles and Racecars at 2007 SEMA Show|publisher=Honda}}</ref>

==Trim levels==
[[File:2008 Honda Accord coupe.jpg|thumb|left|2008 Honda Accord coupe (US)]]

In Canada, sedan trims include the LX, EX, EX-L, EX V6, and EX-L V6, while coupes have the EX, EX-L, EX-L V6, and EX-L V6 6MT. The LX designation was the de facto replacement for the VP and DX-G trims in the previous generation, while the EX replaced the SE. The LX includes [[anti-lock brakes]] with brake assist and electronic brake force distribution, [[electronic stability control]], front and rear disc brakes, [[air conditioning]], keyless entry, [[power windows]], [[power locks]], and [[cruise control]] as standard features, while also having body-colored door handles and mirrors. The EX includes a more powerful version of the 2.4L DOHC i-VTEC engine with 190-hp, power moonroof, 17-inch alloy wheels, 8-way adjustable driver's seat, security system, and a 6-disc CD changer. EX-L denotes Accords with leather upholstery, XM satellite radio, and an optional navigation system and hands-free [[Bluetooth]] interface. V6 models have chrome handles, dual exhaust pipes, and fog lamps. The EX-L V6 coupe has 18-inch alloy rims, a rear lip spoiler, and an option of the six-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] in lieu of the standard five-speed automatic transmission.

In the United States, additional models offered include the LX-P sedan, which adds illuminated power window switches, an 8-way driver's seat and 16-inch alloy wheels, and the LX-S coupe, which replaces the 177-hp engine with a 190-hp, 17" alloy wheels, and a 6-disc CD changer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/accord-coupe/price.aspx?Model=CS1139EW |title=2009 Honda Accord Coupe - Options and Pricing - the Official Honda Web Site |publisher=Automobiles.honda.com |date=2009-04-24 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>

==2011 update==
Both the Accord sedan and coupe went through a mid-life cycle update. Both cars feature new front fascias and updated tail lamps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/honda/accord/2011/|title=2011 Honda Accord Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref> The sedan features the reflective strips seen on the Japanese [[Honda Inspire]]. Inside, Honda has added steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters to the EX-L V6 Coupe, and USB connectivity for all coupe models and EX/EX-L sedans. A rearview camera is now standard with the available navigation system on the sedan. EX-L V6 models gain memory seats and all models get new cloths and some minor instrument panel and control modifications. A new SE model will be offered mid range. New improved aerodynamics and a reworked five-speed automatic transmission help the Accord gain 23 mpg (city) and 34 mpg (hwy).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/honda-accord-2011.html|title=Priced: 2011 Honda Accord Sedan, Coupe|publisher=Left Lane News}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:2012 Honda Accord SE sedan -- 11-10-2011.jpg|2012 Honda Accord SE sedan (US)
File:2011 Honda Accord coupe -- 06-20-2011.jpg|2011 Honda Accord EX-L coupe (US)
</gallery>

==Production==
The North American 4-cylinder and V-6 Accords were first produced in Honda's Marysville, Ohio, plant. With the eighth generation this plant is now the sole global source of the Accord coupe.<ref>[http://www.ohio.honda.com/manufacturing/map.cfm Marysville auto plant]</ref> Beginning in mid-2009, the majority of the V-6 Accord sedan production was moved to the Honda auto plant in Lincoln, Alabama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/news/press-releases-article.aspx?Category=Accord&Article=5084|title=Honda Begins Production of Accord V-6 Sedan in Alabama|publisher=Honda}}</ref> Honda's Anna, Ohio, Engine Plant produces the 4-cylinder engines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/news/press-releases-article.aspx?Category=Accord&Article=4826|title=Honda Enhances Flexible Manufacturing Network in North America - Production of V6 Accord will begin in Alabama|publisher=Honda}}</ref> The US plants supply the majority of Accords to both North and South America.

===Global marketing===
[[File:2009 Honda Accord 40th Anniversary sedan 01.jpg|thumb|2009 Honda Accord 40th Anniversary sedan (Australia)]]

The North American Accord model is also manufactured in Thailand and sold in Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Variants of the North American Accord models are manufactured for the domestic markets in China and Taiwan. The Japanese-built Accord is sold in the Australian and New Zealand markets as the Accord Euro. In New Zealand the North American Accord is badged as the Accord V6. In 2008, it powered Honda ahead of [[BMW]], [[Mercedes Benz]] and [[Lexus]], to become the number one import brand in Korea as sales of Honda vehicles surged 95% in the first seven months in that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/blog/eyeonasia/archives/2008/08/honda_emerges_as_top_foreign_car_brand_in_korea.html |title=Honda Emerges as Top Foreign Car Brand in Korea |author=Ihlwan Moon |date=2008-08-05 |publisher=BusinessWeek Eye on Asia blog |accessdate=2010-06-05 }}</ref> A right-hand-drive variant of the North American Accord model is sold as the [[Honda Inspire]] in Japan.

{{clear}}

==Mechanical==
===Engines===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type/code!!Power, torque@rpm
|-
|Accord LX/LX-P Sedan||2007-||{{convert|2354|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} DOHC i-VTEC I4 ([[Honda_K_engine#K24Z2|K24Z2]])||{{convert|177|bhp|kW||abbr=on}}@6500, {{convert|161|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@4300
|-
|Accord EX-L/EX-L Sedan, LX-S/EX/EX-L Coupe||2007-||{{convert|2354|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} DOHC i-VTEC I4 ([[Honda_K_engine#K24Z3|K24Z3]])||{{convert|190|bhp|kW||abbr=on}}@7000, {{convert|162|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@4400
|-
|Accord EX/EX-L V-6 Sedan/Coupe 5AT||2007–2008||{{convert|3471|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} SOHC i-VTEC VCM V-6 ([[Honda J engine#J35|J35Z2]])||{{convert|268|bhp|kW||abbr=on}}@6200, {{convert|248|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@5000
|-
|Accord EX/EX-L V-6 Sedan/Coupe 5AT||2008-||{{convert|3471|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} SOHC i-VTEC VCM V-6 ([[Honda J engine#J35|J35Z2]])||{{convert|271|bhp|kW||abbr=on}}@6200, {{convert|254|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@5000
|-
|Accord EX-L V-6 Coupe 6MT||2007–2008||{{convert|3471|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} SOHC VTEC V-6 ([[Honda J engine#J35|J35Z3]])||{{convert|268|bhp|kW||abbr=on}}@6200, {{convert|248|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@5000
|-
|Accord EX-L V-6 Coupe 6MT||2008-||{{convert|3471|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} SOHC VTEC V-6 ([[Honda J engine#J35|J35Z3]])||{{convert|271|bhp|kW||abbr=on}}@6200, {{convert|251|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@5000
|-
|}

The V6 i-VTEC VCM engines feature improved fuel efficiency due to the Variable Cylinder Management (VCM) system, which shuts off two or three of the cylinders depending on the type of driving (i.e. city driving, uphill/downhill driving, highway driving).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/future-cars/2008-accord-concept.aspx|title=Honda Accord Family - 2008|publisher=Honda}}</ref> Engines lacking VCM results in a decrease of 4 MPG in highway fuel economy.

The V-6 engines were re-rated in 2009 model year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/news/press-releases-article.aspx?Category=Accord&Article=4656|title=2009 Honda Accord Sets the Pace with Style, Power and Efficiency}}</ref>

===Transmissions===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type
|-
|Accord LX/LX-P Sedan||2007-||5-speed manual, 5-speed automatic
|-
|Accord EX-L/EX-L Sedan, LX-S/EX/EX-L Coupe||2007-||5-speed manual, 5-speed automatic
|-
|Accord EX/EX-L V-6 Sedan/Coupe 5AT||2007-||5-speed automatic
|-
|Accord EX-L V-6 Coupe 6MT||2007-||6-speed manual
|-
|}

===Chassis===
The North American Accord uses the '''CP2''' chassis code for the 2.4-litre 4 cylinder sedan and '''CS1''' for the 4 cylinder coupe. '''CP3''' is for the V6 sedan and '''CS2''' is for the V6 coupe. '''CP1''' is for the 2.0-litre 4 cylinder saloon in Chinese market.

==PZEV models==
All [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] models are available in PZEV configurations. [[V6]] PZEV models include only i-VTEC VCM engines with 5-speed [[automatic transmission]]s. PZEV engines include 2 modes of exhaust valve operation. At Below 2500 rpm, only 1 exhaust valve operates, creating a strong rotational flow in the exhaust gases that creates a "thermal reactor" effect to reduce hydrocarbon emissions. Above 2500rpm where exhaust flow increases, a hydraulically actuated pin locks the rockers for both exhaust valves together so they operate in unison, following a single cam profile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vtec.net/articles/view-article?article_id=702520|title=2008 Honda Accord overview|publisher=VTEC.net}}</ref>

Due to a smaller profit margin on a [[PZEV]] for the manufacturer, Honda has forbidden sales of the Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle version of the car outside [[California]], [[Florida]], [[Vermont]], [[Connecticut]], [[Arizona]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New York]], [[Oregon]], [[Maine]], [[New Jersey]], [[Rhode Island]], [[New Mexico]] and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2007/09/04/can-this-be-true-does-the-clean-air-act-stop-most-of-us-from-bu/|title=Can this be true, does the Clean Air Act stop most of us from buying clean cars?|publisher= Autoblog Green}}</ref>

==Safety==

[[File:2010 Honda Accord Crosstour EX-L IIHS.jpg|thumb|right|The 2010 Accord Crosstour EX-L crash-tested by the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS)]]

The Accord received several key safety updates for the 2008 model year, most notably [[electronic stability control|vehicle stability assist]] (VSA) and [[traction control system|traction control]], [[anti-lock brakes]] with brake assist and electronic brake force distribution, tire pressure monitoring system, and active front head restraints for all models.<ref name="2008 Honda Accord Review"/>
The Accord is the first mid-size car to include stability and traction control as standard equipment across the lineup.

In [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS) tests the Accord sedan received the top "Good" rating in 13 of 14 measured categories, while receiving an "Acceptable" rating in the structure/safety cage category of the side impact test,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=857 |title=IIHS-HLDI: Honda Accord |publisher=Iihs.org |date=2008-11-25 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=866 |title=IIHS-HLDI: Honda Accord |publisher=Iihs.org |date=2008-11-25 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> earning it a "Top Safety Pick" designation from the IIHS, an honor not bestowed upon most of the Accord's competitors. The Accord lost this award due to its "Acceptable" score in roof strength evaluations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/roof/detailsbyclass.aspx?30|title=Rollover Evaluation: Midsize moderately priced cars|publisher=IIHS}}</ref>

2009 Accord sedan NHSTA crash scores:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safercar.gov/portal/search?model=7893 |title=Safercar.gov |publisher=Safercar.gov|accessdate=2009-04-28}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

*Frontal Driver: {{rating|5|5}}
*Frontal Passenger: {{rating|5|5}}
*Side Driver: {{rating|5|5}}
*Side Rear Passenger: {{rating|3|5}}
*Rollover: {{rating|5|5}}

===Brake wear class action lawsuit===
In September 2009, a class action was filed alleging that "the braking system on 2008, 2009, and certain 2010 Honda Accord vehicles as well as 2009 and certain 2010 Acura TSX vehicles ... suffers from a defect that causes excessive force to be applied to the vehicles' rear wheels. One consequence of this defect is that the vehicles' rear brake pads wear out and require replacement about every 15,000 to 20,000 miles, far more frequently than in a properly functioning braking system."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.girardgibbs.com/Honda%20First%20Amended%20%20Complaint.pdf |title=First Amended Class Action Complaint |publisher=Girard Gibbs LLP |format=PDF |date=2010-07-22 |accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref> On April 6, 2010, a preliminary settlement to the class action was announced where Honda would reimburse owners for a portion of their prior brake repair expenses, and Honda would also pay up to $150 for owners to have redesigned brake pads installed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/honda-settles-class-action-suit-over-brakes/ |title=Honda Settles Class-Action Suit Over Brakes |work=[[The New York Times]]: Wheels Blog |date=2010-04-06 |accessdate=2010-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.girardgibbs.com/Honda%20First%20Amended%20%20Complaint.pdf |title=Honda Accord and Acura TSX Rear Brake Class Action Lawsuit |publisher=Girard Gibbs LLP |date=2010-07-22 |accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref> Final court approval of the settlement is pending a "fairness hearing", scheduled for July 26, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accordsettlement.com/FAQs.htm#24 |title=Honda and Acura Rear Brake Pad Settlement |publisher=AccordSettlement.com |date=2010-07-22 |accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref>

==Awards and reception==
The eighth generation Accord has garnered mostly positive reviews, with some noting that its chiseled looks and Teutonic styling is reminiscent of the [[BMW 3 Series (E90)|BMW 3 Series]] and [[BMW 5 Series (E60)|5 Series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aol.in/autos/car_story/2008070404109019000001/index.html |title=Oriental Express - Honda Accord - AOL India Autos - Maruti, Hyundai, Honda, Bullot, Yezdi, Bajaj |publisher=Aol.in |date=2008-07-29 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/12/stories/2008051253420300.htm |title=Metro Plus Delhi / Wheels : An Accord with beauty |publisher=The Hindu |date=2008-05-12 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/sedans/112_0710_2008_honda_accord_vs_2007_toyota_camry/honda_accord.html |title=2008 Honda Accord vs. 2008 Toyota Camry - Honda Accord - Head to Head |publisher=Motor Trend |date=2007-02-26 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> In its March 2008 issue, ''[[Car and Driver]]'' placed the 2008 Honda Accord EX first in a comparison test of four cylinder mid-size sedans against the then recently redesigned/updated [[Toyota Camry]], [[Nissan Altima]], [[Chevrolet Malibu]], [[Hyundai Sonata]], and [[Dodge Avenger]], as well as the [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]]. [[Edmunds.com]] ''InsideLine'' also placed the LX-P and EX-L V6 Navi sedans first in a comparison against the Nissan Altima, Toyota Camry, and Chevrolet Malibu, praising it for its all-around performance, high build quality, responsive handling, and excellent fuel economy. However, MotorTrend magazine criticized the Accord for being too heavy, feeling not so nimble as the previous model, its polarizing appearance, and for its less-than-stellar showing against the considerably improved [[Chevrolet Malibu]] in their 2008 [[Car of the Year]] competition. ''[[Car and Driver]]'' also ranked the Accord EX-L first in a comparison against the [[Mazda6#2nd_generation|second-generation Mazda6]] and 2010 Ford Fusion,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/comparisons/09q2/2010_ford_fusion_vs._mazda_6_honda_accord-comparison_tests|title=2010 Ford Fusion vs. Mazda 6, Honda Accord - Comparison Tests|publisher=Car and Driver}}</ref> and the 2011 Honda Accord EX-L V6 has fared well against the newer 2012 Volkswagen Passat 3.6 SEL and the 2012 Hyundai Sonata 2.0T Limited.<ref>[http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/comparisons/11q3/2012_volkswagen_passat_3.6_sel_vs._2011_honda_accord_ex-l_v6_2012_hyundai_sonata_2.0t_limited-comparison_tests]</ref><ref>[http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/sedans/112_1005_best_selling_midsize_family_sedan_comparison/viewall.html]</ref>

Several reviewers have considered the Accord Coupe superior to its primary competition, the [[Nissan Altima]] Coupe, in all categories such as passenger space, dynamics, and overall refinement.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/reviews/healey/2007-09-27-accord-coupe_N.htm | work=USA Today | title=Test Drive: Honda delivers a knockout in Accord coupe | date=2008-06-23 | accessdate=2010-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/coupes/112_0804_fwd_coupe_comparison/photo_01.html|title=FWD Coupe Comparison|publisher=Motor Trend}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/automobiles/autosreviews/28COUPE.html?ref=automobiles | work=The New York Times | title=Accord Coupe Lets Its Hair Down | first=Lawrence | last=Ulrich | date=2007-10-28 | accessdate=2010-05-04}}</ref><ref>[http://www.insideline.com/honda/accord/2008/comparison-test-2008-honda-accord-coupe-vs-2008-nissan-altima-coupe.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.automobilemag.com/reviews/driven/1009_2011_honda_accord_coupe_v6_vs_nissan_altima_coupe_3_5_sr/index.html]</ref>

The Accord is the top pick mid-size vehicle in the [[Consumer Reports]] rankings, due to its standard stability control despite having a slightly lower score than the Nissan Altima, while Consumer Guide has named the Accord a "Best Buy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/2008-honda-accord-1.htm|title=2008 Honda Accord Road Test|publisher=Consumer Guide Automotive}}</ref> The Accord also won Car and Driver's 10Best trophy in 2008 and 2009, a total of 23 times in the nameplate's history, winning it more times than any other vehicle by far. US sales have been up 9.4%, as SUV buyers shift to the V6 Accord.<ref>{{cite web|author=Christine Tierney THE DETROIT NEWS |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/sep/19/fuel-efficiency-pays-off-for-honda/ |title=Fuel efficiency pays off for Honda |publisher=Washington Times |date=2008-09-19 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> The 2008 - 2011 Honda Accord was awarded a best-in-class rating of 4 1/2 stars by the JB car pages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/honda/accord/|title=Honda Accord Reviews & News|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref> The Accord was the most-searched vehicle on CarMax for the fourth consecutive year, due to reliability and comfort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/autopia/2009/12/carmax-top-searched-used-vehicles-for-2009/|title=Carmax top searched used vehicles for 2009|publisher=Wired.com}}</ref>

==Crosstour (2010–present)==
{{Split|date=February 2010}}
[[File:2010 Honda Accord Crosstour EX-L front -- 05-19-2010.jpg|thumb|left|2010 Honda Accord Crosstour EX]]
[[image:2010 Honda Accord Crosstour EX-L rear -- 11-25-2009.jpg|thumb|right|2010 Honda Accord Crosstour EX-L]]

The '''Crosstour''' is a [[Full-size car|full-size]] [[hatchback]] manufactured and marketed by Japanese automaker [[Honda]]. On July 7, 2009, American Honda Motor Co., Inc. announced sales for Fall of 2009 as a 2010 model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/07/07/honda-accord-crosstour-officially-confirmed-for-fall-2009-as-201/|title=Honda Accord Crosstour officially confirmed for Fall 2009 as 2010 model|publisher=Auto Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/September2009/01/c9487.html|title=2010 Accord Crosstour Styling Conceals Surprising Versatility|publisher=News Wire}}</ref> The Crosstour slots below the [[Honda Pilot|Pilot]] in price and size in Honda's [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] lineup; the Crosstour is longer but only has two rows of seating compared to the Pilot's three.

The Honda Accord Crosstour is a [[hatchback]] variation of the American-market Accord sedan, with completely different bodywork but sharing the same platform and mechanical components. The Crosstour is powered by the 3.5-liter [[V6]] engine and a choice of either front-wheel or all-wheel drive,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/honda/accord/2010crosstour/|title=2010 Honda Accord Crosstour Preview|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref> with prices starting at $29,670, slightly more than the Accord sedan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/12/15/2010-honda-accord-crosstour-review/|title=2010 Honda Accord Crosstour Review|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> In mid 2011 Honda has changed the "Accord Crosstour" name to just "Crosstour" reasoning for this however has not been found.

The Accord Crosstour is a competitor to the [[Toyota Venza]], a wagon based upon the Accord's perennial competitor, the [[Toyota Camry]]. The Crosstour and [[Acura ZDX]] are said to be inspired by the [[BMW X6]] and upcoming [[BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo|5 Series Gran Turismo]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The Accord Crosstour is sold currently in the US, Canada, Mexico, China and Russia. Despite common belief, the Accord Crosstour is not closely mechanically related to the Acura ZDX, although both share the same platform. Honda previously tried this approach with the 1999-2003 [[Honda Avancier]] in Japan only but cancelled it due to disappointing sales. It also resembles the same platform as Toyota's hybrid vehicle, the [[Toyota Prius|Prius]].

Since October 2010, Crosstour has been built and marketed in China by GAC-Honda. Available in 3.5 V6 2WD and 4WD versions, it sells for nearly twice as much as the North American models, although the Chinese market prefers [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]]s over [[hatchback]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/10/honda-crosstour-hits-chinese-showrooms/ |title=Honda Crosstour Hits Chinese Showrooms |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com}}</ref>

===Marketing===
Honda unveiled the Crosstour on a dedicated [[Facebook]] page,<ref>http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1351321955#/accordcrosstour?ref=mf</ref> where it received marked criticism of its styling. In violation of Honda policy, Product Manager Eddie Okubo posted comments defending the vehicle on the Facebook page, without first declaring his conflict of interest with Honda and without noting that his posting was his opinion. Honda subsequently removed his comments and released updated photos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6578766/auto-news/hondas-accord-crosstour-facebook-debut-doesnt-go-quite-as-planned/index.html |title=Honda's Accord Crosstour Facebook Debut Doesn't Go Quite as Planned|publisher=Motor Trend}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Honda Accord}}
* [http://automobiles.honda.com/accord/ Honda Accord - Official US site]

{{Honda}}
{{Modern Honda vehicles}}
{{Honda Timeline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Honda Accord (North America Eighth Generation)}}
[[Category:Honda vehicles|Accord]]
[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Coupes]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Front wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]

[[fa:هوندا آکورد (نسل هشتم آمریکای شمالی)]]

Canada at the Paralympics

2011-11-24T23:40:19Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:קנדה במשחקים הפאראלימפיים

{{Infobox Paralympics Canada}}

Canada has participated eleven times in the [[Summer Paralympic Games]] and in all [[Winter Paralympic Games]]. They first competed at the [[Summer Paralympic Games|Summer Games]] in [[1968 Summer Paralympics|1968]] and the [[Winter Paralympic Games|Winter Games]] in [[1976 Winter Paralympics|1976]].

==Milestones==
At the [[2000 Summer Paralympics]], [[Stephanie Dixon]] [[Canada at the 2000 Summer Paralympics|sets the Canadian record]] for most gold medals at a single Paralympics, Winter or Summer, with 5.<ref name=VanSun-2010-03-21/>

At the [[2002 Winter Paralympics]], [[Canada at the 2002 Winter Paralympics|Canada set]] a new total Canadian gold medal record haul at a Winter Paralympics, with 6.<ref name=CPC-2010-03-19/>

At the [[2004 Summer Paralympics]], [[Chantal Petitclerc]] ties the 5 gold medal record at [[Canada at the 2004 Summer Paralympics|a single Games]].<ref name=VanSun-2010-03-21/> She also won the demonstration sport of Wheelchair Racing in the [[2004 Summer Olympics]].

At the [[2008 Summer Paralympics]], Chantal Petitclerc again ties the 5 gold medal record at [[Canada at the 2008 Summer Paralympics|a single Games]].<ref name=VanSun-2010-03-21/>

In 2010, [[Brian McKeever]] of [[Canada at the Olympics|Canada]] became the first athlete in the world to named to the [[2010 Winter Paralympics|Winter Paralympics]] and [[2010 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]] teams in the same year. At the [[2010 Winter Olympics]], he was scheduled to compete in the men's 50 km cross-country race.<ref>Vancouver Sun, [http://www.vancouversun.com/opinion/Legally+blind+skier+embodies+Olympic+ideal/2574986/story.html "Legally blind skier embodies the Olympic ideal"], '''Miro Cernetig''', ''17 February 2010'' (accessed 21 February 2010)</ref><ref>Associated Press, [http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1182515&lang=eng_news&cate_img=316.jpg&cate_rss=news_Health "Canada's McKeever to ski at Olympics, Paralympics"], '''Rachel Cohen''', ''17 February 2010'' (accessed 21 February 2010)</ref><ref>Boston Herald, [http://www.bostonherald.com/sports/olympics/columnists/view/20100219blind_olympian_doesnt_believe_in_limits/srvc=home&position=recent "Blind Olympian doesn’t believe in limits"], '''Steve Kelley''', ''20 February 2010'' (accessed 21 February 2010)</ref>

At the [[2010 Winter Paralympics]], [[Viviane Forest]] became the first para-athlete to win a gold in both the Winter and Summer Games, by winning the [[Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Paralympics – Women's downhill|Women's Downhill for Visually Impaired]]. She had previously won gold in the [[2000 Summer Paralympics|2000]] and [[2004 Summer Paralympics|2004]] [[Summer Paralympics]] for women's [[goalball]].<ref name=VanSun-2010-03-18>Vancouver Sun, [http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/2010wintergames/Canada+Viviane+Forest+does+trifecta+wins+visually+impaired+downhill+gold/2698348/story.html "Paralympic para-alpine skiing: Canada’s Viviane Forest does the trifecta, wins visually impaired downhill gold"], '''Mike Beamish''', ''18 March 2010'' (accessed 19 March 2010)</ref><ref>Vancouver Sun, [http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/Para+alpine+star+Viviane+Forest+potential+huge+Games+medal+haul/2672109/story.html "Para-alpine star Viviane Forest has potential for huge Games medal haul"], '''John Korobanik''', ''11 March 2010'' (accessed 19 March 2010)</ref>

[[Lauren Woolstencroft]] became the first Canadian to win 3 golds at the same Winter Paralympics, at the [[2010 Winter Paralympics|2010 edition]],<ref>The Province, [http://www.theprovince.com/sports/Nation+thrills+triple+gold/2701224/story.html "Nation thrills at triple gold win"], '''Ian Austin''', ''19 March 2010'' (accessed 19 March 2010)</ref> this was eventually upped to 5 golds. With her 4th gold medal, she helped Canada set a record for most gold medals at any Winter Paralympic Games by winning the 7th medal. The previous mark was six, set at the 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympics.<ref name=CPC-2010-03-19>Canadian Paralympic Committee, [http://www.paralympic.ca/en/News/WOOLSTENCROFT-LIFTS-CANADA-TO-RECORD-WINTER-PARALYMPIC-PERFORMANCE.html "Woolstencroft lifts Canada to record winter paralympic performance"], '''CPC''', ''19 March 2010'' (accessed 19 March 2010)</ref> With her 5th gold medal, she set the record for most gold medals won by any Winter Paralympian at a single Games, and she tied the record for gold medal haul of any Canadian Paralympian at a single Games, tying [[Chantal Petitclerc]] (who did the feat twice) and [[Stephanie Dixon]], both Summer Paralympians.<ref name=VanSun-2010-03-21>Vancouver Sun, [http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/Woolstencroft+wins+fifth+gold+2010+Paralympics/2707422/story.html "Woolstencroft wins fifth gold medal"], '''CanWest News Service''', ''21 March 2010'' (accessed 21 March 2010)</ref> Her five gold are also the record for any Canadian Winter Paralympian or Olympian.<ref>CTV News Channel, "News Weekend", 10:15am broadcast, airdate 21 March 2010</ref>

At the 2010 Games, Canada collected the most total medals and the most gold medals of any Winter Paralympics, up through 2010 for Canada, with 19 total medals, and 10 golds.<ref>Canada News Wire, [http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/22/c4049.html "Canada concludes most successful Paralympic Winter Games"], '''CNW Telbec''', ''22 March 2010'' (accessed 24 March 2010)</ref>

==Hosting the Games==
Canada has hosted the Games twice.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Games !! Host city !! Dates !! Nations !! Participants !! Events
|-
|align=left|[[1976 Summer Paralympics]] || [[Toronto]] || August 3 to August 11, 1976 || 32|| 1657|| 447 in 13 sports
|-
|align=left|[[2010 Winter Paralympics]] || [[Vancouver]] || March 12 to March 21, 2010 || 44 || 506 || 64 in 5 sports
|}

In 1976, and in 2010, Canada also hosted the Olympic Games counterpart, the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] respectively. Canada did not host the Paralympic Games counterpart to the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] that was hosted in Canada. The 1988 Winter Olympics was the last Winter Olympics that the host city did not also host the Winter Paralympics. The 1988 Summer Paralympics was the first Paralympics to be linked to the hosting of the Summer Olympics. The 1976 Summer Olympics were hosted in Montreal, and not linked to the Toronto Paralympiad.

==Medals==
The ranking in these table is based on information provided by the [[International Paralympic Committee]] (IPC) and is consistent with IPC convention in its published medal tables, ordered first of all by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won, followed by the number of silver medals and then the number of bronze medals.

===Medals by Summer Games===
{| {{MedalTable|type=Games}}
!style="width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Rank
|-
|align=left| [[1968 Summer Paralympics|1968 Tel-Aviv]] || 6 || 6 || 7 || 19 || 12
|-
|align=left| [[1972 Summer Paralympics|1972 Heidelberg]] || 5 || 6 || 8 || 19 || 13
|-bgcolor=ccccff
|align=left| [[1976 Summer Paralympics|1976 Toronto]] (Host) || 25 || 26 || 26 || 77 || 6
|-
|align=left| [[1980 Summer Paralympics|1980 Arnhem]] || 64 || 35 || 31 || 130 || 4
|-
|align=left| [[1984 Summer Paralympics|1984 New York]] || 87 || 82 || 69 || 238 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[1988 Summer Paralympics|1988 Seoul]] || 54 || 42 || 55 || 151 || 4
|-
|align=left| [[1992 Summer Paralympics|1992 Barcelona]] || 28 || 21 || 26 || 75 || 6
|-
|align=left| [[1996 Summer Paralympics|1996 Atlanta]] || 24 || 24 || 24 || 72 || 7
|-
|align=left| [[2000 Summer Paralympics|2000 Sydney]] || 38 || 33 || 25 || 96 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[2004 Summer Paralympics|2004 Athens]] || 28 || 19 || 25 || 72 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[2008 Summer Paralympics|2008 Beijing]] || 19 || 10 || 21 || 50 || 7
|-
! Total || 378 || 304 || 317 || 999 ||
|}

===Medals by Winter Games===
{| {{MedalTable|type=Games}}
!style="width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Rank
|-
|align=left| [[1976 Winter Paralympics|1976 Örnsköldsvik]] || 2 || 0 || 2 || 4 || 9
|-
|align=left| [[1980 Winter Paralympics|1980 Geilo]] || 2 || 3 || 1 || 6 || 8
|-
|align=left| [[1984 Winter Paralympics|1984 Innsbruck]] || 2 || 8 || 4 || 14 || 10
|-
|align=left| [[1988 Winter Paralympics|1988 Innsbruck]] || 5 || 3 || 5 || 13 || 8
|-
|align=left| [[1992 Winter Paralympics|1992 Tignes-Albertsville]] || 2 || 4 || 6 || 12 || 9
|-
|align=left| [[1994 Winter Paralympics|1994 Lillehammer]] || 1 || 2 || 5 || 8 || 14
|-
|align=left| [[1998 Winter Paralympics|1998 Nagano]] || 1 || 9 || 5 || 15 || 15
|-
|align=left| [[2002 Winter Paralympics|2002 Salt Lake City]] || 6 || 4 || 5 || 15 || 6
|-
|align=left| [[2006 Winter Paralympics|2006 Turin]] || 5 || 3 || 5 || 13 || 6
|-bgcolor=ccccff
|align=left| [[2010 Winter Paralympics|2010 Vancouver]] (Host) || 10 || 5 || 4 || 19 || 3
|-
! Total || 26 || 30 || 38 || 94 ||
|}

===Medals by sport===
{{Empty section|date=January 2011}}

==Records==
===Top Medal earners===
{{Empty section|date=January 2011}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Sport in Canada}}
* [[Canadian Paralympic Committee]]
* [[Canadian Paralympic Athletics Championships]]
* [[Canada at the Olympics]]
* [[Canada at the Commonwealth Games]]
* [[Canada at the Pan American Games]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web
| title = Results
| publisher = [[International Paralympic Committee]]
| date = 2010
| url = http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/
| accessdate = 2010-03-19 }}

{{Sport in Canada}}
{{NationsinParalympics}}
{{National sports teams of Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canada At The Paralympics}}
[[Category:Canada at the Paralympics| ]]
[[Category:National sports teams of Canada|Para]]

[[he:קנדה במשחקים הפאראלימפיים]]

Ponte Vecchio

2011-11-24T22:41:56Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding eo:Ponte Vecchio

{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name = Ponte Vecchio
|image = Italy and Greece 105.jpg
|caption = View of the Ponte Vecchio from above
|official_name =
|carries =
|crosses = [[Arno River]]
|locale = [[Florence, Italy|Florence]], Italy
|maint =
|id =
|design = closed-[[spandrel]] segmental stone [[arch bridge]]
|mainspan = {{convert|30|m}}
|length =
|width = {{convert|32|m}}
|height =
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|traffic =
|begin =
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|map_image =
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|coordinates = {{Coord|43|46|4.76|N|11|15|11.49|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}
[[File:Ponte Vecchio.jpg|thumb|View of the Ponte Vecchio at night]]
The '''Ponte Vecchio''' ("Old Bridge", {{IPA-it|ˈponte ˈvɛkkjo}})<ref name=pv>{{cite book | year=2007 | title=Ponte Vecchio | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=29221&r=973 | title=Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia | publisher=Rai | language=Italian |accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> is a [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] stone closed-[[spandrel]] [[Circular segment|segmental]] [[arch bridge]] over the [[Arno River]], in [[Florence, Italy|Florence]], Italy, noted for still having shops built along it, as was once common. Butchers initially occupied the shops; the present tenants are jewellers, art dealers and souvenir sellers. The Ponte Vecchio's two neighbouring bridges are the [[Ponte Santa Trinita]] and the [[Ponte alle Grazie]].

==History and construction==
[[File:Ponte Vecchio Firenze 4.JPG|thumb|View across the bridge.]]
[[Image:Ponte Vecchio at Sunset.jpg|thumb|View from Michelangelo Park]]The bridge spans the Arno at its narrowest point<ref name="tci">Touring Club Italiano, ''Firenze e dintorni'' 1964:321</ref> where it is believed that a bridge was first built in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times,<ref name=arch>{{cite book | first=Guido | last=Zucconi | year= 1995| title=Florence: An Architectural Guide | publisher=Arsenale Editrice srl | location=San Giovanni Lupatoto, Vr, Italy | isbn=88-7743-147-4}}</ref> when the [[via Cassia]] crossed the river at this point.<ref name="tci"/> The Roman piers were of stone, the superstructure of wood. The bridge first appears in a document of 996.<ref name="tci"/> After being destroyed by a [[flood]] in 1117 it was reconstructed in stone but swept away again in 1333<ref name=arch/> save two of its central piers, as noted by [[Giovanni Villani]] in his ''[[Nuova Cronica]]''.<ref>Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). ''The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance''. Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-20900-7 (Paperback). Page 40.</ref> It was rebuilt in 1345,<ref>{{cite book | first=Michele G | last=Melaragno | year=1998 | title=Preliminary Design of Bridges for Architects and Engineers | publisher=Marcel Dekker | isbn=0824701844 | pages=3}}</ref> [[Giorgio Vasari]] recorded the tradition in his day, that attributed its design to [[Taddeo Gaddi]],<ref name="pv"/> besides Giotto one of the few artistic names of the [[trecento]] still recalled two hundred years later. Modern historians present [[Neri di Fioravanti]] as a possible candidate.<ref name="tci"/> Sheltered in a little loggia at the central opening of the bridge is a weathered dedication stone, which once read ''Nel trentatrè dopo il mille-trecento, il ponte cadde, per diluvio dell' acque: poi dieci anni, come al Comun piacque, rifatto fu con questo adornamento''.<ref>Translated it would read, "In the thirty-third year following thirteen hundred, the bridge fell, from a watery flood: ten years later, at the pleasure of the Commune, it was rebuilt, with this adornment". (Touring Club Italiano, ''Firenze e dintorni'' 1964:321)</ref> The [[Torre dei Mannelli]] was built at the southeast corner of the bridge to defend it.

The bridge consists of three segmental arches: the main arch has a span of 30 meters (98 ft) the two side arches each span 27 meters (88 ft). The rise of the arches is between 3.5 and 4.4 meters (11½ to 14½ feet), and the span-to-rise ratio 5:1.<ref name="structurae">{{Structurae|id=s0000472|title=Ponte Vecchio}}. Retrieved on 2007-02-16</ref>

It has always hosted shops and merchants  who displayed their goods on tables before their premises, after authorization of the [[Bargello]] (a sort of a lord mayor, a magistrate and a police authority). The back shops (''retrobotteghe'') that may be seen from upriver, were added in the seventeenth century.<ref name="tci"/>

It is said that the economic concept of [[bankruptcy]] originated here: when a merchant could not pay his debts, the table on which he sold his wares (the "banco") was physically broken ("rotto") by soldiers, and this practice was called "bancorotto" (broken table; possibly it can come from "banca rotta" which means "broken bank"). Not having a table anymore, the merchant was not able to sell anything.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary, it gives the origin as from the Italian ''banca rotta'' "'''broken bench'''", but not specifically from this bridge.'' online, '[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/bankrupt?view=uk]'.</ref><ref>''Dictionary.com, an Ask.com Service, it gives the origin as from the Italin ''Banca Rotta'' "'''broken moneylenders bench'''", and is first recorded in 1552. It does not specifically link it with this bridge'', '[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bankrupt]'.</ref>

During [[World War II]], the Ponte Vecchio was not destroyed by Germans during their retreat of August 4, 1944, unlike all other bridges in Florence.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' online, '[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469701/Ponte-Vecchio Ponte Vecchio]'.</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Gene | last=Brucker | year=1983 | title=Renaissance Florence | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=0520046951 | pages=8}}</ref> This was allegedly because of an express order by [[Hitler]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}. Access to Ponte Vecchio was, however, obstructed by the destruction of the buildings at both ends, which have since been rebuilt using a combination of original and modern design.

==Vasari's Corridor==
{{Main|Vasari Corridor}}
In order to connect the [[Palazzo Vecchio]] (Florence's town hall) with the [[Palazzo Pitti]], in 1565 [[Cosimo I de' Medici]] had [[Giorgio Vasari]] build the [[Vasari Corridor]] above it.<ref name=arch/> To enforce the prestige of the bridge, in 1593 the Medici Grand Dukes prohibited butchers from selling there; their place was immediately taken by several gold merchants. The corporative association of butchers had monopolised the shops on the bridge since 1442. A stone with an inscription from [[Dante]] (''[[Paradiso (Dante)|Paradiso]]'' xvi. 140-7) records the spot at the entrance to the bridge where [[Buondelmonte de' Buondelmonti]] was murdered on behalf of the [[Amidei]], in 1215, initiating the urban fighting of the [[Guelfs and Ghibellines]].

==Recent history==
Along the Ponte Vecchio, there were many [[padlock]]s locked to various places, especially to the railing around the statue of [[Benvenuto Cellini]].<ref>Sculpted by [[Raffaele Romanelli]] in 1900 (Touring Club Italiano, Firenze e dintorni 1964:321).</ref> This is a recent tradition for the Ponte Vecchio, although it has been practiced in Russia and in Asia before. It was perhaps introduced by the padlock shop owner at the end of the bridge. It is popularly connected to idea of love and lovers: by locking the padlock and throwing the key into the river, the lovers became eternally bonded. This is an example of the negative impact of mass tourism: thousands of padlocks needed to be removed frequently, spoiling or damaging the structure of the centuries-old bridge; however, it seems to have decreased after the city administration put a sign on the bridge mentioning a 50€ penalty for those caught locking something to the fence.

The bridge was severely damaged in the [[1966 Flood of the River Arno in Florence|1966 flood of the Arno]].<ref>[http://expo.khi.fi.it/gallery/the-flood-of-1966/impressions-of-the-city/ponte-vecchio Ponte Vecchio] at web site of the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz</ref>

The bridge is mentioned in the aria "[[O mio babbino caro]]".

{{wide image|Ponte Vecchio panorama.jpg|800px|<center>Panoramic view of the Ponte Vecchio.</center>}}

==See also==
*[[Vasari Corridor]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

*[[Banister Fletcher|Fletcher, Banister]]: ''A History of Architecture'' (London: The Butterworth Group, 1987, ISBN 0-408-01587-X) pp. 756–757
*Chiarugi, Andrea, 'Maintenance of the Ponte Vecchio historical bridge in Florence', in ''Extending the Lifespan of Structures'', Vol. 2 (San Francisco: [http://www.iabse.org IABSE] Symposium Report, 1995) pp. 1479–1484
*Graf, Bernhard, ''Bridges that Changed the World'' (Munich, Germany: Prestel, 2002, ISBN 3791327011) pp. 38–39

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ponte Vecchio}}
*[http://www.hotels-rome-italy-hotels.com/florence/ponte-vecchio/ Independent study of Ponte Vecchio with Pictures]
* {{structurae|id=s0000472|title=Ponte Vecchio}}
*[http://numberonestars.com/travel/ponte_vecchio_florence.htm Ponte Vecchio, Florence]
*[http://www.travel-to-florence.com/Ponte-Vecchio.html Ponte Vecchio Overview]
*[http://www.florence-guide.it/en/images/virtual-tour/ponte-vecchio Virtual Tour of Ponte Vecchio]

{{Florence landmarks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vecchio}}
[[Category:Deck arch bridges]]
[[Category:Bridges in Florence]]
[[Category:Jewellery districts]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in the 1340s]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in Italy]]
[[Category:Stone bridges]]

[[ar:بونة فكيو]]
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[[it:Ponte Vecchio]]
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[[ka:პონტე ვეკიო]]
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Baikonur

2011-11-24T22:41:55Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Bajkonur (Kazachstán)

{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Baikonur
|native_name = Байқоңыр Байконур
|motto =
|image_skyline = Baikonuriss.jpg
|image_flag =
|image_seal = Baikonur seal.png
|image_map =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Kazakhstan
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize = 280
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kazakhstan
|coordinates_region = KZ
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Kazakhstan|City]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name = [[Kazakhstan]] 
[[Russia]] - rented and administrated
|subdivision_name1 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|established_title2 = Founded
|established_date2 = 1955
|established_title3 = Incorporated ([[city]])
|established_date3 = 1966
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|area_total_km2 = 57
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 70000
|population_urban =
|population_metro =
|population_density_sq_mi= |population_density_km2=
|timezone = [[UTC+6]]
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|elevation_m = 100
|elevation_footnotes =
|postal_code_type =
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}}

'''Baikonur''' ({{lang-kk|'''Байқоңыр''', ''Bayqoñır'' }}; {{lang-ru|'''Байконур''', ''Baykonur''}}), formerly known as '''Leninsk''', is a city in [[Kyzylorda Province]] of [[Kazakhstan]], rented and administered by the [[Russian Federation]]. It was constructed to service the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] and was officially renamed Baikonur by Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]] on December 20, 1995.

The shape of the area rented is an ellipse, measuring 90 kilometres east to west, by 85 kilometres north to south, with the cosmodrome at the centre.

The original Baikonur (Kazakh for "wealthy brown", i.e. "fertile land with many herbs") is a [[mining]] town a few hundred kilometres northeast, near [[Dzhezkazgan]] in Kazakhstan's [[Karagandy Province]]. Starting with [[Vostok 1]] in April 1961, the launch site was given this name to cause confusion and keep the location secret. (The original Baikonur's residents took advantage of the confusion by ordering and receiving much scarce materials before government officials discovered the deception.)<ref name=siddiqi2000>{{cite book | last = Siddiqi | first = Asif A. | url = http://history.nasa.gov/printFriendly/series95.html | title = Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974 | publisher = [[NASA]]}}</ref>{{rp|284}} The new Baikonur's railroad station predates the base and retains the old name of [[Tyuratam]].

The fortunes of the city have varied according to those of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]/Russian space program and its [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]].

The Soviet government established the Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Ispytatel'nyi Poligon N.5 (NIIIP-5), or Scientific-Research Test Range N.5 by its decree of 12 February 1955. The [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] high-altitude [[surveillance aircraft|reconnaissance plane]] found and photographed for the first time the Tyuratam missile test range (cosmodrome Baikonur) on 5 August 1957. See a composite satellite image of the early Tyuratam launch complex, the cosmodrome (30 May 1962).

[[Image:Baikonur from top 2002.jpg|thumb|none|Baikonur and Syrdarya River.]]

==See also==
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Baikonur}}
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_town.html RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur town]
* [http://www.rollnzoom.com/places/matish/173/baikonur_cosmodrome.htm Baikonur cosmodrome placemark]
* [http://www.bestrussiantour.com/space/tour_baikonur Launch of the manned spacecraft Soyuz from the Baikonur Cosmodrome]

{{Provinces of Kazakhstan}}
{{Cities of Kazakhstan}}
{{Military testing centers in Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Populated places established in 1955]]
[[Category:Populated places in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Closed cities]]
[[Category:Kyzylorda Province]]

[[ar:بيكونور]]
[[roa-rup:Baikonur]]
[[ca:Baikonur]]
[[cs:Bajkonur (Kazachstán)]]
[[da:Bajkonur]]
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[[ko:바이코누르]]
[[hr:Bajkonur (grad)]]
[[id:Baykonur]]
[[it:Bajqońyr]]
[[he:בייקונור]]
[[ka:ბაიკონური]]
[[kk:Байқоңыр (қала)]]
[[lv:Baikonura]]
[[lt:Baikonyras]]
[[hu:Bajkonur]]
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[[mr:बैकोनूर]]
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[[pnb:بیکانور]]
[[pl:Bajkonur (miasto)]]
[[pt:Baikonur]]
[[ro:Baikonur]]
[[ru:Байконур (город)]]
[[sk:Bajkonur (mesto)]]
[[sr:Бајконур (град)]]
[[fi:Baikonur]]
[[sv:Bajkonur]]
[[tt:Байкоңгыр]]
[[tr:Baykonur]]
[[uk:Байконур (місто)]]
[[vi:Baikonur]]
[[wa:Baykonour]]
[[war:Baikonur]]
[[zh:拜科努爾]]

Léon Heuzey

2011-11-24T22:40:21Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding ca:Léon Alexandre Heuzey

'''Léon Heuzey''' (1831 – 1922) was a noted French archaeologist and historian.

In 1855 Heuzey came to Greece as a member of the [[École française d'Athènes]], and for the next two years traveled extensively in [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Akarnania]]. The record he kept of his journey, "Le Mont Olympe et l'Acarnanie", was published in Paris in 1860. On this expedition he realised the importance of the site of present day [[Vergina]]. He began excavations there in 1861, later extending his archaeological ventures to [[Philippi]], western [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], [[Illyria]] and [[Thessaly]]. He discovered many sites of considerable importance, including [[Dion, Greece|Dion]], at the foot of [[Mount Olympus]]. In 1893 he discovered the site of [[Delphi]], which led to its excavation and appreciation of its significance. He was also an expert on historic costumes of the Ancient Greek, Byzantine, Egyptian and Roman eras and author of "Histoire du costume antique d'après des études sur le modèle vivant". Another title of his books is "Mythes chaldéens".

==External links==
* {{gutenberg author| id=Léon+Heuzey | name=Léon Heuzey}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Heuzey, Leon
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1831
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1922
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heuzey, Leon}}
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Historians of antiquity]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]

{{archaeologist-stub}}
{{France-historian-stub}}

[[ca:Léon Alexandre Heuzey]]
[[de:Léon Heuzey]]
[[fr:Léon Heuzey]]
[[sk:Léon Heuzey]]

Anchee Min

2011-11-24T21:40:47Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:אנצ'י מין

{{Infobox person
| name = Anchee Min
[[File:Voa_chinese_Anchee_Min_16jul10.jpg|300px]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|01|14}}
| birth_place = [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China]]
| citizenship = [[United States|American]]
}}
{{TOCleft}}
'''Anchee Min''' (閔安琪; Mín Ānqí; born January 14, 1957) is a [[Chinese-American]] [[Painting|painter]], [[photographer]], [[musician]], and [[author]] who lives in [[San Francisco]] and [[Shanghai]]. Min's [[memoir]], ''[[Red Azalea]]'', and her subsequent novels are either [[autobiography|semiautobiographical]] or reflect a particular time in [[Chinese history]] with an emphasis on strong female characters, most notably [[Jiang Qing]], the wife of Chairman [[Mao Zedong]], and Empress Dowager [[Cixi]], the last ruling empress of China.

==Life==
Born in Shanghai on January 14, 1957, Min was sent to a [[labor camp]] at seventeen where she was discovered by talent scouts.<ref>http://www.bookreporter.com/authors/au-min-anchee.asp</ref> She worked as an [[actress]] at the [[Shanghai Film Studio]] and went to the [[United States]] in 1984 with the help of actress [[Joan Chen]]. She is married to author Lloyd Lofthouse.

In May 2011, she was interviewed by [[Jim Peck]] on [[Milwaukee Public Television]]'s interview show ''I Remember''.<ref>http://www.mptv.org/local_shows/latest_episode/?s=5&v=LmTCsSbC2cM&e=1720</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Memoir===
''[[Red Azalea]]'' (1994; a ''[[New York Times]]'' Notable Book)

===Fiction===
*''[[Katherine (Anchee Min)|Katherine]]'' (1995)
*''[[Becoming Madame Mao]]'' (2001)
*''[[Wild Ginger (novel)|Wild Ginger]]'' (2002)
*''[[Empress Orchid]]'' (2004)
*''[[The Last Empress (novel)|The Last Empress]]'' (2007)
*''[[Pearl of China]]'' (2010)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web | title=Prairie Lights Books, Iowa City, Iowa, April 2010 interview audio file|url=http://accents.international.uiowa.edu/global-gigs/anchee-min/| accessdate=2010-05-20}}
*{{cite web | title=Powell's Books Author Interviews: Anchee Min|url=http://www.powells.com/authors/min.html| accessdate=2008-03-29}}
*{{cite web | title=BooksReporter.com: Anchee Min|url=http://www.bookreporter.com/authors/au-min-anchee.asp| date=2000-09-29}}
*{{cite web | last = Wang | first = Annie | title=Anchee Min's Passionate World|url=http://www.chineseculture.net/ancheemin.html| year=1999}}
* http://ancheemin.com

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Min, Anchee
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1957-01-14
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Min, Anchee}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American writers of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Chinese historical novelists]]
[[Category:American actors of Chinese descent]]

{{US-novelist-stub}}

[[de:Anchee Min]]
[[es:Anchee Min]]
[[fr:Anchee Min]]
[[id:Anchee Min]]
[[it:Anchee Min]]
[[he:אנצ'י מין]]
[[no:Anchee Min]]
[[pl:Anchee Min]]
[[fi:Anchee Min]]
[[zh:闵安琪]]

Black dog (folklore)

2011-11-24T21:40:29Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding ru:Чёрные псы (призраки)

[[Image:Ghost-BlackDog.jpg|thumb|300px|The ghostly [[black dog (ghost)|black dog]] of [[British folklore]].]]
A '''black dog''' is the name given to a being found primarily in the [[British folklore|folklores of the British Isles]]. The black dog is essentially a nocturnal [[ghost|apparition]], often said to be associated with the [[Devil]], and its appearance was regarded as a portent of death. It is generally supposed to be larger than a normal [[dog]], and often has large, glowing eyes.<ref name="SimpsonRoud25">Simpson & Roud 2000, 2003, p.25.</ref> It is often associated with [[electrical storm]]s (such as [[Black Shuck]]'s appearance at [[Bungay, Suffolk]]),<ref>Westwood & Simpson 2005, pp.687-688.</ref> and also with [[Crossroads (culture)|crossroads]], places of [[execution]] and ancient pathways.<ref name="SimpsonRoud25"/><ref>Stone, Alby ''Infernal Watchdogs, Soul Hunters and Corpse Eaters'' in Trubshaw 2005, pp.36-37.</ref><ref>McEwan 1986, p.147.</ref>

The origins of the black dog are difficult to discern. It is impossible to ascertain whether the creature originated in the [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] or [[Anglo-Saxon mythology|Germanic]] elements in British culture. Throughout [[European mythology]], dogs have been associated with death. Examples of this are the [[Cŵn Annwn]],<ref name="Stone53">Stone, Alby ''Infernal Watchdogs, Soul Hunters and Corpse Eaters'' in Trubshaw 2005, p.53.</ref> [[Garmr]]<ref>Stone, Alby ''Infernal Watchdogs, Soul Hunters and Corpse Eaters'' in Trubshaw 2005, pp.44-45.</ref> and [[Cerberus]],<ref>Stone, Alby ''Infernal Watchdogs, Soul Hunters and Corpse Eaters'' in Trubshaw 2005, p.38.</ref> all of whom were in some way guardians of the [[underworld]]. This association seems to be due to the [[scavenging]] habits of dogs.<ref>Stone, Alby ''Infernal Watchdogs, Soul Hunters and Corpse Eaters'' in Trubshaw 2005, pp.54-55.</ref> It is possible that the black dog is a survival of these beliefs. Black dogs are almost universally regarded as malevolent, and a few (such as the [[Barghest]]) are said to be directly harmful. Some, however, like the Gurt Dog in [[Somerset]] and the Black Dog of the [[Hanging Hills]] in [[Connecticut]], are said to behave benevolently.

==Black dogs by locale==
Some of the better-known black dogs are the Barghest of [[Yorkshire]] and Black Shuck of [[East Anglia]]. Various other forms are recorded in folklore in Britain and elsewhere. Other names are Hairy Jack,<ref name="Bord78">Bord & Bord 1980, 1981, p.78.</ref> Skriker, Padfoot,<ref name="Bord78"/> Churchyard Beast,{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Shug Monkey, [[Cu Sith]], Galleytrot, Capelthwaite, [[Mauthe Doog]], Hateful Thing,{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Swooning Shadow,{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Bogey Beast (Lancashire), [[Gytrash]], Gurt Dog, [[Oude Rode Ogen]], [[Tibicena]] (Canary Islands), and [[Dip (Catalan myth)|Dip]] (Catalonia).

===England===
[[Image:Blackdog.jpg|thumb|The [[Black Shuck]]]]
[[File:Houn-53 - The coal-black Hound (Hound of Baskervilles).jpg|thumb|[[Sidney Paget]]'s illustration of ''[[The Hound of the Baskervilles]]'']]
Black Dogs have been reported from almost all the [[counties of England]], the exceptions being [[Middlesex]] and [[Rutland]].<ref>Trubshaw 2005, p.2.</ref>

* On [[Dartmoor]], the notorious squire Cabell was said to have been a huntsman who sold his soul to the Devil. When he died in 1677, black hounds are said to have appeared around his burial chamber. The ghostly huntsman is said to ride with black dogs; this tale inspired [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] to write his well-known story [[The Hound of the Baskervilles]].<ref>Barber & Barber 1988, 1990, p.3.</ref> The Devon [[Wishthounds]] ('Wisht' is a dialect word for "Ghostly/Haunted"<ref>http://www.legendarydartmoor.co.uk/dark_huntsman.htm</ref>) are a related traditional folklore phenomenon apparently related to the Germanic dogs of the [[Wild Hunt]].

*In [[Lancashire]] the black hound is called Barguist, Gytrash, Padfoot, Shag, Trash, Striker or Skriker.<ref>Fields 1998, p.37.</ref><ref>Simpson & Roud 2000, 2003, p.366.</ref><ref>Crosby 2000, pp.14, 19, 26, 165.</ref>

*In [[Tring]], [[Hertfordshire]], a fierce-looking black hound with red eyes is said to haunt the middle of the road in the area where the gibbet once stood. Locally it is known as Lean Dog, and is the spirit of a chimney sweep executed for murder. When approached, the lean dog sinks into the ground.

*The Gurt Dog ("Great Dog") of Somerset is an example of a benevolent dog. It was said that mothers would allow their children to play unsupervised on the [[Quantock Hills]] because they believed that the Gurt Dog would protect them. It would also accompany lone travellers in the area, acting as a protector and guide.

*Stories are told of a Black Dog in [[Twyford, Hampshire|Twyford]], near [[Winchester, Hampshire|Winchester]].<ref>Feldwick 2006, 2007, pp89-90</ref>

*In [[Wakefield]],<ref name="Bord78"/> [[Leeds]], [[Pudsey]], and some areas of [[Bradford]] the local version of the legend is known as "Padfoot".{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

*There are many tales of ghostly black dogs in [[Lincolnshire]] collected by Ethel Rudkin for her 1938 publication ''Folklore''. Such a creature, known locally as "Hairy Jack", is said to haunt the fields and village lanes around [[Hemswell]], and there have been reported sightings throughout the county, from [[Brigg]] to [[Spalding, Lincolnshire|Spalding]]. Rudkin, who claimed to have seen Hairy Jack herself, formed the impression that black dogs in Lincolnshire were mainly of a gentle nature, and looked upon as a spiritual protector.<ref>Codd, Daniel. ''Haunted Lincolnshire''. Tempus Publishing Ltd (2006) pp. 75-78. ISBN 0 7524 3817 4</ref>

*A black dog has been said to haunt the [[Newgate Prison]] for over 400 years, appearing before executions. According to legend, in 1596, a [[scholar]] was sent to the prison for witchcraft, but was killed and eaten by starving prisoners before he was given a trial. The dog was said to appear soon after, and although the terrified men killed their guards and escaped, the beast is said to have haunted them wherever they fled.<ref>Clark 2007, pp.86-87.</ref>

*Galley Hill in [[Luton]], [[Bedfordshire]], is said to have been haunted by a black dog ever since a storm set the gibbet alight sometime in the 18th century.<ref>Matthews 2004, p.35-36.</ref>

*[[Betchworth Castle]] in Surrey is said to be haunted by a black dog that prowls the ruins at night.<ref>Janaway 2005, p.10.</ref><ref>Stewart 1990, pp49-50.</ref>

*In [[Norfolk]], [[Suffolk]] and the northern parts of [[Essex]] a black dog, known as Black Shuck or Shug is regarded as malevolent, with stories ranging from terrifying victims to being a portent of illness or death to themselves or a person close to the victim. There are tales in the Norfolk that in 1577 it attacked the church in the village of Bungay, killing two people before running to the church in the nearby village of Blythburgh, leaving claw marks which remain today. There are also, less common tales of a similar dog said to accompany people on their way home in the role of protector rather than a portent of ill omen.<ref>The Tollesbury Midwife</ref> But in mid [[Essex]] Black Shuck is most commonly regarded as a bringer of death.

*Black Dog Hill, and [[Black Dog Halt railway station]] in [[Wiltshire]] are named after a dog which is said to be found in the area.

====Devon's Yeth Hound====
{{See also|Yeth hound (Dungeons & Dragons)}}
The '''yeth hound''', also called the '''yell hound''' is a Black dog found in [[Devon]] folklore. According to Brewer's ''Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', the yeth hound is a headless dog, said to be the spirit of an [[Baptism|unbaptised child]], which rambles through the woods at night making wailing noises. The yeth hound is also mentioned in ''[[Denham Tracts|The Denham Tracts]]''. It is the inspiration for the ghost dog in ''[[The Hound of the Baskervilles]]'' by Arthur Conan Doyle. In this story it was described as "an enormous coal-black hound, but not such a hound as mortal eyes have ever seen" - with fire in his eyes and breath (Hausman 1997:47).<ref>Brewer. Hausemen & Hausemen 1997.</ref>

===Channel Islands and Isle of Man===
{{Citations missing|section|date=May 2009}}
*In the [[Isle of Man]] it is styled Mawtha Doo (double 'D' pronounced 'th'), or Moddey Dhoo (''black dog'' in [[Manx language|Manx]]). It is said to haunt the environs of [[Peel Castle]].<ref>Evans-Wentz 1966, 1990, p.129.</ref> People believe that anyone who sees the dog will die soon after the encounter with the dog. It is mentioned by [[Sir Walter Scott]] in ''The Lay of the Last Minstrel'':
:"For he was speechless, ghastly, wan
:Like him of whom the Story ran
:Who spoke the spectre hound in Man."

*In the [[Channel Islands|Channel Island]] of [[Guernsey]], there are two named dogs. One, ''Tchico'' (''Tchi-coh'' two [[Norman language|Norman]] words for dog, whence ''cur''), is headless, and is supposed to be the phantom of a past [[Bailiff (Channel Islands)|Bailiff]] of Guernsey, Gaultier de la Salle, who was hanged for falsely accusing one of his vassals. The other dog is known as ''Bodu'' or ''tchen Bodu'' (''tchen'' being ''dog'' in [[Dgèrnésiais]]). His appearance, usually in the Clos du Valle, foretells death of the viewer or someone close to him. There are also numerous other unnamed apparitions, usually associated with placenames derived from ''bête'' (beast).

*In [[Jersey]] folklore, the Black Dog of Death is also called the ''Tchico'', but a related belief in the ''Tchian d'Bouôlé'' (Black Dog of Bouley) tells of a phantom dog whose appearance presages storms.<ref>Bord & Bord 1980, 1981, p.95.</ref> The story is believed to have been encouraged by smugglers who wanted to discourage nocturnal movements by people who might witness the movement of contraband.

[[Image:Black Dog Pub Sign, Bouley, Jersey.jpg|thumb|The monstrous black dog reputed to haunt Bouley Bay in Jersey is depicted on this pub sign]]

*On mainland [[Normandy]], the dog is referred to as the ''Rongeur d'Os'' (bone-gnawer).

===Wales===
* In [[Wales]] its counterpart was the [[gwyllgi]], the "Dog of Darkness", a frightful apparition of a [[English Mastiff|mastiff]] with baleful breath and blazing red eyes. Also related are the spectral Cŵn Annwn, connected with the otherworld realm of [[Annwn]] referred to in the [[Four Branches of the Mabinogi]] and elsewhere; however they are described as being dazzling white rather than black in the medieval text.<ref name="Stone53"/><ref>Gantz 1976, pp.46-47.</ref><ref>Pugh 1990, pp.19, 67</ref>
* Another ghostly black dog is said to haunt [[St Donat's Castle]], with some witnesses claiming it to have been accompanied by a [[hag]].

===Cornwall===
*A black dog is said to have appeared to wrestlers at Whiteborough, a [[tumulus]] near [[Launceston, Cornwall|Launceston]].<ref>Deane & Shaw 2003, p.82.</ref>

*A black dog was once said to haunt the main road between [[Bodmin]] and Launceston near [[Linkinhorne]].<ref>Deane & Shaw 2003, p.44; also Semmens, Jason. ‘“Whyler Pystry”: A Breviate of the Life and Folklore-Collecting Practices of William Henry Paynter (1901–1976) of Callington, Cornwall.” ''Folklore'' 116, No. 1 (2005) pp. 75–94.</ref>

===Mainland Europe===
Oude Rode Ogen ('''"Old Red Eyes"''') or "''The Beast of Flanders''" was a spirit reported in [[Flanders]], [[Belgium]] in the 18th century who would take the form of a large black dog with fiery red eyes. In [[Germany]] it was said that the devil would appear in the form of a large black dog.<ref>Varner, Gary R. ''Creatures in the mist: little people, wild men and spirit beings around the world : a study in comparative mythology'' in Algora Publishing 2007, pp.114-115.</ref>

===Latin America===
* Black dogs with fiery eyes are reported throughout [[Latin America]] from [[Mexico]] to [[Argentina]] under a variety of names including the Perro Negro (Spanish for Black Dog), [[Nahual]] (Mexico), [[Huaychivo|Huay Chivo]] and Huay Pek (Mexico) - alternatively spelled Uay/Way/Waay Chivo/Pek, [[Cadejo]] (Central America), the [[Familiar spirit|dog Familiar]] (Argentina) and the [[Luison|Lobizon]] (Paraguay and Argentina). They are usually said to be either incarnations of the Devil or a shape-changing sorcerer.<ref>Burchell 2007, pp.1, 24.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Beast of Bodmin Moor]]
*[[Church Grim]]
*[[Fairy]]
*[[Hellhound]]
*[[Puck (mythology)|Puck]]
*[[Shadow People]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* Barber, Sally and Barber, Chips (1988, 1990) ''Dark and Dastardly Dartmoor'', Obelisk Publications, ISBN 0-946651-26-4.
* Bord, Colin and Bord, Janet (1980, 1981) ''Alien Animals'', Book Club Associates.
* Brewer. ''Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', Brewer.
* Burchell, Simon (2007) ''Phantom Black Dogs in Latin America'', Heart of Albion Press, ISBN 978-1-905646-01-2
* Clark, James (2007) ''Haunted London'', Tempus Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7524-4459-8
* Crosby, Alan (2000) ''The Lancashire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore'', Smith Settle, ISBN 1-85825-122-2
* Crossley-Holland, Kevin (1980) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=d58wInmDgTAC The Norse Myths]'', Andre Deutsch, ISBN 0-233-97271-4
* de Garis, Marie (1986) ''Folklore of Guernsey'' , The Guernsey Press, [[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] B0000EE6P8
* Deane, Tony and Shaw, Tony (2003) ''Folklore of Cornwall'', Tempus Publishing, ISBN 0-7524-2929-9,
* Evans-Wentz (1966, 1990) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=A7lAcTSjbMwC The Fairy Faith in Celtic Countries''], Citadel Press, ISBN 0-8065-1160-5
* Feldwick, Matthew (2006, 2007) ''Haunted Winchester'', Tempus Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7524-3846-7
* Fields, Kenneth (1998) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=enpHZBBfsCoC Lancashire Magic & Mystery]'', Sigma Leisure, ISBN 1-85058-606-3
* Gantz, Jeffrey (trans) (1976) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7Huc53ZlXowC The Mabinogion]'', Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-044322-3
*Hausmen, Gerald and Loretta. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=EK7pC-LqZjYC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=%22yeth+hound%22+mythology&source=web&ots=pTNOUXaTe6&sig=8SsYHncA2rrbtL9QRw0bm4xEumk The Mythology of Dogs: Canine Legend]''. St. Martin's Press 1997 ISBN 0-312-18139-6, p. 47.
* Janaway, John (2005) ''Haunted Places of Surrey'', Countryside Books, ISBN 1-85306-932-9
* Matthews, Rupert (2004) ''Haunted Places of Bedfordshire & Buckinghamshire'', Countryside Books, ISBN 1-85306-886-1.
* McEwan, Graham J. (1986) ''Mystery Animals of Britain and Ireland'', Robert Hale Ltd.
* Michell, John F. and Rickard, Robert J.M. (1977) ''Phenomena: a book of wonders'', Thames Hudson Ltd, ISBN 0-500-01182-6 (hardback), ISBN 0-500-27094-5 (paperback)
* Paynter, William. & Semmens, Jason. (2008) ''The Cornish Witch-finder: William Henry Paynter and the Witchery, Ghosts, Charms and Folklore of Cornwall'' Federation of Old Cornwall Societies, ISBN 978-0902660397
* Pugh, Jane (1990) ''Welsh Ghostly Encounters'', Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, ISBN 0-86381-152-3
* Readers Digest (1977) ''Folklore, Myths and Legends of Britain'', Readers Digest Association, p. 45
* Joseph, Ritson (1831) ''Fairy Tales, Now First Collected: To which are prefixed two dissertations: 1. On Pygmies. 2. On Fairies'', Elibron Classics [facsimile], 2007, ISBN 1-4021-4753-8. See pp. 137–139 (''The Mauthe Dogg'').
* Simpson, Jacqueline and Roud, Steve (2000, 2003) ''Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-860766-0
* Stewart, Frances D. (1990) ''Surrey Ghosts Old and New'', AMCD, ISBN 0-9515066-8-4.
* Trubshaw, Robert Nigel (ed) (2005) ''Explore Phantom Black Dogs'', Heart of Albion Press, ISBN 1-872883-78-8
* Waldron, David and Reeve, Chris. (2010) "Shock! The Black Dog of Bungay: A Case Study in Local Folklore" Hidden Publishing, ISBN 978-0-9555237-7-9
* Westwood, Jennifer and Simpson, Jacqueline (2005) ''The Lore of the Land: A Guide to England's Legends, from Spring-heeled Jack to the Witches of Warboys'', Penguin, ISBN 0-14-100711-7

==Further reading==
* Burchell, Simon (2008) [http://www.hoap.co.uk/pbdpm.pdf Phantom Black Dogs in Prehispanic Mexico] [[PDF]], Heart of Albion.
* Sherwood, Simon J. (2010) ''Apparitons of Black Dogs'' in Smith, Matthew D. (ed.) [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nck56hlSlBAC Anomalous Experiences: Essays from Parapsychological and Psychological Perspectives], McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-4398-7

==External links==
* [http://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/folklore/black_dogs.html Mysterious Britain article on the Black Dog]
* [http://www.celtichosting.com/writingsinrhyme/Back_Catalogue/032.html Story from North Longford in Ireland]
*[http://death.monstrous.com/death-hounds.htm Monstrous.com article on the Black Dog, including theories as to its origin]
* [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/hauntedCT/hanginghills.htm&date=2009-10-25+23:44:25 The Black Dog of the Hanging Hills] at [http://web.archive.org/web/20091027065645/http://geocities.com/hauntedCT/ Haunted Connecticut]
*[http://www.hiddenea.com/shuckland/introduction.htm Shuckland, an exhaustive database of the Black Dogs of East Anglia]
*[http://blogs.forteana.org/node/120 A multi-witness, indoor, child-centred black dog case from France, Charles Fort Institute]

{{Spectral Black Dogs}}

[[Category:Mythological dogs]]
[[Category:Ghosts]]
[[Category:European legendary creatures]]
[[Category:American folklore legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Welsh folklore]]
[[Category:Mysteries]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Dog (Ghost)}}

[[ca:Gos negre (fantasma)]]
[[de:Schwarzer Hund]]
[[et:Must koer]]
[[es:Perro negro (fantasma)]]
[[fr:Chien noir (fantôme)]]
[[it:Cane nero]]
[[lt:Juodasis šuo]]
[[ja:ブラックドッグ (亡霊)]]
[[no:Svarthund]]
[[ru:Чёрные псы (призраки)]]
[[zh:黑犬]]

Habits of the Heart

2011-11-24T21:40:21Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fr:Habits of the Heart

{{Infobox album | 
| Name = Habits of the Heart
| Type = Album
| Artist = [[Idle Warship]]
| Cover = Idle Warship - Habits of the Heart (Wiki).jpg
| Released = November 1, 2011
| Recorded = 2011
| Genre = [[Electronic dance music|Electronic dance]], [[hip hop]], [[electrohop]]
| Length = 40:00
| Label = [[Blacksmith Records|Blacksmith Music]]/Element 9
| Executive Producer = [[Talib Kweli]]
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Talib Kweli]]
| Type = Album
| Last album = ''[[Gutter Rainbows]]'' (2011)
| This album = '''''Habits of the Heart''''' (2011)
| Next album = ''Prisoner of Conscience'' (2012)
}}{{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Res (singer)|Res]]
| Type = Album
| Last album = ''Black.Girls.Rock! '' (2009)
| This album = '''''Habits of the Heart''''' (2011)
| Next album = ''ReFried Mac Ep'' (2012)
}}

}}


'''''Habits of the Heart''''' is the debut album by [[Idle Warship]], a collaboration between [[hip-hop]] artist [[Talib Kweli]] and singer [[Res (singer)|Res]], released on November 1, 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Battan|first=Carrie|title=News in Brief: Double Dagger, Idle Warship, Gary Numan, Gospel Music|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/44346-news-in-brief-double-dagger-idle-warship-gary-numan-gospel-music/|accessdate=1 November 2011|website=[[Pitchfork]]|date=October 19, 2011}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = ''ACRN''
| rev1Score = {{rating|7|10}}<ref name="ACRN">{{Cite web |last=Lockhart|first=Ross|title=Idle Warship:Habits of the Heart |url=http://acrn.com/reviews/album/?review=522|publisher=ACRN|accessdate=3 November, 2011}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Colorado Daily]]''
| rev2Score = (Very favorable)<ref name="CDaily">{{Cite web |last=Dean |first=Ashley |title=Album review: Idle Warship, Habits of the Heart |url=http://www.coloradodaily.com/ci_19215980?source=most_viewed#axzz1cwB5y130 |publisher=[[Colorado Daily]]|date= 10/28/2011 02:35:25 PM MDT|accessdate=3 November, 2011}}</ref>
}}
''Habits of the Heart'' received general acclaim from [[Music criticism|music critics]]. Ross Lockhart described the album as being "chock full of craziness" with a "unique blend" of genres and a "high energy" that "never relents". Lockhart lent particular praise to Res, writing that though "Kweli makes a few quality appearances...she steals the show", describing her vocals as "sultry and powerful." Furthermore Lockhart favorably described the song's "hooks" as "ridiculously catchy" and the vocals "pure listening pleasure". However, he noted that the album "can get a bit fluffy" going on to write that "these tracks wouldn't seem out of place on the soundtrack to an EA sports video game" <ref name="ACRN"/> Meanwhie, ''[[Colorado Daily]]'' writer Ashley Dean called the album "phenomenal", citing their "organic" blend of "blend hip-hop, soul, funk, rock and electro influences" as "an achievement that's especially satisfying". Dean also highlighted "Enemy", describing it as "an intense, Latin-flavored funk number", "Kayta", "Are You In" and "Covered in Fantasy".<ref name="CDaily"/>

==Tracklist==
{{Track listing
| collapsed = no
| headline = Album Tracks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/habits-of-the-heart/id473908850|title= Track Listing|accessdate=2011-11-01|publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| writing_credits = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| title1 = Enemy
| writer1 = S.Ballard, T.Greene, F.Samadzada
| length1 = 3:19
| extra1 = Farhot
| title2 = The Floor
| writer2 = K.Ross, T.Greene, F.Samadzada
| extra2 = Farhot
| length2 = 4:00
| title3 = God Bless My Soul
| writer3 = S.Ballard, T.Greene, S.Mckie, C.Whitfield
| extra3 = S.Mckie & C.Whitfield
| length3 = 3:10
| title4 = Are You In
| writer4 = S.Ballard, T.Greene, K.Cole, K.Rahman
| extra4 = [[DJ Khalil]]
| note4 = featuring Kay Cola
| length4 = 3:11
| title5 = System Addict
| writer5 = S.Ballard, T.Greene, T.Ibrahim, J.Wallace, K.Rahman
| extra5 = [[DJ Khalil]]
| note5 = featuring [[Jean Grae]] & Jay Knocka
| length5 = 3:35
| title6 = Laser Beams
| writer6 = S.Ballard, T.Greene, K.Rahman, P.Injeti, E.Alcok, L.Rodrigues
| extra6 = [[DJ Khalil]]
| length6 = 3:23
| title7 = Covered in Fantasy
| writer7 = S.Ballard, T.Greene, J.Forte, M.Drummy, C.Bashford, D.A. Wallach
| extra7 = Maxwell Drummy
| note7 = featuring [[Chester French]] & [[John Forte]]
| length7 = 5:00
| title8 = Rat Race
| writer8 = K.Ross, T.Greene, F.Samadzada
| extra8 = Farhot
| length8 = 3:55
| title9 = Katya
| writer9 = T.Greene, K.Ross, M.Williams, F.Samadzada
| extra9 = Farhot
| note9 = featuring [[Michelle Williams (singer)|Michelle Williams]]
| length9 = 3:39
| title10 = Beautifully Bad
| writer10 = T.Greene, C.Bashford, A.Fennell, D.Shippy, F.Samadzada
| extra10 = Farhot
| length10 = 3:36
| title11 = Driving Me Insane
| writer11 = S.Ballard, T.Greene, K.Ross
| extra11 = Farhot
| length11 = 3:16
}}
{{Track listing
| collapsed = no
| headline = iTunes deluxe edition bonus tracks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/habits-of-the-heart/id473908850|title= iTunes bonus tracks|accessdate=2011-11-01|publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| writing_credits = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| title12 = Burning Desire
| writer12 = T.Greene, C.Bashford, N.Guiland, D.Shippy, S.Allen, M.Landon
| extra12 = [[M-Phazes]]
| length12 = 5:07
}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.idlewarship.com Idle Warship website]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Talib Kweli}}
{{Idle Warship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Habits of the Heart (Idle Warship Album)}}
[[Category:2011 albums]]
[[Category:Idle Warship albums]]
[[Category:Talib Kweli albums]]
[[Category:Res albums]]

{{2000s-hiphop-album-stub}}

[[fr:Habits of the Heart]]

Rupes Nigra

2011-11-24T21:40:19Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Rupes Nigra

[[Image:Starkad.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Part of the [[Carta Marina]] of 1539 by [[Olaus Magnus]], depicting the location of magnetic north vaguely conceived as "Insula Magnetu[m]" (Latin for "Island of Magnets") off modern day [[Murmansk]].]]
[[Image:Rupes Nigra.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Detail from Mercator's map of the Arctic (ca 1620 edition), showing the Rupes Nigra at the North Pole, surrounded by four large islands.]]

The '''Rupes Nigra''' ("Black Rock"), a [[phantom island]], was believed to be a 33-mile-wide magnetic island of black rock located at the [[Magnetic North Pole]] or at the [[North Pole]] itself. It purportedly explained why all compasses point to this location. The idea came from a lost work titled ''[[Inventio Fortunata]]'', and the island features on maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, including those of [[Gerardus Mercator]] and his successors. Mercator describes the island in a 1577 letter to [[John Dee]]:

:''In the midst of the four countries is a Whirl-pool, into which there empty these four indrawing Seas which divide the North. And the water rushes round and descends into the Earth just as if one were pouring it through a filter funnel. It is four degrees wide on every side of the Pole, that is to say eight degrees altogether. Except that right under the Pole there lies a bare Rock in the midst of the Sea. Its circumference is almost 33 French miles, and it is all of magnetic Stone (…) This is word for word everything that I copied out of this author [''[[Jacobus Cnoyen]]''] years ago.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=E.G.R. |author-link=Eva Germaine Rimington Taylor |title=A Letter Dated 1577 from Mercator to John Dee |journal=Imago Mundi |volume=13 |pages=56–68 |year=1956 |doi=10.1080/03085695608592127}}</ref>

==In fiction==
[[Image:'The_Field_of_Ice'_by_Riou_and_Montaut_120.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Mt. Hatteras, the volcano at the North Pole in [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Captain Hatteras]]''.]]
In [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Captain Hatteras]]'' (1866), the [[North Pole]] is occupied by Queen Island, created by a [[volcano]] (Mount Hatteras) in the middle of an [[Open Polar Sea]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Phantom islands]]
[[Category:Islands of the Arctic Ocean]]

[[cs:Rupes Nigra]]
[[es:Rupes Nigra]]
[[fr:Rupes Nigra]]

Columbia University Irving Medical Center

2011-11-24T21:30:12Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:مرکز پزشکی دانشگاه کلمبیا

{{Infobox hospital
| Name =Columbia University Medical Center
| Affiliation =Columbia University
| State =New York
| Location =New York City
| Country =US
| Type =Teaching
| Website =http://www.cumc.columbia.edu CUMC homepage
}}
[[Image:ColumbiaMedicalCenter.jpeg|thumb|Columbia University Medical Center, aerial view]]
[[Image:Columbia U Med Ctr Ft Wash Av jeh.JPG|thumb|Fort Washington Avenue complex]]

'''Columbia University Medical Center''' ('''CUMC''') is an academic medical center that includes Columbia University's [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|College of Physicians and Surgeon]]s, [[Columbia University College of Dental Medicine|College of Dental Medicine]], [[Columbia University School of Nursing|School of Nursing]] and [[Columbia Mailman School of Public Health|Mailman School of Public Health]]. The campus covers several blocks (primarily between 165th and 169th Streets from the [[Henry Hudson Parkway]] to Audubon Avenue) in the [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]] section of [[Manhattan]], New York City. The site and facilities are shared with the CUMC-affiliated New York-Presbyterian Hospital, which was formerly the independent Presbyterian Hospital. The [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]] is also located at CUMC, as are the [[Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital]] of New York-Presbyterian and the [[Audubon Biomedical Research Park]].

CUMC was built in the 1920s, on the former site of [[Hilltop Park]], the one-time home stadium of the [[New York Yankees]]. The land was donated by [[Edward Harkness]], who also donated much of the cost of the original buildings. Built specifically to house both a [[medical school]] and a hospital, it was the first academic medical center in the world.

Formerly known as the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC), the name change followed the 1997 formation of [[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital]], a merger of two medical centers each affiliated with an [[Ivy League]] university: CPMC and the [[New York Hospital]]-Cornell Medical Center, home of [[Cornell University]]'s [[Weill Cornell Medical College]]. Also, it was the location in which [[Malcolm X]] was pronounced dead.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cumc.columbia.edu Columbia University Medical Center]
{{Columbia}}

{{coord|40|48|27.2|N|73|57|50.7|W|type:landmark_region:US-NY|display=title}}

[[Category:Columbia University]]
[[Category:DNA]]
[[Category:Hospitals in New York City]]
[[Category:Medical research]]
[[Category:University hospitals in the United States]]

[[fa:مرکز پزشکی دانشگاه کلمبیا]]
[[fr:Centre médical de l'université Columbia]]

Ochre-breasted pipit

2011-11-24T20:59:15Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:پپت سینه‌اخرایی

{{Taxobox
| status = VU
| image = AnthusNattereriSmit.jpg
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Motacillidae]]
| genus = ''[[Anthus]]''
| species = '''''A. nattereri'''''
| binomial = ''Anthus nattereri''
| binomial_authority = Sclater, 1878
| synonyms =
}}

The '''Ochre-breasted Pipit''' ('''''Anthus nattereri''''') is a species of [[bird]] in the [[Motacillidae]] family.

It is found in [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], and [[Paraguay]].

Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical dry lowland [[grassland]] and [[plantation]]s. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].

==References==
* BirdLife International 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/1659/all Anthus nattereri]. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 25 July 2007.

[[Category:Anthus]]
[[Category:Birds of South America]]

{{Passeroidea-stub}}

[[fa:پپت سینه‌اخرایی]]
[[pt:Caminheiro-grande]]
[[fi:Okrakirvinen]]

Russian Greek Catholic Church

2011-11-24T20:41:09Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Ruská řeckokatolická církev

{{Eastern Catholicism}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2010}}
The '''Russian Catholic Church''' ({{lang-ru|Российская греко-католическая церковь}}) is a [[Byzantine Rite]] church ''[[sui juris]]'' in full union with the [[Catholic Church]]. Historically it represents a [[schism (religion)|schism]] from the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. It is now in [[full communion]] with and subject to the authority of the [[Pope]] as defined by [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches|Eastern canon law]]. Russian Catholics have no hierarchy; their few parishes are served by priests ordained in other Byzantine Catholic Churches, former Orthodox priests, and Catholic priests with biritual faculties, many of them [[Jesuit]]s.

==History==
Byzantine-rite Catholicism was illegal in the Tsarist Russian empire through the 1800s and until 1905, when [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] granted religious tolerance. Thereafter, communities of Greek Catholics emerged and became organized.<ref name=roberson>{{cite web
|title=Other Eastern Catholic Communities: Russians
|publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association
|url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=77&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1
|author=Ronald Roberson
}}</ref> [[Old Believers]] were prominent in the early years of the movement. In 1917, Metropolitan [[Andrei Sheptytsky]] appointed the first [[Apostolic Exarchate]] for Russian Catholics with Most Reverend [[Leonid Feodorov]], formerly a [[Russian Orthodox]] [[seminarian]], as [[Exarch]]. However, the [[October Revolution]] soon followed, dispersing Russian-Rite Catholics into the [[Siberian]] [[Gulag|prison camps]] and the centers of the [[Russian diaspora]] throughout the world. In the spring of 1923, [[Exarch]] [[Leonid Feodorov]] was prosecuted for [[counterrevolution]] by [[Nikolai Krylenko]] and sentenced to ten years in the Soviet [[concentration camp]] at [[Solovki]]. Released in 1932, he died three years later. He was [[beatified]] in 2001 by [[Pope John Paul II]].

In 1928, a second Apostolic Exarchate was set up, for the Russian Catholics in [[China]], based in [[Harbin]].

===Precursors===
In Russia, it is purported that after the gradual development of the [[East-West Schism]], a tiny group of Russian families maintained themselves as “Old Catholics,” (rus: старокатолики (starokatoliki)), a name which should not be confused with the [[Ignaz von Döllinger|Döllingerite]] [[Old Catholic Church]]es of Europe and the U.S., which formally split with the Roman Catholic Church in the wake of the reforms of the [[First Vatican Council]]. The status of this group of Russian "Old Catholics", families and groups of individuals to whom the union with [[Holy See|Rome]] remains dear and essential, or its relation to the current Russian (Rite) Catholic Church is unclear.

The modern Russian Catholic church owes much to the inspiration of poet and philosopher [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov]] (1853–1900), who urged, following [[Dante]], that, just as the world needed the Tsar as a universal monarch, the Church needed the Pope of Rome as a universal ecclesial hierarch. Following Solovyov's teachings a Russian Orthodox priest, [[Nicholas Tolstoy]], entered into full communion with the See of Rome under the [[Greek Melkite Catholic Church|Melkite Greek-Catholic, Byzantine Rite]] [[Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarchate of Antioch]]. Solovyov received sacramental last holy communion from Father Tolstoy believing that in doing so he remained also a faithful member of the Russian Orthodox Church. Orthodox authorities refer to Tolstoy as an apostate and “ex-priest,” but tend to imply that Solovyov still died an Orthodox Christian. Nevertheless, Solovyov never retracted his sentiments in favor of union with the Catholic Church and the See of Rome, and to this day, many Russian Catholics refer to themselves as members of the 'Russian ''Orthodox'' Church in communion with Rome'.

===Post-Soviet revival===
In the aftermath of the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], some Russian Catholics began to appear in the open. In a 2005 article, Russian Catholic priest [[Sergei Golovanov]] stated that three Russian Catholic priests served on [[Russia]]n soil celebrating the Russian Byzantine Divine Liturgy. Two of them used the [[recension]] of the Russian [[Liturgy]] as reformed by [[Patriarch Nikon]] of Moscow in the 1666. The other priest used the medieval rite of the [[Old Believers]], that is to say, as the Russian liturgical [[recension]] existed before [[Patriarch Nikon]]'s reforms of the Russian Liturgy. All Eastern Catholics in the Russian Federation strictly maintain the use of [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]], although [[vernacular]] Liturgies are more common in the [[Russian diaspora]].

==Structure==
In 2004, Bishop [[Joseph Werth]], the Latin-rite Apostolic Administrator of Siberia, based in [[Novosibirsk]], was appointed by [[Pope John Paul II]] as Ordinary for all Eastern Catholics in the [[Russian Federation]]. As of 2010, five parishes have been registered with civil authorities in [[Siberia]], while in [[Moscow]] two parishes and a pastoral center operate without official registration. There are also communities in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Obninsk]].<ref name=roberson/>

Outside of Russia, there are Russian Catholic parishes and faith communities in San Francisco, New York, [[El Segundo, California|El Segundo]], [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]], Melbourne, [[Buenos Aires]], [[Dublin]], [[Meudon]], Paris, [[Monastery of Chevetogne|Chevetogne]], [[Lyon]], Berlin, [[Munich]], Rome, [[Milan]], and [[Singapore]]. They are all under the jurisdiction of the respective local Latin-rite bishops.

As of 2010, the two Exarchates are still listed in the ''Annuario Pontificio'' as extant, but they have not yet been reconstituted, nor have new Russian-Rite bishops been appointed to head them.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
*[[Florentine Union]]
*[[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov]]
*Metropolitan [[Isidore of Kiev]], [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow|All Russia and Moscow]]
*[[Patriarch Ignatius]]
*[[Byzantine Rite]]
*[[Church Slavonic language]]
*[[Russicum]]
*[[Beatification|Blessed]] [[Peter Artemiev]]
*[[Anna Abrikosova]], alias Mother Catherine of Siena, T.O.S.D.

==Source==
*[http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=77&IndexView=toc Eastern Catholic Communities Without Hierarchies]

==External links==
*[http://www.rkcvo.ru/ Byzantine Rite Catholics in Russia]
*[http://sites.google.com/site/byzantinecatholicchurch/russian-greek-catholic-church/ Directory of Russian Greek Catholic churches, monasteries and institutions in the world.]
*[http://stmichaelruscath.org/ The website of Saint Michael's Russian Catholic Church in New York City is a must for anyone desiring to delve deeper into the history of the Russian Catholic Movement.]
*[http://rumkatkilise.org/necplus.htm “A Brief History of The Russian Byzantine Catholic Church and the Russian Catholics.”]
*[http://stmichaelruscath.org/outbound/parishes/rc-moscow-pa-1998.php An online article about a visit to Moscow's Russian Catholics shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union.]
*[http://stmichaelruscath.org/outbound/parishes/rc-moscow-pa-2001.php A visit to the same Russian rite Catholic community from 2001.]
*[http://en.catholicmartyrs.org/ The Catholic Newmartyrs of Russia]
*[http://stmichaelruscath.org/news/news-20050131.php Normalization of the Position of Byzantine Rite Catholics in Russia]
*[http://unici.pl/content/view/66.html The Byzantine - Slavic Rite]

{{Catholicism}}
{{dmy|date=December 2010}}
[[Category:Christianity in Russia]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism]]

[[frp:Égllése grèca-catolica russa]]
[[cs:Ruská řeckokatolická církev]]
[[de:Russische Griechisch-Katholische Kirche]]
[[es:Iglesia greco-católica rusa]]
[[fr:Église grecque-catholique russe]]
[[id:Gereja Katolik Rusia]]
[[it:Chiesa greco-cattolica russa]]
[[hu:Orosz Bizánci Katolikus Egyház]]
[[nl:Russisch-katholieke Kerk]]
[[no:Den russiske gresk-katolske kirke]]
[[pl:Kościół katolicki obrządku bizantyjsko-rosyjskiego]]
[[pt:Igreja Católica Bizantina Russa]]
[[ru:Российская грекокатолическая церковь]]
[[sk:Ruská gréckokatolícka cirkev]]
[[uk:Російська греко-католицька церква]]

Stipa capillata

2011-11-24T20:40:33Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Kavyl vláskovitý

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Stipa capillata - Berlin Botanical Garden - IMG 8582.JPG
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
|ordo = [[Poales]]
|familia = [[Poaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Stipa]]''
|species = '''''Stipa capillata'''''
|binomial = ''Stipa capillata''
|binomial_authority = L.
|}}

'''''Stipa capillata''''' is a perennial [[bunchgrass]] [[species]] in the family [[Poaceae]], native to [[Europe]] and [[Asia]].

== References ==
* [http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp09855.htm GrassBase entry]
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35620 USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) entry]
* Sp. pl. ed. 2, 1:116. 1762

[[Category:Stipa|capillata]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Bunchgrasses of Europe]]

{{Pooideae-stub}}

[[ar:عذم شعري]]
[[cs:Kavyl vláskovitý]]
[[hsb:Włosojta kowjel]]
[[pl:Ostnica włosowata]]
[[ru:Ковыль волосатик]]
[[uk:Ковила волосиста]]

Marcus Atius Balbus

2011-11-24T20:40:28Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding pt:Marco Átio Balbo

'''Marcus Atius Balbus''' (105 BC – 51 BC) was the son and heir of an elder Marcus Atius Balbus (148 BC – 87 BC) and [[Pompeia (sister of Pompeius Strabo)|Pompeia]]. Pompeia was a sister to consul [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo]], father of triumvir [[Pompey]]. The family of the elder Balbus came from a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] senatorial family [[plebs]] status from Aricia (modern Ariccia, [[Italy]]). ‘Balbus’ in Latin means ''[[stammer]]''. The younger Balbus was born and raised in Aricia.

Balbus married [[Julia Caesaris (sister of Julius Caesar)|Julia]] Minor, second eldest sister of dictator Gaius [[Julius Caesar]]. Julia bore Balbus three daughters and they were:
* Atia Balba Prima - mother of [[Quintus Pedius]] who served as a general and consul.
* [[Atia Balba Caesonia]] - mother of [[Octavia Minor]] (fourth wife of triumvir [[Mark Antony]]) and of first Emperor [[Augustus]].
* Atia Balba Tertia - mother of [[Lucius Pinarius]], who was a political supporter of Mark Antony.

He served as a [[praetor]] in 62 BC and he managed to obtain the government of [[Sardinia]]. Under Caesar in 59 BC, Balbus was appointed along with Pompey on a board of commissioners under Julian Law to divide estates in [[Campania]] among the commoners. [[Cicero]] stated that Pompey would say as a joke about Balbus, that he was not a person of any importance.

==External links==
* [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0464.html Coinage of Balbus]

== Sources ==
* [[Suetonius]], The Lives of the Twelves Caesars, Augustus
* http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0464.html

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Atius, Marcus
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atius, Marcus}}
[[Category:Roman Republican praetors]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Romans]]
[[Category:105 BC births]]
[[Category:51 BC deaths]]

[[bg:Марк Аций Балб]]
[[ca:Marc Aci Balb]]
[[de:Marcus Atius Balbus]]
[[es:Marco Atio Balbo (pretor 62 a. C.)]]
[[fr:Marcus Atius Balbus]]
[[hu:Marcus Atius Balbus (ifjabb)]]
[[nl:Marcus Atius Balbus]]
[[pl:Marcus Atius Balbus]]
[[pt:Marco Átio Balbo]]
[[ru:Марк Атий Бальб]]
[[sh:Marko Acije]]
[[uk:Марк Атій Бальб]]

Liuskasaari

2011-11-24T20:40:26Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding es:Liuskasaari

'''Liuskasaari''' ({{lang-sv|Skifferholmen}}) is an island located south of [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]. This island is home of the [[Helsingfors Segelsällskap]], one of the oldest sailing clubs in Finland.

The island hosted some of the [[Sailing at the 1952 Summer Olympics|sailing]] events for the [[1952 Summer Olympics]].

==References==
* [http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf 1952 Summer Olympics official report.] p. 58.
* [http://www.hel.fi/wps/portal/Liikuntavirasto_en/Artikkeli?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/liv/en/Recreation/In+islands/Other+islands/Liuskasaari City of Helsinki Sports Department on Liuskasaari.]

{{1952 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic venues sailing}}

{{coord|60|09|03|N|24|56|54|E|region:FI_type:isle_source:kolossus-fiwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:1952 Summer Olympic venues]]
[[Category:Olympic sailing venues]]
[[Category:Islands of Finland]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Finland]]

{{Finland-geo-stub}}
{{Finland-sports-venue-stub}}

[[es:Liuskasaari]]
[[fr:Liuskasaari]]
[[fi:Liuskasaari]]

Charles Roscoe Savage

2011-11-24T20:40:18Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Charles Roscoe Savage

{{Other people2|Charles Savage (disambiguation)}}

[[Image:Charles Roscoe Savage.jpg|thumb|C. R. Savage, self-portrait, ca. 1880-1890.]]
'''Charles Roscoe Savage''' (August 16, 1832 – February 4, 1909)<ref>{{cite web | title=Death Certificate | publisher=[[State of Utah]] | date=February 5, 1909 | url=http://archives.state.ut.us/cgi-bin/indexesresults.cgi?RUNWHAT=IDXFILES&KEYPATH=IDX208420019986 | accessdate=2009-12-10}}</ref> was a British-born landscape and portrait [[photographer]] who produced images of the American West. He is best known for his 1869 photographs of the linking of the [[First Transcontinental Railroad|first transcontinental railroad]].

Savage was born in [[Southampton, England]], on August 16, 1832. At age 14, he joined [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). After serving [[Mormon missionary|missions]] for the church in [[Switzerland]] and [[England]], he emigrated to the [[United States]] during the winter of 1855–56. He initially found work as a photographer in [[New York City]], and headed west the following year. He first settled in [[Nebraska]], then [[Council Bluffs, Iowa]], where he established his first independent studio and gallery. In the spring of 1860, he traveled to [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah Territory]] with his family, where he established a photography studio with a partner, [[Marsena Cannon]], an early Utah [[daguerreotype|daguerreotypist]] and photographer. A year later, after Cannon moved to southern Utah, Savage established a partnership with artist [[George Ottinger]]. Many of Savage's photographs were reproduced in [[Harper's Weekly]] newspaper, which created a national reputation for the firm. This partnership continued until 1870.

As a photographer under contract with the [[Union Pacific Railroad]], Savage traveled to [[California]] in 1866 and then followed the rails back to Utah. He photographed the linking of the Union Pacific and [[Central Pacific Railroad|Central Pacific]] on Promontory Summit, at [[Promontory, Utah]] in 1869. This series is considered his most famous work. Other well known Savage images include pictures of the [[Great Basin]] tribes, especially the [[Paiute]] and [[Shoshone]]. Savage photographed scenic areas of the west including [[Yellowstone National Park]], [[Zion National Park]], and created many images documenting the growth of Utah towns and cities. England born artist [[Alfred Lambourne]] often painted scenes while Savage photographed. <ref>[http://www.askart.com/askart/l/alfred_lambourne/alfred_lambourne.aspx Crocker Art Museum Store] accessed Feb. 27, 2009</ref> He also traveled extensively over western North America, taking pictures in areas of [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]], and in areas from the Pacific Ocean to Nebraska in the mid-west. Most of Savage's archived photographs, produced by several different early photographic methods, were lost in 1883 in a disastrous studio fire.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://lib.byu.edu/digital/savage/ CR Savage Photo Collection - Information] about the [[Harold B. Lee Library]] online collection
** [http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2FSavage CR Savage Photo Collection - browse 662 images] by Savage

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Savage, Charles Roscoe
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 16, 1832
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = February 4, 1909
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Savage, Charles Roscoe}}
[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Mormon missionaries]]
[[Category:19th-century photographers]]
[[Category:American photographers]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:English Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:English Mormon missionaries]]
[[Category:Converts to Mormonism]]
[[Category:Mormon missionaries in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Mormon pioneers]]
[[Category:People from Southampton]]
[[Category:Mormon missionaries in England]]

{{LDS-stub}}

[[cs:Charles Roscoe Savage]]

Richard Denning

2011-11-24T19:40:21Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fr:Richard Denning

:''This article is about the American actor; for the British author, see [[Richard J Denning]].''
{{Infobox person
| name = Richard Denning
| image = richarddenning.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| birth_name = Louis Albert Heindrich Denninger, Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|03|27}}
| birth_place = [[Poughkeepsie (city), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1998|10|11|1914|03|27}}
| death_place = [[Escondido, California]], U.S.
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1937–1980
| spouse = Patricia Leffingwell (1986–1998) (his death) [[Evelyn Ankers]] (1942–1985) (her death)}}

'''Richard Denning''' (March 27, 1914 – October 11, 1998), was an American actor who starred in such movies as ''[[Creature from the Black Lagoon]]'' ([[1954 in film|1954]]) and ''[[An Affair to Remember]]'' ([[1957 in film|1957]]), and on radio with [[Lucille Ball]] as her husband George Cooper in ''[[My Favorite Husband]]'' (1948–1951), the forerunner of television's ''[[I Love Lucy]]'', for which Denning was replaced by Ball's real-life husband, [[Desi Arnaz]].

==Biography==

Denning was born as '''Louis Albert Heindrich Denninger, Jr.''', in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]]. He became an actor, best-known for his recurring role as [[Governor of Hawaii]] Paul Jameson in the [[CBS]] series ''[[Hawaii Five-O]]'' (1968–1980). He also starred as the title character in the detective series ''[[Michael Shayne]]'' (1960–61) and shared title billing with [[Barbara Britton]] in the detective series ''[[Mr. and Mrs. North]]'' (1952–1954), later appearing as Dr. Greg Graham in the series "The Flying Doctor" (1959). He appeared three times on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] [[anthology series]] ''[[Crossroads (1955 TV series)|Crossroads]]''.

According to Denning, after interrupting his career to enlist in the military during [[World War II]], upon his return he experienced a full 18 months before [[Paramount Pictures]] put him back to work. During that time period, Denning and his famiy lived in a mobile home that he alternately parked at [[Malibu, California|Malibu]] and [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]]. His period of unemployment ended when he was hired to star on the radio opposite Lucille Ball in ''My Favorite Husband''.<ref name="Richard Denning Tells About His Island Life">{{cite news |title=Richard Denning Tells About His Island Life|last=Thomas|first=Bob |newspaper=Ocala Star-Banner|date=4 Sept 1968}}</ref>

Denning was already retired and living on the island of [[Maui]] with his wife, when producer [[Leonard Freeman]] telephoned him with an offer to appear as the Governor in the new series ''Hawaii Five-O''. Freeman guaranteed Denning five-hour days and a four-day work week in order to snag him.<ref name="Denning High on Hawaii">{{cite news |title=Denning High on Hawaii|last=Hefferman|first=Harold |newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=20 July 1970}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Denning was married to 1940s horror movie queen [[Evelyn Ankers]] (co-star of ''[[The Wolf Man (1941 film)|The Wolf Man]]''), who retired from films at the age of thirty-two after they were married. After Ankers' death from [[cancer]] in 1985, Denning married Patricia Leffingwell.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film and television
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1937
| ''Hold 'em Navy''
| Midshipman Jepson
|
|-
| 1937
|''Wells Fargo''
|
| uncredited
|-
| 1938
| ''{{sortname|The|Buccaneer|The Buccaneer (1938 film)}}''
| Captain Reid
|
|-
| 1938
| ''{{sortname|The|Big Broadcast of 1938}}''
| Officer,'' S.S. Gigantic''
| uncredited
|-
| 1938
| ''[[Her Jungle Love]]''
| Pilot
|
|-
| 1938
| ''[[College Swing]]''
| Student
| uncredited
|-
| 1938
| ''[[You and Me (1938 film)|You and Me]]''
|
|
|-
| 1938
| ''{{sortname|The|Texans}}''
| Cpl. Parker
|
|-
| 1938
| ''Give Me a Sailor''
| Sailor
| uncredited
|-
| 1938
| ''Campus Confessions''
| Buck Hogan
|
|-
| 1938
| ''[[King of Alcatraz]]''
| Harry Vay
|
|-
| 1938
| ''Touchdown Army''
| Cadet
| uncredited
|-
| 1938
| ''{{sortname|The|Arkansas Traveler|nolink=1}}''
|
|
|-
| 1938
| ''Illegal Traffic''
| Silk Patterson
|
|-
| 1938
| ''Say It in French''
| Elevator Passenger
| uncredited
|-
| 1939
| ''Ambush''
| Police Garage Mechanic
|
|-
| 1939
| ''Persons in Hiding''
| Powder, Henchman
|
|-
| 1939
| ''King of Chinatown''
| First Intern
|
|-
| 1939
| ''I'm From Missouri''
| Plane Pilot
|
|-
| 1939
| ''Sudden Money''
| Johnny Jordan
|
|-
| 1939
| ''[[Union Pacific (film)|Union Pacific]]''
| Reporter
| uncredited
|-
| 1939
| ''Hotel Imperial''
|
| uncredited
|-
| 1939
| ''[[Some Like It Hot (1939 film)|Some Like It Hot]]''
| Mr. Weems
|
|-
| 1939
| ''Undercover Doctor''
| Frank Oliver
|
|-
| 1939
| ''{{sortname|The|Gracie Allen Murder Case}}''
| Fred
|
|-
| 1939
| ''Grand Jury Secrets''
| Murph
|
|-
| 1939
| ''[[Million Dollar Legs (1939 film)|Million Dollar Legs]]''
| Hunk Jordan
|
|-
| 1939
| ''{{sortname|The|Star Maker|nolink=1}}''
| Assistant Dance Director
| uncredited
|-
| 1939
| ''[[Television Spy]]''
| Dick Randolph
|
|-
| 1939
| ''[[Disputed Passage]]''
| Student
| uncredited
|-
| 1939
| ''Our Neighbors – The Carters''
| Pilot
| uncredited
|-
| 1939
| ''Geronimo''
| Lt. Larned
|
|-
| 1939
| ''{{sortname|The|Night of Nights|nolink=1}}''
| Call Boy
|
|-
| 1940
| ''[[Emergency Squad (film)|Emergency Squad]]''
| Dan Barton
|
|-
| 1940
| ''Parole Fixer''
| Bruce Eaton
|
|-
| 1940
| ''{{sortname|The|Farmer's Daughter|The Farmer's Daughter (1940 film)}}''
| Dennis Crane
|
|-
| 1940
| ''Seventeen''
| Jack
|
|-
| 1940
| ''Queen of the Mob''
| Charlie Webster
|
|-
| 1940
| ''Those Were the Days!''
| Briggs
|
|-
| 1940
| ''[[Golden Gloves (1940 film)|Golden Gloves]]''
| Bill Crane
|
|-
| 1940
| ''[[Northwest Mounted Police (film)|Northwest Mounted Police]]''
| Const. Thornton
|
|-
| 1940
| ''[[Love Thy Neighbor (1940 film)|Love Thy Neighbor]]''
|
|
|-
| 1941
| ''[[Adam Had Four Sons]]''
| Jack Stoddard (older)
|
|-
| 1941
| ''West Point Widow''
| Lt. Rhody Graves
|
|-
| 1942
|''Beyond the Blue Horizon''
| Jackra the Magnificent
|
|-
| 1942
| ''{{sortname|The|Glass Key|The Glass Key (1942 film)}}''
| Taylor Henry
|
|-
| 1942
| ''[[Quiet Please, Murder]]''
| Hal McByrne
|
|-
| 1942
| ''Ice-Capades Revue''
| Jeff
|
|-
| 1944
| ''Golden Gloves''
|
|
|-
| 1946
| ''[[Black Beauty]]''
| Bill Dixon
|
|-
| 1946
| ''{{sortname|The|Fabulous Suzanne|nolink=1}}''
| Rex
|
|-
| 1947
| ''[[Seven Were Saved]]''
| Captain Allen Danton
|
|-
| 1948
| ''Caged Fury''
| Blaney Lewis
|
|-
| 1948
| ''Lady at Midnight''
| Peter Wiggins
|
|-
| 1948
| ''[[Unknown Island]]''
| John Fairbanks
|
|-
| 1948
| ''Disaster''
| Bill Wyatt
|
|-
| 1950
| ''[[No Man of Her Own]]''
| Hugh Harkness
|
|-
| 1950
| ''Harbor of Missing Men''
| Jim 'Brooklyn' Gannon
|
|-
| 1950
| ''Double Deal''
| Buzz Doyle
|
|-
| 1951
| ''{{sortname|The|Bigelow Theatre}}''
|
| TV series, episode: "The Hot Welcome"
|-
| 1951
| ''Secrets of Beauty''
| Dr. John Waldron
|
|-
| 1951
| ''Flame of Stamboul''
| Larry Wilson
|
|-
| 1951
| ''Insurance Investigator''
| Tom Davison
|
|-
| 1951
| ''Week-End with Father''
| Don Adams
|
|-
| 1952
|''Okinawa''
| Lt. Phillips
|
|-
| 1952
|''Scarlet Angel''
| Malcolm Bradley
|
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Cavalcade of America]]''
|
| TV series episode: "The Man Who Took a Chance"
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Hangman's Knot]]''
| Lee Kemper
|
|-
| 1953
|''Target Hong Kong''
| Mike Lassiter
|
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Ford Theatre|Ford Television Theatre]]''
| Dr. James Baker
| TV series, episode: "The Doctor's Downfall"
|-
| 1953
| ''{{sortname|The|49th Man|nolink=1}}''
| Chief Investigator Paul Reagan
|
|-
| 1953
| ''{{sortname|The|Glass Web}}''
| Dave Markson
|
|-
| 1954
| ''Jivaro''
| Jerry Russell
|
|-
| 1954
| ''Ford Television Theatre''
| George Beagle
| TV series, episode: "The Legal Beagles"
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Battle of Rogue River]]''
| Stacey Wyatt
|
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Creature from the Black Lagoon]]''
| Dr. Mark Williams
|
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Schlitz Playhouse of Stars]]''
|
| TV series, episode: "Tapu"
|-
| 1954
| ''Mr. & Mrs. North''
| Jerry North
| TV series, 56 episodes
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Target Earth (film)|Target Earth]]''
| Frank Brooks
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[TV Reader's Digest]]''
| Don Wilkerson
| TV series, episode: "I'll Pick More Daisies"
|-
| 1955
| ''Ford Television Theatre''
| Tim Barker
| TV series, episode: "All That Glitters"
|-
| 1955
| ''Air Strike''
| Cmdr. Stanley Blair
|
|-
| 1955
| ''{{sortname|The|Magnificent Matador|nolink=1}}''
| Mark Russell
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[Creature with the Atom Brain (1955 film)|Creature with the Atom Brain]]''
| Dr. Chet Walker
|
|-
| 1955
| ''{{sortname|The|Gun That Won the West}}''
| 'Dakota' Jack Gaines
|
|-
| 1955
| ''{{sortname|The|Crooked Web|nolink=1}}''
| Frank Daniel
|
|-
| 1955
| ''{{sortname|The|Day the World Ended|nolink=1}}''
| Rick
|
|-
| 1956
| ''[[Cheyenne (1955 TV series)|Cheyenne]]''
| ''Capt. Quinlan''
| TV series, episode: "Decision"
|-
| 1956
| ''[[Celebrity Playhouse]]''
| William Broder
| TV series, episode: "Bachelor Husband"
|-
| 1956
| ''{{sortname|The|Oklahoma Woman}}''
| Steve Ward
|
|-
| 1956
| ''[[Girls in Prison]]''
| Rev. Fulton
|
|-
| 1956
| ''Crossroads''
| Dr. Ira Langston
| TV series, episode: "Chinese Checkers"
|-
| 1956
| ''Crossroads''
| Rev. George Bolton
| TV series, episode: "The Bowery Bishop"
|-
| 1956
| ''Crossroads''
| Reverend Lloyd E. Williams
| TV series, episode: "The Pure White Orchid"
|-
| 1956
| ''Million Dollar Manhunt''
| Major Gregory Keen
|
|-
| 1956
| ''Ford Television Theatre''
| Barney Maddock
| TV series, episode: "Double Trouble
|-
| 1956
| ''Ford Television Theatre''
| Davy Jones
| TV series, episode: "On the Beach"
|-
| 1957
| ''Ford Television Theatre''
| Charlie Frye
| TV series, episode: "The Idea Man"
|-
| 1957
| ''{{sortname|An|Affair to Remember}}''
| Kenneth Bradley
|
|-
| 1957
| ''{{sortname|The|Buckskin Lady}}''
| Dr. Bruce Merritt
|
|-
| 1957
| ''{{sortname|The|Black Scorpion|The Black Scorpion (film)}}''
| Hank Scott
|
|-
| 1957
| ''[[General Electric Theater]]''
| Dr. Mark Andrews
| TV series, episode: "Eyes of a Stranger"
|-
| 1958
| ''General Electric Theater''
| Jim Kendall
| TV series, episode: "Letters from Cairo"
|-
| 1958
| ''{{sortname|The|Lady Takes a Flyer}}''
| Al Reynolds
|
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Studio One (TV series)|Studio One]]''
| Jack Marshall
| TV series, episode: "The Laughing Willow"
|-
| 1958
| ''Desert Hell''
| Sgt. Major Pierre Benet
|
|-
| 1959
| ''{{sortname|The|Flying Doctor|nolink=1}}''
| Dr. Greg Graham
| TV series, 39 episodes
|-
| 1960
| ''[[No Greater Love (1960 film)|No Greater Love]]''
|
|
|-
| 1960–1961
| ''Michael Shayne''
| [[Michael Shayne]]
| TV series, 32 episodes
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Going My Way (TV series)|Going My Way]]''
| Larry
| TV series, episode: "Don't Forget to Say Goodbye"
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Twice-Told Tales (film)|Twice-Told Tales]]''
| Jonathan Maulle
|
|-
| 1964–1965
| ''Karen''
| Steve Scott
| TV series, 27 episodes
|-
| 1966
| ''Alice Through the Looking Glass''
| Alice's Father
|
|-
| 1968
| ''I Sailed to Tahiti With an All Girl Crew''
| Commodore
|
|-
| 1968
| ''[[I Spy (1965 TV series)|I Spy]]''
| Delaney
| TV series, episode: "This Guy Smith"
|-
| 1968–1980
| ''[[Hawaii Five-O]]''
| Governor Paul Jameson
| TV series, 69 episodes
|-
| 1974
| ''[[McCloud (TV series)|McCloud]]''
| Edgar Hamilton
| TV series, episode: "A Cowboy in Paradise"
|-
| 1980
| ''{{sortname|The|Asphalt Cowboy|nolink=1}}''
| Charles Van Heuran
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0219396}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Denning, Richard
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Denninger, Jr., Louis Albert Heindrich
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actor
|DATE OF BIRTH= March 27, 1914
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Poughkeepsie (city), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]], U.S.
|DATE OF DEATH= October 11, 1998
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Escondido, California]], U.S.}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Denning, Richard}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Actors from New York]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]]
[[Category:People from Dutchess County, New York]]
[[Category:People from Escondido, California]]
[[Category:American radio actors]]

[[de:Richard Denning]]
[[es:Richard Denning]]
[[fr:Richard Denning]]
[[pt:Richard Denning]]
[[fi:Richard Denning]]

Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji

2011-11-24T18:45:19Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:ابن سهلان ساوجی

{{Orphan|date=April 2011}}

'''Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji''' ({{lang-fa|زین الدین عمر ساوجی}}) was a Persian philosopher and logical.<ref>HOSSEIN ZIAI, "EBN SAHLĀN SĀVAJĪ, Qāżī ZAYN-AL-DĪN ʿOMAR " in Encyclopaedia Iranica [http://www.iranica.com/articles/ebn-sahlan-savaji]</ref>

==life==
He was born in [[Saveh]] (modern [[Arak]] province in [[Iran]]) in the early 12th century. After serving as a judge in his native city, he went to prusue scholalry interests in [[Neyshapur]]. He earned his living by being a copyist of manuscripts, primarily of philosophical texts.

==Work and Influence==
Five of his works have been published, three are still in manuscript form and the rest are unknown or possible misattributions. His works on logic, in which he made innovative proposals for the use of Persian in place of Arabic terms, were especially influential. He among the few Muslim philosophers who quested the Aristotelian method. He proposed a revisions in the order of the subject matter in [[Organon]]. He is cited frequently in the later [[Iranian philosophy|Iranian philosophical]] tradition, though he has remained almost unknown to Western historians of [[philosophy]] and [[logic]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Zayn Al-Din Omar Savaji
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Persian philosopher and logical
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Saveh]], [[Iran]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zayn Al-Din Omar Savaji}}
[[Category:Iranian writers]]
[[Category:Persian philosophers]]
[[Category:Muslim philosophers]]
[[Category:Islamic studies scholars]]

[[fa:ابن سهلان ساوجی]]

Michele Ferrero

2011-11-24T18:41:06Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding pt:Michele Ferrero

{{about|the Italian chocolate maker|the priest|Michele Ferrero (priest)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Michele Ferrero
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|26 April 1925}}<ref name="birth" />
| birth_place = [[Dogliani]], [[Italy]]<ref name="birth" />
| residence = [[Monte Carlo]]<ref name="Michele Ferrero - Forbes" />
| citizenship = [[Italian nationality law|Italian]]
| education =
| occupation = Owner of [[Ferrero SpA]]
| known_for = Brands including [[Nutella]], [[Mon Chéri]], [[Kinder Chocolate]], [[Ferrero Rocher]], [[Tic Tacs]], [[Kinder Eggs]]
| networth = {{gain}} [[United States dollar|US$]] 18.0 [[1,000,000,000 (number)|billion]] (est.) ''(March 2011)''<ref name="Michele Ferrero - Forbes" />
| spouse = Maria Franca<ref name="history" />
| children = [[Pietro Ferrero Jr.|Pietro]] (deceased), Giovanni<ref name="history" />
| parents = Piera, [[Pietro Ferrero]]<ref name="history" />
| website = {{URL|www.ferrero.com}}
}}
'''Michele Ferrero''' (born 26 April 1925) is the owner of the [[eponymous]] [[chocolate]] maker [[Ferrero SpA]], one of [[Europe]]'s largest with estimated 2007 sales of [[United States dollar|$]]6 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]].

Ferrero, who was born in [[Dogliani]], [[Italy]],<ref name="birth"/> is [[Italy]]'s richest person, with a personal wealth of $18 billion,<ref name="Michele Ferrero - Forbes" /> surpassing [[Silvio Berlusconi]] in March 2008.

Brands include [[Nutella]], [[Mon Chéri]], [[Kinder Chocolate]], [[Ferrero Rocher]], [[Tic Tacs]] and [[Kinder Eggs]].

Since 1997, his sons, Giovanni Ferrero and [[Pietro Ferrero Jr.|Pietro Ferrero]] have led the company.<ref>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Ferrero-SpA-Company-History.html Ferrero SpA – Company History]. Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.</ref> Pietro died on 18 April 2011 in an accident in [[South Africa]].<ref name="Pietro"/>

==See also==
*[[List of billionaires]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="history">{{cite web
|url= http://www.ferrero.com/the-group/a-family-history/a-great-company/
|title= The Story of a Family
|publisher= Ferrero.com}}
</ref>

<ref name="birth">{{cite web
|url= http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/SoleOnLine4/Italia/2010/04/michele-ferrero-85-anni.shtml
|title= Michele Ferrero compie 85 anni
|language= Italian
|trans_title= Michele Ferrero turns 85
|work= [[Il Sole 24 Ore]]
|date= 25 April 2010}}
</ref>

<ref name="Michele Ferrero - Forbes">{{cite web
|title= Michele Ferrero Forbes Profile
|url= http://www.forbes.com/profile/michele-ferrero
|work= [[Forbes]] |date= March 9, 2011 |accessdate= April 25, 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="Pietro">{{cite web
|url= http://www.ferrero.com/the-group/a-family-history/a-great-company/
|title=Italian chocolate boss Ferrero dies in S. Africa accident
|date=18 April 2011}}
</ref>
}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ferrero, Michele
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Italian businessman
| DATE OF BIRTH = 26 April 1925
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Dogliani, Italy
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrero, Michele}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in confectionery]]
[[Category:Italian billionaires]]
[[Category:Italian businesspeople]]

[[de:Michele Ferrero]]
[[fr:Michele Ferrero]]
[[it:Michele Ferrero]]
[[my:မိုက်ကယ် ဖရဲရိုး]]
[[pt:Michele Ferrero]]
[[ru:Ферреро, Микеле]]

Saudi Pro League

2011-11-24T18:00:41Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:لیگ برتر عربستان

{{Infobox football league
| logo = Leagues saudi professional league.png
| pixels = 200
| country = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| confed = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
| ranking = 16
| founded = 1976
| teams = 14
| relegation = [[Saudi First Division]]
| levels = 1
| domest_cup = [[Saudi Champions Cup]]
| confed_cup = [[AFC Champions League|Champions League]]
| champions = [[Al-Hilal]]
| season = [[2010–11 Saudi Professional League|2010–11]]
| most successful club = [[Al-Hilal]] (13 titles)
| sponsorship_name = Zain Saudi League
| tv = [[Al Jazeera Sports]], Saudi Sport, ART Sport 7, Line Sport
| website = [http://www.spl.com.sa www.spl.com.sa]
| current = [[2011–12 Saudi Professional League|2011–12 season]]
}}

The '''Saudi Professional League''', officially known as ({{lang-ar|دوري المحترفين السعودي}}), is the main [[football (soccer)|football]] competition in [[Saudi Arabia]]. The first competition was held in the year of 1976–77. [[Al-Hilal]] is the current title-holder (2010), and holds the best record in the competition, winning it 13 times.

The league also known for sponsorship reasons as '''Zain Saudi League''', named after the sponsor [[Zain]] telecom.

== History ==

Up until the late seventies, football in Saudi Arabia was organised on a regional basis, with the only nationwide tournament being the King's Cup. In 1976, it was deemed that local football, and transportation links, have improved sufficiently to organise a national league. Hence the Saudi League was launched with 8 clubs participating.

In 1981 it was decided to increase the number of clubs and add a second division. The league competition for the 1981–82, known as the ranking league, featured 18 clubs with the top eight qualifying for the first division and the bottom ten to the new second division. The number of first division clubs was later increased to 12 in the 1984–85 season.

In 1990 it was decided to revamp local competitions and to introduce professional football. A new league championship was formed called "The Custodian of The Two Holy Mosques League Cup", which was a two stage championship. The first stage was a regular double [[round-robin]] league competition with the top 4 qualifying to the final knockout stage, called the golden square. Clubs were allowed to sign players on a professional basis making the league semi professional.

In 2007 It was decided to split the two stages, with the league reverting to a standard double [[round-robin]] competition, and a new domestic competition cup competition formed called "The Custodian of The Two Holy Mosques Champions Cup". This cup will feature the top six finishers in the league plus the winners of the Crown Prince Cup and the Prince Faisal Cup. This format will take effect from the 2007–08 season onwards.

== Qualification and prize money ==

The top four teams in the league qualify to the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] [[Asian Champions League]] group stage. The top six qualify to [[Saudi Champions Cup|Champions Cup]].

Prize money:

* First place: 2.5 million [[Saudi Riyal]]s
* Second place: 1.5 million Saudi Riyals
* Third place: 1 million Saudi Riyals

== List of teams (2011–12 season) ==
{|
|valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! width="200" | '''Club'''
! Position in 2010/2011

|- align=center
| [[Al-Ahli (Jeddah)|Al-Ahli]] , Jeddah
| 6th

|- align=center
| [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]], Jeddah
| 2nd
|-
|- align=center
| [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]], Riyadh
| 4th
|-
|- align=center
| [[Al-Hilal]] , Riyadh
| 1st
|-
|- align=center
| [[Al-Nasr]] , Riyadh
| 5th
|-
|- align=center
| [[Al-Ittifaq|Al-Ettifaq]] ,Dammam
| 3rd
|-

|- align=center
| [[Al-Faisaly (Harmah)|Al-Faisaly]], Harmah
| 7th
|-

|- align=center
| [[Al Fateh (Sports Club)|Al Fateh]] , Al-Hasa
| 9th
|-

|- align=center
| [[Al-Raed]] , Buraydah
| 10th
|-

|- align=center
| [[Al-Ansar (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Ansar]], Al-madinah
| 2nd in the [[Saudi First Division]]
|-

|- align=center
| [[Al Taawon]], Buraydah
| 8th
|-

|- align=center
| [[Al-Qadisiyah FC]],Khobar
| 12th
|-

|- align=center
| [[Hajer Club]], Al-Hasa
| 1st in the [[Saudi First Division]]
|-

|- align=center
| [[Najran SC]], Najran
| 11th
|-
|-
|}

== List of champions ==
{|
|valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Season
! Champion
|-
| '''1''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1976-77|1976–77]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''2''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1977-78|1977–78]] || [[Al-Ahli (Jeddah)|Al-Ahli]]
|-
| '''3''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1978-79|1978–79]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''4''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1979-80|1979–80]] || [[Al-Nasr]]
|-
| '''5''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1980-81|1980–81]] || [[Al-Nasr]]
|-
| '''6''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1981-82|1981–82]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]]
|-
| '''7''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1982-83|1982–83]] || [[Al-Ittifaq|Al-Ettifaq]]
|-
| '''8''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1983-84|1983–84]] || [[Al-Ahli (Jeddah)|Al-Ahli]]
|-
| '''9''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1984-85|1984–85]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''10''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1985-86|1985–86]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''11''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1986-87|1986–87]] || [[Al-Ittifaq|Al-Ettifaq]]
|-
| '''12''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1987-88|1987–88]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''13''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1988-89|1988–89]] || [[Al-Nasr]]
|-
| '''14''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1989-90|1989–90]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''15''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1990-91|1990–91]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]]
|-
| '''16''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1991-92|1991–92]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]]
|-
| '''17''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1992-93|1992–93]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]]
|-
|}
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Season
! Champion
|-
| '''18''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1993-94|1993–94]] || [[Al-Nasr]]
|-
| '''19''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1994-95|1994–95]] ||[[Al-Nasr]]
|-
| '''20''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1995-96|1995–96]] ||[[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''21''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1996-97|1996–97]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]]
|-
| '''22''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1997-98|1997–98]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''23''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1998-99|1998–99]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]]
|-
| '''24''' || [[Saudi Premier League 1999-2000|1999–2000]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]]
|-
| '''25''' || [[Saudi Premier League 2000-01|2000–01]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]]
|-
| '''26''' || [[Saudi Premier League 2001-02|2001–02]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''27''' || [[Saudi Premier League 2002-03|2002–03]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]]
|-
| '''28''' || [[Saudi Premier League 2003-04|2003–04]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]]
|-
| '''29''' || [[Saudi Premier League 2004-05|2004–05]] ||[[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''30''' || [[Saudi Premier League 2005–06|2005–06]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]]
|-
| '''31''' || [[Saudi Premier League 2006-07|2006–07]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]]
|-
| '''32''' || [[Saudi Professional League 2007-08|2007–08]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
| '''33''' || [[Saudi Professional League 2008-09|2008–09]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]]
|-
| '''34''' || [[2009–10 Saudi Professional League|2009–10]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
|}
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Season
! Champion
|-
| '''35''' || [[2010–11 Saudi Professional League|2010–11]] || [[Al-Hilal]]
|-
|}
|}

==Performance by club==

===Most successful clubs===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Club
! Winners
! Winning Years
|-
| '''1''' ||[[Al-Hilal]] || <center>13 || 1977, 1979, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011
|-
| '''2''' || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] || <center>8 || 1982, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2009
|-
| '''3''' || [[Al-Nasr]] || <center>5 || 1980, 1981, 1989, 1994, 1995
|-
| ''' ''' || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] || <center>5 || 1991, 1992, 1993, 2004, 2006
|-
| '''5''' || [[Al-Ahli (Jeddah)|Al-Ahli]] || <center>2 || 1978 , 1984
|-
| ''' ''' || [[Al-Ettifaq]] || <center>2 || 1983, 1987
|-
|}

====Total titles won by town or city====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Town or city
! Number of titles
! Clubs
|-
| [[Riyadh]]
| <center> 23
| [[Al-Hilal]] (13), [[Al-Nasr]] (5), [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] (5)
|-
| [[Jeddah]]
| <center> 10
| [[Ittihad FC (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] (8), [[Al-Ahli (Jeddah)|Al-Ahli]] (2)
|-
| [[Dammam]]
| <center> 2
| [[Al-Ettifaq]] (2)
|-
|}

== Topscorers==
{| bgcolor="#f7f8ff" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 95%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
| width="100" | '''Year'''
| width="20" |
| width="200" | '''Best scorers'''
| width="220" | '''Team'''
| width="100" | '''Goals'''
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1976-77|1976–77]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Nasser Eid]] || [[Al-Qadisiya Al Khubar|Al-Qadisiya]] || 12
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1977-78|1977–78]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Mattamd Khojali]] || [[Al-Ahli (Jeddah)|Al-Ahli]] || 14
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1978-79|1978–79]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Majed Abdullah]] || [[Al-Nassr]] || 13
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1979-80|1979–80]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Majed Abdullah]] || [[Al-Nassr]] || 17
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1980-81|1980–81]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Majed Abdullah]] || [[Al-Nassr]] || 21
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1981-82|1981–82]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Khalid Al-Ma'ajil]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] || 22
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1982-83|1982–83]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Majed Abdullah]] || [[Al-Nassr]] || 14
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1983-84|1983–84]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Hussam Abu Dawood]] || [[Al-Ahli (Jeddah)|Al-Ahli]] || 14
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1984-85|1984–85]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Hathal Dosari]] || [[Al-Hilal]] || 15
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1985-86|1985–86]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Majed Abdullah]] || [[Al-Nassr]] || 15
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| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Mohammad Suwaidi]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] || 17
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| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Khalid Al-Ma'ajil]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] || 12
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1988-89|1988–89]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Majed Abdullah]] || [[Al-Nassr]] || 19
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1989-90|1989–90]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Sami Al-Jaber]] || [[Al-Hilal]] || 16
|- align=center
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| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Fahad Al-Mehallel]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] || 20
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| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Saeed Al-Owairan]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] || 16
|- align=center
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| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Sami Al-Jaber]] || [[Al-Hilal]] || 18
|- align=center
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| {{flagicon|SEN}} || [[Moussa Ndao]] || [[Al-Hilal]] || 15
|- align=center
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| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Fahd Al-Hamdan]] || [[Al-Riyadh]] || 15
|- align=center
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| {{flagicon|Ghana}} || [[Ohene Kennedy]] || [[Al-Nassr]] || 14
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| {{flagicon|Morocco}} || [[Ahmed Bahja]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] || 21
|- align=center
| '''[[Saudi Premier League 1997-98|1997–98]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Sulaiman Al-Hadaithy]] || [[Al-Najma (Saudi Arabian Sport Club)|Al-Najma]] || 15
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 1998-99|1998–99]]'''
| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Obeid Al-Dosari]] || [[Al-Wahda (Mecca)|Al-Wahda]] || 20
|- align=center
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| {{flagicon|KSA}} || [[Hamzah Idris]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] || 33
|- align=center
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| {{flagicon|Angola}} || [[Paulo Da Silva (Angolan)|Paulo Da Silva]] || [[Al-Ettifaq]] || 13
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 2001-02|2001–02]]'''
| {{flagicon|SEN}} || [[Dane Valle]] || [[Al-Riyadh]] || 10
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 2002-03|2002–03]]'''
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} || [[Carlos Tenorio]] || [[Al-Nassr]] || 15
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 2003-04|2003–04]]'''
| {{flagicon|Ghana}} || [[Godwin Attram]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] || 15
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 2004-05|2004–05]]'''
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} || [[Sergio Ricardo]] || [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] || 15
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 2005–06|2005–06]]'''
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} || [[Essa Al-Mehyani]] || [[Al-Wahda (Mecca)|Al-Wahda]] || 16
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Premier League 2006-07|2006–07]]'''
| {{flagicon|Ghana}} || [[Godwin Attram]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] || 13
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Professional League 2007-08|2007–08]]'''
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} || [[Nasser Al-Shamrani]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] || 18
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Professional League 2008-09|2008–09]]'''
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} {{flagicon|Morocco}} || [[Nasser Al-Shamrani]] [[Hicham Aboucherouane]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] [[Al-Ittihad (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] || 12
|- align=center
|'''[[Saudi Professional League 2009-10|2009–10]]'''
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} || [[Mohammad Al-Shalhoub]] || [[Al-Hilal]] || 12
|- align=center
|'''[[2010–11 Saudi Professional League|2010–11]]'''
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} || [[Nasser Al-Shamrani]] || [[Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Shabab]] || 17
|}

== See also ==

* [[Saudi Arabia Football Federation]]
* [[2010–11 Saudi Professional League]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=ksa/index.html Saudi Arabia Football Federation at FIFA.com] Arabic - English Site
* [http://www.super.ae/matchcenter/competition.php?compid=216 Saudi Arabia Professional League on Super.com] Arabic Site
* [http://www.spl.com.sa/ Saudi Professional League Commission] Arabic Site
* [http://www.slstat.com Saudi League Statistics] Arabic - English Site

{{Saudi League|group=seasons}}
{{Football in Saudi Arabia}}
{{AFC Leagues}}

[[Category:Football competitions in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:National association football premier leagues]]

[[ar:دوري زين للمحترفين السعودي]]
[[ca:Lliga saudita de futbol]]
[[de:Saudi-Arabische Fußballmeisterschaft]]
[[es:Primera División de Arabia Saudita]]
[[fa:لیگ برتر عربستان]]
[[fr:Championnat d'Arabie saoudite de football]]
[[ko:사우디아라비아 프리미어리그]]
[[it:Campionato di calcio saudita]]
[[he:ליגת העל הסעודית]]
[[arz:الدورى السعودى]]
[[ms:Liga Perdana Saudi]]
[[nl:Saudi Premier League]]
[[ja:サウジ・プレミアリーグ]]
[[pt:Campeonato Saudita de Futebol]]
[[ro:Liga Profesionistă din Arabia Saudită]]
[[ru:Чемпионат Саудовской Аравии по футболу]]
[[fi:Saudi-Arabian valioliiga]]
[[tr:Suudi Arabistan Profesyonel Ligi]]
[[zh:沙特阿拉伯足球联赛]]

Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)

2011-11-24T17:44:19Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)

{{Infobox single
|Name = Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)
|Cover = Singleladiesbk.jpg
|Alt = The silhouette of a woman. She is standing in front of a grayscale background and the words "Beyoncé" and "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", which are written in silver capital letters.
|Artist = [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]
|Album = [[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]
|Released = {{Start date|2008|10|12}}
|Recorded = 2008, The Boom Boom Room ([[Burbank, California]])
|Format = [[Compact Disc single|CD single]], [[Music download|digital download]]
|Genre = [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[dance-pop]]
|Length = 3:13
|Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
|Writer = Beyoncé Knowles, [[Kuk Harrell|Thaddis Harrell]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]]
|Producer = Tricky Stewart, The-Dream
|Last single = "[[If I Were a Boy]]" (2008)
|This single = "'''Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)'''" (2008)
|Next single = "[[At Last#Beyoncé Knowles version|At Last]]" (2008)
}}

"'''Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)'''" is a song by American recording artist [[Beyoncé Knowles]] from her third studio album, ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]''. It was released on October 12, 2008 as the album's [[lead single]] by [[Columbia Records]]. The song appeared with "[[If I Were a Boy]]" as a [[A-side and B-side|double A-side]] single to demonstrate the contrast between the two conflicting personae of Knowles. The development of "Single Ladies" was inspired by Knowles' and [[Jay-Z]]'s secret marriage in April 2008. As stated by The Dream, the song also explores the unwillingness of men to commit. Knowles added that she was drawn to "Single Ladies" because it addresses a serious issue that women go through everyday.

Composed by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[The-Dream]], [[Kuk Harrell]] and Knowles, "Single Ladies" is a [[dance-pop]] and [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] song with [[dancehall]] and [[bounce music|bounce]] influences, and makes lyrical references to marriage. In "Single Ladies", Knowles emphasizes her more aggressive and sensual side, her alter ego Sasha Fierce. Critics praised the song for its smooth production and noted its aural similarities to Knowles' 2007 single "[[Get Me Bodied]]". "Single Ladies" was named one of the best singles of 2008 by media outlets, including ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', [[MTV News]] and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine. It won the [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year]], among other accolades.

"Single Ladies" peaked at number one on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart and has been [[RIAA certification|certified]] quadruple-platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), having sold over 4.7 million digital copies.<ref name="top20Grein"/> The song reached the top ten on the singles charts of Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, and achieved multi-platinum [[List of music recording certifications|certifications]] in many of these countries. As of November 2009, "Single Ladies" had sold over 6.1 million copies worldwide.<ref name="totalsales2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2010.pdf|title=Digital Music Sales Around The World|date=January 21, 2010|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|page=10|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>

The song's accompanying music video, directed by [[Jake Nava]], was shot in black-and-white. The [[J-Setting]] dance choreography used in the video was inspired by "Mexican Breakfast", a 1969 routine choreographed by [[Bob Fosse]]. People from around the world, including [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Barack Obama]] and pop artists [[Justin Timberlake]] and [[Joe Jonas]], have parodied and imitated the routine. According to the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', the music video started the "first major dance craze" of the internet age.<ref name="Star"/> The video won several awards, including [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] at the [[2009 MTV Video Music Awards]]. Knowles performed the song live on televised shows such as ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'', at awards ceremonies, and on her worldwide [[I Am... Tour]]. [[Alan Pownall]], [[Katy Perry]] and [[Sara Bareilles]] and other artists have covered "Single Ladies", and television shows and other media have used it.

==Background and release==
{{multiple image
| footer = [[The-Dream]] ''(left)'' and [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]] ''(right)'' produced "Single Ladies".
| image1 = The-Dream performing.jpg
| alt1 = An Afro-American man wearing a white shirt, a black cap and sunglasses is walking onto a stage while holding a microphone.
| width1 = 87
| image2 = Tricky.jpg
| alt2 = An Afro-American man is smiling. He is sitting in a control room, which includes a mixing console and monitor speakers. He wears sunglasses, a black shirt and a wristwatch.
| width2 = 126
}}
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" was written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Kuk Harrell|Thaddis Harrell]] and [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], and was produced by The-Dream and Tricky Stewart. Recorded in April 2008 at the The Boom Boom Room Studio in [[Burbank, California]], the song was [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixed]] by [[Jaycen Joshua]] and Dave Pensado, with assistance from Randy Urbanski and Andrew Wuepper.<ref name="Booklet"/> The-Dream conceptualized "Single Ladies" after Knowles' secret marriage to [[hip hop music|hip hop]] recording artist [[Jay-Z]] in April 2008.<ref name="people"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Helling |first=Steve |title=Beyoncé and Jay-Z File Signed Marriage License |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20194030,00.html |work=People |publisher=Time Inc |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=April 23, 2008}}</ref><ref name="people">{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20333961,00.html |title=Inside Story: The Making of Beyoncé's 'Single Ladies' |first=Jessica |last=Herndon |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |publisher=[[Time Inc]] |date=January 1, 2010 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> Stewart commented that the song was "the only public statement that [Knowles and Jay-Z] ever made about marriage,"<ref name="people"/> and that while in the studio recording the song, Knowles had remained tightlipped about her marriage, even to the point of removing her wedding band.<ref name="people"/> The-Dream was inspired to compose the song because it explored an issue that affected the relationships of many people: the fear or unwillingness of men to commit.<ref name="people"/> In an interview with ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine, Knowles added that she was drawn to the song because of the universality of the topic, and that it was an issue that "people are passionate about and want to talk about and debate."<ref name="lioa" /> She stated that although it was a playful up[[tempo]] song, it addresses a serious issue that women go through everyday.<ref name=lioa>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/features/beyonce-the-billboard-q-a-1004018346.story?page=4 |title=Beyonce: The Billboard Q&A |last=Mitchell |first=Gail |date=October 2, 2009 |work=Billboard |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]] |accessdate=December 23, 2010}}</ref>

"Single Ladies" appears on the second disc of ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' because Knowles portrays her [[alter ego]], Sasha Fierce, in the song.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1601276/20081212/spears_britney.jhtml |title=Britney? Beyonce? Who Is MTV News' Woman Of The Year? The Countdown Begins Today! |first=James |last=Montgomery |publisher=[[MTV News]]. [[Viacom]] |date=December 15, 2008 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> Chosen to be the two lead singles from the album, "Single Ladies" and "[[If I Were a Boy]]" were released simultaneously to demonstrate the concept of dueling personalities of Knowles.<ref name="mtv1"/> This reinforced the theme of the album, which was created by placing its [[ballad]]s and up-tempo tracks on separate discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597718/beyonces-i-sasha-fierce-album-preview.jhtml |title=Beyonce Album Preview: ''I Am ... Sasha Fierce Shines'' Light On B's Alter Ego |first=Jennifer |last=Vineyard |publisher=MTV News. Viacom |date=October 23, 2008 |accessdate=May 17, 2011}}</ref> The singles debuted on US radio on October 8, 2008;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596573/20081008/knowles_beyonce.jhtml|title=Beyoncé Releases Two Tracks From I Am ... , Inspired By Jay-Z And Etta James|last=Vineyard|first=Jennifer|date=October 8, 2008|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref> "Single Ladies" did so on [[mainstream urban]] New York radio station [[WWPR-FM|Power 105.1]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20231737,00.html|title=Beyoncé's Double Debut|last=Tapper|first=Christina|date=October 8, 2008|work=People|publisher=Time Inc|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> Both singles were added to [[rhythmic contemporary]] radio playlists on October 12, 2008;<ref name="us_radio"/> "Single Ladies" was also sent to [[urban contemporary]] playlists the same day,<ref name="urban"/> while "If I Were a Boy" was instead classified for [[contemporary hit radio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239 |title=Available for Airplay |work=[[FMQB]] |accessdate=July 3, 2011}}</ref> The two songs were released as a [[double A-side]] single on November 7, 2008 in Australia,<ref name="au"/> New Zealand,<ref name="nzz"/> and Germany.<ref name="ger">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.de/dp/B001HZUTNU |title=If I Were a Boy [Single] |publisher=[[Amazon.de]] |accessdate=December 15, 2010 |language=German}}</ref> Dance [[remix]]es of the song were made available in the US on February 10, 2009,<ref name="Mast"/> and in Europe on February 16, 2009.<ref name="itunes4"/> "Single Ladies" was not originally released as a single in the UK; however, the song became increasingly popular there and reached the top ten in the [[UK Singles Chart]] from download sales as an album track.<ref name="Nick"/> On February 16 it was released as a [[CD single]] and the dance remixes were released by means of digital download.<ref name="amazon.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001R6P1KA |title=Single Ladies (Put A Ring On It) – Dance Remixes |publisher=[[Amazon.co.uk]] |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref><ref name="UKCDrelease">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001QITONY |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) [Single] |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |archiveurl=http://replay.web.archive.org/20090401070912/http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001QITONY |archivedate=April 1, 2009}}</ref>

==Composition==
{{Listen
|filename = Singleladies.ogg
|pos = left
|title = "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
|description = A sample of "Single Ladies (Put A Ring on It)," a [[dance-pop]] and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] number, which makes use of hand claps and robotic effects
}}
"Single Ladies" is an [[Beat (music)|upbeat]]<ref name="mtv1"/> [[dance-pop]] and [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] song,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/entertainment/music/article/CD-showcases-Beyonce-s-split-personality-1675646.php|title=
Album Review: Beyonce I Am... Sasha Fierce |first=Joey |last=Guerra |work=[[Houston Chronicle]] |publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]] |date=November 17, 2008 |accessdate=January 16, 2011}}</ref> set in [[Time signature|common time]].<ref name="sheet">{{cite web|title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) Sheet Music |publisher=Musicnotes.com. [[Sony/ATV Music Publishing]] |url= |accessdate=May 26, 2011}}</ref> The song displays [[dancehall]] and [[bounce music|bounce]] influences;<ref name="people"/><ref name="McGuire"/> it makes use of a bounce-based [[Clapping|hand clap]] beat.<ref name="Greenblatt"/><ref name="jam"/> According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by [[Sony/ATV Music Publishing]], "Single Ladies" is written in the [[key (music)|key]] of [[E major]] with a moderate groove of 96 [[Tempo|beats per minute]]. Knowles' vocals range from the note of [[F (musical note)|F{{music|sharp}}3]] to [[D (musical note)|D5]].<ref name="sheet"/> It has a basic [[chord progression]] of Em–C–Em in the verses, and Em–C–Am–C–Am in the chorus.<ref name="sheet"/> "Single Ladies" contains musical similarities to Knowles' 2007 single "[[Get Me Bodied]]"; Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] called "Single Ladies" a "dire throwback" of that song.<ref name="Allmusic"/> Stewart and Harrell said to ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine that the similar rhythm of the two songs is "what [Knowles] responds to".<ref name="people"/>

{{Quote box|width=300px|align=right|quote="The song's message is a tricky one: girlfriend's just split from her no-good man and is out celebrating with her crew. She's snaring a new man, but her old one is watching, and the song is directed to him. 'If you like it then you should have put a ring on it,' goes the singsong hook, and eventually, the lyrics reveal that this is what the singer really wants: for her guy to make like a prince and grab her, delivering her to 'a destiny, to infinity and beyond' ... Prince Charming is left standing there like the second lead in a romantic comedy, while Beyoncé lets her new guy—and the beat, and those jumping background singers—sweep her off her feet."
|source=—''[[Los Angeles Times]]''{{'}} [[Ann Powers]] on the theme of "Single Ladies"<ref name="lati"/>}}
In "Single Ladies", Knowles emphasizes her more aggressive and sensual side, her alter ego Sasha Fierce.<ref name=Times/> Sal Cinquemani of [[Slant Magazine]] compared the song to schoolyard chants,<ref name="Slant">{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/beyonce-i-am-sasha-fierce/1567|title= I Am... Sasha Fierce|first=Sal|last=Cinquemani|publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=November 12, 2008|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref><ref name="guardian"/> and J. Freedom du Lac of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' noted that it features "playground vocals".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/17/AR2008111703099.html|title=Beyoncé's More Fun When She's 'Fierce'|first=J. |last=Freedom du Lac|work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 18, 2008|accessdate=January 15, 2011 |publisher=[[The Washington Post Company]]}}</ref> The song's [[refrain|chorus]] contains several [[hook (music)|hook]]s.<ref name="jam"/> Daniel Brockman of ''[[The Phoenix (newspaper)|The Phoenix]]'' noted the song's usage of "blurry pronouns" such as "it" bears resemblance to Knowles' 2005 hit "[[Check on It]]".<ref name="phoenix"/> Accompanied by robotic-like sounds, the opening lines of "Single Ladies" are [[call and response (music)|call and response]],<ref name="lati"/><ref name="Hammond">{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-12-17/music/on-the-method-behind-beyonc-eacute-s-multiple-personality-madness/|title=On the Method Behind Beyoncé's Multiple-Personality Madness|last=Brew-Hammond|first=Nana Ekua|work=[[The Village Voice]]|publisher=[[Village Voice Media]]|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090625080202/http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-12-17/music/on-the-method-behind-beyonc-eacute-s-multiple-personality-madness/ |archivedate=June 25, 2009|date=December 17, 2008}}</ref> and Knowles displays much attitude in her voice.<ref name="Nick"/>

[[Greg Kot]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' felt that the lyrics reflect "post-breakup" situations,<ref name="chica">{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-11-16/news/0811140321_1_disc-fierce-previous-album|title=Beyonce's 'Sasha Fierce' places blame for women's pain on men|first=Greg |last=Kot|work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |publisher=Tribune Company|date=November 16, 2008|accessdate=January 16, 2011}}</ref> noting the lines of the hook: "Cried my tears for three good years / You can't be mad at me / If you like it then you should have put a ring on it".<ref name="lati"/><ref name="chica"/> Billy Johnson, Jr. from [[Yahoo! Music]] wrote that in "Single Ladies" Knowles offers support to women who have recently ended a poor relationship.<ref name=billy/> Ann Powers of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' saw the song's theme of female empowerment as an extension of that of "[[Irreplaceable]]" (2006).<ref name="lati"/> According to a ''[[Daily Mail]]'' reporter, Knowles "urges women to dump their boyfriends if they don't propose".<ref name="mail2">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1084369/Princess-Charming-Beyonce-channels-spirit-Adam-Ant-head-banging-World-Music-Awards-performance.html|title=Princess Charming: Beyonce channels the spirit of Adam Ant for head-banging World Music Awards performance|work=[[Daily Mail]] |publisher=[[Associated Newspapers Ltd]]|accessdate=December 15, 2010|date=December 17, 2008}}</ref> Trish Crawford of the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' called the tune "a strong song of female empowerment",<ref name="Star"/> and other music critics have noted its appeal to Knowles' fan base of independent women.<ref name="lati"/><ref name="aa"/>
{{-}}

==Critical reception==
"Single Ladies" received positive response from music critics, who complimented its production. Nick Levine of [[Digital Spy]] particularly lauded its beats.<ref name="Nick">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/singlesreviews/a142722/beyonce-single-ladies.html|title=Beyoncé: 'Single Ladies'|first=Nick|last=Levine|date=February 16, 2009|accessdate=December 15, 2010|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]. [[Hachette Filipacchi Médias|Hachette Filipacchi UK Ltd]]}}</ref> Michelangelo Matos of ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' wrote that the song is "fabulous, with glowing production, a humongous hook, and beats for weeks."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/beyonce-i-am-sasha-fierce,6733/|title= I Am... Sasha Fierce|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|publisher=[[The Onion|Onion, Inc.]]|date=November 17, 2008|accessdate=December 15, 2010|first=Michaelangelo |last=Matos}}</ref> Ann Powers of the ''Los Angeles Times'' was also impressed with the overall production of the song, specifically the chorus. "More than most female singers, Beyoncé understands the funky art of singing rhythmically, and this is a prime example," Powers added.<ref name="lati"/> Alexis Petridis of ''[[The Guardian]]'' commended the threatening atmosphere that "Single Ladies" creates by using [[minor chord]]s.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/14/beyonce-i-am-sasha-fierce|title=Pop review: Beyoncé, I Am ... Sasha Fierce|work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]] |accessdate=December 15, 2010|date=November 14, 2008|first=Alexis|last=Petridis}}</ref> In a review of ''I Am...Sasha Fierce'', Darryl Sterdan of [[Jam!]] called the song single-worthy, and wrote that it is "a tune that actually sounds like a Beyoncé number."<ref name="jam">{{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/B/Beyonce/AlbumReviews/2008/11/18/7453821-sun.html|title=
Album Review: Beyonce I Am ... Sasha Fierce |first=Darryl|last=Sterdan|publisher=[[Jam!]]. [[Sun Media]]|date=November 18, 2008|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> Daniel Brockman of ''The Phoenix'' complimented the song's usage of the word "it", and wrote that the technique "sums up her divided musical persona far more effectively than the [album's] two-disc split-personality gimmick."<ref name="phoenix">{{cite news|url=http://thephoenix.com/Boston/Music/72987-BEYONCe-I-AM-SASHA-FIERCE/|title=Beyonce – I Am...Sasha Fierce|first=Daniel|last=Brockman|work=[[The Phoenix (newspaper)|The Phoenix]]|publisher=[[Phoenix Media/Communications Group]]|date=December 2, 2008|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>

Writers praised the song's dance beat; Colin McGuire of [[PopMatters]] praised "Single Ladies" as one of Knowles' best dance tracks.<ref name="McGuire">{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/69482-beyonce-i-am-sasha-fierce/|title=Beyoncé: I Am... Sasha Fierce|accessdate=December 11, 2010|date=February 6, 2009|first=Colin|last=McGuire|publisher=[[PopMatters]]|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> Spence D. of [[IGN Music]] described the song as a "Caribbean flair and booty shaking jubilation that should get even the most staid of listeners snapping their necks and gyrating joyfully."<ref name="ign">{{cite web|accessdate=January 15, 2011|url=http://music.ign.com/articles/933/933019p1.html|title=Beyonce – I Am... Sasha Fierce: The two sides of Ms. Knowles fight for your attention. |publisher=[[IGN]]. News Corporation |date=November 22, 2008 |first=D. |last=Spence}}</ref> Leah Greenblatt of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine wrote that "Single Ladies" is a "giddy, high-stepping hybrid of lyrical kiss-off and fizzy jump-rope jam".<ref name="Greenblatt">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20237810,00.html|title=I Am...Sasha Fierce (2008)|first=Leah|last=Greenblatt|date=November 5, 2008|accessdate=December 15, 2010|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=Time Inc}}</ref> Andy Kellman of Allmusic and Jessica Suarez of ''[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]'' magazine noted the song as one of the standouts from ''I Am... Sasha Fierce'', and saw similarities to "Get Me Bodied".<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|id=r1451954 |tab=review |class=album |pure_url=yes}} |title=I Am...Sasha Fierce|first=Andy|last=Kellman |publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2009/01/beyonce-i-am-sasha-fierce.html |title=Beyonce: I Am... Sasha Fierce |first=Jessica |last=Suarez |work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |publisher=[[Wolfgang's Vault]] |date=January 5, 2009 |accessdate=July 21, 2011}}</ref> Some critics were unimpressed by "Single Ladies". Mariel Concepcion of ''Billboard'' magazine called it "standard screech-thump fare".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/10/17/review-us-music-singles-idUKTRE49G7LJ20081017|title=Billboard singles reviews: Beyonce, Britney|last=Taylor|first=Chuck|date=October 17, 2008 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> ''[[The Observer]]''{{'}}s Adam Mattera saw "Single Ladies" and "[[Diva (Beyoncé Knowles song)|Diva]]" as potential sources of inspiration for [[drag queen]]s, although they may leave others confused.<ref name="aa">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/beyonce-sasha-fierce-review|title=Review: I Am Sasha Fierce|first=Adam|last=Mattera |date=November 9, 2008|work=The Observer |publisher=Guardian Media Group |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine criticized its lyrical inconsistencies, and called it a "leftover" from ''[[B'Day]]''.<ref name="Slant"/>

===Recognition and accolades===
[[File:Beyoncé Knowles GMA Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It).jpg|thumb|right|Knowles performing "Single Ladies" on ''[[Good Morning America]]''{{'s}} ''Summer Concert Series'']]
''[[Rolling Stone]]'' named "Single Ladies" the best song of 2008, and wrote, "The beat, courtesy of The-Dream and Tricky Stewart, is irresistible and exuberant, the vocal hook is stormy and virtuosic."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/24947047/singles_of_the_year|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090113082236/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/24947047/singles_of_the_year|archivedate=January 13, 2009|title=The 100 Best Singles of 2008|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]|work=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=December 25, 2008|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref> Additionally, "Single Ladies" ranked as the second-best song of the 2000s decade in the magazine's 2009 readers' poll,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/green-day-top-rolling-stone-decade-end-readers-poll_1125079|title=Green Day – Green Day Top Rolling Stone Decade-End Readers Poll|publisher=Dom Harrison|publisher=[[Contactmusic.com]]|date=December 9, 2009|accessdate=December 22, 2010}}</ref> and ''Rolling Stone'' critics placed it at number fifty on the list of the 100 Best Songs of the Decade.<ref>{{cite journal|title=100 Best Songs of the Decade|magazine=Rolling Stone. ''Jann Wenner''|date=January 23, 2010 |page=78 |issn=0035-791X}}</ref> "Single Ladies" was placed at number two on MTV News' list of The Best Songs of 2008; James Montgomery called it "hyperactive and supercharged in ways I never thought possible. It's epic and sexy and even a bit sad."<ref name="Montgomery"/> "There is absolutely zero chance Beyoncé ever releases a single like this ever again," Montgomery concluded.<ref name="Montgomery">{{cite web|last=Montgomery |first=James |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1601017/best-songs-2008-bigger-than-sound.jhtml |title=The Best Songs Of 2008, In Bigger Than The Sound |publisher=MTV News. Viacom |date=December 10, 2008 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine{{'s}} critic [[Josh Tyrangiel]], who called the song "ludicrously infectious", ranked it as the seventh-best song of 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1855948_1863440_1863522,00.html|title=The Top 10 Everything of 2008 7.Beyonce – Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time Inc |first=Josh |last=Tyrangiel |date=November 3, 2008|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>

"Single Ladies" was named Song of the Year by [[Fuse TV]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fuseblog.typepad.com/fuseblog/2008/12/sd-and-now-on-t.html|title=Beyonce – Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)|publisher=[[Fuse TV]]. [[Madison Square Garden, Inc]] |date=December 19, 2008|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> The song also appeared at number six on the ''[[Eye Weekly]]''{{'}}s critics' list of the Best Singles of 2008,<ref>{{cite news|first=Kate |last=Carraway|title=Best Singles of 2008|url=http://www.eyeweekly.com/film/feature/article/65383|publisher=[[Torstar]]|work=[[Eye Weekly]] |archiveurl=http://archives.eyeweekly.com/musiccriticspoll/article/49337 |archivedate=November 20, 2011|date=January 14, 2009|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and at number six on [[About.com]]'s Mark Edward Nero's list of the Best R&B Songs of 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://randb.about.com/od/top5lists/tp/BestSongs2008.htm|title=20 Best R&B Songs of 2008|first=Mark Edward |last=Nero|publisher=[[About.com]]. [[The New York Times Company]] |accessdate=December 30, 2010}}</ref> "Single Ladies" was named the best song of the 2000s decade by [[Black Entertainment Television]] (BET).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.bet.com/Music/photos/msc_bestsongof2000s_12.15.09.htm |title=Best Songs of the 2000s |accessdate=April 16, 2011 |publisher=[[Black Entertainment Television]]. Viacom}}</ref> Sarah Rodman, writing for ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', named "Single Ladies" the fourth most irresistible song of the decade, and stated, "[Knowles] combined leotards with crass engagement-bling baiting into one delicious sexy-yet-antiquated package. The video had the whole world dancing and waving along via YouTube."<ref>{{cite news|first=Sarah |last=Rodman |url=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/gallery/rodmanbestsingles?pg=8 |title=The decade's most irresistible singles |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |publisher=The New York Times Company |accessdate=January 16, 2011 |date=December 10, 2009}}</ref> [[VH1]] ranked "Single Ladies" at number 16 on its list of The 100 Greatest Songs of the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Kyle|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/09/29/vh1-100-greatest-songs-of-2000s-list/|title=U2, Rihanna, Amy Winehouse, Foo Fighters fill out VH1's '100 Greatest Songs of the '00s'|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc.|date=September 29, 2011|accessdate=September 30, 2011}}</ref> In his 2009 published book, ''[[Eating the Dinosaur]]'', [[Chuck Klosterman]] wrote that "Single Ladies" is "arguably the first song overtly marketed toward urban [[bachelorette party|bachelorette parties]]."<ref name="Klosterman essay">{{cite book|last=Klosterman|first=Chuck|title=Eating the Dinosaur|year=2009|publisher=Scribner|location=New York, NY|isbn=9781416544210|page=115|authorlink=Chuck Klosterman}}</ref>

"Single Ladies" received a number of awards and nominations following its release. It won the [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]], [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]] awards at the [[52nd Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/arts/music/01grammylist.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |title=Grammy Awards: List of Winners |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=January 31, 2010 |accessdate=March 22, 2011}}</ref> It additionally won the awards for Favorite Song at the [[2009 Kids' Choice Awards]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0903/S00406.htm |title=Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2009 |date=March 30, 2009 |publisher=[[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] |accessdate=April 22, 2011}}</ref> Song of the Year at the [[2009 Soul Train Music Awards]],<ref name="rap2">{{cite web |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2009/11/04/2009-soul-train-awards/ |title=2009 Soul Train Music Award |date=November 4, 2009 |accessdate=December 15, 2010 |work=[[Rap-Up]] |publisher=Devin Lazerine}}</ref> and Best R&B Song at the 2009 [[Teen Choice Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.eonline.com/uberblog/b138542_twilight_takes_bite_out_of_teen_choice.html |title=Twilight Takes a Bite Out of Teen Choice Awards |first=Brandi |last=Fowler |publisher=[[E! Online]]. [[NBCUniversal]] |date=August 10, 2009 |accessdate=April 5, 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xiH9ZFDO |archivedate=April 5, 2011}}</ref> The [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] (ASCAP) recognized "Single Ladies" as one of the most performed songs of 2009 at the 27th ASCAP Pop Music Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2010/Most_Performed_Songs.aspx |title=Mariah Carey Wins 2010 ASCAP Pop Music Awards |publisher=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] |date=April 20, 2010 |accessdate=September 5, 2011}}</ref> The song received nominations in the Best Song category at the 2009 [[NAACP Image Award]]s<ref name="na">{{cite web|url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/40/nom_recording.php |title=The 40th NAACP Image Awards – Recording Categories |publisher=[[NAACP Image Award]]s |year=2009 |archiveurl=
http://www.webcitation.org/5wqtVM75t |archivedate=March 1, 2011 |accessdate=March 1, 2011}}</ref> and in the English-language "Record of the Year" category at the [[Premios Oye! 2009|2009 Premios Oye! Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://premios-oye-2009.co.tv/ |title=Premios Oye! 2009 |publisher=[[Premios Oye!]]. Academia Nacional de la Música en México |accessdate=April 22, 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5y8GfM77C |archivedate=April 22, 2011}}</ref> It was also nominated for Record of the Year at the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards,<ref name="rap2"/> Viewer's Choice Award at the 2009 [[BET Awards]],<ref name="bet"/> Best R&B/Urban Dance Track at the 2009 [[International Dance Music Awards]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/finalballot.php? |archiveurl=http://replay.web.archive.org/20090204134414/http://wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/finalballot.php? |archivedate=February 4, 2009 |title=Final Ballot |publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]] |year=2009}}</ref> and World's Best Single at the [[2010 World Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldmusicawards.com/ |title=World Music Awards 2010 |publisher=[[World Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>

==Commercial reception==
[[File:Beyonce Berlin.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Knowles performing "Single Ladies" in Berlin on her [[I Am... Tour]], 2009|alt=A long shot of three women performing in front of a crowd. From left to right, the first and third are dancing, while the second is singing. Behind them, a band, playing guitars and drums, is visible. The women are wearing black dresses.]]
"Single Ladies" debuted at number 72 on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart issue dated November 1, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100?chartDate=2008-11-01&order=gainer |title=Hot 100 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |date=November 1, 2008 |accessdate=December 11, 2010}}</ref> On December 6, 2008, the song jumped from number 28 to number two on the Hot 100 chart. This jump was caused by the song's debut at number one on the [[Hot Digital Songs]] chart, selling 204,000 digital downloads.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/23967 |title=Beyoncé: I Am... Bigger Than Nickelback, David Cook |first=David |last=Jenson|work=[[New Sabah Times]] |publisher=Inna Kinabalu Sdn Bhd |date=November 30, 2008 |accessdate=December 17, 2010}}</ref> "If I Were a Boy" was at number three on the Hot 100 chart the same week, and thus Knowles became the seventh female in the US to have two songs in the top five positions of that particular chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003917666 |title=T.I. Fends Off Beyonce, Remains Atop Hot 100 |first=Jonathan |last=Cohen |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |date=November 27, 2008 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> The following week, "Single Ladies" ascended to number one on the Hot 100 chart, selling 228,000 downloads, and became Knowles' fifth solo single to top the chart.<ref name=lio>{{cite web|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003919465 |title=Beyonce Assumes Control Of Hot 100|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|date=December 4, 2008|work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media|accessdate=December 16, 2010}}</ref> Accordingly, "Single Ladies" tied her with [[Olivia Newton-John]] and [[Barbra Streisand]] at number six on the list of female artists with the most Hot 100 number-one hits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-thursday-rihanna-ludacris-timbaland-1004076867.story|title=Chart Beat Thursday: Rihanna, Ludacris, Timbaland|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=March 18, 2010|work=Billboard|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=December 23, 2010}}</ref> The song stayed atop the chart for four non-consecutive weeks.<ref name="lllib"/> During its fourth week at the top, digital downloads of "Single Ladies" increased by 157 percent to 382,000 units—its best week of digital sales.<ref name="lllib">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/genre/randb-hip-hop/beyonce-starts-2009-atop-the-hot-100-1003926428.story|title=Beyonce Starts 2009 Atop The Hot 100|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|date=January 1, 2009|work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |accessdate=December 16, 2010}}</ref> For the week ending January 15, 2009, the song moved to number one on the [[Hot 100 Airplay]] chart with 147.3 million listener impressions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003931002 |title=Lady GaGa Dances Again Atop Hot 100|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|date=January 15, 2009|work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |accessdate=December 16, 2010}}</ref> It reached number one on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] chart, where it remained for twelve consecutive weeks.<ref name="life">{{cite web|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003938622 |title='Life' Is Good For Clarkson Atop Hot 100|last=Hasty|first=Katy|date=February 5, 2009|work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |accessdate=December 16, 2010}}</ref> "Single Ladies" also topped the [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Pop Songs]]<ref name="pacn">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/beyonce/chart-history/317670?f=381&g=Singles|title=Beyonce Album & Song Chart History|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> and the [[Hot Dance Club Songs|Hot Dance Club Play]] charts,<ref name="nacn"/> and reached number two on the [[Pop 100]] chart.<ref name="allmusiccharts"/> The song has been [[RIAA certification|certified]] quadruple-platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA),<ref name="RIAAcert"/> and has sold around 4.7 million digital downloads in the US as of September 2011, according to [[Nielsen SoundScan]]<ref name="top20Grein">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-who-has-the-most-million-selling-1005379792.story?page=1|first=Gary|last=Trust|title=Ask ''Billboard'': Who Has the Most Million-Selling Downloads?|work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=September 30, 2011|accessdate=October 1, 2011}}</ref>

"Single Ladies" debuted at number 81 on the [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart for the week ending November 29, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100?chartDate=2008-11-29&order=gainer |title=Canadian Hot 100 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |date=November 29, 2008 |accessdate=December 11, 2010}}</ref> On January 24, 2009, its ninth charting week, it moved to number two, where it peaked;<ref name="cu2"/> it was later certified double-platinum by the [[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] (CRIA).<ref name="CRIAcert"/> "Single Ladies" peaked at number seven,<ref name="chstat">{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/BEYONC/ |title=Beyoncé |accessdate=April 22, 2011 |publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> and spent 112 weeks on the UK Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/singles-chart/ |title=Official UK Singles Top 100 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/60QR9xR4U |archivedate=July 24, 2011 |date=July 30, 2011 |publisher=The Official Charts Company}}</ref>
It topped the [[UK R&B Chart]], where it succeeded the song's double A-side, "If I Were a Boy".<ref name="UKrnb"/> On October 23, 2009, "Single Ladies" was certified gold by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI)<ref name="BPIcert">{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx|title=Certified Awards Search: Beyonce|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=December 15, 2010}} Note: enter "Single Ladies" into the 'Search' box and select "Title" from the 'Search by' menu.</ref> for selling over 600,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitter.com/#!/OfficialCharts/status/110347985250029568 |title=If I Were A Boy sold more than Singles Ladies. They are both platinum sellers. #Happy30thBeyonce |publisher=The Official Charts Company in [[Twitter]] |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> On the [[Irish Singles Chart]] it reached number four and enjoyed twenty weeks of charting, while on the [[Japan Hot 100]] chart it made its way to number 25.<ref name="JAP"/> In Australia, "Single Ladies" attained a high point of number five on the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]],<ref name="HM"/> and received a triple-platinum certification from the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA).<ref name="ARIAcert">{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.auaccreds2010.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2010 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |date=December 31, 2010 |accessdate=February 10, 2011}}</ref> The single peaked at number two on the [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]].<ref name="HM"/> "Single Ladies" appeared on several charts in mainland Europe, and peaked at number 20 on the [[European Hot 100 Singles]] chart.<ref name="Eu2"/> It reached the top ten in the Netherlands, Italy and Spain, and the top forty in both Belgian territories (Flanders and Wallonia), as well as in Hungary, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.<ref name="HM"/><ref name="hungary"/> As of November 2009, "Single Ladies" had sold over 6.1 million copies worldwide.<ref name="totalsales2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2010.pdf|title=Digital Music Sales Around The World|date=January 21, 2010|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|page=10|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>

==Music video==
===Background and concept===
The music video for "Single Ladies" was shot immediately after "If I Were a Boy" to reinforce the concept of conflicting personalities.<ref name=Times>{{cite news|url= http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6243174.ece|title=YouTube plays part in Beyoncé Knowles' life |accessdate=December 15, 2010|first=Dan |last=Cairns|date=May 10, 2009|work=[[The Times]] |publisher=[[News Corporation]]}}</ref> The video received less attention than the "higher-gloss, higher-profile video" for "If I Were a Boy".<ref name=lad/> The video shoot took approximately twelve hours, yet only one [[take]] was used in the final cut.<ref name="NPR"/> Both videos were shot in [[black-and-white]] in New York City, and were directed by [[Jake Nava]], with whom Knowles had worked on her previous music videos, including "[[Crazy in Love (Beyoncé Knowles song)|Crazy in Love]]" and "[[Beautiful Liar]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2009/03/17/my-5-favorite-moments-in-britneys-new-if-u-seek-amy-video/ |title=My 5 Favorite Moments In Britney's New 'If U Seek Amy' Video |first=Tamar |last=Anitai |publisher=[[MTV]]. Viacom |accessdate=May 13, 2011}}</ref> "Single Ladies" was choreographed by Frank Gatson and JaQuel Knight,<ref name="chi">{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-01-08/news/0901070892_1_dancers-single-ladies-beyonce|title=Is one of the ladies in Beyoncé's 'Single Ladies' video actually a man?|last=Eng|first=Monica|date=January 8, 2009|work=Chicago Tribune |publisher=Tribune Company|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> and incorporates [[J-Setting]] choreography.<ref name=Times/> The two music videos premiered on [[MTV]]'s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' show on October 13, 2008.<ref name="mtv1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596842/20081010/knowles_beyonce.jhtml|title=Beyonce's Very Different New Videos: One Has Dancing, One Has Relationship Problems|last=Vineyard|first=Jennifer|date=October 13, 2008|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> The videos were released to major outlets on the same date and were later included on Knowles' remix album with videography, ''[[Above and Beyoncé – Video Collection & Dance Mixes|Above and Beyoncé]]'',<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.beyonceonline.com/us/news/beyonc%C3%A9-release-above-and-beyonce-video-collection-dance-mixes |title=Beyoncé to Release Above and Beyoncé – Video Collection & Dance Mixes! |publisher=[[Music World Entertainment]]/Columbia Records |date=May 26, 2009 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> and the platinum edition of ''I Am... Sasha Fierce''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B002LBGBR2/ |title=I Am...Sasha Fierce (Platinum Edition) (Incl. Bonus Tracks and Music Videos) |publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=January 25, 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) screenshot.jpg|thumb|The music video, which incorporates [[J-Setting]] choreography, was inspired by the [[Bob Fosse]]-choreographed performance by [[Gwen Verdon]]in "Mexican Breakfast".|alt=Three women are dancing. They wear similar leotards and high-heel shoes.]]
Knowles told Simon Vozick-Levinson of ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' that the inspiration for the video was a 1969 [[Bob Fosse]] routine entitled "Mexican Breakfast" seen on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' which featured Fosse's wife, [[Gwen Verdon]], dancing with two other women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/03/10/beyonce-tour/|title=Beyoncé talks world tour, new videos|last=Vozick-Levinson|first=Simon|date=March 10, 2009|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> Knowles wanted to attempt a similar dance and eventually, the choreography of "Single Ladies" was liberally adapted from "Mexican Breakfast". She explained:

<blockquote>I saw a video on YouTube. [The dancers] had a plain background and it was shot on the crane; it was 360 degrees, they could move around. And I said, 'This is genius.' We kept a lot of the Fosse choreography and added the down-south thing—it's called J-Setting, where one person does something and the next person follows. So it was a strange mixture ... It's like the most urban choreography, mixed with Fosse—very modern and very vintage.<ref name=Times/></blockquote>

Knowles said that she wanted to keep the video simple. She explained that it was shot without different camera shots and cuts, without alterations to hairstyles, costumes, sets or lighting. She focused only on the performance.<ref name=lioa/> Nava said that on the day the video was shot, the song was divided into three parts. He deliberately used lengthy shots so that viewers "would connect with the human endeavor of Beyoncé's awe-inspiring dance". He stated that all the changes in looks and lighting were executed on-camera because he wanted to keep the feel "very organic and un-gimmicky". The styling was inspired by a ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' photo shoot.<ref name=lad>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621294/20090911/knowles_beyonce.jhtml|title=Beyoncé's VMA-Nominated 'Single Ladies' Video Began As An Afterthought|last=Montgomery|first=James|date=September 12, 2009|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> According to JaQuel Knight, Knowles wanted the music video to "feel good and powerful" and include choreography that could be attempted by anybody.<ref name="people"/> In the video, Knowles wears a roboglove made of [[titanium]]. It was designed by her longtime jeweler, [[Lorraine Schwartz]], and it is worn to complement Knowles' alter ego, Sasha Fierce. The glove consists of several pieces, including a ring and a separate component that covers Knowles' upper arm. She first wore the roboglove on the red carpet at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2008|MTV Europe Music Awards]] on November 8, 2008. She was later seen with the same glove on ''[[Saturday Night Live]] (SNL)'' and on the cover of ''[[Gotham (magazine)|Gotham]]'' magazine.<ref name="glove">{{cite web |url=http://au.eonline.com/uberblog/ask_the_answer_bitch/b70594_whose_idea_was_beyoncs_shiny_robot_glove.html |archiveurl=http://ca.music.yahoo.com/read/news/61903199|title=Whose Idea Was Beyoncé's Shiny Robot Glove?|date=November 25, 2008|first=Leslie |last=Gornstein|publisher=E! Online. NBCUniversal |archivedate=November 25, 2008}}</ref>

===Synopsis===
In the video for "Single Ladies", emphasis is laid on Knowles' more aggressive and sensual side, her alter ego Sasha Fierce. It shows her in an asymmetrical [[leotard]] and high-heels, with two look-alike backup dancers, Ebony Williams and Ashley Everett.<ref name="mtv1"/> Knowles' mother, [[Tina Knowles]], said that she designed the high-cut leotards after seeing something similar in the American [[musical film]]s ''[[A Chorus Line (film)|A Chorus Line]]'' and ''[[All That Jazz]]''.<ref name="people"/> The dance routine incorporates many styles, including [[jazz dance|jazz]], [[tap dance|tap]], and [[hip hop dance|hip hop]], and is credited with popularizing J-Setting, a flamboyant [[lead and follow]] dance style prominent in many African American gay clubs across Atlanta and used by the all-female J-Sette dance troupe of [[Jackson State University]].<ref name="chi"/>

The video features Knowles and her two companions dancing inside an [[infinity cove]], which alternates between black and white and places the focus on the complex choreography. Throughout the video the women click their heels and do a lot of hip and leg shaking. However, the main intention is to attract the viewers' attention toward their hands and ring fingers. At one point during the video, the dancers run up to a wall, which, according to Frank Gatson Jr., pays homage to [[Shirley MacLaine]]'s act in the 1969 film ''[[Sweet Charity (film)|Sweet Charity]]''.<ref name="people"/> Toward the end of the video, Knowles flashes her own wedding ring on her finger.<ref name="people"/><ref name="mtv1"/>

===Response and accolades===
[[File:Beyoncé Knowles at 2009 MTV VMA's.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Knowles at the [[2009 MTV Video Music Awards]]|alt=Knowles is smiling while standing in front of a black wall with several images of the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards logo on it. She wears a red dress and she is holding a silver astronaut-shaped trophy.]]
Upon the video's release, many internet bloggers noticed similarities between the choreography of "Single Ladies" and "Mexican Breakfast".<ref name="ed">{{cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/the-ed-sullivan-show/june-1-1969-smokey-robinson-and-the-miracles-lesley-gore-gwen-verdon-107144/|title=TV.com: The Ed Sullivan Show, June 1, 1969|publisher=[[TV.com]]. [[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> The latter became an internet viral sensation the previous summer when [[Unk]]'s "[[Walk It Out]]" was dubbed over the original mix.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.npr.org/news/front/97356053?singlePage=true |title=Beyoncé's Infectious Moves |publisher=NPR |date=November 22, 2008 |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> Regarding the video for "Single Ladies", Knowles said, "Out of all my videos, it was the least expensive and took the least amount of time. And it ended up being the most iconic. I just wanted to keep this one really minimal. But once we got on the set, it was like, wait a minute. This is something special."<ref name=lioa/> The video spawned a [[Novelty and fad dances|dance craze]] and inspired thousands of imitations from all over the world, which were posted on [[YouTube]].<ref name="people"/> In an interview with MTV, Knowles said that she felt "blessed" by the public's response to the video. She revealed that she had spent much time watching several parodies created by people all around the world. She stated, "It's beautiful to feel you touch people and bring a song to life with a video."<ref name="lady"/> Nava later wrote to MTV, stating: "I don't think any of us predicted the amount of parodies it would attract. It's a testament to Beyoncé's mind-boggling talent and to the fact that sometimes, less really can be more."<ref name=lad/>

Kate Carraway of ''Eye Weekly'' commented that when the video of "Single Ladies" appeared on the internet, people began to "consciously look for music videos because of [their] art." She further wrote that the music video format allows for "a lot of experimentation, but it’s a very young medium of film that’s disappearing, at least from the mainstream public eye."<ref>{{cite news|first=Kate |last=Carraway|title=Living on in video – Music clip installation series looks behind the camera|url=http://www.eyeweekly.com/film/feature/article/65383|publisher=Torstar|work=Eye Weekly|date=July 8, 2009|archiveurl=http://archives.eyeweekly.com/feature/article/65383 |archivedate=November 20, 2011|accessdate=January 17, 2011}}</ref> In 2008, the music video won Best Dance Routine thanks to the votes of the readers of [[Popjustice]] Readers Polls;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3311&Itemid=9 |title=Readers' Poll Results 2008 |publisher=[[Popjustice]]. Peter Robinson |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> the next year, it received a nomination for Best Video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4304&Itemid=9 |title=Readers' Poll Results 2009 |publisher=Popjustice. Peter Robinson |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> The video garnered nine nominations for the [[2009 MTV Video Music Awards]],<ref name="lady">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1617536/20090804/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |title=Beyonce And Lady Gaga Lead 2009 MTV VMA Nominees |publisher=MTV News. Viacom |first=Eric |last=Ditzian |date=August 4, 2009 |accessdate=December 22, 2010}}</ref> and it won three: [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]], [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]], and [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2009/ |title=2009 Video Music Awards Summary |publisher=MTV News. Viacom |first=Tamar |last=Anitai |date=September 13, 2009 |accessdate=December 27, 2010}}</ref> It won numerous Best Video awards at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2009|MTV Europe Music Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music-arts/beyonce-wows-racy-red-costume-mtv-europe-music-awards-article-1.414356 |title=Beyonce wows in racy red costume at MTV Europe Music Awards |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |publisher=[[Mortimer Zuckerman]] |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=December 27, 2010|first=Olivia |last=Smith}}</ref> at the [[MOBO Awards 2009|MOBO Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh |first=Anita |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/6095726/Mobo-Awards-2009-nominations-unveiled.html |title=Mobo Awards 2009 nominations unveiled |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |date=August 26, 2009 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> and at the [[BET Awards]].<ref name="bet">{{cite web|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2009BETAwards.htm |title=2009 BET Awards |publisher=About.com. The New York Times Company |first=Mark Edward |last=Nero |accessdate=February 28, 2011}}</ref> At the [[2009 MuchMusic Video Awards]], the video was nominated for [[Best International Artist Video (MMVA Award)|Best International Artist Video]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dose.ca/music/story.html?id=614573b6-21a0-466b-adac-23ceca8f9f0a |title=Nickelback, Danny Fernandes Lead 2009 MMVA Nominations |date=May 27, 2009 |work=[[Dose (magazine)|Dose]] |publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/60MaVQe93 |archivedate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> but lost to [[Lady Gaga]]'s "[[Poker Face (Lady Gaga song)|Poker Face]]".<ref name="mmva">{{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/2009/06/22/9882751-sun.html |title=Nickelback golden at MMVAs |last=Stevenson|first=Jane|date=June 22, 2009 |publisher=Jam!. Sun Media |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> It also received a nomination for Outstanding Music Video at the 2009 [[NAACP Image Award]]s.<ref name="na"/> The video was ranked at number four on BET's ''Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2008'' countdown,<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Black Entertainment Television |title= BET Unveils the Best 100 Music Videos of 2009 – Notarized |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bet-unveils-the-best-100-music-videos-of-2009---notarized-80472882.html |accessdate=March 20, 2011|date=January 1, 2010|location=}}</ref> and at number three on VH1's Top 40 Videos of 2009.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Top 40 Videos of the Year |episodelink=VH1's Top 40 Videos of the Year |series=VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown |serieslink=VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown |credits= |network=[[VH1]] |airdate=December 18, 2009 |credits=[[Jim Shearer|Shearer, Jim]] (host)}}</ref> It was certified platinum by CRIA for sales of over 10,000 units.<ref name="CRIAcert"/> "Single Ladies" was voted best music video of the 2000s decade by fans of the music website [[MUZU TV]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1238633/Beyonces-Single-Ladies-voted-best-video-decade.html |title=Beyonce's Single Ladies voted best video of the decade |work=Daily Mail |publisher=Associated Newspapers Ltd |date=December 27, 2009 |accessdate=November 23, 2011}}</ref> Similarly, ''Billboard'' magazine readers voted the video as the fifth-best one of the 2000s decade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/features/the-10-best-00s-music-videos-poll-results-1005299902.story?page=2 |title=The 10 Best '00s Music Videos: Poll Results |first=Jillian |last=Mapes |date=August 1, 2011 |accessdate=August 4, 2011 |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |work=Billboard}}</ref> Claire Suddath of ''Time'' magazine included "Single Ladies"{{'}}s video on her list of The 30 All-Time Best Music Videos.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 30 All-Time Best Music Videos – Beyoncé, 'Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)'|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2085389_2085359_2085348,00.html|publisher=Time Inc. |work=Time|accessdate=August 19, 2011|author=Claire Suddath|date=July 28, 2011|first=Claire|last=Suddath}}</ref>
[[File:Kanye West at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kanye West]]'s behavior at the [[2009 MTV Video Music Awards]] was highly criticized.|alt=A man with very short black hair, wearing dark sunglasses, a white shirt and a black jacket is looking to his right.]]

===="Kanyegate"====
{{main|Kanyegate}}
"Single Ladies" was nominated for nine awards at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards and ultimately won the award for Video of the Year and an additional two awards. Its loss in the Best Female Video category to American [[country pop]] singer [[Taylor Swift]]'s "[[You Belong with Me]]" led to controversy during the ceremony. Swift's award acceptance speech was interrupted by rapper [[Kanye West]], who grabbed her microphone to declare the "Single Ladies" video as "one of the best videos of all time".<ref name="rant"/> When Knowles won the Video of the Year award, she reminisced about when she won her first MTV award with her former band, [[Destiny's Child]], and called the experience "one of the most exciting moments in [her] life." She then invited Swift to "come out and have her moment".<ref name="rant">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621410/kanye-west-apologizes-taylor-swift-vma-rant.jhtml |title=Kanye West Apologizes To Taylor Swift For VMA Rant |first=Hillary |last=Crosley |publisher=MTV News. Viacom |date=September 14, 2009 |accessdate=May 16, 2011}}</ref><ref name="latimes.com">{{cite news|first=Ann|last=Powers|title=Beyoncé and Taylor Swift: Sisterhood is powerful, especially when male-directed|date=September 14, 2009|accessdate=December 15, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Company |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/09/beyonce-and-taylor-swift-sisterhood-is-powerful-especially-when-maledirected.html}}</ref>

==Live performances==
Knowles first promoted "Single Ladies" in a concert organized by Power 105.1 radio in New York on October 29, 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/10/29/2008-power-1051-powerhouse-concert/ |title=2008 Power 105.1 Powerhouse Concert |work=Rap-Up |publisher=Devin Lazerine |date=October 29, 2008 |accessdate=December 26, 2010}}</ref> and later performed the song at various awards ceremonies, concerts and television shows. At the [[2008 World Music Awards]] in Monaco, Knowles performed "Single Ladies" while wearing her roboglove, and pointed to the glove as she sang the song's chorus.<ref name="mail2"/> Knowles sang "Single Ladies" on ''SNL'' on November 15, 2008.<ref name="SNL">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/11/16/video-beyonce-on-saturday-night-live/ |title=Video: Beyoncé On 'Saturday Night Live' |work=Rap-Up |publisher=Devin Lazerine |date=November 16, 2008 |accessdate=July 24, 2011}}</ref> That night, Knowles featured in a parody of the song's music video, where the two female backup dancers from the video were replaced by pop singer [[Justin Timberlake]] and ''SNL'' cast members [[Andy Samberg]] and [[Bobby Moynihan]].<ref name="just">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1603682/20090128/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |title=Justin Timberlake Reveals How He Coaxed Beyonce Into 'SNL' Skit |first=Jayson |last=Rodriguez |publisher=MTV News. Viacom |date=January 28, 2009 |accessdate=December 12, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20240788,00.html|title=Video: Justin Timberlake Out of Sync in Heels and Leotard|last=Clinton|first=Ivory Jeff|date=November 16, 2008|work=People|publisher=Time Inc|accessdate=February 27, 2011}}</ref> On November 16, 2008, Knowles performed a medley of "If I Were a Boy", "Single Ladies", and "Crazy in Love" during the final episode of ''[[Total Request Live]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599452/20081116/fall_out_boy.jhtml |title=Justin Timberlake, Beyonce, Eminem, Fall Out Boy Mark End Of An Era At 'TRL' Finale |first=James |last=Montgomery |publisher=MTV News. Viacom |date=November 17, 2008 |accessdate=December 12, 2010}}</ref> "Single Ladies" was also performed by Knowles on November 18, 2008, on ''[[106 & Park]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.106andpark.com/Video/BeyonceSingle-Ladies-live-Bet-181108/054FBFFFF0190526B001700A51679 |title=Beyonce-Single Ladies live Bet |work=[[106 & Park]] |publisher=Black Entertainment Television. Viacom |date=November 18, 2010 |accessdate=December 27, 2010}}</ref> on November 23, 2008, at the [[American Music Awards of 2008|2008 American Music Awards]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1088842/Raunchy-Christina-Aguilera-Beyonce-Rihanna-battle-stage-title-Americas-sexiest-singer.html |title=Raunchy Christina Aguilera, Beyonce and Rihanna battle it out on stage for the title of America's sexiest singer |work=Daily Mail |publisher=Associated Newspapers Ltd |date=November 24, 2008 |archiveurl=http://replay.web.archive.org/20090426111252/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1088842/Raunchy-Christina-Aguilera-Beyonce-Rihanna-battle-stage-title-Americas-sexiest-singer.html |archivedate=April 26, 2009}}</ref> on November 25, 2008, on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/11/25/video-beyonce-on-ellen-degeneres-show/ |title=Video: Beyonce on 'Ellen DeGeneres Show' |date=November 25, 2008 |work=Rap-Up |publisher=Devin Lazerine |accessdate=December 13, 2010}}</ref> and on November 26, 2008, at [[Rockefeller Center|Rockefeller Plaza]] on ''[[Today (NBC program)|The Today Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/11/26/video-beyonce-rocks-today-concert-series/ |title=Video: Beyonce Rocks Today Concert Series |date=November 26, 2008 |work=Rap-Up |publisher=Devin Lazerine |accessdate=December 13, 2010}}</ref> She delivered a performance of "Single Ladies" with two male dancers on ''[[The Tyra Banks Show]]'' on January 9, 2009.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Beyoncé |series=The Tyra Banks Show |serieslink=The Tyra Banks Show |network=[[The CW Television Network]] |airdate=November 26, 2008 |season=4 |number=58}}</ref> In July 2009, Knowles gave a concert at the [[Staples Center]] in [[Los Angeles]] where American actor [[Tom Cruise]] danced with her and her dancers as they performed the dance routine of "Single Ladies".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cruise 'caught performing Beyoncé dance'|first=Tim |last=Parks |publisher=Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a165512/cruise-caught-performing-beyonce-dance.html|date=July 16, 2009|accessdate=December 27, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:I Am... Tour 11.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Knowles performing "Single Ladies" on her [[I Am... Tour]]|alt=The image of a woman who is singing. She wears a black leotard and holds a microphone with her right hand while she moves quickly her left hand. Many musical instruments are visible behind her.]]
At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards on September 13, 2009, Knowles performed the bridge of "[[Sweet Dreams (Beyoncé Knowles song)|Sweet Dreams]]" before she began "Single Ladies".<ref name=wow/> Wearing a sparkling leotard and one silver glove, Knowles started performing the song with two background dancers.<ref name=wow/> She then paused and called out, "Now wait"; the lights dimmed and the crowd began to stand and clap their hands together.<ref name=wow/> When the lights came back, there was "an army of single ladies" on the stage, as described by Hillary Crosley of MTV News.<ref name=wow/> By the end of the song, everyone present in [[Radio City Music Hall]] was standing and Knowles thanked the crowd.<ref name=wow>{{cite web|last=Crosley |first=Hillary |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621402/20090913/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |title=Beyonce Calls Out To All The 'Single Ladies' At The 2009 VMAs |publisher=MTV News. Viacom |date=September 13, 2009 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> In a poll conducted by ''Billboard'' magazine, the performance was ranked as the third best in the history of [[MTV Video Music Awards]]. A critic of the magazine wrote, "The world gave a collective 'whoa' when Beyonce unleashed her 'Single Ladies' video, but to see those dance moves come to life at the 2009 VMAs was beyond eye-popping."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/events/mtv-vmas-10-best-performances-ever-poll-1005324542.story?page=1|title=MTV VMAs 10 Best Performances Ever Poll|date=August 2, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2011|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|page=1}}</ref>

"Single Ladies" was included on the [[set list]]s of Knowles' [[I Am... Yours]] concerts and her [[I Am... Tour]]. The song was subsequently included on Knowles' live albums ''[[I Am... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas]]'' (2009)<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r1700137|pure_url=yes}} |title=I Am...Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas|first=Andy |accessdate=December 2, 2010 |publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation |last=Kellman}}</ref> and ''[[I Am... World Tour]]'' (2010).<ref name="ae">{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.de/dp/B00496OIYK |title=I Am...World Tour |publisher=Amazon.de |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> "Single Ladies" was later performed by Knowles in a pink fringe dress at a concert at [[Palais Nikaia]] in Nice, France, on June 20, 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/06/20/beyonce-invades-the-stage-at-european-concert-kickoff-video/ |title=Beyoncé Invades The Stage At European Concert Kickoff (Video) |work=Rap-Up |publisher=Devin Lazerine |date=June 20, 2011 |accessdate=July 15, 2010}}</ref> and at the [[Glastonbury Festival 2011|Glastonbury Festival]] on June 26, 2011 in front of more than 175,000 fans.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2008598/Glastonbury-2011-Beyonc-watched-Gwyneth-Paltrow-Jay-Z.html?ito=feeds-newsxml |title=Famous friends Gwyneth Paltrow and Jay-Z among the star-studded audience as Beyoncé closes Glastonbury |work=Daily Mail |first=Sarah |last=Bull |publisher=Associated Newspapers Ltd |date=June 27, 2011 |accessdate=July 15, 2011}}</ref> On July 1, 2011, Knowles gave a free concert on ''[[Good Morning America]]'' as part of its ''Summer Concert Series'', for which she wore a yellow fringe dress, gold stilettos and had her hair in bushy [[Tina Turner]]-esque locks. The set included "Single Ladies".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2010336/Beyonce-fros-moves-Good-Morning-America-performance.html |title=Beyonce 'fros some moves in identical yellow and black crochet dresses for Good Morning America performance |work=Daily Mail |publisher=Associated Newspapers Ltd |date=July 4, 2011 |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref><ref name="gma">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/07/01/beyonce-dazzles-on-gma-summer-concert-series-video/|title=Beyonce Dazzles on 'GMA' Summer Concert Series (Video)|work=Rap-Up |publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=July 1, 2011|accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref> She also performed "Single Ladies" on August 14, 2011 during the [[4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé]] revue held at the [[Roseland Ballroom]] in New York City.<ref name="rap-up3">{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Newman |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/08/15/concert-review-beyonce-reigns-at-roseland-ballroom/ |title=Concert Review: Beyoncé Reigns at Roseland Ballroom |work=Rap-Up |publisher=Devin Lazerine |date=August 15, 2011 |accessdate=August 21, 2011}}</ref> While singing the song in front of 3,500 people, Knowles was backed by her all-female band and her backing singers, called the Mamas.<ref name="ew">{{cite web|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/08/15/beyonce-4-intimate-nights-new-york-city/|title=Beyonce performs first of four-night run of her new '4' album at small NYC theater – an EW review|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc|first=Brad|last=Wete|date=August 15, 2011|accessdate=August 21, 2011}}</ref>

==Cultural impact==
{{Quote box|width=295px|align=right|quote="There are gospel and acoustic versions. Toddlers have tackled it. [So have] recreation centre dance classes, sorority sisters in their dorm rooms, suburban teenagers in their basements and high school cheerleaders ... There are all-male tributes, an impromptu number in an airport lounge and even some 'new 'n' improved' videos of dance teams taking a second try. As with every Internet trend, there are of course the requisite Facebook groups devoted to it ... a couple of years ago, [[Soulja Boy]] initiated a short-lived dance craze ... but it remained mainly a male hip-hop dance, whereas the 'Single Ladies' dance has crossed over to all age groups and genders."|source=—The ''[[Toronto Star]]''{{'s}} Trish Crawford on the cultural impact of "Single Ladies"<ref name="Star"/>}}
"Single Ladies" has gained widespread popularity for its catchy hook and theme of female empowerment;<ref name="Star">{{Cite news|last=Crawford|first=Trish|title=Beyoncé's single an anthem for women|journal=[[Toronto Star]]| pages =L1, L4|date=January 23, 2009|url=http://www.thestar.com/living/article/575705 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |publisher=[[Star Media Group]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/60NPcdhL4 |archivedate=July 22, 2011}}</ref><ref name="lati">{{cite news |first=Ann |last=Powers |date=October 8, 2008 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/10/entertainment/et-beyonce10 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090301182029/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/10/snap-judgement.html |archivedate=March 1, 2009 |title=Snap Judgment: Beyoncé's 'If I Were a Boy' and 'Single Ladies' |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |publisher=[[Tribune Company]] |accessdate=December 31, 2010}}</ref> critics compared the song to [[Aretha Franklin]]'s "[[Respect (song)|Respect]]" and [[Gloria Gaynor]]'s "[[I Will Survive]]".<ref name="Star"/> The music video achieved fame for its intricate choreography,<ref name=guard/> and has been credited with starting the "first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet".<ref name="Star"/> This triggered a number of parodies of the dance choreography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.essence.com/2010/06/02/beyonce-single-ladies-timeline/|title=Beyonce's "Single Ladies" Timeline – The single woman's anthem|last=Misick|first=Bobbi|date=June 2, 2010|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|publisher=Time Inc|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref><ref name=tro/> Billy Johnson of Yahoo! Music said that the video of "Single Ladies" was "the top music related viral hit" of 2009.<ref name=billy>{{cite web|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/hip-hop-media-training/beyonc-lady-gaga-or-shakira-who-has-the-best-dance-video.html |title=Beyoncé, Lady Gaga Or Shakira: Who Has The Best Dance Video? |first=Billy |last=Johnson |publisher=Yahoo! Music. Yahoo! |date=December 23, 2009 |accessdate=December 30, 2010}}</ref> MTV News' James Montgomery wrote that "it appears like [the music video] was custom-made for the YouTube generation, which probably explains why making homages became a worldwide phenomenon".<ref name=lad/> The video has generated interest in J-Setting, the dance form that choreographer JaQuel Knight highlights in the video, and Knowles is credited with bringing the dance style to the mainstream.<ref name=Times/> In a radio interview on NPR's ''[[All Things Considered]]'', Knight shared his excitement that the popular video inspired "people wanting to learn and be able to dance".<ref name="NPR">{{cite audio |people=[[Andrea Seabrook|Seabrook, Andrea]] |date=November 22, 2008 |title=Beyoncé's Infectious Moves |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97356053 |format=mp3 |medium=radio broadcast|publisher=''[[All Things Considered]]''. [[NPR]] |location= |accessdate=July 24, 2011}}</ref>
In February 2009 [[Columbia Records]] announced the launch of a "Single Ladies" Dance Video Contest. Fans aged eighteen or older were invited to adhere precisely to the dance routine performed by Knowles and her two dancers in the original production.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.beyonceonline.com/ca/news/beyonc%C3%A9-announces-official-single-ladies-dance-video-contest |title=Beyoncé Announces Official 'Single Ladies' Dance Video Contest |publisher=Columbia Records |date=February 24, 2009 |accessdate=May 13, 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5ydruVYJl |archivedate=May 13, 2011}}</ref> The winning video was included in her live album, ''I Am... World Tour''.<ref name="ae"/>

===Parodies===
[[File:RPI Charity Drag Show - Spring 09.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A [[drag queen|drag show]]dance inspired by the "Single Ladies" music video|alt=Three men wearing leotards are onstage with their hands held high. are opening their hands up while they are in front of a crowd. From left to right, the first is wearing a reddish leotard and a blonde wig; the second wears black clothing and a red wig; the third wears a blue striped top with black pants.]]
"Single Ladies" was first parodied on the November 15, 2008 episode of ''SNL'', where Knowles was present.<ref name="just"/> Later, [[Joe Jonas]] of the [[pop rock]] band [[Jonas Brothers]] posted a video on their YouTube account where he imitated the dance in a black leotard and heels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/06/03/joe-jonas-shows-off-his-beyonce-moves-in-a-unitard-for-single-ladies-spoof/ |title=Joe Jonas Shows Off His Beyonce Moves (In A Unitard!) For 'Single Ladies' Spoof |first=Rya |last=Backer |publisher=MTV. Viacom |date=June 3, 2009 |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> Irish pop duo [[Jedward]] parodied Knowles' dance moves for the video of their cover version of "[[All the Small Things]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/music/3054411/See-brand-new-Jedward-video.html |title=Brand New Jedward Video |first=Nadia |last=Mendoza |work=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]] |publisher=[[News International]] |date=July 4, 2009 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> In London, one hundred dancers wearing leotards similar to the one worn by Knowles performed the choreography on April 20, 2009, to promote [[Trident (gum)|Trident Unwrapped]] gum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2009-04/21/content_7700636.htm|title=Beyoncé lookalikes unwrapped in London|date=April 21, 2009|work=[[China Daily]] |publisher=[[State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission|SASAC]]|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>

The music video inspired a legion of amateur imitators to post videos of themselves attempting to perform the choreography on YouTube.<ref name=guard>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2009/jan/14/beyonce-dance-routines|title=Forget Beyoncé's new dance |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Media Group |first=Laura |last=Barnett |date=January 14, 2009 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref><ref name=tro>{{cite web|url=http://www.urlesque.com/2009/10/19/single-ladies-dance-parodies/|title=The Definitive Collection of 'Single Ladies' Dance Parodies |work=Urlesque |publisher=AOL |first=Lindsey |last=Weber |date=October 19, 2009 |accessdate=December 20, 2010 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5yduvIioM |archivedate=May 13, 2011}}</ref> One of the most [[viral video]]s is that of Shane Mercado, who appeared on ''[[The Bonnie Hunt Show]]'' in bikini bottoms to perform the choreography. He later got the chance to meet Knowles, an event that received coverage from various news outlets.<ref name=tro/> The popularity of the videos on YouTube has been acknowledged by Knowles; during her concert tour, excerpts from many of the YouTube videos were played in the background while Knowles was performing the song.<ref name=Times/> Many videos featuring babies of different ages, imitating the dance choreography of "Single Ladies", have also been uploaded on YouTube.<ref name="baby1">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1929777,00.html#ixzz195mVaYxs|title=All the Single Babies: Why Do Tots Love Beyoncé?|work=Time|publisher=Time Inc.|author=Ada Calhoun |date=October 15, 2009|accessdate=December 28, 2010}}</ref> A video showing Cory Elliott, a baby boy from New Zealand, performing the dance while watching Knowles on television, gained significant coverage from several media outlets.<ref name="baby"/> ''Time'' magazine's critic Dan Fletcher ranked it as the fourth best viral video of 2009 and wrote, "Young children love songs with good rhythm and repetition, and 'Single Ladies' certainly has both."<ref name="baby">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1945379_1945171_1945168,00.html|title=Top 10 Viral Videos|work=Time |publisher=Time Inc |first=Josh |last=Tyrangiel |date=December 8, 2009|accessdate=December 27, 2010}}</ref>

In a video filmed by singer [[John Legend]], American president [[Barack Obama]] appears with his wife Michelle performing part of the "Single Ladies" routine.<ref name=bar>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1603760/20090129/knowles_beyonce.jhtml|title=Watch President Barack Obama Do The 'Single Ladies' Dance |first=Gil |last=Kaufman |date=January 29, 2009|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> This video prompted an Obama look-alike, Iman Crosson, to do his own version of the video's choreography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/entertainment/iman-crosson-as-barack-obama-parody-of-beyonces-single-ladies--235490.html |title=Iman Crosson as Barack Obama parody of Beyoncé's 'Single Ladies' |work=[[Dayton Daily News]] |publisher=[[Cox Enterprises]] |accessdate=May 13, 2011}}</ref> Crosson's parody of "Single Ladies" was described as one of the "definitive 'Single Ladies' dance parodies" by [[AOL]].<ref name=tro/> Several other important personalities, including American environmentalist and politician [[Joseph Nation|Joe Nation]] and American actor [[Tom Hanks]], have performed the dance.<ref name=tro/><ref>{{cite news|title=Hey, Tom Hanks, keep on singing Beyonce's 'Single Ladies'!|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Company|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2009/10/tom-hanks-sings-beyonce.html|date=October 30, 2009|accessdate=December 27, 2010}}</ref> In the music video for "[[Dancin on Me]]" by [[DJ Webstar]] and [[Jim Jones (rapper)|Jim Jones]], three females are featured in the background, imitating the "Single Ladies" dance.<ref name=Times/> An animated version of "Single Ladies" surfaced online in late 2009.<ref name="sing">{{cite web|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/hip-hop-media-training/beyonc-single-ladies-remakes-still-coming-in.html|title=Beyoncé 'Single Ladies' Remakes Still Coming In|accessdate=December 15, 2010|date=December 10, 2009|first=Billy|last=Johnson|publisher=Yahoo! Music. Yahoo!}}</ref> In August 2011, the music minister at Geyer Springs First Baptist Church in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], thought it would be "an excellent idea" to attract interest in the church choir by using a remix of "Single Ladies" and having choir members dance to it. In the music video he made, the choir members sing, "All the singing ladies, all the singing fellas... If you like the choir, then won't you come and sing in it." The video was posted on YouTube on August 29, 2011 by Cyndi Wilkerson, Music Ministry Assistant at Geyer Springs First Baptist Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.christianpost.com/news/beyonces-single-ladies-used-by-church-choir-for-recruitment-drive-video-55554/ |title=Beyonce's 'Single Ladies' Used by Church Choir for Recruitment Drive |first=Nicola |last=Menzie |work=[[The Christian Post]] |publisher=The Christian Post Company |date=September 13, 2011 |accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref>

===Usage in media===
[[File:Glee - Single Ladies cropped.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Jenna Ushkowitz]], [[Chris Colfer]] and [[Heather Morris]] during a performance of "Single Ladies" on the tour [[Glee Live! In Concert!]] in 2011.|alt=The grayscale picture of three people, two women and a man, who dance and put their hands on their hips. The man wears a dark outfit, compound of a vest, a shirt and pants. The women wear similar leotards.]]
"Single Ladies" has been used in various media. In the Best of 2009 issue of ''People'' magazine, [[Khloé Kardashian|Khloe]], [[Kim Kardashian|Kim]], and [[Kourtney Kardashian]] were ranked at number nine on the magazine's list of "25 Most Intriguing People". The photograph for the article showed the three women in leotards mimicking the look from the "Single Ladies" video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20335437,00.html|title=Khloé, Kim, & Kourtney Kardashian as Beyoncé's Single Ladies|accessdate=December 15, 2010|date=December 28, 2009|work=People|publisher=Time Inc}}</ref> The song has been included in many television shows, including ''[[CSI: Miami]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sidereel.com/posts/62781-review-recap-divorce-party-|publisher=[[SideReel]]|title=Divorce Party|date=November 2, 2010|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> ''[[Cougar Town]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/10/01/cougar-town-episode-2-recap/ |title='Cougar Town' recap: Paying homage to 'The Hangover' with...a hangover|first=Michael |last=Slezak |work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc |date=October 1, 2009|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> and ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox.com/glee/recaps/season-1/episode-4/|title=Preggers|publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]. [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=November 15, 2010}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the video for "Single Ladies" was used for a 2009 television commercial for the new [[Doner kebab]] flavored [[Pot Noodle]].<ref name="sing"/> In other media, issue 33 of comic book series ''[[The Brave and the Bold]]'' features a scene where [[Wonder Woman]], [[Zatanna]], and [[Barbara Gordon]] sing a karaoke version of the song while at a club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/05/02/ow-my-brain-or-the-absolute-failure-of-the-brave-and-the-bold-33/|publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]]. Boiling Point Productions |title=Ow, My Brain!; Or, The Absolute Failure Of the Brave And The Bold #33|date=May 2, 2010|accessdate=December 15, 2010|first=Greg |last=Burgas}}</ref> A [[mashup (video)|mash-up]] video of the theme of "Single Ladies" and ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]'' circulated on the internet in early 2010. It was produced by [[Party Ben]] at the end of 2008.<ref>{{cite news|first=Christie |last=D'Zurilla |date=March 29, 2010 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2010/03/rose-mcgowan-beyonce-single-ladies-andy-griffith-mayberry.html |title=Happy Monday from Mayberry, single ladies ... |work=Los Angeles Times |publisher=Tribune Company |accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref> In July 2010, the line "Put a Ring on It" was used by the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] as the tagline for a female condom public awareness campaign in the US.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E1jwF1bK1tQC&pg=PA29&hl=en&ei=HL49TYu2PIax8QP3-e2KCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=true |title=UNAIDS Outlook Report July 2010|page=29|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]]. [[World Health Organization]] |date=September 2010 |isbn=9789291738595}}</ref>

===Cover versions===
Several singers and bands of various genres have covered the song in their own style. Scottish band [[Marmaduke Duke]] performed a cover in April 2009 on [[BBC Radio 1]]'s ''[[Live Lounge]]'' show,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/sessions/2009-04-22_marmadukeduke |title=Live Lounge – Marmaduke Duke |publisher=[[BBC Radio 1]]. [[BBC]] |date=April 22, 2009 |accessdate=May 14, 2011 |archiveurl=
http://www.webcitation.org/5ygbKB1mB |archivedate=May 14, 2011}}</ref> which was released on ''[[Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 4]]'', a compilation of ''Live Lounge'' recordings, in October 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/radio-1s-live-lounge-vol-4/id336062299 |title=Radio 1's Live Lounge, Vol. 4 |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=May 14, 2011}}</ref> Australian singer [[Stan Walker]] sang a jazzier version of the song on the [[Australian Idol (season 7)|seventh series]] of ''[[Australian Idol]]'' in October 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Adams |first=Cameron |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/music/review-australian-idols-stan-walkers-debut-album-introducing-stan-walker/story-e6frf9hf-1225809137824 |title=Review – Australian Idol's Stan Walker's debut Album, Introducing Stan Walker |work=[[Herald Sun]] |publisher=[[The Herald and Weekly Times]] |date=December 10, 2009 |accessdate=February 7, 2011}}</ref> In her short-lived Broadway revue "All About Me" in March 2010, [[Dame Edna Everage]] performed a version of the song with backup dancers Gregory Butler and Jon-Paul Mateo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theater.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/theater/reviews/19allaboutme.html?scp=2&sq=dame%20edna&st=cse |title=Two on a Seesaw |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=March 19, 2010 |accessdate=December 15, 2010 |first=Ben |last=Brantley}}</ref> The song was also covered by [[Jeff Tweedy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/06/25/jeff-tweedy-single-ladies-beyonce/ |title=Wilco's Jeff Tweedy covers Beyonce's 'Single Ladies'|first=Simon |last=Vozick-Levinson |work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc |date=June 25, 2010|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> and a singer-songwriter from North London, [[Alan Pownall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Alan+Pownall/_/Single+Ladies+%28Put+a+Ring+on+It%29 |title=Alan Pownall – Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) (2:23) |publisher=[[last.fm]]. [[CBS Interactive]] |accessdate=May 13, 2011}}</ref> During her tour in Melbourne, Australia, on August 13, 2010, [[Katy Perry]] performed "Single Ladies" and attempted to emulate the choreography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/katy-perry-crashes-prom-teacher-calls-her-1004109824.story |title=Katy Perry Crashes Prom, Teacher Calls Her 'Idiot' |first=Mariel |last=Concepcion |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |date=August 18, 2010 |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>

[[Sara Bareilles]] covered the song as part of ''Billboard'' magazine{{'}}s "Mashup Mondays" and performed the song as part of her setlist on the [[Lilith Fair|2010 Lilith Fair Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/mashupmondays/sara-bareilles-switches-up-single-ladies-1004108173.story |title=Sara Bareilles Switches Up 'Single Ladies' |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |date=August 9, 2010|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref> American rock band, [[A Rocket to the Moon]], covered "Single Ladies" and placed it on their EP, ''The Rainy Day Sessions'', which was released in October 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic |id=r2047179 |class=album |pure_url=yes}} |title=The Rainy Day Sessions |accessdate=May 13, 2011 |publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation}}</ref> On September 26, 2010, Kharizma sang their version of the song on the [[The X Factor (Australia season 2)|second series]] of ''[[The X Factor (Australia)|The X Factor Australia]]'',<ref>{{cite episode|title=Musical Heroes |season=2 |number=2 |series=The X Factor |serieslink=The X Factor (Australia) |network=[[Seven Network]] |city=Australia |airdate=September 26, 2010}}</ref> and on May 31, 2011, [[Matthew Raymond-Barker]] sang the song on the seventh prime in live of the second series of the ''[[X Factor (France)|X Factor France]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://x-factor.m6.fr/prestations/2682-matthew-r-barker-single-ladies.html|title=Matthew R. Barker : Single ladies |work=[[X Factor (France)|X Factor]] |publisher=[[FremantleMedia]]/[[Syco]] |date=May 31, 2011 |language=French |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5zEMkSOiP|archivedate=June 6, 2011}}</ref> "Single Ladies" was covered by [[The Chipettes]] in the film ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel]]'' and is on the [[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|film's soundtrack]].<ref>{{cite web |url={{allmusic| id=r1672123 |class=album |pure_url=yes}} |title=Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel |first=James Christopher |publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation |last=Monger |accessdate=May 13, 2011}}</ref> The film ''[[Sex and the City 2]]'' features a performance of the song by American singer and actress [[Liza Minnelli]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-06-23/entertainment/21921322_1_film-director-vincente-minnelli-liza-minnelli-kander-and-ebb|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|publisher=Hearst Corporation |title=Liza Minnelli at her best with live audience |first=David |last=Wiegand|date=June 23, 2010 |accessdate=November 21, 2011}}</ref> On October 18, 2011, Young Men Society sang "Single Ladies" on the [[The X Factor (Australia season 3)|third series]] of ''The X Factor Australia''.<ref name="week5performers">{{cite web|url=http://au.tv.yahoo.com/x-factor/news/article/-/10484140/jason-derulo-and-altiyan-childs-on-the-show/|title=Jason Derulo and Altiyan Childs on the show!|publisher=Yahoo!7 (Australia). Yahoo!|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/62Ur80YG7|archivedate=17 October 2011}}</ref>

==Formats and track listings==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

*'''Australia, Germany and New Zealand CD single and download'''<ref name="au"/><ref name="nzz"/><ref name="ger"/>
# "[[If I Were a Boy]]" – 4:08
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – 3:13

*'''US dance remixes'''<ref name="Mast">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001U7YK2Q|title=Single Ladies (Put A Ring On It) Dance Remixes|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>

# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" ([[Dave Audé]] Club Remix) – 8:20
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Karmatronic Club Remix) – 5:54
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (RedTop Club Remix) – 6:52
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (DJ Escape & Tony Coluccio Club Remix) – 6:54
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Lost Daze Dating Service Club Remix) – 6:47
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Craig C's Master Blaster Club Remix) – 8:19
{{col-2}}

*'''UK CD single'''<ref name="UKCD">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001QITONY |title=Single Ladies [Single, Import] |publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=March 22, 2011}}</ref>

# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – 3:13
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (RedTop Remix Radio Edit) – 3:33

*'''UK and Europe remixes download'''<ref name="amazon.uk"/><ref name="itunes"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.fr/dp/B00280OTM0 |title=Single Ladies (Put A Ring On It) – Dance Remixes |publisher=[[Amazon.fr]] |accessdate=March 22, 2011}}</ref>

# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Redtop Remix – Dance Remix) – 3:33
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (My Digital Enemy Remix) – 6:38
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Olli Collins & Fred Portelli Remix) – 7:40
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Dave Audé Remix Club Version) – 8:20
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (The Japanese Popstars Remix) – 7:46
# "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – 3:13
{{col-end}}

==Credits and personnel==
Credits adapted from ''I Am... Sasha Fierce'' album liner notes.<ref name="Booklet">{{cite album-notes |title=I Am... Sasha Fierce |albumlink=I Am... Sasha Fierce |artist=Beyoncé Knowles |year=2008 |format=Deluxe Edition Compact Disc liner notes |publisher=[[Columbia Records]] |page=12}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*Jim Caruana – [[Sound recording and reproduction|vocals recorder]]
*[[Kuk Harrell|Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] – recorder, writer
*[[Jaycen Joshua]] – [[Mix engineer|mixer]]
*[[Beyoncé Knowles]] – vocals, vocals producer, producer, writer
*Dave Pensado – mixer
{{col-2}}
*[[The-Dream|Terius "The-Dream" Nash]] – producer, writer
*[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] – producer, writer
*Brian "B-LUV" Thomas – recorder
*Randy Urbanski – mix assistant
*Andrew Wuepper – mix assistant
{{col-end}}

==Charts and certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2008–10)
!scope="col"|Peak position
|-
!scope="row"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]]<ref name="HM">{{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9&titel=Single+Ladies+%28Put+A+Ring+On+It%29&cat=s |title=Beyoncé – Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) |publisher=Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien |accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
!scope="row"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Urban Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20081220-0000/issue980.pdf |title=The ARIA Report (issue 980) |format=PDF |page=18 |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association |date=August 3, 2009 |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
!scope="row"|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Singles Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|11
|-
!scope="row"|[[Ultratop 40|Belgian Singles Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|34
|-
!scope="row"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="cu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/beyonce/chart-history/317670?f=793&g=Singles|title=Beyonce Album & Song Chart History|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
!scope="row"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Czech Airplay Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=2&titul=146651&sec=2d53966abc3ff0d0cb8878c0cae74116 |title=Beyoncé – Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) |accessdate=April 5, 2011 |publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (Czech Republic)}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|13
|-
!scope="row"|[[Tracklisten|Danish Singles Chart]]<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|21
|-
!scope="row"|[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top40.nl/index.aspx?&jaar=2009&maand=12&week=04 |title=Nederlandse Top 40–24 January 2009 Week 4 |language=Dutch |publisher=Top 40 Netherlands |date=January 24, 2009|accessdate=December 21, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
!scope="row"|[[European Hot 100 Singles]]<ref name="Eu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/beyonce/chart-history/317670?f=349&g=Singles|title=Beyonce Album & Song Chart History|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|20
|-
!scope="row"|[[French Singles Chart]]<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|68
|-
!scope="row"|[[Mahasz|Hungarian Airplay Chart]]<ref name="hungary">{{cite web | url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=radios&ev=2009&het=22&submit_=Keres%E9s | title=Rádios Top 40 játszási lista| publisher=Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége |publisher=[[Mahasz]] |language=Hungarian| accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|14
|-
!scope="row"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|title=Discography Beyoncé |publisher=[[Irish Singles Chart]]. Hung Medien|accessdate=December 21, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
!scope="row"|[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
!scope="row"|[[Japan Hot 100]]<ref name="JAP">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/beyonce/chart-history/317670?f=848&g=Singles|title=Beyonce Album & Song Chart History|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|25
|-
!scope="row"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
!scope="row"|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|19
|-
!scope="row"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Slovak Airplay Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparadask/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=18&titul=145281&sec=9e42ddd3c395db309bac1564e77b8cfb |title=Beyoncé – Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) |accessdate=April 5, 2011 |publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (Slovakia) |language=Slovak}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|20
|-
!scope="row"|[[Productores de Música de España|Spanish Singles Chart]]<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
!scope="row"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|40
|-
!scope="row"|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="HM"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|40
|-
!scope="row"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="chstat"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|-
!scope="row"|[[UK R&B Chart]]<ref name="UKrnb">{{cite journal |date=January 18, 2009 |title=UK R&B Chart |journal=[[Music Week]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=46 |publisher=[[United Business Media]] |issn=0265-1548}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=lio/>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref name="life"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Hot Dance Club Songs|Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref name="nacn">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/beyonce/chart-history/317670?f=359&g=Singles|title=Beyonce Album & Song Chart History|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Pop 100]]<ref name="allmusiccharts">{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=artist|pure_url=yes|id=p349078 |tab=charts-awards/billboard-singles}} |title=Beyoncé |accessdate=December 11, 2010 |publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Pop Songs]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/beyonce/chart-history/317670?f=381&g=Singles |title=Beyonce Album & Song Chart History|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=May 13, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Rhythmic Top 40]]<ref name="allmusiccharts"/>
|align="center"|2
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2008)
!scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row"|Australian Singles Chart<ref name="pa"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|74
|-
!scope="row"|Australian Urban Singles Chart<ref name="pa">{{cite web|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20090120-0000/issue983EOY.pdf |title=The ARIA Report (issue 980 – End of Year) |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association |format=PDF |page=20 |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|-
!scope="row"|UK Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2008.pdf |title=Charts Plus Year end 2008 |publisher=[[UKChartsPlus]] |format=PDF |page=4 |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|175
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2009)
!scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row"|Australian Singles Chart<ref name="pan">{{cite web|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20100205-0000/EOY2009.pdf |title=The ARIA Report (End of Year 2009) |format=PDF |pages=2, 17 |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|14
|-
!scope="row"|Australian Urban Singles Chart<ref name="pan"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
!scope="row"|Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2009 |title=Jaaroverzichten 2010 (Flanders) |language=Dutch|publisher=[[Ultratop 50]]. Hung Medien |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|59
|-
!scope="row"|Canadian Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2009/canadian-hot-100 |title=Canadian Hot 100 Year End Chart – 2009 |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|19
|-
!scope="row"|Dutch Top 40<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top40web.nl/jaarlijsten/jr2009.html|title=Dutch Top 40 Year End|publisher=[[MegaCharts]] |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|43
|-
!scope="row"|Hungarian Airplay Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2009|title=Éves összesített listák – MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 (súlyozott)|language=Hungarian|publisher=Mahasz|accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|73
|-
!scope="row"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irma.ie/best2009.htm |title=Best of 2009 – Ireland |publisher=[[International Recording Media Association]]|accessdate=June 17, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|17
|-
!scope="row"|[[New Zealand Top 50 Singles of 2009|New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp?chartYear=2009&chartKind=S |title=Annual Top 50 Singles Chart 2009 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] |accessdate=December 11, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|31
|-
!scope="row"|Spanish Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202009.pdf|title=Chart: PROMUSICAE Year end Singles Chart – 2009 |publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]] |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|38
|-
!scope="row"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&dfom=20090001&newi=0&height=420&platform=Win32&browser=MSIE&navi=no&subframe=Mainframe |title=Årslista Singlar – År 2009 ||publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]] |accessdate=October 3, 2011 |language=Swedish}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|95
|-
!scope="row"|UK Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusYE2009.pdf |title=2009 UK Official Singles Chart |publisher=UKChartsPlus |format=PDF |page=1 |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|34
|-
!scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2009/hot-100-songs |title=Year End Charts – Hot 100 Songs |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |year=2009 |accessdate=April 26, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
!scope="row"|US Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2009/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs |title=Year End Charts – Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |year=2009 |accessdate=April 26, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
!scope="row"|US Hot Dance Club Play Songs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2009/hot-dance-club-play-songs |title=Year End Charts – Dance Club Songs |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |year=2009 |accessdate=April 26, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|30
|-
!scope="row"|US Pop Songs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2009/hot-mainstream-40-songs |title=Year End Charts – Pop Songs |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |year=2009 |accessdate=April 26, 2011}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|19
|-
!scope="row"|US Rhythmic Songs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2009/hot-rhythmic-songs |title=Year End Charts – Rhythmic Songs |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |year=2009 |accessdate=April 26, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2010)
!scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row"|Australian Urban Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-singles-2010.htm |title=Australian Urban Singles Year End Charts 2010 |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|29
|-
!scope="row"|UK Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusYE2010.pdf|title=End Of Year Charts: 2010|publisher=UKChartsPlus|accessdate=2011-08-10}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|172
|}

===Decade-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"|Charts (2000–09)
! scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/documents/2000sDecadeChartssingles.pdf |format=PDF |page=2 |title=ARIA Chart Sales – ARIA End of Decade Sales/Top 100 |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association |year=2010 |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|39
|-
!scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009 |title=Top 100 Music Hits, Top 100 Music Charts, Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|99
|-
!scope="row"|US Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/r-b-hip-hop-songs?year=2009&begin=11&order=position |title=Top Hip-Hop and R&B Songs & Singles Charts |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|16
|}
{{col-end}}

===Certifications===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"| Country
!scope="col"| Provider
!scope="col"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
|-
!scope="row"|Australia
|[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]
|3× Platinum<ref name="ARIAcert"/>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|Canada
|rowspan="2"|[[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CRIA]]
|2× Platinum<ref name="CRIAcert">{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/0709_g.php |title=Gold & Platinum Certification |month=July |year=2009 |publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=December 11, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|Platinum ([[Truetone|MT]])<ref name="CRIAcert"/>
|-
|-

!scope="row"|Spain
|[[Productores de Música de España|PROMUSICAE]]
|Platinum<ref name="spaincert">{{cite web |url=http://www.promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2010_14.pdf|title=Chart: Promusicae 14 2010 |publisher=Productores de Música de España |format=PDF |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|United Kingdom
|[[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]
|Gold<ref name="BPIcert"/>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|United States
|rowspan="2"|[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]
|4× Platinum<ref name="RIAAcert">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULT&artist=Beyonce+Single+Ladies+%28Put+a+Ring+on+It%29 |title=Search Results – Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Beyonce |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |accessdate=December 11, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|Platinum ([[Mastertone|MT]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Beyonce+Single+Ladies+(Put+a+Ring+on+It) |title=Search Results – Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Beyonce |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |accessdate=December 11, 2010}} Note: Click on the "Mastertone" button to access master tone certifications.</ref>
|}

==Release and radio history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"| Country
!scope="col"| Date
!scope="col"| Format
!scope="col"| Label
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"| United States
|rowspan="2"| October 12, 2008
|[[Rhythmic contemporary]] airplay<ref name="us_radio">{{cite web |url=http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=10/12/2008&Format=9 |title=Going for Adds – Rhythmic |work=[[Radio & Records]] |publisher=[[VNU Media]] |date=October 12, 2008 |accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Music World Entertainment|Music World]]
|-
| [[Urban contemporary]] airplay<ref name="urban">{{cite web|url=http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=10/12/2008&Format=5 |title=Going for Adds – Urban|work=Radio & Records |publisher=VNU Media |date=October 12, 2008 |accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Australia<ref name="au">{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/au/album/if-i-were-a-boy-single/id294909898 |title=If I Were a Boy – Single |accessdate=December 20, 2010 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]. [[Apple Inc]]}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|November 7, 2008
|rowspan="3"|[[Compact Disc single|CD single]], [[music download|digital download]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Sony BMG]]
|-
!scope="row"|New Zealand<ref name="nzz">{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/if-i-were-a-boy-single/id294909898 |title=If I Were a Boy – Single |accessdate=April 15, 2011 |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Germany<ref name="ger"/>
|-
!scope="row"|United States<ref name="Mast"/>
|February 10, 2009
|rowspan="17"|Dance [[remix]]es download
|Columbia, Music World
|-
!scope="row"|Austria<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/at/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |language=German |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|rowspan="17"|February 16, 2009
|rowspan="15"|[[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]]
|-
!scope="row"|Belgium<ref name="itunes">{{cite web| url=http://itunes.apple.com/be/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Canada<ref name="itunes5">{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Denmark<ref name="itunes1">{{cite web|url= http://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Finland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fi/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |language=French |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc|accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Ireland<ref name="itunes2">{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/ie/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/it/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |language=Italian |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc|accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Mexico<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/mx/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |language=Spanish |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc|accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Netherlands<ref name="itunes3">{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/nl/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |language=Dutch |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc|accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Norway<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/no/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Portugal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/pt/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Spain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/es/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |language=Spanish |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc|accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Sweden<ref name="itunes4">{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/se/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Switzerland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/ch/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |language=German |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc|accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|United Kingdom<ref name="amazon.uk"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/single-ladies-put-ring-on/id303646947 |title=Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) – Dance Remixes – EP |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc |accessdate=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
|Columbia, Music World
|-
!scope="row"|United Kingdom<ref name="UKCDrelease"/>
|CD single
|[[RCA Records]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|id=4m1EFMoRFvY|title="Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" music video}}
*An article published by ''New York Daily News'' about the impact of "Single Ladies" on small children: {{cite news|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-05-14/entertainment/27064389_1_youtube-video-dance-moves-child|title=Little girls' provocative dance routine to 'Single Ladies' sparks fears of growing up too fast|last=Black|first=Rosemary|newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]]|publisher=[[Mortimer Zuckerman]]|date=May 14, 2010}}

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{s-prec|}}}}
{{s-bef|before = "[[Miss Independent (Ne-Yo song)|Miss Independent]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] [[List of number-one R&B singles of 2008 (U.S.)|number-one single]]|years = November 29, 2008 – February 14, 2009}}
{{s-aft|after = "[[Blame It]]" by [[Jamie Foxx]] featuring [[T-Pain]]}}

{{s-bef|before = "[[Live Your Life]]" by [[T.I.]] featuring [[Rihanna]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] [[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2008 (U.S.)|number-one single]] |years = December 13, 2008 – December 20, 2008 December 27, 2008 – January 10, 2009}}
{{s-aft|after = "Live Your Life" by T.I. featuring Rihanna "[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]" by [[Lady Gaga]] featuring [[Colby O'Donis|Colby O' Donis]]}}

{{s-bef|before = "[[Miles Away (Madonna song)|Miles Away]]" by [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Airplay]] [[List of number-one dance airplay hits of 2009 (U.S.)|number-one single]] |years = January 10, 2009 – January 24, 2009}}
{{s-aft|after="[[Imagination (Jes song)|Imagination]]" by [[Jes Brieden|Jes]]}}

{{s-bef|before = "[[I Hate This Part]]" by [[Pussycat Dolls]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Songs|Hot Dance Club Play]] [[List of number-one dance singles of 2009 (U.S.)|number-one single]]|years = January 17, 2009}}
{{s-aft|after = "[[Human (The Killers song)|Human]]" by [[The Killers]]}}

{{s-bef|before = "[[If I Were a Boy]]" by [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[UK R&B Chart]] [[List of number-one R&B hits of 2009 (UK)|number-one single]] |years = January 18, 2009 – February 8, 2009}}
{{s-aft|after= "[[Crack a Bottle]]" by [[Eminem]], [[Dr. Dre]] and [[50 Cent]]}}

{{s-bef|before = "[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]" by Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis}}
{{s-ttl| title = U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Pop Songs]] number-one single
| years = February 7, 2009 – February 28, 2009}}
{{s-aft|after= "[[Love Story (Taylor Swift song)|Love Story]]" by [[Taylor Swift]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Beyoncé Knowles singles}}
{{Grammy Award for Song of the Year 2010s}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Single Ladies (Put A Ring On It)}}
[[Category:2000s pop songs]]
[[Category:2008 singles]]
[[Category:Beyoncé Knowles songs]]
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[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Pop Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Dance-pop songs]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Song of the Year]]
[[Category:MTV Video of the Year Award]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Jake Nava]]
[[Category:Singles certified double platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association]]
[[Category:Singles certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry]]
[[Category:Singles certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Singles certified platinum by the Productores de Música de España]]
[[Category:Singles certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America]]
[[Category:Singles certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association]]
[[Category:Songs with feminist themes]]
[[Category:Songs written by Beyoncé Knowles]]
[[Category:Songs written by The-Dream]]
[[Category:Songs written by Tricky Stewart]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Tricky Stewart]]
[[Category:UK R&B Singles Chart number-one singles]]

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Ornans

2011-11-24T17:41:21Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding eo:Ornans

{{Infobox French commune
|name = Ornans
|image = Ornans.jpg
|latitude = 47.10595
|longitude = 6.14383
|INSEE = 25434
|postal code = 25290
|region = Franche-Comté
|department = Doubs
|arrondissement = Besançon
|canton = Ornans
|mayor = Jean-François Longeot
|term = 2008–2014
|intercommunality = Pays d'Ornans
|elevation min m = 323
|elevation max m = 635
|area km2 = 32.64
|population = 4124
|population date = 2008
}}

'''Ornans''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Doubs]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the [[Franche-Comté]] [[Regions of France|region]] in eastern [[France]].

==Personalities==
Ornans is the birthplace of the French realist painter, [[Gustave Courbet]] (1819 - 1877). One of Courbet's most famous paintings is ''[[Burial at Ornans]]'', which records the burial of his great uncle in September 1848. Courbet's painting depicted actual people who had attended the funeral and were used as models for the painting.

The mathematician and instrument maker [[Pierre Vernier]], after whom the eponymous scale is named, is also a native of this small town.

==Population==
{{Demography
| 1793= 3104
| 1800= 3266
| 1806= 3243
| 1821= 3019
| 1831= 2982
| 1836= 3096
| 1841= 3306
| 1846= 3304
| 1851= 3483
| 1856= 3189
}}
{{Demography
|noheader=yes
| 1861= 3522
| 1866= 3448
| 1872= 3173
| 1876= 3169
| 1881= 3350
| 1886= 3279
| 1891= 3092
| 1896= 3204
| 1901= 3153
| 1906= 2910
}}
{{Demography
|noheader=yes
| 1911= 2736
| 1921= 2628
| 1926= 2908
| 1931= 3051
| 1936= 2969
| 1946= 2840
| 1954= 3237
| 1962= 3619
| 1968= 4147
| 1975= 4231
}}
{{Demography
|noheader=yes
| 1982= 4134
| 1990= 4016
| 1999= 4037
| 2008= 4124
}}

==See also==
*[[Communes of the Doubs department]]

==References==
*[http://www.insee.fr/en/home/home_page.asp INSEE]
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Ornans}}
{{Doubs communes}}

[[Category:Communes of Doubs]]

{{Doubs-geo-stub}}

[[ca:Ornans]]
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[[uk:Орнан]]
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[[vo:Ornans]]
[[war:Ornans]]

Riemann hypothesis

2011-11-24T17:14:55Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:حدس ریمان

[[File:RiemannCriticalLine.svg|thumb|The real part (red) and imaginary part (blue) of the Riemann zeta function along the critical line Re(''s'') = 1/2. The first non-trivial zeros can be seen at Im(''s'') = ±14.135, ±21.022 and ±25.011.]]
{{Millennium Problems}}
{{Portal:Mathematics/Featured article template}}
In mathematics, the '''Riemann hypothesis''', proposed by {{harvs|txt|first=Bernhard|last= Riemann|year=1859|author-link=Bernhard Riemann}}, is a [[conjecture]] about the location of the [[root of a function|zeros]] of the [[Riemann zeta function]] which states that all [[non-trivial]] zeros (as defined below) have real part 1/2. The name is also used for some closely related analogues, such as the [[Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields]].

The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of [[prime numbers]] that are in some ways as good as possible. Along with suitable generalizations, it is considered by some mathematicians to be the most important unresolved problem in [[pure mathematics]] {{harv|Bombieri|2000}}. The Riemann hypothesis is part of [[Hilbert's eighth problem|Problem 8]], along with the [[Goldbach conjecture]], in [[David Hilbert|Hilbert]]'s list of [[Hilbert's problems|23 unsolved problems]], and is also one of the [[Clay Mathematics Institute]] [[Millennium Prize Problems]]. Since it was formulated, it has withstood concentrated efforts from many outstanding mathematicians. In 1973, [[Pierre Deligne]] proved an analogue of the Riemann Hypothesis for zeta functions of varieties defined over finite fields. The full version of the hypothesis remains unsolved, although modern computer calculations have shown that the first 10 trillion zeros lie on the critical line.

The Riemann zeta function ζ(''s'') is defined for all [[complex number]]s ''s'' ≠ 1. It has zeros at the negative even integers (i.e. at ''s'' = −2, −4, −6, ...). These are called the '''trivial zeros'''. The Riemann hypothesis is concerned with the non-trivial zeros, and states that:

:The real part of any non-trivial zero of the Riemann zeta function is 1/2.

Thus the non-trivial zeros should lie on the '''critical line''', 1/2 + ''it'', where ''t'' is a [[real number]] and ''i'' is the [[imaginary unit]].

There are several nontechnical books on the Riemann hypothesis, such as {{harvtxt|Derbyshire|2003}}, {{harvtxt|Rockmore|2005}}, {{harvtxt|Sabbagh|2003}},
{{harvtxt|du Sautoy|2003}}. The books {{harvtxt|Edwards|1974}}, {{harvtxt|Patterson|1988}} and {{harvtxt|Borwein|Choi|Rooney|Weirathmueller|2008}} give mathematical introductions, while
{{harvtxt|Titchmarsh|1986}}, {{harvtxt|Ivić|1985}} and {{harvtxt|Karatsuba|Voronin|1992}} are advanced monographs.

==The Riemann zeta function==
The [[Riemann zeta function]] is defined for complex ''s'' with real part greater than 1 by the [[Absolute convergence|absolutely convergent]] [[infinite series]]
:<math>
\zeta(s) =
\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^s} =
\frac{1}{1^s} + \frac{1}{2^s} + \frac{1}{3^s} + \cdots.
\!</math>
[[Leonhard Euler]] showed that this series equals the [[Euler product]]
:<math>\zeta(s) = \prod_{p \text{ prime}} \frac{1}{1-p^{-s}}= \frac{1}{1-2^{-s}}\cdot\frac{1}{1-3^{-s}}\cdot\frac{1}{1-5^{-s}}\cdot\frac{1}{1-7^{-s}} \cdots \frac{1}{1-p^{-s}} \cdots</math>
where the [[infinite product]] extends over all prime numbers ''p'', and again converges for complex ''s'' with real part greater than 1. The convergence of the Euler product shows that ζ(''s'') has no zeros in this region, as none of the factors have zeros.

The Riemann hypothesis discusses zeros outside the region of convergence of this series, so it needs to be [[Analytic continuation|analytically continued]] to all complex ''s''. This can be done by expressing it in terms of the [[Dirichlet eta function]] as follows. If ''s'' is greater than one, then the zeta function satisfies
:<math>
\left(1-\frac{2}{2^s}\right)\zeta(s) =
\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n+1}}{n^s} =
\frac{1}{1^s} - \frac{1}{2^s} + \frac{1}{3^s} - \cdots
\, .</math>
However, the series on the right converges not just when ''s'' is greater than one, but more generally whenever ''s'' has positive real part. Thus, this alternative series extends the zeta function from {{nowrap|Re(''s'') > 1}} to the larger domain {{nowrap|Re(''s'') > 0}}.

In the strip {{nowrap|0 < Re(''s'') < 1}} the zeta function also satisfies the [[functional equation]]
:<math>
\zeta(s) = 2^s\pi^{s-1}\ \sin\left(\frac{\pi s}{2}\right)\ \Gamma(1-s)\ \zeta(1-s)
\!.</math>
One may then define ζ(''s'') for all remaining nonzero complex numbers ''s'' by assuming that this equation holds outside the strip as well, and letting ζ(''s'') equal the right-hand side of the equation whenever ''s'' has non-positive real part. If ''s'' is a negative even integer then
ζ(''s'') = 0 because the factor sin(π''s''/2) vanishes; these are the '''trivial zeros''' of the zeta function.
(If ''s'' is a positive even integer this argument does not apply because the zeros of sin are cancelled by the poles of the [[gamma function]] as it takes negative integer arguments.) The value [[1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + · · ·|ζ(0) = −1/2]] is not determined by the functional equation, but is the limiting value of ζ(''s'') as ''s'' approaches zero. The functional equation also implies that the zeta function has no zeros with negative real part other than the trivial zeros, so all non-trivial zeros lie in the '''critical strip''' where ''s'' has real part between 0 and 1.

==History==
{{quote box
|align=right
|width=30%
|quote="{{lang|de|…es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass alle Wurzeln reell sind. Hiervon wäre allerdings ein strenger Beweis zu wünschen; ich habe indess die Aufsuchung desselben nach einigen flüchtigen vergeblichen Versuchen vorläufig bei Seite gelassen, da er für den nächsten Zweck meiner Untersuchung entbehrlich schien.}}" "…it is very probable that all roots are real. Of course one would wish for a rigorous proof here; I have for the time being, after some fleeting vain attempts, provisionally put aside the search for this, as it appears dispensable for the next objective of my investigation."
|source=Riemann's statement of the Riemann hypothesis, from {{harv|Riemann|1859}}. (He was discussing a version of the zeta function, modified so that its roots are real rather than on the critical line.)
}}
In his 1859 paper ''[[On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude]]'' Riemann found an [[explicit formula]] for the [[prime-counting function|number of primes]] π(''x'') less than a given number ''x''. His formula was given in terms of the related function
:<math>\Pi(x) =\pi(x)+\frac{1}{2}\pi(x^{1/2})+\frac{1}{3}\pi(x^{1/3})+\frac{1}{4}\pi(x^{1/4})+\frac{1}{5}\pi(x^{1/5})+\frac{1}{6}\pi(x^{1/6})+\cdots</math>
which counts primes where a prime power ''p''''n'' counts as 1/''n'' of a prime. The number of primes can be recovered from this function by
:<math>\pi(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\mu(n)}{n}\Pi(x^{1/n}) = \Pi(x) -\frac{1}{2}\Pi(x^{1/2})-\frac{1}{3}\Pi(x^{1/3}) +\frac{0}{4}\Pi(x^{1/4}) -\frac{1}{5}\Pi(x^{1/5}) +\frac{1}{6}\Pi(x^{1/6}) - \cdots,</math>
where μ is the [[Möbius function]]. Riemann's formula is then
:<math>\Pi_0(x) = \operatorname{Li}(x) - \sum_\rho \operatorname{Li}(x^\rho) -\log(2) +\int_x^\infty\frac{dt}{t(t^2-1)\log(t)}</math>

where the sum is over the nontrivial zeros of the zeta function and where Π0 is a slightly modified version of Π that replaces its value at its points of discontinuity by the average of its upper and lower limits:

:<math>\Pi_0(x) = \lim_{\varepsilon \rightarrow 0}\frac{\Pi(x-\varepsilon)+\Pi(x+\varepsilon)}2.</math>

The summation in Riemann's formula is not [[Absolute convergence|absolutely convergent]], but may be evaluated by taking the zeros ρ in order of the absolute value of their imaginary part. The function Li occurring in the first term is the (unoffset) [[logarithmic integral function]] given by the [[Cauchy principal value]] of the divergent integral
:<math>\operatorname{Li}(x) = \int_0^x\frac{dt}{\log(t)}.</math>
The terms Li(''x''ρ) involving the zeros of the zeta function need some care in their definition as Li has branch points at 0 and 1, and are defined (for ''x'' > 1) by analytic continuation in the complex variable ρ in the region Re(ρ) > 0, i.e. they should be considered as [[Exponential integral|Ei]](ρ ln x). The other terms also correspond to zeros: the dominant term Li(''x'') comes from the pole at ''s'' = 1, considered as a zero of multiplicity −1, and the remaining small terms come from the trivial zeros. For some graphs of the sums of the first few terms of this series see {{harvtxt|Riesel|Göhl|1970}} or {{harvtxt|Zagier|1977}}.

This formula says that the zeros of the Riemann zeta function control the oscillations of primes around their "expected" positions. Riemann knew that the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function were symmetrically distributed about the line {{nowrap|''s'' {{=}} 1/2 + ''it'',}} and he knew that all of its non-trivial zeros must lie in the range {{nowrap|0 ≤ Re(''s'') ≤ 1.}} He checked that a few of the zeros lay on the critical line with real part 1/2 and suggested that they all do; this is the Riemann hypothesis.

==Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis==
The practical uses of the Riemann hypothesis include many propositions which
are known to be true under the Riemann hypothesis, and some which can be
shown to be equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis.

===Distribution of prime numbers===
Riemann's [[explicit formula]] for the number of primes less than a given number in terms of a sum over the zeros of the Riemann zeta function says that the magnitude of the oscillations of primes around their expected position is controlled by the real parts of the zeros of the zeta function. In particular the error term in the [[prime number theorem]] is closely related to the position of the zeros: for example, the [[supremum]] of real parts of the zeros is the [[infimum]] of numbers β such that the error is O(''x''β) {{harv|Ingham|1932}}.

[[#CITEREFvon Koch1901|Von Koch (1901)]] proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the "best possible" bound for the error of the prime number theorem.

A precise version of Koch's result, due to {{harvtxt|Schoenfeld|1976}}, says that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to
:<math>|\pi(x) - \operatorname{Li}(x)| < \frac{1}{8\pi} \sqrt{x} \, \log(x), \qquad \text{for all } x \ge 2657. </math>

===Growth of arithmetic functions===
The Riemann hypothesis implies strong bounds on the growth of many other arithmetic functions, in addition to the primes counting function above.

One example involves the [[Möbius function]] μ. The statement that the equation

:<math>\frac{1}{\zeta(s)} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\mu(n)}{n^s}</math>

is valid for every ''s'' with real part greater than 1/2, with the sum on the right hand side converging, is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. From this we can also conclude that if the [[Mertens function]] is defined by

:<math>M(x) = \sum_{n \le x} \mu(n)</math>

then the claim that

:<math>M(x) = O(x^{1/2+\varepsilon}) \,</math>

for every positive ε is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis {{harv|Titchmarsh|1986}}. (For the meaning of these symbols, see [[Big O notation]].) The determinant of the order ''n'' [[Redheffer matrix]] is equal to ''M''(''n''), so the Riemann hypothesis can also be stated as a condition on the growth of these determinants. The Riemann hypothesis puts a rather tight bound on the growth of ''M'', since {{harvtxt|Odlyzko|te Riele|1985}} disproved the slightly stronger [[Mertens conjecture]]

:<math>|M(x)| \le \sqrt x.</math>

The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to many other conjectures about the rate of growth of other arithmetic functions aside from μ(''n''). A typical example is [[Robin's theorem]] {{harv|Robin|1984}}, which states that if σ(''n'') is the [[divisor function]], given by

:<math>\sigma(n) = \sum_{d\mid n} d \,</math>

then

:<math>\sigma(n) < e^\gamma n \log \log n \,</math>

for all ''n'' > 5040 if and only if the Riemann hypothesis is true, where γ is the [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]].

Another example was found by {{harvtxt|Franel|Landau|1924}} showing that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to a statement that the terms of the [[Farey sequence]] are fairly regular. More precisely, if ''F''''n'' is the Farey sequence of order ''n'', beginning with 1/''n'' and up to 1/1, then the claim that for all ε > 0

:<math>\sum_{i=1}^m|F_n(i) - i/m| = O(n^{1/2+\epsilon})</math>

is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. Here <math>m = \sum_{i=1}^n\phi(i)</math> is the number of terms in the Farey sequence of order ''n''.

For an example from group theory, if ''g''(''n'') is [[Landau's function]] given by the maximal order of elements of the [[symmetric group]] ''S''''n'' of degree ''n'', then {{harvtxt|Massias|Nicolas|Robin|1988}} showed that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the bound

:<math>\log g(n) < \sqrt{\operatorname{Li}^{-1}(n)}</math> for all sufficiently large ''n''.

===Lindelöf hypothesis and growth of the zeta function===
The Riemann hypothesis has various weaker consequences as well; one is the '''[[Lindelöf hypothesis]]''' on the rate of growth of the zeta function on the critical line, which says that, for any ''ε'' > 0,

:<math>\zeta\left(\frac12 + it\right) = O(t^\varepsilon),</math>

as ''t'' tends to infinity.

The Riemann hypothesis also implies quite sharp bounds for the growth rate of the zeta function in other regions of the critical strip. For example, it implies that
:<math> e^\gamma\le \limsup_{t\rightarrow +\infty}\frac{|\zeta(1+it)|}{\log\log t}\le 2e^\gamma</math>
:<math> \frac{6}{\pi^2}e^\gamma\le \limsup_{t\rightarrow +\infty}\frac{1/|\zeta(1+it)|}{\log\log t}\le \frac{12}{\pi^2}e^\gamma</math>
so the growth rate of ζ(1+''it'') and its inverse would be known up to a factor of 2 {{harv|Titchmarsh|1986}}.

===Large prime gap conjecture===
The prime number theorem implies that on average, the [[prime gap|gap]] between the prime ''p'' and its successor is log ''p''. However, some gaps between primes may be much larger than the average. [[Harald Cramér|Cramér]] proved that, assuming the Riemann hypothesis, every gap is ''O''(√''p'' log ''p''). This is a case when even the best bound that can currently be proved using the Riemann hypothesis is far weaker than what seems to be true: [[Cramér's conjecture]] implies that every gap is ''O''((log ''p'')2) which, while larger than the average gap, is far smaller than the bound implied by the Riemann hypothesis. Numerical evidence supports Cramér's conjecture {{harv|Nicely|1999}}.

===Criteria equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis===
Many statements equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis have been found, though so far none of them have led to
much progress in solving it. Some typical examples are as follows. (Others involve the [[Divisor_function#Approximate_growth_rate | divisor function]] σ(''n'').)

The [[Riesz criterion]] was given by {{harvtxt|Riesz|1916}}, to the effect that the bound

:<math>-\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-x)^k}{(k-1)!\,\zeta(2k)}=
O\left(x^{1/4+\epsilon}\right)</math>

holds for all <math>\epsilon>0</math> if and only if the Riemann hypothesis holds.

{{harvtxt|Nyman|1950}} proved that the Riemann Hypothesis is true if and only if
the space of functions of the form
:<math>f(x) = \sum_{\nu=1}^nc_\nu\rho(\theta_\nu/x)</math>
where ρ(''z'') is the fractional part of ''z'', {{nowrap|0 ≤ θν ≤ 1}}, and
:<math>\sum_{\nu=1}^nc_\nu\theta_\nu=0</math>,
is dense in the Hilbert space L2(0,1) of square-integrable functions on the unit interval.
{{harvtxt|Beurling|1955}} extended this by showing that the zeta function has no zeros with real part greater than 1/''p'' if and only if this function space is dense in L''p''(0,1)

{{harvtxt|Salem|1953}} showed that the Riemann hypothesis is true if and only if the integral equation
:<math>\int_{0}^\infty\frac{z^{-\sigma-1}\phi(z)\,dz}{{e^{x/z}}+1}=0 </math>
has no non-trivial bounded solutions φ for 1/2<σ<1.

[[Weil's criterion]] is the statement that the positivity of a certain function is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. Related is [[Li's criterion]], a statement that the positivity of a certain sequence of numbers is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis.

{{harvtxt|Speiser|1934}} proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that <math>\zeta'(s)</math>, the derivative of <math>\zeta(s)</math>, has no zeros in the strip

:<math>0 < \Re(s) < \frac12.</math>

That ζ has only simple zeros on the critical line is equivalent (by definition) to its derivative having no zeros on the critical line.

===Consequences of the generalized Riemann hypothesis===
Several applications use the generalized Riemann hypothesis for Dirichlet L-series or zeta functions of number fields rather than just the Riemann hypothesis. Many basic properties of the Riemann zeta function can easily be generalized to all Dirichlet L-series, so it is plausible that a method that proves the Riemann hypothesis for the Riemann zeta function would also work for the generalized Riemann hypothesis for Dirichlet L-functions. Several results first proved using the generalized Riemann hypothesis were later given unconditional proofs without using it, though these were usually much harder. Many of the consequences on the following list are taken from {{harvtxt|Conrad|2010}}.
* In 1913, Gronwall showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies that Gauss's [[class number problem|list of imaginary quadratic fields with class number 1]] is complete, though Baker, Stark and Heegner later gave unconditional proofs of this without using the generalized Riemann hypothesis.
* In 1917, Hardy and Littlewood showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies a conjecture of Chebyshev that
:<math>\lim_{x\rightarrow 1^-}\sum_{p>2}(-1)^{(p+1)/2}x^p=+\infty</math>
:which says that in some sense primes 3 mod 4 are more common than primes 1 mod 4.
* In 1923 Hardy and Littlewood showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies a weak form of the [[Goldbach conjecture]] for odd numbers: that every sufficiently large odd number is the sum of 3 primes, though in 1937 Vinogradov gave an unconditional proof. In 1997 Deshouillers, Effinger, te Riele, and Zinoviev showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies that every odd number greater than 5 is the sum of 3 primes.
* In 1934, Chowla showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies that the first prime in the arithmetic progression ''a'' mod ''m'' is at most ''Km''2log(''m'')2 for some fixed constant ''K''.
* In 1967, Hooley showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies [[Artin's conjecture on primitive roots]].
* In 1973, Weinberger showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies that Euler's list of [[idoneal number]]s is complete.
* {{harvtxt|Weinberger|1973}} showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis for the zeta functions of all algebraic number fields implies that any number field with class number 1 is either [[Euclidean domain|Euclidean]] or an imaginary quadratic number field of discriminant −19, −43, −67, or −163.
* In 1976, G. Miller showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies that one can test if a number is prime in polynomial times. In 2002, Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal and Nitin Saxena proved this result unconditionally using the [[AKS primality test]].
* {{harvtxt|Odlyzko|1990}} discussed how the generalized Riemann hypothesis can be used to give sharper estimates for discriminants and class numbers of number fields.
* {{harvtxt|Ono|Soundararajan|1997}} showed that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies that Ramanujan's integral quadratic form ''x''2 +''y''2 + 10''z''2 represents all integers that it represents locally, with exactly 18 exceptions.

==Generalizations and analogues of the Riemann hypothesis==
===Dirichlet L-series and other number fields===
The Riemann hypothesis can be generalized by replacing the Riemann zeta function by the formally similar, but much more general, global [[L-function]]s. In this broader setting, one expects the non-trivial zeros of the global ''L''-functions to have real part 1/2. It is these conjectures, rather than the classical Riemann hypothesis only for the single Riemann zeta function, which accounts for the true importance of the Riemann hypothesis in mathematics.

The [[generalized Riemann hypothesis]] extends the Riemann hypothesis to all [[Dirichlet L-function]]s.
In particular it implies the conjecture that [[Siegel zero]]s (zeros of ''L'' functions between 1/2 and 1) do not exist.

The [[extended Riemann hypothesis]] extends the Riemann hypothesis to all [[Dedekind zeta function]]s of [[algebraic number field]]s. The extended Riemann hypothesis for abelian extension of the rationals is equivalent to the generalized Riemann hypothesis. The Riemann hypothesis can also be extended to the L-functions of [[Hecke character]]s of number fields.

The [[grand Riemann hypothesis]] extends it to all automorphic zeta functions, such as [[Mellin transform]]s of [[Hecke eigenform]]s.

===Function fields and zeta functions of varieties over finite fields===
{{harvtxt|Artin|1924}} introduced global zeta functions of (quadratic) [[Function field of an algebraic variety|function fields]] and conjectured an analogue of the Riemann hypothesis for them, which has been proven by Hasse in the genus 1 case and by {{harvtxt|Weil|1948}} in general. For instance, the fact that the [[quadratic Gauss sum|Gauss sum]], of the quadratic character of a [[finite field]] of size ''q'' (with ''q'' odd), has absolute value

:<math>\sqrt{q}</math>

is actually an instance of the Riemann hypothesis in the function field setting. This led {{harvtxt|Weil|1949}} to conjecture a similar statement for all [[algebraic variety|algebraic varieties]]; the resulting [[Weil conjectures]] were proven by {{harvs|txt|first=Pierre|last=Deligne|authorlink=Pierre Deligne|year1=1974|year2=1980}}.

===Selberg zeta functions===
{{harvtxt|Selberg|1956}} introduced the [[Selberg zeta function]] of a Riemann surface. These are similar to the Riemann zeta function: they have a functional equation, and an infinite product similar to the Euler product but taken over closed geodesics rather than primes. The [[Selberg trace formula]] is the analogue for these functions of the [[explicit formulas]] in prime number theory. Selberg proved that the Selberg zeta functions satisfy the analogue of the Riemann hypothesis, with the imaginary parts of their zeros related to the eigenvalues of the Laplacian operator of the Riemann surface.

===Ihara zeta functions===
The [[Ihara zeta function]] of a finite graph is an analogue of the Selberg zeta function introduced by Yasutaka Ihara. A regular finite graph is a [[Ramanujan graph]], a mathematical model of efficient communication networks, if and only if its Ihara zeta function satisfies the analogue of the Riemann hypothesis as was pointed out by [[Toshikazu Sunada|T. Sunada]].

===Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture===
{{harvtxt|Montgomery|1973}} suggested the [[pair correlation conjecture]] that the correlation functions of the (suitably normalized) zeros of the zeta function should be the same as those of the eigenvalues of a [[Gaussian unitary ensemble|random hermitian matrix]]. {{harvtxt|Odlyzko|1987}} showed that this is supported by large scale numerical calculations of these correlation functions.

Montgomery showed that (assuming the Riemann hypothesis) at least 2/3 of all zeros are simple, and a related conjecture is that all zeros of the zeta function are simple (or more generally have no non-trivial integer linear relations between their imaginary parts). [[Dedekind zeta function]]s of algebraic number fields, which generalize the Riemann zeta function, often do have multiple complex zeros.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} This is because the Dedekind zeta functions factorize as a product of powers of [[Artin L-function]]s, so zeros of Artin L-functions sometimes give rise to multiple zeros of Dedekind zeta functions. Other examples of zeta functions with multiple zeros are the L-functions of some [[elliptic curve]]s: these can have multiple zeros at the real point of their critical line; the [[Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture]] predicts that the multiplicity of this zero is the rank of the elliptic curve.

===Other zeta functions===
There are [[zeta function|many other examples]] of zeta functions with analogues of the Riemann hypothesis,
some of which have been proved. [[Goss zeta function]]s of function fields have a Riemann hypothesis, proved by {{harvtxt|Sheats|1998}}.
The main conjecture of [[Iwasawa theory]], proved by [[Barry Mazur]] and [[Andrew Wiles]] for [[cyclotomic field]]s, and Wiles for [[totally real number field|totally real fields]], identifies the zeros of a ''p''-adic ''L''-function with the eigenvalues of an operator, so can be thought of as an analogue of the [[Hilbert–Pólya conjecture]] for [[p-adic L-function|''p''-adic ''L''-functions]] {{harv|Wiles|2000}}.

==Attempts to prove the Riemann hypothesis==
Several mathematicians have addressed the Riemann hypothesis, but none of their attempts have yet been accepted as correct solutions.
{{harvtxt|Watkins|2007}} lists some incorrect solutions, and more are [http://arxiv.org/find/grp_math/1/AND+ti:+AND+Riemann+hypothesis+subj:+AND+General+mathematics/0/1/0/all/0/1 frequently announced].

===Operator theory===
{{main|Hilbert–Pólya conjecture}}

Hilbert and Polya suggested that one way to derive the Riemann hypothesis would be to find a [[self-adjoint operator]], from the existence of which the statement on the real parts of the zeros of ζ(''s'') would follow when one applies the criterion on real [[eigenvalue]]s. Some support for this idea comes from several analogues of the Riemann zeta functions whose zeros correspond to eigenvalues of some operator: the zeros of a zeta function of a variety over a finite field correspond to eigenvalues of a [[Frobenius element]] on an [[étale cohomology]] group, the zeros of a [[Selberg zeta function]] are eigenvalues of a [[Laplacian operator]] of a Riemann surface, and the zeros of a [[p-adic zeta function]] correspond to eigenvectors of a Galois action on [[ideal class group]]s.

{{harvtxt|Odlyzko|1987}} showed that the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function shares some statistical properties with the eigenvalues of [[random matrices]] drawn from the [[Gaussian unitary ensemble]]. This gives some support to the Hilbert–Pólya conjecture.

In 1999, [[Michael Berry (physicist)|Michael Berry]] and Jon Keating conjectured that there is some unknown quantization <math>\hat H</math> of the classical Hamiltonian <math>H=xp</math> so that

:<math> \zeta (1/2+i\hat H) = 0 </math>

and even more strongly, that the Riemann zeros coincide with the spectrum of the operator <math>1/2 + i \hat H</math>. This is to be contrasted to [[canonical quantization]] which leads to the [[Heisenberg uncertainty principle]] <math>[x,p]=1/2</math> and the [[natural numbers]] as spectrum of the [[quantum harmonic oscillator]]. The crucial point is that the Hamiltonian should be a self-adjoint operator so that the quantization would be a realization of the Hilbert–Pólya program. In a connection with this quantum mechanical problem Berry and Connes had proposed that the inverse of the potential of the Hamiltonian is connected to the half-derivative of the function <math> N(s)= \frac{1}{\pi}\operatorname{Arg}\xi(1/2+i\sqrt s) </math> then, in Berry–Connes approach <math> V^{-1}(x) = \sqrt{4\pi} \frac{d^{1/2}N(x)}{dx^{1/2}} </math> {{harv|Connes|1999}}. This yields to a Hamiltonian whose eigenvalues are the square of the imaginary part of the Riemann zeros, also the functional determinant of this Hamiltonian operator is just the [[Riemann Xi function]]

The analogy with the Riemann hypothesis over finite fields suggests that the Hilbert space
containing eigenvectors corresponding to the zeros might be some sort of first cohomology group of the [[spectrum of a ring|spectrum]] Spec('''Z''') of the integers. {{harvtxt|Deninger|1998}} described some of the attempts to find such a cohomology theory.

{{harvtxt|Zagier|1983}} constructed a natural space of invariant functions on the upper half plane which has eigenvalues under the Laplacian operator corresponding to zeros of the Riemann zeta function, and remarked that in the unlikely event that one could show the existence of a suitable positive definite inner product on this space the Riemann hypothesis would follow. {{harvtxt|Cartier|1982}} discussed a related example, where due to a bizarre bug a computer program listed zeros of the Riemann zeta function as eigenvalues of the same Laplacian operator.

{{harvtxt|Schumayer|Hutchinson|2011}} surveyed some of the attempts to construct a suitable physical model related to the Riemann zeta function.

===Lee–Yang theorem===
The [[Lee–Yang theorem]] states that the zeros of certain partition functions in statistical mechanics all lie on
a "critical line" with real part 0, and this has led to some speculation about a relationship with the Riemann hypothesis {{harv|Knauf|1999}}.

===Turán's result===
{{harvs|authorlink=Pál Turán|first=Pál |last=Turán|year=1948|txt}} showed that if the functions
:<math>\sum_{n=1}^N n^{-s}</math>

have no zeros when the real part of ''s'' is greater than one then

:<math>T(x) = \sum_{n\le x}\frac{\lambda(n)}{n}\ge 0\text{ for } x > 0,</math>

where λ(''n'') is the [[Liouville function]] given by (−1)''r'' if ''n'' has ''r'' prime factors.
He showed that this in turn would imply that the Riemann hypothesis is true. However {{harvtxt|Haselgrove|1958}} proved that ''T''(''x'') is negative for infinitely many ''x'' (and also disproved the closely related [[Pólya conjecture]]), and {{harvtxt|Borwein|Ferguson|Mossinghoff|2008}} showed that the smallest such ''x'' is {{gaps|72|185|376|951|205}}. {{harvtxt|Spira|1968}} showed by numerical calculation that the finite Dirichlet series above for ''N''=19 has a zero with real part greater than 1. Turán also showed that a somewhat weaker assumption, the nonexistence of zeros with real part greater than 1+''N''−1/2+ε for large ''N'' in the finite Dirichlet series above, would also imply the Riemann hypothesis, but {{harvtxt|Montgomery|1983}} showed that for all sufficiently large ''N'' these series have zeros with real part greater than {{nowrap|1 + (log log ''N'')/(4 log ''N'')}}. Therefore, Turán's result is [[vacuous truth|vacuously true]] and cannot be used to help prove the Riemann hypothesis.

===Noncommutative geometry===
{{harvs|last=Connes|authorlink=Alain Connes|year1=1999|year2=2000|txt}} has described a relationship between the Riemann hypothesis and [[noncommutative geometry]], and shows that a suitable analogue of the [[Selberg trace formula]] for the action of the [[idèle class group]] on the adèle class space would imply the Riemann hypothesis. Some of these ideas are elaborated in {{harvtxt|Lapidus|2008}}.

===Hilbert spaces of entire functions===
{{harvs|txt||first =Louis|last=de Branges |year=1992}} showed that the Riemann hypothesis would follow from a positivity condition on a certain Hilbert space of entire functions.
However {{harvtxt|Conrey|Li|2000}} showed that the necessary positivity conditions are not satisfied.

===Quasicrystals===
The Riemann hypothesis implies that the zeros of the zeta function form a [[quasicrystal]], meaning a distribution with discrete support whose Fourier transform also has discrete support.
{{harvtxt|Dyson|2009}} suggested trying to prove the Riemann hypothesis by classifying, or at least studying, 1-dimensional quasicrystals.

===Multiple zeta functions===
Deligne's proof of the Riemann hypothesis over finite fields used the zeta functions of product varieties, whose zeros and poles correspond to sums of zeros and poles of the original zeta function, in order to bound the real parts of the zeros of the original zeta function. By analogy,
{{harvtxt|Kurokawa|1992}} introduced multiple zeta functions whose zeros and poles correspond to sums of zeros and poles of the Riemann zeta function. To make the series converge he restricted to sums of zeros or poles all with non-negative imaginary part. So far, the known bounds on the zeros and poles of the multiple zeta functions are not strong enough to give useful estimates for the zeros of the Riemann zeta function.

==Location of the zeros==
===Number of zeros===
The functional equation combined with the [[argument principle]] implies that the number of zeros of the zeta function with imaginary part between 0 and ''T'' is given by
:<math>N(T)=\frac{1}{\pi}\mathop{\mathrm{Arg}}(\xi(s)) = \frac{1}{\pi}\mathop{\mathrm{Arg}}(\Gamma(s/2)\pi^{-s/2}\zeta(s)s(s-1)/2)</math>
for ''s''=1/2+i''T'', where the argument is defined by varying it continuously along the line with Im(''s'')=''T'',
starting with argument 0 at ∞+i''T''.
This is the sum of a large but well understood term
:<math>\frac{1}{\pi}\mathop{\mathrm{Arg}}(\Gamma(s/2)\pi^{-s/2}s(s-1)/2) = \frac{T}{2\pi}\log\frac{T}{2\pi}-\frac{T}{2\pi} +7/8+O(1/T) </math>
and a small but rather mysterious term
:<math>S(T) = \frac{1}{\pi}\mathop{\mathrm{Arg}}(\zeta(1/2+iT)) =O(\log(T)).</math>
So the density of zeros with imaginary part near ''T'' is about log(''T'')/2π, and the function ''S'' describes the small deviations from this. The function ''S''(''t'') jumps by 1 at each zero of the zeta function, and for {{nowrap|''t'' ≥ 8}} it decreases monotonically between zeros with derivative close to −log ''t''.

[[Anatolii Alexeevitch Karatsuba|Karatsuba]] (1996) proved that every interval <math>(T,T+H]</math> for <math>H \ge T^{27/82+\varepsilon}</math> contains at least
: <math> H(\ln T)^{1/3}e^{-c\sqrt{\ln\ln T}} </math>
points where the function <math>S(t)</math> changes sign.

{{harvtxt|Selberg|1946}} showed that the average moments of even powers of ''S'' are given by
:<math>\int_0^T|S(t)|^{2k}dt = \frac{(2k)!}{k!(2\pi)^{2k}}T(\log \log T)^k + O(T(\log \log T)^{k-1/2}).</math>
This suggests that ''S''(''T'')/(log log ''T'')1/2 resembles
a [[Gaussian random variable]] with mean 0 and variance 2π2 ({{harvtxt|Ghosh|1983}} proved this fact).
In particular |''S''(''T'')| is usually somewhere around (log log ''T'')1/2, but occasionally much larger. The exact order of growth of ''S''(''T'') is not known. There has been no unconditional improvement to Riemann's original bound ''S''(''T'')=O(log ''T''), though the Riemann hypothesis implies the slightly smaller bound ''S''(''T'')=O(log ''T''/log log ''T'') {{harv|Titchmarsh|1985}}. The true order of magnitude may be somewhat less than this, as
random functions with the same distribution as ''S''(''T'') tend to have
growth of order about log(''T'')1/2. In the other direction it cannot be too small: {{harvtxt|Selberg|1946}} showed that {{nowrap|''S''(''T'') ≠ o((log ''T'')1/3/(log log ''T'')7/3)}}, and assuming the Riemann hypothesis Montgomery showed that
{{nowrap|''S''(''T'') ≠ o((log ''T'')1/2/(log log ''T'')1/2)}}.

Numerical calculations confirm that ''S'' grows very slowly: |''S''(''T'')| < 1 for {{nowrap|''T'' < 280}}, |''S''(''T'')| < 2 for ''T'' < {{gaps|6|800|000}}, and the largest value of |''S''(''T'')| found so far is not much larger than 3 {{harv|Odlyzko|2002}}.

Riemann's estimate ''S''(''T'') = O(log ''T'') implies that the gaps between zeros are bounded, and Littlewood improved this slightly, showing that the gaps between their imaginary parts tends to 0.

===The theorem of Hadamard and de la Vallée-Poussin===
{{harvtxt|Hadamard|1896}} and {{harvtxt|de la Vallée-Poussin|1896}} independently proved that no zeros could lie on the line Re(''s'') = 1. Together with the functional equation and the fact that there are no zeros with real part greater than 1, this showed that all non-trivial zeros must lie in the interior of the critical strip {{nowrap|0 < Re(''s'') < 1}}. This was a key step in their first proofs of the [[prime number theorem]].

Both the original proofs that the zeta function has no zeros with real part 1 are similar, and depend on showing that
if ζ(1+''it'') vanishes, then ζ(1+2''it'') is singular, which is not possible. One way of doing this is by using the
inequality
:<math>|\zeta(\sigma)^3\zeta(\sigma+it)^4\zeta(\sigma+2it)|\ge 1</math> for σ>1, ''t'' real,
and looking at the limit as σ tends to 1.
This inequality follows by taking the real part of the log of the Euler product to see that
:<math>|\zeta(\sigma+it)| = \exp\Re\sum_{p^n}\frac{p^{-n(\sigma+it)}}{n}=\exp\sum_{p^n}\frac{p^{-n\sigma}\cos(t\log p^n)}{n}</math>
(where the sum is over all prime powers ''p''''n'')
so that
:<math>|\zeta(\sigma)^3\zeta(\sigma+it)^4\zeta(\sigma+2it)| = \exp\sum_{p^n}p^{-n\sigma}\frac{3+4\cos(t\log p^n)+\cos(2t\log p^n)}{n}</math>
which is at least 1 because all the terms in the sum are positive, due to the inequality
:<math>3+4\cos(\theta)+\cos(2\theta) = 2 (1+\cos(\theta))^2\ge0.</math>

===Zero-free regions===
[[#CITEREFde la Vallée-Poussin1899–1900|De la Vallée-Poussin (1899-1900)]] proved that if σ+''it'' is a zero of the Riemann zeta function, then 1-σ ≥ C/log(''t'') for some positive constant ''C''. In other words zeros cannot be too close to the line σ=1: there is a zero-free region close to this line. This zero-free region has been enlarged by several authors.
{{harvtxt|Ford|2002}} gave a version with explicit numerical constants: {{nowrap|ζ(σ + i''t'') ≠ 0}} whenever |''t''| ≥ 3 and

:<math>\sigma\ge 1-\frac{1}{57.54(\log{|t|})^{2/3}(\log{\log{|t|}})^{1/3}}.\!</math>

==Zeros on the critical line==
{{harvtxt|Hardy|1914}} and {{harvtxt|Hardy|Littlewood|1921}} showed there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line, by considering moments of certain functions related to the zeta function. {{harvtxt|Selberg|1942}} proved that at least a (small) positive proportion of zeros lie on the line. {{harvtxt|Levinson|1974}} improved this to one-third of the zeros by relating the zeros of the zeta function to those of its derivative, and {{harvtxt|Conrey|1989}} improved this further to two-fifths.

Most zeros lie close to the critical line. More precisely, {{harvtxt|Bohr|Landau|1914}} showed that for any positive ε, all but an infinitely small proportion of zeros lie within a distance ε of the critical line. {{harvtxt|Ivić|1985}} gives several more precise versions of this result, called '''zero density estimates''', which bound the number of zeros in regions with imaginary part at most ''T'' and real part at least 1/2+ε.

=== The Hardy–Littlewood conjectures ===
In 1914 [[G. H. Hardy|Godfrey Harold Hardy]] proved that <math>\zeta\bigl(\tfrac{1}{2}+it\bigr)</math> has infinitely many real zeros.

Let <math>N(T)</math> be the total number of real zeros, <math>N_0(T)</math> be the total number of zeros of odd order of the function <math>\zeta\bigl(\tfrac{1}{2}+it\bigr)</math>, lying on the interval <math>(0,T]</math>.

The next two conjectures of [[G. H. Hardy|Hardy]] and [[John Edensor Littlewood]] on the distance between real zeros of <math>\zeta\bigl(\tfrac{1}{2}+it\bigr)</math> and on the density of zeros of <math>\zeta\bigl(\tfrac{1}{2}+it\bigr)</math> on intervals <math>(T,T+H]</math> for sufficiently great <math>T > 0</math>, <math>H = T^{a + \varepsilon}</math> and with as less as possible value of <math>a > 0</math>, where <math>\varepsilon > 0</math> is an arbitrarily small number, open two new directions in the investigation of the Riemann zeta function:

'''1.''' for any <math>\varepsilon > 0</math> there exists <math>T_0 = T_0(\varepsilon) > 0</math> such that for <math>T \geq T_0</math> and <math>H=T^{0.25+\varepsilon}</math> the interval <math>(T,T+H]</math> contains a zero of odd order of the function <math>\zeta\bigl(\tfrac{1}{2}+it\bigr)</math>.

'''2.''' for any <math>\varepsilon > 0</math> there exist <math>T_0 = T_0(\varepsilon) > 0</math> and <math>c = c(\varepsilon) > 0</math>, such that for <math>T \geq T_0</math> and <math>H=T^{0.5+\varepsilon}</math> the inequality <math>N_0(T+H)-N_0(T) \geq cH</math> is true.

=== The Selberg conjecture ===
{{harvs|first=Atle|last=Selberg|authorlink=Atle Selberg||year=1942|txt}} investigated the problem of Hardy–Littlewood '''2''' and proved that for any <math>\varepsilon > 0</math> there exists such <math>T_0 = T_0(\varepsilon) > 0</math> and <math>c = c(\varepsilon) > 0</math>, such that for <math>T \geq T_0</math> and <math>H=T^{0.5+\varepsilon}</math> the inequality <math>N(T+H)-N(T) \geq cH\log T</math> is true. Selberg conjectured that this could be tightened to <math>H=T^{0.5}</math>. {{harvs|first=A. A.|last=Karatsuba|year=1984a|year2=1984b|year3=1985|txt|authorlink=Anatolii Alexeevitch Karatsuba}} proved that for a fixed <math>\varepsilon</math> satisfying the condition
<math>0<\varepsilon < 0.001</math>, a sufficiently large <math>T</math> and <math>H = T^{a+\varepsilon}</math>, <math>a = \tfrac{27}{82} = \tfrac{1}{3} -\tfrac{1}{246}</math>, the interval <math>(T,T+H)</math> contains at least <math>cH\ln T</math> real zeros of the [[Riemann zeta function]] <math>\zeta\Bigl(\tfrac{1}{2}+it\Bigr)</math> and therefore confirmed the Selberg conjecture. The estimates of Selberg and Karatsuba can not be improved in respect of the order of growth as <math>T\to +\infty</math>.

{{harvtxt|Karatsuba|1992}} proved that an analog of the Selberg conjecture holds for almost all intervals <math>(T,T+H]</math>, <math>H = T^{\varepsilon}</math>, where <math>\varepsilon</math> is an arbitrarily small fixed positive number. The Karatsuba method permits to investigate zeros of the Riemann zeta-function on "supershort" intervals of the critical line, that is, on the intervals <math>(T,T+H]</math>, the length <math>H</math> of which grows slower than any, even arbitrarily small degree <math>T</math>. In particular, he proved that for any given numbers <math>\varepsilon</math>, <math>\varepsilon_{1}</math> satisfying the conditions <math>0<\varepsilon, \varepsilon_{1}<1</math> almost all intervals <math>(T,T+H]</math> for <math>H\ge\exp{\{(\ln T)^{\varepsilon}\}}</math> contain at least <math>H(\ln T)^{1-\varepsilon_{1}}</math> zeros of the function <math>\zeta\bigl(\tfrac{1}{2}+it\bigr)</math>. This estimate is quite close to the one that follows from the Riemann hypothesis.

===Numerical calculations===
[[File:Riemann zeta function absolute value.png|thumb|250px|Absolute value of the ζ-function]]
The function

:<math>\pi^{-s/2}\Gamma(s/2)\zeta(s)\ </math>

has the same zeros as the zeta function in the critical strip, and is real on the critical line because of the functional equation, so one can prove the existence of zeros exactly on the real line between two points by checking numerically that the function has opposite signs at these points. Usually one writes

:<math>\zeta(1/2 +it) = Z(t)e^{-i\pi\theta(t)}\ </math>

where Hardy's function [[Z function|''Z'']] and the [[Rieman–Siegel theta function]] θ are uniquely defined by this and the condition that they are smooth real functions with θ(0)=0.
By finding many intervals where the function ''Z'' changes sign one can show that there are many zeros on the critical line.
To verify the Riemann hypothesis up to a given imaginary part ''T'' of the zeros, one also has to check that there are no further zeros off the line in this region. This can be done by calculating the total number of zeros in the region and checking that it is the same as the number of zeros found on the line. This allows one to verify the Riemann hypothesis computationally up to any desired value of ''T'' (provided all the zeros of the zeta function in this region are simple and on the critical line).

Some calculations of zeros of the zeta function are listed below. So far all zeros that have been checked are on the critical line and are simple. (A multiple zero would cause problems for the zero finding algorithms, which depend on finding sign changes between zeros.) For tables of the zeros, see {{harvtxt|Haselgrove|Miller|1960}} or {{harvnb|Odlyzko}}.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Number of zeros
! Author
|-
|1859?
|3
|B. Riemann used the [[Riemann–Siegel formula]] (unpublished, but reported in {{harvnb|Siegel|1932}}).
|-
|1903
|15
|J. P. {{harvtxt|Gram|1903}} used [[Euler–Maclaurin summation]] and discovered Gram's law. He showed that all 10 zeros with imaginary part at most 50 range lie on the critical line with real part 1/2 by computing the sum of the inverse 10th powers of the roots he found.
|-
|1914
|79 (γ''n'' ≤ 200)
|R. J. {{harvtxt|Backlund|1914}} introduced a better method of checking all the zeros up to that point are on the line, by studying the argument ''S''(''T'') of the zeta function.
|-
|1925
|138 (γ''n'' ≤ 300)
|J. I. {{harvtxt|Hutchinson|1925}} found the first failure of Gram's law, at the Gram point ''g''126.
|-
|1935
|195
|E. C. {{harvtxt|Titchmarsh|1935}} used the recently rediscovered [[Riemann–Siegel formula]], which is much faster than Euler–Maclaurin summation.It takes about O(''T''3/2+ε) steps to check zeros with imaginary part less than ''T'', while the Euler–Maclaurin method takes about O(''T''2+ε) steps.
|-
|1936
|1041
|E. C. {{harvtxt|Titchmarsh|1936}} and L. J. Comrie were the last to find zeros by hand.
|-
|1953
|1104
|A. M. {{harvtxt|Turing|1953}} found a more efficient way to check that all zeros up to some point are accounted for by the zeros on the line, by checking that ''Z'' has the correct sign at several consecutive Gram points and using the fact that ''S''(''T'') has average value 0. This requires almost no extra work because the sign of ''Z'' at Gram points is already known from finding the zeros, and is still the usual method used. This was the first use of a digital computer to calculate the zeros.
|-
|1956
|{{gaps|15|000}}
|D. H. {{harvtxt|Lehmer|1956}} discovered a few cases where the zeta function has zeros that are "only just" on the line: two zeros of the zeta function are so close together that it is unusually difficult to find a sign change between them. This is called "Lehmer's phenomenon", and first occurs at the zeros with imaginary parts 7005.063 and 7005.101, which differ by only .04 while the average gap between other zeros near this point is about 1.
|-
|1956
|{{gaps|25|000}}
|D. H. Lehmer
|-
|1958
|{{gaps|35|337}}
|N. A. Meller
|-
|1966
|{{gaps|250|000}}
|R. S. Lehman
|-
|1968
|{{gaps|3|500|000}}
|{{harvtxt|Rosser|Yohe|Schoenfeld|1969}} stated Rosser's rule (described below).
|-
|1977
|{{gaps|40|000|000}}
|[[Richard Brent (scientist)|R. P. Brent]]
|-
|1979
|{{gaps|81|000|001}}
|R. P. Brent
|-
|1982
|{{gaps|200|000|001}}
|R. P. Brent, [[Johan van de Lune|J. van de Lune]], [[Herman te Riele|H. J. J. te Riele]], D. T. Winter
|-
|1983
|{{gaps|300|000|001}}
|J. van de Lune, H. J. J. te Riele
|-
|1986
|{{gaps|1|500|000|001}}
|{{harvtxt|van de Lune|te Riele|Winter|1986}} gave some statistical data about the zeros and give several graphs of ''Z'' at places where it has unusual behavior.
|-
|1987
|A few of large (~1012) height
|{{harvs|txt|first=A. M. |last=Odlyzko|year1=1987}} computed smaller numbers of zeros of much larger height, around 1012, to high precision to check Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture.
|-
|1992
|A few of large (~1020) height
|{{harvs|txt|first=A. M. |last=Odlyzko|year1=1992}} computed a 175 million zeroes of heights around 1020 and a few more of heights around 2{{e|20}}, and gave an extensive discussion of the results.
|-
|1998
|10000 of large (~1021) height
|{{harvs|txt|first=A. M. |last=Odlyzko|year1=1998}} computed some zeros of height about 1021
|-
|2001
|{{gaps|10|000|000|000}}
|J. van de Lune (unpublished)
|-
|2004
|{{gaps|900|000|000|000}}
|S. Wedeniwski ([[ZetaGrid]] distributed computing)
|-
|2004
|{{gaps|10|000|000|000|000}} and a few of large (up to ~1024) heights
|X. {{harvtxt|Gourdon|2004}} and Patrick Demichel used the [[Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm]]. They also checked two billion zeros around heights 1013, 1014, ... , 1024.
|}

===Gram points===
A [[Gram point]] is a value of ''t'' such that ζ(1/2 + ''it'') = ''Z''(''t'')e − ''i''θ(''t'') is a non-zero real; these are easy to find because they are the points where the Euler factor at infinity π−''s''/2Γ(''s''/2) is real at ''s'' = 1/2 + ''it'', or equivalently θ(''t'') is a multiple ''n''π of π.
They are usually numbered as ''g''''n'' for ''n'' = −1, 0, 1, ..., where ''g''''n'' is the unique solution of θ(''t'') = ''n''π with ''t'' ≥ 8 (θ is increasing beyond this point; there is a second point with θ(''t'') = −π near 3.4, and θ(0) = 0).
Gram observed that there was often exactly one zero of the zeta function between any two Gram points; Hutchinson called this observation '''Gram's law'''. There are several other closely related statements that are also sometimes called Gram's law: for example, (−1)''n''''Z''(''g''''n'') is usually positive, or ''Z''(''t'') usually has opposite sign at consecutive Gram points. The imaginary parts γ''n'' of the first few zeros (in blue) and the first few Gram points ''g''''n'' are given in the following table
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
|
|''g''−1
|style="background: #eef"|γ1
|''g''0
|style="background: #eef"|γ2
|''g''1
|style="background: #eef"|γ3
|''g''2
|style="background: #eef"|γ4
|''g''3
|style="background: #eef"|γ5
|''g''4
|style="background: #eef"|γ6
|''g''5
|-
|0
|3.4
|9.667
|style="background: #eef"|14.135
|17.846
|style="background: #eef"|21.022
|23.170
|style="background: #eef"|25.011
|27.670
|style="background: #eef"|30.425
|31.718
|style="background: #eef"|32.935
|35.467
|style="background: #eef"|37.586
|38.999
|}

[[File:Zeta polar.svg|thumb|This shows the values of ζ(1/2+it) in the complex plane for 0 ≤ t ≤ 34. (For t=0, ζ(1/2) ≈ -1.460 corresponds to the leftmost point of the red curve.) Gram's law states that the curve usually crosses the real axis once between zeros.]] The first failure of Gram's law occurs at the 127'th zero and the Gram point ''g''126, which are in the "wrong" order.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|''g''124
|style="background: #eef"|γ126
|''g''125
|''g''126
!style="background: #eef"|γ127
|style="background: #eef"|γ128
|''g''127
|style="background: #eef"|γ129
|''g''128
|-
|279.148
|style="background: #eef"|279.229
|280.802
|282.455
!style="background: #eef"|282.465
|style="background: #eef"|283.211
|284.104
|style="background: #eef"|284.836
|285.752
|}

A Gram point ''t'' is called good if the zeta function is positive at 1/2 + ''it''. The indices of the "bad" Gram points where ''Z'' has the "wrong" sign are 126, 134, 195, 211,... {{OEIS|id=A114856}}. A '''Gram block''' is an interval bounded by two good Gram points such that all the Gram points between them are bad. A refinement of Gram's law called Rosser's rule due to {{harvtxt|Rosser|Yohe|Schoenfeld|1969}} says that Gram blocks often have the expected number of zeros in them (the same as the number of Gram intervals), even though some of the individual Gram intervals in the block may not have exactly one zero in them. For example, the interval bounded by ''g''125 and ''g''127 is a Gram block containing a unique bad Gram point ''g''126, and contains the expected number 2 of zeros although neither of its two Gram intervals contains a unique zero. Rosser et al. checked that there were no exceptions to Rosser's rule in the first 3 million zeros, although there are infinitely many exceptions to Rosser's rule over the entire zeta function.

Gram's rule and Rosser's rule both say that in some sense zeros do not stray too far from their expected positions. The distance of a zero from its expected position is controlled by the function ''S'' defined above, which grows extremely slowly: its average value is of the order of (log log ''T'')1/2, which only reaches 2 for T around 1024. This means that both rules hold most of the time for small ''T'' but eventually break down often.

==Arguments for and against the Riemann hypothesis==
Mathematical papers about the Riemann hypothesis tend to be cautiously noncommittal about its truth. Of authors who express an opinion, most of them, such as {{harvtxt|Riemann|1859}} or {{harvtxt|Bombieri|2000}}, imply that they expect (or at least hope) that it is true. The few authors who express serious doubt about it include {{harvtxt|Ivić|2008}} who lists some reasons for being skeptical, and {{harvtxt|Littlewood|1962}} who flatly states that he believes it to be false, and that there is no evidence whatever for it and no imaginable reason for it to be true. The consensus of the survey articles ({{harvnb|Bombieri|2000}}, {{harvnb|Conrey|2003}}, and {{harvnb|Sarnak|2008}}) is that the evidence for it is strong but not overwhelming, so that while it is probably true there is some reasonable doubt about it.

Some of the arguments for (or against) the Riemann hypothesis are listed by {{harvtxt|Sarnak|2008}}, {{harvtxt|Conrey|2003}}, and {{harvtxt|Ivić|2008}}, and include the following reasons.
* Several analogues of the Riemann hypothesis have already been proved. The proof of the Riemann hypothesis for varieties over finite fields by {{harvtxt|Deligne|1974}} is possibly the single strongest theoretical reason in favor of the Riemann hypothesis. This provides some evidence for the more general conjecture that all zeta functions associated with automorphic forms satisfy a Riemann hypothesis, which includes the classical Riemann hypothesis as a special case. Similarly [[Selberg zeta function]]s satisfy the analogue of the Riemann hypothesis, and are in some ways similar to the Riemann zeta function, having a functional equation and an infinite product expansion analogous to the Euler product expansion. However there are also some major differences; for example they are not given by Dirichlet series. The Riemann hypothesis for the [[Goss zeta function]] was proved by {{harvtxt|Sheats|1998}}. In contrast to these positive examples, however, some [[Epstein zeta function]]s do not satisfy the Riemann hypothesis, even though they have an infinite number of zeros on the critical line {{harv|Titchmarsh|1986}}. These functions are quite similar to the Riemann zeta function, and have a Dirichlet series expansion and a functional equation, but the ones known to fail the Riemann hypothesis do not have an Euler product and are not directly related to [[automorphic representation]]s.
* The numerical verification that many zeros lie on the line seems at first sight to be strong evidence for it. However analytic number theory has had many conjectures supported by large amounts of numerical evidence that turn out to be false. See [[Skewes number]] for a notorious example, where the first exception to a plausible conjecture related to the Riemann hypothesis probably occurs around 10316; a counterexample to the Riemann hypothesis with imaginary part this size would be far beyond anything that can currently be computed. The problem is that the behavior is often influenced by very slowly increasing functions such as log log ''T'', that tend to infinity, but do so so slowly that this cannot be detected by computation. Such functions occur in the theory of the zeta function controlling the behavior of its zeros; for example the function ''S''(''T'') above has average size around (log log ''T'')1/2 . As ''S''(''T'') jumps by at least 2 at any counterexample to the Riemann hypothesis, one might expect any counterexamples to the Riemann hypothesis to start appearing only when ''S''(''T'') becomes large. It is never much more than 3 as far as it has been calculated, but is known to be unbounded, suggesting that calculations may not have yet reached the region of typical behavior of the zeta function.
* [[Arnaud Denjoy|Denjoy]]'s probabilistic argument for the Riemann hypothesis {{harv|Edwards|1974}} is based on the observation that if μ(''x'') is a random sequence of "1"s and "−1"s then, for every {{nowrap|ε > 0}}, the [[partial sum]]s
::<math>M(x) = \sum_{n \le x} \mu(n)</math>
:(the values of which are positions in a [[simple random walk]]) satisfy the bound
::<math>M(x) = O(x^{1/2+\varepsilon}) \,</math>
:with [[Almost surely|probability 1]]. The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to this bound for the [[Möbius function]] μ and the [[Mertens function]] ''M'' derived in the same way from it. In other words, the Riemann hypothesis is in some sense equivalent to saying that μ(''x'') behaves like a random sequence of coin tosses. When μ(''x'') is non-zero its sign gives the parity of the number of prime factors of ''x'', so informally the Riemann hypothesis says that the parity of the number of prime factors of an integer behaves randomly. Such probabilistic arguments in number theory often give the right answer, but tend to be very hard to make rigorous, and occasionally give the wrong answer for some results, such as [[Maier's theorem]].
* The calculations in {{harvtxt|Odlyzko|1987}} show that the zeros of the zeta function behave very much like the eigenvalues of a random Hermitian matrix, suggesting that they are the eigenvalues of some self-adjoint operator, which would imply the Riemann hypothesis. However all attempts to find such an operator have failed.
* There are several theorems, such as [[Goldbach's conjecture]] for sufficiently large odd numbers, that were first proved using the generalized Riemann hypothesis, and later shown to be true unconditionally. This could be considered as weak evidence for the generalized Riemann hypothesis, as several of its "predictions" turned out to be true.
* Lehmer's phenomenon {{harv|Lehmer|1956}} where two zeros are sometimes very close is sometimes given as a reason to disbelieve in the Riemann hypothesis. However one would expect this to happen occasionally just by chance even if the Riemann hypothesis were true, and Odlyzko's calculations suggest that nearby pairs of zeros occur just as often as predicted by Montgomery's conjecture.
* {{harvtxt|Patterson|1988}} suggests that the most compelling reason for the Riemann hypothesis for most mathematicians is the hope that primes are distributed as regularly as possible.

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* {{citation|first=Helge|last=von Koch|authorlink=Helge von Koch|doi=10.1007/BF02403071|title=Sur la distribution des nombres premiers|journal=Acta Mathematica|volume=24|year=1901|pages= 159–182}}
* {{Citation | last1=Kurokawa | first1=Nobushige | title=Zeta functions in geometry (Tokyo, 1990) | publisher=Kinokuniya | location=Tokyo | series=Adv. Stud. Pure Math. | mr=1210791 | year=1992 | volume=21 | chapter=Multiple zeta functions: an example | pages=219–226}}
* {{Citation | last1=Lapidus | first1=Michel L. | title=In search of the Riemann zeros | publisher=American Mathematical Society | location=Providence, R.I. | isbn=978-0-8218-4222-5 | mr=2375028 | year=2008}}
* {{eom|id=Z/z099260|first=A. F. |last=Lavrik|title=Zeta-function}}
* {{Citation | last1=Lehmer | first1=D. H. | author1-link=D. H. Lehmer | title=Extended computation of the Riemann zeta-function | mr=0086083 | year=1956 | journal=Mathematika. A Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics | volume=3 | pages=102–108 | doi=10.1112/S0025579300001753 | issue=2}}
* {{citation|mr=0564081|last=Levinson|first=N.|authorlink=Norman Levinson|title= More than one-third of the zeros of Riemann's zeta function are on σ = 1/2|journal= Adv. In Math. |volume=13 |year=1974|pages= 383–436
|doi=10.1016/0001-8708(74)90074-7|issue=4}}
* {{citation|last= Littlewood|first=J. E. |authorlink=John Edensor Littlewood|title=The scientist speculates: an anthology of partly baked idea|chapter=The Riemann hypothesis|year=1962|publisher=Basic books|place=New York}}
* {{Citation | last1=van de Lune | first1=J. | last2=te Riele | first2=H. J. J. |author2-link=Herman te Riele | last3=Winter | first3=D. T. | title=On the zeros of the Riemann zeta function in the critical strip. IV | jstor=2008005 | mr=829637 | year=1986 | journal=Mathematics of Computation | volume=46 | issue=174 | pages=667–681 | doi=10.2307/2008005}}
* {{Citation | last1=Massias | first1=J.-P. | last2=Nicolas | first2=Jean-Louis | last3=Robin | first3=G. | title=Évaluation asymptotique de l'ordre maximum d'un élément du groupe symétrique | url=http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/tresc.php?wyd=6&tom=50&jez= | mr=960551 | year=1988 | journal=Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny. Acta Arithmetica | volume=50 | issue=3 | pages=221–242}}
* {{Citation | last1=Montgomery | first1=Hugh L. |authorlink=Hugh Montgomery (mathematician)| title=Analytic number theory |series=Proc. Sympos. Pure Math.|volume= XXIV | publisher=American Mathematical Society | location=Providence, R.I. | mr=0337821 | year=1973 | chapter=The pair correlation of zeros of the zeta function | pages=181–193}} Reprinted in {{harv|Borwein|Choi|Rooney|Weirathmueller|2008}}.
* {{Citation | last1=Montgomery | first1=Hugh L. |authorlink=Hugh Montgomery (mathematician)| editor1-last=Erdős | editor1-first=Paul |editor1-link=Paul Erdős |title=Studies in pure mathematics. To the memory of Paul Turán | publisher=Birkhäuser | location=Basel, Boston, Berlin | isbn=978-3-7643-1288-6 | mr=820245 | year=1983 | chapter=Zeros of approximations to the zeta function | pages=497–506}}
* {{citation | last = Nicely | first = Thomas R. | doi = 10.1090/S0025-5718-99-01065-0 | mr = 1627813 | issue = 227 | journal = Mathematics of Computation | pages = 1311–1315 | title = New maximal prime gaps and first occurrences | url = http://www.trnicely.net/gaps/gaps.html | volume = 68 | year = 1999}}.
* {{Citation | last1=Nyman | first1=Bertil | title=On the One-Dimensional Translation Group and Semi-Group in Certain Function Spaces | publisher=University of Uppsala | location=University of Uppsala | series=PhD Thesis | mr=0036444 | year=1950}}
* {{Citation | last1=Odlyzko | first1=A. M. | author1-link=Andrew Odlyzko| last2=te Riele | first2=H. J. J. | author2-link=Herman te Riele|title=Disproof of the Mertens conjecture | url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=262633 | mr=783538 | year=1985 | journal=[[Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik]] | volume=357 | pages=138–160}}
* {{Citation | last1=Odlyzko | first1=A. M. |authorlink=Andrew Odlyzko| title=On the distribution of spacings between zeros of the zeta function | jstor=2007890 | mr=866115 | year=1987 | journal=Mathematics of Computation | volume=48 | issue=177 | pages=273–308 | doi=10.2307/2007890}}
* {{Citation | last1=Odlyzko | first1=A. M. | title=Bounds for discriminants and related estimates for class numbers, regulators and zeros of zeta functions: a survey of recent results | url=http://www.numdam.org/item?id=JTNB_1990__2_1_119_0 | mr=1061762 | year=1990 | journal=Séminaire de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux. Série 2 | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=119–141}}
* {{citation|first=A. M.|last= Odlyzko|title=The 1020-th zero of the Riemann zeta function and 175 million of its neighbors|year= 1992|url=http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/unpublished/zeta.10to20.1992.pdf}} This unpublished book describes the implementation of the algorithm and discusses the results in detail.
* {{citation|first=A. M.|last= Odlyzko|title=The 1021st zero of the Riemann zeta function|year=1998|url=http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/unpublished/zeta.10to21.pdf}}
* {{citation|first=Ken |last=Ono |authorlink=Ken Ono |first2=K. |last2=Soundararajan |authorlink2=Kannan Soundararajan |year=1997 |title=Ramanujan's ternary quadratic form |journal=Inventiones Mathematicae |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=415–454 |doi=10.1007/s002220050191 }}
* {{Citation | last1=Patterson | first1=S. J. | title=An introduction to the theory of the Riemann zeta-function | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics | isbn=978-0-521-33535-5 | mr=933558 | year=1988 | volume=14}}
* {{citation|first=Bernhard|last=Riemann|authorlink=Bernhard Riemann|url=http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Riemann/Zeta/|title={{sic|hide=y|Ueber}} die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen {{sic|hide=y|Grösse}}|year=1859|journal=Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie}}. In ''Gesammelte Werke'', Teubner, Leipzig (1892), Reprinted by Dover, New York (1953). [http://www.claymath.org/millennium/Riemann_Hypothesis/1859_manuscript/ Original manuscript] (with English translation). Reprinted in {{harv|Borwein|Choi|Rooney|Weirathmueller|2008}} and {{harv|Edwards|1874}}
* {{Citation | author1-link=Hans Riesel | last1=Riesel | first1=Hans | last2=Göhl | first2=Gunnar | title=Some calculations related to Riemann's prime number formula | doi=10.2307/2004630 | mr=0277489 | year=1970 | journal=Mathematics of Computation | volume=24 | pages=969–983 | jstor=2004630 | issue=112}}
* {{citation|first=M.|last=Riesz|authorlink=Marcel Riesz|title=Sur l'hypothèse de Riemann|journal=Acta Mathematica|volume=40|year=1916|pages=185–190|doi=10.1007/BF02418544}}
* {{Citation | last1=Robin | first1=G. | title=Grandes valeurs de la fonction somme des diviseurs et hypothèse de Riemann | mr=774171 | year=1984 | journal=Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série | volume=63 | issue=2 | pages=187–213}}
* {{Citation | last1=Rockmore | first1=Dan | title=Stalking the Riemann hypothesis | publisher=Pantheon Books | isbn=978-0-375-42136-5 | mr=2269393 | year=2005}}
* {{Citation | last1=Rosser | first1=J. Barkley |author1-link=J. Barkley Rosser| last2=Yohe | first2=J. M. | last3=Schoenfeld | first3=Lowell |author3-link=Lowell Schoenfeld| title=Information Processing 68 (Proc. IFIP Congress, Edinburgh, 1968), Vol. 1: Mathematics, Software | publisher=North-Holland | location=Amsterdam | mr=0258245 | year=1969 | chapter=Rigorous computation and the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function. (With discussion) | pages=70–76}}
* {{Citation | last1=Sabbagh | first1=Karl | author1-link=Karl Sabbagh |title=The Riemann hypothesis | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York | isbn=978-0-374-25007-2 | mr=1979664 | year=2003}}
* {{Citation | last1=Salem | first1=Raphaël | title=Sur une proposition équivalente à l'hypothèse de Riemann | mr=0053148 | year=1953 | journal=[[Les Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]] | volume=236 | pages=1127–1128}}
* {{citation|url=http://www.claymath.org/millennium/Riemann_Hypothesis/Sarnak_RH.pdf |format=PDF|first=Peter |last=Sarnak|authorlink=Peter Sarnak|chapter=Problems of the Millennium: The Riemann Hypothesis |pages=107–115
|isbn=978-0387721255|editor1-last= Borwein|title=The Riemann Hypothesis: A Resource for the {{sic|Af|ficionado|hide=y}} and Virtuoso Alike |series=CMS Books in Mathematics|publisher=Springer|place=New York|year=2008
|editor1-first=Peter |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Choi |editor3-first=Brendan|editor3-last= Rooney |editor4-first= Andrea|editor4-last= Weirathmueller }}
* {{Citation | last1=du Sautoy | first1=Marcus |authorlink=Marcus du Sautoy| title=The music of the primes | publisher=HarperCollins Publishers | isbn=978-0-06-621070-4 | mr=2060134 | year=2003}}
* {{Citation | last1=Schoenfeld | first1=Lowell |authorlink=Lowell Schoenfeld| title=Sharper bounds for the Chebyshev functions θ(x) and ψ(x). II | doi=10.2307/2005976 | mr=0457374 | year=1976 | journal=Mathematics of Computation | volume=30 | issue=134 | pages=337–360 | jstor=2005976}}
*{{citation|title=Physics of the Riemann Hypothesis|first=Daniel|last= Schumayer|first2= David A. W. |last2=Hutchinson|year=2011|arxiv=1101.3116}}
* {{citation|mr=0010712
|last=Selberg|first= Atle|authorlink=Atle Selberg
|title=On the zeros of Riemann's zeta-function
|journal=Skr. Norske Vid. Akad. Oslo I. |year=1942|volume= 10|pages= 59 pp}}
* {{Citation | last1=Selberg | first1=Atle | title=Contributions to the theory of the Riemann zeta-function | mr=0020594 | year=1946 | journal=Arch. Math. Naturvid. | volume=48 | issue=5 | pages=89–155}}
* {{Citation | last1=Selberg | first1=Atle |authorlink=Atle Selberg| title=Harmonic analysis and discontinuous groups in weakly symmetric Riemannian spaces with applications to Dirichlet series | mr=0088511 | year=1956 | journal=J. Indian Math. Soc. (N.S.) | volume=20 | pages=47–87}}
* {{Citation | last1=Sheats | first1=Jeffrey T. | title=The Riemann hypothesis for the Goss zeta function for '''F'''q[T] | doi=10.1006/jnth.1998.2232 | mr=1630979 | year=1998 | journal=[[Journal of Number Theory]] | volume=71 | issue=1 | pages=121–157}}
* {{citation|last=Siegel|first= C. L.|authorlink=Carl Ludwig Siegel |title=Über Riemanns Nachlaß zur analytischen Zahlentheorie|journal= Quellen Studien zur Geschichte der Math. Astron. und Phys. Abt. B: Studien 2|pages= 45–80|year= 1932}} Reprinted in Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1966.
* {{Citation|last=Speiser|first=Andreas|author-link=Andreas Speiser|title=Geometrisches zur Riemannschen Zetafunktion|year=1934|journal=Mathematische Annalen|volume=110|pages=514–521|doi=10.1007/BF01448042|jfm=60.0272.04}}
* {{citation|last=Stein|first=William|author1-link=William A. Stein|last2=Mazur|first2=Barry|author2-link=Barry Mazur|year=2007|url=http://modular.math.washington.edu/edu/2007/simuw07/notes/rh.pdf|format=PDF|title=What is Riemann’s Hypothesis?}}
* {{Citation | last1=Titchmarsh | first1=Edward Charles | author1-link=Edward Charles Titchmarsh | title=The Zeros of the Riemann Zeta-Function | jstor=96545 | publisher=The Royal Society | year=1935 | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences | volume=151 | issue=873 | pages=234–255 | doi=10.1098/rspa.1935.0146}}
* {{Citation | last1=Titchmarsh | first1=Edward Charles | author1-link=Edward Charles Titchmarsh | title=The Zeros of the Riemann Zeta-Function | jstor=96692 | publisher=The Royal Society | year=1936 | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences | volume=157 | issue=891 | pages=261–263 | doi=10.1098/rspa.1936.0192}}
* {{Citation | last1=Titchmarsh | first1=Edward Charles | author1-link=Edward Charles Titchmarsh | title=The theory of the Riemann zeta-function | publisher=The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-19-853369-6 | mr=882550 | year=1986}}
* {{Citation | last1=Turán | first1=Paul | authorlink=Pál Turán|title=On some approximative Dirichlet-polynomials in the theory of the zeta-function of Riemann | mr=0027305 | year=1948 | journal=Danske Vid. Selsk. Mat.-Fys. Medd. | volume=24 | issue=17 | pages=36}} Reprinted in {{harv|Borwein|Choi|Rooney|Weirathmueller|2008}}.
* {{Citation | last1=Turing | first1=Alan M. | author1-link=A. M. Turing | title=Some calculations of the Riemann zeta-function | doi=10.1112/plms/s3-3.1.99 | mr=0055785 | year=1953 | journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series | volume=3 | pages=99–117}}
* {{citation|first=Ch.J.|last=de la Vallée-Poussin|authorlink=Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin|title=Recherches analytiques sur la théorie des nombers premiers|journal= Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles |volume= 20 |year=1896 |pages= 183–256}}
* {{citation|first=Ch.J.|last=de la Vallée-Poussin|authorlink=Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin|title=Sur la fonction ζ(s) de Riemann et la nombre des nombres premiers inférieurs à une limite donnée|journal=Mem. Couronnes Acad. Sci. Belg. |volume= 59 |issue= 1 |year=1899–1900}} Reprinted in {{harv|Borwein|Choi|Rooney|Weirathmueller|2008}}.
* {{Citation | last1=Weil | first1=André | author1-link=André Weil | title=Sur les courbes algébriques et les variétés qui s'en déduisent | publisher=Hermann et Cie., Paris | series=Actualités Sci. Ind., no. 1041 = Publ. Inst. Math. Univ. Strasbourg 7 (1945) | mr=0027151 | year=1948}}
* {{Citation | last1=Weil | first1=André | author1-link=André Weil | title=Numbers of solutions of equations in finite fields | doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1949-09219-4 | mr=0029393 | year=1949 | journal=[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]] | volume=55 | pages=497–508 | issue=5}} Reprinted in Oeuvres Scientifiques/Collected Papers by Andre Weil ISBN 0-387-90330-5
* {{Citation | last1=Weinberger | first1=Peter J. | title=Analytic number theory ( St. Louis Univ., 1972) | publisher=Amer. Math. Soc. | location=Providence, R.I. | series=Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. | mr=0337902 | year=1973 | volume=24 | chapter=On Euclidean rings of algebraic integers | pages=321–332}}
* {{Citation | last1=Wiles | first1=Andrew | author1-link=Andrew Wiles | title=Mathematics: frontiers and perspectives | publisher=American Mathematical Society | location=Providence, R.I. | isbn=978-0-8218-2697-3 | mr=1754786 | year=2000 | chapter=Twenty years of number theory | pages=329–342}}
* {{Citation | last1=Zagier | first1=Don | authorlink = Don Zagier | url=http://modular.math.washington.edu/edu/2007/simuw07/misc/zagier-the_first_50_million_prime_numbers.pdf |format=PDF| publisher=Springer| location=| mr=643810 | year=1977 | volume=0 | title=The first 50 million prime numbers | pages=7–19|journal=Math. Intelligencer | doi=10.1007/BF03039306}}
* {{Citation | last1=Zagier | first1=Don | authorlink = Don Zagier | title=Automorphic forms, representation theory and arithmetic (Bombay, 1979) | publisher=Tata Inst. Fundamental Res., Bombay | series=Tata Inst. Fund. Res. Studies in Math. | mr=633666 | year=1981 | volume=10 | chapter=Eisenstein series and the Riemann zeta function | pages=275–301}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [[American institute of mathematics]], [http://www.aimath.org/WWN/rh/ Riemann hypothesis]
* {{citation|first=Tom|last=Apostol|authorlink=Tom M. Apostol|url=http://www.math.wisc.edu/~robbin/funnysongs.html#Zeta|title=Where are the zeros of zeta of s?}} Poem about the Riemann hypothesis, [http://www.olimu.com/RIEMANN/Song.htm sung] by [[John Derbyshire]].
* {{citation|title=The Riemann Hypothesis |first=Peter|last=Borwein|authorlink=Peter Borwein|url=http://oldweb.cecm.sfu.ca/~pborwein/COURSE/MATH08/LECTURE.pdf|format=PDF}} (Slides for a lecture)
* {{Citation | last1=Conrad | first1=K. | title=Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis | url=http://mathoverflow.net/questions/17232 | year=2010}}
* {{citation|url=http://aimath.org/pl/rhequivalences|first= J. Brian|last= Conrey|first2= David W |last2=Farmer|title=Equivalences to the Riemann hypothesis}}
* {{citation|first= Xavier|last= Gourdon |first2= Pascal |last2=Sebah |url=http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Miscellaneous/zetazeroscompute.html |title=Computation of zeros of the Zeta function|year=2004}} (Reviews the GUE hypothesis, provides an extensive bibliography as well).
* {{citation|last=Odlyzko|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Odlyzko|url=http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/|title=Home page}} including [http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/zeta.html papers on the zeros of the zeta function] and [http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/zeta_tables/index.html tables of the zeros of the zeta function]
* {{citation|last=Odlyzko|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Odlyzko|title=Zeros of the Riemann zeta function: Conjectures and computations|year=2002|url=http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/talks/riemann-conjectures.pdf|format=PDF}} Slides of a talk
* {{citation|authorlink=Ed Pegg, Jr.|first= Ed |last=Pegg|url=http://www.maa.org/editorial/mathgames/mathgames_10_18_04.html |title=Ten Trillion Zeta Zeros|year=2004|publisher=Math Games website}}. A discussion of Xavier Gourdon's calculation of the first ten trillion non-trivial zeros
* {{citation|first=Glen|last= Pugh|url=http://web.viu.ca/pughg/RiemannZeta/RiemannZetaLong.html |title=Java applet for plotting Z(t)}}
* {{citation|first=Michael |last=Rubinstein |url=http://pmmac03.math.uwaterloo.ca/~mrubinst/l_function_public/L.html |title=algorithm for generating the zeros}}.
* {{citation|first= Marcus |last=du Sautoy|authorlink=Marcus du Sautoy|url=http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2006/03/prime_numbers_get_hitched.php|title= Prime Numbers Get Hitched|publisher=[http://www.seedmagazine.com Seed Magazine]|year=2006}}
* {{citation|last=Stein|first=William A.|authorlink=William A. Stein|url=http://modular.math.washington.edu/edu/2007/simuw07/index.html|title=What is Riemann's hypothesis}}
* {{citation|last=de Vries|first=Andreas|url=http://math-it.org/Mathematik/Riemann/RiemannApplet.html|title=The Graph of the Riemann Zeta function ζ(s)|year=2004}}, a simple animated Java applet.
* {{citation | first=Matthew R. |last=Watkins|url=http://secamlocal.ex.ac.uk/~mwatkins/zeta/RHproofs.htm | title=Proposed proofs of the Riemann Hypothesis | date=2007-07-18}}
* ''[http://www.zetagrid.net/ Zetagrid]'' (2002) A distributed computing project that attempted to disprove Riemann's hypothesis; closed in November 2005

{{L-functions-footer}}

[[Category:Zeta and L-functions]]
[[Category:Conjectures]]
[[Category:Hilbert's problems]]
[[Category:Unsolved problems in mathematics]]
[[Category:Millennium Prize Problems]]
[[Category:Hypotheses]]
[[Category:Analytic number theory]]

[[ar:فرضية ريمان]]
[[bg:Хипотеза на Риман]]
[[ca:Hipòtesi de Riemann]]
[[cs:Riemannova hypotéza]]
[[de:Riemannsche Vermutung]]
[[es:Hipótesis de Riemann]]
[[eo:Rimana hipotezo]]
[[fa:حدس ریمان]]
[[fr:Hypothèse de Riemann]]
[[ko:리만 가설]]
[[id:Hipotesis Riemann]]
[[it:Ipotesi di Riemann]]
[[he:השערת רימן]]
[[ht:Ipotèz Riemann]]
[[lt:Rymano hipotezė]]
[[hu:Riemann-sejtés]]
[[mn:Риманы таамаглал]]
[[nl:Riemann-hypothese]]
[[ja:リーマン予想]]
[[pl:Hipoteza Riemanna]]
[[pt:Hipótese de Riemann]]
[[ro:Ipoteza Riemann]]
[[ru:Гипотеза Римана]]
[[sq:Hipoteza e Riemannit]]
[[scn:Ipòtisi di Riemann]]
[[simple:Riemann hypothesis]]
[[sr:Риманова хипотеза]]
[[fi:Riemannin hypoteesi]]
[[sv:Riemannhypotesen]]
[[tr:Riemann hipotezi]]
[[uk:Гіпотеза Рімана]]
[[zh-yue:黎曼猜想]]
[[zh:黎曼猜想]]

Smith College

2011-11-24T16:41:47Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding ca:Smith College

{{Infobox university
| image_name = Smithcollege-logo.png
| motto = {{polytonic|Ἐν τῇ ἀρετῇ τὴν γνῶσιν}}
| mottoeng = In Virtue [One Gains] Knowledge
| established = Chartered in 1871; opened its doors in 1875
| type = [[Women's colleges in the United States|Women's college]] ([[Private school|Private]])
| endowment = [[United States dollar|$]]1.1 billion (2009)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2009_NCSE_Public_Tables_Endowment_Market_Values.pdf |title=Part One |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>
| cost = [[United States dollar|$]]47.660 thousand<ref>"Student Financial Services">[http://www.smith.edu/finaid/guides/feesandpayments], Smith College website.</ref>
| president = [[Carol T. Christ]]
| faculty = 285<ref name="justthefacts">[http://www.smith.edu/about_justthefacts.php Just the Facts], Smith College website.</ref>
| undergrad = 2,600<ref name="justthefacts" />
| academic departments = 37<ref name="justthefacts" />
| city = [[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]]
| state = [[Massachusetts]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| coor = {{Coord|42.318119|-72.638139|region:US_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| campus setting = [[Urban]]
| colors = blue,gold| nickname = Pioneers
| anthem =
| facebook = [http://www.facebook.com/smithcollege]
| twitter = [http://twitter.com/smithcollge]
| website = [http://www.smith.edu/ smith.edu]
|}}

'''Smith College''' is a [[Private university|private]], [[Independent school|independent]] [[Women's colleges in the United States|women's]] [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts college]] located in [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]. It is the largest member of the [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]]. Smith is also a member of the [[Five Colleges (Massachusetts)|Five Colleges]] consortium,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fivecolleges.edu |title=Five Colleges, Incorporated: Home |publisher=Fivecolleges.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> which allows its students to attend classes at four other [[Pioneer Valley]] institutions: [[Mount Holyoke College]], [[Amherst College]], [[Hampshire College]], and the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]<ref>[http://www.fivecolleges.edu] Five College Consortium website. "Accessed July 9, 2009"</ref> In 2010, [[U.S. News & World Report]] ranked it 14th in Best Liberal Arts Colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/northampton-ma/smith-college-2209 |title=Smith College - Best College - Education - US News |publisher=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com |date=2010-08-17 |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> [[Smith College#Notable alumnae|Notable alumnae]] include: [[Nancy Reagan]], [[Barbara Bush (First Lady)|Barbara Bush]], [[Betty Friedan]], [[Gloria Steinem]], [[Julia Child]], [[Madeleine L'Engle]], [[Margaret Mitchell]], [[Sylvia Plath]], [[Sherry Rehman]] and [[Yolanda King]].

==History==
[[File:The Botanic Garden of Smith College.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|The Botanic Gardens at Smith College]]The college was chartered in 1871 by a bequest of [[Sophia Smith]] and opened its doors in 1875 with 14 students and six faculty.<ref>[http://www.smith.edu/collegerelations/sophia.php "Sophia Smith: Smith College's Founder"], Smith College website.</ref> When she inherited, at age 65, a fortune from her father, Smith decided that leaving her inheritance to found a women's college was the best way for her to fulfill the moral obligation she expressed in her will: "I hereby make the following provisions for the establishment and maintenance of an Institution for the higher education of young women, with the design to furnish for my own sex means and facilities for education equal to those which are afforded now in our colleges to young men."<ref>[http://www.smith.edu/about_smithtradition.php] Smith College Web site</ref> By 1915–16 the student enrollment was 1,724 and the faculty numbered 163.

Today, with some 2,600 undergraduates on campus, and 250 students studying elsewhere,<ref name="smith1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/about_justthefacts.php |title=Smith College: Just the Facts |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> Smith is the largest privately endowed college for women in the country.<ref>{{Cite book| title = Peterson's Four-year Colleges 2008 | publisher = Peterson | year = 2007 | page = 2226 | isbn = 9780768924008}}</ref> The campus was planned and planted in the 1890s as a [[botanical garden]] and [[arboretum]], designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]. The campus landscape now encompasses {{convert|147|acre|km2|1}} and includes more than 1,200 varieties of trees and shrubs.

Smith has been led by 10 presidents and two acting presidents. For the 1975 centennial, the college inaugurated its first woman president, [[Jill Ker Conway]] (Elizabeth Cutter Morrow was the first actual president of Smith College and the first female head of the college, she did not use the title of president), who came to Smith from [[Australia]] by way of [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and the [[University of Toronto]]. Since President Conway's term, all Smith presidents have been women, with the exception of John M. Connolly's one-year term as acting president in the interim after President Simmons left to lead [[Brown University]].

* [[Laurenus Clark Seelye]] 1875–1910
* [[Marion LeRoy Burton]] 1910–1917
* [[William Allan Neilson]] 1917–1939
* [[Elizabeth Cutter Morrow]] 1939–1940 (acting president)
* [[Herbert Davis]] 1940–1949
* Benjamin Fletcher Wright 1949–1959
* [[Thomas C. Mendenhall (historian)|Thomas Corwin Mendenhall]] 1959–1975
* [[Jill Ker Conway]] 1975–1985
* [[Mary Maples Dunn]] 1985–1995
* [[Ruth Simmons]] 1995–2001
* John M. Connolly 2001–2002 (acting president)
* [[Carol T. Christ]] 2002–present

==Academics and educational programs==
Smith College has 285 professors in 41 academic departments and programs, for a faculty:student ratio of 1:9.<ref name="smith1"/> It is the first and only women's college in the United States to grant its own undergraduate degrees in [[engineering]]. The Picker Engineering Program offers a single [[ABET]] accredited [[Bachelor of Science]] in engineering science, combining the fundamentals of multiple engineering disciplines.

Smith recently joined the [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States#SAT optional movement|SAT optional movement]] for undergraduate admission.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Monday, May 26, 2008 By FRED CONTRADA fcontrada@repub.com |url=http://www.masslive.com/metrowest/republican/index.ssf?/base/news-14/1211786427249410.xml&coll=1 |title=Smith drops SATs |publisher=MassLive.com |date=2008-05-26 |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>

Smith runs its own junior year abroad (JYA) programs in four European cities: [[Paris]], [[Hamburg]], [[Florence]] and [[Geneva]]. These programs are notable for requiring all studies to be conducted in the language of the host country (with both Paris and Geneva programs conducted in French). In some cases students live in homestays with local families. Nearly half of Smith's juniors study overseas, either through Smith JYA programs or at more than 40 other locations around the world.

Junior math majors from other undergraduate institutions are invited to study at Smith College for one year through the [[Center for Women in Mathematics]]. Established in the fall of 2007 by Professors Ruth Haas and Jim Henle, the program aims to allow young women to improve their mathematical abilities through classwork, research and involvement in a department centered on women. The [[Center for Women in Mathematics|Center]] also offers a post-baccalaureate year of math study to women who either did not major in mathematics as undergraduates or whose mathematics major was not strong.<ref>[http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/NAM/newsletter/NAM38.1.pdf "Smith College Women in Mathematics Program" National Association of Mathematicians, Spring 2007]. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</ref>

The Louise W. and Edmund J. Kahn Liberal Arts Institute supports collaborative research without regard to the traditional boundaries of academic departments and programs. Each year the Institute supports long-term and short-term projects proposed, planned and organized by members of the Smith College faculty. By becoming Kahn Fellows, students get involved in interdisciplinary research projects and work alongside faculty and visiting scholars for a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/kahninstitute/ |title=Smith College: Kahn Liberal Arts Institute |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>

Students can develop leadership skills through Smith's two-year Phoebe Reese Lewis Leadership Program. Participants train in public speaking, analytical thinking, teamwork strategies and the philosophical aspects of leadership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/acad_specialleadership.php |title=Smith College: Academic Programs |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>

Through Smith's internship program, "Praxis: The Liberal Arts at Work," every undergraduate is guaranteed access to one college funded internship during her years at the college. This program enables students to access interesting self-generated internship positions in social welfare and human services, the arts, media, health, education, and other fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/acad_specialpraxis.php |title=Smith College: Academic Programs |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>

The [[Ada Comstock]] Scholars Program is a [[bachelor's degree]] program for [[non-traditional students]].

===Graduate degrees and study options===
Smith offers men and women graduate work leading to the degrees of master of arts in teaching (elementary, middle or high school), master of fine arts, master of education of the deaf, master of science in biological sciences, master of science in exercise and sport studies and master and Ph.D. in social work. In special one-year programs, international students may qualify for a certificate of graduate studies or a diploma in American studies. Each year approximately 100 men and women pursue advanced graduate work at Smith.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/gradstudy/degrees.php |title=Smith College: Graduate Study |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>

Also offered in a non-degree studies program is the Diploma in American Studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/gradstudy/nondegree.php |title=Smith College: Graduate Study |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> This is a highly competitive one-year program open only to international students of advanced undergraduate or graduate standing. It is designed primarily, although not exclusively, for those who are teaching or who plan to teach some aspect of American culture and institutions.

The Smith College master of social work (M.S.W.) degree is nationally recognized for its specialization in clinical social work and puts a heavy emphasis on direct field work practice. The program is accredited by the [[Council on Social Work Education]]. The school also offers a Ph.D. program designed to prepare MSWs for leadership positions in clinical research education and practice.

The college has a limited number of other programs leading to Ph.D.s, and is part of a cooperative doctoral program co-administered by [[Amherst College]], [[Hampshire College]], [[Mount Holyoke College]] and the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]].

==Houses==
Smith College has many different houses serving as dormitories. Each house is self-governing and collects its own dues. While many students remain in the same house for the entirety of their four years at Smith, they are not obligated to do so, and may move to different houses on campus as space allows.

Houses are found in three main regions of campus: Upper and Lower Elm Street, Green Street/Center Campus, and the Quadrangle. Each region can, in turn, be divided into smaller areas to more precisely provide the location of the house in question.

===Green Street houses===
* Chapin House
* Hubbard House
* Lawrence House
* Morris House
* Tyler House
* Washburn House

===Center Campus houses===
* Cutter/Ziskind Houses
* Friedman Apartments
* Haven/Wesley Houses
* Hopkins House
* Park Complex
* Sessions Complex
* Tenney House

===Upper Elm Street houses===
* Capen House
* Dawes House
* Lamont House
* Northrop House
* Parsons Complex
* Talbot House

===Lower Elm Street houses===
* Albright House
* Baldwin House
* Chase House
* Conway House
* Duckett House
* Gillett House
* 150 Elm Street
* 12 Bedford Terrace
* 26 Bedford Terrace

===East Quadrangle houses===
* Cushing House
* Emerson House
* Jordan House
* King House
* Scales House

===West Quadrangle houses===
* Comstock House
* Gardiner House
* Morrow House
* Wilder House
* Wilson House

==Traditions==
===Colors and mascot===
[[Image:Smithcollege-spiritmark.png|thumb|left|200px|upright|Smith College's spirit mark, introduced in December 2008.]]Smith's athletic teams have been known as the Pioneers since 1986. The name expresses the spirit of Smith's students and the college's leadership role in women's athletics (the first women's basketball game was played at Smith in 1893).

A new spirit mark was unveiled to the Smith community in December 2008. The new visual identity for Smith's sports teams marks the culmination of a yearlong project to promote visibility and enthusiasm for Smith's intercollegiate and club teams—and to generate school spirit broadly. It will be used for athletics uniforms, casual apparel and promotional items for clubs and organizations. As Smith was the first women’s college to join the NCAA, the new mark is seen as linking the college’s pioneering alumnae athletes to their equally determined and competitive counterparts today. [http://www.smith.edu/spirit/]

Smith College does not have college colors in the usual sense. Its official color is white, trimmed with gold, but the official college logo is currently blue and yellow (a previous logo was burgundy and white). NCAA athletic teams have competed in blue and white (or blue and yellow, in the case of the soccer, crew, swimming, and squash teams) uniforms since the 1970s, and selected Pioneers as the official name and mascot in 1986. Popular club sports are free to choose their own colors and mascot; both Rugby and Fencing have chosen red and black.

Smith has a rotating system of class colors dating back to the 1880s, when intramural athletics and other campus competitions were usually held by class. Today, class colors are yellow, red, blue and green, with incoming first-year classes assigned the color of the previous year's graduating class; their color then "follows" them through to graduation. Alumnae classes, particularly at reunion, continue to identify with and use their class color thereafter.

===Residential culture and student life===
Smith requires all first-year undergraduate students, as well as most other undergraduates, to live in on-campus houses unless they reside locally with their family. This policy is intended to add to the camaraderie and social cohesion of its students. Unlike most institutions of its type, Smith College does not have dorms, but rather 36 separate houses, ranging in style from 18th-century to contemporary architecture. (A popular rumor perpetuated by students is that Sophia Smith stated in her will that each house be constructed in the style of the period; this is, however, only an urban legend). {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

Two recent additions to the campus, both of which enhance its sense of community, are the architecturally dramatic Campus Center <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/campuscenter/ |title=Smith College: Office of Student Engagement |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> and the state-of-the-art Olin Fitness Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/news/2003-04/OlinOpening.html |title=Smith College: News |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>

In 2009, construction was also completed on Ford Hall, a new science and engineering facility. According to the Smith College website, Ford Hall is a "...facility that will intentionally blur the boundaries between traditional disciplines, creating an optimum environment for students and faculty to address key scientific and technological developments of our time." The building was officially dedicated on October 16, 2009.<ref>Ford Hall: http://www.smith.edu/fordhall/</ref>

The campus also boasts a botanic garden that includes a Japanese tea house, a variety of specialty gardens including a rock garden, and historic glass greenhouses dating back to 1895. It is rumored that the architecture of Chapin House was the inspiration for the one in Tara in ''[[Gone with the Wind]]''. ([[Margaret Mitchell]] went to Smith for one year.)

A novelty of Smith's homelike atmosphere is the continuing popularity of Sophia Smith's recipe <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/libraries/ca/sophia/fun/fun.htm |title=Sophia Through the Years |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> for molasses cookies. These are often served at the traditional Friday afternoon tea held in each house, where students, faculty and staff members and alumnae socialize.<ref name="justthefacts" />

Smith offers "panel discussions and seminars for lesbian, bisexual, and transgender students on subjects such as coming out as transgender at work." <ref>April 8, 2007 article, Boston Globe, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2007/04/08/when_she_graduates_as_he/</ref> In 2003, Smith students voted to remove pronouns from the language of the Student Government Association constitution, in order to make that document inclusive of transgendered students who don't identify with the female pronouns "she" and "her."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/oid/gender_faq.php |title=Smith College: Office of Institutional Diversity |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>

===Academic year events===
'''[[Convocation]]''' signals the start of the fall semester. For new students it is the first chance to experience Smith College's tradition and spirit. Likewise, for some returning students, the annual event is like a big, welcome-home party as well as an occasion for celebration and an opportunity for creative attire. House communities develop imaginative themes for group fashion, and Smith seniors put special touches on favorite hats to create their own unique "senior hats," to be worn for the first time at Convocation.

'''[[Mountain Day]]''' is observed early in the fall semester. The President of the College selects a crisp, sunny, beautiful autumn day when the leaves are in full color, and announces the cancellation of classes by having bells rung on campus at 7:15 AM on the chosen day. The eager anticipation of Mountain Day leads to intense speculation meteorology by students in the weeks leading up to the surprise announcement. Traditional observance of Mountain Day by students might involve [[New England]] road trips or outdoor pursuits, and college dining services provides box lunches to be taken off-campus.

'''[[Otelia Cromwell]] Day''', named for Smith's first African-American student, began in 1989 to provide students with an in-depth program specifically addressing issues of racism and diversity. Afternoon classes are cancelled, and students are invited to participate in lectures, workshops, symposia and cultural events focused on a different theme each year.

'''Rally Day''' In February 1876, the College began an annual observance of [[George Washington]]'s birthday. In 1894, a rally became part of the day's events, and the focus of the celebration became primarily patriotic rather than exclusively social—though always with a women's college twist. Students that year staged a mock debate on the subject, "Does Higher Education Unfit a Man for Domestic Life?" In 1906 the celebration was first referred to as '''Rally Day''' (although the name was not used officially by the College until 1992). In 1944, seniors made Rally Day the first public wearing of their graduation caps and gowns; since then, mortarboards have been replaced by wacky, often homemade hats. Today, the Rally Day Convocation is centered around a historical theme, and features a distinguished keynote speaker and the awarding of Smith College Medals to accomplished alumnae.

===Reunions and Commencement events===
The Alumnae Association of Smith College hosts official class reunions every five years, plus a special two-year reunion. All alumnae from all classes are welcome to return in any year; "off-year" alumnae attend campus-wide events as the "Class of 1776."

Traditional reunion and Commencement events are linked, and celebrate the close ties between Smith's alumnae and its graduating seniors and their families. At the conclusion of final exams, most underclasswomen leave the campus, while seniors remain in their houses for a week to celebrate and prepare for Commencement. Alumnae arrive for reunions later in the week, and many alumnae arrange for official accommodations in the campus houses, right alongside senior residents.

[[File:Smith College - Ivy Day Seniors.jpg|thumb|220px|Ivy Day]]

'''[[Ivy Day]]''', the day before Commencement, is the high point of reunion and a significant event for seniors as well. Junior ushers lead a parade through campus, carrying vines of ivy to be planted by the departing seniors as a symbol of their lifelong connection to the college. Alumnae (and, often, their children), dressed in white and wearing sashes in their class color, line up in reverse order by class along both sides of the route. Seniors line up nearest the end of the parade route, wearing traditional white outfits and each carrying a single red rose. All cheer each alumnae class as it marches past, then fall in to join the end of the parade. Many alumnae classes carry signs with humorous poems or slogans, or hold balloons or wear hats in their class color. Ivy Day festivities conclude in the Quad, where the seniors plant their ivy and speakers address alumnae on the progress of fundraising and the state of the college.

'''Illumination Night''', beginning at dusk on the Saturday evening before Commencement, is a celebration of the campus and a send-off of sorts for graduating seniors. Throughout central campus, electric street lights are replaced for one night by multicolored Japanese-style paper lanterns, lit with real candles. These hang on both sides of every walking path and cast a soft glow over the buildings and lawns. Student a cappella singing groups and improv comedy troupes roam the campus, stopping occasionally to entertain the crowds. A jazz band, hired by the college, turns the science buildings' courtyard into a dance floor. Seniors, alumnae, faculty and their families spend the evening on walking tours of the illuminated campus and [[The Botanic Garden of Smith College|Botanic Gardens]]. The major official event of the night is the '''Senior Step Sing''': seniors gather on the steps of Neilson Library, where they are serenaded by members of the '''Sophomore Push''' committee, then are physically pushed off the stairs and "into the real world."

Until the early 1990s, all alumnae reunions were held during Commencement weekend. However, as the number of returning alumnae grew beyond the capacity of the campus, reunions were split into Reunion I/Commencement Weekend and Reunion II, held the following weekend. "Significant" reunions (50-, 25- and 10- year, but also 2-year) and the earliest reunion classes (65-year and prior) are assigned to Reunion I; other reunions (5-, 15-, 20-, 30-year, and so on) are assigned to Reunion II.

===Campus folklore===
Smith has numerous folk tales and ghost stories that emerge from the histories of some of its historic buildings. One such tale holds that Sessions House is inhabited by the ghost of Lucy Hunt, who died of a broken heart after being separated from her lover, General Burgoyne. Reports of a ghost in Sessions House predate its history as a campus house. Built in 1751 by the Hunt family, the house has a secret staircase where, according to legend, the Hunt's eldest daughter Lucy would rendezvous with her lover, General Burgoyne. The two were ultimately driven apart, and in the 1880s it was believed that the ghost of a heartbroken Burgoyne haunted the staircase. Since Sessions House became part of college housing in the 1900s, the specter has taken on a decidedly feminine identity, and some former residents of Sessions claim to have seen Lucy's ghost in the stairwell.

==Environmental Sustainability at Smith==
{{News release|section|date=February 2011}}
Smith has taken numerous steps toward environmental sustainability, including a 30% reduction in energy use. Also, through a contract with Zipcar, the college has reduced the need for individually owned cars on campus. Complimenting this effort, the college has also promoted sustainability through academics and through the arts.<ref name="smith.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/green/news.php |title=Smith College: Green Smith |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> In Spring 2009, the campus actively participated in Earth Hour, an effort to shut off lights around the world.<ref name="smith.edu"/>

In keeping with its sustainability efforts, all Smith dining locations have discontinued the use of "to-go" supplies which included paper cups and plates, as well as plastic utensils. They now encourage students to bring their own, reusable containers and utensils if they wish to bring food back to their rooms. To further decrease use of disposable cups, Smith College provides all students with a reusable drink container at the beginning of each academic year. In past years, these containers have been variations on travel mugs, Sigg bottles, and nalgenes. Nalgenes, in particular, have achieved an almost trend-like status at Smith since the popularization of sustainability and reusability.

Those dining halls that still offer "To-Go" options no longer provide paper bags, and instead use wax paper bags, biodegradable plastic, and recyclable utensils made of vegetable cellulose.

For Smith's efforts regarding sustainability, the institution earned a grade of "A-" on the "College Sustainability Report Card 2010" administered by the Sustainable Endowments Institute. Smith was lauded for many of the indicator categories, including student involvement, green building, and transportation, but was marked down for endowment transparency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2010/schools/smith-college |title=Smith College - Green Report Card 2010 |publisher=Greenreportcard.org |date=2008-06-30 |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>

==Notable alumnae==
{{unreferenced|section|date=October 2011}}
{{Main|List of Smith College people}}
A number of Smith alumnae have gone on to become notable in their respective fields and endeavors. Some examples include:
Dorothy Canning Miller, Museum curator
*[[Barbara Adams (General Counsel of Pennsylvania)|Barbara Adams]], [[General Counsel]] of [[Pennsylvania]]
*[[Mary Adah Curbera, founder of American School of Madrid]]
*[[Tammy Baldwin]], [[Member of Congress|Congresswoman]], D-Wisconsin
*[[Barbara Bush (First Lady)|Barbara Bush]], former First Lady of the [[United States]]
*[[Ernestine Gilbreth Carey]], author
*[[Penny Chenery]], recipient of the Smith College Medal, owner/breeder of [[Secretariat (horse)|Secretariat]]
*[[Julia Child]], chef and author
*[[Barbara Cooney]], author and award-winning illustrator
*[[Margaret Edson]], award-winning playwright
*[[Julie Nixon Eisenhower]], former First daughter
*[[Margaret Farrar]], crossword puzzle editor
*[[Janet Fish]], artist
*[[Bonnie Franklin]], actress
*[[Betty Friedan]], feminist, activist, author
*[[Sara Haines]], Online Correspondent, NBC News TODAY Show
*[[Jane Lakes Harman]], Congresswoman, D-California
*[[Molly Ivins]], columnist and author
*[[Yolanda King]], actress, activist daughter of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and [[Coretta Scott King]]
*[[Carol Herselle Krinsky]], architectural historian
*[[Tosca Lee]], author
*[[Madeleine L'Engle]], award-winning author
*[[Anne Morrow Lindbergh]], author and aviator
*[[Catharine MacKinnon]], feminist, activist, lawyer
*[[Sarah MacLean]], bestselling author
*[[Tori Murden McClure]], first woman to row solo across the Atlantic Ocean
*[[Kathleen Marshall]], choreographer
*[[Ann M. Martin]], author
*[[Joan Mitchell]], painter
*[[Margaret Mitchell]], award-winning author
*[[Sharmeen Obaid-Chinay|Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy]], journalist and documentarian
*[[Sylvia Plath]], poet and author
*[[Halina Poświatowska]], poet
*[[Nancy Reagan]], former First Lady of the United States
*[[Sherry Rehman]], former Minister of Information, [[Pakistan]]
*[[Eleanor Sanger]], first women's sports producer
*[[Gloria Steinem]], feminist, activist, journalist (Class of [[1956]])
*[[Niki Tsongas]], Congresswoman, D-Massachusetts
*[[Laura Tyson]],Chairperson, National Economic Council under President Clinton
*[[Cynthia Voigt]], award-winning author
*[[J.R. Ward]], bestselling author
*[[Virginia Euwer Wolff]], award-winning author
*[[Jane Yolen]], award-winning author
*[[Frances Mossiker]], author
*[[Rose Jang]], pop opera singer and PR ambassador for [[South Korea]], [[UNESCO]] and [[New7Wonders of Nature]].

The Alumnae Association of Smith College considers all former students to be members, whether they graduated or not, and does not generally differentiate between graduates and non-graduates when identifying Smith alumnae.

==Smith College in popular culture==

References to Smith abound in literature. In [[Sylvia Plath]]'s novel ''[[The Bell Jar]]'', the protagonist Esther Greenwood attends Smith College. In ''[[Running with Scissors (memoir)|Running With Scissors]],'' a memoir by [[Augusten Burroughs]], the author details how he and his foster-sister, Natalie, took walks together on the campus. The fictional Catamount College in the novella ''[[Beasts (novella)|Beasts]]'' by [[Joyce Carol Oates]] is based on Smith College. The character Chenault in ''[[The Rum Diary (novel)|The Rum Diary]]'' by [[Hunter S. Thompson]] went to Smith College. ''Commencement'', a novel by J. Courtney Sullivan was published in 2009 and recounts the friendship of four Smith College classmates.

Smith has its place in films as well. The 1954 film ''[[White Christmas (film)|White Christmas]]'' referenced Smith. Jean Simmons plays a recent Smith grad in 1957's "[[This Could Be the Night (film)|This Could Be the Night]]". The 1966 movie ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]'' and the 1993 movie ''[[Malice (film)|Malice]]'' were both filmed on the Smith campus. In the 1971 film ''[[Carnal Knowledge]]'', [[Candice Bergen]]'s character, Susan, is a Smith student, and portions of the film take place on the Smith campus. The character Joanna Kramer, played by [[Meryl Streep]] in the 1979 film ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]'' is a Smith College graduate. In the movie ''[[The Nanny Diaries]]'' Mrs. X is a Smith alumna. [[Spike Lee]] also has a reference to a Smithie as a lesbian paying an ex-biotech exec to inseminate her and many other homosexual women in the movie ''[[She Hate Me]]''. Sadie (Nicole Vicius) from 2007 lesbian-comedy [[Itty Bitty Titty Committee]] dropped out of the college after meeting her partner, a guest lecturer at Smith.

Well-known television shows integrate references to Smith into character plot lines. Charlotte York in the show ''[[Sex and the City]]'' is a Smith College graduate. In an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]''—"[[I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can]]"—[[Lisa Simpson]] is tempted by the Siren-like representatives of the [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]] (and [[George Plimpton]]), who offer a scholarship to the Sister school of her choice (and a George Plimpton hot plate) if she will throw a
Spelling Bee. [[Dr. Cristina Yang]], a surgical resident played by [[Sandra Oh]] on ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'', graduated from Smith College with degrees in French Literature and Chemistry, and lived in Talbot House. [[Ainsley Hayes]] (played by [[Emily Procter]]), the conservative lawyer hired to work in the White House Counsel's Office on ''[[The West Wing]]'', graduated from Smith. In an episode of ''[[Mad About You]]'' Paul's sister and her girlfriend are referred to as "The Fighting Lesbians." Paul ([[Paul Reiser]]) replies, "No, that would be the name of the Smith College Ice Hockey Team." Emily Gilmore in the show ''[[Gilmore Girls]]'' went to Smith and majored in history. In season two of "Nip Tuck"- episode "Julia McNamara", Julia gets anesthesia before her facial surgery. One of the dreams she has is that Dr. Liz Cruz's made-up daughter will be attending Smith that coming fall. In the third season of [[ER (TV series)|ER]], Dr. Doug Ross (played by [[George Clooney]]) mentions he is dating a Smith graduate. Nurse Carol Hathaway makes a joke about Dr. Ross's normal dates being unable to spell Smith. A very similar joke was made in the movie [[White Christmas (film)|White Christmas]], which starred George Clooney's aunt, [[Rosemary Clooney]].

In the 2009 ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' episode "[[A Clear and Present Danger]]", the Smith College viewbook is displayed prominently at the top of a stack of college materials [[Claire Bennet]] is apparently reviewing. [[Angela Petrelli]] asks Claire if she's found a favorite, to which Claire replies, "Hamilton, Smith, Georgetown, they're all the best schools in the country."

The webcomic [[Questionable Content]] mentions Smith College (usually referred to as "Smif" in the comic) as the place where one of the main characters, Marten, is employed as library staff, and several of the minor characters attend. Ellen, studies marine biology. Tai, Natasha and Cosette are also students. Jeph Jacques, the author, went to [[Hampshire College]], one of the neighboring schools.
Some characters from the webcomic Minimalist Stick Figure Theatre, set primarily in Northampton, are students at Smith College.

In a recent [[Hallmark Channel]] original movie titled "Mrs. Washington Goes to Smith," [[Cybill Shepherd]] stars in a story about a woman in her 40s who returns to Smith College to finish her bachelor's degree. Smith alumna Susan Rice '63 wrote the script for the film, which aired August 1, 2009.

In the 1960 novel "The Tight White Collar" by [[Grace Metalious]], the character Margery Cooper attends Smith College.<ref>Metalious, Grace. The Tight White Collar. New York: Dell Books, 1962.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* [[Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz|Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz]]. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0870238698&id=Z3qWLyDZ8PsC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=xMmu_yuuHV&dq=alma+mater&sig=N7RcPpZKbQvPM1m5ohSuIcu_KxU#PPP1,M1 ''Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s''], Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993 (2nd edition).
{{Refend}}

==External links==
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Broch

2011-11-24T16:41:03Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding uk:Брох

{{other uses}}
[[Image:Dun Carloway.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Dun Carloway]] broch, [[Lewis]], Scotland]]
A '''broch''' is an [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]] [[drystone]] hollow-walled structure of a type found only in [[Scotland]]. Brochs include some of the most sophisticated examples of drystone architecture ever created, and belong to the classification "complex [[atlantic roundhouse|Atlantic Roundhouse]]" devised by Scottish [[archaeologist]]s in the 1980s. Their origin is a matter of some controversy. The theory that they were defensive military structures is not accepted by many modern archaeologists (see the 'general references' below), while the alternative notion that they were farmhouses is dismissed by some others. Although most stand alone in the landscape, some examples exist of brochs surrounded by clusters of smaller dwellings. There is controversy about whether or not brochs were roofed.

==Origin and definition==
The word ''broch'' is derived from Lowland Scots 'brough', meaning (among other things) fort. In the mid-19th century Scottish antiquaries called brochs 'burgs', after [[Old Norse]] ''borg'', with the same meaning. Place names in Scandinavian Scotland such as Burgawater and Burgan show that O.N. ''borg'' is the older word used for these structures in the north. Brochs are often referred to as 'duns' in the west. The antiquaries began to use the spelling 'broch' in the 1870s.

A precise definition for the word has proven to be elusive. Brochs are the most spectacular of a complex class of roundhouse buildings found throughout "Atlantic Scotland". The Shetland Amenity Trust lists about 120 sites in [[Shetland]] as candidate brochs, while ''The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments of Scotland'' identifies a total of 571 candidate broch sites throughout the country. Researcher Euan MacKie has proposed a much smaller total for Scotland of 104.<ref>Armit (2003) p. 16.</ref>

[[File:Broch of Mousa - geograph.org.uk - 2800.jpg|thumb|left|[[Broch of Mousa]]]]
The origin of brochs is a subject of continuing research. Sixty years ago most archaeologists believed that brochs, usually regarded as castles, were built by immigrants who had been displaced and pushed northward first by the intrusions of Belgic tribes into what is now south-east England towards the end of the second century BC, and later by the [[Scotland during the Roman Empire|Roman invasion]] of southern Britain from AD 43 onwards. Yet there is now little doubt that the hollow-walled broch tower was purely an invention from what is now modern Scotland, or that even the kinds of pottery found within them that most resembled south Britain styles were local hybrid forms. The first of the modern review articles on the subject (MacKie 1965)<ref>MacKie, E. W. (1965) 'The origin and development of the broch and wheelhouse building cultures of the Scottish Iron Age'. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 31, pages 93-146.</ref> did not, as is commonly believed, propose that brochs were built by immigrants, but rather that a hybrid culture of a small number of immigrants with the native population of the Hebrides produced them in the first century BC, basing them on earlier, simpler promontory forts. This view contrasted for example with that of Sir Lindsay Scott, who argued<ref>Scott, Sir Lindsay (1947), ‘The problem of the brochs’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 13, pages 1-36.</ref>—following Childe (1935)<ref>Childe, V. G. (1935) ''The Prehistory of Scotland''. London.</ref>—for a wholesale migration into Atlantic Scotland of people from south-west England.

MacKie's theory has fallen from favour too, mainly because from the 1970s there was a general move away from 'diffusionist' explanations in archaeology towards those involving exclusively indigenous development. Meanwhile, the increasing number (albeit still pitifully few) of [[radiocarbon]] dates for the primary use of brochs (as opposed to their later, secondary use) still suggests that most of the towers were built in the 1st centuries BC and AD.<ref>Parker Pearson, M. & Sharples, N. ''et al.'' (1999) ''Between land and sea: excavations at Dun Vulan, South Uist''. Sheffield.</ref> A few such dates may be earlier, notably the one proposed for [[Old Scatness Broch]] in Shetland, where a sheep bone dating to 390–200 BC has been reported<ref>Dockrill, S. J., Outram, Z. and Batt, C. M. (2006) Time and place: a new chronology for the origin of the broch based on the scientific dating programme at the Old Scatness Broch, Shetland, ''PSAS'', v. 136, p. 89-110, ISSN 0081-1564</ref> The other broch claimed to be substantially older than the 1st century BC is Crosskirk in Caithness but a recent review of the evidence suggests that it cannot plausibly be assigned a date earlier than the 1st centuries BC/AD<ref>MacKie, E. W. (2007) ''The Roundhouses, Brochs and Wheelhouses of Atlantic Scotland c. 700 BC - AD 500: architecture and material culture. Part 2 The Mainland and the Western Islands''. British Archaeological Reports British Series. Oxford.</ref><ref>For the C14 dates for the Shetland sites see [http://www.shetland-heritage.co.uk/amenitytrust/archaeology/scatness/scatness_2002.html Shetland Amenity Trust] Retrieved 14 August 2007.</ref>

==Distribution==
[[Image:Map-brochs.png|thumb|150px|right|Global overview of the distribution of brochs.]]
The distribution of brochs is centred on northern Scotland. [[Caithness]], [[Sutherland]] and the [[Northern Isles]] have the densest concentrations, but there are also a great many examples in the west of Scotland and the [[Hebrides]].

Although mainly concentrated in the northern Highlands and the Islands, a few examples occur in the [[Scottish Borders|Borders]] (for example [[Edin's Hall Broch]]), on the west coast of [[Dumfries and Galloway]] and near [[Stirling]]. This small group of southern brochs has never been satisfactorily explained.

==Purposes==
[[File:Kilphedir broch.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The remains of Kilphedir broch, [[Sutherland]], are surrounded by massive earthworks.]] The original interpretation of brochs, favoured by nineteenth century antiquarians, was that they were defensive structures, places of refuge for the community and their livestock. They were sometimes regarded as the work of Danes or Picts.

From the 1930s to the 1960s, archaeologists like [[V. Gordon Childe]] and later John Hamilton<ref>Hamilton, J.R.C. (1968) ''Excavations at Clickhimin, Shetland''. Edinburgh.</ref> regarded them as castles where local landowners held sway over a subject population.

The castle theory fell from favour among Scottish archaeologists in the 1980s, due to a lack of supporting archaeological evidence. These archaeologists suggested that defensibility was never a major concern in the siting of a broch, and argued that they may have been the "[[stately home]]s" of their time, objects of prestige and very visible demonstrations of superiority for important families (Armit 2003). Once again, however, there is a lack of archaeological proof for this reconstruction, and the sheer number of brochs, sometimes in places with a lack of good land, makes it problematical.

Brochs' close groupings and profusion in many areas may indeed suggest that they had a primarily defensive or even offensive function. Some of them were sited beside precipitous cliffs and were protected by large ramparts, artificial or natural: a good example is at Burland near Gulberwick in [[Shetland]], on a clifftop and cut off from the mainland by huge ditches. Often they are at key strategic points. In [[Shetland]] they sometimes cluster on each side of narrow stretches of water: the broch of [[Mousa]], for instance, is directly opposite another at Burraland in Sandwick. In [[Orkney]] there are more than a dozen on the facing shores of Eynhallow Sound, and many at the exits and entrances of the great harbour of [[Scapa Flow]]. In [[Sutherland]] quite a few are placed along the sides and at the mouths of deep valleys. Writing in 1956 John Stewart suggested that brochs were forts put up by a military society to scan and protect the countryside and seas.<ref>Stewart, J. (1956) ''An Outline of Shetland Archaeology'', Lerwick : Shetland Times Ltd.</ref>

Finally, some archaeologists consider broch sites individually, doubting that there ever was a single common purpose for which every broch was constructed. There are differences between the various areas in which brochs are found, with regard to position, dimensions and likely status. For example, the broch 'villages' which occur at a few places in [[Orkney]] have no parallel in the [[Western Isles]].

==Structures==
Brochs vary from 5 to 15 metres (16–50 ft) in internal diameter, with 3 metre (10 ft) thick walls. On average, the walls only survive to a few metres. There are five extant examples of towers with significantly higher walls: Dun Carloway on [[Lewis]], Dun Telve and Dun Troddan in [[Glenelg, Scotland|Glenelg]], [[Broch of Mousa|Mousa]] in [[Shetland]] and [[Dun Dornaigil]] in Sutherland, all of whose walls exceed 6.5 m (21 ft) in height.<ref>Armit (2003) p. 55.</ref> Mousa's walls are the best preserved and are still 13 m tall, however it is not clear how many brochs originally stood this high. A frequent characteristic is that the walls are galleried (the outer and inner wall skins are separate but tied together with linking stone slabs, with an open space between). These linking slabs may in some cases have served as steps to higher floors. Beside the door, it is normal for there to be a cell breaking off from the passage; this is known as the guard cell. It has been found in some Shetland brochs that guard cells in entrance passageways are close to large door-check stones. Though there was much argument in the past, it is now generally accepted that brochs were roofed, probably with a conical timber framed roof covered with a locally sourced thatch. The evidence for this assertion is still fairly scanty, though excavations at Dun Bharabhat, Lewis, have supported it. The main difficulty with this interpretation continues to be the potential source of structural timber, though bog and driftwood may have been plentiful sources.

[[Image:Feranach.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The remains of Feranch broch, [[Sutherland]]]]
On the islands of [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]] there are very few cells at [[ground floor]]. However, most brochs have scarcements (ledges) which would have allowed the construction of a very sturdy wooden first floor (first spotted by the antiquary George Low in [[Shetland]] in 1774), and excavations at Loch na Berie on the Isle of Lewis show signs of a further, second floor (e.g. stairs on the first floor, which head upwards). Some brochs such as Dun Dornaigill and [[Culswick]] in Shetland have unusual triangular lintels above the entrance door.<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=1252119992 "Dun Dornaigil"] The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 11 May 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.rockstanza.info/node/11 "Culswick"] RockStanza. Retrieved 11 May 2008.</ref>

As in the case of [[Old Scatness]] in [[Shetland]] (near [[Jarlshof]] and [[Burroughston Broch|Burroughston]] on [[Shapinsay]], brochs were sometimes located close to [[arable land]] and a [[water supply|source of water]] (some have wells or natural springs rising within their central space).<ref>Hogan, C. Michael (Oct. 7, 2007) [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=7891 ''Burroughston Broch''] The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 11 May 2008.</ref> Sometimes, on the other hand, they were sited in wilderness areas (e.g. [[Levenwick]] and [[Culswick]] in [[Shetland]], [[Castle Cole]] in [[Sutherland]]). Brochs are often built beside the sea ([[Carn Liath (broch)|Carn Liath]], Sutherland); sometimes they are on islands in [[lochs]] (e.g. [[Clickimin]] in [[Shetland]]).

About 20 Orcadian broch sites include small settlements of stone buildings surrounding the main tower. Examples include Howe, near [[Stromness]], [[Gurness Broch]] in the north west of [[Mainland, Orkney]], Midhowe on [[Rousay]] and Lingro near [[Kirkwall]] (destroyed in the 1980s). There are "broch village" sites in Caithness, but elsewhere they are unknown.<ref>Armit (2003) p. 95-106.</ref>

Most brochs are unexcavated<ref>Armit (2003) p. 51 notes that of 140 Atlantic roundhouses in the [[Outer Hebrides]] only 14 have been "at least partially excavated".</ref> Many of those that have been properly examined show that they continued in use for many centuries, although the interiors were often modified and changed, and they underwent many phases of habitation and abandonment. The end of the broch period par excellence seems to have come around AD 200-300.
[[Image:Scotland Glenelg broch.jpg|thumb|250px|Dun Telve broch, [[Glenelg, Scotland|Glenelg]]]]

The skills involved in broch building are currently being explored by drystone dyker Irwin Campbell<ref>[http://www.brochbuild.co.uk/ Irwin Campbell] brochbuild.co.uk. Retrieved 11 May 2008.</ref> and AOC Archaeology Ltd., based in Edinburgh.

==Heritage status==
[[The Crucible of Iron Age Shetland|Mousa, Old Scatness and Jarlshof: The Crucible of Iron Age Shetland]] is a combination of three broch sites in Shetland that are on the United Kingdom "Tentative List" of possible nominations for the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Programme]] list of sites of outstanding [[cultural]] or [[natural]] importance to the common [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] of [[humankind]]. This list, published in July 2010, includes sites that may be nominated for inscription over the next 5–10 years.<ref name=UKTentativeListApplicants7July2010>{{citation |url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/news/media_releases/7220.aspx |title=From Chatham to Chester and Lincoln to the Lake District - 38 UK places put themselves forward for World Heritage status |date=2010-07-07 |publisher=United Kingdom Department for Culture, Media and Sport |accessdate=2010-07-07}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Atlantic Roundhouses]]
* [[Broch of Mousa]]
* [[Crannog]]
* [[Hill fort]]
* [[Dun]]
* [[Tower house]]
* [[Nuraghe]]
* [[Talaiot]]
* [[Round tower]]

==References and footnotes==
{{Refbegin}}
;General references
* Armit, I. (1991) [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_121/121_181_214.pdf The Atlantic Scottish Iron Age: five levels of chronology], ''Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.'' v. 121, p. 181-214, [[ISSN]] 0081-1564
* Armit, I. (1996) ''The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles'', Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-0640-8
* Armit, I. (2003) ''Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland'', Stroud : Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-1932-3
* Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) ''In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland'', Stroud : Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-2517-X
* Fojut, N. (1982) Towards a Geography of Shetland Brochs, ''Glasgow Archaeological Journal'', v. 9, p. 38-59, ISSN 0305-8980
* Harding, D.W. (2000) [http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/publications/hebrides/ ''The Hebridean Iron Age: Twenty Years’ Research''], University of Edinburgh Department of Archaeology, Occasional Paper No. 20, ISSN: 0144-3313
* Harding, D.W. (2004) ''The Iron Age in Northern Britain'', London : Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30150-5
* Hingley, R (1992) [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_122/122_007_053.pdf Society in Scotland from 700 BC to 200 AD], ''Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.'' v. 122, p. 7-53, ISSN 0081-1564.
;Specific references and notes
<references/>
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* MacKie, E W 1992 The Iron Age semibrochs of Atlantic Scotland: a case study in the problems of deductive reasoning. Archaeol Journ 149 (1991), 149-81.
* MacKie, E W 1995a Gurness and Midhowe brochs in Orkney: some problems of misinterpretation. Archaeol Journ 151 (1994), 98-157.
* MacKie, E W 1995b The early Celts in Scotland. Miranda Green (ed) The Celtic World. Routledge, London: 654-70.
* MacKie, E W 1997 Dun Mor Vaul re-visited, J.N.G. Ritchie (ed) The Archaeology of Argyll. Edinburgh: 141-80.
* MacKie, E W 1998 Continuity over three thousand years of northern prehistory: the ‘tel’ at Howe, Orkney. Antiq Journ 78, 1-42.
* MacKie, E W 2000 The Scottish Atlantic Iron Age: indigenous and isolated or part of a wider European world? 99-116 in Jon C Henderson (ed) The Prehistory and Early History of Atlantic Europe. BAR International Series 861: Oxford.
* MacKie, E W 2002a Excavations at Dun Ardtreck, Skye, in 1964 and 1965. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 131 (2000), 301-411.
* MacKie, E W 2002b The Roundhouses, Brochs and Wheelhouses of Atlantic Scotland c. 700 BC - AD 500: architecture and material culture. Part 1 The Orkney and Shetland Isles. British Archaeological Reports British Series 342. Oxford.
* MacKie, E. W. 2005 119. Scottish brochs at the start of the new millennium, 11-31 in Turner, Val E, Nicholson, Rebecca A, Dockrill, S J & Bond, Julie M (eds.) Tall stories? Two millennia of brochs. Lerwick.
* [[Mollie Hunter|Hunter, Mollie]], ''[[The Stronghold]]'', an historical novel about the building of the first broch.

==External links==
{{wiktionary|broch}}
* [http://heritage.scotsman.com/places.cfm?id=282072006 "Towers of stone–the brochs of Scotland"], from [[The Scotsman]], February 27, 2006.
* [http://www.rockstanza.info Database of Iron Age Brochs in Shetland], Licenced under the [[GNU Free Documentation License]]
* [http://www.pretanicworld.com/Monuments.html Pretanic World - Chart of Neolithic, Bronze Age and Celtic Stone Structures]
* [http://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/info/History/GlenelgBrochs Glenelg Brochs]
* [http://shetlopedia.com/Brochs_of_Shetland Shetlopedia: Brochs of Shetland]

{{Broch}}

[[Category:Brochs| ]]

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[[es:Broch (fortificación)]]
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[[ru:Брох (Шотландия)]]
[[uk:Брох]]

Lights (Ellie Goulding album)

2011-11-24T16:40:58Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding cs:Lights

{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox album 
| Name = Lights
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Ellie Goulding]]
| Cover = Ellie Goulding Lights Cover art.jpg
| Released = {{Start date|2010|2|26|df=yes}}
| Recorded = 2008–09
| Genre = [[Indie pop]], [[electropop]], [[synthpop]], [[folktronica]]
| Length = 36:51
| Label = [[Polydor Records|Polydor]]
| Producer = [[Fred Falke]], [[Frankmusik]], [[Liam Howe]], Ash Howes, [[Mumford & Sons|Ben Lovett]], [[Fraser T. Smith]], [[Biffco|Richard "Biff" Stannard]], [[Starsmith]]
| This album = '''''Lights''''' (2010)
| Next album =
| Misc = {{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = Alternative covers
| Type = studio
| Cover = Ellie Goulding - Bright Lights album cover.jpg
| Lower caption = ''Bright Lights'' cover
}}
{{Extra album cover
| Cover = LightsUS.jpg
| Lower caption = US edition and Canadian re-release cover
}}
{{Singles
| Name = Lights
| Type = studio
| Single 1 = [[Under the Sheets]]
| Single 1 date = 9 November 2009
| Single 2 = [[Starry Eyed (Ellie Goulding song)|Starry Eyed]]
| Single 2 date = 21 February 2010
| Single 3 = [[Guns and Horses]]
| Single 3 date = 16 May 2010
| Single 4 = [[The Writer (song)|The Writer]]
| Single 4 date = 8 August 2010
}}
{{Singles
| Name = Bright Lights
| Type = studio
| Single 1 = [[Your Song#Ellie Goulding cover|Your Song]]
| Single 1 date = 12 November 2010
| Single 2 = [[Lights (Ellie Goulding song)|Lights]]
| Single 2 date = 13 March 2011
}}
}}

'''''Lights''''' is the debut studio album by English recording artist [[Ellie Goulding]]. It was released in the United Kingdom on 1 March 2010 by [[Polydor Records]]. Produced by [[Starsmith]], [[Frankmusik]], [[Fraser T. Smith]] and [[Biffco|Richard Stannard]], the album received mostly positive reviews from music critics. It debuted at number one on the [[UK Albums Chart]] and spawned four singles: "[[Under the Sheets]]", "[[Starry Eyed (Ellie Goulding song)|Starry Eyed]]", "[[Guns and Horses]]" and "[[The Writer (song)|The Writer]]". By the end of 2010, the album had sold 387,600 copies in the UK and has since passed over 600,000 sales.<ref name="MadisonSquare">{{cite web |url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/9380200.Herefordshire_singing_sensation_Ellie_Goulding_performs_at_New_York_s_Madison_Square_Garden/ |title=Herefordshire singing sensation Ellie Goulding performs at New York's Madison Square Garden |publisher=[[Hereford Times]] |date=24 November 2011 |accessdate=24 November 2011}}</ref>

The album was re-released on 29 November 2010 as ''Bright Lights'', including six brand-new tracks. It has so far produced two additional singles, those being a cover of [[Elton John]]'s "[[Your Song#Ellie Goulding cover|Your Song]]" (which went on to become Goulding's biggest hit to date in the UK, reaching number two) and the title track "[[Lights (Ellie Goulding song)|Lights]]". Following the re-release, the album saw a surge in sales in both the UK and Ireland. On 8 March 2011, the album was released in the United States featuring three songs that were previously not available on the original version, but were included on the ''Bright Lights'' reissue.

==Background==
Goulding dropped out of a degree programme at the [[University of Kent]] after two years in order to pursue her musical career; she explained to [[BBC Cymru Wales|BBC News Wales]] that "I'd entered a university talent contest and was spotted by some people in the audience".<ref name="BBC_Wales">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/midwales/hi/people_and_places/music/newsid_8362000/8362162.stm |title=Ellie Goulding's spiritual home |publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales|BBC News Wales]]. [[BBC News Online]] |date=17 November 2009 |accessdate=5 April 2011}}</ref> She signed a record deal with [[Polydor Records|Polydor]] in September 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/4581912.Herefordshire_singer__Ellie_Goulding__signs_recording_deal_with_Polydor/ |title=Herefordshire singer, Ellie Goulding, signs recording deal with Polydor |work=[[Hereford Times]] |publisher=[[Newsquest]] |date=4 September 2009 |accessdate=5 April 2011}}</ref> However, Goulding opted to release lead single "[[Under the Sheets]]" on independent label [[Neon Gold Records]] so she would not be under pressure.<ref name="BBC_Wales"/>

Goulding explained that the album "is made up of songs that all started on a guitar over a period of about two years. A number of the songs vent romantic victories and failures." She revealed that the first song she ever wrote, "Wish I Stayed", is featured on the album.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nme.com/news/ellie-goulding/49094 |title=Ellie Goulding reveals debut album details – exclusive |work=NME |location=UK |publisher=[[IPC Media]] |date=6 January 2010 |accessdate=5 April 2011}}</ref>

She met chief producer [[Starsmith]] after moving to [[Bromley]], London from her home in [[Hereford]]. In an interview, she explained, "Meeting Starsmith was a godsend. We're like brother and sister. We fight a lot but you can't get anywhere without creative tension."<ref name="BBC Wales"/>

==Recording==
Goulding worked with producers Starsmith, [[Frankmusik]], [[Fraser T. Smith]], [[Biffco|Richard Stannard]] and Ash Howes; the majority of the album was recorded in the former's bedroom in [[Bromley]], London.<ref name="dailystar">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/posts/view/115879/Ellie-Goulding-to-release-debut-album-in-March/ |title=Ellie Goulding to release debut album in March |work=Daily Star |location=UK |publisher=[[Northern & Shell|Northern & Shell Media Publications]] |date=7 January 2010 |accessdate=5 April 2011}}</ref> She told the ''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]]'' that "though I write on guitar, I hear the entire sound of songs in my head. And Fin [Starsmith] is someone who understands."<ref name="dailystar"/>

==Critical reception==
{{Album ratings
| MC = (64/100)<ref name="MC"/>
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name="Allmusic review"/>
| rev2 = ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''
| rev2Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="The Daily Telegraph review"/>
| rev3 = [[Drowned in Sound]]
| rev3Score = (6/10)<ref name="Drowned In Sound review"/>
| rev4 = ''[[The Guardian]]''
| rev4Score = {{Rating|2|5}}<ref name="The Guardian review"/>
| rev5 = ''[[The Independent]]''
| rev5Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name="The Independent review"/>
| rev6 = [[musicOMH]]
| rev6Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name="musicOMH review"/>
| rev7 = ''[[NME]]''
| rev7Score = (6/10)<ref name="NME review"/>
| rev8 = [[Pitchfork Media]]
| rev8Score = (6.8/10)<ref name="Pitchfork review"/>
| rev9 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev9Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name="Rolling Stone review"/>
| rev10 = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''
| rev10Score = (7/10)<ref name="Spin review"/>
}}

''Lights'' was met with positive reviews from most music critics. At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[standard score|normalised]] rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an [[weighted mean|average]] score of 64, based on 18 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".<ref name="MC">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/lights |title=Lights – Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[Metacritic]]. [[CBS Interactive]] |accessdate=19 June 2010}}</ref> Neil McCormick from ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' praised the "lush electro-dance production of Starsmith" saying it "evokes a gushing, breathless rush of heady emotion that might have benefited from at least a dash of restraint and intimacy."<ref name="The Daily Telegraph review">{{cite web |last=McCormick |first=Neil |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/7326168/Ellie-Goulding-Lights-CD-review.html |title=Ellie Goulding: Lights, CD review |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |date=26 February 2010 |accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref> [[Mike Diver]] from [[BBC Music]] described the album as "an expectations-passing collection that should see fans of the singer's material to date elevating her to superstar status—perhaps not [[Lady Gaga|Gaga]] league, but certainly the equal of the current solo female du jour, [[Florence and the Machine|Florence Welch]]." He added that "ballads like 'The Writer' and 'I'll Hold My Breath' retain the glossy attraction of singles '[[Under the Sheets]]' and '[[Starry Eyed (Ellie Goulding song)|Starry Eyed]]'" and cited "Wish I Stayed" as "the album's skilfully sound-scaped highlight, percussively brutish but comely of light keys."<ref>{{cite web |last=Diver |first=Mike |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/v6m5 |title=Review of Ellie Goulding – Lights |publisher=[[BBC Music]]. [[BBC Online]] |date=18 February 2010 |accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref> In a review for [[Allmusic]], Matthew Chisling commented that the album "is something of relevance; it lacks the dramatic crash and bang of Florence and the Machine's ''[[Lungs (album)|Lungs]]'', but is certainly a more restrained, compelling listen than the debut records by [[Pixie Lott]] and [[Little Boots]]." He further commended Goulding for her ability to "take the best parts of all of her contemporaries' styles and create pleasantly surprising records."<ref name="Allmusic review">{{cite web |last=Chisling |first=Matthew |url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=lights-r1743065/review|pure_url=yes}} |title=Lights – Ellie Goulding – Review |publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]] |accessdate=3 April 2010}}</ref> ''[[The Fly (magazine)|The Fly]]'' magazine's Camilla Pia raved: "Packed full of sparkling pop with a folky heart and an electronic edge, the debut is ridiculously infectious; swooping choruses and lyrics of all-consuming love and losing it sticking in your head from first listen."<ref>{{cite web |last=Pia |first=Camilla |url=http://www.the-fly.co.uk/words/reviews/album-reviews/7105/album-review:-ellie-goulding |title=Ellie Goulding – 'Lights' (Polydor) |work=[[The Fly (magazine)|The Fly]] |publisher=[[MAMA Group]] |date=26 February 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2010}}</ref>

''[[The Independent]]'' critic Andy Gill noted that "despite the occasional furtive flourish of acoustic guitar, her work on this debut album is more akin to the retro-[[synthpop]] of Little Boots and [[La Roux]], thanks to the thoroughness with which production partner Fin Dow-Smith has smothered her folkie origins under a welter of busily cycling synths and programmed beats."<ref name="The Independent review">{{cite web |last=Gill |first=Andy |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-ellie-goulding-lights-polydor-1910878.html |title=Album: Ellie Goulding, Lights (Polydor) |work=The Independent |location=UK |publisher=[[Independent News & Media]] |date=26 February 2010 |accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref> Stephen Troussé wrote for [[Pitchfork Media]] that "[o]utside of its immediate context, ''Lights'' is a sometimes great, always promising debut. It's an album about leaving home, and it works best when the contrast between the folk singer and the pop production chimes with the tensions between the pull of home and the allure of the city."<ref name="Pitchfork review">{{cite web |last=Troussé |first=Stephen |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/13995-lights/ |title=Ellie Goulding: Lights |publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] |date=5 March 2010 |accessdate=9 March 2010}}</ref> [[Jody Rosen]] from ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' remarked that Goulding "has a classic British folkie's voice—the kind of tremulous soprano that evokes a wintry day on a fog-swaddled moor. But ''Lights'' places her vocals and minor-key melodies against producer Starsmith's club-ready mix of synths and brisk, busy electro rhythms. The results are moody [...], pretty [...] and uniformly catchy."<ref name="Rolling Stone review">{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Jody |authorlink=Jody Rosen |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/lights-20110308 |title=Lights by Ellie Goulding |work=Rolling Stone |publisher=[[Jann Wenner|Wenner Media]] |date=8 March 2011 |accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref> ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''{{'}}s Caryn Ganz referred to the album as "[s]hiny, wholesome [[dance-pop]], with a dash of saucy" on which Goulding "glides through blippy anthems [...], pumping disco [...], and delicate grooves [...] with a pixie-ish voice that's one notch sweeter than [[Metric (band)|Metric]]'s [[Emily Haines]]."<ref name="Spin review">{{cite web |last=Ganz |first=Caryn |url=http://www.spin.com/reviews/ellie-goulding-lights-cherrytreeinterscope |title=Ellie Goulding, 'Lights' |work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |publisher=Spin Media LLC |accessdate=28 March 2011}}</ref> Michael Cragg from [[musicOMH]] argued that "[f]or the most part, the strength of the songwriting should keep the doubters at bay, Goulding and producer Starsmith concocting a heady mix of skyscraping choruses, twinkling beats and Goulding's elastic vocals."<ref name="musicOMH review">{{cite web |last=Cragg |first=Michael |url=http://www.musicomh.com/albums/ellie-goulding_0210.htm |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |publisher=[[musicOMH]] |accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref> Claire Allfree of ''[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]]'' viewed the album as "undeniably pretty aerated synth-pop but Goulding's girly, heartfelt voice is oddly depthless, while the electronic vapour and [[four-on-the-floor (dance)|four-to-the-floor]] house beats swoop in a wash of perfectly calibrated bland sound", though there was praise for "Starry Eyed" ("pulsingly pert") and "The Writer" ("a lilting melodic hook").<ref>Allfree, Claire. ''[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]]''. 1 March 2010.</ref> However, ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'}}s [[Alexis Petridis]] took a dislike to the album saying it provides "just general acoustic singer-songwriter material."<ref name="The Guardian review">{{cite web |last=Petrides |first=Alexis |authorlink=Alexis Petridis |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/feb/25/ellie-goulding-lights-cd-review |title=Ellie Goulding: Lights |work=The Guardian |location=UK|work=The Guardian |date=25 February 2010 |accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref> [[Mark Beaumont (journalist)|Mark Beaumont]] from the ''[[NME]]'' was not impressed either, stating that "there's nothing here groundbreaking enough to justify the critical frothing. It's largely straight-ahead folk-pop dappled with a mild ground-frost of sequenced beats, [[Auto-Tune]], and synth sizzles."<ref name="NME review">{{cite web |last=Beaumont |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Beaumont (journalist) |url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/ellie-goulding/11086 |title=Album review: Ellie Goulding – 'Lights' (Polydor) |work=NME |location=UK |publisher=[[IPC Media]] |date=28 February 2010 |accessdate=28 February 2010}}</ref> David Renshaw of [[Drowned in Sound]] believed that "''Lights'' sounds like a naïve folk album given a blog house remix" and that "[d]evoid of a true soul or sense of honesty ''Lights'' can be a pretty hollow listen."<ref name="Drowned In Sound review">{{cite web |last=Renshaw |first=David |url=http://drownedinsound.com/releases/15141/reviews/4139215 |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |publisher=[[Drowned in Sound]] |date=25 February 2010 |accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
''Lights'' debuted at number one on the [[UK Albums Chart]] for the week of 7 March 2010, selling almost 40,000 copies in its first week.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharp |first=Rob |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/ellie-goulding-being-number-one-is-sweet-though-its-not-quite-sunk-in-1922804.html |title=Ellie Goulding: 'Being number one is sweet, though it's not quite sunk in' |work=The Independent |location=UK |publisher=[[Independent News & Media]] |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref> The following week, the album fell out of the top ten to number sixteen, dropping for the next five weeks.<ref name="UKchart"/> It remained on the chart until late October.<ref name="UKchart"/> Following the release of ''Bright Lights'' in November, the album re-entered the chart at number twenty-four.<ref name="UKchart"/> It ended 2010 as the twenty-sixth best-selling album in the UK, with sales standing at 387,600 copies.<ref name="UKyearend2010"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Caroline |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/nov/21/ellie-goulding-review |title=Ellie Goulding – review |work=The Guardian |location=UK|work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2010 |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> In January 2011, the album returned to the top ten, and continued there for six weeks.<ref name="UKchart"/> Following Goulding's performance at the reception party of [[Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton|Prince William and Catherine Middleton's wedding]] on 29 April 2011, the album returned once again to the top ten on 8 May after an absence of thirteen weeks, jumping from number twenty-three to number ten on sales of 11,981 units.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Alan |url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?storycode=1045138 |title=Adele beats Fleet Foxes to number one slot |work=[[Music Week]] |publisher=[[UBM plc]] |date=9 May 2011 |accessdate=26 May 2011 |quote=Ellie Goulding's Lights is back in the Top 10 after an absence of 13 weeks, jumping 23–10 (11,981 sales) after she sang at the royal wedding party.}}</ref> In Ireland, ''Lights'' debuted on the [[Irish Albums Chart]] at number twelve on 4 March 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2010&year=2010&week=9 |title=Top 75 Artist Album, Week Ending 4 March 2010 |publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]. [[Chart-Track]] |accessdate=5 March 2010}}</ref> After the ''Bright Lights'' re-release, the album entered the Irish top ten for the first time, attaining a new peak position of number six on 24 February 2011.<ref name="IrishChart"/> Elsewhere, the album reached number eight on the [[European Top 100 Albums]],<ref name="EuropeChart"/> number twenty-eight in New Zealand,<ref name="NZChart"/> number thirty-five in Norway,<ref name="NorwayChart"/> number thirty-eight in Greece,<ref name="GreeceChart"/> number forty-two in Germany,<ref name="GermanyChart"/> number fifty-four in Belgium<ref name="BelgiumChart"/> and number ninety in Switzerland.<ref name="SwissChart"/>

In the United States, where ''Lights'' was released on 8 March 2011, the album debuted at number 129 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] and at number one on the [[Top Heatseekers|Heatseekers Albums]] chart on the issue dated 26 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/heatseekers-albums?chartDate=2011-03-26 |title=Heatseekers Albums – Week of March 26, 2011 |work=Billboard |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref> After leaving the charts, it re-entered the ''Billboard'' 200 in May 2011 following a string of US performances, including ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', reaching a new peak of number seventy-six on 28 May.<ref name="USpeak"/> On the same issue date, the album also reached number fifteen on the Digital Albums chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/ellie-goulding/chart-history/1117943?f=400&g=Albums |title=Ellie Goulding Album & Song Chart History – Digital Albums |work=Billboard |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref> In Canada, it debuted at number seventy-six on the [[Canadian Albums Chart]] on 12 May 2011, peaking at number sixty-six the following week.<ref name="CanadaChart"/>

==Singles==
"[[Under the Sheets]]" was released as the album's lead single on 9 November 2009, reaching number fifty-three on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref name="OCC">{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/ellie%20goulding/ |title=Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref> Follow-up single "[[Starry Eyed (Ellie Goulding song)|Starry Eyed]]", released on 22 February 2010, peaked at number four,<ref name="OCC"/> ultimately becoming the UK's thirty-ninth best-selling single of 2010.<ref name="yearend_singles">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/2010/singles |title=Top 40 UK Singles of 2010 |publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]. [[BBC Radio 1]] |accessdate=31 December 2010}}</ref> "[[Guns and Horses]]" was released on 17 May 2010 as the third single from the album,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://elliegoulding.com/news/exclusive-photos-from-guns-horses-shoot/ |title=Exclusive Photos From Guns & Horses Shoot |publisher=elliegoulding.com |date=1 April 2010 |accessdate=6 April 2010}}</ref> and charted at number twenty-six in the UK.<ref name="OCC"/> "[[The Writer (song)|The Writer]]", the fourth single, was released digitally only on 8 August 2010, reaching as far as number nineteen on the UK Singles Chart.<ref name="OCC"/>

Goulding's cover of [[Elton John]]'s 1970 classic "[[Your Song#Ellie Goulding cover|Your Song]]" was released as the album's fifth single on 12 November 2010, also serving as the lead single from the ''Bright Lights'' re-release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/your-song-single/id403390876 |title=Your Song – Single by Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] UK. [[Apple Inc.]] |accessdate=12 November 2010}}</ref> The song entered the UK chart at number thirty-nine just two days after its digital release.<ref name="OCC"/> It became Goulding's highest-peaking single to date on the UK chart, reaching number two in its third week. It was the thirtieth best-selling single in the UK for 2010.<ref name="yearend_singles"/> The song was featured in the [[John Lewis (department store)|John Lewis]] Christmas 2010 TV advert in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |last=Beasley |first=Mark |url=http://www.johnlewis.com/Magazine/Feature.aspx?Id=666 |title=Our Christmas 2010 TV advert |publisher=[[John Lewis (department store)|John Lewis]]. [[John Lewis Partnership]] |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref> "[[Lights (Ellie Goulding song)|Lights]]", which was originally available only as a bonus track from [[iTunes Store|iTunes]], was released as the album's sixth single on 13 March 2011,<ref>{{cite web |last=Goulding |first=Ellie |authorlink=Ellie Goulding |url=http://www.cherrytreerecords.com/profiles/blogs/first-cherrytree-blog |title=First Cherrytree blog! |publisher=[[Cherrytree Records]] |date=12 January 2011 |accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref> peaking at number forty-nine in the UK.<ref name="OCC"/>

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| title1 = [[Guns and Horses]]
| writer1 = [[Ellie Goulding]], John Fortis
| extra1 = [[Starsmith]]
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = [[Starry Eyed (Ellie Goulding song)|Starry Eyed]]
| writer2 = Goulding, Jonny Lattimer
| extra2 = Starsmith
| length2 = 2:56
| title3 = This Love (Will Be Your Downfall)
| writer3 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra3 = Starsmith
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = [[Under the Sheets]]
| writer4 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra4 = Starsmith
| length4 = 3:44
| title5 = [[The Writer (song)|The Writer]]
| writer5 = Goulding, Lattimer
| extra5 = Starsmith
| length5 = 4:11
| title6 = Every Time You Go
| writer6 = Goulding, Fortis, Starsmith
| extra6 = Starsmith
| length6 = 3:25
| title7 = Wish I Stayed
| writer7 = Goulding
| extra7 = [[Frankmusik]]
| length7 = 3:40
| title8 = Your Biggest Mistake
| writer8 = Goulding, [[Fraser T. Smith]]
| extra8 = Smith
| length8 = 3:25
| title9 = I'll Hold My Breath
| writer9 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra9 = Starsmith
| length9 = 3:45
| title10 = Salt Skin
| writer10 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra10 = Starsmith
| length10 = 4:17
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = UK iTunes bonus tracks
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| title11 = Lights
| writer11 = Goulding, [[Biffco|Richard Stannard]], Ash Howes
| extra11 = Stannard, Howes
| length11 = 4:05
| title12 = Under the Sheets
| note12 = Video
| length12 = 3:52
| title13 = Starry Eyed
| note13 = Video
| length13 = 3:04
| title14 = Starry Eyed
| note14 = AN21 & Max Vangeli Remix) (pre-order only
| writer14 = Goulding, Lattimer
| length14 = 8:17
| title15 = Under the Sheets
| note15 = Baby Monster Remix) (pre-order only
| writer15 = Goulding, Starsmith
| length15 = 4:41
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = German iTunes bonus tracks<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/de/album/lights/id369927676 |title=Lights von Ellie Goulding |language=German |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] Germany |accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref>
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| title11 = Lights
| writer11 = Goulding, Stannard, Howes
| extra11 = Stannard, Howes
| length11 = 4:05
| title12 = Wish I Stayed
| note12 = Acoustic) (Video
| length12 = 4:00
| title13 = Roscoe
| note13 = Acoustic) (Video
| length13 = 3:27
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Bright Lights'' bonus tracks
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| title11 = [[Lights (Ellie Goulding song)|Lights]]
| note11 = Single Version
| writer11 = Goulding, Stannard, Howes
| extra11 = Stannard, Howes
| length11 = 3:32
| title12 = Human
| writer12 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra12 = Starsmith
| length12 = 4:09
| title13 = Little Dreams
| writer13 = Goulding, [[Liam Howe]]
| extra13 = Howe
| length13 = 3:18
| title14 = Home
| writer14 = Goulding, [[Fred Falke]]
| extra14 = Falke
| length14 = 3:24
| title15 = Animal
| writer15 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra15 = Starsmith
| length15 = 3:40
| title16 = Believe Me
| writer16 = Goulding, [[Longpigs|Crispin Hunt]], Rob Blake
| extra16 = Falke
| length16 = 4:03
| title17 = [[Your Song#Ellie Goulding cover|Your Song]]
| writer17 = [[Elton John]], [[Bernie Taupin]]
| extra17 = [[Mumford & Sons|Ben Lovett]]
| length17 = 3:10
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Bright Lights'' iTunes deluxe edition bonus tracks<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bright-lights-deluxe-edition/id404772330 |title=Bright Lights (Deluxe Edition) by Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] UK. [[Apple Inc.]] |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref>
| collapsed = yes
| writing_credits = yes
| title18 = The End
| note18 = Acoustic
| writer18 = Goulding
| length18 = 4:15
| title19 = Lights
| note19 = Live at the [[iTunes Festival]]
| writer19 = Goulding, Stannard, Howes
| length19 = 5:18
| title20 = Every Time You Go
| note20 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer20 = Goulding, Fortis, Starsmith
| length20 = 3:40
| title21 = This Love (Will Be Your Downfall)
| note21 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer21 = Goulding, Starsmith
| length21 = 3:59
| title22 = Your Biggest Mistake
| note22 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer22 = Goulding, Smith
| length22 = 3:24
| title23 = The Writer
| note23 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer23 = Goulding, Lattimer
| length23 = 4:09
| title24 = Wish I Stayed
| note24 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer24 = Goulding
| length24 = 4:26
| title25 = I'll Hold My Breath
| note25 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer25 = Goulding, Starsmith
| length25 = 3:47
| title26 = Roscoe
| note26 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer26 = [[Tim Smith (Midlake)|Tim Smith]]
| length26 = 3:27
| title27 = Guns and Horses
| note27 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer27 = Goulding, Fortis
| length27 = 3:42
| title28 = Salt Skin
| note28 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer28 = Goulding, Starsmith
| length28 = 5:10
| title29 = Under the Sheets
| note29 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer29 = Goulding, Starsmith
| length29 = 3:55
| title30 = Starry Eyed
| note30 = Live at the iTunes Festival
| writer30 = Goulding, Lattimer
| extra30 = 3:48
| title31 = Under the Sheets
| note31 = Video
| length31 = 3:53
| title32 = Starry Eyed
| note32 = Video
| length32 = 3:05
| title33 = Guns and Horses
| note33 = Video
| length33 = 3:42
| title34 = The Writer
| note34 = Video
| length34 = 3:57
| title35 = Your Song
| note35 = Video
| length35 = 3:20
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = US edition
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| collapsed = yes
| writing_credits = yes
| title1 = Lights
| note1 = Single Version
| writer1 = Goulding, Stannard, Howes
| extra1 = Stannard, Howes
| length1 = 3:32
| title2 = Guns and Horses
| writer2 = Goulding, Fortis
| extra2 = Starsmith
| length2 = 3:35
| title3 = Starry Eyed
| writer3 = Goulding, Lattimer
| extra3 = Starsmith
| length3 = 2:56
| title4 = This Love (Will Be Your Downfall)
| writer4 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra4 = Starsmith
| length4 = 3:53
| title5 = Under the Sheets
| writer5 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra5 = Starsmith
| length5 = 3:44
| title6 = The Writer
| writer6 = Goulding, Lattimer
| extra6 = Starsmith
| length6 = 4:11
| title7 = Animal
| writer7 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra7 = Starsmith
| length7 = 3:40
| title8 = Every Time You Go
| writer8 = Goulding, Fortis, Starsmith
| extra8 = Starsmith
| length8 = 3:25
| title9 = Your Biggest Mistake
| writer9 = Goulding, Smith
| extra9 = Smith
| length9 = 3:25
| title10 = Salt Skin
| writer10 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra10 = Starsmith
| length10 = 4:17
| title11 = Your Song
| writer11 = John, Taupin
| extra11 = Lovett
| length11 = 3:10
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = US [[Amazon MP3]] bonus track<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B004PVHNGE |title=Lights (Amazon MP3 Exclusive Version) <nowiki>[+Digital Booklet]</nowiki>: Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[Amazon MP3]] |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref>
| collapsed = yes
| writing_credits = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| title12 = Human
| writer12 = Goulding, Starsmith
| extra12 = Starsmith
| length12 = 4:09
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = US iTunes bonus track<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/lights/id418571515 |title=Lights by Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] US. [[Apple Inc.]] |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref>
| collapsed = yes
| writing_credits = yes
| title12 = Starry Eyed
| note12 = Live at the Cherrytree House
| writer12 = Goulding, Lattimer
| length12 = 3:02
}}

==Personnel==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* Ellie Goulding – vocals (all tracks); [[steel-string acoustic guitar|acoustic guitar]] (tracks 1, 3–10); piano (track 8)
* Seye Adelekan – backing vocals, acoustic guitar (track 2); electric guitar (tracks 3, 6)
* Beatriz Artola – [[audio engineering|engineer]] (track 8)
* Stevie Blacke – [[strings (music)|live strings]] (track 5)
* [[Alan Clarke (photographer)|Alan Clarke]] – photography
* Joe Clegg – drums (tracks 5, 6)
* [[Frankmusik]] – producer, engineer, keyboards, backing vocals, [[programming (music)|programming]] (track 7)
{{col-2}}
* Matt Hill – drum engineer (track 6)
* Julian Kindred – drum engineer (track 5)
* Charlie Morton – backing vocals, additional acoustic guitar (track 4)
* Naweed – [[audio mastering|mastering]]
* [[Fraser T. Smith]] – producer, keyboards (track 8)
* [[Starsmith]] – producer, keyboards, [[drum machine|drum programming]] (tracks 1–6, 9, 10); bass (tracks 1–5, 9, 10); saxophone (track 9)
* [[Mark Stent|Mark "Spike" Stent]] – [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] (tracks 2–6, 8–10)
* Traffic – [[graphic design|design]]
{{col-end}}

;''Bright Lights''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* Ellie Goulding – vocals (all tracks); guitar (track 11); acoustic guitar (tracks 13, 18); [[mandolin]] (track 13)
* Rob Blake – original producer (track 16)
* Richard Edgeler – mixing assistant (tracks 12, 14, 16)
* [[Fred Falke]] – producer, keyboards, drum programming (tracks 14, 16); bass (track 14); guitar (track 16)
* [[Liam Howe]] – producer, engineer, mixing, programming, [[instrumentation (music)|instrumentation]] (track 13)
* Ash Howes – producer, mixing, drums, keyboards (track 11)
* [[Longpigs|Crispin Hunt]] – guitar, keyboards (tracks 14, 16); original producer (track 16)
* Matt Lawrence – engineer, mixing (track 17)
{{col-2}}
* [[Mumford & Sons|Ben Lovett]] – producer, piano, backing vocals, [[bass drum|kick drum]] (track 17)
* Steve Malcomson – programming (track 11)
* Naweed – mastering
* [[Biffco|Richard "Biff" Stannard]] – producer, mixing, bass, keyboards (track 11)
* Starsmith – producer, programming, acoustic guitar, bass, electric guitar, backing vocals (tracks 12, 15)
* Traffic – design
* Scott Trindle – photography
* Ruth de Turberville – cello, backing vocals (track 17)
* Jeremy Wheatley – mixing (tracks 12, 14, 16)
* Matt Wiggins – [[timpani]] (track 17)
{{col-end}}

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (2010–11)
!Peak position
|-
|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Hitseekers Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20100511-1124/Issue1054.pdf |title=ARIA Hitseekers – Week Commencing 10th May 2010 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]. [[Pandora Archive]] |accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Albums Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="BelgiumChart">{{cite web |url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Ellie+Goulding&titel=Lights&cat=a |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |language=Dutch |publisher=[[Ultratop]]. Hung Medien |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|54
|-
|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]<ref name="CanadaChart">{{cite web |url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html |title=Top 100 Albums in Canada |publisher=[[Nielsen SoundScan]]. [[Canadian Online Explorer|CANOE]] |date=19 May 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5ynxvMTWY |archivedate=19 May 2011 |accessdate=20 May 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|66
|-
|[[European Top 100 Albums]]<ref name="EuropeChart">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/european-albums?chartDate=2010-03-20 |title=European Albums – Week of March 20, 2010 |work=Billboard |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |accessdate=3 April 2010}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]]<ref name="GermanyChart">{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Goulding,Ellie/?type=longplay |title=Chartverfolgung / Goulding,Ellie / Longplay |language=German |publisher=[[Media Control Charts|Media Control]]. PhonoNet GmbH |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref>
|align="center"|42
|-
|[[IFPI Greece|Greek Foreign Albums Chart]]<ref name="GreeceChart">{{cite web |url=http://greekcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Ellie+Goulding&titel=Lights&cat=a |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |publisher=[[IFPI Greece]]. Hung Medien |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|38
|-
|[[Irish Albums Chart]]<ref name="IrishChart">{{cite web |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2011&year=2011&week=8 |title=Top 75 Artist Album, Week Ending 24 February 2011 |publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]. [[Chart-Track]] |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Albums Chart]]<ref name="NZChart">{{cite web |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Ellie+Goulding&titel=Lights&cat=a |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]. Hung Medien |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|28
|-
|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Albums Chart]]<ref name="NorwayChart">{{cite web |url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Ellie+Goulding&titel=Lights&cat=a |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |work=[[Verdens Gang]] |publisher=Hung Medien |accessdate=14 March 2010}}</ref>
|align="center"|35
|-
|[[Scottish Singles and Albums Chart|Scottish Album Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/23/2010-03-13/ |title=Top 40 Scottish Albums Archive |publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]] |date=13 March 2010 |accessdate=22 May 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]]<ref name="SwissChart">{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Ellie+Goulding&titel=Lights&cat=a |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |publisher=[[Media Control Charts|Media Control]]. Hung Medien |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|90
|-
|[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref name="UKchart">{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=49024 |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]. Chart Stats |accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="USpeak">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/ellie-goulding/chart-history/1117943?f=305&g=Albums |title=Ellie Goulding Album & Song Chart History – Billboard 200 |work=Billboard |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |accessdate=17 March 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|76
|-
|US [[Top Heatseekers|Heatseekers Albums]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/ellie-goulding/chart-history/1117943?f=324&g=Albums |title=Ellie Goulding Album & Song Chart History – Heatseekers Albums |work=Billboard |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |accessdate=17 March 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart (2010)
!Position
|-
|[[2010 in British music#Best-selling albums of 2010|UK Albums Chart]]<ref name="UKyearend2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/2010/albums |title=Top 40 UK Albums of 2010 |publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]. [[BBC Radio 1]] |accessdate=31 December 2010}}</ref>
|align="center"|26
|}
{{col-end}}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Country
!Date
!Label
!Edition
|-
|Ireland<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.towerrecords.ie/product/Goulding,ellie___Lights/474865 |title=Goulding,ellie – Lights |publisher=[[Tower Records|Tower Records Ireland]] |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|26 February 2010
|[[Polydor Records|Polydor]]
|rowspan="9"|Standard
|-
|Netherlands<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bol.com/nl/p/muziek/lights/1000004008139994/index.html |title=Lights, Ellie Goulding |language=Dutch |publisher=bol.com |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]
|-
|Sweden<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universalmusic.se/musik/ellie-goulding/lights/?upc=00602527327990&pid=30352618362 |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |language=Swedish |publisher=[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Sweden]] |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|1 March 2010
|-
|United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;1;-1;-1;-1&sku=294168 |title=Ellie Goulding: Lights |publisher=[[HMV Group|HMV]] |accessdate=3 March 2010}}</ref>
|Polydor
|-
|Canada<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmv.ca/Products/Detail/561501.aspx |title=LIGHTS by ELLIE GOULDING |publisher=[[HMV Group|HMV Canada]] |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref>
|2 March 2010
|rowspan="6"|Universal Music
|-
|Poland<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empik.com/lights-pl-goulding-ellie,prod56450292,muzyka-p |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |language=Polish |accessdate=9 September 2011}}</ref>
|26 March 2010
|-
|Italy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibs.it/disco/0602527327990/ellie-goulding/lights.html |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |language=Italian |publisher=Internet Bookshop Italia |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>
|9 April 2010
|-
|Australia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getmusic.com.au/artist/music/detail.aspx?pid=62827&aid=62029 |title=Ellie Goulding : Discography : Lights |publisher=[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Australia]]. Getmusic.com.au |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>
|16 April 2010
|-
|Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universal-music.de/musik/ellie-goulding/detail/product/162647/0/lights/ |title=Ellie Goulding – Lights |language=German |publisher=[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Germany]] |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>
|14 May 2010
|-
|Poland<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empik.com/bright-lights-goulding-ellie,p1043877994,muzyka-p |title=Bright Lights: Ellie Goulding |language=Polish |publisher=empik.com |accessdate=9 September 2010}}</ref>
|7 July 2010
|rowspan="3"|''Bright Lights''
|-
|United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;-1;-1;-1;-1&sku=390721 |title=Ellie Goulding: Bright Lights |publisher=[[HMV Group|HMV]] |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>
|29 November 2010
|Polydor
|-
|Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.de/dp/B004B8NBQW |title=Bright Lights: Ellie Goulding |language=German |publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.de]] |accessdate=27 November 2010}}</ref>
|21 December 2010
|rowspan="2"|Universal Music
|-
|Canada<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmv.ca/Products/Detail/610410.aspx |title=LIGHTS/ REISSUE by ELLIE GOULDING |publisher=[[HMV Group|HMV Canada]] |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|8 March 2011
|Re-release
|-
|United States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interscope.com/artist/releases/detail.aspx?pid=2913&aid=1187 |title=Ellie Goulding : Releases: Lights |publisher=[[Interscope Records]] |accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref>
|[[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]], [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
|Standard
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = ''[[The Fame]]'' by [[Lady Gaga]]
| title = [[UK Albums Chart]] [[List of number-one albums from the 2010s (UK)|number-one album]]
| years = 7 March 2010
| after = ''[[Brother (Boyzone album)|Brother]]'' by [[Boyzone]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Ellie Goulding}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lights (Ellie Goulding Album)}}
[[Category:2010 albums]]
[[Category:Debut albums]]
[[Category:Ellie Goulding albums]]
[[Category:Polydor Records albums]]

[[cs:Lights]]
[[fr:Lights (album)]]
[[it:Lights (album Ellie Goulding)]]
[[hu:Lights (album)]]
[[pt:Lights]]

Ernest Solvay

2011-11-24T16:31:09Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:ارنست سلوی

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Ernest Solvay
|image =Ernest Solvay.jpg
|image_size =150px
|caption = Ernest Solvay (c1900)
|birth_date = {{Birth-date|16 April 1838|16 April 1838}}
|birth_place = [[Rebecq]]
|death_date = {{death-date|26 May 1922|26 May 1922}}
|death_place = [[Ixelles]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[Belgium|Belgian]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[chemistry]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[ammonia-soda process]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
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|religion =
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Ernest Gaston Joseph Solvay''' (16 April 1838 – 26 May 1922) was a [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[chemist]], [[industrialist]] and [[philanthropist]].

Born at [[Rebecq]], he was prevented by acute [[pleurisy]] from going to university. He worked in his uncle's chemical factory from the age of 21.

In 1861, he developed the [[ammonia-soda process]] for the manufacture of [[soda ash]] (anhydrous [[sodium carbonate]]) from brine (as a source of [[sodium chloride]]) and [[limestone]] (as a source of [[calcium carbonate]]). The process was an improvement over the earlier [[Leblanc process]].

He founded the company [[Solvay (company)|Solvay & Cie]] and established his first factory at [[Charleroi|Couillet]] (now merged into [[Charleroi]], [[Belgium]]) in 1863 and further perfected the process until 1872, when he patented it. Soon, [[Solvay process]] plants were established in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and Austria. Today, about 70 Solvay process plants are still operational worldwide.

The exploitation of his [[patent]]s brought Solvay considerable wealth, which he used for [[philanthropic]] purposes, including the establishment in 1894 of the "Institut des Sciences Sociales" (ISS) or Institute for Sociology at the [[Free University of Brussels]] (now split into the [[Université Libre de Bruxelles]] and the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]]), as well as [[Solvay Conference|International Institutes for Physics and Chemistry]]. In 1903, he founded the [[Solvay Business School]] which is also part of the [[Free University of Brussels]]. In 1911, he began a series of important conferences in physics, known as the [[Solvay Conference]]s, whose participants included luminaries such as [[Max Planck]], [[Ernest Rutherford]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Henri Poincaré]], and (then only 32 years old) [[Albert Einstein]]. A later conference would include [[Niels Bohr]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Max Born]], and [[Erwin Schrödinger]].

He was two times elected to the [[Belgian Senate]] for the [[Liberal Party (Belgium)|Liberal Party]] and appointed [[Minister of State]] at the end of his life. [[Solvay, New York]] and [[Rosignano Solvay]], the locations of the first Solvay process plants in the United States and in Italy, are also named after him.

Solvay died at [[Ixelles]] and is interred there in the [[Ixelles Cemetery]].
[[Image:1911 Solvay conference.jpg|300px|thumb|The portrait of participants to the first [[Solvay Conference]] in 1911. Ernest Solvay is the third seated from the left.
Solvay wasn't present at the time the photo was taken, so his photo was cut and pasted onto this one for the official release]]

==References==
* Bertrand, Louis, ''Ernest Solvay. Een hervormer op maatschappelijk gebied'', Brussels, Agence Dechenne, 1918, 113 p.
* Boianovsky, Mauro, Erreygers, Guido, ''Social comptabilism and pure credit systems. Solvay and [[Knut Wicksell|Wicksell]] on monetary reform'', in : Fontaine, Philippe, Leonard, Robert, (ed.), The experiment in the history of economics, London, Routledge, 2005, pp. 98–134.
* Despy-Meyer, Andrée, Devriese Didier (ed.), ''Ernest Solvay et son temps'', Brussels, Archives de l'ULB, 1997, 349 p.
* Erreygers, Guido, ''The economic theories and social reform proposals of Ernest Solvay (1838–1922)'', in : Samuels, Warren J. (red.), European economists of the early 20th century, volume 1. Studies of neglected thinkers of Belgium, France, The Netherlands and Scandinavia, Cheltenham-Northampton, Edward Elgar, 1998, pp. 221–262.
* Rapaille, Maxime, Solvay, un géant. ''Des rives de la Sambre aux confins de la terre'', Bruxelles, Didier Hatier, 1989, 187 p.

==See also==
*[[Solvay Institute of Sociology]]
*[[Emile Waxweiler]]

{|style="float:left"
|{{commons|Solvay Conference}}
|}
{{wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solvay, Ernest}}
[[Category:Belgian chemists]]
[[Category:Belgian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Belgian philanthropists]]


[[Category:Belgian Ministers of State]]
[[Category:Order of Leopold recipients]]
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Walloon people]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Solvay, Ernest
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = chemist, industrialist, philanthropist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 16 April 1838
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Rebecq]], Belgium
| DATE OF DEATH = 26 May 1922
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Ixelles]], Belgium
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}

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[[fa:ارنست سلوی]]
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[[zh:欧内斯特·索尔维]]

Gian Galeazzo Sforza

2011-11-24T15:42:00Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:ג'אן גלאצו ספורצה

[[Image:Gian_Galeazzo_II._Maria_Sforza.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Portrait of Gian Galeazzo Sforza'' (c. 1483) by [[Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis]]]]
[[Image:Isabella of Aragon.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Isabella of Aragon, princess of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]].]]

'''Gian Galeazzo Sforza''' (also '''Giovan Galeazzo Sforza''') (20 June 1469 – 21 October 1494) was the sixth [[Duke of Milan]].

Born in [[Abbiategrasso]], he was only 7 years old when in 1476 his father, [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]], was assassinated and Gian Galeazzo became the [[List of rulers of Milan|Duke of Milan]]. His uncle, [[Ludovico Sforza]], acted as regent to the young duke but quickly wrested all power from him and became the [[de facto]] ruler of Milan for some time. In 1488, Gian Galeazzo married his cousin princess [[Isabella of Naples]] and they had four children together: [[Ippolita Maria Sforza (1493-1501)]], [[Francesco Sforza (Il Duchetto)|Francesco]] (1491-1512), [[Bona Sforza|Bona]] (1494-1557) (who married [[Zygmunt I the Old|Sigismund I of Poland]]) and Bianca Maria (1495-1496).

Concerning Gian Galeazzo's death in 1494 (Pavia), Italian historian [[Francesco Guicciardini]] had this to say in his ''La Historia di Italia'' (''The History of Italy''):

<blockquote>The rumor was widespread that Giovan Galeazzo's death had been provoked by immoderate coitus; nevertheless, it was widely believed throughout Italy that he had died not through natural illness nor as a result of incontinence, but had been poisoned... one of the royal physicians...asserted that he had seen manifest signs of it. Nor was there anyone who doubted that if it had been poison, it had been administered through his uncle [[Ludovico Sforza]]'s machinations...</blockquote>
 
{{start box}}
{{s-reg|it}}
{{succession box| before=[[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]] | title=[[List of rulers of Milan|Duke of Milan]]| after= [[Ludovico Sforza]]| years=1476–1494}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1469 births]]
[[Category:1494 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Milan]]
[[Category:Dukes of Milan|Gian Galeazzo]]
[[Category:House of Sforza|Gian Galeazzo]]
[[Category:Medieval child rulers]]
[[Category:15th-century Italian people]]

[[ar:جان غالياتسو سفورزا]]
[[br:Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
[[ca:Joan Galeàs Sforza]]
[[de:Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
[[el:Τζαν Γκαλεάτσο Σφόρτσα]]
[[es:Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
[[eu:Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
[[fr:Jean Galéas Sforza]]
[[ko:잔 갈레아초 스포르차]]
[[it:Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza]]
[[he:ג'אן גלאצו ספורצה]]
[[la:Ioannes Galeatius Sfortia]]
[[nl:Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
[[ja:ジャン・ガレアッツォ・スフォルツァ]]
[[pl:Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
[[pt:Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
[[ru:Джан Галеаццо Сфорца]]
[[sv:Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
[[zh:吉安·加莱亚佐·斯福尔扎]]

Caja Mágica

2011-11-24T15:41:10Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:קאחה מחיקה

{{Infobox stadium
| stadium_name = Caja Mágica
| nickname =
| image = [[File:Caroline Wozniacki and Dinara Safina at the 2009 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open.jpg|250px]]
| fullname =
| location = [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground = 2004
| built =
| opened = May 8, 2009
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner =
| operator =
| surface = Clay, Outdoors
| construction_cost = Building Costs: 3.064.880 ([[United States dollar|USD]] 2008) [[Euro|€]] 160 million (full complex)
| architect = [[Dominique Perrault]]
| structural engineer =
| services engineer =
| general_contractor =
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants = [[Madrid Masters]] ([[ATP World Tour Masters 1000|ATP 1000]]) (2009-present) [[Real Madrid Baloncesto|Real Madrid]] (2010-11) [[Madrid bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics|Spanish Olympic Committee]]
| seating_capacity = 12,442 <ref>[http://www.madrid-open.com/default_en.aspx#/tournament-guide/2 Caja Mágica] stadium map</ref>(Central Court) 3,500 (Court 1) 2,500 (Court 2) 250 (court 3-9)
| dimensions =
| scoreboard =
}}

'''La Caja Mágica''' ("The Magic Box'"), also known as the '''Manzanares Park Tennis Center''', is a sports structure located at the Park Manzanares, used for the [[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Masters]] tournament in [[Madrid, Spain]].

There are three [[Tennis court|courts]] under the one structure, and a series of retractable roofs.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/09/sports/tennis/09tennis.html</ref> The main stadium has a [[seating capacity]] of 12,442. There are two smaller courts in the structure, with Court 1 able to hold 3,500 people, and Court 2 to hold 2,500 people. The [[seating capacity]] of Courts 1 and 2 would have been increased if [[Madrid bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics|Madrid's bid]] for the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] had been successful.<ref>[http://www.madrid2016.es/en/nuestracandidatura/deportesinstalaciones/Instalaciones/Paginas/centrotenismanzanares.aspx Manzanares Park Tennis Center]</ref>

In the 2010-11 season, was the home stadium for the [[Real Madrid Baloncesto|Real Madrid]] basketball team.<ref>[http://www.europapress.es/madrid/noticia-caja-magica-estrenara-manana-liga-acb-partido-enfrentara-real-madrid-manresa-20101009183332.html La Caja Mágica se estrenará mañana en la Liga ACB con el partido que enfrentará al Real Madrid con el Manresa]</ref> It can also be used for concerts and shows. It was the venue for the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2010]] on 7 November 2010.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{commons category|Caja Mágica}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.madridcajamagica.com}}

{{coord|40.368896|-3.684154|type:landmark|display=title}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]] venue
| years = 2009 – present
| before = [[Madrid Arena]]
| after = current
}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caja Magica}}
[[Category:Indoor arenas in Spain]]
[[Category:Tennis venues in Spain]]
[[Category:Basketball venues in Spain]]
[[Category:Sport in Madrid]]

[[de:Caja Mágica]]
[[es:La Caja Mágica]]
[[fr:La Caja Mágica]]
[[gl:Caja Mágica]]
[[it:Caja Mágica]]
[[he:קאחה מחיקה]]
[[lt:Caja Mágica]]
[[ja:ラ・カハ・マヒカ]]
[[pl:Caja Mágica]]
[[fi:Caja Mágica]]
[[tr:La Caja Mágica]]

Ehud Hrushovski

2011-11-24T15:41:00Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:אהוד הרושובסקי

'''Ehud Hrushovski''' ({{lang-he|אהוד הרושובסקי}}; born 1959) is a mathematical logician. He is a Professor of Mathematics at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].
His father, Benjamin Harshav, is [[Emeritus Professor]] in [[Yale University]] and [[Tel Aviv University]] to [[Comparative Literature]] and a poet.

Hrushovski is well known for his work in [[model theory]], in particular in the branch that has become known as [[geometric model theory]]; and for the applications he has made of it to [[Diophantine geometry]], including the [[Mordell-Lang conjecture]].
He is a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (2007), and [[Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]] (2008).

==See also==

*[[Zariski geometry]]

==References==
*[http://www.ma.huji.ac.il/~ehud/ Home Page]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Hrushovski, Ehud
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = september 30, 1959 (age 51)
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
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| PLACE OF DEATH =
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hrushovski, Ehud}}
[[Category:Israeli mathematicians]]
[[Category:Logicians]]
[[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty]]
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[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
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[[Category:Model theorists]]

[[de:Ehud Hrushovski]]
[[he:אהוד הרושובסקי]]
[[ja:エウド・フルショフスキー]]

Jane Eyre (2011 film)

2011-11-24T15:40:30Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding uk:Джейн Ейр (фільм, 2011)

{{Infobox film
| name = Jane Eyre
| image = Jane Eyre Poster.jpg
| image_size = 215px
| alt =
| caption = British theatrical release poster
| director = [[Cary Fukunaga|Cary Joji Fukunaga]]
| producer = [[Alison Owen]] Paul Trijbits
| screenplay = [[Moira Buffini]]
| based on = {{Based on|''[[Jane Eyre]]''|[[Charlotte Brontë]]}}
| starring = [[Mia Wasikowska]] [[Michael Fassbender]] [[Jamie Bell]] [[Judi Dench]]
| music = [[Dario Marianelli]]
| cinematography = [[Adriano Goldman]]
| editing = Melanie Oliver
| studio = [[BBC Films]] Ruby Films
| distributor = [[Focus Features]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|03|11|United States: limited|2011|09|09|United Kingdom}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF275562/ | title=''Jane Eyre'' (PG) | publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=2011-03-21 | accessdate=2011-09-24}}</ref>
| country = {{Film UK}} {{Film US}}
| language = English French
| budget =
| gross = $28,742,085<ref name="bom">{{Cite web| url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=janeeyre2011.htm | title=''Jane Eyre'' (2011) | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | publisher= | accessdate = 10 November 2011}}</ref>
}}
'''''Jane Eyre''''' is a 2011 British [[Romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Cary Fukunaga|Cary Joji Fukunaga]] and starring [[Mia Wasikowska]] and [[Michael Fassbender]]. The screenplay is written by [[Moira Buffini]] based on the 1847 [[Jane Eyre|novel of the same name]] by [[Charlotte Brontë]]. The film was released on 11 March 2011 in the United States and 9 September in Great Britain and Ireland.

==Cast==
* [[Mia Wasikowska]] as [[Jane Eyre (character)|Jane Eyre]]
* [[Michael Fassbender]] as Edward Fairfax Rochester
* [[Jamie Bell]] as St. John Rivers
* [[Judi Dench]] as Mrs Fairfax
* [[Sally Hawkins]] as Mrs Reed
* [[Holliday Grainger]] as Diana Rivers
* [[Tamzin Merchant]] as Mary Rivers
* [[Simon McBurney]] as Mr Brocklehurst
* [[Imogen Poots]] as Blanche Ingram
* [[Sophie Ward]] as Lady Ingram
* [[Jayne Wisener]] as Bessie Lee
* Amelia Clarkson as young Jane
* Romy Settbon Moore as Adele Varens
* Freya Parks as Helen Burns
* [[Harry Lloyd]] as Richard Mason
* [[Valentina Cervi]] as Bertha Antoinetta Mason

==Production==
The film is a co-production between [[BBC Films]], [[Focus Features]] and Ruby Films.<ref name="iftn"/> The script by Moira Buffini appeared on the 2008 Brit List, a film-industry-compiled list of the best unproduced screenplays in British film.<ref>{{cite news |author=Thomas, Archie |title=Brit List brings scripts to light |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117993429.html?categoryid=2523&cs=1 |work=''Variety'' |publisher=Reed Business Information |date=3 October 2008 |accessdate = 8 April 2010}}</ref> The story is largely presented by way of flashbacks.<ref name="ahotm">{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/movies/06eyre.html?pagewanted=2 |title=Another Hike on the Moors for ‘Jane Eyre’ |date=4 March 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Charles |last=McGrath |accessdate = 10 March 2011}}</ref> In October 2009, it was announced that Cary Fukunaga would direct the adaptation.<ref name="varietyoct09">{{cite web |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118010174.html?categoryid=3768&cs=1 |title=Fukunaga near 'Jane Eyre' redo |date=20 October 2009 |work=''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' |first=Ali |last=Jaafar |accessdate = 18 March 2010}}</ref> Fukunaga had been in England promoting a film when he met with the BBC and learned about their plans for a new adaptation.<ref name="blastje">{{cite news | last = Coombs | first = Molly J. | url = http://blastmagazine.com/the-magazine/entertainment/movies/jane-eyre-director-cary-fukunaga-and-star-mia-wasikowska-the-blast-interview/ | title = Jane Eyre director Cary Fukunaga and star Mia Wasikowska — The Blast Interview | date = 12 March 2011 | work = [[BLAST (magazine)]] | accessdate = 12 March 2011}}</ref> The filmmakers decided to play up the [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]] elements of the classic novel.<ref name="varietynov09">{{cite web |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118011645.html?categoryId=2431&cs=1 |title=Wasikowska in talks for 'Jane Eyre' |date=19 November 2009 |work=''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''|first=Ali |last=Jaafar |accessdate = 18 March 2010}}</ref> Fukunaga stated, "I’ve spent a lot of time rereading the book and trying to feel out what Charlotte Brontë was feeling when she was writing it. That sort of spookiness that plagues the entire story... there’s been something like 24 adaptations and it’s very rare that you see those sorts of darker sides. They treat it like it’s just a period romance and I think it’s much more than that."<ref name="movieline">{{cite web |url=http://www.movieline.com/2010/03/cary-fukunaga-on-jane-eyre.php |title=Director Cary Fukunaga on the 'Darker Sides' of His Upcoming Jane Eyre |date=10 March 2010 |work=''[[Movieline]]'' |first=Kyle |last=Buchanan |accessdate = 18 March 2010}}</ref>

The trailer for the film featured [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJUaCAIxSk4 the title theme] from [[Goblin (band)|Goblin]]'s soundtrack for [[Dario Argento]]'s horror film ''[[Suspiria]]'' (1977).

===Casting===
In November 2009, it was revealed that [[Mia Wasikowska]] would star as the [[Jane Eyre (character)|title character]] and [[Michael Fassbender]] as Edward Rochester.<ref name="varietynov09"/> Fukunaga and the producers wanted an actress close to Jane Eyre's age in the novel, in contrast to many previous versions.<ref name="brontes">{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article7106879.ece |title=Brooding Brontës replace Austen as ‘bonnet drama’ returns |date=24 April 2010 |work=timesonline.co.uk |first=Ben |last=Hoyle |accessdate = 27 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="tpije">{{cite news | first = Steven | last = Rea | url = http://articles.philly.com/2011-03-20/news/29148131_1_corset-mia-wasikowska-repression | title = On Movies: 'Jane Eyre' role a dream come true for Wasikowska | date = 20 March 2011 | work = [[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] | accessdate = 22 March 2011}}</ref> Fukunaga liked Wasikowska's "sense of observation in her eyes" and that "[she] could communicate [Jane's inner turmoil] in a way that didn't feel theatrical".<ref name="adapting">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2011/03/10/how-do-you-adapt-a-classic-like-jane-eyre/ |title=Does ‘Jane Eyre’ Do Justice to the Book? |date=10 March 2011 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |first=Barbara |last=Chai |accessdate = 10 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="pn32811">{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/sports/From+Nombre+Jane+Eyre/4515943/story.html |title=From Sin Nombre to Jane Eyre |date=28 March 2011 |work=''[[Postmedia News]]'' | publisher = Canada.com |first=Jamie |last=Portman |accessdate = 16 April 2011}}</ref> He felt her looks could be played down as required for the role.<ref name="adapting"/> On casting Rochester, the director stated that while there were actors closer in appearance, he felt Fassbender had the spirit of the character.<ref name="adapting"/> [[Jamie Bell]], [[Judi Dench]], [[Sally Hawkins]], [[Simon McBurney]], [[Imogen Poots]], [[Holliday Grainger]] and [[Tamzin Merchant]] also joined the cast.<ref name="bbcpr"/><ref name="holrep10 February">{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jane-eyre-adaptation-attracts-cast-20525 |title='Jane Eyre' adaptation attracts cast |date=10 February 2010 |work=''[[Hollywood Reporter]]'' |first=Borys |last=Kit |accessdate = 18 March 2010}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on 22 March 2010 and concluded in mid-May.<ref name="iftn">{{cite web |url=http://www.iftn.ie/?act1=record&aid=73&rid=4282933&tpl=archnewshome&only=1&force=1 |title=Michael Fassbender Finds his ‘Jane Eyre’ |date=12 March 2010 |work=[[Irish Film and Television Network]] |accessdate = 18 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="begin">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/03_march/19/jane.shtml |title=Production begins on Jane Eyre |date=19 March 2010 |work=''[[BBC]]'' |accessdate = 21 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="end">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/05_may/21/toast.shtml |title=New BBC One drama, Helena Bonham Carter and Freddie Highmore star in Toast |date=21 May 2010 |work=''[[BBC]]'' |accessdate = 21 May 2010}}</ref> Filming locations included [[London]] and various locations in [[Derbyshire]], including [[Chatsworth House|Chatsworth]], [[Haddon Hall]], [[Derbyshire Dales]], [[Froggatt Edge|Froggatt]] and Fox House in [[Sheffield]].<ref name="charmed">{{cite web |url=http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/news/Haddon-Hall-secrets-charmed-directors/article-3376954-detail/article.html |title=Haddon Hall 'secrets' charmed directors |author=Mallett, Chris |date=26 March 2011 |work=''[[Derby Telegraph]]'' |accessdate = 29 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="locations">{{cite web |url=http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/news/actors-heading-shoot-new-Jane-Eyre-movie/article-1977825-detail/article.html |title=Top actors heading here to shoot new Jane Eyre movie |date=7 April 2010 |work=''[[Derby Telegraph]]'' |accessdate = 8 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="locations2">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/diary/ASIDELINES--It39s-not-Lark.6175235.jp |author=Dawes, Martin |title=It's not Lark Rise to Grindleford! |date=24 March 2010 |work=thestar.co.uk |accessdate = 8 April 2010}}</ref> The score is composed by Academy Award winner [[Dario Marianelli]].<ref name="marianelli">{{cite web |url=http://filmmusicreporter.wordpress.com/2010/12/22/dario-marianelli-scoring-new-jane-eyre-adaptation/ |author= |title=Dario Marianelli scoring new ‘Jane Eyre’ adaptation |date=22 December 2010 |work=Film Music Reporter |accessdate = 31 December 2010}}</ref> Another Academy Award winner, [[Michael O'Connor (costume designer)|Michael O'Connor]], designed the costumes.<ref name="costumedesign">{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jane-eyre-costume-designer-reveals-167193 |author=Bruce, Leslie |title='Jane Eyre' Costume Designer Reveals Secrets Behind Mia Wasikowska's Wardrobe |date=13 March 2011 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate = 14 March 2011}}</ref> Although they estimated the setting was the late 1830s, they settled on four to five years later in 1843. Fukunaga commented that "the clothing style of the '30s was just awful. Every woman looked like a wedding cake." However, they decided to allow a few characters in older fashions to reflect that some would not have updated their style.<ref name="prtphx">{{cite news | last = Gantz | first = Jeffrey | url = http://portland.thephoenix.com/movies/117142-jane-eyre-redux/ | title = Jane Eyre redux | date = 17 March 2011 | work = [[The Portland Phoenix]] | accessdate = 17 March 2011}}</ref> He looked at some 60 residences for one to represent Thornfield Hall but settled on the previously-used Haddon Hall as it had not undergone much redecorating.<ref name="pn32811"/> The conditions were very cold and Fukunaga admitted that Wasikowska nearly got hypothermia on the second day while shooting the rain sequence; however, he could not imagine filming anywhere else, saying "Northern England – Yorkshire and Derbyshire, the moors and dales – they look like they’re something straight out of a Tim Burton horror film. The trees are all twisted by the wind; the bracken and the heather on the moors have this amazing hue. And the weather is so extreme and it changes all the time. The house even, Haddon Hall, is just so steeped in history, the spaces, the galleries, they sort of just breathe and you feel the presence of the history."<ref name="daunting">{{cite web |url=http://blog.wimgo.com/projections/2011/04/15/forbidding-setting-climate-make-%E2%80%98jane-eyre%E2%80%99-production-daunting/ |author=King, Dennis |title=Forbidding setting, climate make ‘Jane Eyre’ production daunting |date=15 April 2011 |work=Wimgo |accessdate = 16 April 2011}}</ref>

==Release==
[[Focus Features]] holds worldwide distribution rights.<ref name="bbcpr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/03_march/19/jane.shtml |title=Production begins on Jane Eyre |date=19 March 2010 |accessdate = 19 March 2010}}</ref> The film is rated PG-13 in the United States. A [[Film trailer|trailer]] was released in November 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.trailerdownload.net/movie/jane-eyre/trailers/trailer-4800.html|title=Jane Eyre Movie trailer | publisher=TrailerDownload.net |date=20 November 2010}}</ref> Fukunaga said his [[director's cut]] was about 2 hours and 30 minutes.<ref name="prtphx"/> The final cut is 2 hours.

===Box office===
Opening in [[limited release]] on four screens on 11 March 2011, ''Jane Eyre'' grossed $182,885, for a per theater average of $45,721<ref name="bom"/> – the best specialty debut of 2011 to date.<ref name="boxofw">{{cite news | last = Knegt | first = Peter | url = http://www.indiewire.com/article/2011/03/13/box_office_jane_eyre_gives_2011_its_best_specialty_debut | title = Box Office: “Jane Eyre” Gives 2011 Its Best Specialty Debut | date = 13 March 2011 | work = [[indieWire]] | accessdate = 13 March 2011}}</ref> As of 14 July, its North American total stands at $11,242,660.<ref name="bom"/>. On September, ''Jane Eyre'' entered #3 in the UK Box Office, behind ''[[The Inbetweeners Movie]]'' and ''[[Friends with Benefits]]''.

===Critical reception===
Review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reports that 86% based on 138 reviews are favourable.<ref name =general>{{Cite web| url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jane_eyre_2011/ | title=Jane Eyre (2011) | work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate = 10 April 2011}}</ref> Among the 36 reviews from "Top Critics", consisting of the most notable critics, the film holds an overall approval rating of 86%.<ref name =TopCritics>{{Cite web| url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jane_eyre_2011/#!reviews=top_critics | title=Jane Eyre (2011): Top Critics | work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate = 7 April 2011}}</ref> The site's consensus is that "Cary Fukunaga directs a fiery and elegant adaptation, while Mia Wasikowska delivers possibly the best portrayal of the title character ever."<ref name =TopCritics/>

[[A. O. Scott]] made the film an "NYT Critics' Pick", saying "This ''Jane Eyre'', energetically directed by Cary Joji Fukunaga (''[[Sin Nombre (2009 film)|Sin Nombre]]'') from a smart, trim script by Moira Buffini (''[[Tamara Drewe (film)|Tamara Drewe]]''), is a splendid example of how to tackle the daunting duty of turning a beloved work of classic literature into a movie. Neither a radical updating nor a stiff exercise in middlebrow cultural respectability, Mr. Fukunaga’s film tells its venerable tale with lively vigor and an astute sense of emotional detail."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://movies.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/movies/jane-eyre-starring-mia-wasikowska-review.html | title= Radiant Spirit Blossoms in Barren Land | date= 10 March 2011 | authorlink= A. O. Scott | first=A. O. |last=Scott | publisher= The New York Times| accessdate = 2011-09-09}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portalbox|films}}
* [[Jane Eyre (character)]]
* [[Brontë family]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.janeeyremovie.com}}
* {{IMDb title|1229822|Jane Eyre}}
* {{allrovi movie|451437|Jane Eyre}}
* {{mojo title|janeeyre2011|Jane Eyre}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|jane_eyre_2011|Jane Eyre}}
* {{metacritic film|jane-eyre|Jane Eyre}}
* [http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=PluckPersona&U=74f4215735b34164abda591ac55ce4fb&plckPersonaPage=BlogViewPost&plckUserId=74f4215735b34164abda591ac55ce4fb&plckPostId=Blog%3a74f4215735b34164abda591ac55ce4fbPost%3a1c640dcf-a8ea-4008-bc0f-d3385dcef3dd&plckBlogItemsPerPage=5 ''Jane Eyre'' and Haddon Hall]

{{Jane Eyre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jane Eyre (2011 film)}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2010s drama films]]
[[Category:2010s romance films]]
[[Category:British films]]
[[Category:British drama films]]
[[Category:British romance films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American romantic drama films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:French-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on novels]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:BBC Films]]
[[Category:Focus Features films]]

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Jeff Chandler

2011-11-24T15:40:28Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:ג'ף צ'נדלר

{{Refimprove|date=September 2009}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jeff Chandler
| image = Jeff chandler the tattered dress.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Chandler from the trailer for the film ''The Tattered Dress'' (1957)
| birth_name = Ira Grossel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|12|15|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1961|06|17|1918|12|15|mf=y}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Marjorie Hoshelle|1946|1954}}
| yearsactive = 1945–1961
}}

'''Jeff Chandler''' (December 15, 1918 – June 17, 1961) was an American film actor and singer in the 1950s.

==Early life==
Chandler was born '''Ira Grossel''' to a [[Jew]]ish family in [[Brooklyn, New York]], the only child of Anna (née Shapiro) and Phillip Grossel.<ref name="book1">{{cite book|last=Wells|first=Jeff|authorlink=|coauthors=|title= Jeff Chandler: film, record, radio, television and theater performances‎|publisher=McFarland & Co.|year=2005|location=|pages=5|month=|url=|isbn=0786420014}}</ref> He attended [[Erasmus Hall High School]], the alma mater of many stage and film personalities. Later, he took a drama course at the Feagin School of Dramatic Art in New York. He worked in radio briefly and spent two years in stock companies. He served in [[World War II]], mostly in the Aleutians. His enlistment record for the Cavalry on November 18, 1941 gave his height as six foot four inches and his weight as 210 pounds. After being discharged from the military, he was a busy [[radio programming|radio]] actor both in drama (such as episodes of ''[[Escape (radio program)|Escape]]'', ''[[Academy Award Theater]]'', ''[[The Whistler]]'', and the radio detective series ''[[Michael Shayne]]'') and comedy (playing bashful biology teacher Phillip Boynton on ''[[Our Miss Brooks]]''). His first film appearance was in ''[[Johnny O'Clock]]'' (1947).<ref name="Jeff Wells 2005">Jeff Wells. Jeff Chandler: Film, Record, Radio, Television and Theater Performances. McFarland, 2005.</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Jeff Chandler visiting Israel 1959.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Jeff Chandler at [[Capernaum]] during a visit to [[Israel]] in 1959]]
In the 1950s, Chandler became a star in western and action movies. His first important role was in ''Sword In the Desert'' (1948), as an [[Israel]]i [[freedom fighter]]. He was nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for his role as [[Cochise]] in ''[[Broken Arrow (1950 film)|Broken Arrow]]'' (1950). The first of three screen appearances as the legendary [[Apache]] chief, he repeated the role in ''[[The Battle at Apache Pass]]'' (1952) and in a cameo in ''[[Taza, Son of Cochise]]'' (1954). He was the first actor nominated for an Academy Award for portraying an American Indian. His agent was Doovid Barskin of The Barskin Agency in the late 50's.

During the latter part of the decade and into the early 1960s, Chandler became a top [[leading man]]. His sex appeal, prematurely gray hair, and ruggedly handsome tanned features put him into drama and costume movies. Among the movies of this period are ''[[Female on the Beach]]'' (1955), ''Foxfire'' (1955), ''[[Away All Boats]]'' (1956), ''Toy Tiger'' (1956), ''[[Drango]]'' (1957), ''The Tattered Dress'' (1957), ''[[Man in the Shadow]]'' (1957), ''A Stranger in My Arms'' (1959), ''The Jayhawkers!'' (1959), ''[[Thunder in the Sun]]'' (1959), and ''[[Return to Peyton Place (film)|Return to Peyton Place]]'' (1961).<ref name="Jeff Wells 2005"/>

His leading ladies included [[June Allyson]], [[Joan Crawford]], [[Rhonda Fleming]], [[Maureen O'Hara]], [[Kim Novak]], [[Jane Russell]], [[Esther Williams]], and his Brooklyn friend [[Susan Hayward]].

Chandler had a concurrent career as a singer and recording artist, releasing several albums and playing nightclubs. In 1955 he became only the second star to play at the [[Riviera (hotel and casino)|Riviera]], after [[Liberace]] was the featured headliner. In her autobiography ''Hold the Roses'' (2002), [[Rose Marie]] wrote that “Jeff Chandler was a great guy, but he was no singer. He put together an act and we opened at the Riviera. He came with a conductor, piano player, light man, press agent, and manager. None of it helped”. And “Everybody raved about Jeff’s singing, but let’s face it: He really didn’t sing very well. He definitely had guts to open in Vegas”. He left to work on a movie after three and a half weeks.

==Personal life==
Chandler married actress Marjorie Hoshelle (1918–1989) in 1946. The couple had two daughters, Jamie Tucker (1947–2003) and Dana Grossel (1949–2002), before divorcing in 1954. Both his daughters died of cancer, as did his mother, maternal aunt, uncle and grandfather.

When his friend [[Sammy Davis, Jr.]] lost an eye in an accident and was in danger of losing the other, Chandler offered to give Davis one of his own eyes.<ref>Davis Jr., Sammy: Yes I Can, The Story of Sammy Davis Jr., New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux (1965) ISBN 0374522685</ref> Chandler himself had nearly lost an eye and had been visibly scarred in an auto accident years earlier.

He was romantically linked with [[Esther Williams]], who claimed in her 1999 autobiography that she broke off the relationship when she discovered that Chandler was a cross-dresser.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/oct/27/entertainment/ca-26587|title=Esther Williams Is All Wet, Say Friends of the Late Jeff Chandler|last=Lovell|first=Glenn|date=1999-10-27|publisher=latimes.com|accessdate=2009-09-11}}</ref>

His former lover Esther Williams, in her tell-all 1999 biography, put Chandler back in the headlines after asserting that he was a cross-dresser. She told him, "Jeff, you're too big for polka dots." Esther later admitted privately that this had no basis in fact.
.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001996/bio}</ref>

==Death==
Shortly after completing his role in ''[[Merrill's Marauders (film)|Merrill's Marauders]]'' in 1961, he injured his back while playing baseball with [[U.S. Army Special Forces]] soldiers who served as extras in the movie. Chandler entered a [[Culver City]] hospital and had surgery for a [[spinal disc herniation]], on May 13, 1961. There were severe complications; an [[artery]] was damaged and Chandler [[bleeding|hemorrhaged]]. In a seven-and-a-half-hour emergency operation over-and-above the original surgery, he was given 55 pints of blood. Another operation followed, date unknown, where he received an additional 20 pints of blood. He died on June 17, 1961. His death was deemed [[malpractice]] and resulted in a large lawsuit and settlement for his children.<ref name="Jeff Wells 2005"/>

[[Tony Curtis]] and [[Gerald Mohr]] were among the pallbearers at Chandler's funeral. He was interred in the [[Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery]], in [[Culver City, California]].

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Chandler has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], at 1770 [[Vine Street]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1947
|''[[Johnny O'Clock]]''
|Turk
|Uncredited
|-
|1947
|''The Invisible Wall''
|Al Conway, henchman
|
|-
|1947
|''Roses Are Red''
|Knuckles
|
|-
|1949
|''Mr. Belvedere Goes to College''
|Police Officer #66
|Uncredited
|-
|1949
|''[[Sword in the Desert]]''
|Kurta
|
|-
|1949
|''[[Abandoned (1949 film)|Abandoned]]''
|Chief MacRae
|Alternative title: ''Abandoned Woman''
|-
|1950
|''[[Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion]]''
|Narrator
|Uncredited
|-
|1950
|''[[Broken Arrow (1950 film)|Broken Arrow]]''
|Cochise
|
|-
|1950
|''Deported''
|Vic Smith
|
|-
|1950
|''[[The Desert Hawk]]''
|Opening Off-Screen Narrator
|Uncredited
|-
|1950
|''[[Two Flags West]]''
|Major Henry Kenniston
|
|-
|1951
|''Double Crossbones''
|Narrator
|Uncredited
|-
|1951
|''[[Bird of Paradise (1951 film)|Bird of Paradise]]''
|Tenga
|
|-
|1951
|''Smuggler's Island''
|Steve Kent
|
|-
|1951
|''Iron Man''
|Coke Mason
|
|-
|1951
|''Flame of the Desert''
|Tamerlane
|Alternative title: ''Flame of the Desert''
|-
|1952
|''[[The Battle at Apache Pass]]''
|Cochise
|
|-
|1952
|''[[Red Ball Express (film)|Red Ball Express]]''
|Lt. Chick Campbell
|
|-
|1952
|''[[Son of Ali Baba]]''
|Opening Narrator
|Uncredited
|-
|1952
|''Yankee Buccaneer''
|Cmdr. David Porter
|
|-
|1952
|''Because of You''
|Steve Kimberly
|
|-
|1953
|''Girls in the Night''
|Off-Screen Narrator at Finish
|Uncredited Alternative title: ''Life After Dark''
|-
|1953
|''[[The Great Sioux Uprising]]''
|Jonathan Westgate
|
|-
|1953
|''[[East of Sumatra]]''
|Duke Mullane
|
|-
|1953
|''[[War Arrow]]''
|Major Howell Brady
|
|-
|1954
|''[[Taza, Son of Cochise]]''
|Cochise
|Uncredited
|-
|1954
|''[[Yankee Pasha]]''
|Jason Starbuck
|
|-
|1954
|''[[Sign of the Pagan]]''
|Marcian
|
|-
|1955
|''Foxfire''
|Jonathan Dartland
|
|-
|1955
|''[[Female on the Beach]]''
|Drummond Hall
|
|-
|1955
|''[[The Spoilers (1955 film)|The Spoilers]]''
|Roy Glennister
|
|-
|1956
|''The Toy Tiger''
|Rick Todd
|
|-
|1956
|''[[Away All Boats]]''
|Captain Jebediah S. Hawks
|
|-
|1956
|''Pillars of the Sky''
|First Sergeant Emmett Bell
|Alternative title: ''The Tomahawk and the Cross''
|-
|1957
|''The Tattered Dress''
|James Gordon Blane
|
|-
|1957
|''[[Jeanne Eagels (film)|Jeanne Eagels]]''
|Sal Satori
|
|-
|1957
|''[[Drango]]''
|Major Clint Drango
|
|-
|1957
|''[[Man in the Shadow]]''
|Ben Sadler
|Alternative titles: ''Pay the Devil'' ''Seeds of Wrath''
|-
|1958
|''Lion in the Sky''
|Mike Dandridge
|Alternative titles: ''A Game Called Love'' ''The Lady Takes a Flyer'' ''Wild and Wonderful''
|-
|1958
|''Raw Wind in Eden''
|Mark Moore/Scott Moorehouse
|
|-
|1959
|''A Stranger in My Arms''
|Major Pike Yarnell
|Alternative title: ''And Ride a Tiger''
|-
|1959
|''[[Thunder in the Sun]]''
|Lon Bennett
|
|-
|1959
|''[[Ten Seconds to Hell]]''
|Karl Wirtz
|Alternative title: ''The Phoenix''
|-
|1959
|''[[The Jayhawkers!]]''
|Luke Darcy
|
|-
|1960
|''A Story of David''
|David
|Alternative title: ''A Story of David: The Hunted''
|-
|1960
|''The Plunderers''
|Sam Christy
|
|-
|1961
|''[[Return to Peyton Place (film)|Return to Peyton Place]]''
|Lewis Jackman
|
|-
|1962
|''[[Merrill's Marauders (film)|Merrill's Marauders]]''
|Brig. Gen. Frank D. Merrill
|
|}

==Award nominations==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Year
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Award
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Result
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Category
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Film
|-
|1951 || [[Academy Awards]] || '''Nominated''' || Best Actor in a Supporting Role || ''Broken Arrow''
|-
|1958 || rowspan=2|Laurel Awards || '''14th Place''' || Top Male Star || <center>-</center>
|-
|1959 || '''15th Place''' || Top Male Star || <center>-</center>
|-
|}

==Further reading==
*Hoffmann, Henryk. "A" Western Filmmakers. McFarland & Co., 2000.
*Kirk, Marilyn. 'Jeff Chandler.' 1st Books Library/AuthorHouse, 2003.
*Marie, Rose. Hold the Roses. University Press of Kentucky, 2002.
*Wells, Jeff. Jeff Chandler: Film, Record, Radio, Television and Theater Performances. McFarland & Co., 2005.
*Williams, Esther. The Million Dollar Mermaid. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|1996|Jeff Chandler}}
* {{tcmdb name|id=813872|name=Jeff Chandler}}
*[http://channel1.radionostalgia.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=119745/ Jeff Chandler as Cochise in Broken Arrow (1951 radio version)]
* {{Find a Grave|187|Jeff Chandler}}
* [http://www.lastingtribute.co.uk/tribute/chandler/2569700/ Lasting Tribute to Jeff Chandler]

{{Persondata
|NAME= Chandler, Jeff
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Grossel, Ira
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actor, singer
|DATE OF BIRTH= December 15, 1918
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Brooklyn, New York]], U.S.
|DATE OF DEATH= June 17, 1961
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Culver City, California]], U.S.
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandler, Jeff}}
[[Category:Actors from New York]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American radio actors]]
[[Category:American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from surgical complications]]
[[Category:Erasmus Hall High School alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish actors]]
[[Category:Liberty Records artists]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]

[[de:Jeff Chandler]]
[[es:Jeff Chandler]]
[[fr:Jeff Chandler (acteur)]]
[[it:Jeff Chandler]]
[[he:ג'ף צ'נדלר]]
[[pl:Jeff Chandler]]
[[pt:Jeff Chandler]]
[[ro:Jeff Chandler]]
[[fi:Jeff Chandler]]
[[sv:Jeff Chandler]]

Methylethyl ketone oxime

2011-11-24T15:40:16Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding nl:2-butanonoxime

{{Chembox
| verifiedrevid = 375763733
| ImageFile = MEKOstr'.png
| ImageSize =
| ImageAlt =
| IUPACName =
| PIN =
| OtherNames = MEKO
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo =
| PubChem =
| SMILES = }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C4H9NO
| MolarMass =
| Appearance = colourless liquid
| Density = 0.923 g/cm3
| MeltingPt = -15 °C
| BoilingPt = 152 °C
| Solubility = }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| Autoignition = }}
}}
'''Methylethyl ketone oxime''' is the [[organic compound]] with the formula C2H5C(NOH)CH3. This colourless liquid is the [[oxime]] derivative of [[methyl ethyl ketone]]. MEKO, as it is called in the paint industry, is used to suppress "skinning" of paints: the formation of a skin on paint before it is used. MEKO functions by [[coordination chemistry|binding]] the [[drying agent]]s, metal salts that catalyze the oxidative crosslinking of [[drying oil]]s. Once the paint is applied to a surface, MEKO evaporates, thereby allowing the drying process to proceed. Other antiskinning agents have been used, including phenol-based [[antioxidant]]s, but these tend to yellow the paint.<ref>J. Bielman "Antiskinning Agents" in "Additives for Coatings" J. H. Bielman, Ed. Wiley-VCH, 2000, Weinheim. ISBN 3527297855.</ref>

==Reference==
<references/>
[[Category:Oximes]]
[[Category:Art materials]]
[[Category:Painting materials]]

[[nl:2-butanonoxime]]

Titian

2011-11-24T14:43:06Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding az:Tiziano Vekallio

{{Redirect|Tiziano}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour = #EEDD82
| name = Titian
| image = Tizian 090.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Titian [[Self-Portrait (Titian, Madrid)|self-portrait]], c.1567; [[Museo del Prado]], Madrid
| birth_name = Tiziano Vecelli
| birth_date = c. 1488/1490
| birth_place = [[Pieve di Cadore]]
| death_date = {{death date|1576|8|27|}} (aged 85-88)
| death_place = [[Venice]]
| nationality = [[Italian people|Italian]]
| field = [[Painting]]
| training =
| movement = [[High Renaissance]]
| works = [[Assumption of the Virgin (Titian)|Assumption of the Virgin]] [[Pesaro Altarpiece]] [[Venus of Urbino]]
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
}}
''' Tiziano Vecelli''' or '''Tiziano Vecellio''' (c. 1488/1490<ref>See below; c. 1488/1490 is generally accepted despite claims in his lifetime that he was older, [http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Titian&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031075 Getty Union Artist Name List] and [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tita/hd_tita.htm Metropolitan Museum of Art timeline, retrieved February 11, 2009] both use c. 1488. See discussion of the issue below and at [http://lafrusta.homestead.com/riv_tiziano.html When Was Titian Born?], which sets out the evidence, and supports 1477—an unusual view today. Gould (pp. 264-66) also sets out much of the evidence without coming to a conclusion. Charles Hope in Jaffé (p. 11) also discusses the issue, favoring a date "in or just before 1490" as opposed to the much earlier dates, as does Penny (p. 201) "probably in 1490 or a little earlier". The question has become caught up in the still controversial division of works between [[Giorgione]] and the young Titian.</ref> – 27 August 1576<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tita/hd_tita.htm |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art timeline |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> better known as '''Titian''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|t|ɪ|ʃ|ən|}}) was an Italian painter, the most important member of the 16th-century [[Venetian school (art)|Venetian school]]. He was born in [[Pieve di Cadore]], near [[Belluno]] (in [[Veneto]]), in the [[Republic of Venice]]. During his lifetime he was often called ''da Cadore'', taken from the place of his birth.

Recognized by his contemporaries as "The Sun Amidst Small Stars" (recalling the famous final line of [[Dante|Dante's]] ''[[The Divine Comedy|Paradiso]]''), Titian was one of the most versatile of Italian painters, equally adept with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and mythological and religious subjects. His painting methods, particularly in the application and use of color, would exercise a profound influence not only on painters of the Italian Renaissance, but on future generations of [[Western art]].<ref>Fossi, Gloria, ''Italian Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture from the Origins to the Present Day'', p. 194. Giunti, 2000. ISBN 88-09-01771-4</ref>

During the course of his long life, Titian's artistic manner changed drastically<ref>The contours in early works may be described as "crisp and clear", while of his late methods it was said that "he painted more with his fingers than his brushes." Dunkerton, Jill, et al., ''Dürer to Veronese: Sixteenth-Century Painting in the National Gallery'', p.281–286. Yale University, National Gallery Publications, 1999. ISBN 0-300-07220-1</ref> but he retained a lifelong interest in color. Although his mature works may not contain the vivid, luminous tints of his early pieces, their loose brushwork and subtlety of polychromatic modulations are without precedent in the history of Western art.

==Biography==
=== Early years ===

The exact date of Titian's birth is uncertain; when he was an old man he claimed in a letter to [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] to have been born in 1474, but this seems most unlikely.<ref name="NG">[[Cecil Gould]], The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools, National Gallery Catalogues, p. 265, London, 1975, ISBN 0-947645-22-5</ref> Other writers contemporary to his old age give figures which would equate to birthdates between 1473 to after 1482,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lafrusta.homestead.com/riv_tiziano.html |title=When Was Titian Born? |publisher=Lafrusta.homestead.com |date=2002-11-04 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> but most modern scholars believe a date nearer 1490 is more likely; the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]'s timeline supports c.1488, as does the [[Getty Research Institute]].<ref>See references above</ref> He was the eldest son of Gregorio Vecelli and his wife Lucia. His father was superintendent of the castle of Pieve di Cadore and managed local mines for their owners.<ref name="DJ">David Jaffé (ed), Titian, The National Gallery Company/Yale, p. 11, London 2003, ISBN 1 857099036</ref> Gregorio was also a distinguished councilor and soldier. Many relatives, including Titian's grandfather, were [[notaries]], and the family of four were well-established in the area, which was ruled by Venice.
[[File:Tizian 078.jpg|thumb|left|This [[A Man with a Quilted Sleeve|early portrait]] (c. 1512) was long wrongly believed to be of [[Ariosto]]; it is more likely a self-portrait, and the composition was borrowed by [[Rembrandt]] for his own self-portraits.]]

At the age of about ten to twelve he and his brother Francesco (who perhaps followed later) were sent to an uncle in Venice to find an apprenticeship with a painter. The minor painter Sebastian Zuccato, whose sons became well-known [[mosaic]]ists, and who may have been a family friend, arranged for the brothers to enter the studio of the elderly [[Gentile Bellini]], from which they later transferred to that of his brother [[Giovanni Bellini]].<ref name="DJ"/> At that time the Bellinis, especially Giovanni, were the leading artists in the city. There Titian found a group of young men about his own age, among them Giovanni Palma da Serinalta, [[Lorenzo Lotto]], [[Sebastiano del Piombo|Sebastiano Luciani]], and Giorgio da Castelfranco, nicknamed [[Giorgione]]. [[Francesco Vecellio]], his older brother, later became a painter of some note in Venice.

A [[fresco]] of [[Hercules]] on the [[Morosini]] Palace is said to have been one of Titian's earliest works; others were the Bellini-esque so-called ''Gypsy Madonna'' in Vienna,<ref>Jaffé No. 1, pp. 74-75 [http://www.wga.hu//art/t/tiziano/01_1510s/06gipsy.jpg image]</ref> and the ''Visitation of Mary and Elizabeth'' (from the convent of S. Andrea), now in the [[Accademia]], Venice.

Titian joined Giorgione as an assistant, but many contemporary critics already found his work more impressive, for example in the exterior frescoes (now almost totally destroyed) that they did for the [[Fondaco dei Tedeschi]] (state-warehouse for the German merchants), and their relationship evidently had a significant element of rivalry. Distinguishing between their work at this period remains a subject of scholarly controversy, and there has been a substantial movement of attributions from Giorgione to Titian in the 20th century, with little traffic the other way. One of the earliest known works of Titian, ''[[Cristo portacroce (Titian)|Christ Carrying the Cross]]'' in the [[Scuola Grande di San Rocco]], depicting the ''[[Ecce Homo]]'' scene,<ref>{{cite web|author=Olga Mataev |url=http://www.abcgallery.com/T/titian/titian112.html |title=Ecce Homo |publisher=Abcgallery.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> was long regarded as the work of Giorgione.<ref>Charles Hope, in Jaffé, pp. 11-14</ref>

The two young masters were likewise recognized as the two leaders of their new school of ''arte moderna'', which is characterized by paintings made more flexible, freed from symmetry and the remnants of hieratic conventions still to be found in the works of Giovanni Bellini.
[[File:Titian-salome.jpg|thumb|[[Salome]], or [[Judith]]; this religious work also functions as an idealized portrait of a beauty, a genre developed by Titian, supposedly often using Venetian [[courtesan]]s as models.]]

In 1507–1508 Giorgione was commissioned by the state to create frescoes on the re-erected Fondaco dei Tedeschi. Titian and [[Morto da Feltre]] worked along with him, and some fragments of paintings remain, probably by Giorgione. Some of their work is known, in part, through the engravings of [[Giovanni Battista Fontana (painter)|Fontana]]. After Giorgione's early death in 1510, Titian continued to paint Giorgionesque subjects for some time, though his style developed its own features, including bold and expressive brushwork.

Titian's talent in fresco is shown in those he painted in 1511 at [[Padua]] in the [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] church and in the [[:it:Scuola del Santo|Scuola del Santo]], some of which have been preserved, among them the ''Meeting at the Golden Gate'', and three scenes (''Miracoli di sant'Antonio'') from the life of St. [[Anthony of Padua]], The Miracle of the Jealous Husband which depicts the ''Murder of a Young Woman by Her Husband'', (see New findings in Titian's Fresco technique at the Scuola del Santo in Padua, The Art Bulletin March 1999, Volume LXXXI Number 1, Author Sergio Rossetti Morosini), [[File:Tiziano,-Marito-geloso,-1511,-dettaglio.jpg|thumb]] ''A Child Testifying to Its Mother's Innocence'', and ''The Saint Healing the Young Man with a Broken Limb''.

From Padua in 1512, Titian returned to Venice; and in 1513 he obtained a broker's patent, termed ''La Sanseria'' or ''Senseria'' (a privilege much coveted by rising or risen artists), in the Fondaco dei Tedeschi and became superintendent of the government works, being especially charged to complete the paintings left unfinished by Giovanni Bellini in the hall of the great council in the [[Doge's Palace, Venice|ducal palace]]. He set up an atelier on the [[Grand Canal (Venice)|Grand Canal]] at S. Samuele, the precise site being now unknown. It was not until 1516, after the death of Giovanni Bellini, that he came into actual enjoyment of his patent. At the same time he entered an exclusive arrangement for painting. The patent yielded him a good annuity of 20 crowns and exempted him from certain taxes—he being bound in return to paint likenesses of the successive [[Doge of Venice|Doges]] of his time at the fixed price of eight crowns each. The actual number he painted was five.

=== Growth ===
[[File:Tizian 041.jpg|right|thumb|It took Titian two years (1516–1518) to complete his [[Assumption of the Virgin (Titian)|Assunta]], whose dynamic three-tier composition and color scheme established him as the preeminent painter north of Rome.]]
During this period (1516–1530), which may be called the period of his mastery and maturity, the artist moved on from his early [[Giorgione]]sque style, undertook larger and more complex subjects and for the first time attempted a monumental style.
Giorgione died in 1510 and Giovanni Bellini in 1516, leaving Titian unrivaled in the Venetian School. For sixty years he was to be the undisputed master of Venetian painting. In 1516 he completed for the high altar of the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari|church of the Frari]], his famous masterpiece, the ''[[Assumption of the Virgin (Titian)|Assumption of the Virgin]]'', still in situ. This extraordinary piece of colorism, executed on a grand scale rarely before seen in Italy, created a sensation.<ref>Charles Hope in Jaffé, p. 14</ref> The [[Signoria]] took note, and observed that Titian was neglecting his work in the hall of the great council, but in 1516 he succeeded his master Giovanni Bellini in receiving a pension from the Senate.<ref>Charles Hope, in Jaffé, p. 15</ref>

The pictorial structure of the ''Assumption''—that of uniting in the same composition two or three scenes superimposed on different levels, earth and heaven, the temporal and the infinite — was continued in a series of works such as the retable of San Domenico at [[Ancona]] (1520), the retable of [[Brescia]] (1522), and the retable of San Niccolò (1523), in the [[Vatican Museum]]), each time attaining to a higher and more perfect conception, finally reaching a classic formula in the ''[[Pesaro Madonna]]'', (better known as the Madonna di Ca' Pesaro) (c. 1519–1526), also for the Frari church. This perhaps is his most studied work, whose patiently developed plan is set forth with supreme display of order and freedom, originality and style. Here Titian gave a new conception of the traditional groups of donors and holy persons moving in aerial space, the plans and different degrees set in an architectural framework.<ref>Charles Hope in Jaffé, pp. 16-17</ref>

Titian was now at the height of his fame, and towards 1521, following the production of a figure of St. Sebastian for the papal legate in Brescia (a work of which there are numerous replicas), purchasers pressed for his work.

To this period belongs a more extraordinary work, ''The Death of St. Peter Martyr'' (1530), formerly in the Dominican Church of [[Basilica di San Zanipolo|San Zanipolo]], and destroyed by an Austrian shell in 1867. Only copies and [[engraving]]s of this proto-[[Baroque]] picture remain; it combined extreme violence and a landscape, mostly consisting of a great tree, that pressed into the scene and seems to accentuate the drama in a way that looks forward to the Baroque.<ref>Charles Hope, in Jaffé, p. 17 [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22263/22263-h/images/plate16.jpg Engraving of the painting]</ref>

The artist simultaneously continued his series of small [[Madonna (art)|Madonnas]] which he treated amid beautiful landscapes in the manner of genre pictures or poetic pastorals, the ''Virgin with the Rabbit'' in the [[Louvre]] being the finished type of these pictures. Another work of the same period, also in the Louvre, is the ''Entombment''. This was also the period of the three large and famous mythological scenes for the ''[[Cabinet (architecture)|camerino]]'' of [[Alfonso d'Este]] in [[Ferrara]], ''The Andrians'' and the ''Worship of Venus'' in the [[Prado]], and the ''[[Bacchus and Ariadne]]'' (1520–23) in [[London]],<ref>Jaffé, pp. 100-111</ref> "...perhaps the most brilliant productions of the neo-pagan culture or "Alexandrianism" of the Renaissance, many times imitated but never surpassed even by [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] himself."<ref name="catencyclo">{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14742a.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1912-07-01 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> Finally this was the period when the artist composed the half-length figures and busts of young women, probably [[courtesan]]s, such as ''Flora'' of the [[Uffizi]], or ''[[:File:Tizian 032.jpg|Woman at the Mirror]]'' in the Louvre (the [http://merovingio.c2rmf.cnrs.fr/iipimage/ENI_Tiziano/ scientific images of this painting] are available, with explanations, on the website of the French Center for Research and Restoration of the Museums of France).

Titian's wife, Cecilia—a barber's daughter from his hometown village of Cadore—was a young woman who had been his housekeeper and mistress for some five years. Cecilia had already borne Titian two fine sons, Pomponio and Orazio, when in 1525 she fell seriously ill. Titian, wishing to legitimize the children, married her. The marriage was a happy one and Cecilia recovered and bore him two more children, both daughters. Only one of them, Lavinia, survived. Titian's favorite child was [[Orazio Vecellio|Orazio]], who became his assistant.

In August 1530 his wife died giving birth to daughter Lavinia, and with his two boys plus infant girl he moved house, and convinced his sister Orsa to come from Cadore and take charge of the household. The mansion, difficult to find now, is in the Biri Grande, then a fashionable suburb, at the extreme end of Venice, on the sea, with beautiful gardens and a view towards Murano. In about 1526 he had became acquainted, and soon intimate, with [[Pietro Aretino]], the influential and audacious figure who features so strangely in the chronicles of the time. Titian sent a portrait of him to Gonzaga, duke of [[Mantua]].

=== Maturity ===
During the next period (1530–1550), Titian developed the style introduced by his dramatic ''Death of St. Peter Martyr''. The Venetian government, dissatisfied with Titian's neglect of the work for the ducal palace, ordered him in 1538 to refund the money which he had received, and [[Pordenone]], his rival of recent years, was installed in his place. However, at the end of a year Pordenone died, and Titian, who meanwhile applied himself diligently to painting in the hall the ''Battle of Cadore'', was reinstated. This major battle scene was lost along with so many other major works by Venetian artists by the great fire which destroyed all the old pictures in the great chambers of the Doge's Palace in 1577. It represented in life-size the moment at which the Venetian general, [[Bartolomeo d'Alviano|D'Alviano]] attacked the enemy with horses and men crashing down into a stream, and was the artist's most important attempt at a tumultuous and heroic scene of movement to rival [[Raphael]]'s ''Battle of Constantine'' and the equally ill-fated ''Battle of Cascina'' of [[Michelangelo]] and ''The Battle of Anghiari'' of [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]] (both unfinished). There remains only a poor, incomplete copy at the Uffizi, and a mediocre engraving by Fontana. The ''Speech of the Marquis del Vasto'' (Madrid, 1541) was also partly destroyed by fire. But this period of the master's work is still represented by the ''Presentation of the Blessed Virgin'' (Venice, 1539), one of his most popular canvasses, and by the ''Ecce Homo'' ([[Vienna]], 1541). Despite its loss, the painting had a great influence on [[Bologna|Bolognese]] art and [[Rubens]], both in the handling of details and the general effect of horses, soldiers, lictors, powerful stirrings of crowds at the foot of a stairway, lit by torches with the flapping of banners against the sky.

[[File:Tizian 012.jpg|thumb|left|Titian's unmatched handling of color is exemplified by his ''[[Danaë (Titian series)|Danaë with Nursemaid]]'', one of several mythological paintings, or "poesie" ("poems") as the painter called them, done for [[Philip II of Spain]]. Although Michelangelo adjudged this piece deficient from the point of view of drawing, Titian and his studio produced several versions for other patrons.]]

Less successful were the [[pendentive]]s of the cupola at [[Santa Maria della Salute]] (''Death of Abel'', ''Sacrifice of Abraham'', ''David and Goliath''). These violent scenes viewed in perspective from below—like the famous pendentives of the [[Sistine Chapel Ceiling]]—were by their very nature in unfavorable situations. They were nevertheless much admired and imitated, Rubens among others applying this system to his forty ceilings (the sketches only remain) of the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church at Antwerp.

At this time also, during his visit to [[Rome]], the artist began his series of reclining Venuses (''The [[Venus of Urbino]]'' of the Uffizi, ''Venus and Love'' at the same museum, ''Venus and the Organ-Player'', Madrid), in which is recognized the effect or the direct reflection of the impression produced on the master by contact with ancient sculpture. [[Giorgione]] had already dealt with the subject in his Dresden picture, finished by Titian, but here a purple drapery substituted for a landscape background changed, by its harmonious coloring, the whole meaning of the scene.

Titian had from the beginning of his career shown himself to be a masterful portrait-painter, in works like ''La Bella'' (Eleanora de Gonzaga, Duchess of Urbino, at the Pitti Palace). He painted the likenesses of princes, or Doges, cardinals or monks, and artists or writers. "...no other painter was so successful in extracting from each physiognomy so many traits at once characteristic and beautiful", according to ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Among portrait-painters Titian is compared to [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt]] and [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]], with the interior life of the former, and the clearness, certainty, and obviousness of the latter.

[[File:Carlos V en Mühlberg, by Titian, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|left|Titian's [[Equestrian Portrait of Charles V|state portrait of Emperor Charles V]] (1548) [[Battle of Mühlberg|at Mühlberg]] established a new genre, that of the grand equestrian portrait. The composition is steeped both in the Roman tradition of [[equestrian sculpture]] and in the medieval representations of an ideal Christian knight, but the weary figure and face have a subtlety few such representations attempt.]]

The last-named qualities are sufficiently manifested in the ''[[Portrait of Paul III (Titian)|Portrait of Paul III]]'' of [[Naples]], or the sketch of the same [[Paul III and His Nephews Alessandro and Ottavio Farnese|pope and his two nephews]], the ''[[Portrait of Pietro Aretino (Titian)|Portrait of Aretino]]'' of the Pitti Palace, the ''Eleanora of Portugal'' (Madrid), and the series of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]] of the same museum, the ''Charles V with a Greyhound'' (1533), and especially the ''[[Equestrian Portrait of Charles V]]'' (1548), an equestrian picture which as a symphony of purples is perhaps the ''ne plus ultra'' of the art of painting. In 1532 after painting a portrait of the emperor Charles V in Bologna he was made a Count Palatine and knight of the Golden Spur. His children were also made nobles of the Empire, which for a painter was an exceptional honor.

[[File:Tizian 085.jpg|thumb|right|''The Rape of [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]]'' (1562) is a bold diagonal composition which was admired and copied by [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]]. In contrast to the clarity of Titian's early works, it is almost baroque in its blurred lines, swirling colors, and vibrant brushstrokes.]]

As a matter of professional and worldly success his position from about this time is regarded as equal only to that of [[Raphael]], [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], and at a later date [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]]. In 1540 he received a pension from D'Avalos, marquis del Vasto, and an annuity of 200 crowns (which was afterwards doubled) from Charles V from the treasury of [[Milan]]. Another source of profit, for he was always aware of money, was a contract obtained in 1542 for supplying grain to Cadore, where he visited almost every year and where he was both generous and influential.

Titian had a favorite villa on the neighboring Manza Hill (in front of the church of [[Castello Roganzuolo]]) from which (it may be inferred) he made his chief observations of landscape form and effect. The so-called Titian's mill, constantly discernible in his studies, is at Collontola, near Belluno.<ref name="heathp5">R. F. Heath, ''Life of Titian'', page 5.</ref>

He visited Rome in 1546, and obtained the freedom of the city—his immediate predecessor in that honor having been [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]] in 1537. He could at the same time have succeeded the painter [[Sebastiano del Piombo]] in his lucrative office as holder of the piombo or Papal [[seal (device)|seal]], and he was prepared to take [[holy orders]] for the purpose; but the project lapsed through his being summoned away from Venice in 1547 to paint Charles V and others in [[Augsburg]]. He was there again in 1550, and executed the portrait of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] which was sent to England and proved useful in Philip's suit for the hand of [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]].

=== Final years ===
[[File:Actaeon.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Death of Actaeon]]''. In Titian's later works, the forms lose their solidity and melt into the lush texture of shady, shimmering colors and unsettling atmospheric effects. In addition to energetic brushwork, Titian was said to put paint on with his fingers toward the completion of a painting.]]

During the last twenty-six years of his life (1550–1576) the artist worked mainly for Philip II and as a portrait-painter. He became more self-critical, an insatiable perfectionist, keeping some pictures in his studio for ten years, never wearying of returning to them and retouching them, constantly adding new expressions at once more refined, concise, and subtle. He also finished off many copies of earlier works of his by his pupils, giving rise to many problems of attribution and priority among versions of his works, which were also very widely copied and faked outside his studio, during his lifetime and afterwards.

For Philip II he painted a series of large mythological paintings known as the "poesie", mostly from [[Ovid]], which are regarded as among his greatest works.<ref>Penny, 204</ref> Thanks to the prudishness of Philip's successors, these were later mostly given as gifts and only two remain in the Prado. Titian was producing religious works for Philip at the same time. The "poesie" series began with ''Venus and [[Adonis]]'', of which the original is in the Prado, but several versions exist, and ''[[Danaë (Titian series)|Danaë]]'', both sent to Philip in 1553.<ref>''Museo del Prado, Catálogo de las pinturas'', 1996, p. 402, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Madrid, ISBN 84-87317-53-7</ref> ''[[Diana and Actaeon (Titian)|Diana and Actaeon]]'' and ''[[Diana and Callisto]]'', were despatched in 1559, then ''Perseus and Andromeda'' ([[Wallace Collection]], now damaged) and the ''Rape of Europa'' (Boston, [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]]), delivered in 1562. ''[[The Death of Actaeon]]'' was begun in 1559 but worked on for many years, and never completed or delivered.<ref>Penny, 249-50</ref> Another painting that apparently remained in his studio at his death, and has been much less well known until recent decades, is the powerful, even "repellant", ''Flaying of [[Marsyas]]'' ([[Kroměříž]], [[Czech Republic]])<ref>Giles Robertson, in: Jane Martineau (ed), ''The Genius of Venice, 1500-1600'', pp. 231-3, 1983, Royal Academy of Arts, London</ref> Another violent masterpiece is the ''[[Tarquin]] and [[Lucretia]]'' ([[Cambridge]], [[Fitzwilliam Museum]]).<ref>Robertson, pp. 229-230</ref>

For each of the problems which he successively undertook he furnished a new and more perfect formula. He never again equaled the emotion and tragedy of the ''[[Crowning with Thorns (Titian)|The Crowning with Thorns]]'' (Louvre), in the expression of the mysterious and the divine he never equaled the poetry of the ''Pilgrims of Emmaus'', while in superb and heroic brilliancy he never again executed anything more grand than ''The Doge Grimani adoring Faith'' (Venice, Doge's Palace), or the ''Trinity'', of Madrid. On the other hand from the standpoint of flesh tints, his most moving pictures are those of his old age, such as the ''poesie'' and the ''[[Antiope]]'' of the Louvre. He even attempted problems of [[chiaroscuro]] in fantastic night effects (''Martyrdom of St. Laurence'', Church of the Jesuits, Venice; ''St. Jerome'', Louvre; [[Crucifixion (Titian)|Crucifixion]], Church of San Domenico, Ancona).

Titian had engaged his daughter Lavinia, the beautiful girl whom he loved deeply and painted various times, to Cornelio Sarcinelli of Serravalle. She had succeeded her aunt Orsa, then deceased, as the manager of the household, which, with the lordly income that Titian made by this time, placed her on a corresponding footing. The marriage took place in 1554. She died in childbirth in 1560.

[[File:Tizian 053.jpg|thumb|right|Like numerous of his late works, Titian's last painting, the [[Pietà (Titian)|''Pietà'']], is a dramatic scene of suffering in a nocturnal setting. It was apparently intended for his own tomb chapel.]]

He was at the [[Council of Trent]] towards 1555, of which there is a finished sketch in the Louvre. Titian's friend Aretino died suddenly in 1556, and another close intimate, the sculptor and architect [[Jacopo Sansovino]], in 1570. In September 1565 Titian went to Cadore and designed the decorations for the church at Pieve, partly executed by his pupils. One of these is a Transfiguration, another an ''[[Annunciation (Titian)|Annunciation]]'' (now in S. Salvatore, Venice), inscribed ''Titianus fecit'', by way of protest (it is said) against the disparagement of some persons who caviled at the veteran's failing handicraft.

Around 1560<ref name=BBC_Madonna>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12305296 |title=Titian Madonna and Child sells for record $16.9m, 28.1.2011 |publisher=BBC |date= 2011-01-28|accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> Titian painted the oil on canvas ''[[Sacra Conversazione: The Madonna and Child with Saints Luke and Catherine of Alexandria]]'', a derivative on the motif of [[Madonna and Child]]. It is suggested that members of Titian's Venice workshop probably painted the curtain and Luke, because of the lower quality of those parts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artbible.info/art/large/755.html |title=Art and the Bible |publisher=Artbible.info |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref>

He continued to accept commissions to the end of his life. He had selected as the place for his burial the chapel of the Crucifix in the [[Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari]], the church of the Franciscan Order; in return for a grave, he offered the [[Franciscan]]s a picture of the [[Pietà (Titian)|Pietà]], representing himself and his son Orazio before the Savior, another figure in the composition being a sibyl. This work he nearly finished, but some differences arose regarding it, and he then settled to be interred in his native Pieve.

Titian was (depending on his unknown birthdate—see above) probably in his late eighties when the [[bubonic plague|plague]] raging in Venice took him on 27 August 1576. He was the only victim of the Venice plague to be given a church burial. He was interred in the [[Frari]] ([[Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari]]), as at first intended, and his ''Pietà'' was finished by [[Palma the Younger]]. He lies near his own famous painting, the Madonna di Ca' Pesaro. No memorial marked his grave, until much later the Austrian rulers of Venice commissioned [[Antonio Canova|Canova]] to provide the large monument.

Immediately after Titian's own death, his son and assistant Orazio died of the same epidemic. His sumptuous mansion was plundered during the plague by thieves.

==Printmaking==
Titian himself never attempted [[engraving]], but he was very conscious of the importance of [[printmaking]] as a means of further expanding his reputation. In the period 1517–1520 he designed a number of [[woodcut]]s, including an enormous and impressive one of ''The Crossing of the Red Sea'', and collaborated with [[Domenico Campagnola]] and others, who produced further [[old master print|prints]] based on his paintings and drawings. Much later he provided drawings based on his paintings to [[Cornelius Cort]] from the Netherlands who engraved them. [[Martino Rota]] followed Cort from about 1558 to 1568.<ref>Landau, 304-305, and in catalogue entries following. Much more detailed consideration is given at various points in: David Landau & Peter Parshall, ''The Renaissance Print'', Yale, 1996, ISBN 0-300-06883-2</ref>

== Family ==
[[File:Titian - Allegorie der Zeit.jpg|thumb|''[[Allegory of Prudence|The Allegory of Age Governed by Prudence]]'' (c. 1565–1570) is thought to depict Titian, his son Orazio, and a young cousin, Marco Vecellio.]]

Several other artists of the Vecelli family followed in the wake of Titian. [[Francesco Vecellio]], his elder brother, was introduced to painting by Titian (it is said at the age of twelve, but chronology will hardly admit of this), and painted in the church of S. Vito in Cadore a picture of the titular saint armed. This was a noteworthy performance, of which Titian (the usual story) became jealous; so Francesco was diverted from painting to soldiering, and afterwards to mercantile life.

Marco Vecellio, called [[Marco di Tiziano]], Titian's nephew, born in 1545, was constantly with the master in his old age, and learned his methods of work. He has left some able productions in the ducal palace, the ''Meeting of Charles V. and [[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]]. in 1529'' ; in S. Giacomo di Rialto, an ''Annunciation'' ; in SS. Giovani e Paolo, ''Christ Fulminant''. A son of Marco, named Tiziano (or Tizianello), painted early in the 17th century.

From a different branch of the family came [[Fabrizio di Ettore]], a painter who died in 1580. His brother Cesare, who also left some pictures, is well known by his book of engraved costumes, ''Abiti antichi e moderni''. [[Tommaso Vecelli]], also a painter, died in 1620. There was another relative, Girolamo Dante, who, being a scholar and assistant of Titian, was called [[Girolamo di Tiziano]]. Various pictures of his were touched up by the master, and are difficult to distinguish from originals.

Few of the pupils and assistants of Titian became well known in their own right; for some being his assistant was probably a lifetime career. [[Paris Bordone]] and [[Bonifazio Veronese]] were his assistants during at some point in their careers. [[Giulio Clovio]] said Titian employed [[El Greco]] (or Dominikos Theotokopoulos) in his last years.

==Present day==
[[File:TItian - The Flaying of Marsyas.jpg|thumb|''The Flaying of [[Marsyas]]'', little known until recent decades, [[Kroměříž|Gallery in Kroměříž]] - [[Czech Republic]]]]
Two of Titian's works in private hands have been up for sale. One of these works, [[Diana and Actaeon (Titian)|''Diana and Actaeon'']], was purchased by London's [[National Gallery]] and the [[National Galleries of Scotland]] on February 2, 2009 for ₤50 million ($71 million).<ref>Severin Carrell [http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2009/feb/02/titian-diana-actaeon-saved "Titian's Diana and Actaeon saved for the nation"], ''The Guardian'', 2 February 2009</ref> The galleries had until December 31, 2008 to make the purchase before the work would be offered to private collectors, but the deadline was extended. The other painting, ''Diana and Callisto'', will be up for sale for the same amount until 2012 before it is offered to private collectors.

The sale has created controversy with politicians who said "the money, some of which came from government funds, could have been spent more wisely during a deepening recession." The Scottish government offered ₤12.5 million and ₤10 million came from the National Heritage Memorial Fund. The rest of the money came from the National Galleries in London and from private donations.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20090202/en_nm/us_titian_2 ]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, ''A Sacra Conversazione: The Madonna and Child with Saints Luke and Catherine of Alexandria'', was put for an auction at [[Sotheby's]], and it was sold on 28. January 2011 for $16.9 million.<ref name=BBC_Madonna />

On February 11, 2009, an argument about Titian's age at death arose between [[British people|British]] [[Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]], and [[Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]] at [[Prime Minister's Questions]], where Cameron was attempting to ridicule Brown's general factual accuracy. This debate spilt over onto Titian's entry on [[Wikipedia]], when an editor from [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[Headquarters|HQ]] altered Titian's dates to substantiate David Cameron's claim and then directed the [[BBC]] to the article for them to use as verification.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7884121.stm
| title = Tories Admit to Wiki-alteration
| date = 2009-02-11
| accessdate = 2009-02-11
| publisher = BBC News
}} See embedded film clip also.</ref> Cameron later apologized and said the staff member had been "disciplined".<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cameron-apologises-over-wikipedia-change-1607488.html Press Association/The Independent] February 12, 2009</ref> The precise date of Titian's birth is uncertain (see above).

The reference was to Brown's comment on 30 January 2009 to the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]]:

{{bquote|This is the first financial crisis of the global age, and there is no clear map that has been set out from past experience to deal with it. I'm reminded of the story of Titian, who's the great painter who reached the age of 90, finished the last of his nearly 100 brilliant paintings, and he said at the end of it, "I'm finally beginning to learn how to paint", and that is where we are.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/davos/7862203.stm BBC], including film clip. Titian in fact painted well over 100 paintings; Terisio Pignatti's catalogue (Rizzoli, 1979, and in English translation) lists 646, though many of these will be workshop versions. Vasari said his works were "without number".</ref>}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
*Jaffé, David (ed), ''Titian'', The National Gallery Company/Yale, London 2003, ISBN 1 857099036
*[[Cecil Gould|Gould, Cecil]], ''The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools'', National Gallery Catalogues, London 1975, ISBN 0-947645-22-5
*Landau, David, in Jane Martineau (ed), ''The Genius of Venice, 1500-1600'', 1983, Royal Academy of Arts, London.
*[[Nicholas Penny|Penny, Nicholas]], National Gallery Catalogues (new series): ''The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume II, Venice 1540-1600'', 2008, National Gallery Publications Ltd, ISBN 1-85709-913-3
*[[Carlo Ridolfi|Ridolfi, Carlo]] (1594–1658); ''The Life of Titian'', translated by Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter E. Bondanella, Penn State Press, 1996, ISBN 0-271-01627-2, 9780271016276 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nNxVU2khKfcC&pg=PA43&dq=Titian+Vasari+learning+how+to+paint&lr=&as_brr=3#PPA58,M1 Google Books]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/dossiers/detail_oal.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674153143&CURRENT_LLV_OAL%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674153143&bmLocale=en A closer Look at the Madonna of the Rabbit] multimedia feature, Musée du Louvre official site (English version)
*[http://www.titian-tizianovecellio.org/ The Titian Foundation] Images of 168 paintings by the artist.
*[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/titian.html Titian's paintings]
*[http://arthistorylessons.net/titian-pieta Titian's Pieta at arthistorylessons.net]
*[http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/t/tiziano/index.html Tiziano Vecellio at Web Gallery of Art]
*[http://www.christies.com/presscenter/pdf/09162005/09162005b.pdf Christies' sale blurb for the recently restored 'Mother and Child']
*Bell, Malcolm [http://www.archive.org/details/earlyworkoftitia00belluoft ''The early work of Titian''], at [[Internet Archive]]
*[http://www.aiwaz.net/panopticon/titian/gc207 Titian at Panopticon Virtual Art Gallery]
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22353 How to Paint Like Titian] [[James Fenton]] essay on Titian from ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''
* [http://www.art-drawing.ru/biographies/brief-biographies/1457-tiziano-vecellio Tiziano Vecellio - one of the greatest artists of all time]

{{Titian}}


{{Persondata
|NAME = Titian
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Vecelli, Tiziano
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Italian painter
|DATE OF BIRTH = 1485
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Pieve di Cadore, Italy
|DATE OF DEATH = August 27, 1576
|PLACE OF DEATH = Venice
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Titian}}
[[Category:Titian| ]]
[[Category:1480s births]]
[[Category:1576 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Belluno]]
[[Category:Italian painters]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Spur]]
[[Category:Venetian painters]]
[[Category:Renaissance painters]]

{{Link FA|es}}
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House of Sforza

2011-11-24T14:42:25Z

Amirobot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding he:בית ספורצה

{{Royal house|

{{Refimprove|date=December 2010}}

| surname = House of Sforza
| estate = Milan, Pesaro, Gradara
| coat of arms = [[File:Blason famille it Sforza.svg|200px]]
| country = [[Italy]]
| parent house = [[House of Visconti]] (through [[Bianca Maria Visconti]])
| titles = <nowiki></nowiki>
*[[Duke of Milan]]
*Lord of [[Pesaro]]
*Marquess of [[Caravaggio (BG)|Caravaggio]]
*Count of Cotignola
*Lord of [[Castell'Arquato]]
| founder = [[Muzio Sforza|Muzio Attendolo]]
| final ruler = <div style="font-size:90%">Milan:</div> [[Francesco II Sforza|Francesco II]] (1535)
<div style="font-size:90%">Pesaro:</div> [[Galeazzo Sforza|Galeazzo]] (1519)
| current head = Extinct
| founding year = 1447
| deposition = <div style="font-size:90%">Milan:</div> 1500: [[Italian Wars]]
<div style="font-size:90%">Pesaro:</div> 1519: Death of [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza|Galeazzo]]
<div style="font-size:90%">Two Sicilies:</div> 1624
| nationality = [[Italian people|Italian]]
| cadet branches = <nowiki></nowiki>Illegitimate
* House of Sforza-Pesaro (extinct in 1519)
* House of Sforza-Cotignola (extinct in 1624)
* House of Sforza-Cesarini
}}
'''Sforza''' was a ruling family of [[Renaissance]] [[Italy]], based in [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]].
==History==
[[Image:Muzio Attendolo Sforza (1369-1424).jpg|left|thumb|200px|A miniature of Muzio Attendolo]]
The dynasty was founded by [[Muzio Sforza|Muzio Attendolo]] (1369–1424), called Sforza (from ''sforzare'', to exert or force), a [[condottiero]] from [[Romagna]] serving the [[House of Valois-Anjou|Angevin]] kings of [[Naples]]. He was the most successful dynast of the [[condottieri]].

His son [[Francesco I Sforza]] ruled Milan for the first half of the [[Renaissance]] era, acquiring the title of [[Duke of Milan]] from the extinct [[house of Visconti|Visconti]] family in 1447.

Rising from peasant origins, the Sforzas became condottieri and used this military position to become rulers in Milan. The family governed by force, ruse, and power politics, similar to the [[Medici]] in [[History of Florence|Florence]]. Under their rule the city-state flourished and expanded. The family also held the seigniory of [[Pesaro]], starting from Muzio Attendolo's second son, [[Alessandro Sforza|Alessandro]] (1409–1473). The Sforza held Pesaro until 1519, with the death of [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza|Galeazzo]]. Muzio's third son, [[Bosio I Sforza|Bosio]] (1411–1476), founded the branch of [[Santa Fiora]], who held the title of count of [[Cotignola]]; the Sforza ruled the small [[county of Santa Fiora]] in southern [[Tuscany]] until 1624. Members of this family also held important ecclesiastical and political position in the Papal States, and moved to Rome in 1674.
[[Image:SforzaTree.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A family tree of the House of Sforza]]

The Sforza would later join with the [[Borgia|Borgia Family]], through the [[arranged marriage]] of [[Lucrezia Borgia]] to [[Giovanni Sforza|Giovanni]] (the illegitimate son of [[Costanzo I Sforza|Costanzo I of Pesaro]][http://www.gradara.com/italiano/signoria_sforza.htm]).

[[Ludovico Sforza]] (also known as ''Ludovico il Moro'', famous also for taking [[Leonardo da Vinci]] at his service) was defeated in 1500 by the French army of [[Louis XII of France]] - see also [[Italian Wars]].

After the [[France|French]] were driven out by Imperial [[Germans|German]] troops, [[Maximilian Sforza]], son of Ludovico, became [[Duke of Milan]], until the French returned under [[Francis I of France]] and imprisoned him.

==Sforza rulers of Duchy of Milan==

[[Image:Italy 1494 shepherd.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Map of [[Italy]] in [[1494]]. Insert shows the [[Duchy of Milan]] ruled by the [[house of Visconti|Visconti]] family and inherited by the Sforzas.]]
*[[Francesco Sforza|Francesco I]] 1450-1466
*[[Galeazzo Maria Sforza|Galeazzo Maria]] 1466-1476
*[[Gian Galeazzo Sforza|Gian Galeazzo]] 1476-1494
*[[Ludovico Sforza|Ludovico]] 1494-1499
*[[Ludovico Sforza|Ludovico]] (restored) 1500
*[[Ercole Massimiliano Sforza|Massimiliano]] 1512-1515
*[[Francesco II Sforza|Francesco II]] 1521-1535

==Sforza rulers of Pesaro and Gradara==
*[[Alessandro Sforza|Alessandro]]
*[[Costanzo I Sforza|Costanzo I]]
*[[Giovanni Sforza|Giovanni]]
*[[Costanzo II Sforza|Costanzo II]]
*[[Galeazzo Sforza|Galeazzo]]

==Sforza family tree==
* [[Muzio Sforza]] with mistress Lucia da Torsano had 7 illegitimate sons
**son [[Francesco Sforza|Francesco I Sforza]] married [[Bianca Maria Visconti]]
***son [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]] mistress [[Lucrezia Landriani]]
****daughter [[Bianca Maria Sforza|Bianca Maria]] (1472–1510), second wife of [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman]] Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]
****son [[Gian Galeazzo Sforza|Gian Galeazzo]](1469–1494), married [[Isabella of Naples]]
*****son [[Francesco Sforza (il Duchetto)|Francesco (II)]], nominally duke under the regency of Ludovico Maria
*****daughter [[Bona Sforza|Bona]] (1494–1557), second wife of King [[Sigismund I the Old|Sigismund I of Poland]]
****illegitimate daughter [[Caterina Sforza]] married [[Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano]]
*****son [[Giovanni dalle Bande Nere]] married [[Maria Salviati]]
******son [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] married [[Eleonora di Toledo|Eleanor of Toledo]]
*******son [[Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] married [[Johanna of Austria|Archduchess Joanna of Austria (1547–1578)]]
********daughter [[Marie de' Medici]] married [[Henry IV of France]]
*********daughter [[Henrietta Maria of France]] married [[Charles I of England]]
**********son [[Charles II of England]] mistress [[Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth]]
***********son [[Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond]] married [[Anne Brudenell]]
************son [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond]] married [[Sarah Lennox, Duchess of Richmond|Sarah Lennox, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox]]
*************son [[George Lennox|General Lord George Lennox]] married Lady Louisa Kerr
**************son [[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond]] married [[Lady Charlotte Gordon]]
***************son [[Charles Gordon-Lennox, 5th Duke of Richmond]] married [[Lady Caroline Paget]]
****************daughter [[Lady Cecilia Catherine Gordon-Lennox]] married [[Charles George Bingham, 4th Earl of Lucan|Charles Bingham, 4th Earl of Lucan]]
*****************daughter [[Rosalind Cecilia Caroline Bingham]] (1869–1958) married [[James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn]]
******************daughter [[Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer]] married [[Albert Edward John Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer|Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer]]
*******************son [[John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer]] married [[Frances Ruth Burke-Roche|Frances Shand Kydd]]
********************daughter [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] married [[Charles, Prince of Wales]]
*********************sons [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge]] and [[Prince Henry of Wales]]
***son [[Ludovico Sforza|Ludovico il Moro]] (the Moor) (1451–1508)
****son [[Maximilian Sforza|Ercole Massimiliano]]
****son [[Francesco II Sforza|Francesco II (III) Maria]]
****illegitimate son [[Giovanni Paolo I Sforza|Giovanni Paolo I]] (1497–1535), marquess of [[Caravaggio (BG)|Caravaggio]]
***son [[Ascanio Sforza|Ascanio]] (1444–1505), Cardinal
***daughter [[Ippolita Maria Sforza|Ippolita Maria]] (1446–1484), married king of [[Alphonso II of Naples|Alfonso II d'Aragon]] of [[Naples]]
**son [[Alessandro Sforza|Alessandro]], first lord of [[Pesaro]]
***son [[Costanzo I Sforza|Costanzo I]]
***son [[Galeazzo Sforza|Galeazzo]], last Sforza ruler of Pesaro
***son [[Giovanni Sforza|Giovanni]] (1466–1510), first husband of [[Lucrezia Borgia]]
****son [[Costanzo II Sforza|Costanzo II (Giovanni Maria)]]
**[[Bosio I Sforza|Bosio]] (count of Cotignola, lord of [[Castell'Arquato]])

==Notable members==

{| class="wikitable"
|--
! Name
! Portrait
! Relationship to the House of Sforza
|-
|[[Muzio Attendolo]]||[[Image:Muzio Attendolo Sforza.jpg|100px]]|| Founder of the House of Sforza
|-
|[[Francesco Sforza]]||[[Image:Francesforza.jpg|100px]]|| Son of [[Muzio Attendolo]], first Sforza ruler of [[Milan]]
|-
|[[Bianca Maria Visconti]]||[[Image:biancamati.jpg|100px]]|| Wife of [[Francesco I Sforza]]
|-
|[[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]]||[[Image:Giangaleazzosketch.jpg|100px]]|| Son of [[Francesco I Sforza]] and [[Bianca Maria Visconti]], Duke of Milan
|-
|[[Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]||[[Image:GianniDavinci.jpg|100px]]||Son of [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]]
|-
|[[Bona Sforza]], Queen of [[Poland]]||[[Image:BonnySporjee.jpg|100px]]||Daughter of [[Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
|-
|[[Bianca Maria Sforza]]||[[Image:Bernhard Strigel 009.jpg|100px]]|| Daughter of [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]] and Holy Roman Empress, as the wife of [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|-
|[[Anna Sforza]]||[[Image:Anna Maria Sforza.jpg|100px]]|| Daughter of [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]] and wife of [[Alfonso I d'Este]] Her successor would be the infamous [[Lucrezia Borgia]]
|-
|[[Caterina Sforza]]||[[Image:Cattysporja.jpg|100px]]|| Illegitimate daughter of [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]], Duke of Milan
|-
|[[Ludovico Sforza]]||[[Image:Ludosporjailmoro.jpg|100px]]|| Son of [[Francesco I Sforza]] and [[Bianca Maria Visconti]], Duke of Milan
|-
|[[Beatrice d'Este]]||[[Image:Bettyeste sporjawife.jpg|100px]]|| Wife of [[Ludovico Sforza]]
|-
|[[Maximilian Sforza]]||[[Image:Massimiliano.jpg|100px]]|| Son of [[Ludovico Sforza]], Duke of Milan
|-
|[[Francesco II Sforza]]||[[Image:FrancescoIISforza.jpg|100px]]|| Son of [[Ludovico Sforza]], Duke of Milan
|-
|[[Giovanni Paolo I Sforza]]||[[Image:GianniPaoloni.jpg|100px]]||Illegitimate son of [[Ludovico Sforza]], first Marquess of [[Caravaggio,_Italy | Caravaggio]]
|--
|}

==In popular culture==
* One of the cursed artifacts from ''[[Friday the 13th: The Series]]'' was the "Sforza Glove", attributed to the original family's possession.
* [[Thomas Harris]]'s character [[Hannibal Lecter]] is a descendant of the House of Sforza.
* In the anime, manga and book series ''[[Trinity Blood]]'', one of the Cardinals and Duchess of Milan is named [[List of Trinity Blood characters#Caterina_Sforza|Caterina Sforza]].
* [[Caterina Sforza]] appears as a [[non-playable character]] in the video game [[Assassin's Creed 2]] and its sequel, [[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]].
* The Sforza figure prominently in the Showtime series on the Borgia family http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series)

==See also==
*[[List of rulers of Milan]]
*[[Italian Wars]]
*[[House of Visconti]]
*[[Pesaro]]
*[[Gradara]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Royal houses of Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sforza, House Of}}
[[Category:House of Sforza| ]]
[[Category:Dukes of Milan|*]]
[[Category:European royal families]]

[[ar:سفورزا]]
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[[zh:斯福尔扎家族]]