Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Damanjodi

2019-10-07T05:01:55Z

Amit.amlan:

{{multiple issues|
{{moresources|date=August 2018}}
{{travel guide}}
{{copyedit|date=May 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Damanjodi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Industrial Town
[[File:Damanjodi.jpg|thumb|Damanjodi]]
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.82|N|82.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8469
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 763008
| registration_plate = OD 10
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Damanjodi''' is a town located in the [[Koraput district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]]. Located in the hilly region over the scenic Eastern Ghats, the city has a sparse population. The town was founded as a residential area for employees of [[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]], which was established to harness the bauxite-rich deposits of the Panchatmali Range. Today, Damanjodi contains the NALCO Township, a residential area for employees of the firm, Mathalput, a semi-urban neighborhood with shops, and Bhejaput, a shopping complex. The population is considered cosmopolitan in nature with employees from all over India, locals from the tribal region, and tourists on business.

==Geography==
'''Damanjodi''' is located on the foothills of the Panchapatmali mountain range, providing a scenic view of the valleys of the [[Eastern Ghats]]. The town is lush with greenery and a wide array of flora and fauna. The soil is rich with bauxite and has a reddish appearance which contributes to the mountain type shrubs and trees. Locals can experience a range of weather conditions over the year. Though the climate is best suited from November to February for tourism, one can still plan a trip in any part of the year aside from the heavy rainfall season. The topography is mountainous, though lakes, streams, waterfalls and rocky hills allow for ample sights for dwellers and visitors. In addition, the river Kerandi flows near the area, serving as a source of clean water for the residents.

Locals have multiple cropping seasons over the year, with the agrarian community producing rice, millets, vegetables, and mustard.

==Nalco Township==
The heart of Damanjodi is the Nalco township, comprising of three sectors and one tertiary duplex sector. These sectors contain housing quarters for the employees of the firm. Facilities include a systematic water supply and treatment plant, [[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]]'s uninterrupted captive power supply, a hospital, banks with networked ATMs, three large co-operative stores, two market complexes, clubs, community centers, temples, a church, and a Mosque. In addition, the firm has some tertiary colonies around the township limits for displaced persons of the complex. Parks, avenues, walking tracks, gardens, plantations, and waterfalls are located within the community for the enjoyment of its residents.

==Demographics==
As per the 2001 Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Damanjodi has a population of 8475. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Damanjodi has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 85% while female literacy is 81%. In Damanjodi, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Religious Attractions ==
Damanjodi has a cosmopolitan culture and has been influenced by major religions. The township has a number of temples, a church and a mosque as places of religious importance.

'''Shri Jagannath Temple'''

Situated at the top of a hillock, Shri Jagannath Temple is a major temple complex for locals and tourists alike. The complex also includes the Mausi Maa Temple, which serves as the center of attention during the annual Rath Yatra festival. All major annual festivals and occasions are celebrated in the temple in accordance with the Shrimandir at Puri.

'''Maa Kantabausini Temple'''

Located near one of the main entrance gates of the township, the Maa Kantabausini Temple is a major tourist location for the people around [[Odisha]]. The presiding deity of Damanjodi Maa Kantabaunsini dwells in the natural sacred grove of bamboo trees.

'''Shri Shiridi Sai Baba Temple'''

The town's newest temple comprises of the Dwarka Mayi and Shiridi Temple. Surrounded by a beautiful landscape, the temple hosts all major festivals and rituals in accordance with the Sai Baba temple at Shiridi.

'''Shri Hanuman temple'''

The Shri Hanuman temple is the major place for all devotees around India to come visit with it's beautifully constructed 108 ft tall statue of Lord Hanuman. The complex also includes a temple with a astadhatu idol of Lord Hanuman. One can easily get a glimpse of Lord Hanuman from any part of the town.

'''Shri Satya Sai Baba Temple'''

Located at the foothills near Sabari Lake, the temple is a place of worship for all devotees. All major festivals are celebrated with incredible pomp and show.

'''Union Church'''

Created for the [[Christianity|Christian]] community, Union Church is situated over a small hillock near the Ambedkar Stadium and serves as a religious center for the community.

'''Damanjodi Mosque'''

The Damanjodi Mosque is situated inside a small complex located in the township and serves as an example of the [[Muslims|Muslim]] style and architecture. Prayers and all major festivals are celebrated in the mosque and it hosts a large gathering during the Ramzan month for the people of Muslim Community.

== Places to Visit ==
'''Sabari Lake'''

One of the most visited places in the town, the artificial lake was originally created by [[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]] for water disposal. It consists of walkways, viewpoints, gardens, sculptures and large lawn covers. The newly constructed artificial waterfall, Sudarshan Jhara, adds to the charm of the place. During winters, the lake becomes the hub of the town for picnics and leisure.

'''Biju Patnaik Park'''

One of the oldest parks in the town, the complex is close to Sabari Lake and marks its presence with a Biju Patnaik statue near its entrance. The park has lawns, floral gardens and an area devoted to children. The park also features a sector dedicated to science enthusiasts demonstrating models of scientific interest.

'''Nehru Sishu Udyan'''

A park mainly dedicated to the children, it has a large rose garden in its boundary and along with a walkway and play area for children.

'''Saraswati Sishu Udyan'''

Considered one of the busiest parks in the town and located in Saraswati Vihar, the park serves as a central area for children to play.

'''The NALCO Club'''

Serving as a place for employees and children to spend time, the club contains a canteen, swimming pool, badminton court, tennis court, skating ground, indoor games section (table tennis, carom, chess, billiards), gymnasium and book center. All major festivals are celebrated in the club's multipurpose hall including major competitions and events organised by the firm.

'''Nalco Community Center'''

A major place of public gathering in the town, the complex hosts all the major trade fairs around the year. In addition, major festivals are celebrated in the center along with competitions and events organised by the town authorities.

'''Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Stadium'''

The town's largest and most important stadium, it hosts all the major sporting events, including the annual Ravan Podi festival which is known as the largest gathering in the town.

'''Open Air Pendal'''

The town's amphitheater consists of a large indoor hall with ample seating and becomes the heart of the area during the annual Panchatmali Natya Mahotsav festival.

==Education==
The Saraswati Vidya Mandir and Delhi Public School are the two main schools within the township, providing education to most of the locals. Both institutions were set up with the help of [[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]], and provide students with a state-of-the-art education amenities.

In addition, the Sri Aurobindo Study Circle, Alumina Girls High School, and Malushanta High School, located outside the core township, serve as an alternative schooling option for the locals.

== Healthcare ==
[[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]] has a state-of-the-art hospital complex in the town to cater to the firm's employees and their family members. The complex consists of a well equipped indoor ward and outdoor ward along with an Occupational Health Centre for regular checkups and pharmacy. The Government Health facility complex is located near Mathalput and serves as the main hospital for the local people.

== Transportation ==
Damanjodi is well connected by roads. The National Highway 26 ([[Visakhapatnam]]-[[Raipur]]) is 9 km away and connected through a service road. The District Headquarters of [[Koraput]] is 36 km away while [[Jeypore]] is 52 km away from the town. Nearby towns like Semilguda and Sunabeda are 9 km and 11 km away respectively. City bus service by the Odisha Government allows for daily service to all major towns.

The rail network includes the Koraput-Rayagada Rail link which passes through the Damanjodi railway station, connecting the town to the major East Coast Railway Division. The Railway service includes a number of trains connecting the town to Rayagada, Visakhapatnam, Bhubaneswar, Behrampur, Sambalpur, Jharsuguda, Rourkela, Jeypore, Koraput, Raipur, Howrah, and Jagdalpur.

The public transport includes bus service to Visakhapatnam, Vizianagram, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Brahmapur, Jagdalpur, Durg, Raipur, Bhilai, Bolangir, Sambalpur, Baragarh, Nayagarh, and Anugul.

Private cab and shared taxi services are also available from Damanjodi to all major locations across Odisha and nearby cities like Visakhapatanam, Vizianagram, Jagdalpur and Raipur. Services are also available for sightseeing and tourism around Koraput.

Air connectivity to Damanjodi is mainly through chartered helicopters by VIPs, VVIPs and security forces. Vishakapatanam International Airport (200 km away) is the nearest airport used by locals for scheduled domestic flights. Jeypore airstrip which is 54 km away is soon developing as a major air connectivity platform through the UDAN scheme.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Koraput}}
*[http://zaubee.com/damanjodi Local Business and Service Providers in Damanjodi]

{{Industrial hubs in Odisha}}
{{Koraput district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Koraput district]]

User talk:Liance

2019-09-17T05:57:39Z

Amit.amlan: /* New User */ new section

{{Talk header}}
{{Busy}}

{{trout me}}
{{archives
|small=yes
|search=yes
|index=
}}

== Request on 19:52:02, 25 August 2019 for assistance on [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|AfC]] submission by EllenFisherTurk ==
{{anchor|19:52:02, 25 August 2019 review of submission by EllenFisherTurk}}
{{Lafc|username=EllenFisherTurk|ts=19:52:02, 25 August 2019|declinedtalk=User:EllenFisherTurk/sandbox}}


I attributed the reviews of the documentary 1-12.
Ellen Fisher Turk

[[User:EllenFisherTurk|EllenFisherTurk]] ([[User talk:EllenFisherTurk|talk]]) 19:52, 25 August 2019 (UTC)

== A cup of tea for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Meissen-teacup pinkrose01.jpg|120px]]
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Hallo Launce? , i got your review thanks ,But kindly for the citation i have placed several of them to justify my sourcing .
But if there is anything that i need to add for the article to go thought.
kindly notify me or add for me , i will really appreciate [[User:SAMUEL WIKI EDITOR|SAMUEL WIKI EDITOR]] ([[User talk:SAMUEL WIKI EDITOR|talk]]) 06:30, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
|}
==(Misplaced message)==
Hi Liance,

You appear to be quite busy so I will be brief.
1. Thanks for moving my proposed page from the sandbox.
2. I understand and support neutrality and respect full disclosure of COI.
3. And, I believe that what my company is accomplishing is unique and meets Wiki's notability standard.
If you can spare the time, I would greatly appreciate your opinion on that last point.
Thanks again,
[[User:DriverSafety|DriverSafety]] ([[User talk:DriverSafety|talk]]) 13:59, 29 August 2019 (UTC)
:Hi {{u|DriverSafety}}. My advice to you would to be to ensure that you have references that show significant coverage in multiple independent, reliable secondary sources. The inclusion of multiple references that demonstrate notability (see [[WP:NCORP]]) increases the likelihood that your article will be accepted. In addition, make sure you clearly declare your COI on your user page in order to meet Wikipedia guidelines. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 21:09, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

Thanks Liance. I have tried and failed to declare my COI on my user page because I do not know how to do it. I thought I had, and then what I added was no longer there when I next looked.
Regarding the multiple references, I included several peer reviewed scientific publications that report on the third party independent researcher program evaluations that my company supports to validate our training programs. This process is part of the concurrent engineering approach our company invests in and which, I believe, makes it notable for a company of our small size. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:DriverSafety|DriverSafety]] ([[User talk:DriverSafety#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/DriverSafety|contribs]]) 04:41, 31 August 2019 (UTC) 
==(Misplaced message)==

[[Special:Contributions/66.165.177.7|66.165.177.7]] ([[User talk:66.165.177.7|talk]]) 16:39, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
Hi Liance,
Have you been assigned to edit my proposed article about Sherwood Ross? If not, will somebody contact me at some point to discuss any revisions? I am in the process of trying to obtain rights to certain historic photos from AP and Getty Images.

I have also disclosed on my Talk Page that Sherwood Ross is my father and I may be considered to have a COI. Am I required to take any further action in the interest of full disclosure. If so, please advise.

Thank you, Karl
:Hi {{u|66.165.177.7}}, currently the article [[Draft:Sherwood Ross]] has been submitted for review so that means an editor will review it for inclusion in the wiki. Please note that any images uploaded to the wiki must be under a license that is freely licensed with no exceptions (see [[WP:IUPC]]). Make sure to note a COI on your user page by declaring your affiliation to the subject clearly. Hope this helped. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 21:06, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

==August 30 - Thanks and draft naming question==
Thanks for helping me get my new article draft in the right place! I am new at this. Unfortunately I realized too late that my page [[Draft:Lucid]] has the same name as [[Lucid]]. Do you know if I can change the title to something that hasn't been taken yet? A [[Wikipedia:Requested_moves]]? Thanks again for your help!
[[User:Chaud321|Chaud321]] ([[User talk:Chaud321|talk]]) 22:28, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
:Hi {{u|Chaud321}}. I have moved your draft to [[Draft:Lucid (company)]]. Since the article isn't on the mainspace there shouldn't be any real issues with name conflicts as Draft names aren't final. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 23:12, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
::That's perfect! Thanks so much. [[User:Chaud321|Chaud321]] ([[User talk:Chaud321|talk]]) 23:28, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

== [[Sabine Dahinden]] now in [[Draft:Sabine Dahinden]] ==

Hi, Sabine Dahinden is almost a [[Celebrity]] in Switzerland. It is normal to have also an article in english.
Best regards --[[User:Netpilots|Netpilots]] ([[User talk:Netpilots|talk]]) 13:43, 1 September 2019 (UTC)
:Hi {{u|Netpilots}}. The draft currently does not have enough references to demonstrate the notability required for inclusion in the wiki per notability policies (see [[WP:BIO]]). Non-english sources are also acceptable if English sources are harder to find, if you feel that the subject has better coverage in another language it would be acceptable to use those as well. Hope this helps. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 18:12, 1 September 2019 (UTC)
::Hi {{u|Liance}} She won a "[[Prix Walo]]" (2015) [[Prix_Walo#Award%3A_public_preferred_artists]]. One more reason to make the article relevant. --[[User:Netpilots|Netpilots]] ([[User talk:Netpilots|talk]]) 07:16, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

== Request on 16:29:50, 02 September 2019 for assistance on AfC submission by JohnCena569 ==

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:JohnCena569/sandbox

Hey Liance, hope all is well.

Thank you for taking the time to look at my article. I'm new to this and apologise if my knowledge is not up to scratch on all this.

I had a good look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(music) and the other articles on Independent, reliable sources etc.

I'm having a little trouble understanding the degree of notability that a website/article must have and how this is determined before it can pass as a reliable source on wiki. I looked at a number of other Australian artists to best gauge what referencing was being used and thought the ones I had used for 'Jaycee's' article were up to standard, that being Independent and reliable.

Could you please help me in understanding which specific articles were not acceptable and why?
and if possible, if there is anyway to determine beforehand the notability of an article before referencing again. I would hate to keep re-editing with insufficient reliable sources.

Thanks so much for your time! --[[User:JohnCena569|JohnCena569]] ([[User talk:JohnCena569|talk]]) 06:29, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
:Hi {{u|JohnCena569}}. Your draft was declined because the references in there generally did not show significant coverage. Most were links to streaming sites (i.e. iTunes), event listings or nonreliable user-contributed sources like Genius. Generally, the sources needed to show notability should be in-depth, not lists or passing mentions. For example, an article on a website like the New York Times would work. In addition, make sure your subject meets the criteria at [[WP:NMUSIC]]. Hope this helps. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 16:15, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

== A cupcake for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Choco-Nut Bake with Meringue Top cropped.jpg|120px]]
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thank you for your help and hard work. I appreciate it. [[User:Hello-Mary-H|Hello-Mary-H]] ([[User talk:Hello-Mary-H|talk]]) 18:36, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
|}
:Thanks for the message! Happy editing. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 19:02, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

==(Misplaced message)==
Hi Liance! Thank you for your notes! I just want to make certain I understand the reason SheVibe,Inc. wasn’t accepted. From what I understand it was solely due to not having substantive press citations that are more than a passing mention as well as the citations I included not being from more well-known sources? I just want to make certain that I don’t have to address anything else.
Thank you again for reviewing my proposed entry!

Best,
Elle
:Hi {{u|Ellechase}}. Another editor rejected your draft and left a comment (on [[User talk:Ellechase|your talk page]]) saying they felt it did not meet Wikipedia's company notability policy ([[WP:NCORP]]), which specifies the criteria a subject has to meet before it is considered for inclusion. The primary issue they noted was the usage of non-independent sources - references should have no affiliation with the subject and must show significant coverage. First and foremost, I would recommend removing all references to Wikipedia pages (as they noted) since it can't be used as a reference as well as sources that are retail websites or are affiliated with the subject, and then adding sources that help to satisfy criteria if possible. Hope this helps. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 22:29, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

== Request on 22:23:29, 3 September 2019 for assistance on [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|AfC]] submission by JGreene20 ==
{{anchor|22:23:29, 3 September 2019 review of submission by JGreene20}}
{{Lafc|username=JGreene20|ts=22:23:29, 3 September 2019|declinedtalk=Draft:LIGO_Documentary}}


Liance, many thanks for your help on the LIGO Documentary submission. I have added further documentation, from the Bali Film Festival, where the film is showing this month, and the National Science Foundation, their funder. I steered clear of the kind of citations that were more promotion and advertising, which I believe is the right choice. It is an important documentary, and very new, as is detailed. I trust much new information and new documentation will be added in the coming months, but I hope this now is well enough defined that it can be accepted. Most important, the internal Wikipedia links to their production groups, Advanced LIGO Documentary Project and LIGO Scientific Collaboration reflect organizations already fully vetted by Wikipedia. Many thanks ~~John Greene~~

[[User:JGreene20|JGreene20]] ([[User talk:JGreene20|talk]]) 22:23, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
:Hi {{u|JGreene20}}. I still feel that your draft ([[Draft:LIGO Documentary]]) does not show that the subject is notable because none of your sources show significant coverage while also being secondary and independent. Please make sure your references are not affiliated with the subject, and have deep coverage of the subject. IMDb is not an acceptable reference. You should review Wikipedia's notability criteria [[WP:NN]] to make sure your submission is adequately supported to show notability. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 22:33, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

== Are you able to review a draft again? ==

Hi Liance,

Thanks for taking the time to review "FinalStraw" in March. I updated the post and added 10+ citations. Are you able to take another look? If not, is there another way to have the page reviewed again?

Here is the link to the draft: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:FinalStraw — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:KariField|KariField]] ([[User talk:KariField#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/KariField|contribs]]) 00:33, 5 September 2019 (UTC) 

Thanks!
----Kari 9/4/19 — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:KariField|KariField]] ([[User talk:KariField#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/KariField|contribs]]) 00:32, 5 September 2019 (UTC) 
:Hi {{u|KariField}}. You can always submit the draft for review again by putting <nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki> at the bottom of your draft. It will then be entered into the AfC queue and an editor should review it soon. Hope this helps. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 01:06, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

== Help with an article ==

Hi Liance,
Can you help me with an article? In case yes, how can I contact you to send you my draft? Admin [[User:RHaworth]] advised me to ask and contact a user for help, because he finds my article "spammy".
Thanks, [[User:Biographitor|Biographitor]] ([[User talk:Biographitor|talk]]) 12:30, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
* {{tps}} Log out. Log in again as [[user:Wikinomicus|Wikinomicus]]. Follow the first three steps of [[user:rHaworth/moans#email|these instructions]]. Then email your text to Liance. — [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] ([[User talk:RHaworth|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/RHaworth|contribs]]) 12:41, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
::Thanks {{u|RHaworth}}. Yes {{u|Biographitor}}/{{u|Wikinomicus}}, feel free to email me once you have the text of your article, I would be happy to take a look at your draft. Best, -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 18:56, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
Thank you both. Actually [[user:Biographitor|Biographitor]] is a different user, we were writing the article about Leon Zimmermann together. So you deleted a user without reason (I guess), [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]]! [[User:Wikinomicus|Wikinomicus]] ([[User talk:Wikinomicus|talk]]) 15:24, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

== Please advise ==

Thank you for your assistance, I appreciate any help I can get. I'm looking forward to seeing this page come to fruition. There are literraly hundreds of facts and references related to Mike Roche of TSOL. It's been a bit frustrating for figuring out the process although I'm enjoying the writing.Hopefully third times a charm. [[User:TVaughanSoCal|TVaughanSoCal]] ([[User talk:TVaughanSoCal|talk]]) 19:38, 8 September 2019 (UTC)TvaughanSoCal 090819
Did I do that right? lol
:Hi {{u|TVaughanSoCal}}, I would advise taking a look at [[WP:NMUSIC]], which lists some important criteria for notability related to music subjects, as well as [[WP:NPERSON]] and [[WP:NN]] for more general notability. As of now your draft is missing a lot of [[WP:ILC|inline citations]] which are necessary for establishing notability coverage, so I would recommend finding some independent and secondary sources with significant coverage (e.g. a news article, book, etc) and adding them so that information and notability can be verified. Please let me know if you have any more questions. Thanks! -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 20:09, 8 September 2019 (UTC)

== Oh thank you I do have more questions ==

Hi Liance~
I do have more questions..Sorry to bug. Can you just do this for me??? lol Ok, I read both your suggesstions I appreciate all of this and I think I'm getting there. I added Billboard top 200 and a couple more things. Thank you bunches! [[User:TVaughanSoCal|TVaughanSoCal]] ([[User talk:TVaughanSoCal|talk]]) 20:43, 8 September 2019 (UTC)TVaughanSoCal 090819
:It's good to see that you are making improvements. Remember that whenever you feel ready you can resubmit your draft for review. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]]

== Draft: Lewis Rasmus Heim ==

Hello, I am contacting you to resolve the issue of reliable resources for my article on Lewis Heim.

For two of the references, shown below, I will have to send you a PDF of the articles. If you want PDFs, let me know.

Encyclopedia of American Biography, “Lewis R. Heim,” The American Historical Company, Vol. 35, 1966, 622-624
Fairfield War Plant Beats Nazis At Own Game, Bridgeport Sunday Post, April 23, 1944.

For the National Registor of Historic Places, please go to this link.

https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/89001087_text

The registration form is for a building but the reason for the registration of the building is due to the invention of the centerless grinder by Mr. Heim. Go to page 4, section 8 for an explanation of the significance.

For the reference titled "Lewis R. Heim, Mechanical Genius of Modern Industry", the ISBN of the book is: 9780997790726.
The book has "ALL" the information including an extensive list of reliable resources.
You can find the book on Amazon and other retailers.

Also, I want to mention that Wikipedia contains three articles related to Mr. Heim.
One is an article on Centerless Grinding. However, whoever wrote it did not mention who invented it. My article resolves that issue.

Second, there is a Wikipedia article called "Rod End Bearing" that contains erroneous information on the inventor that needs to be corrected. As described in my article, Mr. Heim invented the rod end bearing and can be seen in Patent No. 2,366,668. You can find the patent on Google Patents or on the US Patent and Trademard Office website. I would provide a link but the link is unreliable so you would have to go to the website and enter the patent number.
Also, in the Wiki article on the Rod End Bearing, you will notice that the bearing is called the "Heim Joint" for the inventor Lewis Heim.

Third, the Wikipedia article on the Ball and Roller Bearing Company, that was founded by Mr. Heim and cited in the registration form for the National Register of Historic Places. The Wiki article cites Mr. Heim as the inventor of the modern centerless grinding machine.

Please advise if this helps to resolve the issue of "reliable resources".
If not, please advise what else I need to do to have my article approved.
Thanks.

PS: If you want to contact me by email or phone, I am open to these alternatives.

Wikisetter54 ---- — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Wikisetter54|Wikisetter54]] ([[User talk:Wikisetter54#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Wikisetter54|contribs]]) 20:49, 10 September 2019 (UTC) 
:Hi {{u|Wikisetter54}}, I noticed that you have two drafts on the same subject - [[Draft:Lewis R. Heim]] and [[Draft:Lewis Rasmus Heim]]. Firstly, I would recommend you delete one of them and focus your efforts on the other one by placing <nowiki>{{db-author}}</nowiki> on the one you would like to delete. This way, editors won't get confused as to which draft you are trying to submit. Next, you should cite the PDFs directly on the articles provided they are available online, and if one of your references is offline (e.g. a newspaper or book) there is no problem with referencing that as well (just indicating its author, title, location, publisher/edition, etc with the relevant template); this way you can make sure your draft is supported by reliable sources. Lastly, if you think there are errors on any other pages, you can make those changes yourself - Wikipedia is editable by anyone, after all. Hope this helps. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 00:09, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

== Regarding Reference Links for my submission. ==

Hi Liance, thanks for your feedback on my submission. I am looking for better examples which can help me in submission of my article. There are no strong refernces for this article as I am into Film and Cinema, articles about me are not available currently in any famous sources. Please help me out.

Thanks & Regards,
Imjafar04 — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Imjafar04|Imjafar04]] ([[User talk:Imjafar04#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Imjafar04|contribs]]) 04:34, 11 September 2019 (UTC) 
:Hi {{u|Imjafar04}}, please take a look at [[WP:NN|the notability criteria]] required for inclusion - if you cannot locate any reliable sources it is possible that the subject is not suitable for inclusion at this time. In addition, if you are writing an article about yourself, please note that it is [[WP:AUTO|highly discouraged]] - if you are notable, it is likely that someone will write an article about you eventually. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 00:12, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

== will need your help ==

Dear Liance, Celebrtiy Chef Rakesh sethi is a most respected figures in Indian Culinary History , and he has been a great guide and mentor lot of chefs as i have seen him since my childhood and inspired by him strongly believe that his work can be an inspiration to one and all please help me in this article for Rakesh sethi — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Sunnyparekh36|Sunnyparekh36]] ([[User talk:Sunnyparekh36#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sunnyparekh36|contribs]]) 11:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) 
:Hey there {{u|Sunnyparekh36}}, please check the [[WP:BIO|criteria for notability of living people]] - if they meet the criteria, then make sure you are including an adequate amount of references to support that. In addition, your supplied references are not [[WP:ILC|inline citations]] - please see [[WP:Referencing for beginners]] if you need help on correctly formatting them. Hope this helps. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 00:15, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

== Quick question on Jean Morrison draft ==

Good afternoon, Liance,

Thank you again for your help in reviewing the article submission I created for Jean Morrison. Just a quick check-in to make sure you have everything you need from me for this and to see if there's an estimated timeframe for review/publication. It goes without saying, but please let me know if there's any additional info I can provide.

Many, many thanks again,
David Lazar --[[User:Davidjlazar|Davidjlazar]] ([[User talk:Davidjlazar|talk]]) 17:58, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
:Hey {{u|Davidjlazar}} - currently your draft is submitted for review, and, due to the sheer number of draft articles awaiting review right now, it may take anywhere from a few days to several weeks for your article to be reviewed. In the meantime please make sure your draft is supported by secondary, independent, and reliable sources (not affiliated with the subject) that satisfy the wiki's [[WP:NPROF|academics biography criteria]]. -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 00:18, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

== Campaign (1999) ==

Thanks for moving the page to drafts.
Are you able to recommend/approve this page for publication?
Are there any changes you would recommend?
Chris Lipscombe 23:58, 13 September 2019 (UTC) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ChristoLip|ChristoLip]] ([[User talk:ChristoLip#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChristoLip|contribs]]) 
:Hi {{u|ChristoLip}} - for changes, please make sure your draft meets the [[WP:NN|notability criteria]] through coverage shown in multiple reliable, independent, secondary sources. Adding references that support your subject's notability would greatly improve its likelihood of being accepted for inclusion. In addition, please note that IMDb is not a reliable source, and I recommend removing that from your draft. Hope this helps! -[[User:Liance|Liance]][[User_talk:Liance|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Liance|contribs]] 00:20, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

Thanks -- I wasn't aware of IMDB's status. I'll remove that reference and look for others. Chris Lipscombe 00:30, 14 September 2019 (UTC) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ChristoLip|ChristoLip]] ([[User talk:ChristoLip#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChristoLip|contribs]]) 

Hi Liance,

Thanks for letting me know you moved the page to draft namespace [[Draft:Kym_Illman]] and suggesting I request you to proofread /improve the article. If you have time I would love you to do that. I've noted a conflict of interest and tried to make the article as neutral as possible but would greatly appreciate your feedback, --[[User:KymIllman|KymIllman]] ([[User talk:KymIllman|talk]]) 01:42, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

== Deb Lavender ==

Hi Lance,

Thank you for your fast response on moving my Deb Lavender article out of sandbox. I'm new to Wiki and believe I've possibly made a mistake in requesting the move. The article is actually a major edit of an existing stub, Deb Lavender. How do I preserve the edit history and move the article to its intended home, which is the Deb Lavender published page? It's my understanding pasting it over into Deb's page is not the preferred process.[[User:PatriciaBishop|PatriciaBishop]] ([[User talk:PatriciaBishop|talk]]) 11:24, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

== New User ==

Hi John,

Thank you.
I am new to Wikipedia and want to contribute based on my knowledge.
This is the first post I created.
Let me know if the post is fine or do I need any changes. When can I expect it to be approved?

Regards,
Amit

2011 Sindh floods

2019-09-16T06:32:44Z

Amit.amlan: Sentence

{{copyedit|date=July 2019}}
{{mos|date=July 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{infobox flood
|image location=PakistanSindh.png
|image name= Location of Sindh,
|name=2011 Sindh floods
|duration= August 2011–September 2011|total fatalities=At least 434 dead, 8.9 million affected
|areas affected= [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], southern [[Balochistan]], eastern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]
|total damages=8.9 million affected, 2.7 million children affected, 6.79 million acres land damaged, 1.52 million homes damaged<ref>{{cite news|title=Flood Damage|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=CNN World|accessdate=15 September 2011|date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
Heavy [[rainfall]] was the main cause of the 2011 Sindh floods. The area saw the highest-ever recorded rainfall between August 11, 2011, and September 14, 2011. After September 15, 2011, water receded from the inundated area at the rate of 167 square kilometers a day.<ref name="RSSS">{{cite journal|author =Haq, M. |author2=Akhtar, M. |author3=Muhammad, S. |author4=Paras, S. |author5=Rahmatullah, J. |date=2012 |title=Techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS for flood monitoring and damage assessment: A case study of Sindh province, Pakistan |journal=The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=135–141}}</ref>
The floods caused considerable damage. An estimated 434 civilians were killed while 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes were affected.<ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/251425/floods-worsen-270-killed-officials/|title=Floods worsen, 270 killed: officials|work=The Express Tribune|date=13 September 2011|accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref> Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country due to its agricultural output. The impact of the 2011 flood on the local agrarian economy was substantial. At least 1.7 million acres of arable land was inundated as a result of the flooding.<ref name="et"/> The flooding followed the previous year's historic [[2010 Pakistan floods]], which devastated the entire country.<ref name="et"/> Unprecedented, torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of the Sindh province.<ref name="pakmet1">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194621/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html |date=24 April 2012 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

==Causes==

In the month of July, [[Pakistan]] received below-normal monsoon rains. However, in August and September, the country received above-normal monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered Sindh and adjacent areas from the [[States of India|Indian states]] of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] in August, and it gained strength in a few days causing heavy downpours. The four weeks of continuous rain had created an unprecedented flood situation in Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|title=Daily Express News Story |accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily Express|date=12 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Sindh Floods|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/9/12/reutersworld/20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|publisher=The Star Online|accessdate=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130538/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F9%2F12%2Freutersworld%2F20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Badin]] district of the [[Sindh province]] received a record-breaking rainfall of {{convert|615.3|mm|in|sp=us}} during the monsoon spell exceeding the earlier record of {{convert|121|mm|in|sp=us}} dating back to 1936. The area of Mithi also received a record rainfall of {{convert|1290|mm|in|sp=us}} during the spell. The previous maximum rainfall there was recorded {{convert|114|mm|in|sp=us}} in 2004. The [[cloudburst]] causing incessant rain within a span of 72 hours displaced many people besides destroying crops in the area.
The [[Pakistan Meteorological Department|met office]] had informed the Provincial Disaster Management Authority, all district coordination officers, the offices of the chief minister and chief secretary about the heavy monsoon rain-spell two days earlier to enable them take precautionary measures.

The flood was so severe that it inundated 3820.39 square kilometers in Badin, 1836.26 square kilometers in Mirpurkhas, 1352.32 square kilometers in Jacobabad, 1597.50 square kilometers in Shahdadkot, 1887.57 square kilometers in Dadu, and 2494.18 square kilometers in Sanghar. Furthermore, the above-mentioned districts comprised 61% of the total inundated areas spread over 23 districts of Sindh.<ref name="RSSS"/>

According to Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry, director general of the Pakistan Meteorological Department, "The rains in Sindh were the highest ever recorded monsoon rains during the four week period between August and September 2011. Before the start of these rains in the second week of August, Sindh was under severe drought conditions and it had not received any rainfall in the preceding 12 months." "The last severe rainfall flooding in Sindh occurred in July 2003," he said and added, "but this time the devastating rains in Mithi, Mirpurkhas, Diplo, Parker, Nawabshah, Badin, Chhor, Padidan, and Hyderabad during the four-week period have created unprecedented flood situation in Sindh." According to Dr. Qamar, the total volume of water fallen over Sindh during the four weeks was estimated to be above 37 million acre-feet, “which is unimaginable".<ref name="pakmet1"/> The August monsoon rainfall, over the province of Sindh (271% above normal) is the heaviest recorded during the period 1961–2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm Monsoon 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126104515/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm |date=26 November 2011 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

=== Torrential rainfall recorded in August and September in Sindh ===

The following are the heavy rainfalls recorded in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on the data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department">. Pakmet.com.pk (5 October 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The first monsoon spell hit the southern parts of Sindh on 10 August. It produced record-breaking widespread torrential rainfalls and resulted in floods in the district of Badin. The second spell hit the areas on 30 August and lasted until 2 September.

In the month of September four more consecutive spells of monsoon rainfall devastated the southern parts of the province. The first spell of September hit the already inundated parts of the province on 2 September. Thereafter, the second spell hit on 5 September, the third on 9 September, and the fourth on 12 September 2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html Weather Advisory & Press Releases] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912164706/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html |date=12 September 2010 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The four spells of monsoon produced even more devastating torrential rains in the already affected areas of Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! August Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! September Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Total Rainfall (mm) !! Total Rainfall (in) !! Notes !! References
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 530* || 21.0 || 760* || 30.0 || 1290* || 51.0 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2">{{cite web |title= RAINFALL (MM) STATEMENT for the Month of August-2011 |url= http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |accessdate=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330124646/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |archivedate=30 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="pakmet3">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfall.htm ]{{dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 263.1* || 10.3 || 603* || 23.7 || 866.1* || 34.1 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 275.2* || 10.8 || 353.2* || 13.9 || 628.4* || 24.7 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 331.2* || 13.0 || 284.1 || 11.1 || 615.3* || 24.2 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 276 || 10.9 || 268 || 10.6 || 544* || 21.4 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 134.1 || 5.2 || 348.1 || 13.7 || 482.2* || 18.9 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 251.2 || 9.8 || 172 || 6.8 || 423.2* || 16.6 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 162.2 || 6.3 || 244.2 || 9.6 || 406.4 || 16.0 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 61.2 || 2.4 || 212.2 || 8.3 || 273.3 || 10.7 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates new record.

===Heaviest spell of monsoon rains of 2011 in Sindh===
The following table indicates the amount of rainfall recorded during the monsoon spell in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Monsoon Spell !! Notes
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 760 || 30.0 || 1 to 14 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 603 || 23.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 356 || 14.0 || 30 August to 4 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 353.2 || 13.9 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 348.1 || 13.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 302.1 || 11.8 || 10 to 14 August* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 268 || 10.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 244.2 || 9.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 212.2 || 8.3 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

* 1 to 14 September 2011, four consecutive spells of monsoon rains.
* 1 to 14 August 2011, first spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.
* 30 August to 4 September, second spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.

===Flooding and impact===
Millions of people have been affected because of heavy rains that started in August, coinciding with monsoon season. Villages have become particularly affected. The area of Sanghar was declared as the most dangerous region. In the aftermath of the monsoon rains, [[Oxfam]] warned that aid should be provided to [[Pakistanis]] or they will die. 8,920,631 people have been affected because of floods, and 433 people are said to have been killed.<ref>{{cite web|title=28 September 2011|url=http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231245/http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Protests by flood victims==
Some Pakistanis affected by the flood are protesting the government's response as slow and inadequate. Aid organizations have reported that some ruling party politicians and officials are distributing aid only to their party supporters and people from their villages.<ref name=bbc/>

==Health concerns==

===Spread of disease===
[[Gastroenteritis]] and [[malaria]] have killed many infected people.

==Domestic reaction==
A special wing of the ministry of the [[Government of Sindh]] has been created to deal with the flooding. The [[Chief Minister of Sindh]] [[Qaim Ali Shah]] has visited the affected areas, announcing a million [[rupee]]s in relief for each flood victim. Various politicians are also engaged in setting up relief camps for the victims. A helpline 0800-11-121 has been set up for the victims.

The Pakistani [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] are actively engaged in flood relief and helping victims. According to aid organization [[Save the Children]], the flooding is more disastrous than that during the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 tsunami]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last=Guerin|first=Orla|title=Pakistan's Sindh province remains hostage to flood water|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15332075|accessdate=19 October 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=17 October 2011}}</ref>

==International reactions to the floods==
*{{flag|United Nations}}- UN is engaged in assisting the flood victims by the help of its agencies.10 million are announced by [[UNICEF]]. It has said to feed 500,000 victims of flood specially these part of the country-in [[Badin]] district.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14923154 |title=Pakistan floods: Oxfam launches emergency aid response|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=BBC World News South Asia|date=14 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UN Relief|url=http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=The Nation|date=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912094615/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|archive-date=12 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|China}}- China has announced the $4.7 million aid for the flood victims.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Heavy rains, floods kill 233, affect 5.5 million in Pakistan|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=CNN World|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|Iran}}- Iran has also announced the $10 million aid for the flood victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign Aid|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily News|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|United States}}- The [[Embassy of the United States, Islamabad|U.S. embassy in Islamabad]] has been said to help the affected, with all types of aid coming from the USA.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/09/aid-pours-in-from-japan-us-for-sindh-flood-survivors/|title=Aid pours in from Japan, US for Sindh flood survivors |accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=Pakistan Today|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|Japan}}- Japanese Government has also provided aid to flood victims. It has announced 35 million yen for them.<ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|title=Japan aid for flood victims|accessdate=16 September 2011|newspaper=Frontier Post|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421183524/http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|archive-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
* [[List of floods in Pakistan]]
* [[2011 Kohistan floods]]
* [[2010 Pakistan floods]]
* [[List of extreme weather records in Pakistan]]

==Notes==
:A. {{note label|note01|A|^}} Indicates new record. Record-breaking torrential monsoon rains in Sindh.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/pakistan-floods-2011/en/ FAO - 2011 floods in Pakistan]
* [http://www.pakmet.com.pk/ Pakistan Meteorological Department]
[[Category:2011 disasters in Pakistan|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:2011 floods|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:Floods in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh (1947–present)]]

2011 Sindh floods

2019-09-16T05:10:33Z

Amit.amlan: punctuation better reading

{{copyedit|date=July 2019}}
{{mos|date=July 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{infobox flood
|image location=PakistanSindh.png
|image name= Location of Sindh,
|name=2011 Sindh floods
|duration= August 2011–September 2011|total fatalities=At least 434 dead, 8.9 million affected
|areas affected= [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], southern [[Balochistan]], eastern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]
|total damages=8.9 million affected, 2.7 million children affected, 6.79 million acres land damaged, 1.52 million homes damaged<ref>{{cite news|title=Flood Damage|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=CNN World|accessdate=15 September 2011|date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
Heavy [[rainfall]] was the main cause of the 2011 Sindh floods. The area saw the highest-ever recorded rainfall between August 11, 2011, and September 14, 2011. After September 15, 2011, water receded from the inundated area at the rate of 167 square kilometers a day.<ref name="RSSS">{{cite journal|author =Haq, M. |author2=Akhtar, M. |author3=Muhammad, S. |author4=Paras, S. |author5=Rahmatullah, J. |date=2012 |title=Techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS for flood monitoring and damage assessment: A case study of Sindh province, Pakistan |journal=The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=135–141}}</ref>
The floods caused considerable damage. An estimated 434 civilians were killed while 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes were affected.<ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/251425/floods-worsen-270-killed-officials/|title=Floods worsen, 270 killed: officials|work=The Express Tribune|date=13 September 2011|accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref> Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country due to its agricultural output. The impact of the 2011 flood on the local agrarian economy was substantial. At least 1.7 million acres of arable land was inundated as a result of the flooding.<ref name="et"/> The flooding followed the previous year's historic [[2010 Pakistan floods]], which devastated the entire country.<ref name="et"/> Unprecedented, torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of the Sindh province.<ref name="pakmet1">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194621/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html |date=24 April 2012 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

==Causes==

In the month of July, [[Pakistan]] received below-normal monsoon rains. However, in August and September, the country received above-normal monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered Sindh and adjacent areas from the [[States of India|Indian states]] of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] in August, and it gained strength in a few days causing heavy downpours. The four weeks of continuous rain had created an unprecedented flood situation in Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|title=Daily Express News Story |accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily Express|date=12 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Sindh Floods|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/9/12/reutersworld/20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|publisher=The Star Online|accessdate=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130538/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F9%2F12%2Freutersworld%2F20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Badin]] district of the [[Sindh province]] received a record-breaking rainfall of {{convert|615.3|mm|in|sp=us}} during the monsoon spell exceeding the earlier record of {{convert|121|mm|in|sp=us}} dating back to 1936. The area of Mithi also received a record rainfall of {{convert|1290|mm|in|sp=us}} during the spell. The previous maximum rainfall there was recorded {{convert|114|mm|in|sp=us}} in 2004. The [[cloudburst]] causing incessant rain within a span of 72 hours displaced many people besides destroying crops in the area.
The [[Pakistan Meteorological Department|met office]] had informed the Provincial Disaster Management Authority, all district coordination officers, the offices of the chief minister and chief secretary about the heavy monsoon rain-spell two days earlier to enable them take precautionary measures.

The flood was so severe that it inundated 3820.39 square kilometers in Badin, 1836.26 square kilometers in Mirpurkhas, 1352.32 square kilometers in Jacobabad, 1597.50 square kilometers in Shahdadkot, 1887.57 square kilometers in Dadu, and 2494.18 square kilometers in Sanghar. Furthermore, the above-mentioned districts comprised 61% of the total inundated areas spread over 23 districts of Sindh.<ref name="RSSS"/>

According to Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry, director general of the Pakistan Meteorological Department, "The rains in Sindh were the highest ever recorded monsoon rains during the four week period between August and September 2011. Before the start of these rains in the second week of August, Sindh was under severe drought conditions and it had not received any rainfall in the preceding 12 months." "The last severe rainfall flooding in Sindh occurred in July 2003," he said and added, "but this time the devastating rains in Mithi, Mirpurkhas, Diplo, Parker, Nawabshah, Badin, Chhor, Padidan, and Hyderabad during the four-week period have created unprecedented flood situation in Sindh." According to Dr. Qamar, the total volume of water fallen over Sindh during the four weeks was estimated to be above 37 million acre-feet, “which is unimaginable".<ref name="pakmet1"/> The August monsoon rainfall, over the province of Sindh (271% above normal) is the heaviest recorded during the period 1961–2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm Monsoon 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126104515/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm |date=26 November 2011 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

=== Torrential rainfall recorded in August and September in Sindh ===

The following are the heavy rainfalls recorded in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on the data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department">. Pakmet.com.pk (5 October 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The first monsoon spell hit the southern parts of Sindh on 10 August. It produced record-breaking widespread torrential rainfalls and resulted in floods in the district of Badin. The second spell hit the areas on 30 August and lasted until 2 September.

In the month of September four more consecutive spells of monsoon rainfall devastated the southern parts of the province. The first spell of September hit the already inundated parts of the province on 2 September. Thereafter, the second spell hit on 5 September, the third on 9 September, and the fourth on 12 September 2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html Weather Advisory & Press Releases] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912164706/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html |date=12 September 2010 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The four spells of monsoon produced even more devastating torrential rains in the already affected areas of Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! August Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! September Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Total Rainfall (mm) !! Total Rainfall (in) !! Notes !! References
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 530* || 21.0 || 760* || 30.0 || 1290* || 51.0 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2">{{cite web |title= RAINFALL (MM) STATEMENT for the Month of August-2011 |url= http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |accessdate=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330124646/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |archivedate=30 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="pakmet3">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfall.htm ]{{dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 263.1* || 10.3 || 603* || 23.7 || 866.1* || 34.1 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 275.2* || 10.8 || 353.2* || 13.9 || 628.4* || 24.7 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 331.2* || 13.0 || 284.1 || 11.1 || 615.3* || 24.2 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 276 || 10.9 || 268 || 10.6 || 544* || 21.4 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 134.1 || 5.2 || 348.1 || 13.7 || 482.2* || 18.9 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 251.2 || 9.8 || 172 || 6.8 || 423.2* || 16.6 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 162.2 || 6.3 || 244.2 || 9.6 || 406.4 || 16.0 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 61.2 || 2.4 || 212.2 || 8.3 || 273.3 || 10.7 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates new record.

===Heaviest spell of monsoon rains of 2011 in Sindh===
Following are the heaviest rainfalls recorded in the monsoon spell in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Monsoon Spell !! Notes
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 760 || 30.0 || 1 to 14 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 603 || 23.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 356 || 14.0 || 30 August to 4 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 353.2 || 13.9 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 348.1 || 13.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 302.1 || 11.8 || 10 to 14 August* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 268 || 10.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 244.2 || 9.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 212.2 || 8.3 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

* 1 to 14 September 2011, four consecutive spells of monsoon rains.
* 1 to 14 August 2011, first spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.
* 30 August to 4 September, second spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.

===Flooding and impact===
Millions of people have been affected because of heavy rains that started in August, coinciding with monsoon season. Villages have become particularly affected. The area of Sanghar was declared as the most dangerous region. In the aftermath of the monsoon rains, [[Oxfam]] warned that aid should be provided to [[Pakistanis]] or they will die. 8,920,631 people have been affected because of floods, and 433 people are said to have been killed.<ref>{{cite web|title=28 September 2011|url=http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231245/http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Protests by flood victims==
Some Pakistanis affected by the flood are protesting the government's response as slow and inadequate. Aid organizations have reported that some ruling party politicians and officials are distributing aid only to their party supporters and people from their villages.<ref name=bbc/>

==Health concerns==

===Spread of disease===
[[Gastroenteritis]] and [[malaria]] have killed many infected people.

==Domestic reaction==
A special wing of the ministry of the [[Government of Sindh]] has been created to deal with the flooding. The [[Chief Minister of Sindh]] [[Qaim Ali Shah]] has visited the affected areas, announcing a million [[rupee]]s in relief for each flood victim. Various politicians are also engaged in setting up relief camps for the victims. A helpline 0800-11-121 has been set up for the victims.

The Pakistani [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] are actively engaged in flood relief and helping victims. According to aid organization [[Save the Children]], the flooding is more disastrous than that during the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 tsunami]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last=Guerin|first=Orla|title=Pakistan's Sindh province remains hostage to flood water|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15332075|accessdate=19 October 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=17 October 2011}}</ref>

==International reactions to the floods==
*{{flag|United Nations}}- UN is engaged in assisting the flood victims by the help of its agencies.10 million are announced by [[UNICEF]]. It has said to feed 500,000 victims of flood specially these part of the country-in [[Badin]] district.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14923154 |title=Pakistan floods: Oxfam launches emergency aid response|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=BBC World News South Asia|date=14 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UN Relief|url=http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=The Nation|date=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912094615/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|archive-date=12 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|China}}- China has announced the $4.7 million aid for the flood victims.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Heavy rains, floods kill 233, affect 5.5 million in Pakistan|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=CNN World|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|Iran}}- Iran has also announced the $10 million aid for the flood victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign Aid|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily News|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|United States}}- The [[Embassy of the United States, Islamabad|U.S. embassy in Islamabad]] has been said to help the affected, with all types of aid coming from the USA.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/09/aid-pours-in-from-japan-us-for-sindh-flood-survivors/|title=Aid pours in from Japan, US for Sindh flood survivors |accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=Pakistan Today|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|Japan}}- Japanese Government has also provided aid to flood victims. It has announced 35 million yen for them.<ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|title=Japan aid for flood victims|accessdate=16 September 2011|newspaper=Frontier Post|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421183524/http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|archive-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
* [[List of floods in Pakistan]]
* [[2011 Kohistan floods]]
* [[2010 Pakistan floods]]
* [[List of extreme weather records in Pakistan]]

==Notes==
:A. {{note label|note01|A|^}} Indicates new record. Record-breaking torrential monsoon rains in Sindh.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/pakistan-floods-2011/en/ FAO - 2011 floods in Pakistan]
* [http://www.pakmet.com.pk/ Pakistan Meteorological Department]
[[Category:2011 disasters in Pakistan|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:2011 floods|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:Floods in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh (1947–present)]]

2011 Sindh floods

2019-09-16T04:37:56Z

Amit.amlan: changes in grammar, better reading

{{copyedit|date=July 2019}}
{{mos|date=July 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{infobox flood
|image location=PakistanSindh.png
|image name= Location of Sindh,
|name=2011 Sindh floods
|duration= August 2011–September 2011|total fatalities=At least 434 dead, 8.9 million affected
|areas affected= [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], southern [[Balochistan]], eastern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]
|total damages=8.9 million affected, 2.7 million children affected, 6.79 million acres land damaged, 1.52 million homes damaged<ref>{{cite news|title=Flood Damage|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=CNN World|accessdate=15 September 2011|date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
Heavy [[rainfall]] was the main cause of the 2011 Sindh floods. The area saw the highest-ever recorded rainfall between August 11, 2011, and September 14, 2011. After September 15, 2011, water receded from the inundated area at the rate of 167 square kilometers a day.<ref name="RSSS">{{cite journal|author =Haq, M. |author2=Akhtar, M. |author3=Muhammad, S. |author4=Paras, S. |author5=Rahmatullah, J. |date=2012 |title=Techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS for flood monitoring and damage assessment: A case study of Sindh province, Pakistan |journal=The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=135–141}}</ref>
The floods caused considerable damage. An estimated 434 civilians were killed while 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes were affected.<ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/251425/floods-worsen-270-killed-officials/|title=Floods worsen, 270 killed: officials|work=The Express Tribune|date=13 September 2011|accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref> Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country due to its agricultural output. The impact of the 2011 flood on the local agrarian economy was substantial. At least 1.7 million acres of arable land was inundated as a result of the flooding.<ref name="et"/> The flooding followed the previous year's historic [[2010 Pakistan floods]], which devastated the entire country.<ref name="et"/> Unprecedented, torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of the Sindh province.<ref name="pakmet1">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194621/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html |date=24 April 2012 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

==Causes==

In the month of July, [[Pakistan]] received below-normal monsoon rains. However, in August and September, the country received above-normal monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered Sindh and adjacent areas from the [[States of India|Indian states]] of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] in August, and it gained strength in a few days causing heavy downpours. The four weeks of continuous rain had created an unprecedented flood situation in Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|title=Daily Express News Story |accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily Express|date=12 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Sindh Floods|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/9/12/reutersworld/20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|publisher=The Star Online|accessdate=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130538/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F9%2F12%2Freutersworld%2F20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Badin]] district of the [[Sindh province]] received a record-breaking rainfall of {{convert|615.3|mm|in|sp=us}} during the monsoon spell exceeding the earlier record of {{convert|121|mm|in|sp=us}} dating back to 1936. The area of Mithi also received a record rainfall of {{convert|1290|mm|in|sp=us}} during the spell. The previous maximum rainfall there was recorded {{convert|114|mm|in|sp=us}} in 2004. The [[cloudburst]] causing incessant rain within a span of 72 hours displaced many people besides destroying crops in the area.
The [[Pakistan Meteorological Department|met office]] had informed the Provincial Disaster Management Authority, all district coordination officers, the offices of the chief minister and chief secretary about the heavy monsoon rain-spell two days earlier to enable them take precautionary measures.

The flood was so severe that it inundated 3820.39 square kilometers in Badin, 1836.26 square kilometers in Mirpurkhas, 1352.32 square kilometers in Jacobabad, 1597.50 square kilometers in Shahdadkot, 1887.57 square kilometers in Dadu, and 2494.18 square kilometers in Sanghar. Furthermore, the above-mentioned districts comprised 61% of the total inundated areas spread over 23 districts of Sindh.<ref name="RSSS"/>

Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry, Director General Pakistan Meteorological Department said: "The rains in Sindh are the highest ever recorded monsoon rains during the four week period of August and September 2011. Before the start of these rains in the second week of August, Sindh was under severe drought conditions and it had not received any rainfall for the last 12 months. The last severe rainfall flooding in Sindh occurred in July 2003," he said and added, "but this time the devastating rains of Mithi, Mirpurkhas, Diplo, Parker, Nawabshah, Badin, Chhor, Padidan, and Hyderabad, etc during the four weeks period have created unprecedented flood situation in Sindh." According to Dr. Qamar, the total volume of water fallen over Sindh during the four weeks is estimated to be above 37 million acre-feet, “which is unimaginable".<ref name="pakmet1"/> The August monsoon rainfall, over the province of Sindh (271% above normal) is the heaviest recorded during the period 1961–2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm Monsoon 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126104515/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm |date=26 November 2011 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

=== Torrential rainfall recorded in August and September in Sindh ===

The following are the heavy rainfalls recorded in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on the data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department">. Pakmet.com.pk (5 October 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The first monsoon spell hit the southern parts of Sindh on 10 August. It produced record-breaking widespread torrential rainfalls and resulted in floods in the district of Badin. The second spell hit the areas on 30 August and lasted until 2 September.

In the month of September four more consecutive spells of monsoon rainfall devastated the southern parts of the province. The first spell of September hit the already inundated parts of the province on 2 September. Thereafter, the second spell hit on 5 September, the third on 9 September, and the fourth on 12 September 2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html Weather Advisory & Press Releases] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912164706/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html |date=12 September 2010 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The four spells of monsoon produced even more devastating torrential rains in the already affected areas of Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! August Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! September Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Total Rainfall (mm) !! Total Rainfall (in) !! Notes !! References
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 530* || 21.0 || 760* || 30.0 || 1290* || 51.0 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2">{{cite web |title= RAINFALL (MM) STATEMENT for the Month of August-2011 |url= http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |accessdate=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330124646/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |archivedate=30 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="pakmet3">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfall.htm ]{{dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 263.1* || 10.3 || 603* || 23.7 || 866.1* || 34.1 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 275.2* || 10.8 || 353.2* || 13.9 || 628.4* || 24.7 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 331.2* || 13.0 || 284.1 || 11.1 || 615.3* || 24.2 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 276 || 10.9 || 268 || 10.6 || 544* || 21.4 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 134.1 || 5.2 || 348.1 || 13.7 || 482.2* || 18.9 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 251.2 || 9.8 || 172 || 6.8 || 423.2* || 16.6 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 162.2 || 6.3 || 244.2 || 9.6 || 406.4 || 16.0 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 61.2 || 2.4 || 212.2 || 8.3 || 273.3 || 10.7 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates new record.

===Heaviest spell of monsoon rains of 2011 in Sindh===
Following are the heaviest rainfalls recorded in the monsoon spell in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Monsoon Spell !! Notes
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 760 || 30.0 || 1 to 14 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 603 || 23.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 356 || 14.0 || 30 August to 4 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 353.2 || 13.9 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 348.1 || 13.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 302.1 || 11.8 || 10 to 14 August* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 268 || 10.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 244.2 || 9.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 212.2 || 8.3 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

* 1 to 14 September 2011, four consecutive spells of monsoon rains.
* 1 to 14 August 2011, first spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.
* 30 August to 4 September, second spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.

===Flooding and impact===
Millions of people have been affected because of heavy rains that started in August, coinciding with monsoon season. Villages have become particularly affected. The area of Sanghar was declared as the most dangerous region. In the aftermath of the monsoon rains, [[Oxfam]] warned that aid should be provided to [[Pakistanis]] or they will die. 8,920,631 people have been affected because of floods, and 433 people are said to have been killed.<ref>{{cite web|title=28 September 2011|url=http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231245/http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Protests by flood victims==
Some Pakistanis affected by the flood are protesting the government's response as slow and inadequate. Aid organizations have reported that some ruling party politicians and officials are distributing aid only to their party supporters and people from their villages.<ref name=bbc/>

==Health concerns==

===Spread of disease===
[[Gastroenteritis]] and [[malaria]] have killed many infected people.

==Domestic reaction==
A special wing of the ministry of the [[Government of Sindh]] has been created to deal with the flooding. The [[Chief Minister of Sindh]] [[Qaim Ali Shah]] has visited the affected areas, announcing a million [[rupee]]s in relief for each flood victim. Various politicians are also engaged in setting up relief camps for the victims. A helpline 0800-11-121 has been set up for the victims.

The Pakistani [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] are actively engaged in flood relief and helping victims. According to aid organization [[Save the Children]], the flooding is more disastrous than that during the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 tsunami]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last=Guerin|first=Orla|title=Pakistan's Sindh province remains hostage to flood water|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15332075|accessdate=19 October 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=17 October 2011}}</ref>

==International reactions to the floods==
*{{flag|United Nations}}- UN is engaged in assisting the flood victims by the help of its agencies.10 million are announced by [[UNICEF]]. It has said to feed 500,000 victims of flood specially these part of the country-in [[Badin]] district.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14923154 |title=Pakistan floods: Oxfam launches emergency aid response|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=BBC World News South Asia|date=14 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UN Relief|url=http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=The Nation|date=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912094615/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|archive-date=12 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|China}}- China has announced the $4.7 million aid for the flood victims.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Heavy rains, floods kill 233, affect 5.5 million in Pakistan|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=CNN World|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|Iran}}- Iran has also announced the $10 million aid for the flood victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign Aid|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily News|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|United States}}- The [[Embassy of the United States, Islamabad|U.S. embassy in Islamabad]] has been said to help the affected, with all types of aid coming from the USA.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/09/aid-pours-in-from-japan-us-for-sindh-flood-survivors/|title=Aid pours in from Japan, US for Sindh flood survivors |accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=Pakistan Today|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|Japan}}- Japanese Government has also provided aid to flood victims. It has announced 35 million yen for them.<ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|title=Japan aid for flood victims|accessdate=16 September 2011|newspaper=Frontier Post|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421183524/http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|archive-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
* [[List of floods in Pakistan]]
* [[2011 Kohistan floods]]
* [[2010 Pakistan floods]]
* [[List of extreme weather records in Pakistan]]

==Notes==
:A. {{note label|note01|A|^}} Indicates new record. Record-breaking torrential monsoon rains in Sindh.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/pakistan-floods-2011/en/ FAO - 2011 floods in Pakistan]
* [http://www.pakmet.com.pk/ Pakistan Meteorological Department]
[[Category:2011 disasters in Pakistan|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:2011 floods|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:Floods in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh (1947–present)]]

2011 Sindh floods

2019-09-16T03:58:38Z

Amit.amlan: grammar, punctuation

{{copyedit|date=July 2019}}
{{mos|date=July 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{infobox flood
|image location=PakistanSindh.png
|image name= Location of Sindh,
|name=2011 Sindh floods
|duration= August 2011–September 2011|total fatalities=At least 434 dead, 8.9 million affected
|areas affected= [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], southern [[Balochistan]], eastern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]
|total damages=8.9 million affected, 2.7 million children affected, 6.79 million acres land damaged, 1.52 million homes damaged<ref>{{cite news|title=Flood Damage|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=CNN World|accessdate=15 September 2011|date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
Heavy [[rainfall]] was the main cause of the 2011 Sindh floods. The area saw the highest-ever recorded rainfall between August 11, 2011, and September 14, 2011. After September 15, 2011, water receded from the inundated area at the rate of 167 square kilometers a day.<ref name="RSSS">{{cite journal|author =Haq, M. |author2=Akhtar, M. |author3=Muhammad, S. |author4=Paras, S. |author5=Rahmatullah, J. |date=2012 |title=Techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS for flood monitoring and damage assessment: A case study of Sindh province, Pakistan |journal=The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=135–141}}</ref>
The floods caused considerable damage. An estimated 434 civilians were killed while 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes were affected.<ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/251425/floods-worsen-270-killed-officials/|title=Floods worsen, 270 killed: officials|work=The Express Tribune|date=13 September 2011|accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref> Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country due to its agricultural output. The impact of the 2011 flood on the local agrarian economy was substantial. At least 1.7 million acres of arable land was inundated as a result of the flooding.<ref name="et"/> The flooding followed the previous year's historic [[2010 Pakistan floods]], which devastated the entire country.<ref name="et"/> Unprecedented, torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of the Sindh province.<ref name="pakmet1">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194621/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html |date=24 April 2012 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

==Causes==

In the month of July, [[Pakistan]] received below-normal monsoon rains. However, in August and September, the country received above-normal monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered Sindh and adjacent areas from the [[States of India|Indian states]] of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] in August, and it gained strength in a few days causing heavy downpours. The four weeks of continuous rain had created an unprecedented flood situation in Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|title=Daily Express News Story |accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily Express|date=12 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Sindh Floods|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/9/12/reutersworld/20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|publisher=The Star Online|accessdate=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130538/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F9%2F12%2Freutersworld%2F20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Badin]] district of the [[Sindh province]] received a record-breaking rainfall of {{convert|615.3|mm|in|sp=us}} during the monsoon spell exceeding the earlier record of {{convert|121|mm|in|sp=us}} dating back to 1936. The area of Mithi also received a record rainfall of {{convert|1290|mm|in|sp=us}} during the spell. The previous maximum rainfall there was recorded {{convert|114|mm|in|sp=us}} in 2004. The heavy [[cloudburst]] during last 48–72 hours displaced many people besides destroying crops in the area.
The [[Met Office]] had informed all district coordination officers, Provincial Disaster Management Authority, chief secretaries and chief ministers about the heavy monsoon rain-spell two days earlier to take precautionary measures.

It was found that severe flood occurred in Badin and inundated it by 3820.39 square kilometers, Mirpurkhas by 1836.26 square kilometers, Jacobabad by 1352.32 square kilometers, Shahdadkot by 1597.50 square kilometers, Dadu by 1887.57 square kilometers, and Sanghar by 2494.18 square kilometers, is cumulative. Furthermore, the above-mentioned districts contributed 61% of the total inundated area among 23 districts in Sindh.<ref name="RSSS"/>

Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry, Director General Pakistan Meteorological Department said: "The rains in Sindh are the highest ever recorded monsoon rains during the four week period of August and September 2011. Before the start of these rains in the second week of August, Sindh was under severe drought conditions and it had not received any rainfall for the last 12 months. The last severe rainfall flooding in Sindh occurred in July 2003," he said and added, "but this time the devastating rains of Mithi, Mirpurkhas, Diplo, Parker, Nawabshah, Badin, Chhor, Padidan, and Hyderabad, etc during the four weeks period have created unprecedented flood situation in Sindh." According to Dr. Qamar, the total volume of water fallen over Sindh during the four weeks is estimated to be above 37 million acre-feet, “which is unimaginable".<ref name="pakmet1"/> The August monsoon rainfall, over the province of Sindh (271% above normal) is the heaviest recorded during the period 1961–2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm Monsoon 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126104515/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm |date=26 November 2011 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

=== Torrential rainfall recorded in August and September in Sindh ===

The following are the heavy rainfalls recorded in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on the data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department">. Pakmet.com.pk (5 October 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The first monsoon spell hit the southern parts of Sindh on 10 August. It produced record-breaking widespread torrential rainfalls and resulted in floods in the district of Badin. The second spell hit the areas on 30 August and lasted until 2 September.

In the month of September four more consecutive spells of monsoon rainfall devastated the southern parts of the province. The first spell of September hit the already inundated parts of the province on 2 September. Thereafter, the second spell hit on 5 September, the third on 9 September, and the fourth on 12 September 2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html Weather Advisory & Press Releases] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912164706/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html |date=12 September 2010 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The four spells of monsoon produced even more devastating torrential rains in the already affected areas of Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! August Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! September Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Total Rainfall (mm) !! Total Rainfall (in) !! Notes !! References
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 530* || 21.0 || 760* || 30.0 || 1290* || 51.0 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2">{{cite web |title= RAINFALL (MM) STATEMENT for the Month of August-2011 |url= http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |accessdate=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330124646/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |archivedate=30 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="pakmet3">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfall.htm ]{{dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 263.1* || 10.3 || 603* || 23.7 || 866.1* || 34.1 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 275.2* || 10.8 || 353.2* || 13.9 || 628.4* || 24.7 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 331.2* || 13.0 || 284.1 || 11.1 || 615.3* || 24.2 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 276 || 10.9 || 268 || 10.6 || 544* || 21.4 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 134.1 || 5.2 || 348.1 || 13.7 || 482.2* || 18.9 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 251.2 || 9.8 || 172 || 6.8 || 423.2* || 16.6 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 162.2 || 6.3 || 244.2 || 9.6 || 406.4 || 16.0 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 61.2 || 2.4 || 212.2 || 8.3 || 273.3 || 10.7 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates new record.

===Heaviest spell of monsoon rains of 2011 in Sindh===
Following are the heaviest rainfalls recorded in the monsoon spell in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Monsoon Spell !! Notes
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 760 || 30.0 || 1 to 14 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 603 || 23.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 356 || 14.0 || 30 August to 4 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 353.2 || 13.9 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 348.1 || 13.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 302.1 || 11.8 || 10 to 14 August* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 268 || 10.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 244.2 || 9.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 212.2 || 8.3 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

* 1 to 14 September 2011, four consecutive spells of monsoon rains.
* 1 to 14 August 2011, first spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.
* 30 August to 4 September, second spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.

===Flooding and impact===
Millions of people have been affected because of heavy rains that started in August, coinciding with monsoon season. Villages have become particularly affected. The area of Sanghar was declared as the most dangerous region. In the aftermath of the monsoon rains, [[Oxfam]] warned that aid should be provided to [[Pakistanis]] or they will die. 8,920,631 people have been affected because of floods, and 433 people are said to have been killed.<ref>{{cite web|title=28 September 2011|url=http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231245/http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Protests by flood victims==
Some Pakistanis affected by the flood are protesting the government's response as slow and inadequate. Aid organizations have reported that some ruling party politicians and officials are distributing aid only to their party supporters and people from their villages.<ref name=bbc/>

==Health concerns==

===Spread of disease===
[[Gastroenteritis]] and [[malaria]] have killed many infected people.

==Domestic reaction==
A special wing of the ministry of the [[Government of Sindh]] has been created to deal with the flooding. The [[Chief Minister of Sindh]] [[Qaim Ali Shah]] has visited the affected areas, announcing a million [[rupee]]s in relief for each flood victim. Various politicians are also engaged in setting up relief camps for the victims. A helpline 0800-11-121 has been set up for the victims.

The Pakistani [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] are actively engaged in flood relief and helping victims. According to aid organization [[Save the Children]], the flooding is more disastrous than that during the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 tsunami]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last=Guerin|first=Orla|title=Pakistan's Sindh province remains hostage to flood water|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15332075|accessdate=19 October 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=17 October 2011}}</ref>

==International reactions to the floods==
*{{flag|United Nations}}- UN is engaged in assisting the flood victims by the help of its agencies.10 million are announced by [[UNICEF]]. It has said to feed 500,000 victims of flood specially these part of the country-in [[Badin]] district.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14923154 |title=Pakistan floods: Oxfam launches emergency aid response|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=BBC World News South Asia|date=14 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UN Relief|url=http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=The Nation|date=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912094615/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|archive-date=12 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|China}}- China has announced the $4.7 million aid for the flood victims.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Heavy rains, floods kill 233, affect 5.5 million in Pakistan|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=CNN World|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|Iran}}- Iran has also announced the $10 million aid for the flood victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign Aid|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily News|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|United States}}- The [[Embassy of the United States, Islamabad|U.S. embassy in Islamabad]] has been said to help the affected, with all types of aid coming from the USA.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/09/aid-pours-in-from-japan-us-for-sindh-flood-survivors/|title=Aid pours in from Japan, US for Sindh flood survivors |accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=Pakistan Today|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|Japan}}- Japanese Government has also provided aid to flood victims. It has announced 35 million yen for them.<ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|title=Japan aid for flood victims|accessdate=16 September 2011|newspaper=Frontier Post|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421183524/http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|archive-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
* [[List of floods in Pakistan]]
* [[2011 Kohistan floods]]
* [[2010 Pakistan floods]]
* [[List of extreme weather records in Pakistan]]

==Notes==
:A. {{note label|note01|A|^}} Indicates new record. Record-breaking torrential monsoon rains in Sindh.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/pakistan-floods-2011/en/ FAO - 2011 floods in Pakistan]
* [http://www.pakmet.com.pk/ Pakistan Meteorological Department]
[[Category:2011 disasters in Pakistan|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:2011 floods|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:Floods in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh (1947–present)]]

2011 Sindh floods

2019-09-16T02:43:46Z

Amit.amlan: grammar, reading

{{copyedit|date=July 2019}}
{{mos|date=July 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{infobox flood
|image location=PakistanSindh.png
|image name= Location of Sindh,
|name=2011 Sindh floods
|duration= August 2011–September 2011|total fatalities=At least 434 dead, 8.9 million affected
|areas affected= [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], southern [[Balochistan]], eastern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]
|total damages=8.9 million affected, 2.7 million children affected, 6.79 million acres land damaged, 1.52 million homes damaged<ref>{{cite news|title=Flood Damage|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=CNN World|accessdate=15 September 2011|date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
Heavy [[rainfall]] was the main cause of the 2011 Sindh floods. The area saw the highest-ever recorded rainfall between August 11, 2011, and September 14, 2011. After September 15, 2011, water receded from the inundated area at the rate of 167 square kilometers a day.<ref name="RSSS">{{cite journal|author =Haq, M. |author2=Akhtar, M. |author3=Muhammad, S. |author4=Paras, S. |author5=Rahmatullah, J. |date=2012 |title=Techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS for flood monitoring and damage assessment: A case study of Sindh province, Pakistan |journal=The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=135–141}}</ref>
The floods caused considerable damage. An estimated 434 civilians were killed while 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes were affected.<ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/251425/floods-worsen-270-killed-officials/|title=Floods worsen, 270 killed: officials|work=The Express Tribune|date=13 September 2011|accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref> Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country due to its agricultural output. The impact of the 2011 flood on the local agrarian economy was substantial. At least 1.7 million acres of arable land was inundated as a result of the flooding.<ref name="et"/> The flooding followed the previous year's historic [[2010 Pakistan floods]], which devastated the entire country.<ref name="et"/> Unprecedented, torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of the Sindh province.<ref name="pakmet1">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194621/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html |date=24 April 2012 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

==Causes==

In the month of July, [[Pakistan]] received below normal monsoon rains; however in August and September the country received above normal monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered the areas of Sindh from the [[States of India|Indian states]] of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] in August and gained strength with the passage of time causing heavy downpours. The four weeks of continuous rain had created an unprecedented flood situation in Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|title=Daily Express News Story |accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily Express|date=12 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Sindh Floods|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/9/12/reutersworld/20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|publisher=The Star Online|accessdate=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130538/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F9%2F12%2Freutersworld%2F20110912153840&sec=reutersworld|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The District [[Badin]] in [[Sindh province]] received record breaking rainfall of {{convert|615.3|mm|in|sp=us}} during the monsoon spell breaking earlier record of {{convert|121|mm|in|sp=us}} in Badin in 1936. The area of Mithi also received record rainfall of {{convert|1290|mm|in|sp=us}} during the spell, where maximum rainfall was recorded {{convert|114|mm|in|sp=us}} in 2004. The heavy [[cloudburst]] during last 48–72 hours displaced many people besides destroying crops in the area.
The [[Met Office]] had informed all district coordination officers, Provincial Disaster Management Authority, chief secretaries and chief ministers about the heavy monsoon rain-spell two days earlier to take precautionary measures.

It was found that severe flood occurred in Badin and inundated it by 3820.39 square kilometers, Mirpurkhas by 1836.26 square kilometers, Jacobabad by 1352.32 square kilometers, Shahdadkot by 1597.50 square kilometers, Dadu by 1887.57 square kilometers, and Sanghar by 2494.18 square kilometers, is cumulative. Furthermore, the above-mentioned districts contributed 61% of the total inundated area among 23 districts in Sindh.<ref name="RSSS"/>

Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry, Director General Pakistan Meteorological Department said: "The rains in Sindh are the highest ever recorded monsoon rains during the four week period of August and September 2011. Before the start of these rains in the second week of August, Sindh was under severe drought conditions and it had not received any rainfall for the last 12 months. The last severe rainfall flooding in Sindh occurred in July 2003," he said and added, "but this time the devastating rains of Mithi, Mirpurkhas, Diplo, Parker, Nawabshah, Badin, Chhor, Padidan, and Hyderabad, etc during the four weeks period have created unprecedented flood situation in Sindh." According to Dr. Qamar, the total volume of water fallen over Sindh during the four weeks is estimated to be above 37 million acre-feet, “which is unimaginable".<ref name="pakmet1"/> The August monsoon rainfall, over the province of Sindh (271% above normal) is the heaviest recorded during the period 1961–2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm Monsoon 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126104515/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm |date=26 November 2011 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>

=== Torrential rainfall recorded in August and September in Sindh ===

The following are the heavy rainfalls recorded in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on the data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department">. Pakmet.com.pk (5 October 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The first monsoon spell hit the southern parts of Sindh on 10 August. It produced record-breaking widespread torrential rainfalls and resulted in floods in the district of Badin. The second spell hit the areas on 30 August and lasted until 2 September.

In the month of September four more consecutive spells of monsoon rainfall devastated the southern parts of the province. The first spell of September hit the already inundated parts of the province on 2 September. Thereafter, the second spell hit on 5 September, the third on 9 September, and the fourth on 12 September 2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html Weather Advisory & Press Releases] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912164706/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/latest%20news/Latest%20News.html |date=12 September 2010 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> The four spells of monsoon produced even more devastating torrential rains in the already affected areas of Sindh.<ref name="pakmet1"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! August Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! September Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Total Rainfall (mm) !! Total Rainfall (in) !! Notes !! References
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 530* || 21.0 || 760* || 30.0 || 1290* || 51.0 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2">{{cite web |title= RAINFALL (MM) STATEMENT for the Month of August-2011 |url= http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |accessdate=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330124646/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug.htm |archivedate=30 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="pakmet3">[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfall.htm ]{{dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 263.1* || 10.3 || 603* || 23.7 || 866.1* || 34.1 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 275.2* || 10.8 || 353.2* || 13.9 || 628.4* || 24.7 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 331.2* || 13.0 || 284.1 || 11.1 || 615.3* || 24.2 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 276 || 10.9 || 268 || 10.6 || 544* || 21.4 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 134.1 || 5.2 || 348.1 || 13.7 || 482.2* || 18.9 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 251.2 || 9.8 || 172 || 6.8 || 423.2* || 16.6 || {{ref label|note01|A|^}} ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 162.2 || 6.3 || 244.2 || 9.6 || 406.4 || 16.0 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 61.2 || 2.4 || 212.2 || 8.3 || 273.3 || 10.7 || ||<ref name="pakmet1"/><ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates new record.

===Heaviest spell of monsoon rains of 2011 in Sindh===
Following are the heaviest rainfalls recorded in the monsoon spell in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on data from the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]].<ref name="Pakistan Meteorological Department"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! City !! Rainfall (mm) !! Rainfall (in) !! Monsoon Spell !! Notes
|-
| [[Mithi]] || 760 || 30.0 || 1 to 14 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Mirpur Khas]] || 603 || 23.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Padidan]] || 356 || 14.0 || 30 August to 4 September* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Nawabshah]] || 353.2 || 13.9 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] || 348.1 || 13.7 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Badin]] || 302.1 || 11.8 || 10 to 14 August* ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Chor, Sindh|Chhor]] || 268 || 10.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || 244.2 || 9.6 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|-
| [[Karachi]] || 212.2 || 8.3 || 1 to 14 September ||<ref name="pakmet2"/><ref name="pakmet3"/>
|}

* 1 to 14 September 2011, four consecutive spells of monsoon rains.
* 1 to 14 August 2011, first spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.
* 30 August to 4 September, second spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.

===Flooding and impact===
Millions of people have been affected because of heavy rains that started in August, coinciding with monsoon season. Villages have become particularly affected. The area of Sanghar was declared as the most dangerous region. In the aftermath of the monsoon rains, [[Oxfam]] warned that aid should be provided to [[Pakistanis]] or they will die. 8,920,631 people have been affected because of floods, and 433 people are said to have been killed.<ref>{{cite web|title=28 September 2011|url=http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231245/http://www.pdma.pk/siterip/2809sitrep.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Protests by flood victims==
Some Pakistanis affected by the flood are protesting the government's response as slow and inadequate. Aid organizations have reported that some ruling party politicians and officials are distributing aid only to their party supporters and people from their villages.<ref name=bbc/>

==Health concerns==

===Spread of disease===
[[Gastroenteritis]] and [[malaria]] have killed many infected people.

==Domestic reaction==
A special wing of the ministry of the [[Government of Sindh]] has been created to deal with the flooding. The [[Chief Minister of Sindh]] [[Qaim Ali Shah]] has visited the affected areas, announcing a million [[rupee]]s in relief for each flood victim. Various politicians are also engaged in setting up relief camps for the victims. A helpline 0800-11-121 has been set up for the victims.

The Pakistani [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] are actively engaged in flood relief and helping victims. According to aid organization [[Save the Children]], the flooding is more disastrous than that during the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 tsunami]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last=Guerin|first=Orla|title=Pakistan's Sindh province remains hostage to flood water|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15332075|accessdate=19 October 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=17 October 2011}}</ref>

==International reactions to the floods==
*{{flag|United Nations}}- UN is engaged in assisting the flood victims by the help of its agencies.10 million are announced by [[UNICEF]]. It has said to feed 500,000 victims of flood specially these part of the country-in [[Badin]] district.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14923154 |title=Pakistan floods: Oxfam launches emergency aid response|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=BBC World News South Asia|date=14 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UN Relief|url=http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=The Nation|date=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912094615/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Sep-2011/UN-launches-relief-operation-in-rainhit-Sindh|archive-date=12 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|China}}- China has announced the $4.7 million aid for the flood victims.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Heavy rains, floods kill 233, affect 5.5 million in Pakistan|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=CNN World|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170950/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-14/world/pakistan.flooding_1_national-disaster-management-authority-heavy-rains-floods?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flag|Iran}}- Iran has also announced the $10 million aid for the flood victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign Aid|url=http://www.express.com.pk/epaper/PoPupwindow.aspx?newsID=1101330251&Issue=NP_LHE&Date=20110912|accessdate=12 September 2011|newspaper=Daily News|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|United States}}- The [[Embassy of the United States, Islamabad|U.S. embassy in Islamabad]] has been said to help the affected, with all types of aid coming from the USA.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/09/aid-pours-in-from-japan-us-for-sindh-flood-survivors/|title=Aid pours in from Japan, US for Sindh flood survivors |accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=Pakistan Today|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>
*{{flag|Japan}}- Japanese Government has also provided aid to flood victims. It has announced 35 million yen for them.<ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|title=Japan aid for flood victims|accessdate=16 September 2011|newspaper=Frontier Post|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421183524/http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=55372|archive-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
* [[List of floods in Pakistan]]
* [[2011 Kohistan floods]]
* [[2010 Pakistan floods]]
* [[List of extreme weather records in Pakistan]]

==Notes==
:A. {{note label|note01|A|^}} Indicates new record. Record-breaking torrential monsoon rains in Sindh.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/pakistan-floods-2011/en/ FAO - 2011 floods in Pakistan]
* [http://www.pakmet.com.pk/ Pakistan Meteorological Department]
[[Category:2011 disasters in Pakistan|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:2011 floods|Sindh floods]]
[[Category:Floods in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh (1947–present)]]

Salah

2019-09-16T02:35:03Z

Amit.amlan: reading changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{About|the Islamic prayer|the footballer|Mohamed Salah|other uses}}
{{redirect|Salat}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=May 2019}}{{Religious text primary|date=May 2019}}{{Copy edit|date=May 2019}}
}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}
[[File:Salat Positions and Prayers - transparent background - RGB.jpg|thumb|The four main salat postures and associated prayers and recitations.]]

{{Islam|practices}}
{{Aqidah|Five Pillars}}

'''Salah''' or '''Salaah''' ([[Arabic]]: {{wikt-lang|ar|صلاة}}; pl. {{wikt-lang|ar|صلوات}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ṣalawāt}}'', meaning "prayer" or "invocation")<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/#view=home&op=translate&sl=en&tl=ar&text=prayer|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref>, alternately spelled ''Salat'', also known as '''Namaz''' (from {{lang-fa|نماز}}), is one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]] in the [[Islam|Islamic faith]], and an obligatory religious duty for every [[Muslims|Muslim]]. It is a physical, mental, and spiritual act of worship that is observed five times every day at [[Salah times|prescribed times]]. In this ritual, while facing towards the [[Qibla|Qiblah]] in [[Mecca]], one stands, bows, and prostrates oneself, and concludes sitting on the ground.<ref>{{cite web|title = True Islam - Number of Salat|url = http://www.quran-islam.org/main_topics/islam/pillars/number_of_salat_(P1200).html|website = True Islam - Number of Salat|access-date = 2016-02-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160222134904/http://www.quran-islam.org/main_topics/islam/pillars/number_of_salat_(P1200).html|archive-date = 22 February 2016|dead-url = no}}</ref> During each posture, one recites or reads certain verses, phrases, and prayers.

The word ''salah'' is commonly translated as "contact", "communication" or "connection". Using the word "prayer" when translating to English can be misleading, as "prayer" is more frequently used to translate a different word, ''"[[dua]]"'', a reverent petition made to [[God]]. ''Salah'' may be better translated as "communication with the divine", as it primarily means to establish contact with the divine rather than making a petition.

Salah is preceded by [[Wudu|ritual ablution]] and consists of the repetition of a unit called a ''[[rakat|rakʿah]]'' (pl. ''rakaʿāt''), which in turn consists of prescribed actions and words. The number of obligatory (''[[fard]]'') ''rakaʿāt'' varies from two to four according to the time of day or other circumstances (such as Friday congregational worship, which has two rakaʿāt). Prayer is obligatory for all Muslims, except those who are [[Preadolescence|prepubescent]], are [[menstruation|menstruating]], or are experiencing bleeding in the 40 days after childbirth.<ref>''Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition, and Dietetics,'' p. 43, Aruna Thaker, Arlene Barton, 2012</ref>

==Terminology==
Salah (''{{transl|ar|ALA|ṣalāh}}'' {{IPA-ar|sˤɑˈlɑː|}} {{lang|ar|صلاة}}) in Arabic means to pray or bless.<ref name="Chittick">{{cite book |last1=Chittick |first1=William C. |last2=Murata |first2=Sachiko |title=The vision of Islam |publisher=Paragon House |isbn=9781557785169 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=LG3BugEACAAJ&dq=THE+VISION+OF+ISLAM+by+Sachiko+Murata+and+William+C.+Chittick|year=1994 }}</ref> In its English usage, the reference of the word is mostly confined to the formal, obligatory prayers described in this article. Translating ''salah'' as "communication" is not usually considered precise enough, as it can indicate several different ways of relating to God. Personal communication or supplication is called [[dua|duʿāʾ]] (Arabic: دُعَاء, literally "invocation") in Islamic usage.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=NAMĀZ|doi = 10.1163/_eifo_dum_2947}}</ref>

Muslims use several terms to refer to ''salah'' depending on their language or culture. In many parts of the world, including many non-Arab countries, the Arabic term ''salat'' or ''salah'' is used. The other major term is the Persian word ''namāz'' ({{lang|fa|[[Wikt:نماز|نماز]]}}), used by speakers of the [[Indo-Iranian languages]] (e.g., [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]]), as well as Turkish, Russian, Chinese, Bosnian and Albanian. In [[North Caucasian languages]], the term is ''lamaz'' ({{lang|ce|ламаз}}) in [[Chechen language|Chechen]], ''chak'' ({{lang|lbe|чак}}) in [[Lak language|Lak]] and ''kak'' in [[Avar language|Avar]] ({{lang|av|как}}). In [[Malaysia]], the term ''solat'' is used, as well as a local term ''sembahyang'' (means: ''communication'', literally from the word ''sembah'' – worship and ''hyang'' – god or deity). In [[Indonesia]] the terms ''salat'' and ''sembahyang'' are both used.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Salah in the Quran===

The word "salat" is used about 700 times in the Quran. Words connected to salat (such as mosque, Wudu, Dhikr, etc.) are used around 700 times.<ref name="Fars news">{{cite web |title=how many times is salat repeated in Quran? |url=https://www.farsnews.com/news/13910926001295/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA |website=Fars news |accessdate=17 December 2012}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2019}} In other words, approximately one-sixth of Quranic verses belong to salat.<ref name="Fars news"/> This includes "Surely my prayer and my sacrifice and my life and my death are (all) for Allah"{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#6:162 Qur'an, 6:162]}}, "I am Allah, there is no god but I, therefore serve Me and keep up prayer for My remembrance".{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#20:14 Qur'an, 20:14]}}

Four forms of salat are introduced in the Quran: first, in order to glorify God's servants, God, and the angels practice the salat;{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#33:43 Qur'an, 33:43]}} second, salat is done by all beings in the heavens and on the earth for the expression of universal Islam;{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#24:41 Qur'an, 24:41]}} third, every voluntary Muslim performs it to reveal that it is the particular form of worship that belongs to the prophets; {{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#21:71 Qur'an, 21:71-73]}}fourth, salat is described as the second pillar of Islam and a little defined what components includes.<ref name="Chittick"/>

==Purpose and importance==
[[File:Bruner-Dvorak, Rudolf - Bosna, modlitba (ca 1906).jpg|thumb|[[Bosniaks]] praying in an open field, ca. 1906]]
The main purpose of salah is to act as a person's communication with God. All beings are not able to see him, but salat provides a means to ask and thank him for blessings.<ref name="Mufliheen">{{cite book |last1=Sheihul Mufliheen |title=Holy Quran's Judgement |publisher=XLIBRIS |isbn=978-1479724550 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pB1vZ4rCafEC&pg=PA57&dq=the+aim+of+salat#v=onepage&q=the%20aim%20of%20salat&f=false|date=October 2012 }}</ref>

==Conditions==
[[File:Yemeni fighter praying.jpg|thumb|Yemeni prayer during [[North Yemen Civil War]]]]
Conditions for salah are classified in two main categories: conditions that make salah invalid, and some that make salah acceptable.<ref name="Ramzy">{{cite book |last1=Ramzy |first1=Sheikh |title=The Complete Guide to Islamic Prayer (Salāh) |publisher=AuthorHouseUK |isbn=978-1477214640 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=cL7jN5uWzhMC&pg=RA1-PA1&dq=conditions+of+salah#v=onepage&q=conditions&f=false|date=23 July 2012 }}</ref> If one ignores the following conditions, their salah is invalid <ref name="Ramzy"/>:
* Facing the ''Qibla'', with the chest facing the direction of the [[Kaaba]]. The ill and the old are allowed leniency with posture;
* Having the ritual purity (''[[wudu]]'', ''[[tayammum]]'', ''[[ghusl]]'');
* Being sane and able to distinguish between right and wrong<ref name=autogenerated1>Ismail Kamus (1993). ''Hidup Bertaqwa'' (2nd ed.). Kuala Lumpur: At Tafkir Enterprise. {{ISBN|983-99902-0-9}}.</ref>;
* Performing salah in the pathway of people (unless a stationary object is placed in front, obstructing the people's way), in a graveyard or disrespectful places, on land which has been taken by force;
* Covering the ''[[awrah]]''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=9KdVm1AMaCgC&pg=PA174&dq=covering+the+awrah+condition+of+the+prayer#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Amr ʻAbd al-Munʻim Salīm, ''Important lessons for Muslim women'', Darussalam, 2005, page 174 |accessdate=2018-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912141553/https://books.google.com/books?id=9KdVm1AMaCgC&pg=PA174&dq=covering+the+awrah+condition+of+the+prayer&hl=en&ei=0YGQTdHcBIGo8AOLyeygDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=12 September 2015 |dead-url=no |isbn=9789960732350 |last1=Salīm |first1=ʻamr ʻabd al-Munʻim |year=2005 }}</ref>;
* Laughing or speaking, or any unnecessary movements during the salah;
* Flatulence;
* Burping loudly in such a way that it disturbs other worshippers; and
* Reading the necessary surahs or words too loudly, in a way that disturbs other worshippers

The condition for salah to be accepted: <ref name="Ramzy"/>
* cleanliness from impurity and dirt. Women are not allowed to pray during their menstruation and for a period of time after childbirth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twf.org/Library/WomenICJ.html#witness|title=Women In Islam Versus Women In The Judaeo-Christian Tradition|work=twf.org|access-date=10 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908001519/http://www.twf.org/Library/WomenICJ.html#witness|archive-date=8 September 2011|dead-url=no}}</ref>;
* covering of the whole body; and
* praying within the time determined for each salah <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/laws/invalidate.html|title=Rules of Salat (Part III of III)|publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=14 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502103939/http://www.al-islam.org/laws/invalidate.html|archive-date=2 May 2012|dead-url=no}}</ref>

==Components==
{{Main|Rakat}}
Each salah is made up of repeating units or cycles called ''[[rakat|rakats]]'' which includes a number of specific movements and the recitation of a certain amount of Koranic text and various traditional formulas, all in Arabic. The number of ''rakats'' for the five daily occasions of obligatory worship can be found [[Salah#The five daily prayers|below]]. One form of performing a ''[[rakat|rakah]]'' is given below: on minor details, there are different views in different schools of thought, but the major elements are universally agreed upon. People who find it physically difficult can perform salah in a way suitable for them.<ref name="Chittick"/>
===Intention===
{{Main|Niyyah}}
Saying intention is the first act in prayer. For this, a Muslim stands with raised and open hands. Palms should be turned forward and held at ear level with thumbs placed behind the earlobes. Then he says Allahu akbar and puts his hands inside of the body.<ref name="Ciaravino">{{cite book |last1=Ciaravino |first1=Helene |title=How to Pray: Tapping Into the Power of Divine Communication |publisher=Square One Publishers (2001) |isbn=9780757000126 |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=y3fLj-hzngcC&pg=PA140&dq=rakat+salah#v=onepage&q=rakat%20salah&f=false|year=2001 }}</ref>

===Standing===
[[File:Takbir of prayer.jpg|thumb|A Muslim raises his hands to recite ''Takbeeratul-Ihram'' in prayer]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moslimmannen tijdens het gebed op vrijdag in de moskee Tulehu TMnr 20017952.jpg|thumb|Men standing in prayer in [[Tulehu]], [[Indonesia]].]]
{{Main|Standing in salah}}
*If this is the first ''rakah'' then prayer is commenced by the saying of the ''[[takbir|takbīr]]'', which is {{lang|ar|اَللهُ أَكْبَرْ}} (transliteration "allāhu 'akbar", meaning "Allah is greater/greatest"). The hands are raised to the shoulders with palms facing the front, i.e., Qibla. This is done before, with or after saying the ''takbir''. Both arms are placed on either the chest or above the navel.<ref name="Haddad">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XDLcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=standing+in+salat#v=onepage&q=standing%20in%20salat&f=false|title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam|last=Haddad|first=Yvonne Yazbeck|last2=Smith|first2=Jane I.|date=2014-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199862634|location=|page=162|language=en|via=}}</ref>
*If this is the first ''rakat'', a supplication praising Allah is said such as:{{cn|date=May 2019}}
:*(Arabic script) - {{lang|ar|{{script/Arabic|سُبْحَاْنَكَ اَلْلّٰھُمَّ وَبِحَمدِكَ وَتَبَارَكَ اسْمُكَ وَتَعَالٰی جَدُّكَ وَلَا اِلٰه غَیْرِكَ}}}} 
:*(English script) - ''Subḥānaka llāhumma, wa-bi-ḥamdika, wa-tabāraka smuka, wa-taʿālā jadduka, wa-lā ʾlāha ġayruk''.<ref name="Haddad"/>
:*Meaning "Glorified be you, all praise is yours, perfect is your name, most high is your majesty and greatness. None has the right to be worshiped but you, the only one God."{{cn|date=May 2019}}
*The recitation of the Qur'an begins by asking refuge with God from the accursed devil by reciting{{cn|date=May 2019}}
:*(Arabic script) - {{lang|ar|{{script/Arabic|أَعُوْذُ بِاللهِ مِنَ الشَّـيْطٰنِ الرَّجِيْمِ}}}}
:*(English script) - ''aʿūḏu bi-llāhi mina š-šayṭāni r-rajīm''.<ref name="Haddad"/>
*[[Fatiha|Surah Al-Fatiha]] is recited.{{cn|date=May 2019}}
*For the first or second rakat only, the recitation of Al-Fatiha is followed with a recitation of any other surah from the Qur'an.<ref name="Haddad"/> The customary practice is to recite the ayahs in the order found in the Qur'an.{{cn|date=May 2019}}
*The ''takbīr'' is repeated and the hands are raised as previously described and the next position, bowing or [[ruku']], begins.<ref name="Haddad"/>

===Bowing (ruku')===
[[File:Prayers of Noon - Grand Mosque of Nishapur -September 27 2013 34.JPG|thumb|right|Bowing in prayer.]]
{{main| Ruku'}}
* The palms are placed on the knees. Ideally, fingers are spaced out.The upper body should make a 90° angle with the lower body.{{cn|date=May 2019}}
* Some of many types of remembrances of God are recited for this situation such as {{lang|ar|سبحان ربي العظيم}} (transliteration ''subḥāna rabbī l-ʿaẓīm'', meaning "Glorified be Allah, the Tremendous") three times or more.<ref name="Haddad"/>

===Second standing===
* ''I'tidal'' is the standing again after [[ruku']]. The back is straightened, and the hands are raised as in takbir as mentioned before (not raised in Hanafi and Maliki schools) while saying {{lang|ar|سمع الله لمن حمده}} (transliteration ''samiʿa allāhu li-man ḥamidahu'', meaning "God listens and responds to the one who praises him.")<ref name="Haddad"/>
* Some of many praises to God are said for this situation such as {{lang|ar|ربنا لك الحمد}} (transliteration ''rabbanā laka al-ḥamd'', meaning "O Lord, all praise is for you.")<ref name="Haddad"/>
* The takbīr is said and the hands can be raised as mentioned before as the next position (not raised in Hanafi and Maliki schools).<ref name="Haddad"/>

===Prostration===
[[File:Mosque.jpg|thumb|Muslims in prostration in [[Syria]].]]
{{Main|Sujud}}
Each [[rakat|rakah]] contains two prostrations.<ref name="Haddad"/> During the prostration:
*The forehead (and nose) are placed on the ground along with the knees, palms and toes.<ref name="Haddad"/>
* Some of many types of remembrances of God are recited for this situation such as {{lang|ar|سبحان ربى الأعلى وبحمده}} (transliteration ''subḥāna rabbī al-'aʿlā wa-bi-ḥamdihi'' meaning "Glorified be my God, the highest.") three times or more.<ref name="Haddad"/>
* The takbīr is repeated and the hands can be raised as mentioned before (not raised in Hanafi and Maliki schools) while the next position, kneeling, begins.<ref name="Haddad"/>

===Sitting===
[[File:Inside the Mosque in Kastriot Obilic 3.jpg|thumb|Men sit and pray in [[Kosovo]]]]

*The person performing the prayer sits between the two prostrations.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Second prostration===
* Second prostrations are done exactly like the first time.{{cn|date=May 2019}}
* The head is raised and the takbir is repeated, and the hands can be raised as mentioned before (not raised in Hanafi and Maliki schools). For every second and last rakat, only you would go to the sitting position again. Otherwise, the standing position begins again for the start of a new rakat.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Second sitting===
{{Main|Sitting in salah}}
{{See also|Tashahhud|Taslim}}
* If this is the second raka'ah, sitting is done as before. If this is not part of the second raka'ah, then the left thigh is leaned against the ground, and both feet are protruding from the right side with the right foot either upright or along the ground. The left palm leans on the left knee.{{cn|date=May 2019}}
* The right index finger is pointed towards the qibla.<ref name="Haddad"/>
* The [[Tashahhud]] is recited.{{cn|date=May 2019}}
* Greetings on Muhammad, called the [[Salawat|aṣ-ṣalātu ʿalā n-nabī]] are recited.{{cn|date=May 2019}}
* If this is not the last raka'ah, a new raka'ah begins by standing up again with the takbir and the hands can be raised as mentioned before.<ref name="Haddad"/>

===Taslim===
* If this is the last raka'ah, the greetings of [[taslim]] are said to the right such as {{lang|ar|السلام عليڪم ورحمة الله}} (transliteration "as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa raḥmatu llāh," meaning "Peace and God's mercy be upon you") and then similarly to the left.<ref name="Haddad"/>
The ''taslim'' brings the salah to an end.{{cn|date=May 2019}}
{{Taslim}}

===Takbir (saying ''Allah akbar'', God is greater)===
Every movement from one position to another is accompanied by the [[takbir]] except the [[standing]] between the ruku and sujud, and the ending which has a derivation of the Muslim greeting [[As-salamu alaykum]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=al-Hassani|first1=Abu Qanit|title=The Guiding Helper: Main Text and Explanatory Notes|date=2009|page=123}}</ref>

==Differences in practice==
[[file:MohrQum1.jpeg|thumb| A [[turbah]] (Arabic: تربة ; Persian: مهر mohr) is a small piece of soil or clay, often a clay tablet, used during salat to symbolize earth. The use of a turbah is compulsory in most Shi'a schools of Islam.{{cn|date=May 2019}}]]

Muslims believe that Muhammad practiced, taught, and disseminated the worship ritual in the whole community of Muslims and made it part of their life. The practice has, therefore, been concurrently and perpetually practiced by the community in each of the generations. The authority for the basic forms of the salah is neither the hadiths nor the Qur'an, but rather the consensus of Muslims.<ref>[http://al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=156&cid=312 Al-Mawrid] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724232305/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=156&cid=312 |date=24 July 2011 }}</ref>

This is not inconsistent with another fact that Muslims have shown diversity in their practice since the earliest days so the ''salah'' practiced by one Muslim may differ from another's in minor details. In some cases the [[Hadith]] suggest some of this diversity of practice was known of and approved by the Prophet himself.{{cn|date=May 2019}}
[[File:Tehran Friday prayer - 16 March 2018 (13961225000386636568071894544919 84859).jpg|right|thumb|A Sunni Muslim (Left) beside a [[Shia]] Muslim (right) during 16 March 2018 Tehran Friday prayer, [[Iran]]. Shia Muslims offering Salat with both open hands.]]

Most differences arise because of different interpretations of the [[Usul al-fiqh|Islamic legal sources]] by the different schools of law (''[[madhhab]]s'') in [[Sunni Islam]], and by different legal traditions within [[Shia Islam]]. In the case of ritual worship these differences are generally minor, and should rarely cause dispute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/ahm/newmadhh.htm|author=Abdal Hakim Murad|title=Understanding the Four Madhhabs|accessdate=25 May 2010|postscript=|authorlink=Timothy Winter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329111030/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/ahm/newmadhh.htm|archive-date=29 March 2010|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Differences also occur due to optional articles of prayer procedure (for example, which verses of the Qur'an to recite).{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Specific differences===
Common differences, which may vary between schools and gender, include:{{cn|date=May 2019}}
* Position of legs and feet.
* Position of hands, including fingers
* Place where eyes should focus
* The minimum amount of recitation
* Loudness of recitation: audible, or moving of lips, or just listening

While there is universal agreement on the principal elements of the prayer, there are differences of opinion on which of those elements are indispensable, versus those which are highly recommended or optional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamtomorrow.com/books/prayer_book/kitabsalat.pdf|title=Share Islam|work=islamtomorrow.com|access-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603001848/http://www.islamtomorrow.com/books/prayer_book/kitabsalat.pdf|archive-date=3 June 2013|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haqqaninaqshbandiuk.com/farz-wajibs-of-namaz.html|title=Page Title|work=haqqaninaqshbandiuk.com|access-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202234/http://www.haqqaninaqshbandiuk.com/farz-wajibs-of-namaz.html|archive-date=26 April 2014|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vAu6b6wikis1ZvvRyDB8-zXjGA6GD8vVVvBzzhBYKE4/edit|title=eShaykh: Salat Guide for Shafi'i|work=Google Docs|access-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412001037/https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vAu6b6wikis1ZvvRyDB8-zXjGA6GD8vVVvBzzhBYKE4/edit|archive-date=12 April 2016|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnah.org/ibadaat/salat/salat_according_to_shafii_fiqh.htm|title=Salat According to Shafii Fiqh|work=sunnah.org|access-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530213231/http://www.sunnah.org/ibadaat/salat/salat_according_to_shafii_fiqh.htm|archive-date=30 May 2013|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daruliftabirmingham.co.uk/salah-according-to-the-hanbali-school-of-thought/|title=SALAH ACCORDING TO THE HANBALI SCHOOL OF THOUGHT|work=daruliftabirmingham.co.uk|access-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305120544/http://daruliftabirmingham.co.uk/salah-according-to-the-hanbali-school-of-thought|archive-date=5 March 2013|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://najaf.org/?lang=english&tab=eng_link&cat=learn&id=l_qadha|title=Imam Ali Foundation - London|work=najaf.org|access-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201308/http://najaf.org/?lang=english&tab=eng_link&cat=learn&id=l_qadha|archive-date=26 April 2014|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Shia Muslims, after the end of the prayer, raise their hands three times, reciting ''Allahu akbar'' whereas Sunnis look at the left and right shoulder saying ''taslim''. Also, Shias often read "Qunoot" in the second Rakat, while Sunnis usually do this after salah.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

Ahmadi Muslims have the same salah practices as those belonging to the Hanafi madhab.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

A 2015 Pew Research Center study found that [[women]] are two percent more likely than [[men]] to pray on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swanson |first=Ana |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/03/30/why-women-are-more-religious-than-men/ |title=Why women are more religious than men |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2016-03-30 |accessdate=2018-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331144547/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/03/30/why-women-are-more-religious-than-men/ |archive-date=31 March 2016 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

==Types of prayers==
Prayers in Islam are classified into categories based on degrees of obligation. One common classification is [[fard]], [[wajib]], [[sunnah]], and nafl.<ref>[http://www.albalagh.net/kids/understanding_deen/Salat.shtml "Understanding Salat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828004222/http://www.albalagh.net/kids/understanding_deen/Salat.shtml |date=28 August 2009 }} from Albalagh</ref>

===The Five Daily Prayers===
[[File:Salattimesturkish.jpg|thumb|Display showing prayer times in a Turkish mosque.]]

Muslims are commanded to perform prayers five times a day.<ref name="Prayer Times NYC|url=http://pbctimes.com/prayertimes/prayer-that-gets-you-relexation-5-prayers-in-islam/|">{{cite web|last1=Muslim|first1=Prayer Times NYC|title=5 Prayers in Islam|url=http://pbctimes.com/prayertimes/prayer-that-gets-you-relexation-5-prayers-in-islam/|website=Prayer Times NYC|publisher=PBC Times|accessdate=26 July 2017|ref=http://pbctimes.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114125748/http://pbctimes.com/prayertimes/prayer-that-gets-you-relexation-5-prayers-in-islam/|archive-date=14 November 2017|dead-url=no}}</ref> These prayers are obligatory on every Muslim who has reached the age of puberty, with the exception being those who are mentally ill, too physically ill for it to be possible, menstruating, or experiencing postnatal bleeding.{{cn|date=May 2019}} Those who are sick or otherwise physically unable to offer their prayers in the traditional form are permitted to offer their prayers while sitting or lying, as they are able.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

====Times of prayers====
The five prayers are each assigned to certain [[salah times|prescribed times]] (''al waqt'') at which they must be performed, unless there is a compelling reason for not being able to perform them on time.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

The times are measured according to the movement of the sun. They are: between dawn and sunrise (''[[Fajr prayer|fajr]]''), after the sun has passed its zenith (''[[Zuhr prayer|zuhr]]''), when afternoon shadows lengthen (''[[asr]]''), just after sunset (''[[maghrib]]'') and around nightfall (''[[Isha prayer|isha]]''). Under some circumstances, ritual worship can be shortened or combined (according to prescribed procedures). If a given salah is not performed at the right time, it must be performed later.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Voluntary prayers===
Some Muslims offer voluntary prayers immediately before and after the five prescribed prayers. Sunni Muslims classify these prayers as sunnah, while Shi'ah considers them nafil. One schema of the number of rakats for each of the five obligatory prayers as well as the voluntary prayers (before and after) are listed below - once again there are minor differences between schools.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!rowspan=2| Name
!rowspan=2| Prescribed time period (''waqt'')
!colspan=2| Voluntary before fard<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats" />
!rowspan=2 style="width:6.5em;"| Obligatory
!colspan=2| Voluntary after fard<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats" />
|-
!style="width:6.5em;"| Sunni
!style="width:6.5em;"| Shi'a
!style="width:6.5em;"| Sunni
!style="width:6.5em;"| Shi'a
|-
| [[Fajr]] ({{lang|ar|فجر}})
| [[Dawn]] to [[sunrise]], should be read at least 10–15 minutes before sunrise
| 2 Rakats Sunnat-Mu'akkadah<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats" />
| 2 Rakats<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats" />
| 2 Rakats<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats" />
| —
| 2 Rakats<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats" />
|-

| [[Zuhr]] ({{lang|ar|ظهر}})
| After true [[noon]] until Asr
| 4 Rakats Sunnat-Mu'akkadah<ref group=t name="Sunnat-Mu'akkadah" />
| 4 Rakats
| 4 Rakats<ref group=t name="Jumu'ah" />
| 2 Rakats Sunnat-Mu'akkadah<ref group=t name="Sunnat-Mu'akkadah" />
| 8 Rakats<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats" /><ref group=t name="Mustahab" /><ref group=t name="nawafil" />
|-
| [[Asr]] ({{lang|ar|عصر}})
| [[Afternoon]]<ref group=t name="Abu Hanifa"/><ref group=t name="Shia times"/>
| 4 Rakats Sunnat-Ghair-Mu'akkdah
| 4 Rakats
| 4 Rakats
| -
| 8 Rakats<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats" /><ref group=t name="Mustahab" /><ref group=t name="nawafil" />
|-
| [[Maghrib]] ({{lang|ar|مغرب}})
| After [[sunset]] until [[dusk]]
| -
| 3 Rakats
| 3 Rakats
| 2 Rakats Sunnat-Mu'akkadah<ref group=t name="Sunnat-Mu'akkadah" />
| 2 Rakats<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats"/><ref group=t name="Mustahab"/><ref group=t name="nawafil"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Isha prayer|Isha]] ({{lang|ar|عشاء}})<ref group=t name="Isha" />
| Dusk until dawn<ref group=t name="Shia times" />
| 4 Rakats Sunnat-Ghair-Mu'akkadah
| 4 Rakats
| 4 Rakats
| 2 Rakats Sunnat-Mu'akkadah,<ref group=t name="Sunnat-Mu'akkadah" /> 3 Rakats [[Witr]]
| 2 Rakats<ref group=t name="Shia two rakats"/><ref group=t name="Mustahab"/><ref group=t name="nawafil"/>
|}

Many Sunni Muslims also perform two rakats nafl (voluntary) after the Zuhr and Maghrib prayers. During the Isha prayer, they perform the two rakats nafl after the two Sunnat-Mu'akkadah and after the witr prayer.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

'''Table notes'''
{{reflist|group=t|refs=
<ref name="Sunnat-Mu'akkadah">According to [[Sunni]] Muslims, there is a difference between Sunnat-Mu'akkadah (obligatory) and Sunnat-Ghair-Mu'akkadah (voluntary). Unlike for the Sunnat-Ghair-Mu'akkadah, the Sunnat-Mu'akkadah was prayed by [[Muhammed]] daily.</ref>
<ref name="Shia two rakats">According to [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]], these are to be performed in sets of two rakats each. This is not the case for Sunni Muslims.</ref>
<ref name="Mustahab">[[Mustahab]] (praiseworthy) to do everyday. (Shias)</ref>
<ref name="Jumu'ah">Replaced by [[Jumu'ah]] on Fridays, which consists of two rakats.</ref>
<ref name="Abu Hanifa">According to [[Imam Abu Hanifa]], "Asr starts when the shadow of an object becomes twice its height (plus the length of its shadow at the start time of Zuhr)." For the rest of Imams, "Asr starts when the shadow of an object becomes equal to its length (plus the length of its shadow at the start time of Zuhr)." Asr ends as the sun begins to set.</ref>
<ref name="Shia times">According to Shia Muslims, Asr prayer and Isha prayer have no set times but are performed from mid-day. Zuhr and Asr prayers must be performed before sunset, and the time for Asr prayer starts after Zuhr has been performed. Maghrib and Isha prayers must be performed before midnight, and the time for Isha prayer can start after Maghrib has been performed, as long as no more light remains in the western sky signifying the arrival of the true night.</ref>
<ref name="nawafil">According to Shia Muslims, this prayer is termed nawafil.</ref>
<ref name="Isha">Further information on the usage of the word "Isha" (evening) see {{cite quran|12|16|s=ns}}, {{cite quran|79|46|s=ns}}</ref>
}}

===Fard Salah===
[[File:Salattimes.jpg|thumb|I. Fajr, II. Zuhr, III. Asr, IV. Maghrib, V. Ishai]]
The ''Fard Salah'' is all of the compulsory [[Muslim]] prayers – the five daily prayers, as well as the Friday prayer ([[Jumu'ah|Salat al-Jumu'ah]]) and the Eid prayers ([[Eid prayers]]). Non-performance of any of these prayers renders one a non-Muslim according to the stricter Hanbali [[madhhab]] of [[Sunni Islam]], while the other Sunni [[madhhabs]] consider doing so a major sin. However, all four [[madhhabs]] agree that denial of the compulsory status of these prayers invalidates the faith of those who do so, rendering them [[Kafir|non-Muslim]]. Fard prayers (as with all [[fard]] actions) are further classed as ''[[fard al-ayn]]'' (obligation of the self) and ''[[fard|fard al-kifayah]]'' (obligation of sufficiency). Fard al-Ayn are actions considered obligatory on individuals, for which the individual will be held to account if the actions are neglected. Fard al-Kifayah are actions considered obligatory on the Muslim community at large, so that if some people within the community carry it out no Muslim is considered blameworthy, but if no one carries it out, all incur a collective punishment.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

Men are required to perform the fard salat in [[Wiktionary:congregation|congregation]] (''jama'ah''), behind an [[imam]] when they are able. According to most Islamic scholars, performing prayers in congregation is [[mustahabb]] (recommended) for men,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/laws/jamaatprayers.html|title=Rules of Salat (Part III of III)|publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=12 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510022158/http://www.al-islam.org/laws/jamaatprayers.html|archive-date=10 May 2012|dead-url=no}}</ref> when they are able, but is neither required nor forbidden for women.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

====Jumu'ah====
{{main|Jumu'ah}}
[[File:Kaohsiung Mosque - Prayer Hall.JPG|thumb|[[Jumu'ah]] at [[Kaohsiung Mosque]], [[Taiwan]].]]
Salat al-Jumu'ah is a congregational prayer on Friday, which replaces the Zuhr prayer. It is compulsory upon men to perform it in the congregation, while women may perform it so or may perform Zuhr salat instead. Salat al-Jumu'ah consists of a sermon (''khutba'') given by the speaker (''khatib'') after which two rakats are performed. There is no Salat al-Jumu'ah without a khutba. Khutba is supposed to be carefully listened to as it replaces Sawaab of two Rakats.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+
|-
! rowspan="2" | Name
! rowspan="2" | Prescribed time period (''waqt'')
! colspan="2" | Voluntary before fard
! rowspan="2" style="width:6.5em;" | Obligatory
! colspan="2" | Voluntary after fard
|-
! style="width:6.5em;" | Sunni
! style="width:6.5em;" | Shi'a
! style="width:6.5em;" | Sunni
! style="width:6.5em;" | Shi'a
|-
| [[Jumu'ah]] ({{lang|ar|جمعة}})
| After true noon until Asr
| 4 Rakats Sunnat-e-Mu'akkadah
| 2 Rakats Sunnat/ Mustahab
| 2 Rakats Furz
| 4 Rakats Sunnat Mu'akkadah
2 Rakats Sunnat Mu'akkadah
2 Rakats Nafil
| 2 Rakats Sunnat Mu'akkadah
|}

===Wajib salat===
''Wajib As-salat'' are compulsory, non-performance of which renders one a sinner. However, the evidence of the obligation is open to interpretation, with some of the [[madhab]] saying it is obligatory while others are saying it is optional. To deny that a fard salah is obligatory is an act of disbelief while denying the obligation of a wajib salat is not disbelief. Some believe that as the five prayers are obligatory, it automatically renders all other prayers optional.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Sunnah salah===
{{main|Sunnah salah}}
[[File:Young Muslim spplicating in Masjid al-Haram, 6 April 2015.jpg|thumb|Though not a mandatory part of the course, most [[Muslims]] supplicate after completing salah.]]

''Sun'nah sal'ah'' are optional and were additional voluntary prayers performed by [[Muhammad]]. They are of two types{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}: the ''Sunnah Mu'akkaddah'', practiced on a regular basis, which if abandoned causes the abandoner to be regarded as sinful by the Hanafi School; and the ''Sunnah Ghair Mu'akkaddah'', practiced on a semi-regular practice by Muhammad, of which abandonment is not considered to be sinful.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

Certain sunnah prayers have prescribed ''waqts'' associated with them. Those ordained for before each of the ''fard'' prayers must be performed between the first call to prayer (''[[adhan]]'') and the second call (''[[iqama]]''), which signifies the start of the ''fard'' prayer.<ref name="islamqa.info">{{cite web|url=http://islamqa.info/en/ref/33779|title=Virtue and times of regular Sunnah prayers (Sunnah mu'akkadah) - islamqa.info|work=islamqa.info|access-date=14 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819234836/http://islamqa.info/en/ref/33779|archive-date=19 August 2012|dead-url=no}}</ref> Those sunnah ordained for after the fard prayers can be performed any time between the end of the ''fard'' prayers and the end of the current prayer's ''waqt''.<ref name="islamqa.info"/> Any amount of extra [[rakat]]s may be offered, but most ''[[Madh'hab|madha'ib]]'' prescribe a certain number of rakats for each sunnah salah.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Nafl salah===
{{main|Nafl prayer{{!}}Nafl salah}}
Nafl salah ([[supererogatory]] prayers) are voluntary, and one may offer as many as he or she likes almost any time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/prayers.htm|title=prayers|work=islamicsupremecouncil.com|access-date=14 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213191026/http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/prayers.htm|archive-date=13 February 2012|dead-url=no}}</ref> There are many specific conditions or situations when one may wish to offer nafl prayers. They cannot be offered at [[sunrise]], [[noon|true noon]], or [[sunset]].{{cn|date=March 2019}} The prohibition against salah at these times is to prevent the practice of [[sun worship]].{{cn|date=May 2019}}

====Salat-al-Witr====
{{main|Witr}}
Witr is performed after the salah of Isha (dusk). Some Muslims consider witr wajib while others consider it optional. It may contain an odd number of rakats from one to eleven according to the different [[madhab|schools of jurisprudence]]. However, Witr is most commonly offered with three rakats.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

To end prayers for the night after Isha, the odd numbered rakats must have the [[niyyah]] of "wajib-ul-Lail," which is mandatory to "close" one's salah for that day.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

Shi'ahs offer this as a one rakat salah at the end of salatul layl (the night prayer), which is an optional prayer according to some shi'ah scholars, and a wajib (obligatory) prayer according to others. This is to be prayed any time after Isha, up until fajr. The best time to perform the prayer is the last third of the night (the night being divided into three, between maghrib and fajr of that night). It is considered highly meritorious by all Shi'ah Muslims, and is said to bring numerous benefits to the believer, mainly gaining proximity to Allah. There are various methods of salatul-layl's performance, including shorter and longer versions, in the longer version the believer must perform eight nawafil salah, in sets of two rakats each, then they must pray a two rakats salah called 'salatul shafa'ah' this is to include surah nas after surah fatihah in the first rakat and surah falaq after surah fatihah in the second rakat, and unusually no [[qunut]] (a du'ah recited before going into ruku' of the second rakat of most prayers performed by shi'ahs) It is after this that the believer performs salatul witr, it's long method being - Starting with takbiratul ehram, then surah fatihah, then surah ikhlas, then surah falaq, then surah nas, then the hands are raised to recite qunut, upon which the believer can recite any du'a, however there are many recommended du'as for this purpose. Within qunut, the believer must pray for the forgiveness of 40 believers, then further prayers are read where the believer asks for forgiveness for himself a certain number of times using specified phrases and amounts of time to repeat those phrases. The believer then completes the salah in the usual way, by completing his qunut, reciting takbir whilst raising his hands, going into ruku' and reciting the usual phrase for that, then returning up right and reciting takbir whilst doing so and upon being upright recites 'sami allahu liman hamida' (verily Allah has heard the one who has praised him) thereupon the believer recites takbir whilst raising his hands and goes into sajda. He recites the proscribed phrase in sajda rises, recites takbir whilst rising and then again whilst returning to sajdah, then rises with takbir again and recites tashahud and salam, thus ending this prayer. It is then optional to recite certain other du'as and dhikr (remembrance of Allah through certain phrases and some of his names being repeated) It is then recommended to perform sajdah ash-shukr (prostration of thanks) and to then recite ayatul kursi (verse of the throne) and then perform another sajdah ash-shukr.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

====Eid====
{{main|Eid prayers{{!}}Salat al Eid}}
[[File:2014 Eid ul-Fitr Praying - Imam Ali Shrine - Najaf 4.jpg|thumb|right|Women praying in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]] in [[Eid ul-Fitr]]]]
Eid salah is performed on the morning of [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]]. The Eid prayer is most likely an individual obligation (''[[fard al-ayn]]'') and Niyyah for both Eid salah is made as Wajib, though some Islamic scholars argue it is only a collective of the obligation(''fard al-kifayah'').<ref>{{cite web | title=Ruling on Eid prayers | work=Islam Question and Answer | url=http://www.islamqa.com/index.php?ref=48983&ln=eng | accessdate=2 January 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024022518/http://www.islamqa.com/index.php?ref=48983&ln=eng | archive-date=24 October 2006 | dead-url=no }}</ref> It consists of two rakats, with seven (or three for the followers Imam Hanafi) ''takbirs'' offered before the start of the first rakat and five (or three for the followers of Imam Hanafi) before the second. After the salah is completed, a sermon (''[[khutbah]]'') is offered. However, the khutbah is not an integral part of the Eid salah.<ref>{{cite web | title=Islam Today | url=http://www.islamtoday.net/english/show_detail_section.cfm?q_id=871&main_cat_id=25 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017002519/http://islamtoday.net/english/show_detail_section.cfm?q_id=871&main_cat_id=25 | archivedate=17 October 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Eid salah must be offered between sunrise and true noon i.e. between the time periods for ''[[Fajr]]'' and ''[[Zuhr prayer|Zuhr]]''.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Istikhaarah===
{{main|Salat al-Istikharah}}
Salat al-Istikhaarah is a prayer performed when a Muslim needs guidance on a particular matter, such as whether they should marry a certain person. To perform this salah one should pray a normal two rakats salah to completion. After completion one should say a ''[[du'a]]'' called the [[Salaat-ul-Istikhaarah|Istikhaarah du'a]]. The intention for the salah should be in one's heart to pray two rakats of salah followed by [[Salaat-ul-Istikhaarah|Istikhaarah]]. The salah can be performed at any of the times where salah is not forbidden.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

The salah must be performed in the [[Arabic language]].{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Qada===
In certain circumstances one may be unable to perform one's prayer within the prescribed [[time]] period (''waqt''). In this case, the prayer must be performed as soon as one can do so. Several [[Ahadith]] narrate that [[Muhammad]] stated that permissible reasons to perform [[Qada (Islamic term)|Qada]] Salah are forgetfulness and accidentally sleeping through the prescribed time. However, knowingly sleeping through the prescribed time for Salah is deemed impermissible.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Qasr and Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn===
When travelling over long distances, one may shorten some prayers, a practice known as ''Qasr''. Furthermore, several prayer times may be joined, which is referred to as ''Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn''. ''Qasr'' involves shortening the obligatory components of the [[Zuhr prayer|Zuhr]], [[Asr]], and [[Isha prayer|Isha]] prayers to two [[rakats]]. ''Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn'' combines the ''Zuhr'' and ''Asr'' prayers into one prayer offered between [[noon]] and [[sunset]], and the [[Maghrib]] and ''Isha'' prayers into one between sunset and [[Fajr]]. Neither ''Qasr'' nor ''Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn'' can be applied to the ''Fajr'' prayer.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

There is no reference to ''Qasr'' during travel within the [[Qur'an]] itself; the Qur'an allows for ''Qasr'' when there is fear of attack, but does not forbid it for travel in non-hostile circumstances.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Sajdah of forgetfulness===
{{main|Sujud Sahwi}}
During the ritual salat prayer, if a person forgets to do one of the actions of prayer he can make up for certain actions by performing two sujud at the end of the prayer. This can only be done if specific types of actions are forgotten by the person praying.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Tahiyyatul masjid===
Upon entering the mosque, "''Tahiyyatul masjid''" may be performed; this is to pay respects to the mosque. Every Muslim entering the mosque is encouraged to perform these two rakats.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

==Prayer in congregation==
[[File:Jokowi salat Aksi 2 Desember.jpg|thumb|President [[Joko Widodo]] of Indonesia (front row, fourth from left) joining prayer in congregation with Vice President [[Jusuf Kalla]] (third from left), other cabinet members, and other worshippers.]]
[[File:Saying Juma Namaz (Friday prayer for Muslims), Dhaka, Bangladesh NK.JPG|thumb|Friday prayer for Muslims in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh]]
Prayer in [[Wiktionary:congregation|congregation]] (''[[Jamia|jama'ah]]'') is considered to have more social and spiritual benefit than praying by oneself. When praying in congregation, the people stand in straight parallel rows behind one person who conduct the prayer, called [[imam]], and face the [[qibla]]. The imam is usually chosen to be a scholar or the one who has the best knowledge of the [[Qur'an]], preferably someone who has memorized it (a [[Hafiz (Qur'an)|''hafiz'']]). In the first row behind the imam, if available, would be another ''hafiz'' to correct the imam in case a mistake is made during the performance of the salah. The prayer is performed as normal, with the congregation following the actions and movements of the imam as he performs the salah.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

===Standing arrangement===
For two people of the same gender, the imam would stand on the left, and the other person is on the right. For more than two people, the imam stands one row ahead of the rest.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

When the Worshippers consist of men and women combined, a man is chosen as the imam. In this situation, women are typically forbidden from performing this role. This point, though unanimously agreed on by the major schools of Islam, is [[women as imams|disputed by some groups]], based partly on a ''[[hadith]]'' whose interpretation is controversial. When the congregation consists entirely of women and pre-pubescent children, one woman is chosen as imam. When men, women, and children are praying, the children's rows are usually between the men's and women's rows, with the men at the front and women at the back. Another configuration is where the men's and women's rows are side by side, separated by a curtain or other barrier, with the primary intention being for there to be no direct line of sight between male and female Worshippers, following a Qur'anic injunction toward men and women each lowering their gazes (Qur'an 24:30–31).{{cn|date=May 2019|reason=secondary source needed}}

===Conducting===
The prayer commences with the imam saying "Allahu akbar" out loud. For the five daily prayers, the Imam would read the surah fatiha and the following section of the Quran out loud only for the first two rakats of [[Fajr]], [[Maghrib]] and [[Isha prayer|Isha]]. To move between positions, the Imam would say "Allahu akbar" out loud, such as when going to the bowing position, except when standing up again from the bowing position, when the Imam would say "SamiAllahu liman hamidah" out loud. The prayer is concluded with the imam saying the [[taslim]] out loud.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

A Worshipper who has joined a congregation prayer late after missing rakats is called a [[masbuq]]. The masbuq would participate with the rest of the group in prayer, however, when the taslim is said at the end, he or she would not say the taslim but would instead stand up and continue for the number of rakats missed. If he joined after the bowing stage of a rakat, then he or she would have considered having missed that rakat.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

==See also==
*[[Al Ghaffar]]
*[[Al-Afuw]]
*[[Dua]]
*[[Sabr (Islamic term)]]
*[[Tasbih]]
*[[Asana]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Further reading==
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Guide_to_Salat_Prayer_in_Islam.html?id=CDpzAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y A Guide to Salat (Prayer) in Islam]
* {{cite book |last1= Smith |first1= Jane I. |last2=Haddad|first2=Yvonne Yazbeck| title= The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |edition=1st |pages=162–163|year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford|isbn=|ref=}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Salat}}
* [http://shiatvonline.com/furu-e-deen-branches-of-religion/ Video lectures on prayers]
* [http://www.salat-time.com/ Determining time of Salat anywhere]
* [https://www.muslimpro.com/ Prayer times and Qibla direction]
* [https://www.al-islam.org/radiance-secrets-prayer-muhsin-qaraati The Radiance of the Secrets of Prayer]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_tZhr81wYI Byan about Namaz]

{{Islamic prayer}}
{{The obligatory prayers}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Salat| ]]

Yachting

2019-09-15T17:44:33Z

Amit.amlan: history of sailing dates back to

[[File:Aerial view Yacht Harbour Residence Rostock Yachthafenresidenz Hohe Düne 1.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of a [[yacht club]] and [[marina]], Yacht Harbour Residence "Hohe Düne", in [[Rostock]], [[Germany]]]]

'''Yachting''' is the use of recreational boats and ships called ''[[yacht]]s'' for sporting purposes. Yachts are distinguished from working ships mainly by their leisure purpose.

Both terms originate from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''[[wiktionary:jacht|jacht]]'' ("hunt"). With [[sailboat]]s, it is called [[Sailing (sport)|sailing]], and with [[motorboat]]s, it is called [[powerboating]].

==Competitive sailing==
[[Image:Kärkinen bridge during Päijännepurjehdus 2007.jpg|thumb|right|A yacht race on lake [[Päijänne]] in [[Jyväskylä]], Finland]]
[[File:Cabo San Lucas Race B Start 2013 photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|left|Cabo San Lucas Race Start 2013]]
{{Main|Sailing (sport)}}

The history of sailing dates back to prehistoric times but the racing of sailing boats is believed to have started in the [[Netherlands]] some time in the 17th century. Soon, in [[England]], custom-built racing "[[yacht]]s" began to emerge. In 1851, the [[Royal Yacht Squadron]] in [[Cowes]] challenged the American yacht ''America''. The race took place in the [[Solent]]. The ''America'' won the race and took the trophy, the [[America's Cup]], back to the US where, held by the [[New York Yacht Club]], it remained until 1983. The cup was then lost to the [[Royal Perth Yacht Club]] of [[Australia]], which entered the ''[[Australia II]]'' into the contest. Meanwhile, yacht racing continued to evolve, with the development of recognised classes of racing yachts, from small [[dinghy sailing|dinghies]] up to huge [[maxi yachts]].

Although there are many different types of racing vessels, they can generally be separated into the larger yachts, which are larger and contain facilities for extended voyages, and smaller harbour racing craft such as dinghies and skiffs. Smaller boats are not generally referred to as yachts, although all recreational boats (as opposed to commercial or military vessels) are yachts. These days, [[yacht racing]] and [[dinghy racing]] are common participant sports around the developed world, particularly where favorable wind conditions and access to reasonably sized bodies of water are available. Most yachting is conducted in salt water, but smaller craft can be raced on lakes and even large rivers.

[[Dinghy racing|Dinghy races]] are conducted on sheltered water on smaller craft with crews of between one and three people. The common arrangement for racing boats is the [[sloop]], a boat with one mast. Some dinghies have only one triangular sail, but most have two configured as a [[sloop]]; some dinghies and almost all larger racing boats carry a [[spinnaker]], a large, bulging sail designed for sailing "with the wind." Most races are conducted between vessels of identical design ("one design" racing). In these races, with identical equipment the sailors best able to make use of the ambient conditions win.
[[Image:Yacht Antares in Ipswich Marina Suffolk.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A docked [[yacht]]]]
Dinghy designs vary from small, stable, and slow craft for novice sailors to lightweight, high-speed designs that are very difficult for even experienced crews to sail safely and effectively. Australia's [[18ft Skiff|18-foot skiff]] class are the fastest monohull dinghies, reaching speeds of up to 40 kilometres per hour (25 miles per hour) even in relatively light winds. Sailing has a reputation for being a boring spectator sport,{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} but skiff racing can be very exciting, particularly in unpredictable conditions where crews struggle to keep their boats upright. Various multi-hull racing classes are even faster. Various one-design dinghy classes are raced at the [[Summer Olympic Games]].

Larger yachts are also raced on harbours, but the most prestigious yacht races are point-to-point long distance races on the open ocean. Bad weather makes even finishing such races a considerable test of equipment and willpower, and from time to time boats and sailors are lost at sea. The longest such events are "round-the-world" races which can take months to complete, but better-known are events such as the [[Fastnet race]] in the United Kingdom and the [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]] along the east coast of Australia. Large races are usually organized with a first-past-the-post trophy (called "line honours") and under a handicap system that adjusts finishing times for the relative speeds of the boats' design, theoretically offering each entrant an equal chance.

==Other yachting events==
[[File:Loe Real 60 foot Water World Tri 2013 Photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|upright|Loe Real 60-foot Water World Tri 2013]]
{{Main|Yacht racing}}
While sailing groups organize the most active and popular competitive yachting, other boating events are also held worldwide: speed motor boat racing; competitive canoeing, kayaking, and rowing; and navigational contests (generally a test of celestial and landmark-based navigation skills where [[GPS]] and other electronic navigation equipment is disallowed) are among the events which are organized around the world. Specialized yachts, such as hydrofoils, hovercrafts, or personal watercrafts also engage in competitions involving test of equipment and skill (usually, skill in maneuvering safely). All such events are part of the larger world of yachting, if they are done for recreational or sporting purposes.

==Non-yachting use of watercraft==

Common commercial uses of watercraft, which would not be referred to as yachting, include commercial fishing, shipping, operation of ferries, and military applications. In these cases, larger vessels are referred to as ''ships'', smaller vessels as either ''ships'' or ''boats'', although ''boat'' is a generic term that could be applied to a recreational yacht or a commercial or military vessel of smaller size.

==Cruising - yachting as a lifestyle==
[[File:Yacht-Samar.jpg|thumb|A yacht in Lorient, Bretagne, France]]

[[Cruising (maritime)|Cruising]] involves traveling on a boat, whether across a bay, on the Great Lakes (in the US) or from island to island in the South Pacific. Safe cruising across long distances requires a degree of self-sufficiency and a wide range of skills beyond handling the boat. Knowledge of topics such as [[navigation]], [[meteorology]], mechanical and electrical systems, [[radio]], [[first aid]], sea survival, [[nutrition]] and more are needed and can be life saving when cruising to distant shores. In the US, the [[United States Power Squadrons]] offer courses and certifications in these skills. In the UK, a system of certification is run by the [[Royal Yachting Association]]. Similar systems are offered by organizations in other countries and typically include a range of courses, both theoretical and practical.

==See also==
*[[Boating]]
*[[Classic Boat Museum]]
*[[Cruising (maritime)]]
*[[Dinghy racing]]
*[[Dinghy sailing]]
*[[Luxury yacht]]
*[[Sailing]]
*[[Yacht charter]]
*[[Yacht club]]
*[[Yacht racing]]

== External links ==
*{{Commonscat-inline}}

{{Trailer sailers and Trailer yachts worldwide}}
{{Sailing dinghies and skiffs}}
{{Olympic class sailboats}}

[[Category:Yachting| Yachting]]
[[Category:Sports originating in the Netherlands]]

[[fr:Nautisme]]

Sailing yacht

2019-09-15T17:42:19Z

Amit.amlan: among categories

{{multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=2013_Ahmanson_Cup_Regatta_yacht_Zapata_II_b_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg|caption1=''[[Zapata II]]'', a 50 ft cruising yacht|image2=60feet IMOCA SAFRAN 01.JPG|caption2=A 60 ft [[IMOCA 60|IMOCA]] ocean racing yacht}}
[[Image:Aerial view Yacht Harbour Residence Rostock Yachthafenresidenz Hohe Düne 1.jpg|thumb|upright|View of a yacht club, [[Rostock]]]]

A '''sailing yacht''', or '''sailing vessel''' (US ship prefixes SY, S/Y, SV or S/V), is a leisure craft that uses sails as its primary means of propulsion. Sailing yachts are actively used in sport and are among categories recognized by the [[World Sailing]].<ref>[http://www.sailing.org/classes/#isaf_sliding_tab_item_classes_index_yacht World Sailing classes of yachts].</ref>

==Description==
The [[length overall]] of sailing yachts ranges from {{convert|6|m|ft|0}}{{fact|date=March 2016}} to over {{convert|70|m|ft|0}}, with a majority measuring about {{convert|10|m|ft|0}}; The cost of building and keeping a yacht rises quickly as length increases. In the United States, sailors tend to refer to smaller yachts as [[sailboat]]s, while referring to the general sport of sailing as [[yachting]]. Within the limited context of sailboat racing, a yacht is any sailing vessel taking part in a race, regardless of size.

Modern yachts have efficient sail-plans like the [[Bermuda rig]], which together with an [[keel|appendage]] providing lateral resistance allow them to sail toward the wind.

==Classes==
These are the {{clarify span|9|date=October 2016}} yacht classes of the [[International Sailing Federation]]:
#[[Class40]]
#[[Farr 30]]
#[[Farr 40]]
#[[International Maxi Association]]
#[[J/111]]
#[[IMOCA 60]]
#[[Soto 40]]
#[[Swan 45]]
#[[Swan 60]]
#[[TP 52]]
#[[X-35 (yacht)|X-35]]
#[[X-41 (yacht)|X-41]]

==See also==
{{commonscat-inline|Sailing yachts}}
*[[Dinghy sailing]]
*[[International class]]
*[[List of large sailing yachts]]
*[[Skiff|Sailing skiff]]
{{International Sailing Federation Classes}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Sailing yachts]]