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Weierstrass function

2024-10-09T13:55:16Z

AmrAlWatan: changed around the first paragraph to be neater

{{short description|Function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Weierstrass elliptic function]] (<math>\wp</math>) or the [[Weierstrass functions|Weierstrass sigma, zeta, or eta functions]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[Image:WeierstrassFunction.svg|300px|thumb|Plot of Weierstrass function over the interval [−2, 2]. Like some other [[fractal]]s, the function exhibits [[self-similarity]]: every zoom (red circle) is similar to the global plot.]]

In [[mathematics]], the '''Weierstrass function''', named after its discoverer, [[Karl Weierstrass]], is an example of a real-valued [[function (mathematics)|function]] that is [[continuous function|continuous]] everywhere but [[Differentiable function|differentiable]] nowhere. It is also an example of a [[fractal curve]].

The Weierstrass function has been historically served the role of a [[pathological (mathematics)|pathological]] function, being the first published example (1872) specifically concocted to challenge the notion that every continuous function is differentiable except on a set of isolated points.<ref>At least two researchers formulated continuous, nowhere differentiable functions before Weierstrass, but their findings were not published in their lifetimes.

Around 1831, [[Bernard Bolzano]] (1781–1848), a Czech mathematician, philosopher, and Catholic priest, constructed such a function; however, it was not published until 1922. See:

* Martin Jašek (1922) [http://dml.cz/bitstream/handle/10338.dmlcz/121916/CasPestMatFys_051-1922-2_2.pdf "Funkce Bolzanova"] (Bolzano's function), ''Časopis pro Pěstování Matematiky a Fyziky'' (Journal for the Cultivation of Mathematics and Physics), vol. 51, no. 2, pages 69–76 (in Czech and German).
* [[Vojtěch Jarník]] (1922) "O funkci Bolzanově" (On Bolzano's function), ''Časopis pro Pěstování Matematiky a Fyziky'' (Journal for the Cultivation of Mathematics and Physics), vol. 51, no. 4, pages 248 - 264 (in Czech). Available on-line in Czech at: http://dml.cz/bitstream/handle/10338.dmlcz/109021/CasPestMatFys_051-1922-4_5.pdf . Available on-line in English at: http://dml.cz/bitstream/handle/10338.dmlcz/400073/Bolzano_15-1981-1_6.pdf .
* Karel Rychlík (1923) "Über eine Funktion aus Bolzanos handschriftlichem Nachlasse" (On a function from Bolzano's literary remains in manuscript), ''Sitzungsberichte der königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften'' (Prag) (Proceedings of the Royal Bohemian Society of Philosophy in Prague) (for the years 1921-1922), Class II, no. 4, pages 1-20. (''Sitzungsberichte'' was continued as: ''Věstník Královské české společnosti nauk, třída matematicko-přírodovědecká'' (Journal of the Royal Czech Society of Science, Mathematics and Natural Sciences Class).)

Around 1860, Charles Cellérier (1818 - 1889), a professor of mathematics, mechanics, astronomy, and physical geography at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, independently formulated a continuous, nowhere differentiable function that closely resembles Weierstrass's function. Cellérier's discovery was, however, published posthumously:

* Cellérier, C. (1890) [https://books.google.com/books?id=HMghAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA142 "Note sur les principes fondamentaux de l'analyse"] (Note on the fundamental principles of analysis), ''Bulletin des sciences mathématiques'', second series, vol. 14, pages 142 - 160.</ref> Weierstrass's demonstration that continuity did not imply almost-everywhere differentiability upended mathematics, overturning several proofs that relied on geometric intuition and vague definitions of [[smoothness]]. These types of functions were denounced by contemporaries: [[Henri Poincaré]] famously described them as "monsters" and called Weierstrass' work "an outrage against common sense", while [[Charles Hermite]] wrote that they were a "lamentable scourge". The functions were difficult to visualize until the arrival of computers in the next century, and the results did not gain wide acceptance until practical applications such as models of [[Brownian motion]] necessitated infinitely jagged functions (nowadays known as fractal curves).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://nautil.us/maths-beautiful-monsters-234859/ | title = Math's Beautiful Monsters: How a destructive idea paved the way for modern math | last = Kucharski | first = Adam | date = 2017-10-26 | access-date = 2023-10-11}}</ref>

==Construction==

[[File:Weierstrass Animation.gif|thumb|right|Animation based on the increasing of the b value from 0.1 to 5.]]

In Weierstrass's original paper, the function was defined as a [[Fourier series]]:

<math display="block">f(x)=\sum_{n=0} ^\infty a^n \cos(b^n \pi x),</math>

where <math display="inline">0<a<1</math>, <math display="inline">b</math> is a positive odd integer, and

<math display="block"> ab > 1+\frac{3}{2} \pi.</math>

The minimum value of <math display="inline">b</math> for which there exists <math display="inline">0<a<1</math> such that these constraints are satisfied is <math display="inline">b=7</math>. This construction, along with the proof that the function is not differentiable over any interval, was first delivered by Weierstrass in a paper presented to the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften]] on 18 July 1872.<ref>On [https://books.google.com/books?id=G-YaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA560 page 560] of the 1872 {{lang|de|Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin}} (Monthly Reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Science in Berlin), there is a brief mention that on 18 July, {{lang|de|"Hr. Weierstrass las über stetige Funktionen ohne bestimmte Differentialquotienten"}} (Mr. Weierstrass read [a paper] about continuous functions without definite [i.e., well-defined] derivatives [to members of the Academy]). However, Weierstrass's paper was not published in the {{lang|de|Monatsberichte}}.</ref><ref>Karl Weierstrass, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1FhtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA71 {{lang|de|italic=no|"Über continuirliche Functionen eines reellen Arguments, die für keinen Werth des letzeren einen bestimmten Differentialquotienten besitzen"}}] [On continuous functions of a real argument which possess a definite derivative for no value of the argument], in: {{lang|de|italic=no|Königlich Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften}}, {{lang|de|italic=no|Mathematische Werke von Karl Weierstrass}} (Berlin, Germany: Mayer & Mueller, 1895), vol. 2, pages 71–74.</ref><ref>See also: Karl Weierstrass, {{lang|de|Abhandlungen aus der Functionenlehre}} [''Treatises from the Theory of Functions''] (Berlin, Germany: Julius Springer, 1886), [https://books.google.com/books?id=fltYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA97 page 97].</ref>

Despite being differentiable nowhere, the function is continuous: Since the terms of the infinite series which defines it are bounded by <math display="inline">\pm a^n</math> and this has finite sum for <math display="inline">0 < a < 1</math>, convergence of the sum of the terms is [[uniform convergence|uniform]] by the [[Weierstrass M-test]] with <math display="inline">M_n = a^n</math>. Since each partial sum is continuous, by the [[uniform limit theorem]], it follows that <math display="inline">f</math> is continuous. Additionally, since each partial sum is [[uniform continuity|uniformly continuous]], it follows that <math display="inline">f</math> is also uniformly continuous.

It might be expected that a continuous function must have a derivative, or that the set of points where it is not differentiable should be countably infinite or finite. According to Weierstrass in his paper, earlier mathematicians including [[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Gauss]] had often assumed that this was true. This might be because it is difficult to draw or visualise a continuous function whose set of nondifferentiable points is something other than a countable set of points. Analogous results for better behaved classes of continuous functions do exist, for example the [[Lipschitz functions]], whose set of non-differentiability points must be a [[Lebesgue null set]] ([[Rademacher's theorem]]). When we try to draw a general continuous function, we usually draw the graph of a function which is Lipschitz or otherwise well-behaved. Moreover, the fact that the set of non-differentiability points for a [[Monotonic function|monotone function]] is measure-zero implies that the rapid oscillations of Weierstrass' function are necessary to ensure that it is nowhere-differentiable.

The Weierstrass function was one of the first [[fractals]] studied, although this term was not used until much later. The function has detail at every level, so zooming in on a piece of the curve does not show it getting progressively closer and closer to a straight line. Rather between any two points no matter how close, the function will not be monotone.

The computation of the [[Hausdorff dimension]] <math display="inline">D</math> of the graph of the classical Weierstrass function was an open problem until 2018, while it was generally believed that <math display="inline">D = 2 + \log_b(a) < 2</math>.<ref>Kenneth Falconer, ''The Geometry of Fractal Sets'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pages 114, 149.</ref><ref>See also: Brian R. Hunt (1998), [http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1998-126-03/S0002-9939-98-04387-1/S0002-9939-98-04387-1.pdf "The Hausdorff dimension of graphs of Weierstrass functions"], ''Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society'', vol. 126, no. 3, pages 791–800.</ref> That ''D'' is strictly less than 2 follows from the conditions on <math display="inline">a</math> and <math display="inline">b</math> from above. Only after more than 30 years was this proved rigorously.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shen Weixiao |authorlink=Shen Weixiao |year=2018 |title=Hausdorff dimension of the graphs of the classical Weierstrass functions |journal=Mathematische Zeitschrift |issn=0025-5874 |doi=10.1007/s00209-017-1949-1 |arxiv=1505.03986 |s2cid=118844077 |volume=289 |issue=1–2 |pages=223–266}}</ref>

The term Weierstrass function is often used in [[real analysis]] to refer to any function with similar properties and construction to Weierstrass's original example. For example, the cosine function can be replaced in the infinite series by a [[Triangle wave|piecewise linear "zigzag" function]]. [[G. H. Hardy]] showed that the function of the above construction is nowhere differentiable with the assumptions <math display="inline">0 < a < 1, ab \geq 1</math>.<ref name="Hardy">Hardy G. H. (1916) "Weierstrass's nondifferentiable function", ''Transactions of the American Mathematical Society'', vol. 17, pages 301–325.</ref>

==Riemann function==
The Weierstrass function is based on the earlier Riemann function, claimed to be differentiable nowhere. Occasionally, this function has also been called the Weierstrass function.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Eric W.|last1=Weisstein|url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/WeierstrassFunction.html|website=[[MathWorld]]|title=Weierstrass Function}}</ref>

<math display="block">f(x) = \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{\sin(n^2x)}{n^2}</math>

While [[Bernhard Riemann]] strongly claimed that the function is differentiable nowhere, no evidence of this was published by Riemann, and Weierstrass noted that he did not find any evidence of it surviving either in Riemann's papers or orally from his students.

In 1916, [[G. H. Hardy]] confirmed that the function does not have a finite derivative in any value of <math display="inline">\pi x</math> where ''x'' is irrational or is rational with the form of either <math display="inline">\frac{2A}{4B+1}</math> or <math display="inline">\frac{2A+1}{2B}</math>, where ''A'' and ''B'' are integers.<ref name="Hardy"/> In 1969, [[Joseph Gerver]] found that the Riemann function has a defined differential on every value of ''x'' that can be expressed in the form of <math display="inline">\frac{2A+1}{2B+1}\pi</math> with integer ''A'' and ''B'', or rational multipliers of pi with an odd numerator and denominator. On these points, the function has a derivative of <math display="inline">-\frac{1}{2}</math>.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Differentiability of the Riemann Function at Certain Rational Multiples of π|first1=Joseph|last1=Gerver|doi=10.1073/pnas.62.3.668|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=1969 |volume=62|issue=3|pages=668–670|doi-access=free |pmid=16591735 |pmc=223649}}</ref> In 1971, J. Gerver showed that the function has no finite differential at the values of ''x'' that can be expressed in the form of <math display="inline">\frac{2A}{2B+1}\pi</math>, completing the problem of the differentiability of the Riemann function.<ref>{{cite journal|title=More on the Differentiability of the Riemann Function|first1=Joseph|last1=Gerver|doi=10.2307/2373445|journal=American Journal of Mathematics|date=1971 |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=33–41 |jstor=2373445 |s2cid=124562827}}</ref>

As the Riemann function is differentiable only on a [[null set]] of points, it is differentiable [[almost nowhere]].

==Hölder continuity==
It is convenient to write the Weierstrass function equivalently as

<math display="block">W_\alpha(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty b^{-n\alpha}\cos(b^n \pi x)</math>

for <math display="inline">\alpha = -\frac{\ln(a)}{\ln(b)}</math>. Then <math display="inline">W_\alpha(x)</math> is [[Hölder continuous]] of exponent α, which is to say that there is a constant ''C'' such that

<math display="block">|W_\alpha(x)-W_\alpha(y)|\le C|x-y|^\alpha</math>

for all <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math>.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Zygmund | first1=A. | title= Trigonometric Series |volume=I, II | title-link= Trigonometric Series | orig-year=1935 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | edition=3rd | series=Cambridge Mathematical Library | isbn=978-0-521-89053-3 | mr=1963498 | year=2002 |page=47}}</ref> Moreover, <math display="inline">W_1</math> is Hölder continuous of all orders <math display="inline">\alpha < 1</math> but not [[Lipschitz continuous]].

==Density of nowhere-differentiable functions==

It turns out that the Weierstrass function is far from being an isolated example: although it is "pathological", it is also "typical" of continuous functions:
* In a [[Topology|topological]] sense: the set of nowhere-differentiable real-valued functions on [0, 1] is [[comeager set|comeager]] in the [[vector space]] ''C''([0, 1]; '''R''') of all continuous real-valued functions on [0, 1] with the topology of [[uniform convergence]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mazurkiewicz, S..|title=Sur les fonctions non-dérivables|journal=Studia Math.|issue=3|year=1931|volume=3|pages=92–94|doi=10.4064/sm-3-1-92-94|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Banach, S.|title=Über die Baire'sche Kategorie gewisser Funktionenmengen|journal=Studia Math.|issue=3|year=1931|volume=3|pages=174–179|doi=10.4064/sm-3-1-174-179|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* In a [[Measure theory|measure-theoretic]] sense: when the space ''C''([0, 1]; '''R''') is equipped with [[classical Wiener measure]] ''γ'', the collection of functions that are differentiable at even a single point of [0, 1] has ''γ''-[[measure zero]]. The same is true even if one takes finite-dimensional "slices" of ''C''([0, 1]; '''R'''), in the sense that the nowhere-differentiable functions form a [[prevalent and shy sets|prevalent subset]] of ''C''([0, 1]; '''R''').

==See also==
*[[Blancmange curve]]
*[[Koch snowflake]]
*[[Nowhere continuous function]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*{{Citation | last=David | first=Claire | year=2018 | title=Bypassing dynamical systems : A simple way to get the box-counting dimension of the graph of the Weierstrass function | journal=Proceedings of the International Geometry Center| publisher=Academy of Sciences of Ukraine | volume=11 | issue=2 | pages=53–68 | doi=10.15673/tmgc.v11i2.1028 | doi-access=free | arxiv=1711.10349 }}
*{{Citation | last=Falconer | first=K. | author-link=Kenneth Falconer (mathematician) | year=1984 | title=The Geometry of Fractal Sets | place=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics | volume=Book 85 | isbn=978-0-521-33705-2 | url={{Google books|-Kwp-GrimCIC|plainurl=yes}} }}
*{{Citation |last1=Gelbaum |first1=B Bernard R. |last2=Olmstead |first2=John M. H. |year=2003 |orig-year=1964 |title=Counterexamples in Analysis |publisher=Dover Publications |series=Dover Books on Mathematics |isbn=978-0-486-42875-8 |url={{Google books|D_XBAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} }}
*{{Citation | last=Hardy | first=G. H. | author-link=G. H. Hardy | year=1916 | title=Weierstrass's nondifferentiable function | journal=Transactions of the American Mathematical Society | publisher=American Mathematical Society | volume=17 | issue=3 | pages=301–325 | url=http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1916-017-03/S0002-9947-1916-1501044-1/S0002-9947-1916-1501044-1.pdf | doi=10.2307/1989005| jstor=1989005 }}
*{{Citation | last=Weierstrass | first=Karl | author-link=Karl Weierstrass | date=18 July 1872 | title=Über continuirliche Functionen eines reellen Arguments, die für keinen Werth des letzeren einen bestimmten Differentialquotienten besitzen | publisher=Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften }}
**{{Citation | last=Weierstrass | first=Karl | year=1895 | title=Mathematische Werke von Karl Weierstrass | chapter=Über continuirliche Functionen eines reellen Arguments, die für keinen Werth des letzeren einen bestimmten Differentialquotienten besitzen | location=Berlin, Germany | publisher=Mayer & Müller | volume=2 | pages=71–74 | chapter-url={{Google books|1FhtAAAAMAAJ|page=71|plainurl=yes}} }}
**English translation: {{Citation | last=Edgar | first=Gerald A. | year=1993 | title=Classics on Fractals | chapter=On continuous functions of a real argument that do not possess a well-defined derivative for any value of their argument | publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company | series=Studies in Nonlinearity | pages=3–9 | isbn=978-0-201-58701-2 }}

== External links ==
* {{MathWorld|id=WeierstrassFunction|title=Weierstrass function}} (a different Weierstrass Function which is also continuous and nowhere differentiable)
* [http://www.apronus.com/math/nodiffable.htm Nowhere differentiable continuous function] proof of existence using [[Banach's contraction principle]].
* [http://www.apronus.com/math/nomonotonic.htm Nowhere monotonic continuous function] proof of existence using the [[Baire category theorem]].
* {{cite web | author = Johan Thim | url = http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1617/2003/320/index-en.html | title = Continuous Nowhere Differentiable Functions | work = Master Thesis Lulea Univ of Technology 2003 | access-date = 28 July 2006 | archive-date = 22 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170222141554/http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1617/2003/320/index-en.html | url-status = dead }}
* [http://jonas.matuzas.googlepages.com/mathematicalbeauties Weierstrass function in the complex plane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924022258/http://jonas.matuzas.googlepages.com/mathematicalbeauties |date=24 September 2009 }} Beautiful fractal.
* [https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00041-009-9072-2 SpringerLink - Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, Volume 16, Number 1] Simple Proofs of Nowhere-Differentiability for Weierstrass's Function and Cases of Slow Growth
* [https://stemblab.github.io/weierstrass/ Weierstrass functions: continuous but not differentiable anywhere]
* [https://math.berkeley.edu/~brent/files/104_weierstrass.pdf The Weierstrass Function by Brent Nelson at Berkeley, showing non differentiable]
{{Fractals}}

[[Category:Theory of continuous functions]]
[[Category:Measure theory]]
[[Category:Real analysis]]
[[Category:Fractal curves]]
[[Category:Types of functions]]

User:AmrAlWatan

2024-10-06T16:10:19Z

AmrAlWatan:

[[Help:IPA/Arabic|[əmr ɪl wʌtˤʌn]]]

[[Non nobis solum|{{font color|Green|Non}} {{font color|Red|nobis}} {{font color|Gold|solum,}} {{font color|Blue|sed}} {{font color|Gray|omnibus}}]]
==To do==
*Discuss status of Israeli nationality on [[WP:VP]] ([[Template_talk:Discrimination#Why_does_%22Discrimination_against_Israelis%22_link_to_anti-Zionism?|See here]])
*Publish the [[Talk:Yandere_Simulator#Should_I_add_the_interview_I_did_with_one_of_Alex's_victims?|Yandere Simulator]] Interview? Maybe?
== ==
{{UBX/IDruze}}

{{boxtop|{{Naskh|لُغَاْتِي}} // My Languages}}
{{User ipa-3}}
{{User en-us-N}}
{{User ar-2}}
{{User es-2}}
{{User Translator|es|proofreader=yes|project=no}}
{{User Latn-N}}
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Template talk:Discrimination

2024-10-06T15:43:02Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Anti-Zionism */ Reply

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== No kid zones ==

{{ping|Rsk6400}} Reliable sources do describe [[no kid zones]] as discrimination. I disagree with your removal here [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ADiscrimination&oldid=prev&diff=1234222380]. [[User:Clovermoss|Clovermoss🍀]] [[User talk:Clovermoss|(talk)]] 12:29, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

:I'm not opposed to the inclusion, but I saw that the article doesn't include this template, and an (admittedly superficial) survey of the references in the article didn't show me such sources. Would you mind adding some quotes and this template to the article ? [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 13:34, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
::Afterthought: I'm a teacher, and so I have absolutely no sympathy for discrimination against (parents with) children. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 13:35, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
:::This CNN source goes into the 2017 ruling about it [https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/24/asia/south-korea-no-kids-zone-intl-hnk-dst]. This is a widespread phenomena where kids are banned and some areas even have "no senior" zones. [[User:Clovermoss|Clovermoss🍀]] [[User talk:Clovermoss|(talk)]] 13:39, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
::::"The ruling ... is not legally binding and critics say the ongoing popularity of no-kids zones highlights how hard it will be to change people’s mindsets." - If discrimination is prohibited by the constitution and there is only a non-binding ruling calling those zones "discrimination", that doesn't seem really convincing. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 13:47, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
:::::I don't think you need something to be legally prohibited for it to count as discrimination. Excluding people based on their characteristics is generally what discrimination is about. The Washington Post article also goes into this. [[User:Clovermoss|Clovermoss🍀]] [[User talk:Clovermoss|(talk)]] 13:50, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
:::::See [[Discrimination#Age]]. [[User:Clovermoss|Clovermoss🍀]] [[User talk:Clovermoss|(talk)]] 13:53, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
::::::My idea was not, that something had to be prohibited by law to be called so. My idea was that if in a state where rule-of-law works fairly well (like South Korea) discrimination is prohibited, and NKZ are not prohibited, it is doubtful that they should be called "discrimination". All in all: We need [[WP:RS]], because [[WP:OR]] is against our guidelines. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 12:09, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
:::::::And I'm telling you that it's not OR. But I give up. Maybe someone else will understand what I mean by all this someday. I suppose my bar for inclusion in a template like this is much lower than yours. Describing no kid zones as discriminatory is common in reliable sources even if the situation is more complicated and not unanimous but that could describe other articles listed on the template as well. My understanding is that the human rights commission can't make legally binding decisions at all so I think their ruling on the matter is quite significant, especially since it mentions the constitution [https://pulse.mk.co.kr/m/news/all/10817213]. [[User:Clovermoss|Clovermoss🍀]] [[User talk:Clovermoss|(talk)]] 13:56, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}
I've included our disagreement at [[WP:3O]] because templates are a relatively niche area and I'd prefer a third opinion. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AThird_opinion&diff=1234507285&oldid=1234475967] [[User:Clovermoss|Clovermoss🍀]] [[User talk:Clovermoss|(talk)]] 18:29, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

[[File:Pictogram voting comment.png|18px]] '''[[Wikipedia:Third Opinion|3O]] Response:''' Two reliable sources ([[CNN]] and Maeil Business Pulse) identify the Korean human rights authority's listing "No kid zone" as discriminative. Listing this article on the Discrimination template is not original research, as the topic is comparable to [[Ageism#Discrimination]]. See the second paragraph in that section describing results of children's responses to Children's Rights Alliance for England and the National Children's Bureau survey. Forms of discrimination need not be prohibited by law to qualify as discrimination. [[User:Grand'mere Eugene|— Grand'mere Eugene]] ([[User talk:Grand'mere Eugene|talk]]) 20:18, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== Excluding some nationalities, while keeping others ==

@[[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] Is there some ulterior reason you have for removing some ethnicities from the template? In [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Discrimination&diff=prev&oldid=1234800679 this edit] you reverted my addition of [[Anti-French sentiment]], but I notice that you have been removing a lot more than that for a while now, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Discrimination&diff=prev&oldid=1228651974 British], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Discrimination&diff=prev&oldid=1225440382 German and Russian], etc. and your removals and the ongoing fight you’re taking on seem to have been ongoing since 2021 ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Discrimination&diff=prev&oldid=1025728949 Australian and Austrian]).

Is there some standard of “discrimination” that we should be using here that is defined differently to the one used by these articles? Articles which often begin with wording like {{tq|“Anti-Scottish sentiment is disdain, discrimination, or hatred for…”}} (another ethnicity you regard as facing no consequence of discrimination). I assume that, in your opinion, historical discrimination is not something we should link to from here?

It’s possible there are better approaches though; the navbox is already exceedingly large, maybe we should simply split off the ethnic and nationalist discrimination section to another template? — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 04:12, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

:We need the article to be about discrimination, and that means reliable sources have to use the word "discrimination". Powerful nations were mostly able to prevent discrimination against their nationals, so it should not seem very strange that e.g. "Anti-German sentiment" seldom led to discrimination. Personally, I also think that we should not be too quick to call something "discrimination" that is not in some degree comparable to [[Racism against African Americans]] or [[Antisemitism]]. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 05:56, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
::There are multiple sources that describe discrimination and use the term "discrimination" in reference towards Germans[https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entries/german-americans-during-world-war-i][https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2019/11/01/the-history-of-german-americans-shows-that-even-when-facing-discrimination-immigrants-dont-give-up-trying-to-integrate/][https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article-abstract/doi/10.1162/rest_a_01209/111520/Discrimination-Migration-and-Economic-Outcomes?redirectedFrom=fulltext#:~:text=URL%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Frest%2Farticle%2Fdoi%2F10.1162%2Frest_a_01209%2F111520%2FDiscrimination], French[https://books.google.com/books?id=wkgrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.com/books?id=09Si7DQsVSoC&pg=PA133][https://books.google.com/books?id=-RH2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.com/books?id=H5W9DCDNRGkC&pg=PA193#v=onepage&q&f=false], and Russians[https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2034&dq=%22discrimination+against+Russians+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia9JWH39uHAxW178kDHcS-FyQQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=%22discrimination%20against%20Russians%20%22&f=false][https://books.google.com/books?id=cE2wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.com/books?id=iAGaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT139#v=onepage&q&f=false]. I don't see why African-Americans and Jews should be seen as the standard of discrimination; that's nothing more than an Anglo-American bias. Discrimination is discrimination. [[User:Alfedda|Alfedda]] ([[User talk:Alfedda|talk]]) 16:30, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
:::But these sources are not used in the articles. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 18:44, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
Is there anyone else who agrees with Rsk6400 on this? — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 09:12, 1 September 2024 (UTC)

:Yes. This template should only include articles that contain some substantive content about discrimination. [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 10:46, 1 September 2024 (UTC)
::Do you believe that [[Anti-German sentiment]] (for example) contains some substantive content about discrimination? — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 23:12, 3 September 2024 (UTC)
:::According to our article, [[discrimination]] is {{tq|Discrimination is the process of making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong, such as race, gender, age, religion, physical attractiveness or sexual orientation.}}. Where do you find that in the article ? [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 06:52, 4 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I’m not sure what your point is. Are you saying that being German is not covered by that definition? Do you think nationality is not a group, class or other category? If I take your question at face value, I don’t have to go further than the first paragraph of the body to get: {{tq|Anglo-Americans in the Pennsylvania Colony viewed the Palatines with suspicion and often derided their language, customs, and religious practices}}. This certainly counts as “{{tq| making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people …}}”. — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 10:43, 4 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::{{Ping|HTGS}} Please stop edit warring and take a look at [[WP:ONUS]]. I don't think that's "substantive content". And where is the source calling that "discrimination" ? [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 06:58, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Edit warring is a bit of a misrepresentation, @[[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]]. I suggested a valid reason to include an article, and nobody had any rebuttal. I’m glad you’re willing to discuss though.
::::::On the actual inclusion criteria, do you want to abandon the definition you gave above, and only include articles with sources that use the word discrimination explicitly? I think we can possibly work with that, but I don’t want to have to keep running around the field chasing after you and your goalposts. — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 02:14, 8 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I think our guideline on [[WP:OR]] is clear enough. And I also think that common sense says that a substantial part of an article linked here should be about discrimination. And, sorry to say, I'm not interested in an endless discussion. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 06:24, 8 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::If you want to drop the topic that’s fine, but you don’t get to walk away {{em|and also}} enforce your own preferred version of the template. I’m not looking to drag this out either, but you are somehow resisting the invitation to give a clear answer on how you include articles. Is it by the definition at [[Discrimination]], or is it by sources using the exact word “discrimination”, or is it when a substantial part of the article is “about discrimination”? Of course it can’t be the last one alone, because that would require us to refer to either of the first options.
::::::::The standard inclusion criteria for this sort of list would be to include all articles that discuss the topic, even if by subjective evaluation they don’t seem equal between pages in the level of discrimination they describe. This would mean that for these pages, they are all titled “Anti-X sentiment” and all use the word ‘discrimination’ in their lead, and would all be included; the going presumption with this model would be that readers can evaluate for themselves whether the “discrimination” against Germans (e.g.) is actually real or meets their subjective standards. We don’t have to do that though. When that sort of measure is not preferred, we can come up with another inclusion criteria, but such criteria is usually neutral to interpretation, and does not usually say “we include the article when Rsk6400 says we should.”
::::::::If you’d rather not discuss further, are you interested in writing up an [[Wikipedia:RfC|RfC]] with me, so we can settle the matter properly?
::::::::Or maybe there’s some other factor you haven’t been able to verbalize yet, like maybe you don’t like that discrimination against Germans in that article is historical, and not contemporary? I’m willing to discuss that as a limiting factor if that’s what’s getting you. — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 07:25, 8 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::Feel free to start an RfC, if specifically about anti-German sentiment, it would be best to start it at that talk page. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 11:40, 8 September 2024 (UTC)

== Should we add an article ==
Should the article [[Triple oppression]] be added to the template, if so where? Considering [[oppression]] is in it as well. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Atakes Ris|Atakes Ris]] ([[User talk:Atakes Ris#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Atakes Ris|contribs]]) 03:05, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 

== Separate [[Discrimination based on skin tone]] of (Race/Ethnicity) ==

The most [[Discrimination based on skin tone]] made by society is made betwwe people of same ethnicity and race, in such cases of Africa, East Asia, Middle Age Europe, Victorian Era. [[User:Harry Cousins|Harry Cousins]] ([[User talk:Harry Cousins|talk]]) 19:52, 6 June 2024 (UTC).

== Why does "Discrimination against Israelis" link to anti-Zionism? ==

If we're going by technical definition, Israeli is a nationality while Zionism is a political belief. One could argue that Israeli isn't a nationality as per [https://versa.cardozo.yu.edu/opinions/ornan-v-ministry-interior| Ornan v. Ministry of the Interior] but even if that were the case, discrimination against any person living in Israel would still not necessarily be anti-Zionism. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 17:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:It seems no one discussed it yet. The Ethnic/National section of {{tp|Discrimination}} is highly policed by editors, I don't know how that passed. [[User:Web-julio|Web-julio]] ([[User talk:Web-julio|talk]]) 19:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::Wait I just realized that [[Anti-israeli]] redirects to [[Anti-zionism]]. And for whatever reason, [[Anti-Israeli]] (with a capital I) links to a disambig page? A page talking about anti-Israeli sentiment doesn't even exist.
::Holy hell! [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 02:27, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{tq|“[[Anti-israeli]] redirects to [[Anti-zionism]].”}} Corrected now. — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 02:55, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::And just because something is well-policed doesn’t mean it is policed well… — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 02:58, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::First of all, thanks for the redirect edit above.
:::Second, I agree with this statement. What do you suggest we do? [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 03:47, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It's a bit confusing that the link actually is at [[Template:Discrimination]] and only transcluded here. The template is used in the footer of [[Anti-Zionism]], so the article should remain linked from here (unless somebody wants to start a possibly endless discussion at Talk:Anti-Zionism). But I agree that it is confusing, so I moved it to "Jewish". But I'm not sure if that's a really good solution. If anybody has a better (or less bad) idea, feel free to fix. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 06:42, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for your edit!
:::::There's a more pressing matter at hand, in my opinion: [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/identity/#:~:text=When%20asked%20whether%20they%20would%20describe%20themselves%20as%20Jewish%20first%20or%20Israeli%20first%2C%20a%20plurality%20of%20Israeli%20Jews%20(46%25)%20say%20they%20are%20Jewish%20first.%20Roughly%20a%20third%20(35%25)%20say%20they%20are%20Israeli%20first%2C%20while%2020%25%20do%20not%20give%20a%20clear%20answer%20either%20way.17| Back in 2010, 46% of Israeli Jews identified as "Jewish" ''before'' "Israeli"], and I doubt that an Arab living in Israel would identify as "Israeli" (although I could be wrong). Do we need an article about anti-Israeli sentiment? Does "Israeli" even exist? Also, where do I make this topic more... known? I'm a little new to this Wikipedia stuff so I'd like to get some more opinions, especially from actual Israelis. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 20:19, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[:de:Special:Diff/245786241|German Wikipedia had an article on anti-Israelism]], but it got redirected. I noticed the articles [[New antisemitism]] and [[Three Ds of antisemitism]] talk about it, so some of their content can be reused. I couldn't find an existing article in another Wikipedia, such as Hebrew Wikipedia. [[User:Web-julio|Web-julio]] ([[User talk:Web-julio|talk]]) 00:45, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I think Wikipedia beat us to the punch. The [[Israelis]] article does not mention anything about it being a unique identity, only that it describes "citizens and nationals of the State of Israel". I'll take this to [[WP:VP]] and see what they think. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 04:41, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== Anti-Zionism ==

I think [[Anti-Zionism]] should be replaced by [[New Antisemitism]] in the template, maybe like {{tq|[[Antisemitism]] ([[New Antisemitism|New]])}}, with New linking to the article. [[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 19:11, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

:Looking at the template, it's kind of weird how they set it up. Why is it "Jewish / Antisemitism" and not just "Jewish"?
:Here's what I think we should do: Replace "[[Antisemitism|Jewish / Antisemitism]] ([[Anti-Zionism]])" in the template with "Jewish ([[Antisemitism]] * [[New Antisemitism|New]])". Then, we add [[Anti-Zionism]] to the "Manifestations" section. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 04:03, 6 October 2024 (UTC)
::I think that's a good solution. {{Ping|Arctic Circle System}} I just undid your revisions for several reasons: (1) You changed the links to Antisemitism without taking this discussion into account. Since Jews are AFAIK the only group where the "anti-X" term (antisemitism) is etymologically totally unrelated, we should have both term (i.e. "Jewish" and "Antisemitism" in the link texts). (2) Don't know why Anti-Mormonism should be under "National". (3) We don't link categories here. (4) Don't think we should have each and every naming controversy here. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 15:31, 6 October 2024 (UTC)
::Yeah I like this solution as well [[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 15:33, 6 October 2024 (UTC)
:::I'll make the switch now. Thanks, you two :) [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 15:40, 6 October 2024 (UTC)
::::Looks like RSK6400 already made the edit. Thanks! [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 15:43, 6 October 2024 (UTC)

Template talk:Discrimination

2024-10-06T15:40:02Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Anti-Zionism */ Reply

Template talk:Discrimination

2024-10-06T04:03:52Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Anti-Zionism */ Reply

User:AmrAlWatan

2024-10-06T04:02:15Z

AmrAlWatan:

[[Help:IPA/Arabic|[əmr ɪl wʌtˤʌn]]]

[[Non nobis solum|{{font color|Green|Non}} {{font color|Red|nobis}} {{font color|Gold|solum,}} {{font color|Blue|sed}} {{font color|Gray|omnibus}}]]
==To do:==
*Discuss status of Israeli nationality on [[WP:VP]] ([[Template_talk:Discrimination#Why_does_%22Discrimination_against_Israelis%22_link_to_anti-Zionism?|See here]])
*Publish the [[Talk:Yandere_Simulator#Should_I_add_the_interview_I_did_with_one_of_Alex's_victims?|Yandere Simulator]] Interview? Maybe?
== ==
{{UBX/IDruze}}

{{boxtop|{{Naskh|لُغَاْتِي}} // My Languages}}
{{User ipa-3}}
{{User en-us-N}}
{{User ar-2}}
{{User es-2}}
{{User Translator|es|proofreader=yes|project=no}}
{{User Latn-N}}
{{User Arab-N}}
{{User cyrl-3}}
{{boxbottom}}

User:AmrAlWatan

2024-10-05T01:45:59Z

AmrAlWatan:

[[Help:IPA/Arabic|[əmr ɪl wʌtˤʌn]]]

[[Non nobis solum|{{font color|Green|Non}} {{font color|Red|nobis}} {{font color|Gold|solum,}} {{font color|Blue|sed}} {{font color|Gray|omnibus}}]]

To do:
*Discuss status of Israeli nationality on [[WP:VP]]
*Publish the [[Talk:Yandere Simulator]] Interview? Maybe?

{{UBX/IDruze}}

{{boxtop|{{Naskh|لُغَاْتِي}} // My Languages}}
{{User ipa-3}}
{{User en-us-N}}
{{User ar-2}}
{{User es-2}}
{{User Translator|es|proofreader=yes|project=no}}
{{User Latn-N}}
{{User Arab-N}}
{{User cyrl-3}}
{{boxbottom}}

Syrian Arabic

2024-09-30T13:39:57Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Mesopotamian (Syria) */ Fixed the spelling of deir ez-zor

{{Short description|Arabic varieties spoken in Syria}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Levantine Arabic]]}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Contains special characters|Levantine}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Syrian Arabic
|nativename=
|states=[[Syria]]
|ethnicity=[[Syrians]]
|speakers=[[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|18.800000|2}} million (2023)<ref name=e27/> [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|2.000000|2}} million (2023)
|date=
|ref=e27
|familycolor=Afroasiatic
|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=[[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]
|fam4=[[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
|fam5=[[Arabic]]
|listclass=hlist
|script=[[Arabic alphabet]] [[Arabic chat alphabet]]
| ietf = apc-SY
| iso3comment = (covered by [[iso639-3:apc|apc]])
| iso3 = none
| isoexception = dialect}}
'''Syrian Arabic''' refers to any of the Arabic varieties spoken in [[Syria]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Behnstedt|first=Peter|date=2011-05-30|title=Syria|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/syria-EALL_COM_0330?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=syria|journal=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics|language=en}}</ref> or specifically to [[Levantine Arabic]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stowasser|first=Karl|title=A Dictionary of Syrian Arabic: English-Arabic|year=2004 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]] | isbn=978-1-58901-105-2 | oclc=54543156}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cowell|first=Mark W.|url=https://archive.org/details/AReferenceGrammarOfSyrianArabic_201704 |title=A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic |year=1964 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]]|oclc=249229002}}</ref>

== Aleppo, Idlib, and Coastal dialects ==

=== Aleppo and surroundings ===
Characterized by the imperfect with ''a''-: ''ašṛab'' ‘I drink’, ''ašūf'' ‘I see’,<ref name=":0" /> and by a pronounced<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Behnstedt|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8YBUaC7WooC|title=Sprachatlas von Syrien|date=1997|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04330-4|language=de}}</ref> [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] of the type ''sēfaṛ''/''ysēfer'', with subdialects:<ref name=":1" />

# Muslim Aleppine
# Christian Aleppine
# Rural dialects similar to Muslim Aleppine
# Mountain dialects
# Rural dialects
# Bēbi (əlBāb)
# Mixed dialects

=== Idlib and surroundings ===
These dialects are transitional between the Aleppine and the Coastal and Central dialects.<ref name=":1" /> They are characterized by *q > ʔ, [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] of the type the type sāfaṛ/ysēfer<ref name=":0" /> and ṣālaḥ/yṣēliḥ,<ref name=":1" /> diphthongs in every position,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> a- elision ({{transl|ar|katab}}+t > {{transl|ar|ktabt}}, but {{transl|ar|katab}}+it > {{transl|ar|katabit}}),<ref name=":0" /> {{transl|ar|išṛab}} type perfect,<ref name=":0" /> [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] in reflexes of *CāʔiC, and vocabulary such as {{transl|ar|zbandūn}} "plow sole".<ref name=":1" />

=== Coast and coastal mountains<ref name=":0" />===
These dialects are characterized by diphthongs only in open syllables: bēt/bayti ‘house/my house’, ṣōt/ṣawti ‘voice/my voice’, but ā is found in many lexemes for both *ay and *aw (sāf, yām).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> There is pronounced [[Imāla|ʾimāla]].<ref name=":1" /> Unstressed a is elided or raised to i and u whenever possible: {{transl|ar|katab}}+t > {{transl|ar|ktabt}}, {{transl|ar|katab}}+it > {{transl|ar|katbit}}, {{transl|ar|sallam}}+it > {{transl|ar|sallmit}}, {{transl|ar|sallam}}+t > {{transl|ar|sillamt}}, {{transl|ar|ḥaṭṭ}}+ayt > {{transl|ar|ḥiṭṭayt}}, {{transl|ar|trawwaq}}+t > {{transl|ar|truwwaqt}}, *{{transl|ar|madrasa}} > {{transl|ar|madrsa}} > {{transl|ar|mádǝrsa ~ madírsi}}, *{{transl|ar|fallāḥ}} > {{transl|ar|fillāḥ}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The feminine plural demonstrative pronoun is {{transl|ar|hawdi}}, or {{transl|ar|haydi}}.<ref name=":1" /> It can be divided into several subdialects:<ref name=":1" />

# Transitional between Idlib and the northern coastal dialects
# Northern coastal dialects (Swaydīye)
# Northern coastal dialects
# [[Latakia]]
# Central coastal dialects
# [[Mahardah|Mḥardi]]
# [[Baniyas|Banyās]]
# Southern coastal dialects
# [[Tartus|Tartūs]], [[Arwad]]
# [[Alawites|Alawite]] and [[Isma'ilism|Ismaelite]] dialects

== Central dialects ==
In this area, predominantly *''ay'', ''aw'' > ''ē'', ''ō''. Mostly, there is no [[Imāla|ʾimāla]], and ''a''-elision is only weakly developed. Word-final *-''a'' > -''i'' operates. Several dialects exist in this area:

=== Central-North ===
Leans toward the Idlib and Coastal dialects. Preservation of *q, 2nd masc. ''inti'', 2nd fem. ''inte'', feminine forms in the plural {{transl|ar|intni katabtni}}, {{transl|ar|hinni(n) katabni}}.

=== Tayybet əlʔImām / Sōrān ===
Preservation of interdentals. 2/3 pl. masc. ending -''a'': {{transl|ar|fatahta}}, {{transl|ar|falaha}}, {{transl|ar|tuktúba}}, {{transl|ar|yuktúba}}. 2nd plural m/f ''inta'' - {{transl|ar|intni}}. 3rd plural m/f ''hinhan'' - {{transl|ar|hinhin}}. The perfect of the primae alif verbs are ''ake'', ''axe''. In the imperfect, ''yāka'', ''yāxa''. The participle is ''mēke''.

=== Hama ===
Characterized by *''q'' > ''ʔ''; preservation of *''ǧ''; six short vowels: ''a'', ''ǝ'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', and six long vowels: ''ā'', ''ǟ'', ''ē'', ''ī'', ''ō'', ''ū''.

=== Central-South w/ *''q'' > ''q'' ===
Preservation of *''q.''

=== Central-South w/ *''q'' > ''ʔ'' ===
Characterized by *''q'' > ''ʔ.''

=== Bedouin-Sedentary mixed dialect ===
Preservation of interdentals and terms like ''alhaz'' "now".

== Central Syrian dialect continuum, steppe dialects and steppe's edge<ref name=":1" />==

=== Suxni ===
Characterized by *q > k, *g > c [ts], *k > č, and [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] of type *''lisān'' > ''lsīn''. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}}.{{gcl|C}} ''aham'' and {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} suffix -''či''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at'', and ''i''-Type perfects take the form ''ʾílbis'' "he got dressed".<ref name=":1" />

=== Palmyrene ===
Characterized by preserved *q, *g > č, and unconditioned [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] in ''hēda''. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}} ''ahu - hinna'', and {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} suffix -''ki''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at'', and ''i''-Type perfects take the form ''ʾílbis'' "he got dressed".<ref name=":1" />

=== Qarawi ===
Characterized by preserved *q and unconditioned [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] in ''hēda''. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}} ''hunni - hinni''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at'', and ''i''-Type perfects take the form ''lbīs'' "he got dressed".<ref name=":1" />

=== Saddi ===
Characterized by preserved *q and pronouns {{gcl|3PL}} ''hūwun - hīyin''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at''.<ref name=":1" />

=== Rastan ===
Characterized by preserved *q and the changes ''masaku'' > ''masakaw''# and ''masakin'' > ''masake:n''# in pause. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}}.{{gcl|C}} ''hinne'', and the suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at.<ref name=":1" />''

=== Nabki ===
Characterized by *q > ʔ, and *ay, *aw > ā. The shifts *CaCC > CiCC/CuCC and *CaCaC > CaCōC take place. The [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] is of the ''i-''umlaut type. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} suffix -''ke''. The ''a''-Type perfects take the form ''ḍarōb'' and the ''i''-type ''lbēs''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''et'', with allophony ''ḍarbet - ḍárbatu''.<ref name=":1" />

=== Eastern Qalamūn ===
Characterized by *q > ʔ and [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] of the ''i-''umlaut type. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} suffix -''a''/-''e''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at''.<ref name=":1" />

=== Mʿaḏ̣ḏ̣amīye ===
Characterized by *q > ʔ and unconditioned [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] in ''hēda''. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} suffix -''ki''.<ref name=":1" /> The {{gcl|1SG}} perfect conjugation is of the type {{transl|ar|katabtu}}, similar to the [[Mesopotamian Arabic|''qǝltu'' dialects]] of Iraq. Also like ''qǝltu'' dialects, it has lengthened forms like ''ṣafṛā'' "yellow [fem.]".<ref name=":0" />

== Qalamūn ==
The Qalamūn dialects have strong links to Central Lebanese.<ref name=":1" /> The short vowels ''i''/''u'' are found in all positions. Pasual ''kbīr'' > {{transl|ar|kbeyr}}# and ''yrūḥ'' > ''yrawḥ''#. The ''a''-elision is not strongly pronounced. Shortening of unstressed long vowels is characteristic: *''sakākīn'' > ''sakakīn'' ‘knives’, ''fallōḥ''/''fillaḥīn'' ‘peasant/peasants’, or ''fillōḥ''/''filliḥīn'', as in Northwest Aramaic.<ref name=":0" /> Conservation of diphthongs and *q > ʔ are common, as well as splitting of ā into ē and ō. As for negation, the type mā- -š is already attested along with the simple negation.

=== Qara ===
No interdentals

=== Yabrūdi ===
No interdentals

=== Central Qalamūn ===
Conservation of interdentals, subdialects:

# [[Ain al-Tinah]]
# Central, tends to East Qalamūn
# [[Ras al-Maara|Rās ilMaʿarra]]
# Gubbe
# [[Al-Sarkha (Bakhah)]] ([[Western Neo-Aramaic]] is also spoken in the village)
# [[Maaloula|Maʿlūla]] (Western Neo-Aramaic is also spoken in the village)
# [[Jubb'adin|Jubb'adin / GubbʿAdīn]] (Western Neo-Aramaic is also spoken in the village)

=== Southern Qalamūn ===
Conservation of interdentals, a-elision {{transl|ar|katab}}+t > {{transl|ar|ktabt}}, distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}}.{{gcl|C}} {{transl|ar|hunni}}. Subdialects are:

# {{transl|ar|italic=no|ʿAssāl ilWard, ilHawš}}
# ʿAkawbar, Tawwane, Hile
# Hafīr ilFawqa, Badda
# Qtayfe
# [[Saidnaya|Sēdnāya]]
# [[Maarat Saidnaya|Maʿarrit Sēdnāya]]
# [[Rankous|Rankūs]]
# Talfita
# [[Halboun|Halbūn]]
# Hafīr itTahta
# [[Al-Tall, Syria|itTall]]
# [[Manin, Syria|Mnin]]
# [[Al-Dreij|Drayj]]

=== Northern Barada valley ===
No interdentals, conservation of diphthongs

# [[Serghaya|Sirgāya]]
# [[Bloudan|Blūdān]]
# [[Al-Zabadani|izZabadāni]]
# Madāya

== Damascus and surroundings ==

=== Transitional Damascus - Qalamūn ===
These dialects have no interdentals, no diphthongs, and a reflex of *g > ž. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''it'', ''ḍarab+it > ḍárbit''.<ref name=":1" /> The short vowels ''i''/''u'' are found in all positions. Demonstrative plural pronoun {{transl|ar|hadunke}}.

=== Damascus ===
{{Main articles|Damascus Arabic}}

== Other dialects, accents, and varieties ==

=== Horan dialects ===
The [[Hauran]] area is split between Syria and Jordan and speak largely the same dialect
# Central dialects
# Gēdūri (transitional)
# Mountain dialects
# Zāwye (transitional)
# Mixed dialect Čanāčer/Zāčye

=== Mount Hermon and Jabal al-Druze area ===
Dialects of Mount Hermon and Druze have a Lebanese origin<ref name=":1" />
# Autochthonous sedentary dialects
# Mount Hermon dialect
# Druze dialect

=== Sedentary East Syrian ===

==== Mesopotamian (Turkey) ====
# Qsōrāni
# Tall Bēdar
# Mardilli
# Azxēni (ǝlMālkīye)

==== Mesopotamian (Syria) ====
# [[Deir ez-Zor|Deir ez-Zor]]
# Albū Kmāl

==== Autochthonous ====
# Xātūnī

=== Bedouin dialects ===
[[Shawi Arabic]] and [[Najdi Arabic]] are also spoken in Syria.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Incubator|apc|lang=Levantine Arabic}}
{{Wikibooks|Levantine Arabic}}
{{Wiktionary cat|category=North Levantine Arabic language}}

{{Levantine Arabic}}

[[Category:Languages of Syria|Arabic]]
[[Category:Mashriqi Arabic]]

Syrian Arabic

2024-09-30T13:39:27Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Mount Hermon and Jabal idDrūz area */ Fixed the spelling of the header

{{Short description|Arabic varieties spoken in Syria}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Levantine Arabic]]}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Contains special characters|Levantine}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Syrian Arabic
|nativename=
|states=[[Syria]]
|ethnicity=[[Syrians]]
|speakers=[[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|18.800000|2}} million (2023)<ref name=e27/> [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|2.000000|2}} million (2023)
|date=
|ref=e27
|familycolor=Afroasiatic
|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=[[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]
|fam4=[[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
|fam5=[[Arabic]]
|listclass=hlist
|script=[[Arabic alphabet]] [[Arabic chat alphabet]]
| ietf = apc-SY
| iso3comment = (covered by [[iso639-3:apc|apc]])
| iso3 = none
| isoexception = dialect}}
'''Syrian Arabic''' refers to any of the Arabic varieties spoken in [[Syria]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Behnstedt|first=Peter|date=2011-05-30|title=Syria|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/syria-EALL_COM_0330?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=syria|journal=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics|language=en}}</ref> or specifically to [[Levantine Arabic]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stowasser|first=Karl|title=A Dictionary of Syrian Arabic: English-Arabic|year=2004 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]] | isbn=978-1-58901-105-2 | oclc=54543156}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cowell|first=Mark W.|url=https://archive.org/details/AReferenceGrammarOfSyrianArabic_201704 |title=A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic |year=1964 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]]|oclc=249229002}}</ref>

== Aleppo, Idlib, and Coastal dialects ==

=== Aleppo and surroundings ===
Characterized by the imperfect with ''a''-: ''ašṛab'' ‘I drink’, ''ašūf'' ‘I see’,<ref name=":0" /> and by a pronounced<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Behnstedt|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8YBUaC7WooC|title=Sprachatlas von Syrien|date=1997|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04330-4|language=de}}</ref> [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] of the type ''sēfaṛ''/''ysēfer'', with subdialects:<ref name=":1" />

# Muslim Aleppine
# Christian Aleppine
# Rural dialects similar to Muslim Aleppine
# Mountain dialects
# Rural dialects
# Bēbi (əlBāb)
# Mixed dialects

=== Idlib and surroundings ===
These dialects are transitional between the Aleppine and the Coastal and Central dialects.<ref name=":1" /> They are characterized by *q > ʔ, [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] of the type the type sāfaṛ/ysēfer<ref name=":0" /> and ṣālaḥ/yṣēliḥ,<ref name=":1" /> diphthongs in every position,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> a- elision ({{transl|ar|katab}}+t > {{transl|ar|ktabt}}, but {{transl|ar|katab}}+it > {{transl|ar|katabit}}),<ref name=":0" /> {{transl|ar|išṛab}} type perfect,<ref name=":0" /> [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] in reflexes of *CāʔiC, and vocabulary such as {{transl|ar|zbandūn}} "plow sole".<ref name=":1" />

=== Coast and coastal mountains<ref name=":0" />===
These dialects are characterized by diphthongs only in open syllables: bēt/bayti ‘house/my house’, ṣōt/ṣawti ‘voice/my voice’, but ā is found in many lexemes for both *ay and *aw (sāf, yām).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> There is pronounced [[Imāla|ʾimāla]].<ref name=":1" /> Unstressed a is elided or raised to i and u whenever possible: {{transl|ar|katab}}+t > {{transl|ar|ktabt}}, {{transl|ar|katab}}+it > {{transl|ar|katbit}}, {{transl|ar|sallam}}+it > {{transl|ar|sallmit}}, {{transl|ar|sallam}}+t > {{transl|ar|sillamt}}, {{transl|ar|ḥaṭṭ}}+ayt > {{transl|ar|ḥiṭṭayt}}, {{transl|ar|trawwaq}}+t > {{transl|ar|truwwaqt}}, *{{transl|ar|madrasa}} > {{transl|ar|madrsa}} > {{transl|ar|mádǝrsa ~ madírsi}}, *{{transl|ar|fallāḥ}} > {{transl|ar|fillāḥ}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The feminine plural demonstrative pronoun is {{transl|ar|hawdi}}, or {{transl|ar|haydi}}.<ref name=":1" /> It can be divided into several subdialects:<ref name=":1" />

# Transitional between Idlib and the northern coastal dialects
# Northern coastal dialects (Swaydīye)
# Northern coastal dialects
# [[Latakia]]
# Central coastal dialects
# [[Mahardah|Mḥardi]]
# [[Baniyas|Banyās]]
# Southern coastal dialects
# [[Tartus|Tartūs]], [[Arwad]]
# [[Alawites|Alawite]] and [[Isma'ilism|Ismaelite]] dialects

== Central dialects ==
In this area, predominantly *''ay'', ''aw'' > ''ē'', ''ō''. Mostly, there is no [[Imāla|ʾimāla]], and ''a''-elision is only weakly developed. Word-final *-''a'' > -''i'' operates. Several dialects exist in this area:

=== Central-North ===
Leans toward the Idlib and Coastal dialects. Preservation of *q, 2nd masc. ''inti'', 2nd fem. ''inte'', feminine forms in the plural {{transl|ar|intni katabtni}}, {{transl|ar|hinni(n) katabni}}.

=== Tayybet əlʔImām / Sōrān ===
Preservation of interdentals. 2/3 pl. masc. ending -''a'': {{transl|ar|fatahta}}, {{transl|ar|falaha}}, {{transl|ar|tuktúba}}, {{transl|ar|yuktúba}}. 2nd plural m/f ''inta'' - {{transl|ar|intni}}. 3rd plural m/f ''hinhan'' - {{transl|ar|hinhin}}. The perfect of the primae alif verbs are ''ake'', ''axe''. In the imperfect, ''yāka'', ''yāxa''. The participle is ''mēke''.

=== Hama ===
Characterized by *''q'' > ''ʔ''; preservation of *''ǧ''; six short vowels: ''a'', ''ǝ'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', and six long vowels: ''ā'', ''ǟ'', ''ē'', ''ī'', ''ō'', ''ū''.

=== Central-South w/ *''q'' > ''q'' ===
Preservation of *''q.''

=== Central-South w/ *''q'' > ''ʔ'' ===
Characterized by *''q'' > ''ʔ.''

=== Bedouin-Sedentary mixed dialect ===
Preservation of interdentals and terms like ''alhaz'' "now".

== Central Syrian dialect continuum, steppe dialects and steppe's edge<ref name=":1" />==

=== Suxni ===
Characterized by *q > k, *g > c [ts], *k > č, and [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] of type *''lisān'' > ''lsīn''. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}}.{{gcl|C}} ''aham'' and {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} suffix -''či''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at'', and ''i''-Type perfects take the form ''ʾílbis'' "he got dressed".<ref name=":1" />

=== Palmyrene ===
Characterized by preserved *q, *g > č, and unconditioned [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] in ''hēda''. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}} ''ahu - hinna'', and {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} suffix -''ki''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at'', and ''i''-Type perfects take the form ''ʾílbis'' "he got dressed".<ref name=":1" />

=== Qarawi ===
Characterized by preserved *q and unconditioned [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] in ''hēda''. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}} ''hunni - hinni''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at'', and ''i''-Type perfects take the form ''lbīs'' "he got dressed".<ref name=":1" />

=== Saddi ===
Characterized by preserved *q and pronouns {{gcl|3PL}} ''hūwun - hīyin''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at''.<ref name=":1" />

=== Rastan ===
Characterized by preserved *q and the changes ''masaku'' > ''masakaw''# and ''masakin'' > ''masake:n''# in pause. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}}.{{gcl|C}} ''hinne'', and the suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at.<ref name=":1" />''

=== Nabki ===
Characterized by *q > ʔ, and *ay, *aw > ā. The shifts *CaCC > CiCC/CuCC and *CaCaC > CaCōC take place. The [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] is of the ''i-''umlaut type. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} suffix -''ke''. The ''a''-Type perfects take the form ''ḍarōb'' and the ''i''-type ''lbēs''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''et'', with allophony ''ḍarbet - ḍárbatu''.<ref name=":1" />

=== Eastern Qalamūn ===
Characterized by *q > ʔ and [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] of the ''i-''umlaut type. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} suffix -''a''/-''e''. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''at''.<ref name=":1" />

=== Mʿaḏ̣ḏ̣amīye ===
Characterized by *q > ʔ and unconditioned [[Imāla|ʾimāla]] in ''hēda''. Distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} suffix -''ki''.<ref name=":1" /> The {{gcl|1SG}} perfect conjugation is of the type {{transl|ar|katabtu}}, similar to the [[Mesopotamian Arabic|''qǝltu'' dialects]] of Iraq. Also like ''qǝltu'' dialects, it has lengthened forms like ''ṣafṛā'' "yellow [fem.]".<ref name=":0" />

== Qalamūn ==
The Qalamūn dialects have strong links to Central Lebanese.<ref name=":1" /> The short vowels ''i''/''u'' are found in all positions. Pasual ''kbīr'' > {{transl|ar|kbeyr}}# and ''yrūḥ'' > ''yrawḥ''#. The ''a''-elision is not strongly pronounced. Shortening of unstressed long vowels is characteristic: *''sakākīn'' > ''sakakīn'' ‘knives’, ''fallōḥ''/''fillaḥīn'' ‘peasant/peasants’, or ''fillōḥ''/''filliḥīn'', as in Northwest Aramaic.<ref name=":0" /> Conservation of diphthongs and *q > ʔ are common, as well as splitting of ā into ē and ō. As for negation, the type mā- -š is already attested along with the simple negation.

=== Qara ===
No interdentals

=== Yabrūdi ===
No interdentals

=== Central Qalamūn ===
Conservation of interdentals, subdialects:

# [[Ain al-Tinah]]
# Central, tends to East Qalamūn
# [[Ras al-Maara|Rās ilMaʿarra]]
# Gubbe
# [[Al-Sarkha (Bakhah)]] ([[Western Neo-Aramaic]] is also spoken in the village)
# [[Maaloula|Maʿlūla]] (Western Neo-Aramaic is also spoken in the village)
# [[Jubb'adin|Jubb'adin / GubbʿAdīn]] (Western Neo-Aramaic is also spoken in the village)

=== Southern Qalamūn ===
Conservation of interdentals, a-elision {{transl|ar|katab}}+t > {{transl|ar|ktabt}}, distinctive pronouns are {{gcl|3PL}}.{{gcl|C}} {{transl|ar|hunni}}. Subdialects are:

# {{transl|ar|italic=no|ʿAssāl ilWard, ilHawš}}
# ʿAkawbar, Tawwane, Hile
# Hafīr ilFawqa, Badda
# Qtayfe
# [[Saidnaya|Sēdnāya]]
# [[Maarat Saidnaya|Maʿarrit Sēdnāya]]
# [[Rankous|Rankūs]]
# Talfita
# [[Halboun|Halbūn]]
# Hafīr itTahta
# [[Al-Tall, Syria|itTall]]
# [[Manin, Syria|Mnin]]
# [[Al-Dreij|Drayj]]

=== Northern Barada valley ===
No interdentals, conservation of diphthongs

# [[Serghaya|Sirgāya]]
# [[Bloudan|Blūdān]]
# [[Al-Zabadani|izZabadāni]]
# Madāya

== Damascus and surroundings ==

=== Transitional Damascus - Qalamūn ===
These dialects have no interdentals, no diphthongs, and a reflex of *g > ž. The suffix of the verbal {{gcl|3SG}} ''a''-Type is -''it'', ''ḍarab+it > ḍárbit''.<ref name=":1" /> The short vowels ''i''/''u'' are found in all positions. Demonstrative plural pronoun {{transl|ar|hadunke}}.

=== Damascus ===
{{Main articles|Damascus Arabic}}

== Other dialects, accents, and varieties ==

=== Horan dialects ===
The [[Hauran]] area is split between Syria and Jordan and speak largely the same dialect
# Central dialects
# Gēdūri (transitional)
# Mountain dialects
# Zāwye (transitional)
# Mixed dialect Čanāčer/Zāčye

=== Mount Hermon and Jabal al-Druze area ===
Dialects of Mount Hermon and Druze have a Lebanese origin<ref name=":1" />
# Autochthonous sedentary dialects
# Mount Hermon dialect
# Druze dialect

=== Sedentary East Syrian ===

==== Mesopotamian (Turkey) ====
# Qsōrāni
# Tall Bēdar
# Mardilli
# Azxēni (ǝlMālkīye)

==== Mesopotamian (Syria) ====
# [[Deir ez-Zor|Dēr izZōr]]
# Albū Kmāl

==== Autochthonous ====
# Xātūnī

=== Bedouin dialects ===
[[Shawi Arabic]] and [[Najdi Arabic]] are also spoken in Syria.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Incubator|apc|lang=Levantine Arabic}}
{{Wikibooks|Levantine Arabic}}
{{Wiktionary cat|category=North Levantine Arabic language}}

{{Levantine Arabic}}

[[Category:Languages of Syria|Arabic]]
[[Category:Mashriqi Arabic]]

List of Henry Danger episodes

2024-09-28T20:36:12Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Season 3 (2016–17) */ edited the spelling of schwoz's name (from "schowz" to "schwoz")

{{Short description|none}}
{{italic title|string=Henry Danger}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
''[[Henry Danger]]'' is an American [[comedy]] television series created by [[Dan Schneider]] and [[Dana Olsen]] that aired on [[Nickelodeon]] from July 26, 2014 to March 21, 2020. The series stars [[Jace Norman]], Cooper Barnes, [[Riele Downs]], Sean Ryan Fox, [[Ella Anderson]], and [[Michael D. Cohen (actor)|Michael D. Cohen]].

== Series overview ==


<onlyinclude>{{Series overview

| color1 = #FBEC5D
| link1 = <includeonly>List of Henry Danger episodes</includeonly>#Season 1 (2014–15)
| episodes1 = 25
| start1 = {{Start date|2014|7|26}}
| end1 = {{End date|2015|5|16}}

| color2 = #87CEEB
| link2 = <includeonly>List of Henry Danger episodes</includeonly>#Season 2 (2015–16)
| episodes2 = 18
| start2 = {{Start date|2015|9|12}}
| end2 = {{End date|2016|7|17}}

| color3 = #A52A2A
| link3 = <includeonly>List of Henry Danger episodes</includeonly>#Season 3 (2016–17)
| episodes3 = 19
| start3 = {{Start date|2016|9|17}}
| end3 = {{End date|2017|10|7}}

| color4 = #F46D25
| link4 = <includeonly>List of Henry Danger episodes</includeonly>#Season 4 (2017–18)
| episodes4 = 20
| start4 = {{Start date|2017|10|21}}
| end4 = {{End date|2018|10|20}}

| color5 = #191970
| link5 = <includeonly>List of Henry Danger episodes</includeonly>#Season 5 (2018–20)
| episodes5 = 39
| start5 = {{Start date|2018|11|3}}
| end5 = {{End date|2020|3|21}}

}}</onlyinclude>

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 (2014–15) ===
{{Episode table
| background = #FBEC5D
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| titleR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 1" />
| director =
| writer =
| airdate =
| airdateR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 1" />
| prodcode =
| prodcodeR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" />
| viewers =
| country = U.S.
| episodes =

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Danger Begins
| DirectedBy = [[Steve Hoefer]]
| WrittenBy = [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] & [[Dana Olsen]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|7|26}}
| ProdCode = 101–102
| Viewers = 1.94<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvmediainsights.com/forum/topic/saturday-72614/|title=Saturday Final Ratings|work=TV Media Insights|author=[[Douglas Pucci]]|date=July 29, 2014|access-date=January 3, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221220527/http://www.tvmediainsights.com/forum/topic/saturday-72614/|archive-date=February 21, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = In the fictional town of Swellview, Henry Hart lands a job at a junk store named Junk-N-Stuff, where he meets Ray, who later reveals himself to be Captain Man, a man whose father accidentally made indestructible. He later appoints Henry as his sidekick and gives him the name "Kid Danger". He and Henry later save the town bridge from a man named The Toddler, who plans to turn all the babies in Swellview into monsters. While the town comes to know Kid Danger, Henry struggles with his persona after learning he must rescue Captain Man from The Toddler, missing his best friend, Jasper's, birthday party. The two defeat The Toddler and to make it up to Jasper, Henry invites Ray, dressed up as Captain Man, to Jasper's party.

''Starring'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown, [[Kelly Sullivan (actress)|Kelly Sullivan]]

''Guest stars'': Duncan Bravo as Gooch, [[Ben Giroux]] as The Toddler
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Mo' Danger, Mo' Problems
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|9|13}}
| ProdCode = 103
| Viewers = 1.57<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-9-13-2014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917113334/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-9-13-2014.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 17, 2014|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 9.13.2014|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 16, 2014|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = In the middle of the night, Henry heads down to the Man Cave after he and Ray learn that a wine store is in the progress of being robbed. The two stop the burglar, but Henry struggles with staying awake throughout the day. Henry falls asleep while Ray does a mission alone. He awakens to Ray being in his room, but soon gets him out after his mom and his sister, Piper, walk in. Ray and his assistant, Gooch, use a device on Henry to keep him awake, but soon suffers from the supposed side effects.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Duncan Bravo as Gooch, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = The Secret Gets Out
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & [[Jake Farrow]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|9|20}}
| ProdCode = 104
| Viewers = 1.74<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-9-20-2014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925160911/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-9-20-2014.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 25, 2014|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 9.20.2014|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 23, 2014|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Charlotte figures out that Henry is Kid Danger and he confirms it, getting fired afterward. While this is going on, Ray is struggling to capture the phone shark, a well-known villain. To get Henry rehired, Charlotte comes up with a plan for him to capture the phone shark. Meanwhile, Jasper must serve Piper so that she does not upload the footage of him trying to sing [[Cups (song)|The Cup Song]].

''Guest stars'': Duncan Bravo as Gooch, [[Briana Lane]] as Kelly
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Tears of the Jolly Beetle
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|9|27}}
| ProdCode = 105
| Viewers = 1.53<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvmediainsights.com/saturday-final-ratings-48-hours-viewed-notre-dame-syracuse-tops-among-adults-18-49/|title=Saturday Final Ratings|work=TV Media Insights|author=[[Douglas Pucci]]|date=September 30, 2014|access-date=December 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011145246/http://www.tvmediainsights.com/saturday-final-ratings-48-hours-viewed-notre-dame-syracuse-tops-among-adults-18-49/|archive-date=October 11, 2014}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = During an event held by Vice Mayor Willard, Captain Man becomes vulnerable to harm when someone sprays him with perfume containing tears of the jolly beetle. Henry traces the source of the jolly beetles to Dr. Minyak so that he and Captain Man can capture them and use the euphoric acid they release when they laugh to restore Captain Man's powers.

''Guest stars'': Duncan Bravo as Gooch, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort, Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Substitute Teacher
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|10|4}}
| ProdCode = 106
| Viewers = 1.79<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvmediainsights.com/saturday-final-ratings-college-football-mlb-highlight-day/|title=Saturday Final Ratings|work=TV Media Insights|author=[[Douglas Pucci]]|date=October 7, 2014|access-date=December 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009172018/http://www.tvmediainsights.com/saturday-final-ratings-college-football-mlb-highlight-day|archive-date=October 9, 2014}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = A new student named Ortho rises suspicions from Henry, but soon learns that he could be the son of a villain named The Dentist. Ray gives Henry's teacher the chicken pox using Gooch's son and steps in as an awkward substitute. He tells Ortho that the next day is "bring your dad to school day". When Ortho's dad arrives, Ray and Henry stun them with a device and question, but find out that he planned to build a retirement home in Swellview.

''Guest stars'': Duncan Bravo as Gooch, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Trevor Gore as Ortho, JR Reed as Ortho's Dad, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Jasper Danger
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|10|18}}
| ProdCode = 107
| Viewers = 1.62<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvmediainsights.com/saturday-final-ratings-notre-dame-florida-state-abc-dominates-night/|title=Saturday Final Ratings|work=TV Media Insights|author=[[Douglas Pucci]]|date=October 21, 2014|access-date=December 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027212843/http://www.tvmediainsights.com/saturday-final-ratings-notre-dame-florida-state-abc-dominates-night|archive-date=October 27, 2014}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Jasper dresses up as Kid Danger for Halloween to impress a girl named Monica since he had convinced her at school he was the real Kid Danger. After they finish trick-or-treating, Monica and Jasper spot someone breaking into a car. Jasper goes over to confront the criminal Jeff to stop him from stealing the car. Instead, Jeff takes him and Monica back to his house and refuses to let them go unless Captain Man brings him what he wants.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Duncan Bravo as Gooch, Sedona Cohen as Monica, Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = The Space Rock
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|11|1}}
| ProdCode = 108
| Viewers = 2.19<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-11-1-2014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106032040/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-11-1-2014.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 6, 2014|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 4, 2014|access-date=July 26, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = A space rock weighing {{convert|7000|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} crashes on Earth and Henry, Charlotte, and Gooch try to move it with a crane. As they are moving it, the crane malfunctions and drops it. Henry goes back to work to grab his backpack and wonders why Ray and Gooch are acting unusual. Ray then tells Henry that the space rock is actually an egg and an alien creature is loose in the Man Cave. They try to find the creature, but Henry gives up and goes home. Henry goes upstairs while his mother tries to clean his backpack because there is goo in it. When she opens it, the alien comes out and she freaks out. Henry comes downstairs and his parents tell him an alien creature is in the house. Henry has Ray come over as Captain Man to try to shoot the creature, only for Henry to stop him because the creature is on his sister's face. When Piper runs outside from fear, Captain Man shoots the creature off her face.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Duncan Bravo as Gooch, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Birthday Girl Down
| DirectedBy = [[Adam Weissman]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|11|8}}
| ProdCode = 109
| Viewers = 1.67<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvmediainsights.com/tv-ratings/saturday-final-nationals-alabama-lsu-boosts-cbs/|title=Saturday Final Ratings|work=TV Media Insights|author=[[Douglas Pucci]]|date=November 11, 2014|access-date=November 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119232207/http://www.tvmediainsights.com/tv-ratings/saturday-final-nationals-alabama-lsu-boosts-cbs|archive-date=November 19, 2014}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry invites Jasper and Charlotte to Mini Golf, but she reveals that she and Jasper are heading to Debbie Dutch's birthday party. Henry begins to feel like an outcast as Debbie didn't invite him after he accidentally knocked her off the roof using an overpowered ball machine the year before. After coming to Ray about his problems, he receives a pizza from Debbie's mom, who invites him over to Debbie's party. Ray and Henry then decide to dress up as German sleuths and question everyone who attended the party the year before. They learn that they each have their own allegations against Debbie, so Ray has Henry investigate the pictures that photographer, Nathan, took at the party. At the party, Henry arrives to show Debbie pictures that reveal an angry Piper throwing her broken phone towards the "11" button the machine, which reveals how the machine had such strong power. As Debbie's parents apologize to Henry, he finds a balloon stuck on the light fixtures, so he heads up to retrieve it. He jumps on the trampoline below, which sends Debbie flying off the roof once more.

''Special guest star'': [[Nathan Kress]] as Nathan

''Guest stars'': Cassie Brennan as Debbie, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Lily Rains as Mrs. Putch, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Too Much Game
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|11|15}}
| ProdCode = 110
| Viewers = 2.38<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-11-15-2014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122053931/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-11-15-2014.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 22, 2014|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 11.15.2014|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 18, 2014|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry believes that he was replaced on the Swellview Honey Badgers basketball team by an older boy named Shawn Corbit, who has been recruited by Coach Bix. After losing a one-on-one match that determines who will be point guard, Shawn reveals to Henry that Coach Bix is holding Shawn's [[Cockapoo]] hostage in order to get the team to win. At the same time, Ray is reluctant to call his former worker Schwoz when the Man Cave is on the fritz.

''Special guest star'': [[Russell Westbrook]] as Shawn

''Guest stars'': Duncan Bravo as Gooch, [[Michael D. Cohen (actor)|Michael D. Cohen]] as Schwoz, David Hoffman as Coach Bix, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Henry the Man-Beast
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|11|22}}
| ProdCode = 111
| Viewers = 2.03<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-11-22-2014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129192813/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-11-22-2014.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 29, 2014|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 11.22.2014|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 25, 2014|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = A device in the Man Cave that is meant to make men stronger, more powerful, and "manlier" strikes Henry when he accidentally leans on the machine. The effect makes him grow facial hair and increases his adrenaline, making him angry and eventually turning him "beastly". Captain Man, Schwoz, and Charlotte rush to find Henry before his crazy behavior ruins his date with Chloe Hartman.

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, [[Jade Pettyjohn]] as Chloe, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Invisible Brad
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|1|10}}
| ProdCode = 112
| Viewers = 1.82<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-1-10-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114062505/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-1-10-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 14, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 1.10.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 13, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Jake Farrow as Invisible Brad
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = Spoiler Alert
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|1|24}}
| ProdCode = 113
| Viewers = 1.63<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-1-24-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128141744/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-1-24-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 28, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 1.24.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 27, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry and Ray must deal with The Spoiler, an annoying new teenage super-villain that finds out the endings of TV shows and movies and tells people about it before they see it. Meanwhile, Piper tries to get into the Man Fans, a Captain Man fan club led by Paula Makiato, and goes through the initiation process with the latest one involving getting a selfie with Captain Man.

''Guest stars'': Duncan Bravo as Gooch, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Amiah Miller as Paula
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = Let's Make a Steal
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|1|31}}
| ProdCode = 114
| Viewers = 1.62<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-1-31-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203184146/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-1-31-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 3, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 1.31.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 3, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Duncan Bravo as Gooch, [[R. Brandon Johnson]] as Rick, Asante Jones as Dr. Baxter, Gus Kamp as Derek, Lolli Sorenson as Maddy
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Super Volcano
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|2|7}}
| ProdCode = 115
| Viewers = 1.62<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-2-7-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210171246/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-2-7-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 10, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 2.7.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 10, 2015|access-date=February 10, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, [[Andrew Caldwell (actor)|Andrew Caldwell]] as Mitch, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, [[Keisuke Hoashi]] as Dr. Hornsby, Maeve Tomalty as Bianca, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = My Phony Valentine
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|2|14}}
| ProdCode = 116
| Viewers = 1.84<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-2-14-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218203141/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-2-14-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 18, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 2.14.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 18, 2015|access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Henry asks his crush Bianca to be his valentine and go out with him to Club Soda, she rejects his offer since Mitch Bilsky already asked her out. In order to impress Bianca, Schwoz provides Henry an android which can be turned into any human form as a date. Meanwhile, Captain Man reluctantly has a date with Henry's teacher Miss Shapen so that she will change Henry's grade on a test that he failed.

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Andrew Caldwell as Mitch, Alyssa Jenny Cotero as Tiffany, Maeve Tomalty as Bianca
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = Caved In
| DirectedBy = [[Nathan Kress]]
| WrittenBy = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Tara Hernandez|t=Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak|tfirst=y}}
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|2|28}}
| ProdCode = 117
| Viewers = 2.17<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-2-28-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305102331/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-2-28-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 2.28.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 3, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry and Charlotte plan to take Ray to Six Poles Amusement Park to give Ray the childhood that he never had. When Jasper accidentally triggers the emergency lockdown mode for the Man Cave and Junk 'n' Stuff, Henry, Charlotte and Ray are trapped in the Man Cave, spoiling the plans. At the same time, Jasper and Piper are trapped upstairs alone with no food.
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = Elevator Kiss
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|3|7}}
| ProdCode = 118
| Viewers = 1.65<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-3-7-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311222539/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-3-7-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 11, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 3.7.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 10, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Maeve Tomalty as Bianca, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = Man of the House
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|3|14}}
| ProdCode = 119
| Viewers = 1.76<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-3-14-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320014959/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-3-14-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 20, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 3.14.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 17, 2015|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Duncan Bravo as Gooch
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| Title = Dream Busters
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Joe Sullivan|t=Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow|tfirst=y}}
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|3|21}}
| ProdCode = 120
| Viewers = 1.38<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-3-21-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327070243/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-3-21-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 27, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 3.21.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 24, 2015|access-date=March 25, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| Title = Kid Grounded
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|4|4}}
| ProdCode = 121
| Viewers = 1.58<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-4-4-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410000711/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-4-4-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 4.4.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 7, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = After getting caught sneaking out by Piper late at night, his parents ground him alongside Piper, who watched a rated R movie. While Henry is indisposed, he gets upset when Charlotte fills in as Kid Danger, causing a rift between them. A deal is made by Henry's parents in which if he and Piper can go 24 hours without arguing, then their grounding will be lifted. However, they will be grounded for a month if they fail. Meanwhile, Jasper tries to make life hack videos.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| EpisodeNumber2 = 21
| Title = Captain Jerk
| DirectedBy = [[Mike Caron]]
| WrittenBy = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Andrew Thomas|t=Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff|tfirst=y}}
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|4|11}}
| ProdCode = 122
| Viewers = 1.92<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-4-11-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418003342/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-4-11-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 4.11.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 14, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When a video of Captain Man smashing up two children's lemonade stand goes viral, people start bad-mouthing him; however, what people fail to realize is that he was actually trying to kill a deadly spider. In an effort to boost his image, Captain Man holds a competition, where the first three people to guess the right number win a tour of the Man Cave; however, when Jasper and Piper are among the winners, Henry worries that they will recognize him. Schwoz helps Henry by attaching a device to his neck that makes his voice sound deeper. Later, as a cover-up to explain his deep voice, Henry tells the winners that he went through puberty.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Duncan Bravo as Gooch, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie E. Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Winston Story as Trent Overunder, [[Shayne Topp]] as Dennis
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| EpisodeNumber2 = 22
| Title = The Bucket Trap
| DirectedBy = Nathan Kress
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|4|18}}
| ProdCode = 123
| Viewers = 1.42<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-4-18-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422145611/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-saturday-cable-originals-4-18-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2015|title=Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals: 4.18.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 21, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Mason Davis as Max
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| EpisodeNumber2 = 23
| Title = Henry & the Bad Girl, Part 1
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|5|2}}
| ProdCode = 124
| Viewers = 1.44<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-5-2-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507173125/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-5-2-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 7, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals: 5.2.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 5, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = While Captain Man and Kid Danger pursue the Van Del, the leader of a graffiti group known as the Wall Dogs, Kid Danger falls for Wall Dogs member Veronika. Meanwhile, Jasper, Sidney, Oliver, and Oliver's cousin Kris work with Piper in order to get $10,000 rewarded to whoever finds the Wall Dogs so that Jasper can pay for foot-reduction surgery.

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie E. Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Josh Fingerhut as Van Del, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, [[Madison Iseman]] as Veronica, Elise Luthman as Two Canz, Winston Story as Trent Overunder, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| EpisodeNumber2 = 24
| Title = Henry & the Bad Girl, Part 2
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|5|9}}
| ProdCode = 125
| Viewers = 1.87<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-5-9-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515005819/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-5-9-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 15, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals: 5.9.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 12, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Following the fight against Captain Man near the Swellview sign, Veronika brings Kid Danger to her fellow Wall Dogs members Beyonspray, Spray-Z, Two Canz, and T Paint so that Van Del will welcome Henry into the Wall Dogs. At the same time, Captain Man searches for Kid Danger, while Piper, Jasper, Sidney, Oliver, and Kris continue looking for the Wall Dogs.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Josh Fingerhut as Van Del, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Madison Iseman as Veronica, Elise Luthman as Two Canz, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| EpisodeNumber2 = 25
| Title = Jasper's Real Girlfriend
| DirectedBy = [[David Kendall (director)|David Kendall]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|5|16}}
| ProdCode = 126
| Viewers = 1.55<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-5-16-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521042710/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-5-16-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 21, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals: 5.16.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 19, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Courtney Sham, Jasper's girlfriend from summer camp, arrives from Fibberton and becomes jealous of Charlotte when she thinks she is dating Jasper. Meanwhile, Henry and Ray make a bet revolving around the loser of a ping-pong game having to clean the tube in ducky pajamas after Mexican food splattered over it following a visit from Schwoz' sister.

''Guest star'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, [[Jada Facer]] as Courtney, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = FBEC5D
}}
}}

=== Season 2 (2015–16) ===
{{Episode table
| background = #87CEEB
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| titleR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 2" />
| director =
| writer =
| airdate =
| airdateR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 2" />
| prodcode =
| prodcodeR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" />
| viewers =
| country = U.S.
| episodes =

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Beat Goes On
| DirectedBy = [[Adam Weissman]]
| WrittenBy = [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|9|12}}
| ProdCode = 201
| Viewers = 2.13<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-9-12-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918010534/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-9-12-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 18, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 9.12.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 15, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Special guest star'': [[Benjamin Flores, Jr.]] as Li'l Biggie

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, [[Michael D. Cohen (actor)|Michael D. Cohen]] as Schwoz, Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort, Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = One Henry, Three Girls: Part 1
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & [[Jay Kogen]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|9|19}}
| ProdCode = 202
| Viewers = 1.78<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-9-19-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922131243/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-9-19-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 22, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 9.19.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 22, 2015|access-date=September 22, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = One Henry, Three Girls: Part 2
| DirectedBy = [[Steve Hoefer]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|9|26}}
| ProdCode = 203
| Viewers = 1.78<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-9-26-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929141345/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-9-26-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 29, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 9.26.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 29, 2015|access-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Henry & the Woodpeckers
| DirectedBy = Mike Caron
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Avin Das
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|10|3}}
| ProdCode = 204
| Viewers = 1.57<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-10-3-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007032933/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-10-3-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 10.3.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 6, 2015|access-date=October 6, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Wendy Braun as Ms. Sherwood, Layla Crawford as Sophie, Rodney J. Hobbs as Mr. Berman, Mandy June Turpin as Ms. Weiner
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Captain Man Goes on Vacation
| AltTitle = Captain Man: On Vacation
| DirectedBy = [[Nathan Kress]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|10|10}}
| ProdCode = 205
| Viewers = 1.61<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-10-10-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014004307/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-10-10-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 14, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 10.10.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 13, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Matthew Zhang as Oliver, Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = The Time Jerker
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|11|7}}
| ProdCode = 206
| Viewers = 1.85<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-7-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111002130/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-7-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 11, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 11.7.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 10, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Joey Richter as The Time Jerker
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Secret Beef
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|11|14}}
| ProdCode = 207
| Viewers = 1.35<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-14-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117140507/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-14-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 17, 2015|title=Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 11.14.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 17, 2015|access-date=November 17, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Two weeks after Captain Man and Kid Danger captured the Time Jerker, Henry receives a gift basket. Henry finds a gift card to Swellview's most exclusive steakhouse, Montego's, inside. When his friends, family, neighbors, and Herb from ''[[Sam & Cat]]'', who came to Swellview from [[Venice, Los Angeles]] as part of his vacation, want Henry to invite them as his guest, Henry decides to bring Ray, who has not yet been invited to Montego's as Captain Man. Henry soon finds himself conflicted when he also invites Bianca as part of their one year "Lockerversary". Ray and Schwoz try to pose as Henry and Bianca, but Henry and Bianca appear and catch them in the act. A dispute then ensures on who is who, but it eventually ends with Bianca leaving since she is not into beef, but chicken instead. After having their steak, Henry and Ray notice petty criminals Ert and Bernie leaving the restaurant and end up fighting them, causing damage to the dining area. Following Ert and Bernie's arrest, Captain Man and Kid Danger are told by the manager that they are not on the reservation list and have the food confiscated. Upon returning to the Man Cave, Captain Man finds out that some of the steak fell into Kid Danger's outfit and the two of them split it.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Rob Locke as Turk, Joey Richter as The Time Jerker, Winston Story as Trent Overunder, Maeve Tomalty as Bianca

''Absent'': Ella Anderson as Piper Hart
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Henry's Jelly
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Avin Das
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|11|21}}
| ProdCode = 208
| Viewers = 1.52<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/expanded-showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-21-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125010307/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/expanded-showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-21-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2015|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 11.21.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 24, 2015|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Jasper stops a thief and becomes a big news hit, Henry becomes jealous because nobody gives him any credit as Henry. In an attempt to prove himself, he tries to stop an angry customer who has taken hostages at an animal store as himself; however, Captain Man shows up, causing Henry to become distracted and taken hostage. When the angry customer threatens to drop a poisonous spider on Henry's face, Captain Man is forced to lock himself in a cage. Meanwhile, Jasper shows up at Henry's house looking for Henry, where Mr. and Mrs. Hart are getting massages. When he discovers Henry is in danger, he runs off to rescue him. Jasper then shows up at the animal store and lets Captain Man out of his cage. The angry customer becomes aware and comes back out demanding answers, but Captain Man punches him and puts a stop to him. When Henry and the rest of the hostages are freed, Jasper mentions how Henry does not need to thank him because they are best friends, causing Henry to feel bad for being jealous. To make up for it, Henry purchases the same poisonous spider that the angry customer threatened to drop onto Henry as an apology because Jasper saw it at the store and really wanted, but he could not afford it as it cost $150.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, [[Zach Callison]] as Chet, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Matthew Zhang as Oliver, Winston Story as Trent Overunder, Toby Wilson as Dirk

''Absent'': Ella Anderson as Piper Hart
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Christmas Danger
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2015|11|28}}
| ProdCode = 209
| Viewers = 1.62<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-28-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202214406/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-28-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 2, 2015|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update: 11.28.2015|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=December 2, 2015|access-date=December 3, 2015}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = After Captain Man gets arrested and put in jail for not wearing a hair net, while serving food to the people at his third annual Christmas breakfast, Jasper points out other ridiculous laws on the books in Swellview, such as the prohibitions of taking a picture of a rabbit without a permit, wearing two or more hats at the same time, and chewing ice cream on a cone. Jasper and Henry go on to openly break these laws at city hall and end up in jail as well, along with Charlotte, who fails to report the lawbreaking. Later, when a police officer comes to the Hart residence to report Henry is in jail, upon hearing Piper's idea, Kris throws the officer's walkie-talkie into the fireplace, while Jake pulls down the officer's pants, both of which land the two in jail. Following her parents' arrest, Piper decides to throw a Christmas party at the house with her friends.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Indestructible Henry, Part 1
| DirectedBy = Nathan Kress
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|3|19}}
| ProdCode = 210
| Viewers = 2.02<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-19-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325044247/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-19-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 25, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.19.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 22, 2016|access-date=March 22, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = After Kid Danger is nearly injured trying to help Captain Man stop a clock store from exploding, he decides to go through Dr. Carl Manchester's trans-molecular densitizer that made Ray indestructable, located in the Man Cave's storage room. Meanwhile, Piper wants to be on the TV show "Junior Chefs" much to the dismay of Mr. Hart after the last two times Piper had cooked for the family. Ray is hesitant to use the trans-molecular densitizer on Henry after some incidents that Dr. Manchester and his fellow scientists did on Dave McCallen who gained a face on his stomach, John Walker whose hands became feet, and Glenn Levit who gained arms that emerge from his ears. Schwoz theorizes that it worked well with Ray when he was a young boy and uses it on Henry. The experiment appears to work, but the next morning, Henry discovers that the densitizer gave him a side effect.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Indestructible Henry, Part 2
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|3|26}}
| ProdCode = 211
| Viewers = 2.12<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-26-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401030605/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-26-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 1, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.26.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 29, 2016|access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = As a side effect of going through the trans-molecular densitizer, Henry breathes fire whenever he laughs. Upon examining Henry, Schwoz tells Ray and Charlotte that the machine mutated his throat muscles. Meanwhile, Piper has another attempt at making her parents dinner after the dogs that Jasper walked ate it. Jasper brings his comedian cousin Dex Dunlop to dinner as Henry tries not to laugh at his jokes. Piper eventually catches on to the family's plan to avoid saying that her cooking is awful. Thanks to Piper declaring that dinner is over, Henry returns to the Man Cave, where Ray is used to conduct the two components of the trans-molecular densitizer in order to reverse the mutation to Henry's throat muscles.

''Guest stars'': Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Joshua Carlon as Dex
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = Text, Lies & Video
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Avin Das
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|4|9}}
| ProdCode = 212
| Viewers = 1.65<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-9-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413222632/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-9-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 13, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.9.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=April 20, 2016}}
</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry and Ray want a video made to see what they would look like when they blow their bubbles and transform into their superhero personas. However, Henry accidentally sends the video to Piper. Henry must now get Piper's phone and delete the video before Piper can see it. When Jasper brings the phone to Henry with Piper on his tail, it turns out that Jasper accidentally grabbed Mrs. Hart's phone by mistake, and Henry then races home to get to Piper's phone before Piper does. After much difficulty, Henry deletes the video from the phone, but not knowing how to delete it from the cloud, he brings it to Junk 'n' Stuff. Henry stalls Piper as Charlotte deletes the video from the Cloud. Piper then reclaims her phone and storms off. At the end, Henry and Ray discover that Charlotte had videoed herself instead of them.

''Guest star'': Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = Opposite Universe
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|4|16}}
| ProdCode = 213
| Viewers = 1.75<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-16-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421072830/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-16-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 21, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.16.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 19, 2016|access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry and Charlotte get caught in an electrical disturbance in the transport tubes during a thunderstorm and end up in an alternate dimension where Ray/Captain Man and Schwoz are evil and are planning to force the tickets for The Halkings' concert from that reality's version of Piper. To keep the alternate Piper from being eliminated, Henry and Charlotte must prevent the alternate Captain Man from succeeding. Meanwhile, Ray and Schowz deal with the alternate Henry and Charlotte that ended up in their universe. After Henry tells the alternate Captain Man the truth, a truce is held to get both versions of Henry and Charlotte back to their respectful dimensions.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Grave Danger
| DirectedBy = [[David Kendall (director)|David Kendall]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Andrew Reese Thomas & Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|4|23}}
| ProdCode = 217
| Viewers = 1.67<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-23-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429093720/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-23-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 29, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.23.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 26, 2016|access-date=April 27, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When strange things have been happening to Ray, Charlotte and Schwoz find out that Ray's old friend, Invisible Brad, survived being hit by a bus. While investigating his grave at the Swellview cemetery, Kid Danger and Captain Man exam Invisible Brad's casket. However, they end up being ambushed by Invisible Brad, who traps them in the casket and buries them alive. Meanwhile, Jasper gets a pair of petite walkie-talkies and tries using different code names for Henry. At the same time, Piper gets a driver's license from Swellview's DMV. Invisible Brad then proceeds to enter the Man Cave and uses Ray's power gum to become Captain Brad. With help from Piper, Jasper rescues Captain Man and Kid Danger from the casket. Back at the Man Cave, Invisible Brad reveals that he faked his death so that he could take over as Swellview's hero, but when Henry and Ray return, they find him, and Henry uses bear spray to defeat him.

''Guest star'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = Ox Pox
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|4|30}}
| ProdCode = 218
| Viewers = 1.83<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-30-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506042151/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-30-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 6, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.30.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 3, 2016|access-date=May 13, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Piper comes down with an illness called Ox Pox after unknowingly consuming one of the cookies that Schwoz made with comodium acetate due to him mistaking it for sugar. In order to get the feathers of the extinct Chica-Willow, Captain Man uses the Time Jerker's confiscated time machine to go back to Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, in 1709 in order to obtain the Chica-Willow feathers so that he can make a cure for Piper. Meanwhile, Jasper wants Henry to play ultimate hide and seek with him by giving him clues. When Captain Man obtains the Chica-Willow, Scwhoz accidentally brings an elderly Ray from 50 years in the future by mistake. Henry, Charlotte, and Schwoz then work together to bring Captain Man back to the present and send the elderly Ray back to his own time, before Henry makes the cure for Piper.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = Twin Henrys
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Avin Das
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|5|7}}
| ProdCode = 216
| Viewers = 1.37<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-7-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519150413/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-7-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 19, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.7.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 10, 2016|access-date=May 13, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Steve Lewis as Mark
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = Danger & Thunder
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|6|18}}
| ProdCode = 214–215
| Viewers = 2.24<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-18-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624023145/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-18-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 24, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.18.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=June 21, 2016|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = A crime wave has hit Swellview and Dr. Minyak has escaped from prison. In Hiddenville, Phoebe Thunderman sees the news and plans to help Captain Man and Kid Danger. After an unsuccessful robbery by the Three Muchachos, they learn from the Three Muchachos that Dr. Minyak has called a meeting with Swellview's villains to discuss how to destroy Captain Man and Kid Danger. Meanwhile, Piper's neck gets stiff, causing Jasper and Mr. Hart to work to unstiffen her neck. As Captain Man and Kid Danger work to pose as two of the Three Muchachos, Phoebe mistakes them for the real Three Muchachos and goes on the attack until Captain Man and Kid Danger clear things up. Meanwhile, Piper's doctor diagnoses her condition as "Text Neck" and she must wear a cone until her neck recuperates. Phoebe joins Captain Man and Kid Danger and goes undercover where Dr. Minyak, Nurse Cohort, Drill Finger, Jeff, Van Del, and Time Jerker are assembled at the bottom of an underwater base beneath Lake Swellview by Toddler, who has Phoebe's brother Max Thunderman working for them.

Toddler explains to the assembled villains that he survived the bottomless ball pit by being blasted 100 feet beneath the Earth and had to dig himself out where he ended up emerging from the public sandbox. Toddler proposes to the assembled villains that if they combine their powers, they can destroy Captain Man and Kid Danger. When Phoebe makes herself known to Max, she learns that Max came to steal Dr. Minyak's Heliometer. Meanwhile, Jasper helps Piper and ends up accidentally texting the wrong guy to sushi party causing Piper's friends to get angry at her. As the villains work to come up with a plan to destroy Captain Man and Kid Danger, Max ends up giving Captain Man and Kid Danger away, causing Phoebe to come to their defense. Captain Man has Kid Danger get Phoebe away from the villains as he works to buy them some time until Toddler uses the Heliometer on Captain Man. With Captain Man trapped in a cement block on the train, Toddler and his henchmen state that the train will go over the Jandy Bridge and be thrown into the Jandy River as Max attempts to take the Heliometer. With help from Charlotte and Schwoz, Kid Danger and Phoebe locate Captain Man. Meanwhile, Piper's friends show up at her house to express their anger toward Piper as her admits to the mistake, and the group takes their anger out on Jasper. Kid Danger and Phoebe catch up and face off against Toddler, Dr. Minyak, Van Del, and their henchmen as Charlotte unleashes the man-grenades to free Captain Man. With Captain Man free, the heroes fight the villains who are thrown off the train. Max is forgiven by Captain Man and Kid Danger, but is given a ride home dangling from Schwoz's helicopter.

''Also starring'': [[Jack Griffo]], [[Kira Kosarin]]

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Josh Fingerhut as Van Del, Ben Giroux as The Toddler, Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff, Joey Richter as The Time Jerker, Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort, Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak

''Note'': This episode features crossover appearances from Phoebe and Max Thunderman of ''[[The Thundermans]]''.
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = I Know Your Secret
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|7|17}}
| ProdCode = 219
| Viewers = 2.60<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-17-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719234213/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-17-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 19, 2016|title=Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.17.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=July 19, 2016|access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry receives a note in his locker from an unknown person that they are aware of what he did on Wednesday and know his secret, and Henry immediately assumes that the person who sent the note knows he is Kid Danger. He takes the note back to the Man Cave, where Schwoz tries to identify any DNA that could find the creator of the note; however, nothing is found. Meanwhile, Piper tries to send back a spray tan gun when she believes she was sent the wrong item and later decides to operate a tanning salon from home. When Henry and Charlotte arrive home, Henry heads to his room where he finds Jasper waiting for him. Shocked, Henry tries to explain, but is unable to speak, assuming that Jasper knows he is Kid Danger. Downstairs, Piper tells Charlotte that Jasper told her his secret. Charlotte asks what he told her and Piper says that Henry had promised to see Galaxy Wars 10 on Saturday with Jasper, but his mom wanted to see it on opening night, which was Wednesday, so Henry had gone with her. Meanwhile, Henry's father is arrested on the misunderstanding that he was running an illegal tanning operation. Frazzled by the misunderstanding, Charlotte rushes to Henry's room to tell him that Jasper does not know his secret identity; however, it is too late as Henry has revealed to Jasper that he is Kid Danger. Jasper faints in excitement, and Henry contacts Captain Man and asks him to come to his house. When Captain Man gets there, they get into an argument about Henry's oath to never tell anyone he is Kid Danger. Afterward, Captain Man decides they have to erase Jasper's memory—including memories of his best friend—to prevent any more exposure. Henry contemplates and asks if he can spend a few minutes with Jasper before his memory is wiped. He and Jasper relapse on their past, with Jasper saying he is proud of Henry. Emotional by this and not willing to lose his best friend, Henry eventually resists wiping Jasper's memory and begs Captain Man not to. He relents, but finally agrees and takes Jasper under his wing.

''Guest stars'': Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
}}

=== Season 3 (2016–17) ===
{{Episode table
| background = #A52A2A
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| titleR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 3" />
| director =
| writer =
| airdate =
| airdateR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 3" />
| prodcode =
| prodcodeR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" />
| viewers =
| country = U.S.
| episodes =

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = A Fiñata Full of Death Bugs
| DirectedBy = [[Steve Hoefer]]
| WrittenBy = [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|9|17}}
| ProdCode = 301
| Viewers = 1.82<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-17-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924215349/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-17-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.17.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 20, 2016|access-date=September 20, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Jasper accidentally gives away a [[piñata]] full of killer bees to Piper for her friend's birthday party, Henry and Ray must find a way to sneak in and remove it before harm can be done. They eventually dress up as clowns to infiltrate the house, but things do not exactly go as planned, and the fiñata eventually breaks when Henry finally manages to get it down from the tree.

''Guest stars'': [[Michael D. Cohen (actor)|Michael D. Cohen]] as Schwoz, Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Saylor Bell as Marla, Winston Story as Trent Overunder
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Love Muffin
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|9|24}}
| ProdCode = 302
| Viewers = 1.90<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-24-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930131639/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-24-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 30, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.24.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 27, 2016|access-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = A female criminal named Gwen uses special muffins to make Captain Man fall in love with her so that she can access the Man Cave. When Henry, Charlotte, and Schwoz catch onto the plan, they must work to keep Captain Man from marrying her.

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Courtney Henggeler as Gwen
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Scream Machine
| DirectedBy = [[Nathan Kress]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|10|1}}
| ProdCode = 303
| Viewers = 1.60<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-1-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004201553/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-1-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 4, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.1.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 4, 2016|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Tristen MacDonald as Ms. Tanner, Kayla Madison as Jana
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Mouth Candy
| DirectedBy = [[Adam Weissman]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|10|8}}
| ProdCode = 305
| Viewers = 1.78<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-8-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200014/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-8-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 11, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.8.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 11, 2016|access-date=October 11, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky, [[Henry Dittman]] as Mr. Sugarman, Matthew Zhang as Oliver

''Absent'': Ella Anderson as Piper Hart
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = The Trouble with Frittles
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|5}}
| ProdCode = 304
| Viewers = 1.60<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-5-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195339/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-5-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 8, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.5.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 8, 2016|access-date=November 8, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Saylor Bell as Marla, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Alec Mapa as Jack, Winston Story as Trent Overunder, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Hour of Power
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer and Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff and Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|11}}
| ProdCode = 307–308
| Viewers = 3.16<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-11-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114230927/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-11-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 14, 2016|title=Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.11.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 14, 2016|access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Drex, a former sidekick of Captain Man-turned-supervillain, has escaped from prison when the daughter of the parole board's chairman tampers with the prison computers during "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" which allowed Drex to get paroled. As part of his revenge, Drex traps Captain Man in an unbreakable box. After failing to free Captain Man, and subsequently being embarrassed by Drex, Henry turns to Schwoz for help where he gains super-fast reflexes as a new superpower.

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Danielle Morrow as Kooschtello, Jeremy Rowley as Schwahbbit, Winston Story as Trent Overunder, Tommy Walker as Drex

''Absent'': Ella Anderson as Piper Hart
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 50
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Dodging Danger
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|12|3}}
| ProdCode = 311
| Viewers = 2.50<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-3-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209114238/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-3-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 9, 2016|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.3.2016|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=December 6, 2016|access-date=December 6, 2016}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 51
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Double Date Danger
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|2|11}}
| ProdCode = 314
| Viewers = 2.06<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215023801/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 15, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.11.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 14, 2017|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Miss Shapen persuades Henry to let her niece Noelle stay at his house since she is allergic to the cats at her house. When wanting to date someone, Noelle chooses Jasper over Henry where they end up on a double date with Piper and Kale. Henry does not know it yet, but Noelle is secretly working for Drill Finger in his plot to target people's teeth where Jasper, Piper, and Kale end up being one of Drill Finger's captives.

''Guest stars'': Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart. Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Annalisa Cochrane as Noelle
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 52
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Space Invaders, Part 1
| DirectedBy = [[Mike Caron]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|3|11}}
| ProdCode = 312
| Viewers = 2.56<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-11-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112947/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-11-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.11.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 15, 2017|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When two astronauts are held hostage aboard a space station, Kid Danger and Captain Man must travel to space in order to rescue them. Upon reaching the space station, they shockingly discover who the person holding the astronauts captive is. Meanwhile, Piper is eager to see her own commercial premiere on television.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Michael C. Alexander as Neil, Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Emma Shannon as Kelsey, Winston Story as Trent Overunder, Jeff Witzke as Jim
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 53
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Space Invaders, Part 2
| DirectedBy = Mike Caron
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|3|18}}
| ProdCode = 313
| Viewers = 1.65<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-18-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321232151/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-18-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 21, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.18.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 21, 2017|access-date=March 21, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = On the space station, Captain Man and Kid Danger discover the reason why the two astronauts were taken hostage by the little girl, who is revealed to be Jim's daughter Kelsey. She reveals that the astronauts are taking [[rabbit|bunnies]] to the Moon for experiments. In the process of transporting the bunnies back, however, problems soon arise. Eventually, they all travel back to Earth on the Love Shuttle, with Captain Man having to cling onto the side of the shuttle, much to his dismay. Meanwhile, Piper is getting impatient from the multiple interruptions to her commercial, much to the dismay of her friends and father.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Michael C. Alexander as Neil, Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Emma Shannon as Kelsey, Winston Story as Trent Overunder, Jeff Witzke as Jim
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 54
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Gas or Fail
| DirectedBy = [[David Kendall (director)|David Kendall]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|3|25}}
| ProdCode = 306
| Viewers = 1.79<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-25-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050349/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-25-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 29, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.25.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 28, 2017|access-date=March 28, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When a gas pipe bursts below Swellview's nuclear plant, Henry and Ray must go fix it before the gas reaches the surface. However, Henry is stuck in school because of Achievement Test Day and is not allowed to leave. Eventually, Captain Man and Schwoz are able to devise a plan to sneak Henry out of school and into the shaft where they both successfully seal the pipe and eliminate the threat to Swellview.

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Winston Story as Trent Overunder, Matthew Zhang as Oliver

''Absent'': Ella Anderson as Piper Hart
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 55
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = JAM Session
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|4|8}}
| ProdCode = 309
| Viewers = 1.65<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-8-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412032923/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-8-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 12, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.8.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 11, 2017|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Henry mentions that Piper was at a JAM session to control her anger issue, Ray says it will not help her, he makes a bet that if he goes over to dinner at Henry's house that one night, He would be able to get Piper to lose her temper, Charlotte is on Henry's team, while Jasper is on Ray's team, the agreement is that whichever team loses must eat a whole bucket of pumpkin guts. At dinner, Ray shows up at Henry's house and joins him for dinner, later, the doorbell rings, and a man is at the door with a pony, Piper loved ponies and the man says that Piper can have the pony, But the man asks for her age and she says she is eleven, the man says that she has to be thirteen to have the pony and takes the pony away from her. Piper begins to get mad, but Henry squeezes her bulb, and she starts to calm. Meanwhile, Schwoz sees a note that Ray had left for him, he wanted Schwoz to go to the grocery store and get more pumpkins, However, a tornado had hit Swellview, Schwoz leaves to go to the grocery store, but he is quickly blown into the air, Later, Ray goes on the porch and transforms into Captain Man, and then comes back into the house and tells Piper that she cannot be president of the Man Fans because she is 4'10". Later Schwoz is blown into the house and falls on Piper, and he then starts to eat their dinner. Piper is upset over what happened and loses her temper, Henry and Charlotte lose the bet and end up having to eat the pumpkin guts.

''Guest stars'': Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman, Winston Story as Trent Overunder
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 56
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = License to Fly
| DirectedBy = David Kendall
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|4|15}}
| ProdCode = 315
| Viewers = 1.72<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-15-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101355/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-15-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 19, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.15.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 18, 2017|access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 57
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Green Fingers
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|4|22}}
| ProdCode = 310
| Viewers = 1.83<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-22-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426062103/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-22-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 26, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.22.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 25, 2017|access-date=April 25, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart, Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 58
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = Stuck in Two Holes
| DirectedBy = Harry Matheu
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|4|29}}
| ProdCode = 317
| Viewers = 1.72<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-29-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503042204/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-29-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 3, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.29.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 2, 2017|access-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 59
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = Live & Dangerous: Part 1
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|9|16}}
| ProdCode = 319
| Viewers = 1.57<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-16-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234559/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-16-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 19, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.16.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 19, 2017|access-date=September 19, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = After Kid Danger and Captain Man are invited to a party that will be hosted by a huge webstar named Frankini who has Goomer from ''Sam & Cat'' as his assistant, it is revealed that Frankini is using Kid Danger and Captain Man to break the world record for the most people watching a live stream. Meanwhile, Charlotte babysits Piper and both end up watching pimple popping videos.

''Guest stars'': [[Frankie Grande]] as Frankini, Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Zoran Korach as Goomer
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 60
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = Live & Dangerous: Part 2
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|9|23}}
| ProdCode = 320
| Viewers = 2.22<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-23-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926190957/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-23-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 26, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.23.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 26, 2017|access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Charlotte, Jasper, Piper, and Schwoz must stop Kid Danger and Captain Man before they reveal their true identities to the world. With the help of Sydney and Oliver, Piper tries to take away viewers from Frankini's live stream so that people can watch Piper popping Jasper's big pimple. Meanwhile, Charlotte and Schwoz are back at the Man Cave and Schwoz comes up with the idea of turning off the power in all of Swellview. As Kid Danger and Captain Man are about to take off their masks, the power goes out and they return to their old selves enough to thwart Frankini. Later, Piper pops Jasper's pimple which gets all over Frankini.

''Guest stars'': Frankie Grande as Frankini, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Zoran Korach as Goomer, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 61
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = Balloons of Doom
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|9|30}}
| ProdCode = 318
| Viewers = 1.61<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-30-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003224818/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-30-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 3, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.30.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 3, 2017|access-date=October 3, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Piper is about to start a man fan meeting when Dr. Minyak and Nurse Cohort take her and the man fans hostage; Henry and Ray must now find a way to rescue them. Schwoz comes up with the idea of using a background board so it looks like Henry and Ray are in the Man Cave so they can sneak out without Dr. Minyak being aware of their plan. If they are detected, Dr. Minyak will launch Piper into space. Later, Henry and Ray are able to rescue Piper and the man fans and send Dr. Minyak into space instead.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, [[Izabella Alvarez]] as Sharon, Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort, Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak, Samuel Sadovnik as Benny
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 62
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| Title = Swellview's Got Talent
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|10|7}}
| ProdCode = 316
| Viewers = 1.65<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-7-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010211348/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-7-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.7.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 10, 2017|access-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Kid Danger and Captain Man are judges on the show "Swellview's Got Talent", which Piper and her friend, Carl (William Simmons), are performing in. After the first performance goes awry due to Harry Hoagie (Jay Tapaoan) acting strangely and then passing out, it is Piper and Carl's turn to perform their dance. Unfortunately, they too start to act strangely before passing out. Later in the backstage area, Jasper notices that champion Steven Sharp is making a big deal about having performers pet his ferret for good luck. Jasper searches on his phone and discovers that it is a Norwegian ferret and that it is dangerous and contact should be avoided because it secretes powerful oils that are capable of causing strange reactions, tongue-chewing, and loss of consciousness. Steven Sharp was having performers do this so he could win.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Charlie Burg as Steven Sharp, Kevin Railsback as Danny Chest
| LineColor = A52A2A
}}
}}

=== Season 4 (2017–18) ===
{{Episode table
| background = #F46D25
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| titleR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 4" />
| director =
| writer =
| airdate =
| airdateR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 4" />
| prodcode =
| prodcodeR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" />
| viewers =
| country = U.S.
| episodes =

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 63
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Sick & Wired
| DirectedBy = [[Adam Weissman]]
| WrittenBy = [[Dan Schneider (TV producer)|Dan Schneider]] & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|10|21}}
| ProdCode = 404
| Viewers = 1.41<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-21-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205833/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-21-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 24, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.21.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 24, 2017|access-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, [[Michael D. Cohen (actor)|Michael D. Cohen]] as Schwoz
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 64
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Brawl in the Hall
| DirectedBy = [[Steve Hoefer]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|11|4}}
| ProdCode = 405
| Viewers = 1.68<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-4-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221732/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-4-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.4.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 7, 2017|access-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Marisa Baram as Bysh, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 65
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = The Rock Box Dump
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|11|11}}
| ProdCode = 406
| Viewers = 1.52<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-11-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114221646/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-11-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 14, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.11.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 14, 2017|access-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When news reporters and social media start to report about how Kid Danger's hyper-motility superpower is a severe illness, and people on social media begin to believe that he is in grave danger, Henry decides to make a livestream as Kid Danger, so he can tell the public that he is not ill, but he slips on a grape and falls, thus hurting his ankle, then his tongue gets stung by a bee, the livestream begins, and Kid Danger appears, but he is limping and can hardly speak because of the bee sting, This makes everyone believe more that he is sick, and later it is announced that Piper would be dumping 1,524 rocks on her head, Kid Danger and Captain Man go to stop her, She and her friends load rocks in a forklift, preparing, they later show up, Kid Danger demonstrates his power by ripping a man's wig off his head, and tells them that it was not a disease, and to never drop rocks on their head.

''Guest stars'': Carrie Barrett as Mary, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, David Pressman as Dr. Skurvy, Winston Story as Trent, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 66
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Danger Games
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak & [[Jake Farrow]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|11|25}}
| ProdCode = 401–403
| Viewers = 1.91<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-25-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129224024/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-25-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 29, 2017|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.25.2017|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 29, 2017|access-date=November 29, 2017}}</ref>{{efn|Due to the duration of this episode, it leaked into [[Nick at Nite]], which split the ratings since Nielsen considers it a separate network despite being on the same channel. The Nickelodeon portion was 60 minutes, while the Nick at Nite portion was 30 minutes. The viewership data is a combined average of the ratings from both "networks", with 1.92 million total viewers for the Nickelodeon portion and 1.90 million total viewers for the Nick at Nite portion.}}
| ShortSummary = After being defeated by Captain Man and Kid Danger, Dr. Minyak makes plans to take over the concert that Double G is performing at. At the same time, the Game Shakers meet Captain Man and Kid Danger where Hudson unknowingly finds out their secret identity.

''Starring'': [[Cree Cicchino]], [[Madisyn Shipman]], [[Benjamin "Lil' P-Nut" Flores, Jr.]], Thomas Kuc, [[Kel Mitchell]]

''Special guest star'': [[Snoop Dogg]]

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Shel Bailey as Ruthless, Bubba Ganter as Bunny, Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak, Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Kayla Madison as Jana, Victoria Oscar as Bubs Dixon, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 67
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Toon in for Danger
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|15}}
| ProdCode = 411
| Viewers = 1.41<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-15-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181058/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-15-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2018|title=Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.15.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 17, 2018|access-date=January 17, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Displeased by the Captain Man cartoon that was made, Captain Man and Kid Danger are challenged by the network executives to make one that is better. As Captain Man and Kid Danger work on the cartoon, Piper prepares a viewing event at her house to see the new cartoon.

''Special guest star'': [[Shaun White]]

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Jonathan Chase as Brian Bender, Matthew Downs as Nate, Matthew Zhang as Oliver

''Note'': A sneak peek of the first two segments of the animated series ''[[The Adventures of Kid Danger]]'' aired immediately after this episode.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2017/12/14/nickelodeons-new-original-animated-series-the-adventures-of-kid-danger-to-debut-friday-jan-19-at-630-pm-et-pt-639512/20171214nickelodeon01/|title=Nickelodeon's New Original Animated Series, ''The Adventures of Kid Danger'', to Debut Friday, Jan. 19, at 6:30 P.M. (ET/PT)|publisher=[[Nickelodeon]]|via=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=December 14, 2017|access-date=January 20, 2018|quote=Fans can catch a sneak peek of ''The Adventures of Kid Danger'' on Monday, Jan. 15, at 7:30 p.m. (ET/PT). Prior to the episode, viewers can watch a brand-new ''Henry Danger'' episode at 7:00 p.m. (ET/PT). In "Toon in for Danger", when Henry and Ray get a copy of the new Kid Danger and Captain Man cartoon and see that there is trouble, they must hurry to fix the cartoon before the big premiere party.}}</ref>
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 68
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Meet Cute Crush
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|2|10}}
| ProdCode = 418
| Viewers = 1.47<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-10-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213225311/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-10-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 13, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.10.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 13, 2018|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest star'': Luca Alexander as Jackson Kregger
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 69
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Back to the Danger, Part 1
| DirectedBy = [[David Kendall (director)|David Kendall]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|3|24}}
| ProdCode = 407
| Viewers = 1.72<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-24-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212706/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-24-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 27, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.24.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 27, 2018|access-date=March 27, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Due to a brief power outage suggested by Vice Mayor Willard to correct the clock tower, Drex is freed from his imprisonment in the Man Cave and uses Time Jerker's confiscated time machine to go back in time and prevent a younger Ray from becoming Captain Man. After Captain Man and Kid Danger had followed Drex to the past, Drex had placed an explosive to prevent the return trip to the present.

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Winston Story as Trent, Tommy Walker as Drex
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 70
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Back to the Danger, Part 2
| DirectedBy = David Kendall
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|3|31}}
| ProdCode = 408
| Viewers = 1.24<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-31-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403211254/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-31-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 3, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.31.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 3, 2018|access-date=April 3, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Teaming up with a younger Schwoz, Captain Man and Kid Danger work to prevent Drex from thwarting the origin of Captain Man. Meanwhile, Schwoz, Charlotte, and Jasper work on repairing the damaged time machine so that Captain Man and Kid Danger can return to the present.

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Kale Culley as Young Ray, Tommy Walker as Drex
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 71
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Budget Cuts
| DirectedBy = [[Nathan Kress]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|4|7}}
| ProdCode = 410
| Viewers = 1.25<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-7-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201851/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-7-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.7.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 10, 2018|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Vice Mayor Willard does budget cuts on Swellview, that means that the budget to support Captain Man's campaign against crime is cut as well. So Captain Man and Kid Danger must work to raise the money to continue their campaign against crime.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Timothy Brennen as Vice Mayor Willard, [[Abbie Cobb]] as Cassie
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 72
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Diamonds Are for Heather
| DirectedBy = [[Nathan Kress]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|4|14}}
| ProdCode = 417
| Viewers = 1.06<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-14-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032234/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-14-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.14.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=April 17, 2018|access-date=April 17, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, [[Lizze Broadway]] as Heather, Martin Garcia as Jerome
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 73
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Car Trek
| DirectedBy = Nathan Kress
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|4|28}}
| ProdCode = 412
| Viewers = 1.09<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-28-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501230304/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-28-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.28.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 1, 2018|access-date=May 1, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 74
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = Toddler Invasion
| DirectedBy = [[Mike Caron]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|5|5}}
| ProdCode = 416
| Viewers = 1.17<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-5-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509075617/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-5-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 9, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.5.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 8, 2018|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Toddler raids the Man Cave and traps Captain Man and Kid Danger in a trap where Toddler will harvest Captain Man's sweat so that he can become invincible like Captain Man. Jasper and Charlotte must work to rescue Captain Man and Kid Danger and defeat Toddler.

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Ben Giroux as The Toddler
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 75
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = Captain Man-kini
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|5|12}}
| ProdCode = 420
| Viewers = 1.10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-12-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103140/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-12-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 16, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.12.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 15, 2018|access-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = A new internet celebrity named GoBro is causing havoc with his super dangerous videos where his latest video will have him send Grandma Sullivan down a hill at 90 MPH. Captain Man and Kid Danger release Frankini and Goomer from Swellview Prison so that they can help capture GoBro. The plan involves Captain Man temporarily swapping bodies with Frankini so that he can infiltrate GoBro's lair.

''Guest stars'': [[Frankie Grande]] as Frankini, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Zoran Korach as Goomer, Dawson Fletcher as Go-Bro
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 76
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Saturday Night Lies
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|5|19}}
| ProdCode = 414
| Viewers = 1.05<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-19-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095338/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-19-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 23, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.19.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=May 22, 2018|access-date=May 22, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Katlyn Carlson as Lacey, Charlie Farrell as Roger
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 77
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = Henry's Frittle Problem
| DirectedBy = [[Allison Scagliotti]]
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|9|22}}
| ProdCode = 415
| Viewers = 1.02<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-22-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215802/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-22-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 25, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.22.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 25, 2018|access-date=September 25, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, [[Alec Mapa]] as Jack Frittleman
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 78
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = Spelling Bee Hard
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|9|29}}
| ProdCode = 419
| Viewers = 0.92<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-29-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215029/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-29-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 2, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.29.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 2, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 79
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = Up the Stairs!
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & [[Ben Adams]] & Sam Becker
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|6}}
| ProdCode = 422
| Viewers = 0.87<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-6-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211239/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-6-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 9, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.6.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 9, 2018|access-date=October 9, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz, [[Jason Rogel]] as Morgan Maykew
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 80
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = Danger Things
| DirectedBy = David Kendall
| WrittenBy = Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|8}}
| ProdCode = 502
| Viewers = 1.14<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-8-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011356/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-8-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2018|title=Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.8.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 9, 2018|access-date=October 9, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Evil Science Corps led by Bill Evil accidentally opens an inter-dimensional portal to another dimension. When a creature from it abducts Piper, Captain Man and Kid Danger must rescue her.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Matthew Patrick Davis as Kevin, Winston Story as Trent, [[Kevin Symons]] as Bill Evil, Matthew Zhang as Oliver

''Note'': Starting with this episode, due to the departure of [[Dan Schneider]], the [[Schneider's Bakery]] logo has been removed.
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 81
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| Title = Rubber Duck
| DirectedBy = Mike Caron
| WrittenBy = Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|13}}
| ProdCode = 409
| Viewers = 1.03<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-13-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001612/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-13-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 17, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.13.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 16, 2018|access-date=October 16, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Michael Dunn as Mr. Curtis, Luis Victor Jimenez as Zack, Joe Kaprielian as Sidney, Kayla Rosenthal as Layla, Matthew Zhang as Oliver
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 82
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| Title = Flabber Gassed
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|20}}
| ProdCode = 501
| Viewers = 0.94<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-20-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023234305/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-20-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.20.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 23, 2018|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, James Preston Rogers as Barge
| LineColor = F46D25
}}
}}

=== Season 5 (2018–20) ===
Starting with this season, Michael D. Cohen is credited as part of the main cast of the series. It is also the only season of the show to be produced without any involvement from Dan Schneider, after his dismissal from Nickelodeon the year prior, though he is still credited as a writer for "Thumb War".
{{Episode table
| background = #191970
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| titleR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 5" />
| director =
| writer =
| airdate =
| airdateR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 5" />
| prodcode =
| prodcodeR = <ref name="The Futon Critic" />
| viewers =
| country = U.S.
| episodes =

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 83
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Henry's Birthday
| DirectedBy = [[Steve Hoefer]]
| WrittenBy = Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|11|3}}
| ProdCode = 503
| Viewers = 1.11<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-3-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010254/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-3-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.3.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 6, 2018|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, [[Kelly Sullivan (actress)|Kelly Sullivan]] as Kris, Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 84
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Whistlin' Susie
| DirectedBy = [[Nathan Kress]]
| WrittenBy = Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|11|10}}
| ProdCode = 504
| Viewers = 1.10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-10-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210648/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-10-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 13, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.10.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 13, 2018|access-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest star'': Timothy Brennen as Vice Mayor Willard
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 85
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Thumb War
| DirectedBy = [[Mike Caron]] and Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = [[Dan Schneider (producer)|Dan Schneider]] & Joe Sullivan and Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|11|17}}
| ProdCode = 413/421
| Viewers = 1.13<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-17-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221236/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-17-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 20, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.17.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 20, 2018|access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Special guest star'': [[Jerry Trainor]] as Joey

''Guest stars'': Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Eddie Davenport as Stainless Steve, Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff, Matthew Kimbrough as Farmer Gunch, Jim Mahoney as Joey, [[Arnie Pantoja]] as Mark, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 86
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = The Great Cactus Con
| DirectedBy = [[Allison Scagliotti]]
| WrittenBy = Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|11|24}}
| ProdCode = 505
| Viewers = 0.98<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-24-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128211133/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-24-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2018|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.24.2018|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 28, 2018|access-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry, Charlotte, Jasper, and Ray win tickets to the 'Cactus Convention'. Jasper asks Patina to the Cactus Con to be his date, but she refuses because she is allergic to unfiltered air. Jasper unintentionally tells Patina that Kid Danger can protect her, because he, "owes him a favor". Charlotte asks for a bubble suit from Schwoz to protect Patina from her allergy. Jasper comes with Patina to the Cactus Con, but someone sends an anonymous note saying, "if someone brings the world's most poisonous Cactus, they will get a million dollars." With the initials "RT", this makes everyone wants to get the poisonous cactus, so Captain Man and Kid Danger try to fend the Swellview citizens from getting the Cactus, while Jasper tries to protect Patina from getting hit by Cactus. After zapping the civilians from getting the poisonous cactus, Kid Danger and Captain Man find out that the Cactus is gone and another note comes saying, "thanks for the cactus, game on". Meanwhile, Schwoz discovers that the Man Cave computers have been hacked saying only one thing, "game on".

''Guest star'': [[Ariel Martin]] as Patina
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 87
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Part 1: A New Evil
| DirectedBy = Mike Caron
| WrittenBy = Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|5}}
| ProdCode = 506
| Viewers = 0.93<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-5-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011926/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-5-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 9, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.5.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 8, 2019|access-date=January 8, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, [[David Blue (actor)|David Blue]] as Rick Twitler, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Winston Story as Trent, Kayla Madison as Jana
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 88
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Part 2: A New Darkness
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|12}}
| ProdCode = 507
| Viewers = 1.11<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-12-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115234458/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-12-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 15, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.12.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 15, 2019|access-date=January 15, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, David Blue as Rick Twitler
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 89
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Part 3: A New Hero
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|19}}
| ProdCode = 508
| Viewers = 1.14<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-19-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223025/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-19-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 23, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.19.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 23, 2019|access-date=January 23, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, David Blue as Rick Twitler, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Kurt Scholler as Booter, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 90
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Broken Armed and Dangerous
| DirectedBy = Nathan Kress
| WrittenBy = Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|26}}
| ProdCode = 510
| Viewers = 1.26<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-26-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000308/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-26-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 30, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.26.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 29, 2019|access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 91
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Knight & Danger
| DirectedBy = Harry Matheu
| WrittenBy = [[Jake Farrow]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|2}}
| ProdCode = 509
| Viewers = 1.32<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-2-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206023415/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-2-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 6, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.2.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 5, 2019|access-date=February 5, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Ryker appears in Swellview after Bill Evil had opened an inter-dimensional portal to Astoria following his last attempt to take over Astoria. When Captain Man and Kid Danger confront Ryker at Burger Castle as Ryker discovers that there is no magic in Swellview, they get tricked into helping Ryker in his plans to reclaim his throne of Astoria by giving him some of their high-tech weapons. Meanwhile, Schwoz gets the inter-dimensional transporter from Bill Evil and uses it to bring Arc and Ciara to the Man Cave. When Captain Man and Kid Danger learn the truth, they must work with Arc and Ciara to defeat Ryker and get them back to Astoria.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, [[Owen Joyner]] as Arc, [[Daniella Perkins]] as Ciara, [[Geno Segers]] as Ryker, [[Kevin Symons]] as Bill Evil
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 92
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Grand Theft Otto
| DirectedBy = [[David Kendall (director)|David Kendall]]
| WrittenBy = Sam Becker & Nick Dossman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|16}}
| ProdCode = 511
| Viewers = 1.08<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-16-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000347/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-16-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 21, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.16.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 20, 2019|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry and Charlotte are studying for a quiz when Piper brings home her class parrot, Otto, for the weekend. Jasper also returns from a family trip in Iowa with a mustache that everyone but Charlotte loves. When Piper steps out to grab Otto's birdseed, a conversation between Jasper and Henry causes Otto to begin repeating the phrase "Henry is Kid Danger". In an effort to protect Henry's secret identity, Henry hides Otto in his room while Jasper fakes a robbery scene and Charlotte stalls Piper.

After Piper discovers the "robbery", she soon sets up a candlelight vigil in front of the house. Meanwhile, Henry explains the situation to Ray and Schwoz, and Ray suggests cloning Otto and replacing him with the lookalike. While Henry and Jasper interview the police about the robber, Charlotte plucks one of Otto's feathers and delivers it to the Man Cave. After several failed clonings, Schwoz is urged to speed things up, and he creates an unfinished clone that Ray uses to solve the issue once and for all as Captain Man.

''Guest stars'': Carrie Barrett as Mary, Winston Story as Trent, [[Jonathan Chase (actor)|Jonathan Chase]] as Brian Bender
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 93
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = The Whole Bilsky Family
| DirectedBy = Allison Scagliotti
| WrittenBy = Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|23}}
| ProdCode = 512
| Viewers = 1.11<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-23-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226215709/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-23-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 26, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.23.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 26, 2019|access-date=February 26, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Carrie Barrett as Mary, [[Andrew Caldwell (actor)|Andrew Caldwell]] as Mitch, Gill De St. Jeor as Billy, Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff, Lita Lopez as Britney, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 94
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = Secret Room
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|2}}
| ProdCode = 513
| Viewers = 1.04<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-2-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043810/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-2-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.2.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 5, 2019|access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = After returning from busting villain Arson Boy, Henry and Ray sneak away from a messy Man Cave from Schwoz's visiting family as Ray introduces to Henry his secret paradise, the "Mannex". However, Charlotte, Jasper and Schowz discover the room and get jealous after Ray and Henry kick them out, the former restricting the room as "crime-fighters only". Meanwhile, Piper, after getting arrested for running over a cop, bargains the two cops into cooking a soup for them to bail herself out of jail. After Henry delivers a karaoke machine to the Mannex, he and Ray discover the others in their own secret room in an effort to one-up them. After Schwoz destroys a life-size "fiesta-size" churro, Ray turns to his immature tendencies and threatens to blow up the Man Cave in vengeance. The four's bickering causes them to accidentally press the Man Cave's self-destruct button, causing them and Schwoz's family to evacuate as the Man Cave's explosion causes a town-wide earthquake (which occurs at the same time Piper gives the completed soup to the cops without spilling a single drop.) Mourning the loss of their hideout, Ray and Schwoz reveal they built nine additional Man Caves (five destroyed so far) to compensate for Ray's irresponsible demeanor. However, upon checking out the new Man Cave, a Mole Person appears and presses the self-destruct button, once again causing an earthquake.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Matthew Patrick Davis as Kevin, Winston Story as Trent, Kevin Symons as Bill Evil

''Note'': [[Nickelodeon]] promoted this episode as the 100th episode as it is the 100th episode produced.
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 95
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = My Dinner with Bigfoot
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|9}}
| ProdCode = 514
| Viewers = 1.08<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-9-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312220658/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-9-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 12, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.9.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 12, 2019|access-date=March 12, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Schwoz takes everyone to the woods to meet his friend [[Bigfoot]]; however, they quickly discover that a hunter named S. Thompson has been laying out traps to capture him, which Captain Man keeps falling for. Everything gets worse when Bigfoot scares Mitch and his friends and Mitch tells everyone that he has seen Bigfoot and S. Thompson hears about it on the news. Later, Kid Danger and the others device a plan to catch S. Thompson in a trap, but, unbeknownst to them, S. Thompson hears about the plan and traps them. S. Thompson calls the news and tells them to come to the woods, but Kid Danger and Captain Man came up with the idea to laser-shave Bigfoot's hair in order to protect him. When everyone arrives, including Piper and Mitch, and S. Thompson opens the trap, Bigfoot is nowhere to be found.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Andrew Caldwell as Mitch, Jesse Mackey as Bigfoot, Scott Peat as S. Thompson, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 96
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Charlotte Gets Ghosted
| DirectedBy = Mike Caron
| WrittenBy = Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|16}}
| ProdCode = 515
| Viewers = 1.06<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-16-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321225404/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-16-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 21, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.16.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 19, 2019|access-date=March 19, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 97
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = I Dream of Danger
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|23}}
| ProdCode = 516
| Viewers = 1.31<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-23-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326151100/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-23-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 26, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.23.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 26, 2019|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref>

| ShortSummary = Charlotte has a bizarre dream where she and Henry almost kiss after he saves her. Frazzled, Charlotte acts awkwardly around Henry, even deciding to avoid him after getting advice from Piper (who was concurrently busy threatening a classmate). After Captain Man and Kid Danger are dispatched to the zoo to assist in a tiger giving birth, Charlotte is forced to head there to deliver a bottle of tiger tranquilizer. In an effort to avoid Henry, she accidentally tumbles into a lion's enclosure--the exact scenario in her dream. After Charlotte explains her worries to Henry, she allows him to save her, and they both watch the zoo's night guard, Fran, make out with Captain Man in the lion's den.
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 98
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = Holey Moley
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|6|15}}
| ProdCode = 517
| Viewers = 0.65<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-15-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619165903/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-15-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 19, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.15.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=June 18, 2019|access-date=June 18, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, [[Ella Anderson]] as Mole Queen
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 99
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = Love Bytes
| DirectedBy = Allison Scagliotti
| WrittenBy = Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|6|22}}
| ProdCode = 518
| Viewers = 0.71<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-22-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032126/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-22-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 26, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.22.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=June 25, 2019|access-date=June 25, 2019}}</ref>

| ShortSummary = Henry, Charlotte and Jasper search for a special prize in Frittle chip packages to win a trip to an amusement park when Ray comes to the Man Cave with his new sword. At the same time, Schwoz emerges from his three-day trek in the Man Cave's computer to install an artificially intelligent operating system named Halley. Halley proves to be an incredible asset by instantly taking care of a crime in progress, but after the others leave to get more Frittles, she begins exhibiting an overprotective behavior. Later, Ray tries to kill a fly with his sword, but damages the computer, hurting Halley. Once Schwoz leaves to fix her, Halley locks the exits, deeming Ray a threat and attempting to kill him. When the others defend him, Halley deems them a threat as well and sends them away. The group makes a plan to strike against the obsessive AI and destroy her, and while Charlotte and Jasper head home, Henry and Ray return to Junk 'N Stuff just as Schwoz and Halley get married. Halley immediately traps them and tries to convince Schwoz to finish them. Ray unexpectedly finds the Frittle prize, but uses it to convince Schwoz their friendship matters, allowing him to destroy Halley with Ray's sword, although this melts it in the process, leaving Ray dismayed.
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 100
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = Double-O Danger
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|6|29}}
| ProdCode = 519
| Viewers = 0.79<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-29-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702144914/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-29-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 2, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.29.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=July 2, 2019|access-date=July 2, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Timothy Brennen as Vice Mayor Willard, [[Jeffrey Vincent Parise]] as Rob Moss, Shelby Simmons as Joss Moss
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 101
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| Title = Massage Chair
| DirectedBy = Mike Caron
| WrittenBy = Christopher J. Nowak & Sam Becker
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|7|13}}
| ProdCode = 520
| Viewers = 0.93<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-13-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716144210/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-13-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 16, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.13.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=July 13, 2019|access-date=July 13, 2019}}</ref>

| ShortSummary = Ray brings home an expensive massage chair following he and Henry busting a villain. The chair's impressive specs soon cause a bitter feud between Henry, Charlotte and Jasper. Meanwhile, Piper returns from a week-long scooter ride with an extremely muscular leg from refusing to swap legs. Ray, soon fed up with the kids' heated argument over the chair, decides to put them through an Olympics-style series of challenges. After a round, Ray announces a sudden death event--convince Piper to give them her phone, take a selfie with it and post it to Ray from her number. Henry arrives first, but fails to convince Piper to give her phone. After Charlotte and Jasper also fail to succeed, Henry tells his sister about the challenge, and she decides to win the chair for herself. When everyone else begs for a turn, Piper begins scheming her own series of challenges.
''Guest star'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 102
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| Title = Henry Danger: The Musical
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|7|27}}
| ProdCode = 897
| Viewers = 1.18<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-27-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730154744/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-27-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 30, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.27.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=July 30, 2019|access-date=July 30, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Using a special machine during the summer, Frankini places a musical curse over Swellview that makes everyone burst out in song.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, [[Frankie Grande]] as Frankini, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Michael Dunn as Mr. Curtis, Zoran Korach as Goomer, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 103
| EpisodeNumber2 = 21
| Title = Sister Twister Part 1
| AltTitle = Glittered with Danger
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|21}}
| ProdCode = 524
| Viewers = 1.09<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-21-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924144239/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-21-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.21.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=September 24, 2019|access-date=September 24, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Timothy Brennen as Vice Mayor Willard, [[Adam Irigoyen]] as Brandon
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 104
| EpisodeNumber2 = 22
| Title = Sister Twister Part 2
| AltTitle = Inside Job
| DirectedBy = Nathan Kress
| WrittenBy = Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|28}}
| ProdCode = 525
| Viewers = 1.21<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-28-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001144634/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-28-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 1, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.28.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 1, 2019|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 105
| EpisodeNumber2 = 23
| Title = A Tale of Two Pipers
| DirectedBy = Allison Scagliotti
| WrittenBy = Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|5}}
| ProdCode = 523
| Viewers = 0.78<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-5-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008144017/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-5-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 8, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.5.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 8, 2019|access-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Debbie McLeod as Future Piper
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 106
| EpisodeNumber2 = 24
| Title = Story Tank
| DirectedBy = David Kendall
| WrittenBy = Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|12}}
| ProdCode = 528
| Viewers = 0.69<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-12-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015152451/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-12-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 15, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.12.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=October 15, 2019|access-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = While watching a horror film, the others are annoyed that Henry is not only unaffected by the fear, he plans to eat a large box of Bro-maha steaks in front of them. Ray proposes a challenge--if Henry is scared, they get the steaks. Using a special VR device called the Story Tank, Ray and the others each tell scary stories, but subsequently fail each time. Just as they are about to concede, Schwoz tells a story of his own: while Ray was telling his story, he infused the Story Tank with butterfly DNA, turning Henry into a human caterpillar. This terrifies him, allowing the others to win the bet. Henry is left in despair while the others celebrate with Third-Eye Blind's Semi-Charmed Life playing in the background.

''Guest star'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 107
| EpisodeNumber2 = 25
| Title = Captain Mom
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|2}}
| ProdCode = 526
| Viewers = 0.77<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-2-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105154342/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-2-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.2.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=Mitch Salem|date=November 5, 2019|access-date=November 5, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Schwoz prevents Jasper from eating one of a jar full of spliced alien eggs created from a meteor that fell on Ray. As Schwoz and Charlotte go to look for a label maker for the jar, Henry and Ray return from a mission, mistaking the eggs for lychees, trying and repeatedly failing to throw them into each other's mouths; after the last one misses due to Schwoz's intervention, Ray picks it up and eats it anyway, causing him to get pregnant. The others become increasingly annoyed by Ray's pregnancy-induced mood swings and hangry episodes, leading to Henry lying his way out of the Man Cave. Upon arriving home, Henry gets an emergency from Charlotte about a grease theft. Ray subsequently goes into labor, forcing Henry to stop the robbery on his own, but as he confronts them as Kid Danger, Piper brings herself along (as her own superhero persona, Rollin' Thunder), and despite her accidental blunders, Henry sends the burglars away. Meanwhile, Schwoz removes the alien baby from inside Ray, though it latches onto Jasper's face.

''Guest star'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 108
| EpisodeNumber2 = 26
| Title = Visible Brad
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|9}}
| ProdCode = 527
| Viewers = 0.89<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-9-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114174144/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-9-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 14, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.9.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 12, 2019|access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Jake Farrow as Brad, Liz Stewart as Tatiana, Casey Washington as Stu
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 109
| EpisodeNumber2 = 27
| Title = EnvyGram Wall
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|16}}
| ProdCode = 530
| Viewers = 0.63<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-16-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121081647/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-16-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 21, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.16.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=November 19, 2019|access-date=November 19, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest star'': Jonathan Chase as Brian Bender
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 110
| EpisodeNumber2 = 28
| Title = Holiday Punch
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|30}}
| ProdCode = 529
| Viewers = 0.75<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-30-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204154804/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-30-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 4, 2019|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.30.2019|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=December 4, 2019|access-date=December 4, 2019}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = 

''Guest stars'': Carrie Barrett as Mary, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 111
| EpisodeNumber2 = 29
| Title = Mr. Nice Guy
| DirectedBy = Mike Caron
| WrittenBy = Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|1|11}}
| ProdCode = 531
| Viewers = 0.95<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-11-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114155852/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-11-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 14, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.11.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 14, 2020|access-date=January 14, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = A vigilante named Mr. Nice Guy is going around attacking people who break the rules like littering, not returning items, and talking loudly on the phone. Captain Man is annoyed that he has to be called to deal with criminal activities when he wants to see ''Battle Pigs 4''. Captain Man and Kid Danger trace some of the wrongdoing thwarting to an educational TV show host named Mr. Wallabee. In the post-credits, S. Thompson is on Mt. Swellview looking for the Yeti when he finds what appears to be a Yeti when it is actually a frozen Drex.

''Guest stars'': Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky, [[Brian Palermo]] as Mr. Wallabee, Scott Peat as S. Thompson, Vladimir Perez as Mail Snail, Tommy Walker as Drex
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 112
| EpisodeNumber2 = 30
| Title = Theranos Boot
| DirectedBy = Evelyn Belasco
| WrittenBy = Andrew Thomas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|1|18}}
| ProdCode = 532
| Viewers = 1.02<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-18-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123133639/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-18-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 23, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.18.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Henry, Jasper, Charlotte, Piper, and Schwoz play around with the Theranos Boot from a movie. When they accidentally break it, they must use the dimensional transporter previously confiscated from Bill Evil to go to another dimension and take the other dimension's Theranos Boot before Ray finds out. In the post-credits, S. Thompson brings Miss Shapen to the spot on Mt. Swellview where he found what he thought was a Yeti that got free from its frozen prison. They are then scared off by Drex in caveman attire.
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 113
| EpisodeNumber2 = 31
| Title = Rumblr
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Joe Sullivan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|1|25}}
| ProdCode = 533
| Viewers = 0.96<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-25-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128155055/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-25-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 28, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.25.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=January 28, 2020|access-date=January 28, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Captain Man has gotten bored of fighting the same villains even when the Toddler has escaped from prison. Henry helps to set him up with a profile on Rumblr as Henry sets one up for Kid Danger as well. At the fight club called The Beating Dungeon after they get their fight requests, Captain Man is faced off against a villain named Lawn Ranger who let himself go while Kid Danger fights a tough opponent named Kyle who also goes by the name Dead Bull. In the post-credits on Mt. Swellview, Bigfoot finds Drex unthawing a caveman when he objects to him operating on his mountain and using a hair dryer plugged near his home. Drex was able to scare him off with the cavemen that he had just defrosted. Afterwards, Drex continues unthawing a caveman.

''Guest stars'': Jason Gibbs as Lawn Ranger, [[Ben Giroux]] as The Toddler
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 114
| EpisodeNumber2 = 32
| Title = Cave the Date
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Samantha Martin
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|2|1}}
| ProdCode = 534
| Viewers = 0.82<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-1-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204154923/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-1-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.1.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 4, 2020|access-date=February 4, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Charlotte has won a dinner with an international music superstar named Jack Swagger who she previously went to camp with 10 years ago. Unfortunately, Ray, Henry, and Jasper have accidentally set her kitchen on fire while getting her phone charger and using a flare since they could not find a light switch. To remedy this, Jasper suggests that they date somewhere that nobody knows about and suggests the Man Cave. Charlotte makes Ray temporarily turn the Man Cave into a restaurant to make up for what happened to her kitchen. Ray and Schwoz work as chefs, Jasper works as a host, Henry works as a waiter, and Piper plays the piano with help from her phone playing actual music. Due to Piper doing a secret selfie with Jack in the picture, a lot of people come to Junk 'n' Stuff to access the "secret restauruant for celebrities". Now Ray and Schowz must work to appease the people and not ruin Charlotte's date with Jack even when the hawk that has been terrorizing Jake shows up. In the post-credits, Drex has gotten back into civilized clothes and cut his beard and hair while in Nacho Bell's bathroom. He tells the two cavemen with him not to eat the toilet. Fran comes in telling them to hurry up and notes that they used the girls' bathroom. After they leave, Fran tells Drex that he "left his beard behind".
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 115
| EpisodeNumber2 = 33
| Title = Escape Room
| DirectedBy = Evelyn Belasco
| WrittenBy = Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|2|8}}
| ProdCode = 536
| Viewers = 0.89<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-8-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212071229/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-8-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.8.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 11, 2020|access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Captain Man has been doing a lot of grand openings. The latest grand opening is an escape room. Piper is persuaded by Officer Walnut to babysit her niece and nephew Mika and Miles as a way to complete her community service. She ends up bringing them to the grand opening of the escape room. Captain Man discovers that the escape room is established by Jack Frittleman who placed a boomsday device as part of his revenge on Captain Man and Kid Danger for what happened to his factories. In the post-credits, Rick Twitler sends a video message and the blueprints for an omega weapon to The Beating Dungeon's bartender stating that it can take away Captain Man's powers. It has to be given to the right villain as the bartender tells a challenging Lawn Ranger to go away.

''Guest stars'': Terrence Little Gardenhigh as Miles, Dana Heath as Mika, [[Alec Mapa]] as Jack Frittleman
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 116
| EpisodeNumber2 = 34
| Title = Game of Phones
| DirectedBy = Mike Caron
| WrittenBy = Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|2|15}}
| ProdCode = 535
| Viewers = 0.68<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-15-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219182846/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-15-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 19, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.15.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 19, 2020|access-date=February 19, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = A Spanish girl named Lulu Elena Chapa de Silva chains herself outside of Junk 'n' Stuff until Captain Man comes to see her. She lost her phone to a boy who stole it from her last month and gains the support of her quest from the citizens of Swellview. After caving in, Captain Man agrees to help Chapa. After asking a thief named Brandon about any scumbags that took the phone, the three go on a stakeout to find the culprit in No Man's Land between Swellview and Neighborland. During the stakeout, they encounter Toddler, Dr. Minyak, Time Jerker, and Beekeeper who are meeting with The Beating Dungeon's bartender to get the bluepeints for the omega weapon. A battle occurs until the real culprit appears to sell Chapa's phone who gets scared away during the fight. The villains are defeated as Chapa continues to follow the culprit. Schwoz analyzes the blueprints that were acquired and learned what it is for.

''Guest stars'': Carrie Barrett as Mary, Jonathan Chase as Brian Bender, Havan Flores as Chapa, Ben Giroux as The Toddler, [[Adam Irigoyen]] as Brandon, Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak, Joey Richter as Time Jerker, Winston Story as Trent
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 117
| EpisodeNumber2 = 35
| Title = Remember the Crimes
| DirectedBy = Mike Caron
| WrittenBy = Jake Farrow
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|2|22}}
| ProdCode = 895
| Viewers = 0.74<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-22-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225154825/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-22-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 25, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.22.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=February 25, 2020|access-date=February 25, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Piper learns about the stuff that she missed before she learned that Henry was Kid Danger. Everyone begins to remember the various moments up to now even during Charlotte's experiment in Henry's kitchen as her kitchen still has fire damage. Afterward, they view a dimension where actors play them and view the bloopers.
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 118
| EpisodeNumber2 = 36
| Title = The Beginning of the End
| DirectedBy = Russ Reinsel
| WrittenBy = Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|2|29}}
| ProdCode = 537
| Viewers = 0.85<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-29-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303154301/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-29-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.29.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 3, 2020|access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Schwoz has put together the Omega Weapon just as Captain Man and Kid Danger return wearing togas following a fight with Time Jerker in the [[Roman Empire]] while confiscating his Time Ray. Charlotte and Piper admit to Henry that their graduation is this week while Henry is not graduating on the same week due to missing too much class and not having enough class due to helping Captain Man. Charlotte is planning to run a charity in Dystopia and will be attending Harvard, Jasper will be going to a college that sounds like Harvard, and Piper will be going to college in Florida. Henry states to Ray that he does not want to be in Swellview for the rest of his life. Vice-Mayor Willard calls Captain Man and Kid Danger to his office. They find that a boy named Bose who plays the message from Vice-Mayor Willard stating that he has married Bose's mom and to watch over him in during their vacation in exchange for a statue should Bose be unharmed. Taking refuge in a cave during a campout in the desert, Charlotte, Jasper, and Piper find Mitch crashing the camping event until he is fought off by Miss Shapen. Captain Man learns that Kid Danger has gained a meeting with the Mayor of Neighborville who wants Kid Danger to become Neighborville's superhero. The Mayor of Neighborville emerges and gives him different pitches to win him offer involving cheerleaders, the Danger Cave, a sidekick named Lil' Dynomite, and a statue. Kid Danger has a falling out with Captain Man where he does not want to become the next Captain Man. Kid Danger changes back to Henry upon quitting and leaves the Man-Cave. Henry comes home to find that his parents found his letters that he is not graduating. Jake cries over it and Kris wants some answers. Henry admits that he used to be Kid Danger just as a bunch of cavemen quite. Schwoz wipes everyone's memories as Captain Man plans on buying a fake school in case Henry comes crawling back to him. Schwoz finds a setting on the Memory Wiper to wipe Captain Man's memories of Henry as Drex ambushes Captain Man in the Man-Cave.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Timothy Brennen as Vice Mayor Willard, Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky, Luca Luhan as Bose, Tommy Walker as Drex
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 119
| EpisodeNumber2 = 37
| Title = Captain Drex
| DirectedBy = Adam Weissman
| WrittenBy = Dave Malkoff
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|3|7}}
| ProdCode = 538
| Viewers = 0.89<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-7-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311165333/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-7-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 11, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.7.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 10, 2020|access-date=March 10, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Drex reveals to Captain Man, Bose, and Schwoz how he raised a caveman army by blaming their problems on Captain Man and Kid Danger and leading them into getting preserved on Mt. Swellview until global warming can free them. He plans to use Schwoz to modify the Memory Wiper so that all of Swellview can forget about Captain Man. Henry uses his spare gum tube to prove to his parents that he is Kid Danger while working to keep them safe from the invading cavemen. Charlotte, Piper, and Jasper are still in the same cave from that Miss Shapen and Mitch are in. Jake and Kris send Henry off to go help Ray while they hold off the cavemen. He arrives at the Man-Cave and gets into an argument with Captain Man until Drex and two of his cavemen subdue Kid Danger. Schwoz unknowingly proved Drex wrong as he starts to begin his plan to make all of Swellview forget about Kid Danger while also planning to use the Time Ray to send Ray 101,000,000 years into the past so that he can become the new Captain Man as he uses a bubble tube. Drex defeats Kid Danger and sends Captain Man to the past while destroying the Time Ray. Then he takes Bose and Schwoz to the helicopter to begin his memory-wiping plot. Charlotte, Jasper, and Piper arrive while having heard Henry ranting as they plan to thwart Drex's plans.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky, Luca Luhan as Bose, Tommy Walker as Drex

''Note'': This episode was dedicated to the memory of A.J. Dunn and Thomas Rasada
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 120
| EpisodeNumber2 = 38
| Title = The Fate of Danger: Part I
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|3|14}}
| ProdCode = 539
| Viewers = 0.88<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-14-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317172753/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-14-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 17, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.14.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 17, 2020|access-date=March 17, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Charlotte comes up with a plan where they can take away Drex's indestructibility using the omega weapon where Jasper and Piper plan for Charlotte to build it while having no knowledge on rebuilding a time ray. Jasper and Piper head to the Hart residents to help Jake and Kris fight the cavemen. After being thrown around, Jasper keeps the cavemen busy while Piper evacuates her parents. Drex visits Planes-A-Plenty where he can only get a blimp. With help from Mika and Miles, Henry searches around Captain Man's punching stump on Mt. Swellview where they find Captain Man inside it thanks to a viral video that Henry did. The cavemen follow Jasper, Piper, Jake, and Kris to Junk 'n' Stuff and into the Man Cave. Captain Man is freed from the amber within the stump as Lulu Elena Chapa de Silva arrives claiming that it is her kicking stump ever since she lost the trail of the person who stole her phone. Captain Man is freed by Miles and forgives Henry while learning about Drex's memory-wiping plot. Mika, Miles, and Lulu head to Planes-A-Plenty. With the cavemen holding everyone captive, Jasper finally finishes his sleep-fighting audiobook where he starts to beat up the cavemen. With the blimp inflated, Drex finally can get his memory-wiping plot started as Bose meets Mika, Miles, and Lulu. Drex subdues the kids when they try to defeat him. Captain Man and Kid Danger arrive to find that Jasper has defeated the cavemen. Jake arrives from another Man Cave where he pulled both shellgon crystals from the tube pads as an alert tells everyone to "run".

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Havan Flores as Chapa, Terrence Little Gardenhigh as Miles, Dana Heath as Mika, Luca Luhan as Bose, Tommy Walker as Drex
| LineColor = 191970
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 121
| EpisodeNumber2 = 39
| Title = The Fate of Danger: Part II
| DirectedBy = Steve Hoefer
| WrittenBy = Christopher J. Nowak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|3|21}}
| ProdCode = 540
| Viewers = 1.26<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-21-2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324145150/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-saturday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-21-2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2020|title=Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.21.2020|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|author=[[Mitch Metcalf]]|date=March 24, 2020|access-date=March 24, 2020}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Because of Jake's mistake, the Man Caves are exploding one by one. Captain Man and Kid Danger catch up to Drex at Planes-A-Plenty where they plan to use the Omega Weapon only for the two cavemen with him to interfere. Schwoz, Bose, Mika, Miles, and Chapa get free as Henry reassembles the weapon and uses it on Captain Man and Drex. Only Drex was unaffected as he starts to take off with the Memory Wiper. As Charlotte works to keep the remaining Man Caves from exploding, Captain Man and Kid Danger catch up to Drex in the sky and work to prevent him from erasing the memories of Swellview's citizens. When the two cavemen attack Schwoz, Chapa gets exposed to the Omega Weapon's energies and develops electrokinesis to use on the cavemen. The energies also affects Miles, Mika, and Bose where Miles gained teleportation abilities and Bose gains levitation ability. Drex strangles Captain Man and throws him off the blimp only to be saved by Jasper's drone. Drex rips the blimp as he falls off. Schwoz informs them that they are on a crash course to Swellview Baby Hospital. Jasper uses the drone to fly Drex to Swellview Prison. Kid Danger states that one of them will have to use the spear to steer into Mount Swellview as Captain Man wants to sacrifice himself. Kid Danger activates Captain Man's parachute as he advises Charlotte and Jasper to get out of the Man Cave. Kid Danger starts glowing as he heads straight to Mt. Swellview. The next day, Vice-Mayor Willard preside over Kid Danger's memorial which is attended by friends and foes alike. After changing back to Ray, he finds Henry who now has forcefield abilities with Ray mentioning that his indestructable abilities are slowly being restored. Ray states to Henry that it is time for him to leave Swellview since he is a hero now. Miles, Mika, Chapa, and Bose state to Henry and Ray that they have taken the name of Danger Force. Vice-Mayor Willard unveils two statues of Kid Danger as Henry takes his leave. In Dystopia, Henry, Charlotte, and Jasper are living their new lives as Henry is now operating as the local superhero with the help of Charlotte and Jasper. A few weeks later, Ray and Schwoz open the Swellview Academy of the Gifted to teach the Danger Force how to be superheroes.

''Guest stars'': Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake, Kelly Sullivan as Kris, Carrie Barrett as Mary, Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen, Timothy Brennen as Vice Mayor Willard, Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky, Havan Flores as Chapa, Terrence Little Gardenhigh as Miles, Ben Giroux as The Toddler, Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff, Dana Heath as Mika, Leslie Korein as Fran, Luca Luhan as Bose, Alec Mapa as Jack Frittleman, Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak, Winston Story as Trent, Tommy Walker as Drex
| LineColor = 191970
}}
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Henry Danger characters|List of ''Henry Danger'' characters]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="The Futon Critic">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/henry-danger/listings/|title=''Henry Danger'' Episode Listings|publisher=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Zap2it Season 1">{{cite web|url=https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH01953422&tabName=guide&season=1|title=''Henry Danger'' Season 1 Episode Guide|publisher=[[Zap2it]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Zap2it Season 2">{{cite web|url=https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH01953422&tabName=guide&season=2|title=''Henry Danger'' Season 2 Episode Guide|publisher=[[Zap2it]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Zap2it Season 3">{{cite web|url=https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH01953422&tabName=guide&season=3|title=''Henry Danger'' Season 3 Episode Guide|publisher=[[Zap2it]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Zap2it Season 4">{{cite web|url=https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH01953422&tabName=guide&season=4|title=''Henry Danger'' Season 4 Episode Guide|publisher=[[Zap2it]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Zap2it Season 5">{{cite web|url=https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH01953422&tabName=guide&season=5|title=''Henry Danger'' Season 5 Episode Guide|publisher=[[Zap2it]]}}</ref>
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry Danger episodes, List of}}

[[Category:Lists of American children's television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of American comedy television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes]]
[[Category:Henry Danger|Episodes]]

Ibn al-Haytham

2024-09-24T17:43:52Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Biography */ Added a link to Al-Hakim's page

{{Short description|Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c. 965 – c. 1040)}}
{{redirect|Alhazen}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Alhazen {{transliteration|ar|Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham}}
| native_name = {{lang|ar|ابن الهيثم}}
| image = Hazan.png
| birth_date = {{nowrap |{{birth-date|0965|{{circa}} 965}} ({{c.|354 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]}})<ref name=Lorch>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lorch |first=Richard |title=Ibn al-Haytham: Arab astronomer and mathematician |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=1 February 2017 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812045403/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| birth_place = [[Basra]], [[Buyid Emirate]]
| death_date = {{nowrap |{{death-date|1040|{{circa}} 1040}} ({{c.|430 AH}})<ref name=Lorch />}} (aged around 75)
| death_place = [[Cairo]], [[Fatimid Caliphate]]
| workplaces =
| field = [[Physics]], [[mathematics]], [[astronomy]]
| alma_mater =
| notable_students =
| known_for = ''[[Book of Optics]]'', ''[[#Doubts Concerning Ptolemy|Doubts Concerning Ptolemy]]'', [[Alhazen's problem]], [[analysis]],<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}}.</ref> [[Catoptrics]],<ref>{{Harvnb|El-Bizri|2010|p=11}}: "Ibn al-Haytham's groundbreaking studies in optics, including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics (respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light), were principally gathered in his monumental opus: Kitåb al-manåóir (The Optics; De Aspectibus or Perspectivae; composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE)."</ref> [[horopter]], [[Spherical aberration]], [[intromission theory]] of [[visual perception]], [[moon illusion]], [[Experiment|experimental science]], [[scientific method]]ology,<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2012|p=39}}: "As a rigorous experimental physicist, he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method."</ref> [[Comparative psychology|animal psychology]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Baker|2012|p=449}}: "As shown earlier, Ibn al-Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology.</ref>
| footnotes =
| Religion =
}}
'''Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham''' ([[Latinization of names|Latinized]] as '''Alhazen'''; {{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|h|æ|z|ən}}; full name {{transliteration|ar|ALA|Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham}} {{lang|ar|أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم}}; {{c.|lk=no|965|1040}}) was a medieval [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|mathematician]], [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|astronomer]], and [[Physics in the medieval Islamic world|physicist]] of the [[Islamic Golden Age]] from present-day Iraq.<ref>Also ''Alhacen'', ''Avennathan'', ''Avenetan'', etc.; the identity of "Alhazen" with Ibn al-Haytham al-Basri "was identified towards the end of the 19th century". ({{harvnb|Vernet|1996|p=788}})</ref><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Ibn al-Haytham|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John L.|title=The Oxford History of Islam|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=192}}: "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics."</ref><ref name="Vernet 1996 788">For the description of his main fields, see e.g. {{harvnb|Vernet|1996|p=788}} ("He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist.") {{Harvnb|Sabra|2008}}, {{Harvnb|Kalin|Ayduz|Dagli|2009|p=}} ("Ibn al-Ḥaytam was an eminent eleventh-century Arab optician, geometer, arithmetician, algebraist, astronomer, and engineer."), {{Harvnb|Dallal|1999|p=}} ("Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics.")</ref> Referred to as "the father of modern optics",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Masic |first=Izet |date=2008 |title=Ibn al-Haitham--father of optics and describer of vision theory. |journal=Medicinski Arhiv |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=183–188 |pmid=18822953 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23286650}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/international-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco|title=International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=2 June 2018|archive-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918044445/https://en.unesco.org/news/international-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Khalili">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|work=BBC News|title=The 'first true scientist'|author=Al-Khalili, Jim|date=4 January 2009|access-date=2 June 2018|archive-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> he made significant contributions to the principles of [[optics]] and [[visual perception]] in particular. His most influential work is titled ''[[Book of Optics|Kitāb al-Manāẓir]]'' ([[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|كتاب المناظر}}, "Book of Optics"), written during 1011–1021, which survived in a Latin edition.<ref>{{Harvnb|Selin|2008|p=}}: "The three most recognizable Islamic contributors to meteorology were: the Alexandrian mathematician/ astronomer Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen 965–1039), the Arab-speaking Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980–1037), and the Spanish Moorish physician/jurist Ibn Rushd (Averroes; 1126–1198)." He has been dubbed the "father of modern optics" by the [[UNESCO]]. {{Cite journal|date=1976|title=Impact of Science on Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YE3AAAAMAAJ|journal=UNESCO|volume=26–27|pages=140|access-date=12 September 2019|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005719/https://books.google.com/books?id=4YE3AAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}.
{{Cite web|url=http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html|title=International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics|website=www.light2015.org|language=en|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=1 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001171116/http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html|url-status=dead}}.
{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/international-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco|title=International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918044445/https://en.unesco.org/news/international-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco|url-status=live}}. Specifically, he was the first to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then enters an eye. {{cite book|last=Adamson|first=Peter|title=Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957749-1|page=77|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005719/https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The works of Alhazen were frequently cited during the scientific revolution by [[Isaac Newton]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Christiaan Huygens]], and [[Galileo Galilei]].

Ibn al-Haytham was the first to correctly explain the theory of vision,<ref name="Adamson 2016 77">{{cite book|last=Adamson|first=Peter|title=Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957749-1|page=77|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005719/https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience.{{sfn|Baker|2012|p=445}} He also stated the principle of least time for refraction which would later become [[Fermat's principle]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rashed |first=Roshdi |date=2019-04-01 |title=Fermat et le principe du moindre temps |journal= Comptes Rendus Mécanique |volume=347 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.crme.2019.03.010 |bibcode=2019CRMec.347..357R |s2cid=145904123 |issn=1631-0721|doi-access=free }}</ref> He made major contributions to catoptrics and dioptrics by studying reflection, refraction and nature of images formed by light rays.{{sfn|Selin|2008|p=1817}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Boudrioua |first1=Azzedine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_0wDwAAQBAJ&dq=Law+of+reflection+ibn+al+haitham&pg=PT29 |title=Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham |last2=Rashed |first2=Roshdi |last3=Lakshminarayanan |first3=Vasudevan |date=2017-08-15 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-65112-7 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306044312/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_0wDwAAQBAJ&dq=Law+of+reflection+ibn+al+haitham&pg=PT29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham was an early proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be supported by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical reasoning—an early pioneer in the [[scientific method]] five centuries before [[History of science in the Renaissance|Renaissance scientists]],<ref>[[Nomanul Haq|Haq, Syed]] (2009). "Science in Islam". Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. {{ISSN|1703-7603}}. Retrievedn 22 October 2014.</ref><ref>[[G. J. Toomer]]. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/228328?pg=464 Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326070235/http://www.jstor.org/stable/228328?pg=464 |date=26 March 2017 }} Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html|title=International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-date=1 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001171116/http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gorini|first=Rosanna|title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision|url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine|volume=2|issue=4|pages=53–55|date=October 2003|access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref> he is sometimes described as the world's "first true scientist".<ref name=Khalili /> He was also a [[polymath]], writing on [[philosophy]], [[theology]] and [[medicine]].<ref>[[Roshdi Rashed]], ''Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrical Methods and the Philosophy of Mathematics: A History of Arabic Sciences and Mathematics, Volume 5'', Routledge (2017), p. 635</ref>

Born in [[Basra]], he spent most of his productive period in the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] capital of [[Cairo]] and earned his living authoring various treatises and tutoring members of the nobilities.<ref>According to [[Al-Qifti]]. {{Harvnb|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}}.</ref> Ibn al-Haytham is sometimes given the [[Nisba (onomastics)|byname]] ''al-Baṣrī'' after his birthplace,<ref>{{harvnb|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}}</ref> or ''al-Miṣrī'' ("the Egyptian").<ref>{{harvnb|O'Connor|Robertson|1999|p=}}</ref><ref>Disputed: {{harvnb|Corbin|1993|p=149}}.</ref> Al-Haytham was dubbed the "Second [[Ptolemy]]" by [[Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi]]<ref name=bayhaqi>Noted by [[Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi]] (c. 1097–1169), and by
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=AsnaAAAAMAAJ Sabra 1994] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005728/https://books.google.com/books?id=AsnaAAAAMAAJ |date=5 February 2023 }} p. 197
* [https://archive.org/details/rainbowfrommytht00boye Carl Boyer 1959 p. 80]</ref> and "The Physicist" by [[John Peckham]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lindberg|1967|p=331}}:"Peckham continually bows to the authority of Alhazen, whom he cites as "the Author" or "the Physicist"."</ref> Ibn al-Haytham paved the way for the modern science of physical optics.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhLVHR5QAQkC|title=Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics|last=A. Mark Smith|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1996|isbn=978-0-87169-862-9|page=57|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005720/https://books.google.com/books?id=mhLVHR5QAQkC|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was born c. 965 to a family of [[Arabs|Arab]]<ref name="Vernet 1996 788" /><ref name="Simon 2006">{{harvnb|Simon|2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gregory |first=Richard Langton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpMYAAAAIAAJ |title=The Oxford Companion to the Mind |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866224-2 |pages=24 |language=en |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204161231/https://books.google.com/books?id=FpMYAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>
“Alhazen Arab mathematician and physicist who was born around 965 in what is now Iraq.” Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work
</ref><ref>Esposito (2000)، The Oxford History of Islam، Oxford University Press، P. 192. : “Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics”</ref> or [[Persians|Persian]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mk_CBAAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+History+and+Evolution+of+Concepts+in+Physics&pg=PA23 |title=History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics page 24 |isbn=978-3-319-04292-3 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620164804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mk_CBAAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+History+and+Evolution+of+Concepts+in+Physics&pg=PA23 |url-status=live |last1=Varvoglis |first1=Harry |date=29 January 2014 |publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nBJAAAAYAAJ&dq=alhazen&pg=PA59 |title=Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, Volume 34 page 59 |date=6 January 1876 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164818/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nBJAAAAYAAJ&dq=alhazen&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDOCwAAQBAJ&dq=Renaissance++John+Shannon+Hendrix,+Charles+eleventh+century&pg=PA77 |title=Renaissance Theories of Vision edited by John Shannon Hendrix, Charles page 77 |isbn=978-1-317-06640-8 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620164804/https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDOCwAAQBAJ&dq=Renaissance++John+Shannon+Hendrix,+Charles+eleventh+century&pg=PA77 |url-status=live |last1=Hendrix |first1=John Shannon |last2=Carman |first2=Charles H. |date=5 December 2016 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQfcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Quantum+Mechanics+for+Beginners+alhazen&pg=PA81 |title=Quantum Mechanics for Beginners: With Applications to Quantum Communication By M. Suhail Zubairy page 81 |isbn=978-0-19-885422-7 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620164806/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQfcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Quantum+Mechanics+for+Beginners+alhazen&pg=PA81 |url-status=live |last1=Suhail Zubairy |first1=M. |date=6 January 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation|Child|Shuter|Taylor|1992|p=70}}, {{Harvard citation|Dessel|Nehrich|Voran|1973|p=164}}, Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70. "Alhazen, a Persian scientist, showed that the eye saw light from other objects. This started optics, the science of light. The Arabs also studied astronomy, the study of the stars. "</ref> origin in [[Basra]], [[Medieval Iraq|Iraq]], which was at the time part of the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid emirate]]. His initial influences were in the study of religion and service to the community. At the time, society had a number of conflicting views of religion that he ultimately sought to step aside from religion. This led to him delving into the study of mathematics and science.<ref name=Tbakhi>{{Cite journal|last1=Tbakhi|first1=Abdelghani|last2=Amr|first2=Samir S.|date=2007|title=Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of Modern Optics|journal=Annals of Saudi Medicine|volume=27|issue=6|pages=464–67|doi=10.5144/0256-4947.2007.464|issn=0256-4947|pmc=6074172|pmid=18059131}}</ref> He held a position with the title of [[Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)|''vizier'']] in his native Basra, and became famous for his knowledge of applied mathematics, as evidenced by his attempt to regulate the [[flooding of the Nile]].<ref name="Corbin 1993 149">{{Harvnb|Corbin|1993|p=149}}.</ref>

Upon his return to Cairo, he was given an administrative post. After he proved unable to fulfill this task as well, he contracted the ire of the caliph [[Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah|Al-Hakim]],<ref>The Prisoner of Al-Hakim. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press, 2017. {{ISBN|1682060160}}</ref> and is said to have been forced into hiding until the caliph's death in 1021, after which his confiscated possessions were returned to him.<ref>[[Carl Brockelmann]], ''Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur'', vol. 1 (1898), [https://archive.org/stream/geschichtederar00brocgoog#page/n522/mode/2up p. 469].</ref>
Legend has it that Alhazen [[feigned madness]] and was kept under house arrest during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=1917 |title=the Great Islamic Encyclopedia |publisher=Cgie.org.ir |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930153427/http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=1917 |archive-date=30 September 2011 }}{{verify source|date=February 2016}}</ref> During this time, he wrote his influential ''[[Book of Optics]]''. Alhazen continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous [[al-Azhar University|University of al-Azhar]], and lived from the proceeds of his literary production<ref>For Ibn al-Haytham's life and works, {{harvnb|Smith|2001|p=cxix}} recommends {{harvnb|Sabra|1989|pp=vol.2, xix–lxxiii}}</ref> until his death in c. 1040.<ref name="Corbin 1993 149" /> (A copy of [[Apollonius of Perga|Apollonius]]' ''Conics'', written in Ibn al-Haytham's own handwriting exists in [[Hagia Sophia|Aya Sofya]]: (MS Aya Sofya 2762, 307 fob., dated Safar 415 A.H. [1024]).)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-al-haytham-abu| title = A. I. Sabra encyclopedia.com Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū| access-date = 4 November 2018| archive-date = 26 March 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025108/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-al-haytham-abu| url-status = live}}</ref>{{rp|Note 2}}

Among his students were Sorkhab (Sohrab), a Persian from [[Semnan (city)|Semnan]], and [[Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik|Abu al-Wafa Mubashir ibn Fatek]], an Egyptian prince.<ref>Sajjadi, Sadegh, "Alhazen", ''Great Islamic Encyclopedia'', Volume 1, Article No. 1917</ref>{{verify source|date=February 2016}}

== ''Book of Optics'' ==
{{Main|Book of Optics}}

Alhazen's most famous work is his seven-volume treatise on [[optics]] ''Kitab al-Manazir'' (''Book of Optics''), written from 1011 to 1021.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Khalili|2015}}.</ref> In it, Ibn al-Haytham was the first to explain that vision occurs when light reflects from an object and then passes to one's eyes,<ref name="Adamson 2016 77"/> and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience.{{sfn|Baker|2012|p=445}}

''Optics'' was [[Latin translations of the 12th century|translated into Latin]] by an unknown scholar at the end of the 12th century or the beginning of the 13th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Crombie|1971|p=147, n. 2}}.</ref>{{ efn| A. Mark Smith has determined that there were at least two translators, based on their facility with Arabic; the first, more experienced scholar began the translation at the beginning of Book One, and handed it off in the middle of Chapter Three of Book Three. {{harvnb|Smith|2001}} '''91''' Volume 1: Commentary and Latin text pp.xx-xxi. See also his 2006, 2008, 2010 translations.}}

This work enjoyed a great reputation during the [[Middle Ages]]. The Latin version of ''De aspectibus'' was translated at the end of the 14th century into Italian vernacular, under the title ''De li aspecti''.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=[[Enrico Narducci]] | title=Nota intorno ad una traduzione italiana fatta nel secolo decimoquarto del trattato d'ottica d'Alhazen |journal=Bollettino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche | year=1871 | volume=4 |pages=1–40}}. On this version, see {{harvnb|Raynaud|2020|pp=139–153}}.</ref>

It was printed by [[Friedrich Risner]] in 1572, with the title ''Opticae thesaurus: Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nuncprimum editi; Eiusdem liber De Crepusculis et nubium ascensionibus'' (English: Treasury of Optics: seven books by the Arab Alhazen, first edition; by the same, on twilight and the height of clouds).<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/cit/citlcalhazen1.htm |title=Alhazen (965–1040): Library of Congress Citations | publisher=Malaspina Great Books |access-date=23 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190009/http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/cit/citlcalhazen1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}{{verify source|date=February 2016}}</ref>
Risner is also the author of the name variant "Alhazen"; before Risner he was known in the west as Alhacen.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2001|p=xxi}}.</ref>
Works by Alhazen on geometric subjects were discovered in the [[Bibliothèque nationale]] in [[Paris]] in 1834 by E. A. Sedillot. In all, A. Mark Smith has accounted for 18 full or near-complete manuscripts, and five fragments, which are preserved in 14 locations, including one in the [[Bodleian Library]] at [[Oxford]], and one in the library of [[Bruges]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2001|p=xxii}}.</ref>

=== Theory of optics ===
{{See also|Horopter}}
[[File:Thesaurus opticus Titelblatt.jpg|thumb|upright|Front page of the ''Opticae Thesaurus'', which included the first printed Latin translation of Alhazen's ''Book of Optics''. The illustration incorporates many examples of optical phenomena including perspective effects, the rainbow, mirrors, and refraction.]]
Two major theories on vision prevailed in [[classical antiquity]]. The first theory, the [[Emission theory (vision)|emission theory]], was supported by such thinkers as [[Euclid]] and [[Ptolemy]], who believed that sight worked by the [[eye]] emitting [[Ray (optics)|rays]] of [[light]]. The second theory, the [[intromission theory]] supported by [[Aristotle]] and his followers, had physical forms entering the eye from an object. Previous Islamic writers (such as [[al-Kindi]]) had argued essentially on Euclidean, Galenist, or Aristotelian lines. The strongest influence on the ''Book of Optics'' was from Ptolemy's [[Ptolemy#Optics|''Optics'']], while the description of the anatomy and physiology of the eye was based on Galen's account.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2001|p=lxxix}}.</ref> Alhazen's achievement was to come up with a theory that successfully combined parts of the mathematical ray arguments of Euclid, the medical tradition of [[Galen]], and the intromission theories of Aristotle. Alhazen's intromission theory followed al-Kindi (and broke with Aristotle) in asserting that "from each point of every colored body, illuminated by any light, issue light and color along every straight line that can be drawn from that point".<ref name="{{harvnb|lindberg|1976|p=73}}.">{{harvnb|Lindberg|1976|p=73}}.</ref> This left him with the problem of explaining how a coherent image was formed from many independent sources of radiation; in particular, every point of an object would send rays to every point on the eye.

What Alhazen needed was for each point on an object to correspond to one point only on the eye.<ref name="{{harvnb|lindberg|1976|p=73}}." /> He attempted to resolve this by asserting that the eye would only perceive perpendicular rays from the object—for any one point on the eye, only the ray that reached it directly, without being refracted by any other part of the eye, would be perceived. He argued, using a physical analogy, that perpendicular rays were stronger than oblique rays: in the same way that a ball thrown directly at a board might break the board, whereas a ball thrown obliquely at the board would glance off, perpendicular rays were stronger than refracted rays, and it was only perpendicular rays which were perceived by the eye. As there was only one perpendicular ray that would enter the eye at any one point, and all these rays would converge on the centre of the eye in a cone, this allowed him to resolve the problem of each point on an object sending many rays to the eye; if only the perpendicular ray mattered, then he had a one-to-one correspondence and the confusion could be resolved.<ref>{{harvnb|Lindberg|1976|p=74}}</ref> He later asserted (in book seven of the ''Optics'') that other rays would be refracted through the eye and perceived ''as if'' perpendicular.<ref>{{harvnb|Lindberg|1976|p=76}}</ref> His arguments regarding perpendicular rays do not clearly explain why ''only'' perpendicular rays were perceived; why would the weaker oblique rays not be perceived more weakly?<ref>{{harvnb|Lindberg|1976|p=75}}</ref> His later argument that refracted rays would be perceived as if perpendicular does not seem persuasive.<ref>{{harvnb|Lindberg|1976|pages=76–78}}</ref> However, despite its weaknesses, no other theory of the time was so comprehensive, and it was enormously influential, particularly in Western Europe. Directly or indirectly, his ''De Aspectibus'' ([[Book of Optics]]) inspired much activity in optics between the 13th and 17th centuries. [[Kepler]]'s later theory of the [[retina]]l image (which resolved the problem of the correspondence of points on an object and points in the eye) built directly on the conceptual framework of Alhazen.<ref>{{harvnb|Lindberg|1976|p=86}}.</ref>

Alhazen showed through experiment that light travels in straight lines, and carried out various experiments with [[lens (optics)|lenses]], [[mirror]]s, [[refraction]], and [[Reflection (physics)|reflection]].<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Al Deek|2004}}.</ref> His analyses of reflection and refraction considered the vertical and horizontal components of light rays separately.<ref>{{harvnb|Heeffer|2003}}.</ref>

Alhazen studied the process of sight, the structure of the eye, image formation in the eye, and the [[visual system]]. Ian P. Howard argued in a 1996 ''[[Perception (journal)|Perception]]'' article that Alhazen should be credited with many discoveries and theories previously attributed to Western Europeans writing centuries later. For example, he described what became in the 19th century [[Hering's law of equal innervation]]. He wrote a description of vertical [[horopter]]s 600 years before [[Aguilonius]] that is actually closer to the modern definition than Aguilonius's—and his work on [[binocular disparity]] was repeated by Panum in 1858.<ref>{{harvnb|Howard|1996}}.</ref> Craig Aaen-Stockdale, while agreeing that Alhazen should be credited with many advances, has expressed some caution, especially when considering Alhazen in isolation from [[Ptolemy]], with whom Alhazen was extremely familiar. Alhazen corrected a significant error of Ptolemy regarding binocular vision, but otherwise his account is very similar; Ptolemy also attempted to explain what is now called Hering's law.<ref>{{harvnb|Aaen-Stockdale|2008}}</ref> In general, Alhazen built on and expanded the optics of Ptolemy.<ref>{{harvnb|Wade|1998|pages=240, 316, 334, 367}}; {{harvnb|Howard|Wade|1996|pages=1195, 1197, 1200}}.</ref>

In a more detailed account of Ibn al-Haytham's contribution to the study of binocular vision based on Lejeune<ref>{{harvnb|Lejeune|1958}}.</ref> and Sabra,<ref name="{{harvnb|sabra|1989}}.">{{harvnb|Sabra|1989}}.</ref> Raynaud<ref>{{harvnb|Raynaud|2003}}.</ref> showed that the concepts of correspondence, homonymous and crossed diplopia were in place in Ibn al-Haytham's optics. But contrary to Howard, he explained why Ibn al-Haytham did not give the circular figure of the horopter and why, by reasoning experimentally, he was in fact closer to the discovery of Panum's fusional area than that of the Vieth-Müller circle. In this regard, Ibn al-Haytham's theory of binocular vision faced two main limits: the lack of recognition of the role of the retina, and obviously the lack of an experimental investigation of ocular tracts.

[[File:Alhazen1652.png|left|thumb|upright|The structure of the [[human eye]] according to Ibn al-Haytham. Note the depiction of the [[optic chiasm]]. —Manuscript copy of his [[Kitāb al-Manāẓir]] (MS Fatih 3212, vol. 1, fol. 81b, [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] Library, Istanbul)]]
Alhazen's most original contribution was that, after describing how he thought the eye was anatomically constructed, he went on to consider how this anatomy would behave functionally as an optical system.<ref>{{harvnb|Russell|1996|p=691}}.</ref> His understanding of [[Pinhole camera model|pinhole projection]] from his experiments appears to have influenced his consideration of image inversion in the eye,<ref>{{harvnb|Russell|1996|p=689}}.</ref> which he sought to avoid.<ref>{{harvnb|Lindberg|1976|pages= 80–85}}</ref> He maintained that the rays that fell perpendicularly on the lens (or glacial humor as he called it) were further refracted outward as they left the glacial humor and the resulting image thus passed upright into the optic nerve at the back of the eye.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2004|pages=186, 192}}.</ref> He followed [[Galen]] in believing that the [[Lens (anatomy)|lens]] was the receptive organ of sight, although some of his work hints that he thought the [[retina]] was also involved.<ref>{{harvnb|Wade|1998|p=14}}</ref>

Alhazen's synthesis of light and vision adhered to the Aristotelian scheme, exhaustively describing the process of vision in a logical, complete fashion.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357|title=Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume Two|author=Smith, A. Mark|year=2001|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|volume=91|issue=5|pages=339–819|via=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/3657357|jstor=3657357|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630235046/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357?|url-status=live}}</ref>

His research in [[catoptrics]] (the study of optical systems using mirrors) was centred on spherical and [[Parabola|parabolic]] mirrors and [[spherical aberration]]. He made the observation that the ratio between the [[angle of incidence (optics)|angle of incidence]] and [[refraction]] does not remain constant, and investigated the [[Magnification|magnifying]] power of a [[Lens (optics)|lens]].<ref name="auto" />

=== Law of reflection ===
{{Main|Specular reflection}}
Alhazen was the first physicist to give complete statement of the law of reflection.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stamnes |first=J. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGQ-DwAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+law+of+reflection&pg=PT15 |title=Waves in Focal Regions: Propagation, Diffraction and Focusing of Light, Sound and Water Waves |date=2017-11-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-40468-6 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331171120/https://books.google.com/books?id=dGQ-DwAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+law+of+reflection&pg=PT15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mach |first=Ernst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dPCAgAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+incident+ray+reflected+ray+lie+on+same+plane&pg=PA29 |title=The Principles of Physical Optics: An Historical and Philosophical Treatment |date=2013-01-23 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-17347-4 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331172406/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dPCAgAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+incident+ray+reflected+ray+lie+on+same+plane&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Iizuka |first=Keigo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9n6CAAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+law+of+reflection&pg=PA7 |title=Engineering Optics |date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-662-07032-1 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331171118/https://books.google.com/books?id=h9n6CAAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+law+of+reflection&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was first to state that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in a same plane perpendicular to reflecting plane.{{sfn|Selin|2008|p=1817}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mach |first=Ernst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dPCAgAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+first+incident+ray+reflected+ray+lie+on+same+plane&pg=PA29 |title=The Principles of Physical Optics: An Historical and Philosophical Treatment |date=2013-01-23 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-17347-4 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331171118/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dPCAgAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+first+incident+ray+reflected+ray+lie+on+same+plane&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Alhazen's problem ===
{{Main|Alhazen's problem}}
[[File:Theorem of al-Haitham.JPG|thumb|The [[Circle#Theorems|theorem of Ibn Haytham]]]]
His work on [[catoptrics]] in Book V of the Book of Optics contains a discussion of what is now known as Alhazen's problem, first formulated by [[Ptolemy]] in 150 AD. It comprises drawing lines from two points in the [[plane (mathematics)|plane]] of a circle meeting at a point on the [[circumference]] and making equal angles with the [[Normal (geometry)|normal]] at that point. This is equivalent to finding the point on the edge of a circular [[billiard table]] at which a player must aim a cue ball at a given point to make it bounce off the table edge and hit another ball at a second given point. Thus, its main application in optics is to solve the problem, "Given a light source and a spherical mirror, find the point on the mirror where the light will be reflected to the eye of an observer." This leads to an [[Quartic equation|equation of the fourth degree]].<ref>{{harvnb|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}}, {{harvnb|Weisstein|2008}}.</ref> This eventually led Alhazen to derive a formula for the sum of [[fourth power]]s, where previously only the formulas for the sums of squares and cubes had been stated. His method can be readily generalized to find the formula for the sum of any integral powers, although he did not himself do this (perhaps because he only needed the fourth power to calculate the volume of the paraboloid he was interested in). He used his result on sums of integral powers to perform what would now be called an [[Integral|integration]], where the formulas for the sums of integral squares and fourth powers allowed him to calculate the volume of a [[paraboloid]].<ref>{{harvnb|Katz|1995|pp=165–69, 173–74}}.</ref> Alhazen eventually solved the problem using [[conic section]]s and a geometric proof. His solution was extremely long and complicated and may not have been understood by mathematicians reading him in Latin translation.
Later mathematicians used [[Descartes]]' analytical methods to analyse the problem.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1992}}.</ref> An algebraic solution to the problem was finally found in 1965 by Jack M. Elkin, an actuarian.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elkin|first=Jack M.|title=A deceptively easy problem|journal=Mathematics Teacher|volume=58|issue=3|pages=194–99|year=1965|doi=10.5951/MT.58.3.0194|jstor=27968003}}</ref> Other solutions were discovered in 1989, by Harald Riede<ref>{{Citation|last=Riede|first=Harald|title=Reflexion am Kugelspiegel. Oder: das Problem des Alhazen|journal=Praxis der Mathematik|volume=31|issue=2|pages=65–70|year=1989|language=de}}</ref> and in 1997 by the [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] mathematician [[Peter M. Neumann]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Neumann|first=Peter M.|author-link=Peter M. Neumann|title=Reflections on Reflection in a Spherical Mirror|journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]]|volume=105|issue=6|pages=523–28|year=1998|jstor=2589403|mr=1626185|doi=10.1080/00029890.1998.12004920}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Highfield |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Highfield |date=1 April 1997 |title=Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks |journal=[[Electronic Telegraph]] |volume=676 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/04/01/ngre01.html|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041123051228/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F04%2F01%2Fngre01.html |archive-date=23 November 2004 }}</ref>
Recently, [[Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories]] (MERL) researchers solved the extension of Alhazen's problem to general rotationally symmetric quadric mirrors including hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptical mirrors.<ref>{{harvnb|Agrawal|Taguchi|Ramalingam|2011}}.</ref>

=== Camera Obscura ===
The [[camera obscura]] was known to the [[History of Science and Technology in China|ancient Chinese]], and was described by the [[Han Chinese]] [[polymath]] [[Shen Kuo]] in his scientific book ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'', published in the year 1088 C.E. [[Aristotle]] had discussed the basic principle behind it in his ''Problems'', but Alhazen's work contained the first clear description of [[camera obscura]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kelley|Milone|Aveni|2005|p=83}}: "The first clear description of the device appears in the ''Book of Optics'' of Alhazen."</ref> and early analysis<ref>{{harvnb|Wade|Finger|2001}}: "The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham."</ref> of the device.

Ibn al-Haytham used a [[camera obscura]] mainly to observe a partial solar eclipse.<ref>German physicist Eilhard Wiedemann first provided an abridged German translation of ''On the shape of the eclipse'': {{Cite journal |author=Eilhard Wiedemann |title=Über der Camera obscura bei Ibn al Haiṭam |journal=Sitzungsberichte phys.-med. Sozietät in Erlangen |year=1914 |volume=46 | pages=155–169}} The work is now available in full: {{harvnb|Raynaud|2016}}.</ref>
In his essay, Ibn al-Haytham writes that he observed the sickle-like shape of the sun at the time of an eclipse. The introduction reads as follows: "The image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light passes through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moonsickle."

It is admitted that his findings solidified the importance in the history of the [[camera obscura]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Photography|last=Eder|first=Josef|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1945|location=New York|pages=37}}</ref> but this treatise is important in many other respects.

Ancient optics and medieval optics were divided into optics and burning mirrors. Optics proper mainly focused on the study of vision, while burning mirrors focused on the properties of light and luminous rays. ''On the shape of the eclipse'' is probably one of the first attempts made by Ibn al-Haytham to articulate these two sciences.

Very often Ibn al-Haytham's discoveries benefited from the intersection of mathematical and experimental contributions. This is the case with ''On the shape of the eclipse''. Besides the fact that this treatise allowed more people to study partial eclipses of the sun, it especially allowed to better understand how the camera obscura works. This treatise is a physico-mathematical study of image formation inside the camera obscura. Ibn al-Haytham takes an experimental approach, and determines the result by varying the size and the shape of the aperture, the focal length of the camera, the shape and intensity of the light source.<ref>{{harvnb|Raynaud|2016|pp=130–160}}</ref>

In his work he explains the inversion of the image in the camera obscura,<ref>{{harvnb|Raynaud|2016|pp=114–116}}</ref> the fact that the image is similar to the source when the hole is small, but also the fact that the image can differ from the source when the hole is large. All these results are produced by using a point analysis of the image.<ref>{{harvnb|Raynaud|2016|pp=91–94}}</ref>

=== Refractometer ===
{{Main|Refractometer}}
In the seventh tract of his book of optics, Alhazen described an apparatus for experimenting with various cases of refraction, in order to investigate the relations between the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction and the angle of deflection. This apparatus was a modified version of an apparatus used by Ptolemy for similar purpose.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-science-and-technology-in-islam-fuat-sezgin |title=History Of Science And Technology In Islam Fuat Sezgin |date=2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaukroger |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVwDs_Ikad0C&dq=ptolemy+alhazen+refractometer&pg=PA142 |title=Descartes: An Intellectual Biography |date=1995-03-30 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-151954-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Newton |first=Isaac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNrLQN0VbAoC&dq=ptolemy+alhazen+refractometer&pg=PA175 |title=The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton: Volume 1, The Optical Lectures 1670-1672 |date=1984-03-29 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25248-5 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Unconscious inference ===
{{Main|Unconscious inference}}
Alhazen basically states the concept of unconscious inference in his discussion of colour before adding that the inferential step between sensing colour and differentiating it is shorter than the time taken between sensing and any other visible characteristic (aside from light), and that "time is so short as not to be clearly apparent to the beholder." Naturally, this suggests that the colour and form are perceived elsewhere. Alhazen goes on to say that information must travel to the central nerve cavity for processing and:<blockquote>the sentient organ does not sense the forms that reach it from the visible objects until
after it has been affected by these forms; thus it does not sense color as color or light as light until after it has been affected by the form of color or light. Now the affectation received by the sentient organ from the form of color or of light is a certain change; and change must take place in time; …..and it is in the time during which the form extends from the sentient organ's surface to the cavity of the common nerve, and in (the time) following that, that the sensitive faculty, which exists in the whole of the sentient body will perceive color as color…Thus the last sentient's perception of color as such and of light as such takes place at a time following that in which the form arrives from the surface of the sentient organ to the cavity of the common nerve.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Boudrioua |first1=Azzedine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD0PEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+sentient+organ+does+not+sense+the+forms+that+reach+it+from+the+visible+objects+until+after+it+has+been+a&pg=PA76 |title=Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham |last2=Rashed |first2=Roshdi |last3=Lakshminarayanan |first3=Vasudevan |date=2017-08-15 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4987-7940-1 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Color constancy ===
{{Main|Color constancy}}
Alhazen explained [[color constancy]] by observing that the light reflected from an object is modified by the object's color. He explained that the quality of the light and the color of the object are mixed, and the visual system separates light and color. In Book II, Chapter 3 he writes:<blockquote>Again the light does not travel from the colored object to the eye unaccompanied by the color, nor does the form of the color pass from the colored object to the eye unaccompanied by the light. Neither the form of the light nor that of the color existing in the colored object can pass except as mingled together and the last sentient can only
perceive them as mingled together. Nevertheless, the sentient perceives that the visible object is luminous and that the light seen in the object is other than the color and that these are two properties.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Boudrioua |first1=Azzedine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD0PEAAAQBAJ&dq=Al-Haytham+described+color+constancy+by+observing+that+light+reflected+by+an+object+is+modified+by+the+color+of+the+object&pg=PA78 |title=Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham |last2=Rashed |first2=Roshdi |last3=Lakshminarayanan |first3=Vasudevan |date=2017-08-15 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4987-7940-1 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Other contributions ===
The ''Kitab al-Manazir'' (Book of Optics) describes several experimental observations that Alhazen made and how he used his results to explain certain optical phenomena using mechanical analogies. He conducted experiments with [[projectile]]s and concluded that only the impact of [[perpendicular]] projectiles on surfaces was forceful enough to make them penetrate, whereas surfaces tended to deflect [[Oblique angle|oblique]] projectile strikes. For example, to explain refraction from a rare to a dense medium, he used the mechanical analogy of an iron ball thrown at a thin slate covering a wide hole in a metal sheet. A perpendicular throw breaks the slate and passes through, whereas an oblique one with equal force and from an equal distance does not.<ref>{{harvnb|Russell|1996|p=695}}.</ref> He also used this result to explain how intense, direct light hurts the eye, using a mechanical analogy: Alhazen associated 'strong' lights with perpendicular rays and 'weak' lights with oblique ones. The obvious answer to the problem of multiple rays and the eye was in the choice of the perpendicular ray, since only one such ray from each point on the surface of the object could penetrate the eye.<ref>{{harvnb|Russell|1996|p=}}.</ref>

Sudanese psychologist Omar Khaleefa has argued that Alhazen should be considered the founder of [[experimental psychology]], for his pioneering work on the psychology of visual perception and [[optical illusion]]s.<ref name="auto2">{{harvnb|Khaleefa|1999}}</ref> Khaleefa has also argued that Alhazen should also be considered the "founder of [[psychophysics]]", a sub-discipline and precursor to modern psychology.<ref name="auto2" /> Although Alhazen made many subjective reports regarding vision, there is no evidence that he used quantitative psychophysical techniques and the claim has been rebuffed.<ref>{{harvnb|Aaen-Stockdale|2008}}.</ref>

Alhazen offered an explanation of the [[Moon illusion]], an illusion that played an important role in the scientific tradition of medieval Europe.<ref>{{harvnb|Ross|Plug|2002}}.</ref> Many authors repeated explanations that attempted to solve the problem of the Moon appearing larger near the horizon than it does when higher up in the sky. Alhazen argued against Ptolemy's refraction theory, and defined the problem in terms of perceived, rather than real, enlargement. He said that judging the distance of an object depends on there being an uninterrupted sequence of intervening bodies between the object and the observer. When the Moon is high in the sky there are no intervening objects, so the Moon appears close. The perceived size of an object of constant angular size varies with its perceived distance. Therefore, the Moon appears closer and smaller high in the sky, and further and larger on the horizon. Through works by [[Roger Bacon]], [[John Pecham]] and Witelo based on Alhazen's explanation, the Moon illusion gradually came to be accepted as a psychological phenomenon, with the refraction theory being rejected in the 17th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Hershenson|1989|pp=9–10}}.</ref> Although Alhazen is often credited with the perceived distance explanation, he was not the first author to offer it. [[Cleomedes]] ({{circa}} 2nd century) gave this account (in addition to refraction), and he credited it to [[Posidonius]] ({{circa}} 135–50 BCE).<ref>{{harvnb|Ross|2000}}.</ref> Ptolemy may also have offered this explanation in his ''Optics'', but the text is obscure.<ref>{{harvnb|Ross|Ross|1976}}.</ref> Alhazen's writings were more widely available in the Middle Ages than those of these earlier authors, and that probably explains why Alhazen received the credit.

== Scientific method ==
{{further|Scientific method}}
{{blockquote|Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and deficiency. The duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and ... attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency.|Alhazen<ref name="{{harvnb|sabra|1989}}." />}}
An aspect associated with Alhazen's optical research is related to systemic and methodological reliance on experimentation (''i'tibar'')(Arabic: اختبار) and [[Scientific control|controlled testing]] in his scientific inquiries. Moreover, his experimental directives rested on combining classical physics (''ilm tabi'i'') with mathematics (''ta'alim''; geometry in particular). This mathematical-physical approach to experimental science supported most of his propositions in ''Kitab al-Manazir'' (''The Optics''; ''De aspectibus'' or ''Perspectivae'')<ref>See, for example,[http://perspectiva.biblhertz.it/doc01.VII.html ''De aspectibus'' Book 7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818182120/http://perspectiva.biblhertz.it/doc01.VII.html |date=18 August 2018 }}, for his experiments in refraction</ref> and grounded his theories of vision, light and colour, as well as his research in catoptrics and [[dioptrics]] (the study of the reflection and refraction of light, respectively).<ref name="{{harvs|nb|last=el-bizri|year=2005a|year2=2005b}}.">{{harvs|nb|last=El-Bizri|year=2005a|year2=2005b}}.</ref> 

According to Matthias Schramm,<ref name=thiele2005>{{cite web| url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82356023.pdf| title = see Schramm's Habilitationsschrift, ''Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' (Steiner, Wiesbaden, 1963) as cited by Rüdiger Thiele (2005) ''Historia Mathematica'' '''32''', 271–74. "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm, 1928–2005"| access-date = 25 October 2017| archive-date = 25 October 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171025192431/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82356023.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> Alhazen "was the first to make a systematic use of the method of varying the experimental conditions in a constant and uniform manner, in an experiment showing that the intensity of the light-spot formed by the projection of the [[moonlight]] through two small [[apertures]] onto a screen diminishes constantly as one of the apertures is gradually blocked up."<ref>{{harvnb|Toomer|1964|pp=463–64}}</ref> G. J. Toomer expressed some skepticism regarding Schramm's view,<ref name="auto1">{{harvnb|Toomer|1964|p=465}}</ref> partly because at the time (1964) the ''Book of Optics'' had not yet been fully translated from Arabic, and Toomer was concerned that without context, specific passages might be read anachronistically. While acknowledging Alhazen's importance in developing experimental techniques, Toomer argued that Alhazen should not be considered in isolation from other Islamic and ancient thinkers.<ref name="auto1" /> Toomer concluded his review by saying that it would not be possible to assess Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics without translating more of Alhazen's work and fully investigating his influence on later medieval writers.<ref name=toomer1964Review>[[G. J. Toomer]]. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/228328?pg=464 Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326070235/http://www.jstor.org/stable/228328?pg=464 |date=26 March 2017 }} Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "Only when the influence of ibn al-Haytam and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that ibn al-Haytam was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated."</ref>

== Other works on physics ==

=== Optical treatises ===

Besides the ''Book of Optics'', Alhazen wrote several other treatises on the same subject, including his ''Risala fi l-Daw''' (''Treatise on Light''). He investigated the properties of [[luminance]], the [[rainbow]], [[eclipse]]s, [[twilight]], and [[moonlight]]. Experiments with mirrors and the refractive interfaces between air, water, and glass cubes, hemispheres, and quarter-spheres provided the foundation for his theories on [[catoptrics]].<ref name="{{harvnb|el-bizri|2006}}.">{{harvnb|El-Bizri|2006}}.</ref>

=== Celestial physics ===
Alhazen discussed the [[physics]] of the celestial region in his ''Epitome of Astronomy'', arguing that Ptolemaic models must be understood in terms of physical objects rather than abstract hypotheses—in other words that it should be possible to create physical models where (for example) none of the celestial bodies would collide with each other. The suggestion of mechanical models for the Earth centred [[Ptolemaic model]] "greatly contributed to the eventual triumph of the Ptolemaic system among the Christians of the West". Alhazen's determination to root astronomy in the realm of physical objects was important, however, because it meant astronomical hypotheses "were accountable to the [[Physical law|laws of physics]]", and could be criticised and improved upon in those terms.<ref>{{harvnb|Duhem|1969|p=28}}.</ref>

He also wrote ''Maqala fi daw al-qamar'' (''On the Light of the Moon'').

=== Mechanics ===

In his work, Alhazen discussed theories on the [[Motion (physics)|motion]] of a body.<ref name="{{harvnb|el-bizri|2006}}."/>

{{anchor|Astronomy}}

== Astronomical works ==

=== ''On the Configuration of the World'' ===

In his ''On the Configuration of the World'' Alhazen presented a detailed description of the physical structure of the earth:{{blockquote|The earth as a whole is a round sphere whose center is the center of the world. It is stationary in its [the world's] middle, fixed in it and not moving in any direction nor moving with any of the varieties of motion, but always at rest.<ref>{{harvnb|Langermann|1990}}, chap. 2, sect. 22, p. 61</ref>}}

The book is a non-technical explanation of Ptolemy's ''[[Almagest]]'', which was eventually translated into [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Latin]] in the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently had an influence on astronomers such as [[Georg von Peuerbach]]<ref name="{{harvnb|lorch|2008}}.">{{harvnb|Lorch|2008}}.</ref> during the European [[Middle Ages]] and [[Renaissance]].<ref>{{harvnb|Langermann|1990|pp=34–41}}; {{harvnb|Gondhalekar|2001|p=21}}.</ref>

=== ''Doubts Concerning Ptolemy'' ===

In his ''Al-Shukūk ‛alā Batlamyūs'', variously translated as ''Doubts Concerning Ptolemy'' or ''Aporias against Ptolemy'', published at some time between 1025 and 1028, Alhazen criticized [[Ptolemy]]'s ''Almagest'', ''Planetary Hypotheses'', and ''Optics'', pointing out various contradictions he found in these works, particularly in astronomy. Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' concerned mathematical theories regarding the motion of the planets, whereas the ''Hypotheses'' concerned what Ptolemy thought was the actual configuration of the planets. Ptolemy himself acknowledged that his theories and configurations did not always agree with each other, arguing that this was not a problem provided it did not result in noticeable error, but Alhazen was particularly scathing in his criticism of the inherent contradictions in Ptolemy's works.<ref name="{{harvnb|sabra|1998}}.">{{harvnb|Sabra|1998}}.</ref> He considered that some of the mathematical devices Ptolemy introduced into astronomy, especially the [[equant]], failed to satisfy the physical requirement of uniform circular motion, and noted the absurdity of relating actual physical motions to imaginary mathematical points, lines and circles:<ref>{{harvnb|Langermann|1990|pp=8–10}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Ptolemy assumed an arrangement (''hay'a'') that cannot exist, and the fact that this arrangement produces in his imagination the motions that belong to the planets does not free him from the error he committed in his assumed arrangement, for the existing motions of the planets cannot be the result of an arrangement that is impossible to exist... [F]or a man to imagine a circle in the heavens, and to imagine the planet moving in it does not bring about the planet's motion.<ref>{{harvnb|Sabra|1978b|p=121, n. 13}}</ref>}}

Having pointed out the problems, Alhazen appears to have intended to resolve the contradictions he pointed out in Ptolemy in a later work. Alhazen believed there was a "true configuration" of the planets that Ptolemy had failed to grasp. He intended to complete and repair Ptolemy's system, not to replace it completely.<ref name="{{harvnb|sabra|1998}}." /> In the ''Doubts Concerning Ptolemy'' Alhazen set out his views on the difficulty of attaining scientific knowledge and the need to question existing authorities and theories:

{{blockquote|Truth is sought for itself [but] the truths, [he warns] are immersed in uncertainties [and the scientific authorities (such as Ptolemy, whom he greatly respected) are] not immune from error...<ref name="{{harvnb|sabra|1989}}." />}}

He held that the criticism of existing theories—which dominated this book—holds a special place in the growth of scientific knowledge.

=== ''Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets'' ===

Alhazen's ''The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets'' was written {{circa}} 1038. Only one damaged manuscript has been found, with only the introduction and the first section, on the theory of planetary motion, surviving. (There was also a second section on astronomical calculation, and a third section, on astronomical instruments.) Following on from his ''Doubts on Ptolemy'', Alhazen described a new, geometry-based planetary model, describing the motions of the planets in terms of spherical geometry, infinitesimal geometry and trigonometry. He kept a geocentric universe and assumed that celestial motions are uniformly circular, which required the inclusion of [[epicycles]] to explain observed motion, but he managed to eliminate Ptolemy's [[equant]]. In general, his model didn't try to provide a causal explanation of the motions, but concentrated on providing a complete, geometric description that could explain observed motions without the contradictions inherent in Ptolemy's model.<ref>{{harvnb|Rashed|2007}}.</ref>

=== Other astronomical works ===

Alhazen wrote a total of twenty-five astronomical works, some concerning technical issues such as ''Exact Determination of the Meridian'', a second group concerning accurate astronomical observation, a third group concerning various astronomical problems and questions such as the location of the [[Milky Way]]; Alhazen made the first systematic effort of evaluating the Milky Way's parallax, combining Ptolemy's data and his own. He concluded that the parallax is (probably very much) smaller than Lunar parallax, and the Milky way should be a celestial object. Though he was not the first who argued that the Milky Way does not belong to the atmosphere, he is the first who did quantitative analysis for the claim.<ref>{{harvnb|Eckart|2018}}</ref>
The fourth group consists of ten works on astronomical theory, including the ''Doubts'' and ''Model of the Motions'' discussed above.<ref>{{harvnb|Rashed|2007|pp=8–9}}.</ref>

== Mathematical works ==
[[File:AlhazenSummation.svg|thumb|upright|Alhazen's geometrically proven summation formula]]
In [[Islamic mathematics|mathematics]], Alhazen built on the mathematical works of [[Euclid]] and [[Thabit ibn Qurra]] and worked on "the beginnings of the link between [[algebra]] and [[geometry]]". Alhazen made developments in [[Conic section|conic sections]] and number theory.<ref>{{harvnb|Faruqi|2006|pp=395–96}}:
In seventeenth century Europe the problems formulated by Ibn al-Haytham (965–1041) became known as 'Alhazen's problem'. ... Al-Haytham's contributions to geometry and number theory went well beyond the Archimedean tradition. Al-Haytham also worked on analytical geometry and the beginnings of the link between algebra and geometry. Subsequently, this work led in pure mathematics to the harmonious fusion of algebra and geometry that was epitomised by Descartes in geometric analysis and by Newton in the calculus. Al-Haytham was a scientist who made major contributions to the fields of mathematics, physics and astronomy during the latter half of the tenth century.</ref>

He developed a formula for summing the first 100 natural numbers, using a geometric proof to prove the formula.<ref>{{harvnb|Rottman|2000}}, Chapter 1.</ref>

=== Geometry ===
[[File:LunesOfAlhazen.svg|thumb|upright|The lunes of Alhazen. The two blue lunes together have the same area as the green right triangle.]]
Alhazen explored what is now known as the [[Euclidean geometry|Euclidean]] [[parallel postulate]], the fifth [[Axiom|postulate]] in [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']], using a [[Reductio ad absurdum|proof by contradiction]],<ref>{{harvnb|Eder|2000}}.</ref> and in effect introducing the concept of motion into geometry.<ref>{{harvnb|Katz|1998|p=269}}: "In effect, this method characterised parallel lines as lines always equidistant from one another and also introduced the concept of motion into geometry."</ref> He formulated the [[Lambert quadrilateral]], which Boris Abramovich Rozenfeld names the "Ibn al-Haytham–Lambert quadrilateral".<ref>{{harvnb|Rozenfeld|1988|p=65}}.</ref> He was criticised by Omar Khayyam who pointed that Aristotle had condemned the use of [[Motion (geometry)|motion in geometry]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Boyer |first1=Carl B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bR9HAAAAQBAJ&dq=motion+geometry+alhazen&pg=PA220 |title=A History of Mathematics |last2=Merzbach |first2=Uta C. |date=2011-01-25 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-63056-3 |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907232753/https://books.google.com/books?id=bR9HAAAAQBAJ&dq=motion+geometry+alhazen&pg=PA220 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In elementary geometry, Alhazen attempted to solve the problem of [[squaring the circle]] using the area of [[Lune (mathematics)|lunes]] (crescent shapes), but later gave up on the impossible task.<ref name="{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}.">{{harvnb|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}}.</ref> The two lunes formed from a [[right triangle]] by erecting a semicircle on each of the triangle's sides, inward for the hypotenuse and outward for the other two sides, are known as the [[Lune of Hippocrates|lunes of Alhazen]]; they have the same total area as the triangle itself.<ref>{{Harvnb|Alsina|Nelsen|2010}}.</ref>

=== Number theory ===

Alhazen's contributions to [[number theory]] include his work on [[perfect number]]s. In his ''Analysis and Synthesis'', he may have been the first to state that every even perfect number is of the form 2''n''−1(2''n'' − 1) where 2''n'' − 1 is [[Prime number|prime]], but he was not able to prove this result; [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] later proved it in the 18th century, and it is now called the [[Euclid–Euler theorem]].<ref name="{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}." />

Alhazen solved problems involving [[congruence relation|congruences]] using what is now called [[Wilson's theorem]]. In his ''Opuscula'', Alhazen considers the solution of a system of congruences, and gives two general methods of solution. His first method, the canonical method, involved Wilson's theorem, while his second method involved a version of the [[Chinese remainder theorem]].<ref name="{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}." />

=== Calculus ===
Alhazen discovered the sum formula for the fourth power, using a method that could be generally used to determine the sum for any integral power. He used this to find the volume of a [[paraboloid]]. He could find the integral formula for any polynomial without having developed a general formula.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2691411 |author=Katz, Victor J. |author-link=Victor J. Katz |title=Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India |jstor=2691411 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |year=1995 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=163–74 [165–69, 173–74]year=1995}}</ref>

== Other works ==

=== ''Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals'' ===

Alhazen also wrote a ''Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals'', although no copies have survived. It appears to have been concerned with the question of whether animals could react to music, for example whether a camel would increase or decrease its pace.

=== Engineering ===

In [[Inventions in the Islamic world|engineering]], one account of his career as a [[civil engineer]] has him summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid [[Caliph]], [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], to regulate the [[flooding]] of the [[Nile]] River. He carried out a detailed scientific study of the annual [[inundation]] of the Nile River, and he drew plans for building a [[dam]], at the site of the modern-day [[Aswan Dam]]. His field work, however, later made him aware of the impracticality of this scheme, and he soon [[feigned madness]] so he could avoid punishment from the Caliph.<ref>{{harvnb|Plott|2000}}, Pt. II, p. 459.</ref>

=== Philosophy ===

In his ''Treatise on Place'', Alhazen disagreed with [[Aristotle]]'s view that nature abhors a [[Vacuum|void]], and he used [[geometry]] in an attempt to demonstrate that place (''al-makan'') is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body.<ref name="{{harvnb|el-bizri|2007}}.">{{harvnb|El-Bizri|2007}}.</ref> [[Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)|Abd-el-latif]], a supporter of Aristotle's philosophical view of place, later criticized the work in ''Fi al-Radd 'ala Ibn al-Haytham fi al-makan'' (''A refutation of Ibn al-Haytham's place'') for its geometrization of place.<ref name="{{harvnb|el-bizri|2007}}." />

Alhazen also discussed [[Depth perception|space perception]] and its [[Epistemology|epistemological]] implications in his ''[[Book of Optics]]''. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhazen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for
correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2005|pp=219–40}}.</ref>

=== Theology ===
Alhazen was a Muslim and most sources report that he was a Sunni and a follower of the [[Ash'ari]] school.<ref name="ishaq">Ishaq, Usep Mohamad, and Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud. "Tinjauan biografi-bibliografi Ibn al-haytham." HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah 5.2 (2017): 107–24.</ref><ref name="george">Kaminski, Joseph J. "The Trajectory of the Development of Islamic Thought{{snd}}A Comparison Between Two Earlier and Two Later Scholars." ''The Contemporary Islamic Governed State.'' Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017. 31–70. "For example, Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī were among the most important medieval scholars who used the scientific method in their approach to natural science, and they were both Ash'arites"</ref><ref name="Sardar 1998">{{harvnb|Sardar|1998}}</ref><ref name="Bettany 1995 251">{{harvnb|Bettany|1995|p=251}}</ref> [[Ziauddin Sardar]] says that some of the greatest [[Science in medieval Islam|Muslim scientists]], such as Ibn al-Haytham and [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], who were pioneers of the [[scientific method]], were themselves followers of the Ashʿari school of Islamic theology.<ref name="Sardar 1998" /> Like other Ashʿarites who believed that faith or ''taqlid'' should apply only to Islam and not to any ancient [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] authorities,<ref>Anwar, Sabieh (October 2008), "Is Ghazālī really the Halagu of Science in Islam?", ''[[Al-Mawrid|Monthly Renaissance]]'', '''18''' (10), retrieved 14 October 2008</ref> Ibn al-Haytham's view that ''taqlid'' should apply only to [[prophets of Islam]] and not to any other authorities formed the basis for much of his [[scientific skepticism]] and criticism against [[Ptolemy]] and other ancient authorities in his ''Doubts Concerning Ptolemy'' and ''[[Book of Optics]]''.<ref>Rashed, Roshdi (2007), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham", ''Arabic Sciences and Philosophy'', [[Cambridge University Press]], '''17''' (1): 7–55 [11], [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1017/S0957423907000355</ref>

Alhazen wrote a work on Islamic theology in which he discussed prophethood and developed a system of philosophical criteria to discern its false claimants in his time.<ref>{{harvnb|Plott|2000}}, Pt. II, p. 464</ref>
He also wrote a treatise entitled ''Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation'' in which he discussed finding the [[Qibla]], where prayers ([[salat]]) are directed towards, mathematically.<ref>{{harvnb|Topdemir|2007|pp=8–9}}.</ref>

There are occasional references to theology or religious sentiment in his technical works, e.g.
in ''Doubts Concerning Ptolemy'':
{{blockquote|Truth is sought for its own sake ... Finding the truth is difficult, and the road to it is rough. For the truths are plunged in obscurity. ... God, however, has not preserved the scientist from error and has not safeguarded science from shortcomings and faults. If this had been the case, scientists would not have disagreed upon any point of science...<ref name=Sambursky1974>Translated by S. Pines, as quoted in {{harvnb|Sambursky|1974|p=139}}.</ref>}}
In ''The Winding Motion'':
{{blockquote|From the statements made by the noble Shaykh, it is clear that he believes in Ptolemy's words in everything he says, without relying on a demonstration or calling on a proof, but by pure imitation (''taqlid''); that is how experts in the prophetic tradition have faith in Prophets, may the blessing of God be upon them. But it is not the way that mathematicians have faith in specialists in the demonstrative sciences.<ref>{{harvnb|Rashed|2007|p=11}}.</ref>}}

Regarding the relation of objective truth and God:
{{blockquote|I constantly sought knowledge and truth, and it became my belief that for gaining access to the effulgence and closeness to God, there is no better way than that of searching for truth and knowledge.<ref>{{harvnb|Plott|2000}}, Pt. II, p. 465</ref>}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Book of Optics Cover Page.jpg|upright|thumb|Cover page of the Latin translation of ''[[Book of Optics|Kitāb al-Manāẓir]]'']]
Alhazen made significant contributions to optics, number theory, geometry, astronomy and natural philosophy. Alhazen's work on optics is credited with contributing a new emphasis on experiment.

His main work, ''[[Book of Optics|Kitab al-Manazir]]'' (''Book of Optics''), was known in the [[Muslim world]] mainly, but not exclusively, through the thirteenth-century commentary by [[Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī]], the ''Tanqīḥ ''al-Manāẓir'' li-dhawī l-abṣār wa l-baṣā'ir''.<ref>{{harvnb|Sabra|2007}}.</ref> In [[al-Andalus]], it was used by the eleventh-century prince of the [[Banu Hud|Banu Hud dynasty]] of [[Zaragoza|Zaragossa]] and author of an important mathematical text, [[al-Mu'taman ibn Hud|al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd]]. A Latin translation of the ''Kitab al-Manazir'' was made probably in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century.<ref>{{harvnb|Sabra|2007|pages=122, 128–29}}. {{harvnb||Grant|1974|p=[{{google books|fAPN_3w4hAUC|plainurl=yes|page=392}} 392]}} notes the ''Book of Optics'' has also been denoted as ''Opticae Thesaurus Alhazen Arabis'', as ''De Aspectibus'', and also as ''Perspectiva''</ref> This translation was read by and greatly influenced a number of scholars in Christian Europe including: [[Roger Bacon]],<ref>{{harvnb|Lindberg|1996|p=11}}, passim.</ref> [[Robert Grosseteste]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Authier|2013|p=23}}: "Alhazen's works in turn inspired many scientists of the Middle Ages, such as the English bishop, Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175–1253), and the English Franciscan, Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294), Erazmus Ciolek Witelo, or Witelon (ca 1230* 1280), a Silesian-born Polish friar, philosopher and scholar, published in ca 1270 a treatise on optics, Perspectiva, largely based on Alhazen's works."</ref> [[Witelo]], [[Giambattista della Porta]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Magill|Aves|1998|p=66}}: "Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Giambattista della Porta are only some of the many thinkers who were influenced by Alhazen's work."</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Zewail|Thomas|2010|p=5}}: "The Latin translation of Alhazen's work influenced scientists and philosophers such as (Roger) Bacon and da Vinci, and formed the foundation for the work by mathematicians like Kepler, Descartes and Huygens..."</ref> [[Galileo Galilei]],<ref>{{Harvnb|El-Bizri|2010|p=12}}: "This [Latin] version of Ibn al-Haytham's Optics, which became available in print, was read and consulted by scientists and philosophers of the caliber of Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and Huygens as discussed by [[Nader El-Bizri]]."</ref> [[Christiaan Huygens]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Magill|Aves|1998|p=66}}: "Sabra discusses in detail the impact of Alhazen's ideas on the optical discoveries of such men as Descartes and Christiaan Huygens; see also {{harvnb|El-Bizri|2005a}}."</ref> [[René Descartes]],<ref>{{Harvnb|El-Bizri|2010|p=12}}.</ref> and [[Johannes Kepler]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Magill|Aves|1998|p=66}}: "Even Kepler, however, used some of Alhazen's ideas, for example, the one-to-one correspondence between points on the object and points in the eye. It would not be going too far to say that Alhazen's optical theories defined the scope and goals of the field from his day to ours."</ref> Meanwhile, in the Islamic world, Alhazen's work influenced [[Averroes]]' writings on optics,{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} and his legacy was further advanced through the 'reforming' of his ''Optics'' by Persian scientist [[Kamal al-Din al-Farisi]] (died c. 1320) in the latter's ''Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir'' (''The Revision of'' [Ibn al-Haytham's] ''Optics'').<ref name="{{harvs|nb|last=el-bizri|year=2005a|year2=2005b}}." /> Alhazen wrote as many as 200 books, although only 55 have survived. Some of his treatises on optics survived only through Latin translation. During the Middle Ages his books on [[cosmology]] were translated into Latin, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and other languages.

H. J. J. Winter, a British historian of science, summing up the importance of Ibn al-Haytham in the history of [[physics]] wrote:
<blockquote>After the death of Archimedes no really great physicist appeared until Ibn al-Haytham. If, therefore, we confine our interest only to the history of physics, there is a long period of over twelve hundred years during which the Golden Age of Greece gave way to the era of Muslim Scholasticism, and the experimental spirit of the noblest physicist of Antiquity lived again in the Arab Scholar from Basra.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=H. J. J. |title=The Optical Researches of Ibn Al-Haitham |journal=Centaurus |date=September 1953 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=190–210 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1953.tb00529.x |pmid=13209613 |language=en |issn=0008-8994|bibcode=1953Cent....3..190W }}</ref></blockquote>

Although only one commentary on Alhazen's optics has survived the Islamic Middle Ages, [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] mentions the work in ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'':<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibn al-Haytham's scientific method |website=UNESCO |date=14 May 2018 |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/news-views-online/ibn-al-haytham-s-scientific-method |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160618/https://en.unesco.org/courier/news-views-online/ibn-al-haytham-s-scientific-method |url-status=live }}</ref>
<blockquote><poem>"They spoke of Alhazen and Vitello,
And Aristotle, who wrote, in their lives,
On strange mirrors and optical instruments."</poem></blockquote>

The [[impact crater]] [[Alhazen (crater)|Alhazen]] on the Moon is named in his honour,<ref>{{Harvnb|Chong|Lim|Ang|2002}} Appendix 3, [{{google books|id=vIcFxgAs-C8C|plainurl=yes|page=129}} p. 129].</ref> as was the [[asteroid]] [[59239 Alhazen]].<ref>{{Harvnb|NASA|2006}}.</ref> In honour of Alhazen, the [[Aga Khan University]] (Pakistan) named its Ophthalmology endowed chair as "The Ibn-e-Haitham Associate Professor and Chief of Ophthalmology".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aku.edu/res-office/pdfs/AKU_Research_Publications_1995–1998.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104215931/http://www.aku.edu/res-office/pdfs/AKU_Research_Publications_1995|url-status=dead|title=AKU Research Publications 1995–98|archivedate=4 January 2015}}</ref>

The 2015 [[International Year of Light]] celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the works on optics by Ibn Al-Haytham.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics|publisher=2015 International Year of Light|url=http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html|date=2015|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-date=1 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001171116/http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Houghton Typ 620.47.452 - Selenographia, title.jpg|alt=Frontispiece of book showing two persons in robes, one holding a geometrical diagram, the other holding a telescope.|thumb|upright|[[Hevelius]]'s ''[[Selenographia]]'', showing Alhasen {{sic}} representing reason, and [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] representing the senses]]
In 2014, the "[[Hiding in the Light]]" episode of ''[[Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey]]'', presented by [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]], focused on the accomplishments of Ibn al-Haytham. He was voiced by [[Alfred Molina]] in the episode.

Over forty years previously, [[Jacob Bronowski]] presented Alhazen's work in a similar television documentary (and the corresponding book), ''[[The Ascent of Man]]''. In episode 5 (''The Music of the Spheres''), Bronowski remarked that in his view, Alhazen was "the one really original scientific mind that Arab culture produced", whose theory of optics was not improved on till the time of Newton and Leibniz.

[[UNESCO]] declared 2015 the [[International Year of Light]] and its Director-General Irina Bokova dubbed Ibn al-Haytham 'the father of optics'.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/Programme-Opening_IYL2015.pdf| title = 2015, International Year of Light| access-date = 10 October 2017| archive-date = 15 April 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170415175814/http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/Programme-Opening_IYL2015.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> Amongst others, this was to celebrate Ibn Al-Haytham's achievements in optics, mathematics and astronomy. An international campaign, created by the [[1001 Inventions]] organisation, titled ''1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham'' featuring a series of interactive exhibits, workshops and live shows about his work, partnering with science centers, science festivals, museums, and educational institutions, as well as digital and social media platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/1000_years_of_arabic_optics_to_be_a_focus_of_the_international_year_of_light_in_2015 |title=1000 Years of Arabic Optics to be a Focus of the International Year of Light in 2015 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-date=21 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121010107/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/1000_years_of_arabic_optics_to_be_a_focus_of_the_international_year_of_light_in_2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The campaign also produced and released the short educational film [[1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham]].

Ibn al-Haytham appears on the 10,000 dinar banknote of the [[Iraqi dinar]], series 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Dinars, Iraq |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note203100.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=en.numista.com |language=en}}</ref>

== List of works ==

According to medieval biographers, Alhazen wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known. Most of his works are now lost, but more than 50 of them have survived to some extent. Nearly half of his surviving works are on mathematics, 23 of them are on astronomy, and 14 of them are on optics, with a few on other subjects.<ref>{{harvnb|Rashed|2002a|p=773}}.</ref> Not all his surviving works have yet been studied, but some of the ones that have are given below.<ref>{{harvnb|Rashed|2007|pp=8–9}}; {{harvnb|Topdemir|2007}}</ref>
{{Div col|small=yes}}
# ''[[Book of Optics]]'' (كتاب المناظر)
# ''Analysis and Synthesis'' (مقالة في التحليل والتركيب)
# ''Balance of Wisdom'' (ميزان الحكمة)
# ''Corrections to the Almagest'' (تصويبات على المجسطي)
# ''Discourse on Place'' (مقالة في المكان)
# ''Exact Determination of the Pole'' (التحديد الدقيق للقطب)
# ''Exact Determination of the Meridian'' (رسالة في الشفق)
# ''Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation'' (كيفية حساب اتجاه القبلة)
# ''Horizontal Sundials'' (المزولة الأفقية)
# ''Hour Lines'' (خطوط الساعة)
# ''Doubts Concerning Ptolemy'' (شكوك على بطليموس)
# ''Maqala fi'l-Qarastun'' (مقالة في قرسطون)
# ''On Completion of the Conics'' (إكمال المخاريط)
# ''On Seeing the Stars'' (رؤية الكواكب)
# ''On Squaring the Circle'' (مقالة فی تربیع الدائرة)
# ''On the Burning Sphere'' (المرايا المحرقة بالدوائر)
# ''On the Configuration of the World'' (تكوين العالم)
# ''On the Form of Eclipse'' (مقالة فی صورة ‌الکسوف)
# ''On the Light of Stars'' (مقالة في ضوء النجوم)<ref name= onTheLightOfTheStars >Ibn Al-Haytham, W. 'Arafat and H. J. J. Winter (1971) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4025317 (c.1027-1038) The Light of the Stars: A Short Discourse by Ibn Al-Haytham ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921160132/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4025317 |date=21 September 2022 }} ''The British Journal for the History of Science'' Vol. '''5''', No. 3 (Jun., 1971), pp. 282-288 (7 pages) via JSTOR</ref>
# ''On the Light of the Moon'' (مقالة في ضوء القمر)
# ''On the Milky Way'' (مقالة في درب التبانة)
# ''On the Nature of Shadows'' (كيفيات الإظلال)
# ''On the Rainbow and Halo'' (مقالة في قوس قزح)
# ''Opuscula'' (Minor Works)
# ''Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Almagest'' (تحليل شكوك حول الجست)
# ''Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Winding Motion''
# ''The Correction of the Operations in Astronomy'' (تصحيح العمليات في الفلك)
# ''The Different Heights of the Planets'' (اختلاف ارتفاع الكواكب)
# ''The Direction of Mecca'' (اتجاه القبلة)
# ''The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets'' (نماذج حركات الكواكب السبعة)
# ''The Model of the Universe'' (نموذج الكون)
# ''The Motion of the Moon'' (حركة القمر)
# ''The Ratios of Hourly Arcs to their Heights''
# ''The Winding Motion'' (الحركة المتعرجة)
# ''Treatise on Light'' (رسالة في الضوء)<ref name=treatiseOnLight2>Alhacen (c.1035) ''Treatise on Light'' (رسالة في الضوء) as cited in [[Shmuel Sambursky]], ed. (1975) [https://archive.org/details/physicalthoughtf0000unse/page/136/mode/2up Physical thought from the Presocratics to the quantum physicists : an anthology], p.137</ref>
# ''Treatise on Place'' (رسالة في المكان)
# ''Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals'' (تأثير اللحون الموسيقية في النفوس الحيوانية)
# كتاب في تحليل المسائل الهندسية (A book in engineering analysis)
# الجامع في أصول الحساب (The whole in the assets of the account)
# قول فی مساحة الکرة (Say in the sphere)
# القول المعروف بالغریب فی حساب المعاملات (Saying the unknown in the calculation of transactions)
# خواص المثلث من جهة العمود (Triangle properties from the side of the column)
# رسالة فی مساحة المسجم المکافی (A message in the free space)
# شرح أصول إقليدس (Explain the origins of Euclid)
# المرايا المحرقة بالقطوع (The burning mirrors of the rainbow)
# مقالة في القرصتن (Treatise on Centers of Gravity)
{{Div col end}}

=== Lost works ===
# ''A Book in which I have Summarized the Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book''<ref>From [[Ibn Abi Usaibia]]'s catalog, as cited in {{harvnb|Smith|2001}} '''91'''(vol.1), p.xv.</ref>
# ''Treatise on Burning Mirrors''
# ''Treatise on the Nature of [the Organ of] Sight and on How Vision is Achieved Through It''

== See also ==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
* "[[Hiding in the Light]]"
* [[History of mathematics]]
* [[Theoretical physics]]
* [[History of optics]]
* [[History of physics]]
* [[History of science]]
* [[History of scientific method]]
* [[Hockney–Falco thesis]]
* [[Mathematics in medieval Islam]]
* [[Physics in medieval Islam]]
* [[Science in the medieval Islamic world]]
* [[Fatima al-Fihri]]
* [[Islamic Golden Age]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation
|last=Simon
|first=G
|date=2006
|title=The gaze in Ibn al-Haytham.
|journal=The Medieval History Journal
|pages=89–98
|doi=10.1177/097194580500900105
|volume=9
|issue=1
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{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
=== Primary ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|editor-last=Sabra |editor-first=A. I
|editor-link=A. I. Sabra
|date=1983
|title=The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables
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* {{Citation
|editor-last=Sabra |editor-first=A. I
|editor-link=A. I. Sabra
|date=2002
|title=The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV–V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols
|publisher= National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters
|location= Kuwait
}}
* {{Citation
|last= Smith |first= A. Mark, ed. and trans.
|year= 2006
|title= Alhacen on the principles of reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's ''De Aspectibus'', the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir'', 2 vols.
|journal= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
|volume= 95
|issue= 2–3
|publisher= [[American Philosophical Society]]
|location= Philadelphia
}} 2 vols: . ([[Philadelphia]]: [[American Philosophical Society]]), 2006 – [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020399 '''95'''(#2) Books 4–5 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924155318/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020399 |date=24 September 2018 }}; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020403?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents '''95'''(#3) Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006112053/http://www.jstor.org/stable/20020403?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents |date=6 October 2016 }}
* Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2008) ''Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors'' : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's ''De aspectibus'', [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāzir''], ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'', 2 vols: Vol 1 '''98'''(#1, section 1 – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text); '''98'''(#1, section 2 – Vol 2 English translation). ([[Philadelphia]]: [[American Philosophical Society]]), 2008. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757395 Book 6 (2008) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924152501/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757395 |date=24 September 2018 }}; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757399?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006050915/http://www.jstor.org/stable/27757399?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents |date=6 October 2016 }}
* Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2010) ''Alhacen on Refraction'' : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's ''De aspectibus'', [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāzir''], ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'', 2 vols: '''100'''(#3, section 1 – Vol 1, Introduction and Latin text); '''100'''(#3, section 2 – Vol 2 English translation). ([[Philadelphia]]: [[American Philosophical Society]]), 2010. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787647 Book 7 (2010) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924152455/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787647 |date=24 September 2018 }};[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787651?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006052700/http://www.jstor.org/stable/20787651?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents |date=6 October 2016 }}
{{refend}}

=== Secondary ===
{{refbegin}}
* Belting, Hans, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214052447/http://variantology.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Belting-Hans_Afterthoughts-on-Alhazen%E2%80%99s-Visual-Theory-and-Its-Presence-in-the-Pictorial-Theory-of-Western-Perspective_Variantology-4.pdf ''Afterthoughts on Alhazen's Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective''], in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies in the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42.
* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri
|first=Nader
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|date=2009b
|title=Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur
|journal=Oriens Occidens
|volume=7
|issue=1
|pages=201–26
|publisher=[[CNRS]]
|location= Paris
}}
* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri
|first=Nader
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
| editor-last = Cunningham
| editor-first = Jack P.
| editor2-last = Hocknull
| editor2-first = Mark
| date = 2016
| title = Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages
| chapter = Grosseteste's Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham
| series = Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind
| volume = 18
| publisher = Springer
| place = Dordrecht
| pages = 21–39
| isbn = 978-3-319-33466-0 }}
* {{Citation
|last=Falco
|first=Charles M.
|title=Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis
|date=12–15 February 2007
|url=https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/falco/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2016/08/FalcoPlenaryUAE.pdf
|author-link=Charles M. Falco
|publisher=presented at a plenary session at the International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications
|access-date=23 January 2008
|archive-date=4 December 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204162652/https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/falco/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2016/08/FalcoPlenaryUAE.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gazı Topdemır |first1=Hüseyın |title=İBNÜ'l-HEYSEM – An article published in 21st volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam |date=2000 |publisher=[[TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi]] |location=Istanbul |isbn=978-97-53-89448-7 |pages=82–87 |volume=21 |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibnul-heysem |language=tr |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609071112/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibnul-heysem |url-status=live }}
* Graham, Mark. ''How Islam Created the Modern World''. Amana Publications, 2006.
* {{Citation
|last=Omar
|first=Saleh Beshara
|title=Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology
|publisher=PhD Dissertation, [[University of Chicago]], Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
|date=June 1975}}
* [[Roshdi Rashed]], Optics and Mathematics: Research on the history of scientific thought in Arabic, Variorum reprints, Aldershot, 1992.
* Roshdi Rashed, Geometry and Dioptrics the tenth century: Ibn Sahl al-Quhi and Ibn al-Haytham (in French), Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1993
* Roshdi Rashed, Infinitesimal Mathematics, vols. 1–5, [[al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation]], London, 1993–2006
* {{Citation
|last=Saliba
|first=George
|author-link=George Saliba
|title=Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance
|date=2007
|publisher=[[MIT Press]]
|isbn=978-0-262-19557-7
|url=https://doaj.org/article/c3c039c19a15439aa5a01afcc8393031
|access-date=18 April 2017
|archive-date=19 April 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419191742/https://doaj.org/article/c3c039c19a15439aa5a01afcc8393031
|url-status=live
}}
* Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, ''How One Sees'', in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies in the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063948/http://www.buchhandlung-walther-koenig.de/cat/kwb_45_variantology_4/pid_170000000000790428.aspx Buchhandlung Walther-König - KWB 45: Variantology 4]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ibn al-Haytham}}
* {{OL author|883756A}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey | last = Langermann | first = Y. Tzvi | title=Ibn al-Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | date = 2007 | location = New York | pages = 556–67 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Haytham_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0|display-editors=etal}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120120111729/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Haytham_BEA.pdf PDF version])
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/nader-el-bizri-ibn-al-haytham-introduction 'A Brief Introduction on Ibn al-Haytham' based on a lecture delivered at the Royal Society in London by Nader El-Bizri]
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money4.htm Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803223823/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money4.htm |date=3 August 2018 }}
* [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001412/141236E.pdf The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham]
* [http://www.malaspina.org/alhazen.htm Biography from Malaspina Global Portal]
* [http://www.amaana.org/ISWEB/contents.htm#pos9 Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991013041615/http://www.ionet.net/~usarch/WTB-Services/MiddleEast/WTB-ME-Thinkers-IbnAlHaitham.shtml |date=13 October 1999 |title=Biography from ioNET }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alhazen.shtml |title=Biography from the BBC |access-date=16 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211032459/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alhazen.shtml |archive-date=11 February 2006 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080708215144/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/alhazen.html Biography from Trinity College (Connecticut)]
* [http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/alhazen.html Biography from Molecular Expressions]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm The First True Scientist] from BBC News
* [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002145/214579e.pdf#214593 Over the Moon] From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/mechanical-water-clock-ibn-al-haytham The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al-Haytham], Muslim Heritage
* Alhazen's (1572) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/16985 ''Opticae thesaurus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924145526/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/16985 |date=24 September 2018 }} (English) – digital facsimile from the [[Linda Hall Library]]

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{{Islamic mathematics}}
{{Islamic philosophy}}
{{Islamic medicine}}
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[[Category:Ibn al-Haytham| ]]
[[Category:960s births]]
[[Category:1040 deaths]]
[[Category:10th-century mathematicians]]
[[Category:11th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:11th-century mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scholars under the Buyid dynasty]]
[[Category:Mathematicians from the Fatimid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Iraqi astronomers]]
[[Category:Mathematicians under the Buyid dynasty]]
[[Category:Engineers of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Medieval physicists]]
[[Category:Philosophers of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Philosophers of science]]
[[Category:Natural philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Basra]]
[[Category:Precursors of photography]]
[[Category:Scientists who worked on qibla determination]]
[[Category:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world]]
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[[Category:11th-century inventors]]
[[Category:Muslim critics of atheism]]

Joji (musician)

2024-09-24T17:28:42Z

AmrAlWatan: capitalization on "japanese version of his first name"

{{Short description|Japanese-Australian entertainer (born 1993)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joji
| native_name = {{nobold|ジョージ}}
| native_name_lang =
| caption = Joji performing in 2018
| image = Joji Performing Live in 2018 (cropped) (better quality).png
| birth_name = George Kusunoki Miller<ref name="ACE Repertory">{{cite web |title=ACE Repertory – Joji Kusunoki |url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#ace/writer/886198670/KUSUNOKI%20JOJI |website=ascap.com |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330145422/https://www.ascap.com/repertory#ace/writer/886198670/KUSUNOKI%20JOJI |archive-date=30 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|9|16}}<ref name="Routinary Joji's Age Post On Tumblr">{{cite web|title=Routinary Joji's Age Post On Tumblr. |url=https://www.tumblr.com/jojisribosomes/629643455213240320/routinary-jojis-age-post|access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Osaka]], Japan<ref name="BroadwayWorld" />
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[New York Institute of Technology]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* songwriter
* rapper
* comedian
}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| origin = [[Higashinada-ku, Kobe]], Japan<ref name="Pigeons and Planes 3" /><ref name="Canadian Academy" />
| genre = {{ubl|'''Joji'''|{{flatlist|
* [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]<ref name="billboard interview">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank |title=Singer/Producer Joji on His Career Flip From Crude Viral Comedy to Understated R&B: 'Now I Get to Do Stuff That I Want to Hear' |last=Kelley |first=Caitlin |date=7 December 2017 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608065523/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank |archive-date=8 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Alternative R&B |alt-R&B]]<ref name="billboard interview">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank |title=Singer/Producer Joji on His Career Flip From Crude Viral Comedy to Understated R&B: 'Now I Get to Do Stuff That I Want to Hear' |last=Kelley |first=Caitlin |date=7 December 2017 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608065523/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank |archive-date=8 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[trip hop]]<ref name="Pigeons and Planes 2" />
* [[lo-fi]]<ref name="Pigeons and Planes 2" />
}}
'''Filthy Frank''' / '''Pink Guy'''|{{hlist|[[Surreal humour]]|[[satire|satirical music]]|[[satire]]|[[comedy hip hop]]|[[shock humour]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608065523/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank |title=Singer/Producer Joji on His Career-Flip From Crude Viral Comedy to Understated R&B: 'Now I Get to Do Stuff That I Want to Hear' |last=Kelley |first=Caitlin |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=7 December 2017 |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |url-status=live |quote="He won't rap on a Joji track like he does as Pink Guy ..." & "Miller has been growing out of the brand of comedy associated with Pink Guy ..."}}</ref>|[[black comedy]]}}
}}
| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Vocals
* [[ukulele]]
}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[88rising]]
* [[12Tone Music Group|12Tone]]
* [[Warner Records|Warner]]
}}
| associated_acts = [[Trippie Redd]]
| website = {{URL|jojimusic.com}}
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox YouTube personality|embed=yes
| channels = {{ubl
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/TVFilthyFrank TVFilthyFrank]
}}
| years_active = 2006–2017
| genre = [[shock humor|shock comedy]], [[surreal humour|surrealist humour]]
| subscribers = 7.85 million
| views = 1.26 billion
| network = ScaleLab<ref name="SocialBlade">{{cite web|title=TVFilthyFrank YouTube Stats, Channel Statistics|url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/tvfilthyfrank|publisher=socialblade.com|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233823/https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/tvfilthyfrank|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2012
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2015
| diamond_button = no
| ruby_button = no
| stats_update = 4 Sept, 2024
}}
}}

{{nihongo|'''George Kusunoki Miller'''|ジョージ・楠木・ミラー|Jōji Kusunoki Mirā|born 16 September 1993|}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2022 |title=Is Joji's birthday the 16th or the 18th? |url=https://twitter.com/thatNata/status/1558703756568559616 |access-date=September 19, 2024 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> known professionally as '''Joji''' and formerly as '''Filthy Frank''' and '''Pink Guy''', is a Japanese-Australian singer-songwriter, rapper, and record producer. Miller's music has been described as a mix between [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Lo-fi music|lo-fi]], and [[trip hop]].

Miller created ''The Filthy Frank Show'' on YouTube in 2011 while he was still living in Japan, gaining recognition for playing oddball characters on the comedy channels TVFilthyFrank, TooDamnFilthy, and DizastaMusic.<ref name="announcement tweet">{{cite tweet|number=946807308541218816|user=FilthyFrank|title=This is old news but I figured I'd give an official statement. Thank you for your understanding and god bless.|date=29 December 2017|access-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> Miller kept producing Filthy Frank videos after he traveled to the United States to attend college in 2012. The channels which featured [[comedy hip hop]], rants, extreme challenges, and [[ukulele]] and dance performances,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsucurrent.nova.edu/soundbite-pink-season-by-pink-guy/|title=Soundbite: "Pink Season" by Pink Guy|work=The Current|date=18 January 2017|access-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730112011/https://nsucurrent.nova.edu/soundbite-pink-season-by-pink-guy/|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> are noted for their [[shock humor]] and prolific virality. Miller's videos helped popularise the [[Harlem Shake (meme)|Harlem Shake]], which contributed to the commercial success of [[Baauer]]'s [[Harlem Shake (song)|song of the same name]] which led to the production of [[Internet meme|memes]] and collaborations with [[YouTuber]]s.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/02/asia/88-rising-asian-rap/index.html|title=Straight outta... China? The young Asian artists bucking hip-hop trends|first=Marian|last=Liu|work=CNN|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331104359/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/02/asia/88-rising-asian-rap/index.html|archive-date=31 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mashable">{{Cite news|url=https://mashable.com/2013/02/12/youtube-harlem-shake/|title=YouTube: Here's How 'Harlem Shake' Went Viral|last=Taylor|first=Chris|work=Mashable|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428154325/https://mashable.com/2013/02/12/youtube-harlem-shake/#r8YJ3.GUFZqb|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> As Pink Guy, Miller released two comedy studio albums, ''Pink Guy'' and ''Pink Season'', as well as an [[extended play]], between 2014 and 2017.

In late 2017, Miller ended ''The Filthy Frank Show'' to pursue a music career under the Japanese version of his first name [[Joji]].<ref name="Pigeons and Planes">{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2017/01/pink-guy-pink-season-filthy-frank-george-miller-interview|title=The Man Behind Pink Guy's Bizarre Chart-Topping Album 'Pink Season'|publisher=Pigeons and Planes|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080936/https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2017/01/pink-guy-pink-season-filthy-frank-george-miller-interview|archive-date=8 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PigeonsandPlanes">{{Cite news|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/news/2017/12/joji-quits-pink-guy-filthy-frank-comedy|title=Joji Explains Decision to Quit Filthy Frank and Pink Guy as He Pursues Music Career|work=PigeonsandPlanes|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229223130/http://pigeonsandplanes.com/news/2017/12/joji-quits-pink-guy-filthy-frank-comedy|archive-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> His debut album, ''[[Ballads 1]]'', was released in 2018 and featured the single "[[Slow Dancing in the Dark]]". His second album, ''[[Nectar (Joji album)|Nectar]]'' (2020), contained the singles "[[Sanctuary (Joji song)|Sanctuary]]" and "[[Run (Joji song)|Run]]". In 2022, he released the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] top-ten single "[[Glimpse of Us]]", his highest-charting song,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/joji-makes-history-on-billboard-chart/|title=Joji Becomes First Asian Artist to Top Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Album Chart|work=Highsnobiety|date=6 November 2018|access-date=6 November 2018|first=Renz|last=Ofiaza|archive-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20190315210136/https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/joji%2Dmakes%2Dhistory%2Don%2Dbillboard%2Dchart/|url-status=live}}</ref> which was later featured on his third album, ''[[Smithereens (album)|Smithereens]]'' (2022).

== Early life ==
George Kusunoki Miller<ref name="ACE Repertory" /> was born in [[Osaka]], Japan<ref name="BroadwayWorld">{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Joji-Shares-Video-for-New-Single-Will-He-Announces-New-EP-20171018|title=Joji Shares Video for New Single 'Will He'; Announces New EP|publisher=BroadwayWorld|date=18 October 2017|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012813/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Joji-Shares-Video-for-New-Single-Will-He-Announces-New-EP-20171018|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> to an Australian father and a Japanese mother.<ref name="FrankExposed">{{Citation |last=DizastaMusic |title=Filthy Frank Exposes Himself? |date=3 May 2014 |url=https://archive.org/details/FILTHYFRANKEXPOSESHIMSELF_201707 |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref> He attended [[Canadian Academy]], an international school in [[Kobe]], Japan, where he graduated in 2012.<ref name="Canadian Academy">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/canadian.academy/docs/ca_review_fall_2012/7|title=CA Review Fall 2012|date=6 August 2013 |publisher=Canadian Academy|pages=4–5|access-date=16 January 2017|via=Issuu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927043055/https://issuu.com/canadian.academy/docs/ca_review_fall_2012/7|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At age 18, he left Japan and travelled to the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VIz05lZMKyM|title=Joji Goes Desk Shopping, "Phones" Drake & Performs with 88rising|author=HYPEBEAST|date=30 March 2018|access-date=19 December 2018|time=1:10|via=YouTube|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322170435/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=VIz05lZMKyM|url-status=live}}</ref>

== YouTube career ==
On 23 September, 2006, Miller would create his first YouTube channel called "2cool4u92". The channel's only video, which shared a name with the channel, was uploaded on 17 October 2006. In the video, which was recorded by someone who is presumably a schoolmate of his, a 13-year-old Miller breakdances in what is seemingly a school hallway. This is the earliest known video of Miller on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ6sElWuazI |title=2cool4u92 |date=2006-10-17 |last=2cool4u92 |access-date=2024-07-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref> On 16 June, 2008, Miller created the DizastaMusic channel, on which he generally uploaded [[sketch comedy]]-based videos. The earliest known video on the channel was uploaded on 19 June 2008, titled "Lil Jon falls off a table".<ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=hB_LvjoAF2Q |title=Lil Jon falls off a table |date=19 June 2008 |publisher=George Miller |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225124242/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hB_LvjoAF2Q |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> The channel began gaining popularity after his conceptualization of Filthy Frank in 2011, a character Miller described as the anti-[[vlogger]] of YouTube.<ref name=":1">{{Cite AV media|date=6 September 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6UYz2eNoS8&t=6m39s|title=TND Podcast #17 ft. George Miller a.k.a. Filthy Frank|time=6:39|publisher=The Needle Drop|access-date=22 January 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204014745/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6UYz2eNoS8&t=6m39s|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The DizastaMusic channel has over 1 million subscribers and 177 million views {{As of|2021|10|lc=yes}}.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/DizastaMusic/about|title=DizastaMusic – About|publisher=George Miller|access-date=30 June 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517212153/https://www.youtube.com/user/DizastaMusic/about|archive-date=17 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 August 2014, Miller uploaded a video to the DizastaMusic channel announcing that he would not be posting any more content onto the channel due to its risk of being lost because of the numerous copyright and community strikes it had received. He also announced that future "Filthy Frank" content would be uploaded to a new channel he had created called TVFilthyFrank.<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=New Channel: TVFilthyFrank|date=15 August 2014|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSfcvIA366A|publisher=George Miller|access-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623131329/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSfcvIA366A|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Miller's channel TVFilthyFrank had many different series, such as "Food" (和食ラップ), "Japanese 101", "Wild Games" and "Loser Reads Hater Comments". This channel currently has a total of 7.88 million subscribers and over one billion views {{As of|2023|10|lc=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/TVFilthyFrank/about|title=TVFilthyFrank – About|publisher=George Miller|access-date=9 February 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808222325/https://m.youtube.com/user/TVFilthyFrank/about|archive-date=8 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialblade.com/youtube/user/tvfilthyfrank|title=TVFilthyFrank YouTube Stats, Channel Statistics|publisher=Socialblade.com|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233823/https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/tvfilthyfrank|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Miller created a third channel, TooDamnFilthy, on 1 July 2014.<ref name="TooDamnFilthy – About">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/TooDamnFilthy/about|title=TooDamnFilthy – About|publisher=George Miller|access-date=16 March 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406160233/https://www.youtube.com/user/TooDamnFilthy/about|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On this channel he had two series, "Japanese 101", which was also featured on his main channel, and "Cringe of the Week", which typically was abbreviated to "COTW".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/TooDamnFilthy/playlists|title=TooDamnFilthy – Playlists|publisher=George Miller|access-date=13 October 2017|via=YouTube|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129030515/https://www.youtube.com/user/TooDamnFilthy/playlists|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2021|10}}, TooDamnFilthy has 2.33 million subscribers and 332 million views.<ref name="TooDamnFilthy – About" />

On 27 September 2017, Miller announced the release of his first book, titled ''Francis of the Filth'', which addresses things uncovered in ''The Filthy Frank Show'' and serves as a culmination of the series.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUrwgtQpjY8 |title=Francis of the Filth (Out Now) |date=27 September 2017 |access-date=27 September 2017 |publisher=George Miller |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927230158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUrwgtQpjY8 |archive-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 29 December 2017, Miller released a statement on Twitter explaining that he had stopped producing Filthy Frank content due to both "serious health conditions" and his lack of interest in continuing the show.<ref name="PigeonsandPlanes" /><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank|title=Singer/Producer Joji on His Career Flip From Crude Viral Comedy to Understated R&B: 'Now I Get to Do Stuff That I Want to Hear'|magazine=Billboard|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608065523/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank|archive-date=8 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2018, Miller stated in a BBC Radio 1 interview that he had no choice but to stop producing comedy due to his health condition.<ref>{{Citation|last=JBXM|title=Joji Interview – BBC Radio 1 (Annie Mac)|date=18 September 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BE34LTLrqoA|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903131444/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BE34LTLrqoA&app=desktop|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music career ==

===Pink Guy (2012–2017)===
{{redirect|Pink Guy|Michael Maxfield|Pink Man}}
Miller always had a passion for music composition. He has expressed that even before his YouTube career, he had an interest in creating music and created his YouTube channel as a means of promoting it. In an interview with ''[[Pigeons and Planes]]'', he said, "I've always wanted to make normal music. I just started the YouTube channel to kind of bump my music. But then Filthy Frank and the Pink Guy stuff ended up getting way bigger than I thought so I had to kind of roll with it."<ref name="Pigeons and Planes" />

Miller's music under Pink Guy is often comical, staying true to the nature of his YouTube channel. His second album, ''[[Pink Season]]'', debuted at number 70 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]].<ref name="Pigeons and Planes" /><ref name="Billboard">{{cite magazine|title=Billboard 200|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200|magazine=Billboard|access-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028034630/http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200?page=2|archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Under his comedy rap stage name, Pink Guy, Miller has produced two albums, and one extended play, ''Pink Guy'', ''Pink Season'', and ''[[Pink Season: The Prophecy]]'', respectively. On 16 March 2017, Miller performed for the first time as Pink Guy at [[SXSW]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://schedule.sxsw.com/2017/events/MS41363|title=Pink Guy|work=SXSW 2017 Schedule|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014133223/http://schedule.sxsw.com/2017/events/MS41363|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Future plans were stated to include a "long overdue" tour, a third Pink Guy album and more progress on his personal music outside of the Pink Guy character.<ref name="Pigeons and Planes" />

However, as of 29 December 2017, Joji has ceased production of all Filthy Frank-related content, including Pink Guy music.<ref name="Pigeons and Planes" /><ref name="PigeonsandPlanes" />

=== Joji (2015–present) ===
Aside from the comedic and often rap-based music he created under the Pink Guy alias, Miller also created more serious and traditional music under another stage name, Joji, which became his primary focus in late 2017. Speaking on his transition from his YouTube career to his music career as Joji, Miller said to ''Billboard'' "now I get to do stuff that I want to hear."<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank|title=Singer/Producer Joji on His Career Flip From Crude Viral Comedy to Understated R&B: 'Now I Get to Do Stuff That I Want to Hear'|magazine=Billboard|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608065523/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank|archive-date=8 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the article by ''Billboard'', he specified that 'Joji' isn't a character like Filthy Frank and Pink Guy. "I guess that's the difference," he continues. "Joji's just me."<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank|title=Singer/Producer Joji on His Career Flip From Crude Viral Comedy to Understated R&B: 'Now I Get to Do Stuff That I Want to Hear'|magazine=Billboard|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608065523/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8061822/joji-interview-will-he-filthy-frank|archive-date=8 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

During his time growing up in [[Higashinada-ku, Kobe]], Japan, Miller began to produce music and sing with friends as a side-hobby and a way to pass the time. After relocating to [[Manhattan]], New York, Miller expanded upon his music career by starting his Pink Guy persona, which paved the way for his Joji persona.<ref name="Pigeons and Planes 3">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3habuLgROU|title=Joji's Journey from Viral Videos to Quality Music Music Life|publisher=Pigeons and Planes|date=1 November 2017|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228064952/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3habuLgROU|archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Miller originally announced his Joji album on 3 May 2014 alongside the first Pink Guy album. However, Miller subtly cancelled the project until he began releasing music under the name PinkOmega.<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Trap Dumplings|date=4 June 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AMRP9JTHlw|publisher=George Miller|access-date=23 August 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115052248/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AMRP9JTHlw|archive-date=15 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Miller released two songs as PinkOmega: "Dumplings" on 4 June 2015<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=pinkomega – dumplings|date=4 June 2015|publisher=George Miller|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mWh2NdVmDE|access-date=23 August 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001070159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mWh2NdVmDE|archive-date=1 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and "wefllagn.ii 5" on 28 August 2015,<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=pinkomega – wefllagn.ii 5|date=28 August 2015|publisher=George Miller|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwXmYzRVdfE|access-date=23 August 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118062345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwXmYzRVdfE|archive-date=18 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> both of which were later released on the Pink Guy album ''Pink Season'', the latter being re-titled "We Fall Again".

Miller intended to keep the music made under Joji a secret from his fanbase due to them mainly wanting his comedic music. In late 2015, two singles were released, titled "Thom" and "You Suck Charlie"; both were released under a false alias, but it was quickly leaked that the user behind the account was Miller,<ref>{{cite web|title=88 Rising – Rich Brian, Joji, & August 08 – Full Interview|publisher=Beats & Booze|date=20 August 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Us-ebicLgd4|access-date=10 September 2018|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114175114/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Us-ebicLgd4|archive-date=14 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> which prompted him in January 2016 to publicly announce on [[Instagram]] that he was releasing a full-length commercial project titled ''Chloe Burbank: Volume 1''. In the same post, he linked his SoundCloud account.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BAeMSDqtL99/|title=Joji – Chloe Burbank – Volume 1|last=Miller|first=George|date=13 January 2016|access-date=17 January 2017|via=Instagram}}{{dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Joji began releasing music under [[88rising]] in 2017; the songs "I Don't Wanna Waste My Time" (on 26 April), "Rain on Me" (on 19 July),<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/02/asia/88-rising-asian-rap/index.html|title=Straight outta... China? The young Asian artists bucking hip-hop trends|last=Liu|first=Marian|work=CNN|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210143/https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/02/asia/88-rising-asian-rap/index.html|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pigeons-and-planes-premiere">{{cite web|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2017/04/joji-i-dont-wanna-waste-my-time|title=Joji Returns With Stunning New Song "I Don't Wanna Waste My Time"|date=26 April 2017|access-date=26 April 2017|last=Skelton|first=Eric|publisher=Pigeons & Planes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815171207/http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2017/04/joji-i-dont-wanna-waste-my-time|archive-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2017/07/joji-rain-on-me|title=Listen to Joji's Gorgeous New Song "Rain On Me"|publisher=Pigeons & Planes|access-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818180327/http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2017/07/joji-rain-on-me|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and "[[Will He]]" (on 17 October).<ref name="PigeonsandPlanes – Will He" /> Joji was featured in the song "Nomadic" with the Chinese rap group [[Higher Brothers]].<ref>{{Cite AV media|publisher=88rising|title=Higher Brothers + joji – Nomadic (Official Music Video)|date=12 July 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9l3_6yNjrs|access-date=23 August 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830235157/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9l3_6yNjrs|archive-date=30 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Miller performed live as Joji for the first time on 18 May 2017 in Los Angeles. The event was streamed by the [[Boiler Room (music project)|Boiler Room]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boilerroom.tv/session/88rising/|title=Boiler Room x 88rising|publisher=Boiler Room|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205426/https://boilerroom.tv/session/88rising/|archive-date=23 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 October 2017, Miller released the debut single from his debut commercial project, ''[[In Tongues (EP)|In Tongues]].''<ref name="Empire">{{cite web|url=http://web2.empi.re/campaigns/?c=JojiInTongues|title=Pre-Save|website=Empire|access-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203040/http://web2.empi.re/campaigns/?c=JojiInTongues|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The single, titled "[[Will He]]", was released on platforms [[Spotify]] and [[iTunes]].<ref name="PigeonsandPlanes – Will He">{{Cite news|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2017/10/joji-will-he|title=Joji Shares Gorgeous New Single 'Will He' [Update]|publisher=Pigeons and Planes|access-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017211129/http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2017/10/joji-will-he|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Miller's debut project under the moniker Joji, an [[Extended play|EP]] titled ''[[In Tongues (EP)|In Tongues]]'', was released on 3 November 2017 by [[Empire Distribution]].<ref name="Empire" /> A deluxe version of the EP was released on 14 February 2018 with 8 remixes of songs from the EP along with the release of "Plastic Taste" and "I Don't Wanna Waste My Time" as part of the track listing.<ref name="Deluxe EP">{{cite news|author=|title=Joji Shares Video For 'Window' Announces Deluxe Version of 'In Tongues' EP|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Joji-Shares-Video-For-Window-Announces-Deluxe-Version-of-In-Tongues-EP-20180124|access-date=26 January 2018|date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125704/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Joji-Shares-Video-For-Window-Announces-Deluxe-Version-of-In-Tongues-EP-20180124|archive-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Joji released the song "Yeah Right" in May 2018, becoming his first to chart on a ''Billboard'' chart, peaking at 23 on the ''Billboard'' R&B Songs chart.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2018/05/joji-yeah-right|title=Joji Drops New Song 'Yeah Right'|work=PigeonsandPlanes|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004608/https://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2018/05/joji-yeah-right|archive-date=23 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Miller debuted ''[[Ballads 1]]'' under the label [[88rising]] on 26 October 2018, which quickly peaked the ''Billboard'' Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums Chart.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8483269/joji-ballads-debut-no-1-top-rb-hip-hop-albums-chart|title=Joji's 'Ballads 1' Debuts at No. 1 on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart|magazine=Billboard|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130002239/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8483269/joji-ballads-debut-no-1-top-rb-hip-hop-albums-chart|archive-date=30 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly after its release, Miller announced a North American tour, spanning 9 dates in early 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axs.com/joji-announces-ballads-1-north-american-tour-2019-134849|title=Joji announces 'BALLADS 1' North American tour 2019|website=AXS|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122094743/https://www.axs.com/joji-announces-ballads-1-north-american-tour-2019-134849|archive-date=22 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At that time, he was already on tour for ''Ballads 1'' in Europe. On 4 June 2019, Miller announced his single "[[Sanctuary (Joji song)|Sanctuary]]" through his Instagram page and released it on 14 June. It was accompanied by a music video, which was uploaded to [[88rising]]'s official YouTube channel.<ref name="SanctuaryAlbum">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/ByS_JqTJF4X/|title=SANCTUARY – 6/14|date=4 June 2019|via=instagram|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115191252/https://www.instagram.com/p/ByS_JqTJF4X/|archive-date=15 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Joji was featured in the song "Where Does the Time Go?" with Indonesian rapper [[Rich Brian]] on his second album ''[[The Sailor (Rich Brian album)|The Sailor]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Where Does the Time Go (feat. Joji) by Rich Brian|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-sailor/1469319614?i=1469319867|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718055419/https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-sailor/1469319614?i=1469319867|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 January 2020, Miller announced another single, "[[Run (Joji song)|Run]]", which released at midnight on 6 February, alongside a music video released later that day.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1222976716642979842|user=sushitrash|title=New single “Run” out February 6th 12:00AM ET worldwide |access-date=30 January 2020|date=30 January 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Joji – Run (Official Video) | date=6 February 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K09_5IsgGe8 |via=YouTube |publisher=88rising |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206223023/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K09_5IsgGe8&app=desktop |archive-date=6 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 2 March, he performed the song on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypebeast.com/2020/3/joji-run-television-debut-the-tonight-show-starring-jimmy-fallon-perfromance|title=Joji Makes TV Debut With Spotless Performance of "Run" on 'Jimmy Fallon'|website=HYPEBEAST|date=4 March 2020|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923185531/https://hypebeast.com/2020/3/joji-run-television-debut-the-tonight-show-starring-jimmy-fallon-perfromance|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://headlineplanet.com/home/2020/03/02/first-look-joji-performs-on-the-tonight-show-starring-jimmy-fallon/|title=Joji Performs On 'The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon' (Watch Now)|date=2 March 2020|website=Headline Planet|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201024158/https://headlineplanet.com/home/2020/03/02/first-look-joji-performs-on-the-tonight-show-starring-jimmy-fallon/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 April, Joji announced the single "[[Gimme Love (Joji song)|Gimme Love]]", which released at midnight, and along with announced his upcoming album ''[[Nectar (Joji album)|Nectar]]'', which was initially set to be released on 10 July 2020.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/columns/hip-hop/9359999/joji-nectar-album-gimme-love-single-video|title=Joji announces 'Nectar' album & shares intergalactic 'Gimme Love' video|magazine=Billboard|date=16 April 2020|access-date=30 April 2020|last=Mamo|first=Heran|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018014205/https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/columns/hip-hop/9359999/joji-nectar-album-gimme-love-single-video|url-status=live}}</ref> However, on 12 June 2020, Joji announced that the album had been pushed back to 25 September 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1271601995674275841|user=sushitrash|title=@__sakurablues Unfortunately, we have to postpone the release of Nectar due to the pandemic. It has affected the wh… |date=13 June 2020}}</ref>

On 10 June 2022, Joji released the single "[[Glimpse of Us]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hiphopdx.com/en_asia/news/id.70876/title.joji-returns-after-two-years-with-new-single-glimpse-of-us|title=Joji Returns After Two Years With New Single 'Glimpse of Us'|website=HipHopDX|last=Guanzon|first=Sofia|date=June 9, 2022|access-date=June 11, 2022}}</ref> which peaked at number 8 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref name="Hot 100">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/drake-21-savage-jimmy-cooks-number-1-hot-100-1235106933/|title=Drake & 21 Savage's 'Jimmy Cooks' Soars in at No. 1 on ''Billboard'' Hot 100|last=Trust|first=Gary|magazine=Billboard|date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> On 26 August, he released a second single called "Yukon (Interlude)".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.coupdemainmagazine.com/joji/18769|title= Joji releases new song 'Yukon (Interlude)'.|website=coupdemainmagazine.com|last=Graves|first=Shahlin|date=August 26, 2022|access-date=November 4, 2022}}</ref> On 4 November, Joji released his album ''[[Smithereens (album)|Smithereens]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.complex.com/music/joji-smithereens|title=Joji Delivers New Album 'Smithereens'|website=complex.com|last=Espinoza|first=Joshua|date=November 4, 2022|access-date=November 4, 2022}}</ref> alongside the single "[[Die for You (Joji song)|Die for You]]". To promote the album, Joji toured North America from September 2022 to 2023.

In February 2023, Joji performed his songs in Australia during the annual [[St Jerome's Laneway Festival|Laneway Festival]]. On 6 June 2023, Joji announced the [[Pandemonium (tour)|Pandemonium]] tour for North America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joji announces "PANDEMONIUM" North American tour with Kenny Beats |url=https://www.thefader.com/2023/06/01/joji-pandemonium-north-american-tour-announcement |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Following this, additional tour dates were announced for Australia, New Zealand and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News {{!}} Frontier Touring |url=https://www.frontiertouring.com/news/joji-announces-debut-headline-au-nz-tour-this-november |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=www.frontiertouring.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Artistry ==
Joji's music has been described as [[trip hop]] and [[Lo-fi music|lo-fi]]<ref name="Pigeons and Planes 2">{{Cite news|url=https://pigeonsandplanes.com/in-depth/2017/11/joji-interview-in-tongues|title=Joji's Journey from Viral Videos to Quality Music|author=Graham Corrigan|publisher=Pigeons and Planes|date=1 November 2017|access-date=3 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102044118/http://pigeonsandplanes.com/in-depth/2017/11/joji-interview-in-tongues|archive-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> that blends elements of [[Trap music (EDM)|trap]], [[Folk music|folk]], [[Electronic music|electronic]], and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]].<ref name="Crave">{{cite web|url=http://www.craveonline.com/music/1340195-new-music-joji-miller-makes-name|title=New Music {{!}} Joji Miller Makes a Name for Himself|author=Patrick Green|date=3 November 2017|work=Crave |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211505/http://www.mandatory.com/culture/1340195-new-music-joji-makes-name |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> His songs have been characterised as having "down tempo, melancholic themes and soulful vocals"<ref name="BroadwayWorld" /> with "minimalistic production".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://earmilk.com/2017/04/28/listen-to-jojis-new-song-i-dont-wanna-waste-my-time/|title=Listen to Joji's new song "I don't wanna waste my time"|author=Ruth Jiang|date=28 April 2017|publisher=[[Earmilk]]|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126032224/https://earmilk.com/2017/04/28/listen-to-jojis-new-song-i-dont-wanna-waste-my-time/|archive-date=26 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Joji himself classifies his work as dark love songs, with his 2020 album, ''Nectar'', dissecting cliché tropes and topics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Joji made his second album, Nectar|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/joji-nectar-interview|access-date=27 November 2020|website=British GQ|date=25 September 2020 |language=en-GB|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205185139/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/joji-nectar-interview|url-status=live}}</ref>

He has been compared to electronic artist [[James Blake (musician)|James Blake]],<ref name="Crave" /> whom he has cited as an influence alongside [[Radiohead]], [[Shlohmo]] and [[Donald Glover]].<ref>{{Cite AV media|publisher=MTV News|title=Joji Discusses His Rise From Parody Rap To Mainstream Music|date=6 November 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPl5uUXzcxQ|access-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729083840/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPl5uUXzcxQ|archive-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Complex (magazine)|Pigeons and Planes]]'', Miller said that his music was inspired by his time growing up in Osaka and by [[boom bap]] instrumentals he listened to while attending [[Canadian Academy]].<ref name="Pigeons and Planes 3" />

== Impact ==
Miller's web-show has had a significant impact on internet culture and is responsible for creating many [[internet memes]].<ref name="Diamondback">{{cite web|url=http://www.dbknews.com/2016/12/02/filthy-frank-youtube-george-miller/|title=Filthy Frank and the inexplicable, weird, kind of gross side of Youtube|work=[[The Diamondback]]|date=1 December 2016|access-date=7 November 2018|first=Samuel|last=Atenza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025613/http://www.dbknews.com/2016/12/02/filthy-frank-youtube-george-miller/|archive-date=8 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Most prominently, a video from 2013 ended up starting the [[Harlem Shake (meme)|Harlem Shake]] meme, leading to [[Baauer|Baauer's]] [[Harlem Shake (song)|eponymous song]] debuting [[List of songs that debuted number one on the Billboard Hot 100|atop the ''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bain |first=Katie |date=2019-11-21 |title=Songs That Defined the Decade: Baauer, 'Harlem Shake' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/baauer-harlem-shake-songs-that-defined-the-decade-8543863/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Joji discography}}

===Studio albums===

'''As Joji'''
*''[[In Tongues (EP)|In Tongues]]'' (EP, 2017)
* ''[[Ballads 1]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Nectar (Joji album)|Nectar]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Smithereens (album)|Smithereens]]'' (2022)

'''As Pink Guy'''
* ''Pink Guy'' (Mixtape, 2014)
* ''[[Pink Season]]'' (2017)

==Tours==
* Ballads 1 Tour (2018–2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experiencing Joji's Debut Headlining 'Ballads 1 Tour' – SXU Student Media |date=13 February 2019 |url=https://sxustudentmedia.com/experiencing-jojis-debut-headlining-ballads-1-tour/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Nectar: The Finale (2021–2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joji's Nectar: The Finale Sells Out Instantly After Dates Were Added Due To Overwhelming Demand |url=https://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=171185&cat= |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Top40-Charts.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Smithereens Tour (2022–2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joji announces North American tour, shares 'Glimpse of Us' |url=https://www.thefader.com/2022/06/10/joji-north-american-tour-glimpse-of-us |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joji announces huge UK show at London's Gunnersbury Park |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/joji-announces-huge-uk-show-at-londons-gunnersbury-park-3343977 |access-date=2022-11-04|website=NME|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pandemonium World Tour|Pandemonium]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joji announces "PANDEMONIUM" North American tour with Kenny Beats |url=https://www.thefader.com/2023/06/01/joji-pandemonium-north-american-tour-announcement |access-date=2023-06-01|website=NME|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of Joji's awards and nominations
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominee(s) / Work(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[ARIA Music Awards]]
|[[2022 ARIA Music Awards|2022]]
|"Glimpse of Us"
| rowspan="2" | [[ARIA Award for Single of the Year|Song of the Year]]
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref name="2022 ARIA Wins">{{cite web | url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/aria-awards-2022-winners-wrap-baker-boy-king-stingray-amyl/101692604 | title=ARIA Awards 2022 Winners Wrap: Baker Boy Leads First Nations Sweep | first=Al | last=Newstead | publisher=[[Triple J]] ([[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]])| date=24 November 2022 | access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 ARIA Music Awards|2023]]
| Die for You
| {{nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/nominees-announced-for-2023-aria-awards/|title= Nominees Announced for 2023 ARIA Awards|website=[[Music Feeds]]|date=21 September 2023|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Gold Derby|Gold Derby Music Awards]]
|2023
|"Glimpse of Us"
|Song of the Year
| {{nominated}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Gold Derby Music Awards winners: Taylor Swift leads with 8, Beyonce takes Album of the Year|url=https://www.goldderby.com/feature/2023-gold-derby-music-awards-winners-list-beyonce-taylor-swift-1205279821/ |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=goldderby|date=2 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[iHeartRadio Music Awards]]
|[[2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards |2019]]
|Joji
|Social Star Award
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards Winners: See The Complete List |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2019-03-14-2019-iheartradio-music-awards-winners-see-the-complete-list/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=iHeart |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 iHeartRadio Music Awards |2023]]
| "Glimpse of Us"
| Best Lyrics
| {{nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=iiHeartRadio Music Awards 2023: See the Complete List of Winners |url=https://people.com/music/iheartradio-music-awards-2023-complete-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=[[people (magazine)|people]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-k
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |Music Video Festival Awards
| rowspan="2" |2020
| rowspan="2" |"777"
|Innovation in a Music
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Music Video Festival Winners: See The Complete List |url=https://www.musicvideofestival.com.br/awards/2020/}}</ref>
|-
|Best Animation in a Music Video
| {{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]
| [[2023 Kids' Choice Awards|2023]]
| Joji
| Favorite Breakout Artist
| {{Nominated}}
| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Atkinson|first1=Katie|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1235279886/|title=Here Are the Winners of the 2023 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards: Complete List|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=March 5, 2023|date=March 4, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[UK Music Video Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2022 UK Music Video Awards|2022]]
| rowspan="3" |"Glimpse of Us"
|Best Alternative Video – International
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.promonews.tv/news/2022/09/28/uk-music-video-awards-2022-all-nominations-years-ukmvas/78564|title=UK Music Video Awards 2022: all the nominations for this year's UKMVAs|website=Promonews|date=28 September 2022|accessdate=28 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Best Editing in a Video
| {{Won}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Biography|Japan|Music|R&B and Soul Music|Internet}}
*[[List of YouTubers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|id=4202274|title=The Filthy Frank Show}}

{{Joji (musician)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joji}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alternative R&B musicians]]
[[Category:Australian comedy musicians]]
[[Category:Australian contemporary R&B singers]]
[[Category:Australian hip hop singers]]
[[Category:Australian male comedians]]
[[Category:Australian male rappers]]
[[Category:Australian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Australian people of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:Australian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Comedy rappers]]
[[Category:Comedy YouTubers]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Japan]]
[[Category:Internet-related controversies]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Japanese comedy musicians]]
[[Category:Japanese expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Japanese hip hop singers]]
[[Category:Japanese male comedians]]
[[Category:Japanese male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Japanese people of Australian descent]]
[[Category:Japanese rappers]]
[[Category:Japanese singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Japanese YouTubers]]
[[Category:Lo-fi musicians]]
[[Category:Music YouTubers]]
[[Category:New York Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in music]]
[[Category:Singers from Osaka]]
[[Category:Surreal comedy]]
[[Category:Trip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Ukulele players]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]
[[Category:YouTube channels closed in 2017]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2008]]

ThrustSSC

2024-09-23T16:46:27Z

AmrAlWatan: /* See also */ Changed from Bloodhound SSC to Bloodhound LSR to match the new name

{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox automobile
| image = Thrust SSC at Coventry Transport Museum.jpg
| caption = Thrust SSC at the [[Coventry Transport Museum]], where it is part of the permanent collection.
| name = Thrust SSC
| manufacturer = SSC Programme Limited
| aka =
| production =
| assembly =
| predecessor = [[Thrust2]]
| successor = [[Bloodhound LSR]]
| class = [[Land speed record|Land Speed Record vehicle]]
| body_style =
| layout =
| platform =
| engine = two [[Rolls-Royce Spey]] turbofan:- Rolls-Royce Spey 202
| transmission =
| wheelbase =
| length = {{convert|16.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|3.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height =
| weight = 10.6 tonnes
| related =
| designer = [[Richard Noble]], Glynne Bowsher, [[Ron Ayers]], Jeremy Bliss and Reece Liebenberg
| sp = UK
}}

[[File:thrustssc.team.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|The team with ThrustSSC]]
[[File:Thrust SSC Wide shot.jpg|alt=|thumb|ThrustSSC on display in the [[Coventry Transport Museum]]'s Landspeed Gallery]]
[[File:Side view of Thrust SSC.jpg|alt=|thumb|Side view of Thrust SSC showing its branding and marks at [[Coventry Transport Museum]]]]
[[File:Jets off the ThrustSSC supersonic car - geograph.org.uk - 1431049.jpg|thumb|right|One of the Rolls-Royce engines in the [[Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum]]]]

'''ThrustSSC''', '''Thrust SSC''' or '''Thrust SuperSonic Car''' is a British [[jet car]] developed by [[Richard Noble]], Glynne Bowsher, [[Ron Ayers]], and Jeremy Bliss.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thrustssc.com/thrustssc/Team/team.html|title=ThrustSSC team|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427140909/http://www.thrustssc.com/thrustssc/Team/team.html|archive-date=27 April 2018}}</ref> Thrust SSC holds the world [[land speed record]], set on 15 October 1997, and driven by [[Andy Green (RAF officer)|Andy Green]], when it achieved a speed of {{convert|1228|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} and it became the first and only land vehicle to officially break the [[sound barrier]].

Alongside [[Thrust2]], Thrust SSC was displayed in the "Spirit of Speed Gallery" of the [[Coventry Transport Museum]] in Coventry, England. As part of the Museum's redevelopment project both cars were relocated by specialist haulier to the new Biffa Award Land Speed Record Gallery which opened in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Michelle |first=Walker |title=Thrust SSC takes to the road |url=https://www.collett.co.uk/thrust-2-and-scc/ |access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref>

The car is {{convert|16.50|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide and has a curb weight of 10.6 tons. It had a reported thrust of 223 kN (approximately 50,000 pounds force) at some operating condition. [[Jet engine]]s are not designed to operate at peak airspeed while still in [[ground effect (aerodynamics)|ground effect]]; a proper estimate would need to take this into account.

==Details==
The jet was driven by [[Royal Air Force]] fighter pilot [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] [[Andy Green (RAF officer)|Andy Green]] in the [[Black Rock Desert]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Nevada]]. It was powered by two [[afterburner (engine)|afterburning]] [[Rolls-Royce Spey]] [[turbofan]] engines, as used in the [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in UK service|British version of the F-4 Phantom II]] jet fighter. The twin engines developed a net [[thrust]] of 223 kN (50,000 lbf) at the measured record speed of 341 metres per second,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thrustssc.com/thrustssc/contents-story.html|title=The ThrustSSC Story}}{{deadlink|date=September 2022}}</ref> burning around 18 litres/second (4.0 [[Imperial gallon]]s/s or 4.8 [[US gallon]]s/s) of fuel. Transformed into the usual terms for car mileages based on this speed, the fuel consumption was about {{convert|4850|L/100 km|2|abbr=on}}. The thermal power released by burning 18 litres/second of aviation fuel is approximately 630 MW which means the vehicle was operating at around 12% efficiency at its record speed, efficiency being the useful working power (76 MW) divided by the thermal power (630 MW).{{cn|date=October 2022}}

The record run in October 1997 was preceded by extensive test runs of the vehicle in autumn 1996 and spring 1997 in the [[Al-Jafr, Jordan|Al-Jafr]] desert (located in [[Ma'an Governorate]]) in [[Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan|Jordan]], a location unknown before for its capabilities as a test range for high speed land vehicles.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

After the record was set, the [[World Motor Sport Council]] released the following message:
:The World Motor Sport Council [[homologation (motorsport)|homologated]] the new world land speed records set by the team ThrustSSC of Richard Noble, driver Andy Green, on 15 October 1997 at Black Rock Desert, Nevada (USA). This is the first time in history that a land vehicle has exceeded the [[speed of sound]]. The new records are as follows:
:*Flying mile     {{convert|1227.985|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
:*Flying kilometre {{convert|1223.657|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
:In setting the record, the sound barrier was broken in both the north and south runs.
::::Paris, 11 November 1997.

The complete run history is available.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thrustssc.com/Latest_News/Status-19971015.html|title=Thrust SSC Run database}}{{self-published source|date=October 2022}}{{primary source inline|date=October 2022}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022}}</ref>{{self-published source|date=October 2022}}{{primary source inline|date=October 2022}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022}}

==Legacy==
In 1983 Richard Noble had broken the world land speed record with his earlier car [[Thrust2]], which reached a speed of {{convert|1,019|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The date of Andy Green's record came exactly a half century and one day after [[Chuck Yeager]] broke the sound barrier in Earth's atmosphere, with the [[Bell X-1]] research rocket plane on 14 October 1947.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gill|first=Kathy|title=First supersonic flight in rocket-powered research plane|url=https://wiredpen.com/2022/10/14/first-supersonic-flight-in-rocket-powered-research-plane/|website=WiredPen|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>

Both Thrust SSC and Thrust2 are displayed at the [[Coventry Transport Museum]] in [[Coventry]], England. Visitors can ride a 4D [[Simulator ride|motion simulator]] depicting a computer-generated animation of the record-breaking run from the perspective of Green.<ref>[https://www.transport-museum.com/visiting/biffa_award_land_speed_record_exhibition.aspx Coventry Transport Museum – Landspeed Gallery]</ref>

Several teams are competing to break the record, including the [[Bloodhound LSR]] project, launched in 2008,<ref name="Bloodhound SSC">[http://www.bloodhoundssc.com/news/noble-green-and-team-target-1000mph-record Noble, Green and Team Target 1,000mph Record]. Bloodhound Ssc (23 October 2008).</ref> and previously the [[North American Eagle Project]], from 2004 until the project's abandonment after a fatal crash in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nash|first1=Jim|title=Rocket Man: Land-Speed Racer Pushes 1,000 MpH Barrier|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/1000-mph-car-land-speed-record/|website=Scientific American|access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>

== Richard Noble{{snd}}Orange-Intel dispute ==
In June 2012, a television advertisement for the [[Orange (telecommunications)|Orange]] [[Intel AZ210|''San Diego'']] mobile phone, containing an [[Intel]] processor, was broadcast on British television and featured a fast car in [[computer generated imagery]]. Richard Noble claimed that the car was a representation of Thrust SSC and thus these companies had used his intellectual property without permission, putting the future of the [[Bloodhound LSR]] project in doubt. The [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] rejected the Bloodhound team's complaint, claiming that intellectual property disputes were not in its remit. According to BBC News technology correspondent [[Rory Cellan-Jones]], Intel and Orange responded that their production team had researched different styles of "superfast vehicles" and developed their own Orange-branded land speed car, and that the advertisement and phone were not connected to Noble or Bloodhound LSR.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18607081 BBC News – Orange, Intel, and a fast car furore]. BBC. (27 June 2012).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Air speed record]]
* [[Budweiser Rocket]]
* [[List of vehicle speed records]]
* [[RAF High Speed Flight]]
* [[Rocket car]]
*[[Bloodhound LSR]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* [[Richard Noble]]: ''Thrust: The Remarkable Story of One Man's Quest for Speed'', Hardcover: Partridge, 1998, {{ISBN|1-85225-268-5}}; Paperback: Bantam, 1999, {{ISBN|0-553-81208-4}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|ThrustSSC}}
*[http://www.thrustssc.com/ Official Thrust SSC website] (no longer being updated)
*[http://www.richard-noble.com/ Richard Noble]
*[http://www.transport-museum.com Coventry Transport Museum] where Thrust SSC is on display
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130526082118/http://freespace.virgin.net/john.coppinger/thrustss.htm Photo-Diary] by John Coppinger – including the aerial photo by Richard Meredith-Hardy showing the [[shock wave]] as Thrust SSC narrowly exceeds the speed of sound
*[http://www.boris-lux.de/04_types/31_re/97_tss/ts9701.php Thrust SSC] the car and the run
*[http://www.andrewgraves.biz/ssc_stuff/SSC_pics.htm Thrust SSC Photos] Pictures from Blackrock, Nevada – 15 October 1997
* [http://speedrecordclub.com/ Speed Record Club] – The Speed Record Club seeks to promote an informed and educated enthusiast identity, reporting accurately and impartially to the best of its ability on record-breaking engineering, events, attempts and history.

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|ach}}

{{Succession box|title=[[Land speed record|FIA Outright World Land Speed Record holder]] (1 km) |before=ThrustSSC {{nobold|{{small|713.990 MPH, 1,149.055 Km/h set by [[Andy Green (RAF officer)|Andy Green]], on 25 September 1997.}}}}|after=Incumbent|years=760.343 MPH, 1,223.657 Km/h set by [[Andy Green (RAF officer)|Andy Green]], on 15 October 1997.}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Land speed record|FIA Outright World Land Speed Record holder]] (1 mile) |before=ThrustSSC {{nobold|{{small|714.144 MPH, 1,149.303 Km/h set by [[Andy Green (RAF officer)|Andy Green]], on 25 September 1997.}}}}|after=Incumbent|years=763.035 MPH, 1,227.985 Km/h set by [[Andy Green (RAF officer)|Andy Green]], on 15 October 1997.}}
{{S-end}}

{{Thrust project}}
{{Black Rock Desert|brdcat=History}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jet land speed record cars]]
[[Category:1997 in science]]
[[Category:1997 in the United States]]
[[Category:Black Rock Desert]]
[[Category:Collection of the Coventry Transport Museum]]
[[Category:1997 in sports in Nevada]]
[[Category:Streamliner cars]]

Template talk:Discrimination sidebar

2024-09-22T04:41:23Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Why does "Discrimination against Israelis" link to anti-Zionism? */ Reply

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== Anti-SMS/MMS user sentiment? ==
[[IMessage#Anti-SMS/MMS_user_sentiment]], going on the news you can find tons of articles about this, from verified sources. Not a page but verifiable. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User: 2603:8001:8400:dc34:c081:5d75:1d83:4ba| 2603:8001:8400:dc34:c081:5d75:1d83:4ba]] ([[User talk: 2603:8001:8400:dc34:c081:5d75:1d83:4ba#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ 2603:8001:8400:dc34:c081:5d75:1d83:4ba|contribs]]) 

== Separate [[Discrimination based on skin tone]] of (Race/Ethnicity) ==

The most [[Discrimination based on skin tone]] made by society is made betwwe people of same ethnicity and race, in such cases of Africa, East Asia, Middle Age Europe, Victorian Era. [[User:Harry Cousins|Harry Cousins]] ([[User talk:Harry Cousins|talk]]) 19:52, 6 June 2024 (UTC).

== Why does "Discrimination against Israelis" link to anti-Zionism? ==

If we're going by technical definition, Israeli is a nationality while Zionism is a political belief. One could argue that Israeli isn't a nationality as per [https://versa.cardozo.yu.edu/opinions/ornan-v-ministry-interior| Ornan v. Ministry of the Interior] but even if that were the case, discrimination against any person living in Israel would still not necessarily be anti-Zionism. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 17:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:It seems no one discussed it yet. The Ethnic/National section of {{tp|Discrimination}} is highly policed by editors, I don't know how that passed. [[User:Web-julio|Web-julio]] ([[User talk:Web-julio|talk]]) 19:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::Wait I just realized that [[Anti-israeli]] redirects to [[Anti-zionism]]. And for whatever reason, [[Anti-Israeli]] (with a capital I) links to a disambig page? A page talking about anti-Israeli sentiment doesn't even exist.
::Holy hell! [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 02:27, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{tq|“[[Anti-israeli]] redirects to [[Anti-zionism]].”}} Corrected now. — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 02:55, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::And just because something is well-policed doesn’t mean it is policed well… — [[User:HTGS|HTGS]] ([[User talk:HTGS|talk]]) 02:58, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::First of all, thanks for the redirect edit above.
:::Second, I agree with this statement. What do you suggest we do? [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 03:47, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It's a bit confusing that the link actually is at [[Template:Discrimination]] and only transcluded here. The template is used in the footer of [[Anti-Zionism]], so the article should remain linked from here (unless somebody wants to start a possibly endless discussion at Talk:Anti-Zionism). But I agree that it is confusing, so I moved it to "Jewish". But I'm not sure if that's a really good solution. If anybody has a better (or less bad) idea, feel free to fix. [[User:Rsk6400|Rsk6400]] ([[User talk:Rsk6400|talk]]) 06:42, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Thank you for your edit!
:::::There's a more pressing matter at hand, in my opinion: [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/identity/#:~:text=When%20asked%20whether%20they%20would%20describe%20themselves%20as%20Jewish%20first%20or%20Israeli%20first%2C%20a%20plurality%20of%20Israeli%20Jews%20(46%25)%20say%20they%20are%20Jewish%20first.%20Roughly%20a%20third%20(35%25)%20say%20they%20are%20Israeli%20first%2C%20while%2020%25%20do%20not%20give%20a%20clear%20answer%20either%20way.17| Back in 2010, 46% of Israeli Jews identified as "Jewish" ''before'' "Israeli"], and I doubt that an Arab living in Israel would identify as "Israeli" (although I could be wrong). Do we need an article about anti-Israeli sentiment? Does "Israeli" even exist? Also, where do I make this topic more... known? I'm a little new to this Wikipedia stuff so I'd like to get some more opinions, especially from actual Israelis. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 20:19, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[:de:Special:Diff/245786241|German Wikipedia had an article on anti-Israelism]], but it got redirected. I noticed the articles [[New antisemitism]] and [[Three Ds of antisemitism]] talk about it, so some of their content can be reused. I couldn't find an existing article in another Wikipedia, such as Hebrew Wikipedia. [[User:Web-julio|Web-julio]] ([[User talk:Web-julio|talk]]) 00:45, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I think Wikipedia beat us to the punch. The [[Israelis]] article does not mention anything about it being a unique identity, only that it describes "citizens and nationals of the State of Israel". I'll take this to [[WP:VP]] and see what they think. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 04:41, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

User talk:AmrAlWatan

2024-09-22T04:35:18Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Introduction to contentious topics */ Reply

== Question for administrator ==
{{Admin help|answered=yes}}
Hello, admins. I just made this account but this is actually my second account, I courtesy-vanished the first one. I guess I changed my mind about coming back to Wikipedia.

If it's acceptable, I would like to link the old account and the new account. I want to do this so I can "claim" both accounts as my own. Neither account has any edits (except for this request for admin help).

Also, is it possible to claim an edit as mine? My IP is currently floating around Wikipedia and I would like to avoid that.

If any of these are a big problem, I apologize; I'm a little new to this. Thanks!
--[[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]] ([[User talk:AmrAlWatan#top|talk]]) 22:35, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
:It doesn't require an administrator action for you to admit that a prior account was yours. That's the most that can be done, there is no way to reassign the edits of another account to your current one. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 23:21, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
::Oh, okay then. Thanks. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]] ([[User talk:AmrAlWatan#top|talk]]) 23:25, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

== Introduction to contentious topics ==
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Additionally, you must be logged-in, have [[WP:ECR|500 edits and an account age of 30 days]], and are not allowed to make more than 1 revert within 24 hours on a page within this topic.Editors are advised to err on the side of caution if unsure whether making a particular edit is consistent with these expectations. If you have any questions about contentious topics ''procedures'' you may ask them at the [[WT:AC/C|arbitration clerks' noticeboard]] or you may learn more about this contentious topic [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Index/Palestine-Israel articles|here]]. You may also choose to note which contentious topics you know about by using the {{tl|Ctopics/aware}} template. }} [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 01:16, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for the guidelines! [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 04:35, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

Talk:2024 Lebanon pager explosions

2024-09-21T20:27:14Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Brace yourselves */ Reply

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{{ITN talk|18 September|2024|oldid=1246315815}}
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{{old move|date=17 September 2024|destination=2024 Lebanon–Syria pager explosions|result=not moved|link=Special:Permalink/1246569339#Requested move 17 September 2024}}

== A few points ==

First of all, some of the English language sources that I've reviewed do not state that ONLY Hezbollah militants were injured. Secondly, the "Background" section contains multiple past attacks involving Hezbollah, Lebanon and Israel, while many of the sources have nothing to do with the pager explosions (not including the defense official issue). This is likely a violation of [[WP:SYNTH]], where editors try to connect multiple events together because they believe the events are related even when no reliable source made a connection. [[User:Nythar|'''Nythar''']] ([[User talk:Nythar|💬]]'''-'''[[Special:Contributions/Nythar|🍀]]) 15:07, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:There is currently no indication that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246205520 the car explosion in Syria] had anything to do with the pager explosions in Lebanon. [[User:Nythar|'''Nythar''']] ([[User talk:Nythar|💬]]'''-'''[[Special:Contributions/Nythar|🍀]]) 15:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Agree with both. 1. This is isolated to lebanon and 2. apparently Iran's ambassador was also wounded, along with civilians.[[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 03:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

==Death of a child==
*Aside from the fact that civilians were injured, we also know that a girl was killed[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/dozens-hezbollah-members-wounded-lebanon-when-pagers-exploded-sources-witnesses-2024-09-17/]. But this keeps getting removed. Why? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
**ABC News says[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464#:~:text=BEIRUT%20%2D%2D%20Pagers%20used%20by,wounding%20several%20thousand%2C%20officials%20said.] "killing at least nine people – including an 8-year-old girl -- and wounding several thousand, officials said." So it doesn't seem like only a Hezbollah claim.
**We also have: "{{tq|The 10-year-old daughter of a Hezbollah member was killed in Lebanon's east when his pager exploded on Tuesday, her family and a source close to the group said. "A 10-year-old girl was martyred in the Bekaa Valley after her father's pager exploded while he was next to her," her relatives told AFP."}}" So we seem to have sufficient confirmation.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 20:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
** AP confirmed the death of an 8-year-old girl: [https://apnews.com/live/lebanon-syria-pagers-hezbollah-updates#00000192-0133-d78d-a79f-3dff2bfb0000 At least 9 people killed in pager explosions]
* I see claims above of 8-year old, 9-year old, and 10-year old, with no reliable source. There's not enough substance here to put it in the article.
::How is AP now a reliable source? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::If sources agree that a child died and disagree on the age, it is still enough to include. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 20:29, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes, it can be mentioned even if we can't confirm her age. Just say, "a girl aged 8–10". [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 11:54, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* At what point (under Casualties) do we just say "including children"? I see reports of an 8-, 9-, 10-, and 11-year-old killed. I don't think we need to list each—and it isn't always abundantly clear whether these are different children; the "daughter of a Hezbollah member", for example, has been cited as various ages, so a source stating an 8-year-old girl died could easily be referring to the same child but with an erroneous age. And to be clear: this belongs in the Casualties section, not the infobox. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 21:15, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree we don't need to mention them individually, we should just say "including 3 children" in the infobox. The "daughter of Hezbollah member" might be useful to the reader as it explains how the child was killed/why they happened to be close to an exploding device.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:46, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I'm happy with "including children", though I think "including at least three children" with the option to update as more info comes in is better. The first is more future-proof, but the second is more accurate. I '''strongly object''' to "child of a Hezbollah member", as it's [[WP:BIAS]]/[[WP:TE]], victim blaming and unnecessary (the article already makes it abundantly clear who the intended targets were). [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 08:23, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|Vice regent|}},{{ping|Super Goku V}},{{ping|Lewisguile}},{{ping|GhostOfNoMan}}
Editors might like to note that ''[[three]]'' children were killed on 18 September 2024. As reported in Lebanon in the French-language daily newspaper [[L'Orient-Le Jour]]. Here a link for easy accessibility and convenience to its English-language edition "L'Orient Today":

*"''[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427494/after-pager-explosions-hezbollah-announces-death-of-10-fighters-vows-to-continue-operations-day-348-of-the-gaza-war.html At least 14 dead and over 450 injured in new explosions of communication devices across Lebanon: Day 348 of the Gaza war'' - 10:28 Beirut Time]", [[L'Orient-Le Jour|L'Orient Today]], 18 September 2024 - [L'Orient's editorial stance: "a fierce line against Hezbollah"/ per our enWP article]

Please, note the time: "10:28 Beirut Time", this was before the "Second wave".--[[Special:Contributions/91.54.12.244|91.54.12.244]] ([[User talk:91.54.12.244|talk]]) 07:02, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Requested move 17 September 2024 ==

<div class="boilerplate mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color: var(--background-color-success-subtle, #efe); color: var(--color-base, #000); margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted var(--border-color-subtle, #AAAAAA);">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.''

The result of the move request was: '''not moved.''' Editors found consensus against including Syria in the title, given that the vast majority of the explosions occurred in Lebanon.

Several other suggestions for changes to the title were made, including replacing "Lebanon" with "Hezbollah" (which had general, although not universal, support among those who commented on it), replacing "pager" with "communications" or "electronics", and replacing "explosions" with "attack(s)". The discussion about these was too lost in the shuffle to produce a clear consensus, but there is no prejudice against a renomination focusing on them. For organizational purposes, I would suggest that any future RM be split into sections so that each change can be considered independently. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 20:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
----

[[:2024 Lebanon pager explosions]] → {{no redirect|2024 Lebanon–Syria pager explosions}} – Reports on pager explosions in Syria with multiple confirmed deaths: [https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/report-pager-explosion-attack-killed-7-in-syria/ Times of Israel] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 16:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – It appears that most sources are focusing on Lebanon as this was the primary site of the explosion, with significantly less in Syria. [[User:Nice4What|Nice4What]] ([[User talk:Nice4What|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nice4What|contribs]]) – ([[Help:Notifications/Thanks|Thanks]] ♥) 18:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – it appears the overwhelming majority of injuries took place inside Lebanon. Reliable sources report 3,000 injuries in Lebanon, and only 14 in Syria ([https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t BBC]). These numbers may change, but as it stands this seems primarily a Lebanese event – which is exactly how it's being discussed and headlined in most reliable sources. Including Syria in the infobox and lead is enough, IMHO. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:18, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Neutral''' – I would propose a rename to 2024 Hezbollah pager explosions (or similar), since that seems to be the central association between the explosions. Nearly half of those killed were in Syria. Here's an example of the BBC using the name "Hezbollah pager explosions" https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz04m913m49o [[User:Eastwood Park and strabane|Eastwood Park and strabane]] ([[User talk:Eastwood Park and strabane|talk]]) 18:38, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' - I tend to agree with GhostOfNoMan; the overwhelming majority of this incident happened within Lebanon. [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 18:49, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

: It should be renamed [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]] because it were Hezbollah's pagers that exploded (not restricting geographic range). '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 19:01, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::That's a '''good idea''' [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 04:56, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::I very much '''support''' this. [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 07:40, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::'''Support''' 2024 Hezbollah pager explosions, per MathKnight and Eastwood Park and strabane. - [[User:Sebbog13|Sebbog13]] ([[User talk:Sebbog13|talk]]) 14:51, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:<s>'''Support''' - Although the majority of the explosions occurred in Lebanon, the number of explosions in Syria was more than a handful (so far it's in the double-digits), and (as of this writing) the death toll in Syria is similar to the death toll in Lebanon. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)</s>
:Changing my !vote in light of recent developments: to '''rename''' to [[Coordinated attacks on Hezbollah's mobile communication systems]].
:#No need to disambiguate with the year, since it's so unique
:#Covers both the pagers and walkie talkies
:#Covers all geographic locations of the explosions.
:[[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:26, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Jerusalem Post reports that "operatives" are also wounded in Iraq ([https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820536 link]). [[User:Thuresson|Thuresson]] ([[User talk:Thuresson|talk]]) 19:14, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*:The Jerusalem Post does not report a specific number of explosions in Iraq, nor any injuries or deaths in Iraq. Therefore, I would treat all information about explosions in Iraq as "unconfirmed" until we get more specific information. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:35, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' - There are relatively fewer mentions of explosions in Syria in the media and the target remains Lebanese Hezbollah (not to be confused with Iraqi Hezbollah). The fact that Lebanese Hezbollah has a presence in Syria and as such some pager explosions also happened in Syria, is insignificant and likely a coincidence caused by the explosions being indiscriminate. [[User:RisingTzar|RisingTzar]] ([[User talk:RisingTzar|talk]]) 19:48, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Strong oppose''' for this proposed title; the overwhelming majority of the pagers were in Lebanon, as RS coverage has proven. I '''strongly support''' this article's move to the title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack'''; this is a [[Israel and state-sponsored terrorism|state-terrorist attack]], not an "explosion." [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 20:00, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] Apart from Twitter who else is calling it a state-terrorist attack? [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 20:05, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Scholars will eventually describe it for what it is, a state-terrorist attack. Aside from the description, the proposed title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack''' is currently supported by RS: [https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/09/17/what-we-know-about-the-pager-attacks-on-hezbollah/ ] [https://news.sky.com/video/saudi-ambassador-to-uk-on-the-hezbollah-pager-attack-13216866 ] [https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah/index.html ] [https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/17/world/israel-hamas-war-news ] [https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/09/lebanon-least-11-killed-4000-injured-suspected-israeli-pager-attack-against ] [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 20:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::[[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]. We don’t go off of what you or anyone here thinks will “eventually” happen. If you’re going to continue calling it a “terrorist attack” here that shows you don’t want to contribute in good faith but only to push your POV. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 20:42, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::No one said we will or we should; I clearly and explicitly differentiated between the descriptor (terrorist attack), and the title (attack); the latter is the topic of discussion here. As for the lack of assumption of good faith and the ad hominem, I will not respond to that. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 21:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::I am wary of titles with the word 'attack' in them because it is not always clear if the subject was attacked, or was doing the attacking; explosions rings more like the former. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 14:44, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::See my comment below, where I suggest using both terms. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 02:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Here are more RS that use the word "attack": [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-israel-gold-apollo Guardian],[https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions Axios], [https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hundreds-of-hezbollah-operatives-pagers-explode-in-apparent-attack-across-lebanon-cf31cad4 WSJ].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose proposed title''', would support a title similar to ''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'' to remove the country (since it occurred in at least 2 countries) as recommended above, but there’s unlikely to be enough emphasis on that proposed title here to prevent another RM from being necessary for that title specifically. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 20:44, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Support this. [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 07:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' proposed title, it should probably be something along the lines of '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' [[User:Scu ba|'''Scu''']][[User talk:Scu ba|ba]] 21:05, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' the title as it accurately reflects the countries where this took place. Also support calling this "attack" as [[WP:CONSISTENT]] with other events in this conflict: [[Nabatieh attack]], [[Majdal Shams attack]] etc.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:24, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and second other suggestions of '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', a simple descriptive title that avoids this particular controversy. [[User:LjL|LjL]] ([[User talk:LjL|talk]]) 01:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Oppose "2024 Hezbollah pager explosions" as there is significant evidence that civilians unaffiliated with Hezbollah were killed and wounded in the attack.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:05, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:*The devices doing the exploding are Hezbollah pagers. There is generally significant evidence of collateral damage in targeted attacks, that doesn't mean we need to use vague titles. '''[[User:5225C|5225C]]''' ([[User_talk:5225C|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/5225C|contributions]]) 05:07, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:*:Whether this is a targeted attack at all is disputed by some RS. Many have called it "indiscriminate"[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack]. Pagers belonging to healthcare workers might also be affected[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz04m913m49o].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Some mainstream outlets may have got it wrong that only Lebanon was targeted. Syria was targeted too. [[User:Dympies|Dympies]] ([[User talk:Dympies|talk]]) 01:55, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' as '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' is a better title, though this suggested title is better than the current one. [[User:Raskuly|Raskuly]] ([[User talk:Raskuly|talk]]) 03:43, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' No reason to exclude Syria from the title. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 03:47, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Probably something like "mobile device explosions" now that handheld radios are involved. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 05:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose.''' [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 05:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', as Syria wasn't affected as nearly severe as Lebanon. — [[User:-kgoodluck-|-kgoodluck-]] /// [[User_talk:-kgoodluck-|✉️]] 05:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': It should be named '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', the attack was not specifically targeted at Lebanon or Syria geographically or governmentally, it was targeted at Hezbollah, some of them just happened to also be in Syria.[[User:MarkiPoli|MarkiPoli]] ([[User talk:MarkiPoli|talk]]) 06:36, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Per recent developments regarding exploding walkie-talkies, I would also support '''2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions'''. [[User:MarkiPoli| MarkiPoli]] ([[User talk:MarkiPoli|talk]]) 14:58, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} - I '''oppose''' renaming to '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' per [[:User:Vice_regent|VR]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 07:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' for simplicity and clarity. The event overwhelmingly affected Lebanon more than Syria. --[[User:Deeday-UK|Deeday-UK]] ([[User talk:Deeday-UK|talk]]) 08:19, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:* '''Oppose''' and second other proposals to rename this to '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'''. While there were explosions in Syria and Iraq, this batch of pagers were ordered specifically for Hezbollah operations and handed out to Hezbollah members annd involved officials.
:[[User:Amayorov|Amayorov]] ([[User talk:Amayorov|talk]]) 09:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' moving to [[2024 Lebanon pager explosions]]. '''Support''' something like [[2024 Hezbollah pager attack]], which reflects the targeted nature of the incident and focuses on Hezbollah as the primary entity affected while acknowledging the broader implications of the attack beyond just Lebanon. [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 11:01, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:'''Comment:'''
*:19 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members were killed after their pagers had exploded in Deir ez-Zur in eastern Syria, Saudi news source Al-Hadath reported Wednesday afternoon. (''[https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820674 The Jerusalem Post]'')
*:"15 people killed on September 17 across Syria" ([https://www.syriahr.com/en/344248/ Syrian Observatory For Human Rights]) [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 14:02, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' requested move as not very concise; suggest move to <s>[[Hezbollah pager explosions]]</s> per reliable sources. I don't see why the date qualifier is needed {{mdash}} was there ever another co-ordinated Hezbollah ''pager'' attack? Even if IRGC was also affected, it is because they were acting in support of Hezbollah; i.e. they were not systematically attacked nor the main target. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 14:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:*Reaffirming my preference below for [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] after re-reading this discussion. See AP: [https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-exploding-devices-hezbollah-mideast-ab2436cf5bae5e2fe2dddb293671a0ac "... fears of a greater war rise after hundreds of electronic devices exploded in Lebanon ..."] Reports suggest not only pagers are involved but an array of other electronic devices including [https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/more-devices-exploding-across-lebanon-what-s-happening/ar-AA1qNBXH walkie talkies, solar panels, laptops, and radios]. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 12:10, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' [[2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions]] — Per recent developments. [[User talk:ElijahPepe|elijahpepe@wikipedia]] (he/him) 14:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Support ''' [[2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions]] or [[2024 Hezbollah communication device explosions]] per the recent developments. [https://www.arabnews.com/node/2571898/middle-east Arab News] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/18/middle-east-crisis-live-hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-irael-iran-latest-updates The Guardian] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 14:51, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::But few sources are calling it "wireless device explosions", they are instead referring to the second wave as "walkie-talkies"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/explosions-linked-to-walkie-talkies-deaths-lebanon] or "handheld radios"[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/]. Maybe [[September 2024 Lebanon explosions]]?'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 15:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::There are now reports of solar systems exploding[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/lebanons-official-news-agency-reports-home-solar-energy-113809042] in homes.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:17, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Support new title; "2024 Hezbollah pager explosions"''' It's clear these attacks are targeting a group and not a country. [[User:Completely Random Guy|Completely Random Guy]] ([[User talk:Completely Random Guy|talk]]) 15:29, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' Explosions of different devices (mostly communication devices) are now being reported. It might be ideal to wait until the reports are more concrete, as I think one page covering both incidents would make more sense, and a different title would be needed to accurately reflect the subject. [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 15:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' It occurred on a larger scale in Lebanon and was directed at Hezbollah, which is headquartered there. [[User:EpicAdventurer|EpicAdventurer]] ([[User talk:EpicAdventurer|talk]]) 16:27, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose and it should instead be renamed to <s>[[2024 Lebanon pager attack]]</s> [[Lebanon electronics attack]] (with or without year)''', as [[WP:RS]] are stating that Israel was the active perpetrator of this attack. Using the word explosions in the article title is akin to renaming the [[September 11 attacks]] article to "September 11 explosions." [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', instead '''Support''' something similar to [[Lebanon electronics attacks]]. Date qualifier is not needed since this is the first time an attack has occurred through such a vector. Electronics due to recent developments of various other devices, including walkie talkies, radios, and solar systems, exploding.[https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/18/world/israel-hezbollah-gaza-hamas][https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/][https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/explosions-linked-to-walkie-talkies-deaths-lebanon] Attacks per Makeandtoss and JasonMacker. RS describe the events as an attack by Israel.[https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/business/pagers-cell-phones-batteries/index.html][https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions][https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/sep/17/exploding-pager-attack-in-lebanon-is-another-blow-for-us-peace-hopes][https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pager-attack-threw-hezbollah-into-disarray-2024-09-18/][https://www.engadget.com/mobile/pagers-explode-simultaneously-in-hundreds-of-hezbollah-members-pockets-190304565.html] Articles with explosion in the title are typically limited to accidents such as the [[Halifax Explosion]] or [[2020 Beirut explosion]]. [[User:मल्ल|मल्ल]] ([[User talk:मल्ल|talk]]) 18:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::I think your suggestion is better than mine and I have updated my comment to reflect that.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 19:01, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I think '''Lebanon electronics attack''' seems like the best title at this time.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 19:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Agreed [[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 21:10, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::{{u|मल्ल}} and {{u|Vice regent}}, this title leaves out Syria. Anyway, the countries of Lebanon and Syria per se were not the intended targets, although that is where the attacks occurred. Your title is a bit ambiguous, as though Lebanon could be the one conducting the electronics attack against another party. I could see maybe <s>[[Attacks on Hezbollah electronic device users]]</s> (see the redirect [[Attacks on Hezbollah leaders]]). 'Hezbollah' casts a wide net, including fighters, politicians, party members and social workers, whether the latter groups were specifically targeted or not. I believe all reliable sources mention the Hezbollah angle in their reporting. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 21:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Though a little wordy, this seems to be the best suggestion so far. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 22:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Its not about who the target was - which is disputed anyway - but about ''where'' it happened. Can you take a look at [[WP:NCWWW]]? It suggests we name an event by "when, where, what" happened. There "where" is primarily Lebanon.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Leaving out Syria in the article's title is fine. [[Vietnam war]] leaves out the fact that the war also took place in Cambodia. The goal of the article title is simply to refer to the primary location of the subject, and in this case its Lebanon. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 00:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::After re-reading WP:NCWWW, I think [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] might be appropriate. Attacks without some mention of explosions {{mdash}} a term that is highly mentioned in sources {{mdash}} seems a bit vague. Electronic devices do not simply attack people, so exploding in the title is a useful term for this highly unusual and unlikely to be repeated in Lebanon anytime soon event, per [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. Electronic covers solar panels, which as of now seem to have been involved (otherwise, mobile device would be better). See the following sources:
::::::*https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/lebanon-rocked-by-2nd-wave-of-exploding-device-attacks-targeting-hezbollah
::::::*[https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah-syria-ce6af3c2e6de0a0dddfae48634278288 Lebanon is rocked again by exploding devices as Israel declares a 'new phase' of war]
::::::*https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pager-new-device-explosions-lebanon-hezbollah-rcna171637
::::::*https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-condemns-attacks-lebanon-involving-exploding-communications-devices-2024-09-18/
::::::[[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 00:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Not sure which one between [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] or [[Lebanon exploding electronics attacks]] sounds better, but I'd support either. [[User:मल्ल|मल्ल]] ([[User talk:मल्ल|talk]]) 16:09, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''':The best title suggested so far is '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'''. The explosions targeted members of Hezbollah, whether they were in Syria or Lebanon. This is the essence of the event. [[User:DaringDonna|DaringDonna]] ([[User talk:DaringDonna|talk]]) 18:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Walkie talkies and other devices have also exploded. See here:
*:[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/18/middle-east-crisis-live-hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-irael-iran-latest-updates] [[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] ([[User talk:David O. Johnson|talk]]) 19:13, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Just came here to say that. | [[User:Mk17b|MK17b]] | ([[User talk:Mk17b|talk]]) 20:52, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

* '''Oppose''', per above. It's better to title it as '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', which takes into account both Syria and Lebanon. Mentioning Syria in title is not as important because the explosions were majorly in Lebanon. [[User:Waonderer|Waonderer]] ([[User talk:Waonderer|talk]]) 21:33, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and instead go for '''electronics explosion attack against Hezbollah''', for a multiple reasons: not all electronics that exploded were wireless (it includes solar panels), it takes into consideration both countries, includes the name of the prime target of the attack, does not include the year because this is unprecedented as far as I'm aware and it makes clear that Hezbollah is not the perpetrator. [[User:PhotographyEdits|PhotographyEdits]] ([[User talk:PhotographyEdits|talk]]) 21:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Comment''': I support a proposed new title of '''" 2024 Hezbollah communication device explosions"'''. The attacks were targeted at the group Hezbollah and not just one specific country. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 22:04, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:{{ping|Waonderer|Kind Tennis Fan| PhotographyEdits}} Take a look at [https://www.google.com/search?q=2024+pager+explosions this search results] which shows the title including Lebanon is the [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. We don't select the titles based on [[WP:Original Research|original research]]. Plus it is known that civilians were also targeted by the attack. -- [[User:Mhhossein|Mhhossein]] [[User talk:Mhhossein|'''talk''']] 09:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Comment''': I think @[[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]]'s title is perfect. [[User:FloridaMan21|FloridaMan21]] 22:28, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': our naming convention [[WP:NCWWW]] suggests we name things according to "when, where and what", although sometimes we can drop the "when" if not needed. In this case, the "where" is either "Lebanon" or "Lebanon-Syria" and this is simply undisputed. Replacing the where with "Hezbollah" is problematic for a few reasons:
**If there was a target, then the intended target of the first round of explosions alone is disputed (see [[Talk:2024 Lebanon pager explosions#Target]] below). No one officially claimed responsibility. In the second round of explosions, it becomes even more tenuous to say the solar panel explosions were targeted against Hezbollah.
**Multiple RS have reported that the explosions were not targeted but "indiscriminate"[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack].
**"Hezbollah device explosions" is ambiguous, as if Hezbollah was the perpetrator, which is false.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Yes, location is preferred precisely because having an organisation name is always ambiguous as to whether it it subject or object. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 05:17, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' proposed title, but support [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]], which is still the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in the media as of right now. Removing the year is an exception rather than the norm per the naming convention [[WP:NCWWW]], and we lack the historical perspective mentioned in the guideline to have the year removed. Usually we try to keep the year unless the event can easily be described without it, which only a handful of articles for well known world events usually end up qualifying for. [[User:Pilaz|Pilaz]] ([[User talk:Pilaz|talk]]) 00:15, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:But [[WP:NCWWW]], the policy you quote, says we should use the ''place'', which would indicate either "Lebanon" or "Lebanon-Syria".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 00:49, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''': Very minor spillover of operatives in Syria doesn't justify a name change.[[User:Spilia4|Spilia4]] ([[User talk:Spilia4|talk]]) 00:37, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' this, but also support the alternative of a move to [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]] — [[User:The Anome|The Anome]] ([[User talk:The Anome|talk]]) 03:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* We can dodge the Lebanon vs. Syria question by specifying "Hezbollah" since that was the target, regardless of which country the victims were in. Since the second wave of the attack involved other mobile devices, I suggest changing "pager" to "mobile device." We don't need a year in the title because it's a unique event. If it happens again we can add a year to disambiguate. Perhaps [[Hezbollah mobile device explosions]] would be most accurate. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 03:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose:''' The current title is perfectly adequate at this stage, and reflects the natural and recognisable language that people will be searching for. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 05:20, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''' We want people to easily find the page, right? Keep it succinct. There's a case for using the word 'attack' in lieu of explosions. [[User:Oathed|Oathed]] ([[User talk:Oathed|talk]]) 05:30, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''', but support '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' as was suggested by others. [[User:Hogo-2020|Hogo-2020]] ([[User talk:Hogo-2020|talk]]) 06:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''' I don't think the title should include other areas since Lebanon was the major target. Had an overview of the comments and realized some users are suggesting to include Hezbollah in the title which I oppose. To prove it, I made a quick search without including Lebanon in my keywords and [https://www.google.com/search?q=2024+pager+explosions the result] is indicating that the tile with Lebanon is the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in the media. --[[User:Mhhossein|Mhhossein]] [[User talk:Mhhossein|'''talk''']] 09:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Comment''' pager is outdated. '''Oppose''' inclusion of Syria as it appears Lebanon is primarily affected. [[User:Borgenland|Borgenland]] ([[User talk:Borgenland|talk]]) 09:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – It appears that most sources are focusing on Lebanon as this was the primary site of the explosion, with significantly less in Syria. [[User:Nice4What|Nice4What]] ([[User talk:Nice4What|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nice4What|contribs]]) – ([[Help:Notifications/Thanks|Thanks]] ♥) 12:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Rename:''' Whilst I initially would've supported the matter in question given the direct correlation of events - hence [[WP:WM]] - it should be acknowledged that the events are somewhat, albeit debatably, distinguished since the first incident extended towards the Syrian region, and thus relating to [[WP:LGL]]. Therefore as an alternative compromise, be it considered that this is renamed [[2024 Hezbollah communications attack]]; Both incidents should be listed with their own respective infoboxes detailed separately. Furthermore, granted that these infiltrations impacted two separate communicative means, the proposed rename should be recognised as an adequate juncture, in contrast with identifying them as two distinct events under a merged or even different article, as per [[WP:MOS]]. [[Special:Contributions/TheRevisionary|TheRevisionary]] ([[User talk:TheRevisionary|talk]]) 13:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*[[Israeli 2024 (exploding) pager attack on Hesbollah]].No geography. The group targeted, the targeter. You don't need anything else.[[User:Nishidani|Nishidani]] ([[User talk:Nishidani|talk]]) 13:36, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:The first word, "Israeli", would be a violation of [[WP:NPOV]] because Israel has not acknowledged the attack, and nobody has been able to prove that Israel is the culprit. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 13:40, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::That is not what NPOV means. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 14:18, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::Really? About [[WP:PRECISE]]? The article says that Israel is the '''allegeded''' perpetrator. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 15:45, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::Wikipedia articles are not reliable sources. Actual reliable sources are very clear that it was an Israeli attack. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:08, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::::Which "{{tq|reliable sources are very clear that it was an Israeli attack}}"? [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:12, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::::The NY Times for one. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:41, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::::::You may want to go back and re-read the NY Times. Here is [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html/ what it actually says]: "{{tq|Israel has neither confirmed nor denied any role in the explosions, but 12 current and former defense and intelligence officials who were briefed on the attack say the Israelis were behind it.}}" That's not a proof. That's allegations. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::::::You don’t need Israel’s confirmation for it to be widely reported as being an Israeli operation. We aren’t an organ of the Israeli government, their confirmation or their denial is cute but unimportant. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 19:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:(e/c) Have all counties/ organisation agreed that Israel was the perpetrator? I can think of one which hasn't. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:There is no evidence of Israeli involvement and most sources continue to only call them the ''alleged'' perpetrator. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 16:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::No part of that is true. [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html NYTimes: How Israel Built a Modern-Day Trojan Horse: Exploding Pagers]. [https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-pager-explosion-e9493409a0648b846fdcadffdb02d71e AP: An American official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, said Israel briefed the U.S. on the operation — where small amounts of explosives hidden in the pagers were detonated.] There are a ton of sources that say Israel was behind this, and none disputing it. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:07, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' this title, support [[Israeli pager sabotage attack]]. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 14:17, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
'''Strongly Oppose'''. The title we have came up immediately editors responded to a reports of widespread pager explosions. Since sources could only speculate that was a logical choice. Since the obvious is now documented, and inside intelligence leaks provide a detailed reconstruction of how Israel organized the operation - the New York Times is describing it neutrally as an established fact (Sheera Frenkel, [[Ronen Bergman]] and Hwaida Saad, [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html 'How Israel Built a Modern-Day Trojan Horse: Exploding Pagers,'] [[New York Times]] 18 September 2024) and they are usually extremely cautious, we have no reason to hold the use of the descriptor 'Israeli' in the title. We do so commonly, as in [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]] and [[2024 Iranian strikes against Israel]]. Even the very wording and its variations - 'Hezbollah pager explosions' - could technically read as pagers, owned by who?, Hezbollah blew up. [[User:Nishidani|Nishidani]] ([[User talk:Nishidani|talk]]) 15:30, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''', and I instead support something along the lines of '''2024 Lebanon electronics attack''' (or replace attack with explosions, electronics with communications) given that "{{tq| Smartphones, solar panels, radios, intercoms and car batteries were amongst other devices that reportedly also exploded on that day.}}" Having the title only include "pagers", to me, does not seem like it reflects current reliable sources. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 15:26, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' any title without "attack" because [[WP:RS]] has described it as an attack. [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/] [https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/exploding-device-attacks-dealt-major-crippling-blow-hezbollah-113841163]. I am still unsure about what the rest of the title should be, but I think it should be something along the lines of "2024 ... attacks" or "2024 attacks on ...". [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 16:13, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

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== Timeline of explosions ==

Referenced Reuters article states that the explosions lasted for an hour, not simultaneously. [[Special:Contributions/12.196.187.18|12.196.187.18]] ([[User talk:12.196.187.18|talk]]) 17:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*I am sure this will be narrowed down precisely, but the earliest tweet i've seen so far mentioning the explosions was at 13:01 UTC. [https://x.com/FirstbloodH/status/1836027573991551488] / ETA 13:00 [https://x.com/orielishamiller/status/1836027497063825699] --'''[[User:Milowent|Milowent]]''' • [[Special:Contributions/Milowent|has]][[User talk:Milowent|spoken]] 17:19, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:I suspect we'll be waiting a while for clarity given the pace of reporting, but at the moment I'm seeing reports of an initial wave of near-simultaneous explosions, followed by a smaller number of explosions occurring over roughly one hour. (It would make sense for Israel to aim for simultaneity; maintaining the element of surprise for maximum effect.) I'll review the available sources. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:06, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== lithium batteries ==

We're currently speculating that the lithium batteries exploded, but that's contradicted by the cited AP article which says: “A lithium ion battery fire is one thing, but I’ve never seen one explode like that. It looks like a small explosive charge”
Maybe we should remove the speculation about lithium batteries. [[User:Uhoj|Uhoj]] ([[User talk:Uhoj|talk]]) 19:23, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:We have a source that mentions lithium batteries as source for the explosion. Until we have information to rule this out, it should stay. PS. Reports are that the exploding pager is a "Gold Alpha Pager 924" from "Apollo Systems".[https://en.royanews.tv/news/54262] This device is powered by AAA batteries.[https://www.apollosystemshk.com/product/6.html] The compromised device would still need to work until detonated, which speaks in favor of a battery explosion. If the AAA batteries are lihium ion and compromised to e.g. be made without pressure relief vents, and to start a thermal runaway if their charging current exceeds a given threshold, then this could well lead to the observed effect. At least, this cannot be ruled out at this stage. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 19:57, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::It's fine to keep the news media speculation about batteries in the article at present, but no, it's impossible. All the devices exploded nearly simultaneously, with seemingly the same strength. Did everybody keep their pagers fully charged? Also, editors here should keep in mind that is is to the benefit of whoever pulled this off that plenty of misinformation floods the zone. [[User:Abductive|'''Abductive''']] ([[User talk:Abductive|reasoning]]) 20:43, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Our article claims the pagers were also recently imported there might have been limited time to notice mild unexpected behaviour. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 03:06, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::Um, your link states that the 924 has a "lithium battery backup" that presumably would be kept fully charged by the AAA batteries. [[User:WarrenPlatts|Warren Platts]] ([[User talk:WarrenPlatts|talk]]) 11:56, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:OK, it's looks pretty definite now according to a NYT article [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/17/world/middleeast/israel-hezbollah-pagers-explosives.html?]. The pagers are from Taiwan and Israel tampered with them adding 1-2oz. of explosive material near the battery plus a switch. At 3:30pm, a message was sent out that activated the switch causing all of them to explode, according to some "anonymous US officials." They also report that cyber security experts say it probably was explosives.
For what it's worth, [https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/business/pagers-cell-phones-batteries/index.html CNN is quoting cybersecurity experts] who are doubting the lithium battery theory and are theorizing that explosives were somehow inserted into thousands of pagers. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:31, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

What is the source for the battery drivel, anyway? It's shown as "citation needed" now, but if I'm not mistaken, before it was indicating the AP News article, which just doesn't mention any of that. I think it should be removed, sources get old quickly with these events. [[User:LjL|LjL]] ([[User talk:LjL|talk]]) 01:48, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== 500 lost eyesight -- dubious ==

This claim that 500 people lost their eyesight has to be false. Even if 500 people did lose their eyesight, there is no way that extremely busy doctors and hospitals (150 hospitals, according to the article) could examine that many patients, assess the damage to their eyes, and report to (where, the health ministry?) that 500 people are now permanently blind, in the short time since the explosions. Moreover, it doesn't gibe with the number of deaths; there should be many more deaths or fewer lost eyes. [[User:Abductive|'''Abductive''']] ([[User talk:Abductive|reasoning]]) 20:51, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm removing it because whether or not it is true, it is a body detail and not a lead detail. We already mention that Hezbollah members were injured; the specific need to focus on them getting blinded feels to me like gloating. [[User:Atubofsilverware|Atubofsilverware]] ([[User talk:Atubofsilverware|talk]]) 20:58, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV Background ==

The article currently connects the Israel-Lebanon conflict to the [[Israel-Hamas war]] in a very one-sided way. It mentions the [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel]], but doesn't mention the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] and the [[Israeli invasion of Gaza|invasion]]. The statement selectively quotes the source, as the source itself [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz5r18zm7lpo says] {{Tq|Hezbollah’s leader, Hassan Nasrallah, has stressed the armed group is ready, but not eager, for war. He says if there is a ceasefire agreed in Gaza, Hezbollah will cease fire too, immediately.}} Indeed in another source, {{tq|"If there is a ceasefire in Gaza, we will stop without any discussion," Hezbollah's deputy leader, Sheikh Naim Kassem, said in an interview with The Associated Press at the group's political office in Beirut's southern suburbs.}}[https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1219748268/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-hamas-iran-war]. That article, written in July, also points out that that 37,900 Palestinians have been killed in Israel's invasion. This is probably the most salient aspect of the Israel-Hamas war.

I [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246208982 added] the death of 40,000 Palestinians, but this too was removed. Other RS have also mentioned the Palestinian death toll when mentioning Hezbollah's rationale for fighting. For example: {{tq|Hezbollah says its attacks aim to support the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, where nearly 18,000 people – most of them women and children – have been killed by Israel in two months.}} [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/10/violence-escalates-between-israel-and-lebanons-hezbollah-amid-gaza-assault Al Jazeera Dec 2023] {{tq|A war between the militant Palestinian group and Israeli forces that so far has killed more than 19,000 Palestinians, most of them women and children, according to Gaza's health ministry. Israel says about 1,200 people were killed in the Oct. 7 attack. After the Gaza war started, Hezbollah responded by attacking Israeli targets in northern Israel.}} [https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1219748268/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-hamas-iran-war NPR December 2023] Indeed, [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-67349605 in a BBC interview], Hezbollah's deputy leader has referred to "Israel is increasing its aggression against civilians and killing more women and children" as his rationale for fighting.

'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:As a side note – it was, at one point, completely incorrect about the timeline: it incorrectly suggested Hezbollah began their attacks in response to Israel's ground invasion of Gaza, when in reality Hezbollah began their attacks against Israel on 8 October, one day after Hamas' incursion, in "solidarity".
:Right now, that section is essentially just a summary with the same information as the lead of [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)]]. Does adding death counts from Gaza really make that section more neutral? [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 21:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::The [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip]] encompasses all Israeli attacks against Gaza on and since October 7 (check the article please). And certainly the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] started on Oct 7 itself. Hezbollah has repeatedly called for "solidarity" with Palestinians, including women and children, as sources show above. Omitting the death count does make the section non-neutral and just because NPOV is violated elsewhere, doesn't mean it should be violated here too.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hezbollah obviously weren't reacting to an invasion that hadn't begun yet. See [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip#Invasion]], the invasion didn't begin on October 7 no matter what the infobox date is, hence the note attached. If the article said Hezbollah were reacting to the "Israeli invasion" that's incredibly misleading to readers. There was no invasion on the 7th or 8th. The article did say something like that when I looked earlier. Now it's a clear timeline [[Special:Contributions/2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7|2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7]] ([[User talk:2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7|talk]]) 22:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Is the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] not a prelude to the invasion? In any case, would you support the change with term "bombing" instead of "invasion"? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 22:35, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Still can't retcon in a death toll that didn't exist on October 8. [[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] ([[User talk:PrimaPrime|talk]]) 00:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::No one is trying to do that, but rather indicate a death toll that was true on the eve of the pager attack.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:22, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Which is irrelevant to the reason Hizballah began attacking Israel on October 8. [[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] ([[User talk:PrimaPrime|talk]]) 15:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::But its relevant to why the Israel-Hezbollah conflict continues.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 19:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:"{{tq|According to the ACLED, from 7 October 2023 to 6 September 2024, Israel attacked Lebanon 7,845 times. Hezbollah and other Lebanese forces attacked Israel 1,768 times.}}" I can't see a rationale for putting this in the article, other than to make Israel look bad. "Attack" isn't defined, and the sentence doesn't explain why the conflict continues, or any reason for this attack. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 01:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::I don't think its there to make Israel look bad, but rather indicates the scale of the attacks that have been taking place since October 8? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 16:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

Trim the background. All the details can be in the other article. no need for expansive "context" that triggers disupute when the real article is about yesterday's events.[[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 03:26, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

It's one paragraph on the background, summarized from the main article and hardly seems excessive. And the last line's "6,124 Israeli vs. 1,258 Lebanese attacks" (yes, sourced) casts as much bad light on Israel as is necessary. Remove the tag. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 04:47, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Provocation ===

{{Tq|1="...Hezbollah, then unprovoked, joined the conflict in support of Hamas... declaring that it would not stop attacks against Israel until Israel stops military operations and attacks in Gaza"}} - Does this not imply that Israel's "military operations and attacks in Gaza" provoked Hezbollah? [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 10:27, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:It is very, very POV to say that attacks on Israel are unprovoked, given its 56 year long occupation of the Palestinians. Hezbollah has specifically stated its acting in solidarity with Palestinians.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:17, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:: I don't think we need to address provocation in Wikipedia voice because that's not our job. Our statements should be dry, free of moral judgement. We can report what each each side has said, and what other countries have said, with proper attribution. This is how disputed things can be rendered into indisputable facts. For example, "Hamas said X" is a fact when properly verified, whether or not X is true. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 02:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Agreed. It's not our place to judge provocation, and doing so clearly violates NPOV. [[User:Acebulf|'''Acebulf''']] ([[User talk:Acebulf|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Acebulf|contribs]]) 05:22, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::"unprovoked" seems to have since been removed.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246353965] —[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 07:59, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Targets ==

Currently the infobox says the target was "Hezbollah militants". I'm not sure if this is accurate as Hezbollah is comprised of both militants and civilians (it is also a political party). Further, Hezbollah has said the attack also targeted civilians and this allegation is notable enough to have been quoted in several reliable secondary sources: [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464 ABC News], [https://globalnews.ca/news/10759802/hezbollah-members-injured-pager-explosions-lebanon/ Global News], [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/09/17/lebanon-pagers-exploding-hezbollah/ Washington Post] etc. So the infobox should also say "Civilians (per Hezbollah)".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:In fact, ABC News itself is cautious on the targets[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464] "{{tq|It appeared that many of those hit were members of Hezbollah, but it was not immediately clear if others also carried the pagers.}}"
:Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, the UN special coordinator for Lebanon also condemned the attack, justifying her condemnation by adding, "In accordance with international humanitarian law, she reminds all concerned actors that civilians are not a target and must be protected at all times. Even one civilian casualty is one too many"[https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah#h_a0cf8464c5edb4ee82690311dcc18553]. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Support''' for saying the target is "unknown" or "either Hezbollah members or civilians" [[User:Atubofsilverware|Atubofsilverware]] ([[User talk:Atubofsilverware|talk]]) 21:34, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::We shouldn't include "or civilians" based on a Hezbollah claim alone. We would need an [[WP:IS|independent source]], preferably one without clear biases. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 05:16, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::We generally include IDF claims if they have been presented in multiple reliable, secondary sources, and we should do the same thing here. [[WP:NPOV]] means we don't take sides, but explain them.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I don't think any source has really disputed that Hezbollah was the target? Some sources seem to suggest that the attack did not specifically target Hezbollah militants, but some broader group of Hezbollah members including some civilians.
::::So listing the target as "Hezbollah" seems pretty uncontroversial. Hezbollah's accusation of targeting civilians lacks elaboration and seems much more dubious, but yes it's fine to mention somewhere in the body with attribution. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 17:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Did you see the corroboration by other sources in Lebanon mentioned below: the Lebanese Health Ministry, [[Dyab Abou Jahjah]] and Mohammad Barakat? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:26, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Have any of them explained why they believe that? If not, it just seems like unfounded speculation from partisan sources. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 16:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:"Hezbollah militants" is certainly questionable. Are we to believe only militants carry pagers? Hezbollah has teachers, medics, [[Hezbollah social services|social workers]], [[Al-Manar|news crews and journalists]], etc. I don't know to what extent this attack was indiscriminate (perhaps Israel intercepted communications and filtered targets, but I doubt it), but to list the target as "Hezbollah militants" right out of the gate seems wrong, to me. "Hezbollah members" is more fitting, and covers both militants and civilians. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 22:15, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Yes, we are to believe that only militants carried a special pager. Why would a teacher or a social work need a pager, rather than using an ordinary smartphone? Perhaps if you can think of a rationale for them to need this kind of security you can change it, otherwise militants is accurate. [[User:Ariel.|Ariel.]] ([[User talk:Ariel.|talk]]) 04:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::These pagers are apparently also carrier by healthcare workers: The Lebanese Health Ministry "has also urged healthcare workers and others with pagers to discard them."[https://www.africanews.com/2024/09/17/lebanon-says-8-killed-and-over-two-thousand-wounded-by-exploding-pagers/]
:::The Lebanese Health Minister [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz04m913m49o also stated] "{{tq|The vast majority of the people who are presenting to the emergency rooms are in civilian clothes, so it's very difficult to discern whether they belong to a certain entity like Hezbollah or others But we are seeing among them people who are old or people who are very young, like the child who unfortunately died... and there are some of them who are healthcare workers}}".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::"{{tq|Author [[Dyab Abou Jahjah]] pointed out that many of the pagers that exploded were not just owned by Hezbollah fighters, but civilians that are employed by Hezbollah's institutions.}}"[https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack] '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:07, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::The evidence just keeps piling up: {{tq|Mohammad Barakat, a journalist known for his strong opposition to Hezbollah...shared a clip from one of his appearances on VDL 24, where he stressed that the attack targeted not only Hezbollah members but also civilians, in an indiscriminate manner.}}[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html]
:::::Professor Toby Walsh of the [[UNSW School of Computer Science and Engineering]] [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152?future=true& points out] that it is impossible for the IDF to track a pager, thus "It's a very indiscriminate attack, because you might put the pager down in your desk, and as we have heard from reports there were various innocent people who were injured by this". '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Is security camera footage public domain in Lebanon? ==

If so, adding a video would improve this article. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 21:54, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:Good question. And if it's not, then we should consider adding one under [[WP:NFCC]]. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 22:49, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:There's probably a discussion about this somewhere on Commons. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 22:50, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::[[WP:MCQ]] is an excellent place to ask. Plenty of knowledgeable people there. [[User:Mjroots|Mjroots]] ([[User talk:Mjroots|talk]]) 05:45, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Thanks! I [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions#Is surveillance camera footage public domain in Lebanon?|started a discussion]] there. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 10:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 September 2024 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2024 Lebanon pager explosions|answered=yes}}

I believe the explosive behind the explosion was Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN). [https://www.timesnownews.com/world/middle-east/what-is-pentaerythritol-tetranitrate-petn-highly-explosive-material-allegedly-used-in-lebanon-hezbollah-pagerblasts-article-113437169]; [https://www.dailywire.com/news/new-details-emerge-on-how-israel-struck-4000-hezbollah-terrorists-in-mass-pager-bombing]; [https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/artc-mossad-allegedly-behind-hezbollah-beeper-detonations]; [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-s-mossad-rigged-pager-batteries-with-explosives-before-they-reached-hezbollah-media/3333013]. [[User:Cyrogigabyte|Cyrogigabyte]] ([[User talk:Cyrogigabyte|talk]]) 00:06, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{notdone}}. That may well be true, or maybe not. But the sources listed above are either speculating or are unreliable (Daily Wire in particular). [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 06:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== To add to article ==

To add to this article: how many people are in critical condition due to the pager explosions. Various news sources report the number as approximately 200 or "hundreds." [[Special:Contributions/98.123.38.211|98.123.38.211]] ([[User talk:98.123.38.211|talk]]) 01:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV tag ==

{{ping|Nice4What}} you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246312409 removed] the NPOV tag saying "NPOV issue has been resolved – background section was shortened". But the discussion regarding NPOV is still ongoing and the contested content is still in the background section, whereas the content that some want to insert is still not in the background. Furthermore there are two other NPOV discussions above on the targets and whether to include the death of a child, esp in the infobox.

Can you please self revert?'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:43, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:I've restored the tag, as evidenced by ongoing NPOV issue discussions both above this section and below.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:16, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Could you remove the NPOV tag now? It seems like the issue has been resolved. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 02:53, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Taiwan comment ==

[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2024/9/18/taiwan-dragged-into-middle-east-politics-after-deadly-pager-blasts][[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 08:12, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:Already has been added. --[[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]] ([[User talk:Rsrikanth05|talk]]) 09:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::However, should it be shifted to the responses rection? --[[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]] ([[User talk:Rsrikanth05|talk]]) 09:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::It's more an investigation. Albeit Taipei did comment. [[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 11:11, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Attack ==

The fact that this is an Israeli attack is now confirmed by RS like [https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html CNN: Israel behind deadly pager explosions that targeted Hezbollah and injured thousands in Lebanon] => "Hezbollah has vowed to respond to an Israeli attack.." and "CNN has learned the explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military. While the Israeli military has said it will not comment on the explosions, both Lebanon and Hezbollah have blamed it for the attack." So why was attack removed from the opening sentence? [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 09:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:Agreed, pretty much all RS are treating as an attack, including the famous Israeli journalist [[Barak Ravid]][https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:09, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::Also emphasis on an Israeli attack and not just attack. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:11, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Martinevans123}} There is no need for attribution, this has been accepted as fact by CNN, to cite one example. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:21, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I assume you are referring to [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246356512 this edit]? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} Yes. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 14:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::As this article is under "active arbitration", do I need to self-revert? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 14:18, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Another editor has now slightly altered it, so I will leave it as it is. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} There are no restrictions on self-reverting. The slight altering by the other editor did not change the presence of the redundant attribution. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 10:20, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::It's still there. So some other editor(s) must think it's useful? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 10:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} Not necessarily, and even if that was the case, they would have joined in on this discussion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:29, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I have no strong view. I was simply trying to improve what was there before. If you think it's unnecessary, you could remove it. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:33, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::Then I will remove it given that there is no opposition. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:36, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::::I'm not sure what this had to do with the original subject of this discussion thread. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:45, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Iran ==

Why is the Iranian reaction under "Other governments", when its diplomatic staff were among the victims? Can a Farsi speaker please look at sources in that language, for more?

Have other countries or organisations commented on this specific aspect of the attack? [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 09:57, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Gold Apollo AR924 article ==

There's a section on this incident on [[Gold Apollo AR924]]. Please watch-list it, and see that facts and statistics are updated as necessary, when updated here. [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 10:22, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== When did the pager deliveries occur? ==

Perhaps this is not known. But it seems to be a key detail in the entire story. If this is known, I think it belongs in the lead and I am somewhat baffled as to why the {when} tag has been removed, with the edit summary: "it is not needed to specify when this was discovered, because the NYT was asking around people when it happened. Remove template." [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:48, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:We now have: "in months prior to the explosion", which seems to add very little, i.e. any time in the 7 months between February, when the warning over cell phones was issued, and when the explosions occurred? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:We now have: "which were recently imported into Lebanon", which is very similar to the previous. I assume this has not been reliably reported, but may be in the coming days. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:18, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== IRGC may have been killed ==

Should this article be trusted? https://m.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820674 [[User:NesserWiki|NesserWiki]] ([[User talk:NesserWiki|talk]]) 14:05, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:''JP'' not listed at [[WP:RSP]] and is described as centre, so probably safe. But source is Israeli Army Radio? So not too sure about that. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 14:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::The linked item in the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' explicitly states the source of the information as "Saudi news source [[Al-Hadath]]." As for the reliability of the ''JP'', it's a mainstream English-language Israeli daily newspaper whose print edition predates the founding of the State. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]])'' 19:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::That was my concern in terms of neutrality.
::Are the 19 IRGC deaths now included in the death toll? [[User:NesserWiki|NesserWiki]] ([[User talk:NesserWiki|talk]]) 22:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

==Solar panels, etc==
I just added this to lead paragraphs, but it is not yet confirmed that any reports of solar panel or other device explosions are actually self-detonating, or just catching fire from walkie talkie explosions.[https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2024/09/18/lebanon-panic-as-two-solar-panel-systems-explode-amidst-pager-walkie-talkie-blasts-in-beirut-targeting-hezbollah.html] The fog of some people thinking this is the case is very understandable, but I'm not seeing videos of such devices exploding on their own yet in any reporting.--'''[[User:Milowent|Milowent]]''' • [[Special:Contributions/Milowent|has]][[User talk:Milowent|spoken]] 17:55, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:I've removed the mention from the lead, pending better sourcing: a single breaking news report claiming solar panels exploded isn't sufficient to say that they were targeted. [[User:Elli|Elli]] ([[User_talk:Elli|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Elli|contribs]]) 19:56, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:Solar panels explosion was stated by the Lebanese government official news agency:
:https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/justice-law/722390/اصابة-فتاة-في-المروانية-جراء-انفجار-نظام-الطاقة-ال [[User:Stephan rostie|Stephan rostie]] ([[User talk:Stephan rostie|talk]]) 20:13, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

::[https://www.democracynow.org/2024/9/19/lebanon Lebanon: 37 Dead, 3,400+ Injured in Wave of Explosions in Electronic Devices Booby-Trapped by Israel], [[Democracy Now!]], 19 September 2024 → "Lara Bitar (editor-in-chief of The Public Source, a Beirut-based independent media organization): So, as you can imagine, the events of the past two days have caused a lot of panic, a lot of fear and, to a large extent, paranoia, which was aided by a disinformation campaign, to a large extent. Over the past couple of days, or at least yesterday, for the most part, people were receiving messages over different WhatsApp groups, on social media platforms, that any and every electronic device can be detonated by the Israelis. So people were scared of using their cellphones. People were hearing that even kitchen appliances were exploding, solar panels, laptops and so on. Thankfully, for the most part, this turned out to be a disinformation campaign, and it did not really — was not really materializing on the ground as was being reported across different channels. That may be the only solace from the events of the past couple of days, where we saw civilian areas and civilians being targeted."

::Here the is an other clarification: [https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427662/did-solar-power-energy-systems-explode-during-wednesdays-attack.html?_gl=1*d9suwa*_gcl_au*MTIyNzkyODg3NC4xNzIzMjU3MDY4 Did solar power energy systems explode during Wednesday's attack? According to the state-run National News Agency, solar energy systems exploded in homes in several areas of Beirut and the south on Wednesday, but the reports remain unconfirmed.], [[L'Orient Today]], 19 September 2024 21:30. --[[Special:Contributions/93.211.221.30|93.211.221.30]] ([[User talk:93.211.221.30|talk]]) 12:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:::Deutsche Welle: [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-iphones-solar-panels-laptops-exploded-in-lebanon/a-70281061 Fact Check: No iPhones or solar panels exploded in Lebanon] The article also debunks one of the photos used in the ref titled "Chaos in Lebanon as Home Solar Systems, Appliances Explode" in the ''Second Wave'' section.
:::The 961: [https://www.the961.com/fact-check-pager-attack-in-lebanon/ Fact Checking What’s True & Untrue From The Pager Attack] "No solar panels, phones, laptops, or any other electronic devices have exploded."
:::It's understandable in the immediate aftermath of an attack like this (particularly the second): mass panic & hysteria, the fog of war, unedited rolling news coverage, etc. But it's also telling that none of the major news outlets are talking about solar panels, fingerprint readers, smartphones et al. two days down the line. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 03:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I think we're spreading misinformation here in the infobox. I just see MSM talking about pagers and walkie talkies. Not car batteries, not solar panels, etc. I'm going to remove it from the infobox and article until we get real confirmation from high-quality RS. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:37, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==Icom V82==
That model was discontinued in 2014.[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/ (Rtrs)]
Icom has an advisory about counterfeits, calling "special attention" to the discontinued V82.[https://www.icomjapan.com/explore/genuine_info/ (Icom)] So it sounds like they bought Chinese counterfeits, which are readily available from disreputable internet sellers.[https://forums.radioreference.com/threads/icom-ic-v82.462456/] Pending confirmation in a [[WP:RS]], we should reword the references to the radios more carefully. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 20:57, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{tpq|“I can guarantee you they were not our products,” said ... a senior sales manager for Icom’s amateur radio division, in an interview Wednesday}}. [https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-pager-explosion-e9493409a0648b846fdcadffdb02d71e (AP)] [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 21:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Addition of possible IP protected material ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246437599 This edit] by @[[User:Acratopotes|Acratopotes]] is potentially an IP violation and also potentially slanderous (if the depicted individual survives) given no RS have positively identified the person as a Hezbollah member. I removed the image for now, but I hope that someone with more expertise can step in.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Acratopotes [[User:Dreameditsbrooklyn|Dreameditsbrooklyn]] ([[User talk:Dreameditsbrooklyn|talk]]) 01:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Dreameditsbrooklyn|Dreameditsbrooklyn]] I am moving the file to another title on commons per [[:c:COM:FR#FR5|Criterion 5]] for now, and filing a CSD as well. [[User:Robertsky|– robertsky]] ([[User talk:Robertsky|talk]]) 02:38, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:And RevDel'ed per RD2 here, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=164554515]. [[User:Robertsky|– robertsky]] ([[User talk:Robertsky|talk]]) 02:54, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== What exploded in the second wave ==

There are multiple reliable reports of other electronics explosions other than walki talkie:

[https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/justice-law/722390/اصابة-فتاة-في-المروانية-جراء-انفجار-نظام-الطاقة-ال Home solar panels] : [[National News Agency (Lebanon)|National News Agency]] (lebanese government official news agency)

[https://www.bbc.com/arabic/articles/cr4xlvp6625o Fingerprint biometric devices]: [[BBC]]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JDE8FBZFcC8 cars and homes radios]: [[Asharq News]]

yet,for some reason two editors removed the sourced contents purely based on personal preferences or their own OR without providing any reliable source that counters or denies these sources.

@[[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] removed the content report by the lebanese government official news agency that states that explosions of home solar panels took place arguing: “ ''Solar water heater incident looks unrelated”'' (Pure OR)

While @[[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] removed the report by [[Asharq News]] arguing: “''Removed poorly sourced YouTube ref and related info”'' (probably didn’t notice that this youtube source was from Asharq news Agency)

I am pretty sure this is not how wikipedia works.

[[User:Stephan rostie|Stephan rostie]] ([[User talk:Stephan rostie|talk]]) 07:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

::I just watched the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JDE8FBZFcC8 Asharq News video] and, from what I understand, they were talking about these walkie-talkies being inside cars and homes when they exploded, not that other models of household or car radios were exploding. Could you provide a time-stamp in case I missed it? [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 17:13, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Neutrality tag ==

There is a Neutrality tag that has been added to the top of the article, yet nothing here on the Talk page that is articulating what is non-neutral about the current article. If there is something specific, then a section tag or inline tag would help other editors know what the concern is. But if nothing is identified that can be addressed, then the tag should be removed. Cheers. [[User:N2e|N2e]] ([[User talk:N2e|talk]]) 10:49, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:The [[#NPOV Background]] and [[#Targets]] discussions both raise separate neutrality concerns. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 14:43, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Although, it seems the main concerns in both discussions have been addressed or are no longer immediately relevant. "Hezbollah members" seems to have stuck in the latter discussion, and in the former we no longer refer to attacks as "provoked" or "unprovoked" and the section has been rewritten. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 16:51, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Timing ==

{{ping|Martinevans123}} Why do you think the timing is so important as to be in the opening sentence? [[9/11]] page does not mention the timing in the first sentence or first paragraph, and [[MOS:OPEN]] highlights that the opening should be as general as possible without giving too much details. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:47, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:I think it could find many examples of disasters' attacks where the time of day is included in the first sentence, but then [[WP:OSE]]. I'd suggest that the simultaneity of such a widespread series of explosions confers added significance to a single time. But perhaps it could be moved down slightly. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:53, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::{{ping|Martinevans123}} I can't think of any; and [[MOS:OPEN]] states: "The first paragraph should define or identify the topic with a neutral point of view, but '''without being too specific'''". Mentioning the time of day in the hours and minutes is too specific and distracts the reader. Also [[MOS:FIRST]]: "Do not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject." I already had moved it down to the second lede paragraph. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Oh yes, so you did. Thanks for telling me. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC) p.s. the [[September 11 attacks]] didn't happen all at once, so I'm not surprised a single time is not given there.
::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} We already mention "simultaneous" so no need to be overspecific, especially in the opening sentence. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:38, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Yes, we certainly should mention "simultaneous". I don't see the time of day as being "overspecific". I see it as a fundamental fact. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:44, 19 September 2024 (UTC) p.s. you need not add a ping to me every time you reply here. I have this page watchlisted, I can see from the indent you are replying, no one else is in this discussion, and I'm sure any responses aren't time critical. Thanks.
::::::I disagree on the need to mention the time in hours and minutes because it overloads the opening sentence without providing any value. Will wait for the input of other editors. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::It provides no value? It's just a basic fact. It overloads? It's four words, with 20 characters. But I'm also happy to hear the views of other editors. Perhaps the total time that it took all the devices to explode should also be mentioned somewhere, although I suspect this may not have been accurately reported. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::{{ping|Vice regent}}, {{ping|Super Goku V}}, {{ping|Huldra}}, {{ping|Lewisguile}},{{ping|GhostOfNoMan}}, {{ping|Nishidani}}, {{ping|Moscow Mule}}, {{ping|nableezy}}, {{ping|Levivich}} The First Wave went off around 15:30 EEST, the time when parents pick up their children from kindergarten and school, when everyone is out and about, when everyone is running errands. We saw people in street-markets and supermarkets and stores being exploded. The Second Wave started around 17:00 EEST, the time for funerals. If someone is acquainted with Lebanese society and wants to have the maximum impact on the civilian population, he would pick those times. So, yes! I agree with Martin that it is important to have the time in the lead. And we should add the time of the Second Wave.

::::::::Here a link for easy accessibility and convenience to the French-language daily newspaper [[L'Orient-Le Jour]] in Lebanon [L'Orient's editorial stance: "a fierce line against Hezbollah"/ per our enWP article] to its English-language edition "L'Orient Today":

::::::::*"''[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427494/after-pager-explosions-hezbollah-announces-death-of-10-fighters-vows-to-continue-operations-day-348-of-the-gaza-war.html At least 14 dead and over 450 injured in new explosions of communication devices across Lebanon: Day 348 of the Gaza war'']", [[L'Orient-Le Jour|L'Orient Today]], 18 September 2024 — Quote: "17:08 Beirut Time ⚡ At least one explosion was heard in the southern suburbs of Beirut, Reuters reported, noting that ambulance sirens were also heard."

::::::::Those two points in time have been widely discussed and reflected upon in the news over the last few days. Please, note the Second Wave detonations were stronger. --[[Special:Contributions/91.54.12.244|91.54.12.244]] ([[User talk:91.54.12.244|talk]]) 09:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I have absolutely no objection to including the time. It's relatively brief. If anyone has a strong objection, we could move it out of the lede. The lede is already fairly detailed, though, so I don't think it's out of place.
:::::::::There is, of course, a discussion to be had about whether the lede is too long/detailed in general. If that were the case, then the existing lede could be moved down into an ''Overview'' section, and we could replace it with a shorter summary.
:::::::::But in an article such as this, I suspect there will always be too much info that people want to put into the lede, so it will tend to be longer than usual anyway. I think that's okay in these circumstances—especially if it prevents protracted debates. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==Infobox==
"alleged" should be removed from infobox, as this has been confirmed by RS, including CNN. Also, the perpetrator in the infobox should be described as a joint operation between and the Israeli military and Mossad, per CNN. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:Shouldn't [[Mossad]] be mentioned somewhere in the main body text, with appropriate sources, if it is to appear in the infobox? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Should be both, yes. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 22:03, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::OK. The word "Mossad" appears only twice in the article - once in the infobox and once in the headline of the single BBC source which supports it. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 09:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Scope ==

What is the scope of this article? Is it only the attacks on the first day, or the second one as well, or (god forbid, for civilians' sake) a possible third one today? If it is not just the first day, then maybe the article's title, and scope which is defined in the opening sentence and paragraph, should be changed accordingly. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:40, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:It wasn't just pagers, was it? So I am surprised you've said, in the move discussion above, that you "strongly support this article's move to the title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack'''. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:50, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::There is nothing surprising, my comment on the move was made on the first day of the attacks, when only pagers were used. Now, the second day having passed, we have confirmed reports of the attacks including walkie-talkies, and allegedly, even solar panel parts. So not sure yet how RS will come to describe the whole series of attacks. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:55, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::That discussion is still open? You're still happy with the current title? We might have to wait 24 hours '''from 15:30 EEST''', to see if there's a third wave. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::That is why I opened this discussion, to see first what would make sense best for the move discussion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Good idea. I suspect that both days will remain in this one article. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:07, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Brace yourselves ==

Don't do it yet, but be prepared to create a [[2024 Israel-Lebanon war]] page. Hassan Nasrallah (leader of Hezbollah) announced that he [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/ considers the explosions to be an "act of war", or casus belli]. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 15:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:[https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-israeli-generals-approve-lebanon-offensive-battle-plans-army-says/| Hezbollah and Israel have been teasing this war since, like, June.] [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 20:27, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Casualty figures in infobox ==

The numbers of those killed and injured ought to appear in the main body text, if they are to be used in the infobox? Currently the total number of those injured "3,450+" doesn't seem to be supported by the two sources there. The report on ITN Main page is showing "more than 3,200". [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:27, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:I previously reverted it to the figure found in both references (2,750 at the time), but it was added back with an edit summary stating that the figure was based on adding casualties together for both waves – even though neither reference mentioned any figure besides 2,750. I didn't revert it a second time, even though I couldn't find any reliable source that cited a total figure. But if that 3,200 is now being reported, then it should be updated, so we can avoid the current [[WP:SYNTH]]. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 16:39, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Shouldn't [[WP:2+2=4]] apply? [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 17:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Probably! I didn't revert it a second time for that very reason, once I saw the edit summary. But where we have a single source providing a reliable total, I feel that's preferable to our own calculations – especially considering the wildly different figures being reported (f.i. one edit summed 2,750 + 400, but a later edit used 3,000 + 400 based on a separate source). [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 17:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I believe {{u|Pachu Kannan}} arrived at the current 3,450+ number as 2,750 + 708. The math itself is certainly within what [[WP:CALC]] allows, but the available sources for 708 don't seem very reliable (Al Jazeera's [[WP:NEWSBLOG]] or [[Morocco World News]]).
:::More importantly, it doesn't seem entirely clear that 2,750 + 708 is a proper aggregation with no double counting. Al Jazeera says {{tq|708 were injured while on Tuesday, 12 people were killed and 2,323 injured}}, so we could reasonable combine them to get 3,031, aside from the [[WP:NEWSBLOG]] issue. It's less clear how 2,750 relates to the other numbers - it seems like an early estimate by the health minister, while the other numbers seem like specific cases recorded by hospitals. [[WP:CALC]] is normally reserved for cases where it's more obvious what the proper calculation is. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 18:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::{{ping|xDanielx}}, so do we need a source in the infobox for the "2,750+"? The ITN item on Main page currently says "more than 3,400 others injured". Thanks. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Added the source. {{yo|Stephen}} it looks like you did the ITN [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:In_the_news&diff=prev&oldid=1246660455 update], could you change it to 2,750 for now? (This is probably a short-term change, pending a reliable source with a total figure.) — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Many thanks. Have now requested an update at Main page errors. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 09:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Non-Hezbollah Pager Use ? ==

From the seemingly out-dated information at [[Pager]] it seems that pagers had mostly gone out of use (outside of Hezbollah) at the time of the explosions. For context, I think it would be helpful if it could be stated to what extent pagers are/were being used in Lebanon at the time of the attack (and not counting Hezbollah). Technically, pagers work only in the presence of a paging provider (that broadcasts the actual paging signal according to a dedicated paging standard). It seems difficult to imagine that there should exist a paging service only for Hezbollah, rather such a service would be expected to have non-Hezbollah customers. But who could such customers be? I couldn't find any info for e.g. Beirut, but maybe someone with better (Arabic or maybe French) skills can do better. Thanks. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 18:12, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:Isn't that already in the article in the first sentence of the section named "Use of pagers"? {{tq|Some Hezbollah members had used pagers for years prior to the 7 October attacks, but more members began using them after the attacks, as Hezbollah secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah claimed Israel had penetrated their cellphone network}}. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:59, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::No, it is not. With ''Non-''Hezbollah Pager Use I mean how much are pagers used (in Lebanon) other than by Hezbollah? The relevance of this context is to what extent if any pager use can be seen as specific to Hezbollah. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 21:03, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=The Lebanon explosions raise a question: Deep into the smartphone era, who is still using pagers? |url=https://apnews.com/article/pagers-explosions-lebanon-doctors-security-israel-f35bd0f0e0a57bb5f37c139d1f32926d |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=AP News |language=en}} [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 22:47, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:According to various sources, hospital workers often use pagers and at least two of them were killed when their pagers exploded. It seems journalists were also using pagers (perhaps to get the latest scoop on Hezbollah?) and one pager of a journalist from [[Al Mayadeen]] exploded. The Iranian ambassador to Lebanon also seems to be using a pager.
:Also, there are indications that some pagers were simply misplaced. For example, one pager was in a kids' room with no adults when it exploded, killing one kid and injuring another. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Requested move 19 September 2024 ==

{{requested move/dated|?}}

[[:2024 Lebanon pager explosions]] → ? – Following up from [[#Requested_move_17_September_2024|last RM]], the options for this RM will focus on the specific language in the title. Keep the arguments on [[WP:TITLE]] policy. We can always propose additional changes to the title in this section. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Remove the year===
* '''Support''', this event is so unique, there is no need to include the year in the article name. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:57, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Neutral''' - no real reason to include, but also it adds 5 characters total, so not a big deal either way to me. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - seminal geopolitical event, similar to what the [[King David Hotel bombing]] was in its day. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 04:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - have there ever been pager explosions in Lebanon before the year 2024? Brevity and succinctness in title is an age-old Wikipedia policy. The [[Oklahoma City bombing]] is not known as 1995 Oklahoma City bombing; the [[Tokyo subway sarin attack]] is not called the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack. Let's apply some common sense here. [[User:Colipon|Colipon]]+([[User talk:Colipon|Talk]]) 16:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as per above. [[User:EucalyptusTreeHugger|EucalyptusTreeHugger]] ([[User talk:EucalyptusTreeHugger|talk]]) 17:14, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support removal''' – It's not needed for [[wp:natural disambiguation]]. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 17:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' There have been attacks involving electronics in Lebanon previously. The year makes the article title precise.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Can you name at least one other attack involving electronics in Lebanon? [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::[[List_of_Israeli_assassinations]] has quite a few of them if you focus only on attacks in Lebanon. The attacks were car bombs, although one of them was remotely-controlled. Similar to this current attack, electronic devices were rigged with booby-traps that exploded.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::So what exploded were cars, not electronic devices. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', the naming convention [[WP:NCE]] recommends the "When" {{tq|in the majority of cases}} unless this event can be understood by the reader without the year, {{tq|in historic perspective}}. We have no historic perspective here, and there is no certainty that this event will be remembered with standalone names that do not include the year, which is why I strongly believe we shouldn't remove the year, as it is ultimately useful for the casual reader. [[User:Pilaz|Pilaz]] ([[User talk:Pilaz|talk]]) 21:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:By your logic, all new events must contain the year in the article name, and the year can only be removed within a decade or two, when there is a "historical perspective".
*:The key word in [[WP:NCE]] that you did not quote is "'''for disambiguation'''". I think you'll agree that the year is not needed in this case for disambiguation purposes. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - unnecessary dab. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - Yes, unnecessary dab. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:30, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Presence of the year in title gives a good historical context. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:04, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': Useful historical context for readers. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:29, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose.''' There's no useful reason to remove it that I can see. If further attacks of this nature occur next year, we can retitle as needed. Naming policy says to include "what, where and when". [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:05, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:NOYEAR]]. Until we can judge the notability in historic perspective, its best to leave the year for clarity, similar to [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]].

=== Changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah" ===
* '''Weak support''' as from what is gathered here, this attack primarily targeted the militant organization Hezbollah. But then, we don't always mention the intended target; so I would probably just say '''drop''' Lebanon/Hezbollah from the title, as a second option. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' They were the target. This also seems to be more of a COMMONNAME, the sources I've seen use Hezbollah instead of Lebanon. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 00:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' the explosions targeted Hezbollah, not Lebanon. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' for three reasons.
**First, our guidelines ([[WP:NCWWW]]) suggest naming an article as "when, where and what". Lebanon is clearly the "where".
**Secondly, writing "Hezbollah" makes the title ambiguous, as if Hezbollah carried out the attacks, when this is not true.
**Finally, the attacks seem to include targets other than Hezbollah. While many of the pagers did belong to Hezbollah, did the solar panels also belong to Hezbollah? There are sources that indicate that pagers owned by non-Hezbollah civilians were also targeted[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:"Lebanon pager explosions" is ambiguous for the same reason - it could be interpreted as Lebanon carrying out the attack. Both seem unlikely in practice though. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::"Lebanon" is a noun, the adjective is "Lebanese", whereas Hezbollah is both a noun and adjective. When we mention an actor like this, it usually implies they're a perpetrator: [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], [[Israeli bombing of Gaza]], [[October 7 Hamas attacks]] etc. When we mention a place, it implies the location it took place, not attribution of responsibility: [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], [[2004 Madrid train bombings]] etc.
*::This ambiguity is why we moved [[Talk:Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus#Requested_move_9_May_2024|"Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus" to "Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus"]].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::To be pedantic, "Hezbollah attack" would be valid not because Hezbollah is an adjective, but because it's a well-formed [[noun adjunct]]. Technically "Lebanon attack" is also a well-formed noun adjunct, although "Lebanese attack" is indeed more natural. So both proposed names are technically ambiguous. I expect readers will resolve any confusion by reading the first bit of text, rather than reasoning about why we likely chose a particular wording. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 19:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:Vice regent|VR]] [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] is an explicit example cited by [[WP:NCWWW]], so the "where" doesn't necessarily have to be Lebanon. [[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:37, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - it was targeted against Hezbollah, not Lebanon. In fact, there were explosions outside of Lebanon. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:58, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' for reasons as stated. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' target was Hezbollah and included explosions out of Lebanon. [[User:Ilenart626|Ilenart626]] ([[User talk:Ilenart626|talk]]) 04:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per Vice regent (VR) and [[WP:CONSISTENT]]. This policy is probably why [[Talk:Israel–Hamas war#Requested move 13 August 2024|this]] is up for discussion {{mdash}} again. Just imagine if [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] was titled "Taliban eradication war". [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' ''if attacks passes'': Going from 'Lebanon pager explosions' to 'Hezbollah (pagers/electronics/communications) attacks' would imply that Hezbollah did an attack using or involving pagers/electronics/communications. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 06:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose:''' As mentioned in the last RM, we use places to describe events by default per [[WP:NCE]]. This is also the natural and recognisable language. Furthermore, the suggestion has a fundamental flaw in that introduces ambiguity over whether Hezbollah is the target or actor – even if the wording were to work, merely switching positions in the manner suggested above would be no way to do it. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 07:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as they literally were Hezbollah pagers, ordered by Hezbollah and issued to their members. Per [https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/ Reuters], {{tq|The senior Lebanese security source said the group had ordered 5,000 beepers made by Taiwan-based Gold Apollo, which several sources say were brought into the country earlier this year.}} NCWWW is a good default, but "Hezbollah" conveys the same information (obviously they operate in Lebanon) and more. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:But were they also "Hezbollah solar panels"? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::If we were to update the title to include other purported devices, I agree that could complicate the matter. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 18:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Remove both''' – Titles like "Pager explosions", "Pager attack", and "Pager and walkie-talkie explosions", etc. [[Wikipedia:PRECISION|unambiguously identify the subject]]. This avoids ambiguity over whether Hezbollah is the target or actor and avoids specifying that the attacks were in Lebanon when they were also in Syria. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 18:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per what I've stated below. --[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per VR, Havradim, and Iskandar323's comments. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 18:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support'''. Hezbollah was the target and most of the affected ones were its members, in Lebanon and Syria. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:21, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per VR and Iskandar, although one issue is that having Lebanon in the title implies it was against the Lebanese government {{User|Kowal2701}} 21:24:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC) 
* '''Oppose''' a lot of people not associated with Hizbollah, also became victims, [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] ([[User talk:Huldra|talk]]) 23:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Perhaps, but the electronic devices were distributed by Hezbollah to its operatives. The devices were not commercially available. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 23:25, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' Per above comments. Also, any concerns about target vs attacker are still applicable if Lebanon is used, not to mention that they can be entirely circumvented by using "against Hezbollah". [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 23:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per VR. [[WP:NCWWW]] is clear. Proposed alternatives are ambiguous and might allude to Hezbollah being the perpetrator instead of the target. A lot of victims are/were also civilians, and the only thing they had in common with Hezbollah members was the geographic location. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - I like the title "[[Hezbollah device explosions]]," as used by the BBC [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0e1wpr0q44o]. I don't think it suggests Hezbollah was the perpetrator, I think it suggests that Hezbollah's devices exploded, which is accurate. "Lebanon" isn't entirely accurate because there were also explosions in Syria, even if most of it happened in Lebanon. "Lebanon pager explosions" or "Lebanon device explosions" I find problematic because it makes it sound like they were Lebanese pagers or Lebanese devices, as in made in Lebanon, which does not appear to be the accurate. [[WP:NCWWW]] says "in the majority of cases," and I think this is one case where we should say "who" rather than "where." [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:48, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong oppose''' Although indeed Hezbollah pagers and communication devices, many civilians have been killed or injured either from the explosion or shrapnel. Most of the explosions took place in Lebanon. A change from Lebanon to Hezbollah would be misleading. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - The attacks were targeted at Hezbollah in more than one country. I agree with [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] that a title such as '''Hezbollah device explosions''' suggests that Hezbollah's devices exploded, which is accurate. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:33, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Strong oppose''' as per VR, Havradim, and Iskandar323. Policy should guide this decision. If we were going purely for accuracy and precision, we'd have a long name such as ''2024 Israeli attacks on Hezbollah pagers, walkie talkies and solar panels''. As it is, ''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'' seems fine (note that I also prefer ''attacks'' over ''explosions''). [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 08:59, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - As spoken before, attacks targeted Hezbollah, also removes the geographic argument some had about Lebanon vs. Lebanon and Syria in title name. [[User:Poketape|poketape]] ([[User talk:Poketape|talk]]) 17:07, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - Most of the explosions did take place in Lebanon, but some in Syria as well. The attack was targeted against Hezbollah, and as we have [[Israel–Hamas war]] we have precedent to use the intended target even if there are civilian side-effects.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per above. [[User:Kcmastrpc|Kcmastrpc]] ([[User talk:Kcmastrpc|talk]]) 17:40, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Changing "pagers" to "electronics"/"communications" ===
* '''Support''' broadening as both pagers and handheld-radios are included in this. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:'''Support''' we can all agree on this. Mobile devices would be too specific and possibly exclude the (alleged) solar panels. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 02:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Support '''electronics'''; but people claiming solar panels and phones exploded should read this [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-iphones-solar-panels-laptops-exploded-in-lebanon/a-70281061 DW] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 17:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as it's become abundantly clear that pagers were not the only devices involved. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 00:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' mobile devices. Pagers is too specific. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Day 1 was pagers. Day 2 was walkie talkies. Mobile devices is too broad and two vague. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 01:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with you. That's why in my !vote I proposed "pagers and walkie talkies". [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 02:38, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*Support '''electronics'''. Simple and covers solar panels, which are not communication devices.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:15, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Alternate:''' pagers and walkie talkies per [[WP:PRECISE]]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 02:01, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*Support '''electronics''' since the attack expanded beyond just pagers after the first round. It also wasn't solely communication devices that were targeted, and 'communications' could imply it was a cyberattack on communications systems rather than physical devices. [[User:Icantthinkofausernames|Icantthinkofausernames]] ([[User talk:Icantthinkofausernames|talk]]) 02:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' to '''Electronics'''. "Communications" doesn't cover the solar panels we have reliable sources for. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 02:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*{{strike|Oppose. Pagers is the shortest title, the majority of the explosions were pagers, and I don't think either "electronics" or "comunications devices" is as eloquent as pagers.}} -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**I've actually been convinced to '''support "electronics explosions"''' - but I still oppose "electronics attacks" because that is very vague. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 19:07, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* Easy '''support''' - much more electronics than just pagers have been affected at this point. More people were killed by handheld radios in the second wave than pagers in the first wave, so having pagers alone in the title is misleading. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Alternate:''' Support '''pager and walkie-talkie''' per [[WP:AND]]. ''Electronics'' is way [[Wikipedia:Precise|too broad]] and doesn't define the subject like "pagers and walkie-talkies" does. In other words, "Pager and walkie-talkie explosions" can be the title of this article but "Electronic explosions" cannot as it's too broad. Even "2024 Lebanon electronic explosions" and other similar variants are too broad and confusing. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 18:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support "electronics"''' Although at first the majority of explosions originated from pagers, the 2nd wave of attacks was from other electronic devices and it looks like we're not going to be having separate articles for each attack. For that reason, this article's title should reflect both attacks.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' "electronics" or "devices" given the range of [[device]]s targeted. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 20:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* I think "pagers and walkie-talkie" or "communication devices" are better. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', press sources such as the NY Times and NBC News seem to be using the common name "pager attacks". [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 21:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support electronics''' - infobox mentions "Pagers, walkie-talkies, solar panels, radios, intercoms, car batteries", etc. Some of these do not fall under "communications" but all are considered electronic devices. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 00:24, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
**FWIW I think the infobox is wrong and took that out; MSM seems to all say pagers and walkie-talkie. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:52, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
**:Good to know, then I think '''devices''' or '''communication devices''' sounds better. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 16:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support 'devices' or 'pagers and walkie-talkies'''', as used by [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0e1wpr0q44o BBC] and [https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-explosions-hezbollah-israel-09-19-24-intl-hnk/index.html CNN] respectively. Both "electronics" and "communications" strike me as too vague. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:52, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support devices''', oppose '''electronics''' which is more about circuits rather than devices. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:11, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support "communication devices"''' as pagers were not the only devices involved. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:38, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support electronics''' as ''devices'' isn't as broad and suggests handheld devices rather than electronics equipment in general (such as solar panels). My preferred title would be '''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'''. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:02, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Solar panels weren't part of this attack. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 15:39, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' because walkie-talkies were also involved. 三葉草 [[User:三葉草|San]] [[User_talk:三葉草|Yeh]] [[Special:Contributions/三葉草|Tsao]] 18:11, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''', becacuse of other electronics. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 20:25, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Changing "explosions" to "attacks" ===
* '''Support''' per my reason in the previous RM. [[WP:RS]] classify this as an "attack" including [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/] [https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/exploding-device-attacks-dealt-major-crippling-blow-hezbollah-113841163] and so we should just mirror what RS does. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with "attacks" in principle, but I'm a little concerned that, coupled with a Lebanon → Hezbollah change, the title "Hezbollah pager attacks" (or "Hezbollah electronics attacks" etc.) would be misleading – wouldn't a plain reading make it appear Hezbollah were themselves responsible, and not the target? Maybe I'm being overly cautious, but I could easily see such a title causing confusion. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 00:20, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::We can use "attacks on ..." or "attacks in ..." if needbe. I do appreciate the concern as we do need to ensure this title is not misleading though. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 00:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::But I think "Lebanon electronics attacks" would be fine and unambiguous.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:14, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'' would be my preferred title, but I'm not immovable on the ''2024'' part. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' That title makes it sound like Hezbollah committed an attack, not that they were attacked. Explosions is also more descriptive. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 00:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Opoose''' Explosions is more specific. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Explosions seems more vague, because it includes accidents (eg [[2020 Beirut explosion]]), whereas this was not accidental.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:13, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Support Attacks. [[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 02:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' "Explosions" implies it was an accident. "Attack(s)" is clearer. Similarly, articles about bombings do not use "explosions" (eg [[Oklahoma City bombing]]). As for the confusion of who was the attacker and who was the target, there are ways around it. There were some ideas to resolve that in the previous RM. Saying "Attacks on/against Lebanon/Hezbollah" should suffice. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 02:08, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' as per above. 'Explosions' implies it could've been an accident; it was mostly definitely an attack and most RS support this. [[User:Icantthinkofausernames|Icantthinkofausernames]] ([[User talk:Icantthinkofausernames|talk]]) 02:13, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. Could cause someone to misinterpret Hezbollah{{strikethrough|/Lebanon}} (Lebanon is fine to use, check replies) as the perpetrator. Other than that, I support. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 02:15, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]], based on my understanding of English (it is not my mother tongue), the word "Lebanon" is only a noun (whose adjective is "Lebanese"), whereas "Hezbollah" is both a noun and adjective. So "Lebanon electronics attack" should unambiguously indicate Lebanon as the location of the attack, not the perpetrator.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:: {{ping|Vice regent}} You are correct. I've updated my support to clear that up. Thanks, — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 15:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Explosions is more specific - "attack" could mean an attack ''on pager infrastructure'' or similar. Further, if it's changed to Hezbollah, the title ''Hezbollah pager (or word) attack'' would imply they attacked pagers, rather than their pagers exploded. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Clarifying my comment in relation to the above - I think that this needs to be considered together with the question over what the "items" that exploded/were attacked are called. I cannot support "electronics attack(s)" because that is ambiguous as to whether it was an attack on electronic infrastructure, an attack using electronic weapons, etc. So if it's changed to "electronics" (the shortest word that seems to include the various devices involved) then I still oppose changing to attacks. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 19:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - I am partial to [[Lebanon exploding electronics attacks]]; it is concise, precise, follows policy, and does a good job of explaining what happened and in what location. As others have said, having explosions alone omits the fact that this was a targeted attack, leaving open the possibility that it was instead a series of tragic accidents. And having attacks alone leaves too much open to interpretation: Was Lebanon / Hezbollah attacked or did they attack? And via the use of what kind of electronics warfare? [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 06:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support "attacks"''', per what I've written below.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support in principle''', but care must be taken that the final outcome of this RM does not make it sound like Hezbollah was the one committing the attack. Therefore, the article name should be something like [[Attacks on Hezbollah's pagers and walkie talkies]]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 20:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', "explosions" is more exact to describe what happened (pagers exploded) while "pager attack" may imply electronic espionage or disrupting communication. Also "...pagers attack" could imply active ("they attacked") instead of passive ("they got exploded"). '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with you on your second point. That's why I put a note in my !vote with a caution that if using the word "attacks", the word order would have to change (along with needing to add the prepesition "on").
*:On your first point, because all the explosions happened at the same time (or within a ½ an hour or so), then it does constitute an attack (or more accurately "attacks" because there were two attacks on two different days). [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support'''; "explosion" could be an accident, "attack" is what it was, [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] ([[User talk:Huldra|talk]]) 23:26, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - an explosion might be unintended, an attack is not. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:55, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose for this title format''' - "Lebanon pager attacks" and "Hezbollah pager attacks" make it sound like Lebanon/Hezbollah are the perpetrators. I don't categorically oppose using "attacks" instead of "explosions" but it has to be as part of a title that phrases it in a way that doesn't confuse the perpetrator with the victim of the attack, so something different than any of the variations currently proposed. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 07:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong support''' as these specific "explosions" had a perpetrator, Israel. RS have confirmed Israel to be the perpetrator of this coordinated attack. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:13, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as explosions is more specific. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:41, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong support ''attacks''.''' ''Explosions'' is too vague and implies the devices just blew up, e.g., due to manufacturing issues or excessive heat. These were attacks, and RSes support that. This is why I also don't think ''Hezbollah'' should be in the title. It should be ''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks''. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:22, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - because I support changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah", and [[2024 Hezbollah pager attacks]] could mislead readers to believe the attacks were committed by Hezbollah rather than against Hezbollah.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:44, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''', would it be a stretch to go so far to call it a bombing? [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 20:24, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Including "Israeli sabotage attack" ===
*'''Support''' - a wide range of sources are saying as a fact this was an Israeli attack. The [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html NYTimes] has reported these were manufactured by Israel. [https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions Axios] reports that "Israel decided to blow up the pager devices carried by Hezbollah members in Lebanon and Syria on Tuesday out of concern its secret operation might have been discovered by the group, three U.S. officials told Axios." and that "A former Israeli official with knowledge of the operation said Israeli intelligence services planned to use the booby-trapped pagers it managed to "plant" in Hezbollah's ranks as a surprise opening blow in an all- out war to try to cripple Hezbollah." [https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html CNN] reports that "CNN has learned Tuesday’s explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military." There are no sources that actually dispute that Israel was behind these explosions. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 01:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**{{u|nableezy}} what is the exact title you propose? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*** [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] or [[Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor]]? [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 03:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
****I'm not in favor of this, but there is [[Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp]], after all. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
****:And [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]]. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**:2024 Israeli electronics sabatoge attack '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:* [[Israeli electronics attack against Hezbollah]]?
*:[[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 21:28, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''- per [[WP:NPOV]]. Israel has not taken credit for the incident, and nobody has provided proof that it was Israel. All mentions of Israel as the culprit are allegations. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' clear NPOV violation. Even if there is a consensus they were Israeli or proven to be, this is a clear POV title intended to imply things that should not be implied in a title. Titles should not be disambiguated beyond what is necessary. Unless there is some other attack on Hezbollah pagers/walkie-talkies this year, there is no need for this. And if there's another attack in another year, a year is a NPOV disambiguation that will suffice. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Where is the NPOV violation and what is it intended to imply? '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', borders on original research at this point. Not at all clear if Israel acted alone on this one, so having this in the title is overreach. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Neutral, leaning oppose''' per what I've stated below. Identifying the perpetrators within the article title seems unnecessary. The first sentence of the article should explain that reliable sources believe Israel is the perpetrator of this attack.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', while Israel is the natural "prime suspect", it has not taken responsibility, and all we have so far is media speculations and Hezbollah's blame. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Consensus by RS is that Israel was behind the attack. We should reflect that consensus. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 00:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::If you read the references carefully, the consensus is that Israel is the only logical suspect. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 00:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::We also have [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]] as a precedent, where Israel also didn't claim responsibility, but multiple sources identified it as the perpetrator. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 00:17, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::Israel is not a suspect by process of elimination. RS have evidence of Israel's responsibility and are fully naming them as responsible.
*:::[https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html] {{tq|CNN has learned Tuesday’s explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military.}}
*:::[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html] {{tq|12 current and former defense and intelligence officials who were briefed on the attack say the Israelis were behind it}}
*:::[https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions] {{tq|Israel decided to blow up the pager devices carried by Hezbollah members in Lebanon and Syria on Tuesday}}
*:::[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/sep/18/first-thing-israel-planted-explosives-thousands-hezbollah-pagers-reports] {{tq|Israel placed explosives inside thousands of pagers imported by Hezbollah months before Tuesday’s extraordinary attacks, according to sources cited by Reuters and US media.}} [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 02:22, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' There are other pages that include both the attacker and target's identities, as shown above. Plus, in doing so, all the concerns raised elsewhere in the RM about who was the attacker vs the target would be solved. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 00:03, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' As a comparison, even in terrorist attacks where known terrorist organizations claimed responsibilities, we never mention their names in the title. While the incident is clearly different, I think the same principle applies.[[User:廣九直通車|廣九直通車]] ([[User talk:廣九直通車|talk]]) 06:53, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Strong oppose 'sabotage'''' - Sabotage would be if they made the pagers and walkie talkies stop working. When you make a device like that explode, that's a [[booby trap]], not [[sabotage]]. Neutral on the principle of including 'Israel' in the title; MSM is all more or less reporting that Israel is behind the attack or widely believed to be (also, it's kind of obvious that they are, even if they never admit it). [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:55, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Not sure the [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/us/politics/israel-hezbollah-pager-attacks.html NYT] agrees with you here. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:29, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Journalists 🙄 NYT isn't the only one making this obvious mistake, either. If enough of them make it, it'll become "consensus of RS." But mark my words: "sabotage" is not the right word to describe booby trapping, and some day, the NYT and the rest will learn this. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 19:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::It's actually a meaningful distinction (in my view). "Sabotage" is the right word if we want to say that the purpose of putting explosives into personal communications devices was to impede communications. "Booby trap" is the right word if we want to say the purpose was to kill or injure people. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 19:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' - Unnecessary complication to title, if there were more than one group of pager explosions, then I could see the argument. [[User:Poketape|poketape]] ([[User talk:Poketape|talk]]) 17:09, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Leave title unchanged ===
{{atop|1='''Procedural close'''. Per the format of this RM, the way to express opposition to changes is to oppose them individually in their respective sections. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 17:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)}}
* '''Support''' - The title makes sense for now. Change it later if the media comes to a consensus on the name of this operation. [[User:Carrite|Carrite]] ([[User talk:Carrite|talk]]) 07:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:It's not the media's role to name the operation. That would be the perpetrator's role. Since the perpetrator has not publicly acknowledged the operation, the perpetrator would not make the name of the operation public. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 13:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
{{abot}}

=== Other proposals ===
{{atop|1='''Obsolete:''' Proposal has been incorporated into other sections. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)}}
I '''support a name like [[2024 Lebanon electronics attack]]''', and I oppose a name that includes "Hezbollah", "Syria", or "explosion". I don't feel like writing a bunch of separate responses for each piece of the article name, so I've put my thoughts here and it should be clear what my piecewise position is. I'm choosing this based on [[WP:CRITERIA]]. To review it:

1. '''Recognizability''': From what I understand, there have been attacks involving the use of rigged electronic devices in Lebanon in the past. For this reason, putting the year disambiguates and makes it recognizable as a specific attack.
2. '''Naturalness''': The title is very straightforward and describes (in order) When (2024), Where (Lebanon), & What (electronics attack). Sounds natural to me. Putting Hezbollah in the title will make it unnatural and may seemingly imply that Hezbollah was the perpetrator.
3. '''Precision''': My suggested title is precise in that it zeroes in on exactly this event.
4. '''Concision''': We don't need Syria in the title because this primary location of the attack was Lebanon, and anybody referring to the event will primarily be referring to Lebanon. Obviously, it should be noted that some of the attack took place in Syria, but as far as the article title goes, it's not necessary to include that in there. For example, the [[Pacific war]] article makes it clear in the very first sentence of the article that the war was also fought in the Indian Ocean. I draw inspiration from that, and I think that omitting the Syrian attacks from the article's title but mentioning it in the first sentence is the right way.
5. '''Consistency''': The article title I'm proposing is very consistent with many other articles such as [[2024 France railway arson attacks]], [[2022 Erbil missile attacks]], and countless other articles with this style of (Year, location, method, "attack")

As far as alternatives go, the only one that comes to mind is [[2024 Israeli electronics attack]], which would instead include the perpetrator rather than the location, but I would only be willing to support such a title as a compromise, because I think that having the location of the attack is more important than having the perpetrator. Derivatives of this could also be considered that mention the location, such as [[2024 Israeli electronics attack in Lebanon]], but as I point out in the consistency point, the usual way is not to mention the perpetrator, and instead just have the location. For that reason, I would only support article titles that have the perpetrator if I was forced to give up on my main article title that I propose.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:31, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:p.s. I mentioned my opposition to "explosion" in the previous move discussion, but I didn't mention it here so I'll reiterate it. Using the word "explosion" in the title implies that the motive behind this event was ambiguous and unclear. However, mainstream media sources are directly implicating Israel in this attack (See [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html New York Times]). For that reason, it makes more sense to refer to it as an attack. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::You may want to move this comment to the section that directly deals with this question. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::In addition to commenting in the section [[#Changing "explosions" to "attacks"]], you may also want to comment in the sections [[#Changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah"]] and [[#Changing "pagers" to "electronics"/"communications"]] since your propsal touches on them too. The reason the Requested Move has been broken down into sections is that no consensus could be reached when the question was too broadly construed as to how to rename the article. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{+1}}. @[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]], {{tq|I don't feel like writing a bunch of separate responses for each piece of the article name}} is not a valid reason to break the format of this RM. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 17:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I didn't "break" the format of anything. But sure, if you want, I can !vote every section. However, my reasoning for multiple of them were similar and related and I wanted to avoid redundancy. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
{{abot}}

=== Discussion ===
Is there a reason there is no RMCD hatnote on the article page? [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 10:54, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:The [[User:RMCD bot]] must have broke. @[[User:Wbm1058|Wbm1058]]? Fix? Or maybe someone can add the tag manually. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 11:00, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::'''?! Edit failed due to a recent RMCD bot edit (0RR)''' is what I saw on my bot's console. Sorry, imposed a 0RR restriction on the bot to mitigate possible edit warring, and did not anticipate that a new RM would open within four hours of the close of another. If you had waited 24 hours to open the new RM, the bot would have been fine with it. My bot hasn't yet found the intelligence to distinguish between its short-term edits to two different requested moves on the same page. Frankly, the whole world is watching this one; I don't think an article notice is really necessary to draw more participation. – [[User:Wbm1058|wbm1058]] ([[User talk:Wbm1058|talk]]) 13:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::IMO the hatnote serves not merely to invite editors to participate in the debate, but also to alert non-editors that the current title may not reflect a settled consensus of editors. [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 15:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:I have not seen an RFC before that has been divided into multiple sections with separate votes. Is this proper practice? [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:25, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::This is not an RFC; this is an RM. Sdkb suggested subsections for each part of the title, so I just did that. I don't find anything unusual about this, it helps a lot with discussion organization for complex and contentious article title discussions. If this was cut and dry then the proposed title would have been speedy moved in the last RM discussion. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 12:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I still haven't seen an RM doing these subdivisions for each word in the move. But anyway, I will participate in the move discussion tomorrow, if no other editor finds this also unconventional other than myself. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

This is effectively several move requests wrapped into one and seems like an inevitable [[WP:TRAINWRECK]] for that reason.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:47, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

:The trainwreck was the [[#Requested move 17 September 2024|previous move request from Sept 17]], which could not reach a consensus, other than the article needs to be renamed. In this format, in which the questions on how to rename is broken down into simple questions, it'll be possible to reach a consensus. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 17:53, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==== Courtesy ping ====
Can someone get a courtesy ping for this? I think it would be very helpful. I wish there was an automated way for this. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 00:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Pinging editors who commented in the previous [[WP:RM]], but have yet to comment in this [[WP:RM]].
:{{u|MathKnight}}, {{u|Eastwood Park and strabane}}, {{u|Nice4What}}, {{u|Whizkin}}, {{u|Thuresson}}, {{u|RisingTzar}}, {{u|Makeandtoss}}, {{u|Kowal2701}}, {{u|मल्ल}}, {{u|DaringDonna}}, {{u|David O. Johnson}}, {{u|Mk17b}}, {{u|Borgenland}}, {{u|Pilaz}}, {{u|Spilia4}}, {{u|Hogo-2020}}, {{u|Mhhossein}}, {{u|Nishidani}}, {{u|Oathed}}, {{u|Martinevans123}}
:Apologies if I missed anybody. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Identities of the injured ==

Of the thousands who were injured, how many were Hezbollah members, civilians or both (many Hezbollah members are civilians)? We seem to have conflicting reports:
*The Lebanese Health Minister [https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/17/middle-east-crisis-live-netanyahu-expands-gaza-war-aims-blinken-heads-to-egypt said] {{tq|The “vast majority” presenting to emergency rooms are in civilian clothes, Abiad told the broadcaster, adding that this makes it “very difficult to discern whether they belong to a certain entity like Hezbollah or others”. He added: But we are seeing among them people who are old or people who are very young, like the child who unfortunately died, and there are some of them who are health care workers."}}
**The Health Minister says during [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzHYsUVAtsA a CNN interview]: "{{tq|vast majority of them [casualties] were civilians}}" in response to a CNN interviewer's question on how many were un-affiliated with Hezbollah.
*BBC journalist at [[Hotel Dieu Hospital]] [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t?page=4 said] the patients there were "{{tq|mainly members of Hezbollah}}."
*The Washington Post [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/ reported] "{{tq|According to Lebanon’s Health Ministry...Among the casualties were women, children and the elderly, as well as medical workers and civil servants.}}"
*The Guardian [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/17/hundreds-of-hezbollah-members-hurt-in-lebanon-after-pagers-explode quoted] an unnamed source saying "{{tq|A senior security source said pagers all over the country exploded, primarily wounding members of Hezbollah.}}"
*ABC News says "{{tq|The dead and injured included people who are not members of Hezbollah.}}" The claim isn't surprising, but it also doesn't cite the claim other than point out children killed.

I think we should mention both views: the Health Minister's view that most ''appear'' to be civilians, and other reports that most might be Hezbollah members. The lead should probably just mention that "many casualties were Hezbollah members, including civilian members of the organization, while others were unaffiliated civilians."'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:Given the fact that Hezbollah membership is highly secret excerpt at the highest levels and the membership of individual rank and file members only becomes public after their deaths, I think the "civilian dress" metric is of zero value. Is there any evidence that Hezbollah does ''not'' use women and health care workers and the elderly as operatives? I could be proven wrong as more evidence emerges, but it looks to me at this time that the percentage of casualties that were Hezbollah operatives was exceptionally high, and the percentage of totally uninvolved civilian collateral damage injuries was exceptionally low. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 05:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::What is your basis for saying "that the percentage of casualties that were Hezbollah operatives was exceptionally high"? What exactly do you mean by the word "operatives"? It has been pointed out many Hezbollah members are, in fact, civilians. Al Jazeera points out "{{tq|Some of the blasts struck members of Hezbollah who are not combatants, according to Lebanese media accounts. For example, Tuesday’s attack killed a medic who worked at Al Rassoul Al Azam Hospital, which is linked to Hezbollah-associated charities.}}" '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 06:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::What is the evidence that Hezbollah strictly diffentiates between its "civilian clothed" military [[Jihad Council]] members and its "civilian clothed" "non military" [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]] members? Are you saying that it is impossible that a medic by day could be a rocket launch site combatant in civilian clothes at night? If there is such a strict differentiation, then why were both groups issued the same set of command and control electronic devices? Are the "civilians" free to do what they want and say what they want, or are they always commanded to follow military orders, upon pain of death? As for unnamed {{tpq|Lebanese media accounts}}, which of them in particular are considered reliable sources for use on Wikipedia? [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Pinging {{u|Vice regent}} as requested. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for the ping. Certainly anything is possible. But civilians must not be targeted under [[International Humanitarian Law]] unless the attacker has specific evidence of them taking part in hostilities. Is there evidence that the medic killed at [[Al Rassoul Al Azam Hospital]] was also launching rockets? From what I understand, the devices were fairly regular [[pagers]]; there was nothing specifically military about them. They could be used to communicate with soldiers and civilians alike. Hospital staff in the Middle East (and across the world) use pagers all the time. I agree we don't directly quite unnamed [[WP:PRIMARY]] sources, but when a reliable [[WP:SECONDARY]] source like Al-Jazeera relies on them, we can quote that secondary source's reporting.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::But there was something specifically military about the exploded pagers: they were ordered and issued by Hezhollah to its members (per a source we cite here, Hezbollah "said 4,000 pagers carried by Hezbollah members exploded"). So it becomes a question of when is a Hezbollah member (not) taking part in hostilities? In some countries every member of Hezbollah is deemed a terrorist, i.e. not a civilian, so the question only makes outside of those countries. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 19:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:The Lebanese Health Minister's claim can be mentioned, but shouldn't affect how we describe the events in wikivoice, since it's both a [[WP:PRIMARY|primary]] and [[WP:NIS|non-independent]] source. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 16:23, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::I'm fine to include attribution. Keep in mind that ultimately, the most comprehensive casualty counts have come from government sources (the Israeli social security data for the [[October 7 Hamas attacks]], the Gaza Health Ministry for the [[Israeli invasion of Gaza]] etc.).'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== A useful source==
I think that this source is useful to expand this article. Source is https://newsable.asianetnews.com/world/lebanon-pager-explosions-probe-turns-toward-kerala-man-malayali-company-financial-dealings-under-scrutiny-anr-sk3n1w. If this source is useful, please add content sourced to it. Source is from [[Asianet News]]. [[User:Pachu Kannan|Pachu Kannan]] ([[User talk:Pachu Kannan|talk]]) 07:28, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Explosive ==

It's good to see not even informed speculation about which explosive or explosives were used; we await the results of forensic examination. And when we do get that acronym or whatever we'll be plugging it into the article a lot...!
[[User:Kencf0618|kencf0618]] ([[User talk:Kencf0618|talk]]) 11:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Terrorism ==

RS have either used or reported on this attack being a form of terrorism by the Israeli state:
* Washington Post: "Numerous international law experts, including a U.N. panel, accused Israel of violating international law and carrying out a form of terrorism, no matter that it was an attempt to weaken a known terrorist organization." [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/20/hezbollah-pager-attacks-israel-lebanon-war/ ]
* Jacobin: "Israel carried out two terrorist attacks across Lebanon this week, bringing the entire region ever closer to the brink of all-out war." [https://jacobin.com/2024/09/lebanon-israel-beeper-attacks-terrorism ]

Governments have also used this term:

* BBC: "Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said he told his Lebanese counterpart that he "strongly condemned Israeli terrorism"." [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7xnelvpepo ]
* AJ: "Belgium’s deputy PM denounces ‘terror attack’ in Lebanon and Syria" [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-thousands-injured-in-lebanon-pager-explosions?update=3186244 ]

Maybe there are other RS I have missed, but clearly this should be highlighted in this article. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

: Terrorism is a value-laden and generally non-objective term. We can report on what significant people say, but Wikipedia should be very restrained in calling anything terrorism, or anyone a terrorist. We can say organization X designated Y a terrorist, but that's different from stating it as a conclusion. Obviously this is a high profile article and there's a lot at stake for people to try to sway this article away from NPOV. We should resist those efforts. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 12:42, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It "should be highlighted in this article," does not imply that Wikipedia should call it anything or that is is a fact or conclusion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Choose any military event. We can scour the sources and find some that call it terrorism. The question is whether these claims are significant enough to deserve mention, or [[WP:FRINGE]]. I read a lot of news every day and haven't seen this claim featured prominently. I think the article should have [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions#International_law a discussion] about whether these attacks are within the laws of war or not, presenting all sides in fair proportion. This is a fair question. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 12:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Numerous international law experts, including a U.N. panel, are obviously significant sources, and they deserve a mention, as they were reported by RS. That has no bearing on whatever other material that might be added. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] what is the basis for the terrorism claim? It is terrorism under Lebanese law? Under International law? I've been adding in the section "International law" a detailed basis for this being a [[war crime]]. But if there is no basis for the terrorism claim, maybe you can mention it in the Reactions section, but I wouldn't give it much more [[WP:WEIGHT]] than that. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn’t a reaction, it’s a characterization. It doesn’t necessarily have to be under law, it can be made as a description by experts, which a UN panel and international law experts are. It can be added in body with attribution; it shouldn’t be controversial to reflect RS. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 17:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] [[Definition of terrorism|terrorism is a legal term]]. Under which law, is this act considered terrorism? Is there a detailed analysis that considers this terrorism, or do the sources just accuse Israel in passing? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 13:58, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::We should mention it in the form of the WP and state that numerous international law experts have characterised it as an act of terrorism. That is uncontroversial. Many have, including also, separately, [[Geoffrey Nice]] on Middle East Eye. It was textbook state terrorism. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 14:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:Also worth mentioning that several at UNSC emergency meeting called it an act of terror or terrorism, including the Russian ambassador several times. [[User:Greeen|Greeen]] ([[User talk:Greeen|talk]]) 19:01, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Changes to background section ==

The background section is more about the Israel-Hamas war than it is about pagers in Lebanon.

According to the New York Times (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html) the pagers were sent to Lebonon two years ago, well before October 7 [[User:Rmacleod18|Rmacleod18]] ([[User talk:Rmacleod18|talk]]) 17:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:The current Israel-Lebanon conflict is very much rooted in the [[Israel-Hamas war]].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Number of deaths ==

An Iranian news agency has reported the total death toll has reached 41. [[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]] ([[User talk:Aminabzz|talk]]) 20:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Unless you can provide a reference, this is useless information. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:07, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Who said? ==

"Sky News reported '''a Lebanese security''' had said...." (Final paragraph of "Use of pagers" section.) What is a "Lebanese security", and how does it say things? [[Special:Contributions/67.231.67.253|67.231.67.253]] ([[User talk:67.231.67.253|talk]]) 21:33, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you for the observation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246754355 I have fixed it]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Opening sentence ==

I think the definition of Hezbollah should be trimmed from the opening sentence. Whoever is not familiar with Hezbollah can simply access its WP article. This would be on par with the lack of definition of Al-Qaeda on [[September 11 attacks]], Nazi Party on [[Kristallnacht]], etc. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:41, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 21 September 2024 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2024 Lebanon pager explosions|answered=no}}
change title from "2024 Pager Explosions" to "2024 Pager Attacks"

reasons:

1. "attacks" more precises describes this event as "explosions" could be referring to a spontaneous or unplanned event.
2. for 9/11 we have (in English) "September 11th attacks" and for Oct7 we have: "2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel".
To call this "explosion" and not "attack" would go against Wikipedia's stated goal of neutrality. [[User:Mx.rezazadeh|Mx.rezazadeh]] ([[User talk:Mx.rezazadeh|talk]]) 15:13, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Secret Hezbollah document about casulates ==

Has anyone seen this Hezbollah document? If this document is real, then the casulates must be changed.[https://x.com/VividProwess/status /1837028598177239383 Source] [[Special:Contributions/109.197.206.119|109.197.206.119]] ([[User talk:109.197.206.119|talk]]) 17:30, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

:Link is dead, but I've seen it. If you have a RS giving any weight to that document then we might want to consider publishing it but until then, it's all unverified and speculative. [[User:Kcmastrpc|Kcmastrpc]] ([[User talk:Kcmastrpc|talk]]) 17:36, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::Here's a fixed link: https://x.com/VividProwess/status/1837028598177239383 (''/status/'' was ''/status+/'' in the above URL). I have no idea as to its authenticity. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::It claims a death toll of 879. Obvious fake. [[User:Mporter|Mporter]] ([[User talk:Mporter|talk]]) 19:23, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

Talk:2024 Lebanon pager explosions

2024-09-21T20:25:45Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Changing "pagers" to "electronics"/"communications" */

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{{old move|date=17 September 2024|destination=2024 Lebanon–Syria pager explosions|result=not moved|link=Special:Permalink/1246569339#Requested move 17 September 2024}}

== A few points ==

First of all, some of the English language sources that I've reviewed do not state that ONLY Hezbollah militants were injured. Secondly, the "Background" section contains multiple past attacks involving Hezbollah, Lebanon and Israel, while many of the sources have nothing to do with the pager explosions (not including the defense official issue). This is likely a violation of [[WP:SYNTH]], where editors try to connect multiple events together because they believe the events are related even when no reliable source made a connection. [[User:Nythar|'''Nythar''']] ([[User talk:Nythar|💬]]'''-'''[[Special:Contributions/Nythar|🍀]]) 15:07, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:There is currently no indication that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246205520 the car explosion in Syria] had anything to do with the pager explosions in Lebanon. [[User:Nythar|'''Nythar''']] ([[User talk:Nythar|💬]]'''-'''[[Special:Contributions/Nythar|🍀]]) 15:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Agree with both. 1. This is isolated to lebanon and 2. apparently Iran's ambassador was also wounded, along with civilians.[[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 03:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

==Death of a child==
*Aside from the fact that civilians were injured, we also know that a girl was killed[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/dozens-hezbollah-members-wounded-lebanon-when-pagers-exploded-sources-witnesses-2024-09-17/]. But this keeps getting removed. Why? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
**ABC News says[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464#:~:text=BEIRUT%20%2D%2D%20Pagers%20used%20by,wounding%20several%20thousand%2C%20officials%20said.] "killing at least nine people – including an 8-year-old girl -- and wounding several thousand, officials said." So it doesn't seem like only a Hezbollah claim.
**We also have: "{{tq|The 10-year-old daughter of a Hezbollah member was killed in Lebanon's east when his pager exploded on Tuesday, her family and a source close to the group said. "A 10-year-old girl was martyred in the Bekaa Valley after her father's pager exploded while he was next to her," her relatives told AFP."}}" So we seem to have sufficient confirmation.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 20:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
** AP confirmed the death of an 8-year-old girl: [https://apnews.com/live/lebanon-syria-pagers-hezbollah-updates#00000192-0133-d78d-a79f-3dff2bfb0000 At least 9 people killed in pager explosions]
* I see claims above of 8-year old, 9-year old, and 10-year old, with no reliable source. There's not enough substance here to put it in the article.
::How is AP now a reliable source? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::If sources agree that a child died and disagree on the age, it is still enough to include. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 20:29, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes, it can be mentioned even if we can't confirm her age. Just say, "a girl aged 8–10". [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 11:54, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* At what point (under Casualties) do we just say "including children"? I see reports of an 8-, 9-, 10-, and 11-year-old killed. I don't think we need to list each—and it isn't always abundantly clear whether these are different children; the "daughter of a Hezbollah member", for example, has been cited as various ages, so a source stating an 8-year-old girl died could easily be referring to the same child but with an erroneous age. And to be clear: this belongs in the Casualties section, not the infobox. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 21:15, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree we don't need to mention them individually, we should just say "including 3 children" in the infobox. The "daughter of Hezbollah member" might be useful to the reader as it explains how the child was killed/why they happened to be close to an exploding device.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:46, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I'm happy with "including children", though I think "including at least three children" with the option to update as more info comes in is better. The first is more future-proof, but the second is more accurate. I '''strongly object''' to "child of a Hezbollah member", as it's [[WP:BIAS]]/[[WP:TE]], victim blaming and unnecessary (the article already makes it abundantly clear who the intended targets were). [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 08:23, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|Vice regent|}},{{ping|Super Goku V}},{{ping|Lewisguile}},{{ping|GhostOfNoMan}}
Editors might like to note that ''[[three]]'' children were killed on 18 September 2024. As reported in Lebanon in the French-language daily newspaper [[L'Orient-Le Jour]]. Here a link for easy accessibility and convenience to its English-language edition "L'Orient Today":

*"''[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427494/after-pager-explosions-hezbollah-announces-death-of-10-fighters-vows-to-continue-operations-day-348-of-the-gaza-war.html At least 14 dead and over 450 injured in new explosions of communication devices across Lebanon: Day 348 of the Gaza war'' - 10:28 Beirut Time]", [[L'Orient-Le Jour|L'Orient Today]], 18 September 2024 - [L'Orient's editorial stance: "a fierce line against Hezbollah"/ per our enWP article]

Please, note the time: "10:28 Beirut Time", this was before the "Second wave".--[[Special:Contributions/91.54.12.244|91.54.12.244]] ([[User talk:91.54.12.244|talk]]) 07:02, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Requested move 17 September 2024 ==

<div class="boilerplate mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color: var(--background-color-success-subtle, #efe); color: var(--color-base, #000); margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted var(--border-color-subtle, #AAAAAA);">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.''

The result of the move request was: '''not moved.''' Editors found consensus against including Syria in the title, given that the vast majority of the explosions occurred in Lebanon.

Several other suggestions for changes to the title were made, including replacing "Lebanon" with "Hezbollah" (which had general, although not universal, support among those who commented on it), replacing "pager" with "communications" or "electronics", and replacing "explosions" with "attack(s)". The discussion about these was too lost in the shuffle to produce a clear consensus, but there is no prejudice against a renomination focusing on them. For organizational purposes, I would suggest that any future RM be split into sections so that each change can be considered independently. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 20:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
----

[[:2024 Lebanon pager explosions]] → {{no redirect|2024 Lebanon–Syria pager explosions}} – Reports on pager explosions in Syria with multiple confirmed deaths: [https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/report-pager-explosion-attack-killed-7-in-syria/ Times of Israel] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 16:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – It appears that most sources are focusing on Lebanon as this was the primary site of the explosion, with significantly less in Syria. [[User:Nice4What|Nice4What]] ([[User talk:Nice4What|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nice4What|contribs]]) – ([[Help:Notifications/Thanks|Thanks]] ♥) 18:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – it appears the overwhelming majority of injuries took place inside Lebanon. Reliable sources report 3,000 injuries in Lebanon, and only 14 in Syria ([https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t BBC]). These numbers may change, but as it stands this seems primarily a Lebanese event – which is exactly how it's being discussed and headlined in most reliable sources. Including Syria in the infobox and lead is enough, IMHO. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:18, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Neutral''' – I would propose a rename to 2024 Hezbollah pager explosions (or similar), since that seems to be the central association between the explosions. Nearly half of those killed were in Syria. Here's an example of the BBC using the name "Hezbollah pager explosions" https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz04m913m49o [[User:Eastwood Park and strabane|Eastwood Park and strabane]] ([[User talk:Eastwood Park and strabane|talk]]) 18:38, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' - I tend to agree with GhostOfNoMan; the overwhelming majority of this incident happened within Lebanon. [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 18:49, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

: It should be renamed [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]] because it were Hezbollah's pagers that exploded (not restricting geographic range). '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 19:01, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::That's a '''good idea''' [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 04:56, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::I very much '''support''' this. [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 07:40, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::'''Support''' 2024 Hezbollah pager explosions, per MathKnight and Eastwood Park and strabane. - [[User:Sebbog13|Sebbog13]] ([[User talk:Sebbog13|talk]]) 14:51, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:<s>'''Support''' - Although the majority of the explosions occurred in Lebanon, the number of explosions in Syria was more than a handful (so far it's in the double-digits), and (as of this writing) the death toll in Syria is similar to the death toll in Lebanon. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)</s>
:Changing my !vote in light of recent developments: to '''rename''' to [[Coordinated attacks on Hezbollah's mobile communication systems]].
:#No need to disambiguate with the year, since it's so unique
:#Covers both the pagers and walkie talkies
:#Covers all geographic locations of the explosions.
:[[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:26, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Jerusalem Post reports that "operatives" are also wounded in Iraq ([https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820536 link]). [[User:Thuresson|Thuresson]] ([[User talk:Thuresson|talk]]) 19:14, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*:The Jerusalem Post does not report a specific number of explosions in Iraq, nor any injuries or deaths in Iraq. Therefore, I would treat all information about explosions in Iraq as "unconfirmed" until we get more specific information. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:35, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' - There are relatively fewer mentions of explosions in Syria in the media and the target remains Lebanese Hezbollah (not to be confused with Iraqi Hezbollah). The fact that Lebanese Hezbollah has a presence in Syria and as such some pager explosions also happened in Syria, is insignificant and likely a coincidence caused by the explosions being indiscriminate. [[User:RisingTzar|RisingTzar]] ([[User talk:RisingTzar|talk]]) 19:48, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Strong oppose''' for this proposed title; the overwhelming majority of the pagers were in Lebanon, as RS coverage has proven. I '''strongly support''' this article's move to the title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack'''; this is a [[Israel and state-sponsored terrorism|state-terrorist attack]], not an "explosion." [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 20:00, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] Apart from Twitter who else is calling it a state-terrorist attack? [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 20:05, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Scholars will eventually describe it for what it is, a state-terrorist attack. Aside from the description, the proposed title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack''' is currently supported by RS: [https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/09/17/what-we-know-about-the-pager-attacks-on-hezbollah/ ] [https://news.sky.com/video/saudi-ambassador-to-uk-on-the-hezbollah-pager-attack-13216866 ] [https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah/index.html ] [https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/17/world/israel-hamas-war-news ] [https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/09/lebanon-least-11-killed-4000-injured-suspected-israeli-pager-attack-against ] [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 20:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::[[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]. We don’t go off of what you or anyone here thinks will “eventually” happen. If you’re going to continue calling it a “terrorist attack” here that shows you don’t want to contribute in good faith but only to push your POV. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 20:42, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::No one said we will or we should; I clearly and explicitly differentiated between the descriptor (terrorist attack), and the title (attack); the latter is the topic of discussion here. As for the lack of assumption of good faith and the ad hominem, I will not respond to that. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 21:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::I am wary of titles with the word 'attack' in them because it is not always clear if the subject was attacked, or was doing the attacking; explosions rings more like the former. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 14:44, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::See my comment below, where I suggest using both terms. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 02:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Here are more RS that use the word "attack": [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-israel-gold-apollo Guardian],[https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions Axios], [https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hundreds-of-hezbollah-operatives-pagers-explode-in-apparent-attack-across-lebanon-cf31cad4 WSJ].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose proposed title''', would support a title similar to ''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'' to remove the country (since it occurred in at least 2 countries) as recommended above, but there’s unlikely to be enough emphasis on that proposed title here to prevent another RM from being necessary for that title specifically. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 20:44, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Support this. [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 07:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' proposed title, it should probably be something along the lines of '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' [[User:Scu ba|'''Scu''']][[User talk:Scu ba|ba]] 21:05, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' the title as it accurately reflects the countries where this took place. Also support calling this "attack" as [[WP:CONSISTENT]] with other events in this conflict: [[Nabatieh attack]], [[Majdal Shams attack]] etc.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:24, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and second other suggestions of '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', a simple descriptive title that avoids this particular controversy. [[User:LjL|LjL]] ([[User talk:LjL|talk]]) 01:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Oppose "2024 Hezbollah pager explosions" as there is significant evidence that civilians unaffiliated with Hezbollah were killed and wounded in the attack.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:05, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:*The devices doing the exploding are Hezbollah pagers. There is generally significant evidence of collateral damage in targeted attacks, that doesn't mean we need to use vague titles. '''[[User:5225C|5225C]]''' ([[User_talk:5225C|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/5225C|contributions]]) 05:07, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:*:Whether this is a targeted attack at all is disputed by some RS. Many have called it "indiscriminate"[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack]. Pagers belonging to healthcare workers might also be affected[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz04m913m49o].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Some mainstream outlets may have got it wrong that only Lebanon was targeted. Syria was targeted too. [[User:Dympies|Dympies]] ([[User talk:Dympies|talk]]) 01:55, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' as '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' is a better title, though this suggested title is better than the current one. [[User:Raskuly|Raskuly]] ([[User talk:Raskuly|talk]]) 03:43, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' No reason to exclude Syria from the title. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 03:47, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Probably something like "mobile device explosions" now that handheld radios are involved. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 05:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose.''' [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 05:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', as Syria wasn't affected as nearly severe as Lebanon. — [[User:-kgoodluck-|-kgoodluck-]] /// [[User_talk:-kgoodluck-|✉️]] 05:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': It should be named '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', the attack was not specifically targeted at Lebanon or Syria geographically or governmentally, it was targeted at Hezbollah, some of them just happened to also be in Syria.[[User:MarkiPoli|MarkiPoli]] ([[User talk:MarkiPoli|talk]]) 06:36, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Per recent developments regarding exploding walkie-talkies, I would also support '''2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions'''. [[User:MarkiPoli| MarkiPoli]] ([[User talk:MarkiPoli|talk]]) 14:58, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} - I '''oppose''' renaming to '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' per [[:User:Vice_regent|VR]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 07:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' for simplicity and clarity. The event overwhelmingly affected Lebanon more than Syria. --[[User:Deeday-UK|Deeday-UK]] ([[User talk:Deeday-UK|talk]]) 08:19, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:* '''Oppose''' and second other proposals to rename this to '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'''. While there were explosions in Syria and Iraq, this batch of pagers were ordered specifically for Hezbollah operations and handed out to Hezbollah members annd involved officials.
:[[User:Amayorov|Amayorov]] ([[User talk:Amayorov|talk]]) 09:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' moving to [[2024 Lebanon pager explosions]]. '''Support''' something like [[2024 Hezbollah pager attack]], which reflects the targeted nature of the incident and focuses on Hezbollah as the primary entity affected while acknowledging the broader implications of the attack beyond just Lebanon. [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 11:01, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:'''Comment:'''
*:19 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members were killed after their pagers had exploded in Deir ez-Zur in eastern Syria, Saudi news source Al-Hadath reported Wednesday afternoon. (''[https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820674 The Jerusalem Post]'')
*:"15 people killed on September 17 across Syria" ([https://www.syriahr.com/en/344248/ Syrian Observatory For Human Rights]) [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 14:02, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' requested move as not very concise; suggest move to <s>[[Hezbollah pager explosions]]</s> per reliable sources. I don't see why the date qualifier is needed {{mdash}} was there ever another co-ordinated Hezbollah ''pager'' attack? Even if IRGC was also affected, it is because they were acting in support of Hezbollah; i.e. they were not systematically attacked nor the main target. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 14:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:*Reaffirming my preference below for [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] after re-reading this discussion. See AP: [https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-exploding-devices-hezbollah-mideast-ab2436cf5bae5e2fe2dddb293671a0ac "... fears of a greater war rise after hundreds of electronic devices exploded in Lebanon ..."] Reports suggest not only pagers are involved but an array of other electronic devices including [https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/more-devices-exploding-across-lebanon-what-s-happening/ar-AA1qNBXH walkie talkies, solar panels, laptops, and radios]. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 12:10, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' [[2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions]] — Per recent developments. [[User talk:ElijahPepe|elijahpepe@wikipedia]] (he/him) 14:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Support ''' [[2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions]] or [[2024 Hezbollah communication device explosions]] per the recent developments. [https://www.arabnews.com/node/2571898/middle-east Arab News] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/18/middle-east-crisis-live-hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-irael-iran-latest-updates The Guardian] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 14:51, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::But few sources are calling it "wireless device explosions", they are instead referring to the second wave as "walkie-talkies"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/explosions-linked-to-walkie-talkies-deaths-lebanon] or "handheld radios"[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/]. Maybe [[September 2024 Lebanon explosions]]?'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 15:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::There are now reports of solar systems exploding[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/lebanons-official-news-agency-reports-home-solar-energy-113809042] in homes.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:17, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Support new title; "2024 Hezbollah pager explosions"''' It's clear these attacks are targeting a group and not a country. [[User:Completely Random Guy|Completely Random Guy]] ([[User talk:Completely Random Guy|talk]]) 15:29, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' Explosions of different devices (mostly communication devices) are now being reported. It might be ideal to wait until the reports are more concrete, as I think one page covering both incidents would make more sense, and a different title would be needed to accurately reflect the subject. [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 15:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' It occurred on a larger scale in Lebanon and was directed at Hezbollah, which is headquartered there. [[User:EpicAdventurer|EpicAdventurer]] ([[User talk:EpicAdventurer|talk]]) 16:27, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose and it should instead be renamed to <s>[[2024 Lebanon pager attack]]</s> [[Lebanon electronics attack]] (with or without year)''', as [[WP:RS]] are stating that Israel was the active perpetrator of this attack. Using the word explosions in the article title is akin to renaming the [[September 11 attacks]] article to "September 11 explosions." [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', instead '''Support''' something similar to [[Lebanon electronics attacks]]. Date qualifier is not needed since this is the first time an attack has occurred through such a vector. Electronics due to recent developments of various other devices, including walkie talkies, radios, and solar systems, exploding.[https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/18/world/israel-hezbollah-gaza-hamas][https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/][https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/explosions-linked-to-walkie-talkies-deaths-lebanon] Attacks per Makeandtoss and JasonMacker. RS describe the events as an attack by Israel.[https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/business/pagers-cell-phones-batteries/index.html][https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions][https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/sep/17/exploding-pager-attack-in-lebanon-is-another-blow-for-us-peace-hopes][https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pager-attack-threw-hezbollah-into-disarray-2024-09-18/][https://www.engadget.com/mobile/pagers-explode-simultaneously-in-hundreds-of-hezbollah-members-pockets-190304565.html] Articles with explosion in the title are typically limited to accidents such as the [[Halifax Explosion]] or [[2020 Beirut explosion]]. [[User:मल्ल|मल्ल]] ([[User talk:मल्ल|talk]]) 18:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::I think your suggestion is better than mine and I have updated my comment to reflect that.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 19:01, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I think '''Lebanon electronics attack''' seems like the best title at this time.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 19:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Agreed [[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 21:10, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::{{u|मल्ल}} and {{u|Vice regent}}, this title leaves out Syria. Anyway, the countries of Lebanon and Syria per se were not the intended targets, although that is where the attacks occurred. Your title is a bit ambiguous, as though Lebanon could be the one conducting the electronics attack against another party. I could see maybe <s>[[Attacks on Hezbollah electronic device users]]</s> (see the redirect [[Attacks on Hezbollah leaders]]). 'Hezbollah' casts a wide net, including fighters, politicians, party members and social workers, whether the latter groups were specifically targeted or not. I believe all reliable sources mention the Hezbollah angle in their reporting. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 21:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Though a little wordy, this seems to be the best suggestion so far. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 22:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Its not about who the target was - which is disputed anyway - but about ''where'' it happened. Can you take a look at [[WP:NCWWW]]? It suggests we name an event by "when, where, what" happened. There "where" is primarily Lebanon.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Leaving out Syria in the article's title is fine. [[Vietnam war]] leaves out the fact that the war also took place in Cambodia. The goal of the article title is simply to refer to the primary location of the subject, and in this case its Lebanon. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 00:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::After re-reading WP:NCWWW, I think [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] might be appropriate. Attacks without some mention of explosions {{mdash}} a term that is highly mentioned in sources {{mdash}} seems a bit vague. Electronic devices do not simply attack people, so exploding in the title is a useful term for this highly unusual and unlikely to be repeated in Lebanon anytime soon event, per [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. Electronic covers solar panels, which as of now seem to have been involved (otherwise, mobile device would be better). See the following sources:
::::::*https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/lebanon-rocked-by-2nd-wave-of-exploding-device-attacks-targeting-hezbollah
::::::*[https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah-syria-ce6af3c2e6de0a0dddfae48634278288 Lebanon is rocked again by exploding devices as Israel declares a 'new phase' of war]
::::::*https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pager-new-device-explosions-lebanon-hezbollah-rcna171637
::::::*https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-condemns-attacks-lebanon-involving-exploding-communications-devices-2024-09-18/
::::::[[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 00:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Not sure which one between [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] or [[Lebanon exploding electronics attacks]] sounds better, but I'd support either. [[User:मल्ल|मल्ल]] ([[User talk:मल्ल|talk]]) 16:09, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''':The best title suggested so far is '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'''. The explosions targeted members of Hezbollah, whether they were in Syria or Lebanon. This is the essence of the event. [[User:DaringDonna|DaringDonna]] ([[User talk:DaringDonna|talk]]) 18:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Walkie talkies and other devices have also exploded. See here:
*:[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/18/middle-east-crisis-live-hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-irael-iran-latest-updates] [[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] ([[User talk:David O. Johnson|talk]]) 19:13, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Just came here to say that. | [[User:Mk17b|MK17b]] | ([[User talk:Mk17b|talk]]) 20:52, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

* '''Oppose''', per above. It's better to title it as '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', which takes into account both Syria and Lebanon. Mentioning Syria in title is not as important because the explosions were majorly in Lebanon. [[User:Waonderer|Waonderer]] ([[User talk:Waonderer|talk]]) 21:33, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and instead go for '''electronics explosion attack against Hezbollah''', for a multiple reasons: not all electronics that exploded were wireless (it includes solar panels), it takes into consideration both countries, includes the name of the prime target of the attack, does not include the year because this is unprecedented as far as I'm aware and it makes clear that Hezbollah is not the perpetrator. [[User:PhotographyEdits|PhotographyEdits]] ([[User talk:PhotographyEdits|talk]]) 21:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Comment''': I support a proposed new title of '''" 2024 Hezbollah communication device explosions"'''. The attacks were targeted at the group Hezbollah and not just one specific country. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 22:04, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:{{ping|Waonderer|Kind Tennis Fan| PhotographyEdits}} Take a look at [https://www.google.com/search?q=2024+pager+explosions this search results] which shows the title including Lebanon is the [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. We don't select the titles based on [[WP:Original Research|original research]]. Plus it is known that civilians were also targeted by the attack. -- [[User:Mhhossein|Mhhossein]] [[User talk:Mhhossein|'''talk''']] 09:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Comment''': I think @[[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]]'s title is perfect. [[User:FloridaMan21|FloridaMan21]] 22:28, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': our naming convention [[WP:NCWWW]] suggests we name things according to "when, where and what", although sometimes we can drop the "when" if not needed. In this case, the "where" is either "Lebanon" or "Lebanon-Syria" and this is simply undisputed. Replacing the where with "Hezbollah" is problematic for a few reasons:
**If there was a target, then the intended target of the first round of explosions alone is disputed (see [[Talk:2024 Lebanon pager explosions#Target]] below). No one officially claimed responsibility. In the second round of explosions, it becomes even more tenuous to say the solar panel explosions were targeted against Hezbollah.
**Multiple RS have reported that the explosions were not targeted but "indiscriminate"[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack].
**"Hezbollah device explosions" is ambiguous, as if Hezbollah was the perpetrator, which is false.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Yes, location is preferred precisely because having an organisation name is always ambiguous as to whether it it subject or object. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 05:17, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' proposed title, but support [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]], which is still the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in the media as of right now. Removing the year is an exception rather than the norm per the naming convention [[WP:NCWWW]], and we lack the historical perspective mentioned in the guideline to have the year removed. Usually we try to keep the year unless the event can easily be described without it, which only a handful of articles for well known world events usually end up qualifying for. [[User:Pilaz|Pilaz]] ([[User talk:Pilaz|talk]]) 00:15, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:But [[WP:NCWWW]], the policy you quote, says we should use the ''place'', which would indicate either "Lebanon" or "Lebanon-Syria".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 00:49, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''': Very minor spillover of operatives in Syria doesn't justify a name change.[[User:Spilia4|Spilia4]] ([[User talk:Spilia4|talk]]) 00:37, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' this, but also support the alternative of a move to [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]] — [[User:The Anome|The Anome]] ([[User talk:The Anome|talk]]) 03:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* We can dodge the Lebanon vs. Syria question by specifying "Hezbollah" since that was the target, regardless of which country the victims were in. Since the second wave of the attack involved other mobile devices, I suggest changing "pager" to "mobile device." We don't need a year in the title because it's a unique event. If it happens again we can add a year to disambiguate. Perhaps [[Hezbollah mobile device explosions]] would be most accurate. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 03:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose:''' The current title is perfectly adequate at this stage, and reflects the natural and recognisable language that people will be searching for. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 05:20, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''' We want people to easily find the page, right? Keep it succinct. There's a case for using the word 'attack' in lieu of explosions. [[User:Oathed|Oathed]] ([[User talk:Oathed|talk]]) 05:30, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''', but support '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' as was suggested by others. [[User:Hogo-2020|Hogo-2020]] ([[User talk:Hogo-2020|talk]]) 06:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''' I don't think the title should include other areas since Lebanon was the major target. Had an overview of the comments and realized some users are suggesting to include Hezbollah in the title which I oppose. To prove it, I made a quick search without including Lebanon in my keywords and [https://www.google.com/search?q=2024+pager+explosions the result] is indicating that the tile with Lebanon is the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in the media. --[[User:Mhhossein|Mhhossein]] [[User talk:Mhhossein|'''talk''']] 09:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Comment''' pager is outdated. '''Oppose''' inclusion of Syria as it appears Lebanon is primarily affected. [[User:Borgenland|Borgenland]] ([[User talk:Borgenland|talk]]) 09:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – It appears that most sources are focusing on Lebanon as this was the primary site of the explosion, with significantly less in Syria. [[User:Nice4What|Nice4What]] ([[User talk:Nice4What|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nice4What|contribs]]) – ([[Help:Notifications/Thanks|Thanks]] ♥) 12:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Rename:''' Whilst I initially would've supported the matter in question given the direct correlation of events - hence [[WP:WM]] - it should be acknowledged that the events are somewhat, albeit debatably, distinguished since the first incident extended towards the Syrian region, and thus relating to [[WP:LGL]]. Therefore as an alternative compromise, be it considered that this is renamed [[2024 Hezbollah communications attack]]; Both incidents should be listed with their own respective infoboxes detailed separately. Furthermore, granted that these infiltrations impacted two separate communicative means, the proposed rename should be recognised as an adequate juncture, in contrast with identifying them as two distinct events under a merged or even different article, as per [[WP:MOS]]. [[Special:Contributions/TheRevisionary|TheRevisionary]] ([[User talk:TheRevisionary|talk]]) 13:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*[[Israeli 2024 (exploding) pager attack on Hesbollah]].No geography. The group targeted, the targeter. You don't need anything else.[[User:Nishidani|Nishidani]] ([[User talk:Nishidani|talk]]) 13:36, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:The first word, "Israeli", would be a violation of [[WP:NPOV]] because Israel has not acknowledged the attack, and nobody has been able to prove that Israel is the culprit. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 13:40, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::That is not what NPOV means. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 14:18, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::Really? About [[WP:PRECISE]]? The article says that Israel is the '''allegeded''' perpetrator. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 15:45, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::Wikipedia articles are not reliable sources. Actual reliable sources are very clear that it was an Israeli attack. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:08, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::::Which "{{tq|reliable sources are very clear that it was an Israeli attack}}"? [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:12, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::::The NY Times for one. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:41, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::::::You may want to go back and re-read the NY Times. Here is [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html/ what it actually says]: "{{tq|Israel has neither confirmed nor denied any role in the explosions, but 12 current and former defense and intelligence officials who were briefed on the attack say the Israelis were behind it.}}" That's not a proof. That's allegations. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::::::You don’t need Israel’s confirmation for it to be widely reported as being an Israeli operation. We aren’t an organ of the Israeli government, their confirmation or their denial is cute but unimportant. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 19:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:(e/c) Have all counties/ organisation agreed that Israel was the perpetrator? I can think of one which hasn't. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:There is no evidence of Israeli involvement and most sources continue to only call them the ''alleged'' perpetrator. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 16:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::No part of that is true. [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html NYTimes: How Israel Built a Modern-Day Trojan Horse: Exploding Pagers]. [https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-pager-explosion-e9493409a0648b846fdcadffdb02d71e AP: An American official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, said Israel briefed the U.S. on the operation — where small amounts of explosives hidden in the pagers were detonated.] There are a ton of sources that say Israel was behind this, and none disputing it. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:07, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' this title, support [[Israeli pager sabotage attack]]. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 14:17, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
'''Strongly Oppose'''. The title we have came up immediately editors responded to a reports of widespread pager explosions. Since sources could only speculate that was a logical choice. Since the obvious is now documented, and inside intelligence leaks provide a detailed reconstruction of how Israel organized the operation - the New York Times is describing it neutrally as an established fact (Sheera Frenkel, [[Ronen Bergman]] and Hwaida Saad, [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html 'How Israel Built a Modern-Day Trojan Horse: Exploding Pagers,'] [[New York Times]] 18 September 2024) and they are usually extremely cautious, we have no reason to hold the use of the descriptor 'Israeli' in the title. We do so commonly, as in [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]] and [[2024 Iranian strikes against Israel]]. Even the very wording and its variations - 'Hezbollah pager explosions' - could technically read as pagers, owned by who?, Hezbollah blew up. [[User:Nishidani|Nishidani]] ([[User talk:Nishidani|talk]]) 15:30, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''', and I instead support something along the lines of '''2024 Lebanon electronics attack''' (or replace attack with explosions, electronics with communications) given that "{{tq| Smartphones, solar panels, radios, intercoms and car batteries were amongst other devices that reportedly also exploded on that day.}}" Having the title only include "pagers", to me, does not seem like it reflects current reliable sources. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 15:26, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' any title without "attack" because [[WP:RS]] has described it as an attack. [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/] [https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/exploding-device-attacks-dealt-major-crippling-blow-hezbollah-113841163]. I am still unsure about what the rest of the title should be, but I think it should be something along the lines of "2024 ... attacks" or "2024 attacks on ...". [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 16:13, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

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== Timeline of explosions ==

Referenced Reuters article states that the explosions lasted for an hour, not simultaneously. [[Special:Contributions/12.196.187.18|12.196.187.18]] ([[User talk:12.196.187.18|talk]]) 17:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*I am sure this will be narrowed down precisely, but the earliest tweet i've seen so far mentioning the explosions was at 13:01 UTC. [https://x.com/FirstbloodH/status/1836027573991551488] / ETA 13:00 [https://x.com/orielishamiller/status/1836027497063825699] --'''[[User:Milowent|Milowent]]''' • [[Special:Contributions/Milowent|has]][[User talk:Milowent|spoken]] 17:19, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:I suspect we'll be waiting a while for clarity given the pace of reporting, but at the moment I'm seeing reports of an initial wave of near-simultaneous explosions, followed by a smaller number of explosions occurring over roughly one hour. (It would make sense for Israel to aim for simultaneity; maintaining the element of surprise for maximum effect.) I'll review the available sources. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:06, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== lithium batteries ==

We're currently speculating that the lithium batteries exploded, but that's contradicted by the cited AP article which says: “A lithium ion battery fire is one thing, but I’ve never seen one explode like that. It looks like a small explosive charge”
Maybe we should remove the speculation about lithium batteries. [[User:Uhoj|Uhoj]] ([[User talk:Uhoj|talk]]) 19:23, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:We have a source that mentions lithium batteries as source for the explosion. Until we have information to rule this out, it should stay. PS. Reports are that the exploding pager is a "Gold Alpha Pager 924" from "Apollo Systems".[https://en.royanews.tv/news/54262] This device is powered by AAA batteries.[https://www.apollosystemshk.com/product/6.html] The compromised device would still need to work until detonated, which speaks in favor of a battery explosion. If the AAA batteries are lihium ion and compromised to e.g. be made without pressure relief vents, and to start a thermal runaway if their charging current exceeds a given threshold, then this could well lead to the observed effect. At least, this cannot be ruled out at this stage. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 19:57, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::It's fine to keep the news media speculation about batteries in the article at present, but no, it's impossible. All the devices exploded nearly simultaneously, with seemingly the same strength. Did everybody keep their pagers fully charged? Also, editors here should keep in mind that is is to the benefit of whoever pulled this off that plenty of misinformation floods the zone. [[User:Abductive|'''Abductive''']] ([[User talk:Abductive|reasoning]]) 20:43, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Our article claims the pagers were also recently imported there might have been limited time to notice mild unexpected behaviour. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 03:06, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::Um, your link states that the 924 has a "lithium battery backup" that presumably would be kept fully charged by the AAA batteries. [[User:WarrenPlatts|Warren Platts]] ([[User talk:WarrenPlatts|talk]]) 11:56, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:OK, it's looks pretty definite now according to a NYT article [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/17/world/middleeast/israel-hezbollah-pagers-explosives.html?]. The pagers are from Taiwan and Israel tampered with them adding 1-2oz. of explosive material near the battery plus a switch. At 3:30pm, a message was sent out that activated the switch causing all of them to explode, according to some "anonymous US officials." They also report that cyber security experts say it probably was explosives.
For what it's worth, [https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/business/pagers-cell-phones-batteries/index.html CNN is quoting cybersecurity experts] who are doubting the lithium battery theory and are theorizing that explosives were somehow inserted into thousands of pagers. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:31, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

What is the source for the battery drivel, anyway? It's shown as "citation needed" now, but if I'm not mistaken, before it was indicating the AP News article, which just doesn't mention any of that. I think it should be removed, sources get old quickly with these events. [[User:LjL|LjL]] ([[User talk:LjL|talk]]) 01:48, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== 500 lost eyesight -- dubious ==

This claim that 500 people lost their eyesight has to be false. Even if 500 people did lose their eyesight, there is no way that extremely busy doctors and hospitals (150 hospitals, according to the article) could examine that many patients, assess the damage to their eyes, and report to (where, the health ministry?) that 500 people are now permanently blind, in the short time since the explosions. Moreover, it doesn't gibe with the number of deaths; there should be many more deaths or fewer lost eyes. [[User:Abductive|'''Abductive''']] ([[User talk:Abductive|reasoning]]) 20:51, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm removing it because whether or not it is true, it is a body detail and not a lead detail. We already mention that Hezbollah members were injured; the specific need to focus on them getting blinded feels to me like gloating. [[User:Atubofsilverware|Atubofsilverware]] ([[User talk:Atubofsilverware|talk]]) 20:58, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV Background ==

The article currently connects the Israel-Lebanon conflict to the [[Israel-Hamas war]] in a very one-sided way. It mentions the [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel]], but doesn't mention the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] and the [[Israeli invasion of Gaza|invasion]]. The statement selectively quotes the source, as the source itself [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz5r18zm7lpo says] {{Tq|Hezbollah’s leader, Hassan Nasrallah, has stressed the armed group is ready, but not eager, for war. He says if there is a ceasefire agreed in Gaza, Hezbollah will cease fire too, immediately.}} Indeed in another source, {{tq|"If there is a ceasefire in Gaza, we will stop without any discussion," Hezbollah's deputy leader, Sheikh Naim Kassem, said in an interview with The Associated Press at the group's political office in Beirut's southern suburbs.}}[https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1219748268/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-hamas-iran-war]. That article, written in July, also points out that that 37,900 Palestinians have been killed in Israel's invasion. This is probably the most salient aspect of the Israel-Hamas war.

I [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246208982 added] the death of 40,000 Palestinians, but this too was removed. Other RS have also mentioned the Palestinian death toll when mentioning Hezbollah's rationale for fighting. For example: {{tq|Hezbollah says its attacks aim to support the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, where nearly 18,000 people – most of them women and children – have been killed by Israel in two months.}} [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/10/violence-escalates-between-israel-and-lebanons-hezbollah-amid-gaza-assault Al Jazeera Dec 2023] {{tq|A war between the militant Palestinian group and Israeli forces that so far has killed more than 19,000 Palestinians, most of them women and children, according to Gaza's health ministry. Israel says about 1,200 people were killed in the Oct. 7 attack. After the Gaza war started, Hezbollah responded by attacking Israeli targets in northern Israel.}} [https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1219748268/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-hamas-iran-war NPR December 2023] Indeed, [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-67349605 in a BBC interview], Hezbollah's deputy leader has referred to "Israel is increasing its aggression against civilians and killing more women and children" as his rationale for fighting.

'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:As a side note – it was, at one point, completely incorrect about the timeline: it incorrectly suggested Hezbollah began their attacks in response to Israel's ground invasion of Gaza, when in reality Hezbollah began their attacks against Israel on 8 October, one day after Hamas' incursion, in "solidarity".
:Right now, that section is essentially just a summary with the same information as the lead of [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)]]. Does adding death counts from Gaza really make that section more neutral? [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 21:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::The [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip]] encompasses all Israeli attacks against Gaza on and since October 7 (check the article please). And certainly the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] started on Oct 7 itself. Hezbollah has repeatedly called for "solidarity" with Palestinians, including women and children, as sources show above. Omitting the death count does make the section non-neutral and just because NPOV is violated elsewhere, doesn't mean it should be violated here too.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hezbollah obviously weren't reacting to an invasion that hadn't begun yet. See [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip#Invasion]], the invasion didn't begin on October 7 no matter what the infobox date is, hence the note attached. If the article said Hezbollah were reacting to the "Israeli invasion" that's incredibly misleading to readers. There was no invasion on the 7th or 8th. The article did say something like that when I looked earlier. Now it's a clear timeline [[Special:Contributions/2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7|2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7]] ([[User talk:2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7|talk]]) 22:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Is the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] not a prelude to the invasion? In any case, would you support the change with term "bombing" instead of "invasion"? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 22:35, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Still can't retcon in a death toll that didn't exist on October 8. [[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] ([[User talk:PrimaPrime|talk]]) 00:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::No one is trying to do that, but rather indicate a death toll that was true on the eve of the pager attack.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:22, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Which is irrelevant to the reason Hizballah began attacking Israel on October 8. [[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] ([[User talk:PrimaPrime|talk]]) 15:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::But its relevant to why the Israel-Hezbollah conflict continues.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 19:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:"{{tq|According to the ACLED, from 7 October 2023 to 6 September 2024, Israel attacked Lebanon 7,845 times. Hezbollah and other Lebanese forces attacked Israel 1,768 times.}}" I can't see a rationale for putting this in the article, other than to make Israel look bad. "Attack" isn't defined, and the sentence doesn't explain why the conflict continues, or any reason for this attack. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 01:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::I don't think its there to make Israel look bad, but rather indicates the scale of the attacks that have been taking place since October 8? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 16:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

Trim the background. All the details can be in the other article. no need for expansive "context" that triggers disupute when the real article is about yesterday's events.[[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 03:26, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

It's one paragraph on the background, summarized from the main article and hardly seems excessive. And the last line's "6,124 Israeli vs. 1,258 Lebanese attacks" (yes, sourced) casts as much bad light on Israel as is necessary. Remove the tag. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 04:47, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Provocation ===

{{Tq|1="...Hezbollah, then unprovoked, joined the conflict in support of Hamas... declaring that it would not stop attacks against Israel until Israel stops military operations and attacks in Gaza"}} - Does this not imply that Israel's "military operations and attacks in Gaza" provoked Hezbollah? [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 10:27, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:It is very, very POV to say that attacks on Israel are unprovoked, given its 56 year long occupation of the Palestinians. Hezbollah has specifically stated its acting in solidarity with Palestinians.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:17, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:: I don't think we need to address provocation in Wikipedia voice because that's not our job. Our statements should be dry, free of moral judgement. We can report what each each side has said, and what other countries have said, with proper attribution. This is how disputed things can be rendered into indisputable facts. For example, "Hamas said X" is a fact when properly verified, whether or not X is true. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 02:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Agreed. It's not our place to judge provocation, and doing so clearly violates NPOV. [[User:Acebulf|'''Acebulf''']] ([[User talk:Acebulf|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Acebulf|contribs]]) 05:22, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::"unprovoked" seems to have since been removed.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246353965] —[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 07:59, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Targets ==

Currently the infobox says the target was "Hezbollah militants". I'm not sure if this is accurate as Hezbollah is comprised of both militants and civilians (it is also a political party). Further, Hezbollah has said the attack also targeted civilians and this allegation is notable enough to have been quoted in several reliable secondary sources: [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464 ABC News], [https://globalnews.ca/news/10759802/hezbollah-members-injured-pager-explosions-lebanon/ Global News], [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/09/17/lebanon-pagers-exploding-hezbollah/ Washington Post] etc. So the infobox should also say "Civilians (per Hezbollah)".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:In fact, ABC News itself is cautious on the targets[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464] "{{tq|It appeared that many of those hit were members of Hezbollah, but it was not immediately clear if others also carried the pagers.}}"
:Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, the UN special coordinator for Lebanon also condemned the attack, justifying her condemnation by adding, "In accordance with international humanitarian law, she reminds all concerned actors that civilians are not a target and must be protected at all times. Even one civilian casualty is one too many"[https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah#h_a0cf8464c5edb4ee82690311dcc18553]. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Support''' for saying the target is "unknown" or "either Hezbollah members or civilians" [[User:Atubofsilverware|Atubofsilverware]] ([[User talk:Atubofsilverware|talk]]) 21:34, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::We shouldn't include "or civilians" based on a Hezbollah claim alone. We would need an [[WP:IS|independent source]], preferably one without clear biases. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 05:16, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::We generally include IDF claims if they have been presented in multiple reliable, secondary sources, and we should do the same thing here. [[WP:NPOV]] means we don't take sides, but explain them.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I don't think any source has really disputed that Hezbollah was the target? Some sources seem to suggest that the attack did not specifically target Hezbollah militants, but some broader group of Hezbollah members including some civilians.
::::So listing the target as "Hezbollah" seems pretty uncontroversial. Hezbollah's accusation of targeting civilians lacks elaboration and seems much more dubious, but yes it's fine to mention somewhere in the body with attribution. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 17:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Did you see the corroboration by other sources in Lebanon mentioned below: the Lebanese Health Ministry, [[Dyab Abou Jahjah]] and Mohammad Barakat? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:26, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Have any of them explained why they believe that? If not, it just seems like unfounded speculation from partisan sources. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 16:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:"Hezbollah militants" is certainly questionable. Are we to believe only militants carry pagers? Hezbollah has teachers, medics, [[Hezbollah social services|social workers]], [[Al-Manar|news crews and journalists]], etc. I don't know to what extent this attack was indiscriminate (perhaps Israel intercepted communications and filtered targets, but I doubt it), but to list the target as "Hezbollah militants" right out of the gate seems wrong, to me. "Hezbollah members" is more fitting, and covers both militants and civilians. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 22:15, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Yes, we are to believe that only militants carried a special pager. Why would a teacher or a social work need a pager, rather than using an ordinary smartphone? Perhaps if you can think of a rationale for them to need this kind of security you can change it, otherwise militants is accurate. [[User:Ariel.|Ariel.]] ([[User talk:Ariel.|talk]]) 04:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::These pagers are apparently also carrier by healthcare workers: The Lebanese Health Ministry "has also urged healthcare workers and others with pagers to discard them."[https://www.africanews.com/2024/09/17/lebanon-says-8-killed-and-over-two-thousand-wounded-by-exploding-pagers/]
:::The Lebanese Health Minister [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz04m913m49o also stated] "{{tq|The vast majority of the people who are presenting to the emergency rooms are in civilian clothes, so it's very difficult to discern whether they belong to a certain entity like Hezbollah or others But we are seeing among them people who are old or people who are very young, like the child who unfortunately died... and there are some of them who are healthcare workers}}".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::"{{tq|Author [[Dyab Abou Jahjah]] pointed out that many of the pagers that exploded were not just owned by Hezbollah fighters, but civilians that are employed by Hezbollah's institutions.}}"[https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack] '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:07, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::The evidence just keeps piling up: {{tq|Mohammad Barakat, a journalist known for his strong opposition to Hezbollah...shared a clip from one of his appearances on VDL 24, where he stressed that the attack targeted not only Hezbollah members but also civilians, in an indiscriminate manner.}}[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html]
:::::Professor Toby Walsh of the [[UNSW School of Computer Science and Engineering]] [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152?future=true& points out] that it is impossible for the IDF to track a pager, thus "It's a very indiscriminate attack, because you might put the pager down in your desk, and as we have heard from reports there were various innocent people who were injured by this". '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Is security camera footage public domain in Lebanon? ==

If so, adding a video would improve this article. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 21:54, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:Good question. And if it's not, then we should consider adding one under [[WP:NFCC]]. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 22:49, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:There's probably a discussion about this somewhere on Commons. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 22:50, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::[[WP:MCQ]] is an excellent place to ask. Plenty of knowledgeable people there. [[User:Mjroots|Mjroots]] ([[User talk:Mjroots|talk]]) 05:45, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Thanks! I [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions#Is surveillance camera footage public domain in Lebanon?|started a discussion]] there. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 10:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 September 2024 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2024 Lebanon pager explosions|answered=yes}}

I believe the explosive behind the explosion was Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN). [https://www.timesnownews.com/world/middle-east/what-is-pentaerythritol-tetranitrate-petn-highly-explosive-material-allegedly-used-in-lebanon-hezbollah-pagerblasts-article-113437169]; [https://www.dailywire.com/news/new-details-emerge-on-how-israel-struck-4000-hezbollah-terrorists-in-mass-pager-bombing]; [https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/artc-mossad-allegedly-behind-hezbollah-beeper-detonations]; [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-s-mossad-rigged-pager-batteries-with-explosives-before-they-reached-hezbollah-media/3333013]. [[User:Cyrogigabyte|Cyrogigabyte]] ([[User talk:Cyrogigabyte|talk]]) 00:06, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{notdone}}. That may well be true, or maybe not. But the sources listed above are either speculating or are unreliable (Daily Wire in particular). [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 06:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== To add to article ==

To add to this article: how many people are in critical condition due to the pager explosions. Various news sources report the number as approximately 200 or "hundreds." [[Special:Contributions/98.123.38.211|98.123.38.211]] ([[User talk:98.123.38.211|talk]]) 01:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV tag ==

{{ping|Nice4What}} you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246312409 removed] the NPOV tag saying "NPOV issue has been resolved – background section was shortened". But the discussion regarding NPOV is still ongoing and the contested content is still in the background section, whereas the content that some want to insert is still not in the background. Furthermore there are two other NPOV discussions above on the targets and whether to include the death of a child, esp in the infobox.

Can you please self revert?'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:43, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:I've restored the tag, as evidenced by ongoing NPOV issue discussions both above this section and below.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:16, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Could you remove the NPOV tag now? It seems like the issue has been resolved. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 02:53, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Taiwan comment ==

[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2024/9/18/taiwan-dragged-into-middle-east-politics-after-deadly-pager-blasts][[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 08:12, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:Already has been added. --[[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]] ([[User talk:Rsrikanth05|talk]]) 09:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::However, should it be shifted to the responses rection? --[[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]] ([[User talk:Rsrikanth05|talk]]) 09:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::It's more an investigation. Albeit Taipei did comment. [[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 11:11, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Attack ==

The fact that this is an Israeli attack is now confirmed by RS like [https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html CNN: Israel behind deadly pager explosions that targeted Hezbollah and injured thousands in Lebanon] => "Hezbollah has vowed to respond to an Israeli attack.." and "CNN has learned the explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military. While the Israeli military has said it will not comment on the explosions, both Lebanon and Hezbollah have blamed it for the attack." So why was attack removed from the opening sentence? [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 09:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:Agreed, pretty much all RS are treating as an attack, including the famous Israeli journalist [[Barak Ravid]][https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:09, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::Also emphasis on an Israeli attack and not just attack. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:11, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Martinevans123}} There is no need for attribution, this has been accepted as fact by CNN, to cite one example. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:21, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I assume you are referring to [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246356512 this edit]? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} Yes. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 14:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::As this article is under "active arbitration", do I need to self-revert? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 14:18, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Another editor has now slightly altered it, so I will leave it as it is. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} There are no restrictions on self-reverting. The slight altering by the other editor did not change the presence of the redundant attribution. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 10:20, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::It's still there. So some other editor(s) must think it's useful? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 10:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} Not necessarily, and even if that was the case, they would have joined in on this discussion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:29, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I have no strong view. I was simply trying to improve what was there before. If you think it's unnecessary, you could remove it. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:33, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::Then I will remove it given that there is no opposition. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:36, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::::I'm not sure what this had to do with the original subject of this discussion thread. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:45, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Iran ==

Why is the Iranian reaction under "Other governments", when its diplomatic staff were among the victims? Can a Farsi speaker please look at sources in that language, for more?

Have other countries or organisations commented on this specific aspect of the attack? [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 09:57, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Gold Apollo AR924 article ==

There's a section on this incident on [[Gold Apollo AR924]]. Please watch-list it, and see that facts and statistics are updated as necessary, when updated here. [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 10:22, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== When did the pager deliveries occur? ==

Perhaps this is not known. But it seems to be a key detail in the entire story. If this is known, I think it belongs in the lead and I am somewhat baffled as to why the {when} tag has been removed, with the edit summary: "it is not needed to specify when this was discovered, because the NYT was asking around people when it happened. Remove template." [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:48, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:We now have: "in months prior to the explosion", which seems to add very little, i.e. any time in the 7 months between February, when the warning over cell phones was issued, and when the explosions occurred? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:We now have: "which were recently imported into Lebanon", which is very similar to the previous. I assume this has not been reliably reported, but may be in the coming days. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:18, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== IRGC may have been killed ==

Should this article be trusted? https://m.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820674 [[User:NesserWiki|NesserWiki]] ([[User talk:NesserWiki|talk]]) 14:05, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:''JP'' not listed at [[WP:RSP]] and is described as centre, so probably safe. But source is Israeli Army Radio? So not too sure about that. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 14:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::The linked item in the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' explicitly states the source of the information as "Saudi news source [[Al-Hadath]]." As for the reliability of the ''JP'', it's a mainstream English-language Israeli daily newspaper whose print edition predates the founding of the State. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]])'' 19:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::That was my concern in terms of neutrality.
::Are the 19 IRGC deaths now included in the death toll? [[User:NesserWiki|NesserWiki]] ([[User talk:NesserWiki|talk]]) 22:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

==Solar panels, etc==
I just added this to lead paragraphs, but it is not yet confirmed that any reports of solar panel or other device explosions are actually self-detonating, or just catching fire from walkie talkie explosions.[https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2024/09/18/lebanon-panic-as-two-solar-panel-systems-explode-amidst-pager-walkie-talkie-blasts-in-beirut-targeting-hezbollah.html] The fog of some people thinking this is the case is very understandable, but I'm not seeing videos of such devices exploding on their own yet in any reporting.--'''[[User:Milowent|Milowent]]''' • [[Special:Contributions/Milowent|has]][[User talk:Milowent|spoken]] 17:55, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:I've removed the mention from the lead, pending better sourcing: a single breaking news report claiming solar panels exploded isn't sufficient to say that they were targeted. [[User:Elli|Elli]] ([[User_talk:Elli|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Elli|contribs]]) 19:56, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:Solar panels explosion was stated by the Lebanese government official news agency:
:https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/justice-law/722390/اصابة-فتاة-في-المروانية-جراء-انفجار-نظام-الطاقة-ال [[User:Stephan rostie|Stephan rostie]] ([[User talk:Stephan rostie|talk]]) 20:13, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

::[https://www.democracynow.org/2024/9/19/lebanon Lebanon: 37 Dead, 3,400+ Injured in Wave of Explosions in Electronic Devices Booby-Trapped by Israel], [[Democracy Now!]], 19 September 2024 → "Lara Bitar (editor-in-chief of The Public Source, a Beirut-based independent media organization): So, as you can imagine, the events of the past two days have caused a lot of panic, a lot of fear and, to a large extent, paranoia, which was aided by a disinformation campaign, to a large extent. Over the past couple of days, or at least yesterday, for the most part, people were receiving messages over different WhatsApp groups, on social media platforms, that any and every electronic device can be detonated by the Israelis. So people were scared of using their cellphones. People were hearing that even kitchen appliances were exploding, solar panels, laptops and so on. Thankfully, for the most part, this turned out to be a disinformation campaign, and it did not really — was not really materializing on the ground as was being reported across different channels. That may be the only solace from the events of the past couple of days, where we saw civilian areas and civilians being targeted."

::Here the is an other clarification: [https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427662/did-solar-power-energy-systems-explode-during-wednesdays-attack.html?_gl=1*d9suwa*_gcl_au*MTIyNzkyODg3NC4xNzIzMjU3MDY4 Did solar power energy systems explode during Wednesday's attack? According to the state-run National News Agency, solar energy systems exploded in homes in several areas of Beirut and the south on Wednesday, but the reports remain unconfirmed.], [[L'Orient Today]], 19 September 2024 21:30. --[[Special:Contributions/93.211.221.30|93.211.221.30]] ([[User talk:93.211.221.30|talk]]) 12:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:::Deutsche Welle: [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-iphones-solar-panels-laptops-exploded-in-lebanon/a-70281061 Fact Check: No iPhones or solar panels exploded in Lebanon] The article also debunks one of the photos used in the ref titled "Chaos in Lebanon as Home Solar Systems, Appliances Explode" in the ''Second Wave'' section.
:::The 961: [https://www.the961.com/fact-check-pager-attack-in-lebanon/ Fact Checking What’s True & Untrue From The Pager Attack] "No solar panels, phones, laptops, or any other electronic devices have exploded."
:::It's understandable in the immediate aftermath of an attack like this (particularly the second): mass panic & hysteria, the fog of war, unedited rolling news coverage, etc. But it's also telling that none of the major news outlets are talking about solar panels, fingerprint readers, smartphones et al. two days down the line. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 03:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I think we're spreading misinformation here in the infobox. I just see MSM talking about pagers and walkie talkies. Not car batteries, not solar panels, etc. I'm going to remove it from the infobox and article until we get real confirmation from high-quality RS. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:37, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==Icom V82==
That model was discontinued in 2014.[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/ (Rtrs)]
Icom has an advisory about counterfeits, calling "special attention" to the discontinued V82.[https://www.icomjapan.com/explore/genuine_info/ (Icom)] So it sounds like they bought Chinese counterfeits, which are readily available from disreputable internet sellers.[https://forums.radioreference.com/threads/icom-ic-v82.462456/] Pending confirmation in a [[WP:RS]], we should reword the references to the radios more carefully. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 20:57, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{tpq|“I can guarantee you they were not our products,” said ... a senior sales manager for Icom’s amateur radio division, in an interview Wednesday}}. [https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-pager-explosion-e9493409a0648b846fdcadffdb02d71e (AP)] [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 21:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Addition of possible IP protected material ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246437599 This edit] by @[[User:Acratopotes|Acratopotes]] is potentially an IP violation and also potentially slanderous (if the depicted individual survives) given no RS have positively identified the person as a Hezbollah member. I removed the image for now, but I hope that someone with more expertise can step in.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Acratopotes [[User:Dreameditsbrooklyn|Dreameditsbrooklyn]] ([[User talk:Dreameditsbrooklyn|talk]]) 01:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Dreameditsbrooklyn|Dreameditsbrooklyn]] I am moving the file to another title on commons per [[:c:COM:FR#FR5|Criterion 5]] for now, and filing a CSD as well. [[User:Robertsky|– robertsky]] ([[User talk:Robertsky|talk]]) 02:38, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:And RevDel'ed per RD2 here, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=164554515]. [[User:Robertsky|– robertsky]] ([[User talk:Robertsky|talk]]) 02:54, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== What exploded in the second wave ==

There are multiple reliable reports of other electronics explosions other than walki talkie:

[https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/justice-law/722390/اصابة-فتاة-في-المروانية-جراء-انفجار-نظام-الطاقة-ال Home solar panels] : [[National News Agency (Lebanon)|National News Agency]] (lebanese government official news agency)

[https://www.bbc.com/arabic/articles/cr4xlvp6625o Fingerprint biometric devices]: [[BBC]]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JDE8FBZFcC8 cars and homes radios]: [[Asharq News]]

yet,for some reason two editors removed the sourced contents purely based on personal preferences or their own OR without providing any reliable source that counters or denies these sources.

@[[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] removed the content report by the lebanese government official news agency that states that explosions of home solar panels took place arguing: “ ''Solar water heater incident looks unrelated”'' (Pure OR)

While @[[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] removed the report by [[Asharq News]] arguing: “''Removed poorly sourced YouTube ref and related info”'' (probably didn’t notice that this youtube source was from Asharq news Agency)

I am pretty sure this is not how wikipedia works.

[[User:Stephan rostie|Stephan rostie]] ([[User talk:Stephan rostie|talk]]) 07:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

::I just watched the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JDE8FBZFcC8 Asharq News video] and, from what I understand, they were talking about these walkie-talkies being inside cars and homes when they exploded, not that other models of household or car radios were exploding. Could you provide a time-stamp in case I missed it? [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 17:13, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Neutrality tag ==

There is a Neutrality tag that has been added to the top of the article, yet nothing here on the Talk page that is articulating what is non-neutral about the current article. If there is something specific, then a section tag or inline tag would help other editors know what the concern is. But if nothing is identified that can be addressed, then the tag should be removed. Cheers. [[User:N2e|N2e]] ([[User talk:N2e|talk]]) 10:49, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:The [[#NPOV Background]] and [[#Targets]] discussions both raise separate neutrality concerns. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 14:43, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Although, it seems the main concerns in both discussions have been addressed or are no longer immediately relevant. "Hezbollah members" seems to have stuck in the latter discussion, and in the former we no longer refer to attacks as "provoked" or "unprovoked" and the section has been rewritten. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 16:51, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Timing ==

{{ping|Martinevans123}} Why do you think the timing is so important as to be in the opening sentence? [[9/11]] page does not mention the timing in the first sentence or first paragraph, and [[MOS:OPEN]] highlights that the opening should be as general as possible without giving too much details. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:47, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:I think it could find many examples of disasters' attacks where the time of day is included in the first sentence, but then [[WP:OSE]]. I'd suggest that the simultaneity of such a widespread series of explosions confers added significance to a single time. But perhaps it could be moved down slightly. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:53, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::{{ping|Martinevans123}} I can't think of any; and [[MOS:OPEN]] states: "The first paragraph should define or identify the topic with a neutral point of view, but '''without being too specific'''". Mentioning the time of day in the hours and minutes is too specific and distracts the reader. Also [[MOS:FIRST]]: "Do not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject." I already had moved it down to the second lede paragraph. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Oh yes, so you did. Thanks for telling me. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC) p.s. the [[September 11 attacks]] didn't happen all at once, so I'm not surprised a single time is not given there.
::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} We already mention "simultaneous" so no need to be overspecific, especially in the opening sentence. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:38, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Yes, we certainly should mention "simultaneous". I don't see the time of day as being "overspecific". I see it as a fundamental fact. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:44, 19 September 2024 (UTC) p.s. you need not add a ping to me every time you reply here. I have this page watchlisted, I can see from the indent you are replying, no one else is in this discussion, and I'm sure any responses aren't time critical. Thanks.
::::::I disagree on the need to mention the time in hours and minutes because it overloads the opening sentence without providing any value. Will wait for the input of other editors. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::It provides no value? It's just a basic fact. It overloads? It's four words, with 20 characters. But I'm also happy to hear the views of other editors. Perhaps the total time that it took all the devices to explode should also be mentioned somewhere, although I suspect this may not have been accurately reported. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::{{ping|Vice regent}}, {{ping|Super Goku V}}, {{ping|Huldra}}, {{ping|Lewisguile}},{{ping|GhostOfNoMan}}, {{ping|Nishidani}}, {{ping|Moscow Mule}}, {{ping|nableezy}}, {{ping|Levivich}} The First Wave went off around 15:30 EEST, the time when parents pick up their children from kindergarten and school, when everyone is out and about, when everyone is running errands. We saw people in street-markets and supermarkets and stores being exploded. The Second Wave started around 17:00 EEST, the time for funerals. If someone is acquainted with Lebanese society and wants to have the maximum impact on the civilian population, he would pick those times. So, yes! I agree with Martin that it is important to have the time in the lead. And we should add the time of the Second Wave.

::::::::Here a link for easy accessibility and convenience to the French-language daily newspaper [[L'Orient-Le Jour]] in Lebanon [L'Orient's editorial stance: "a fierce line against Hezbollah"/ per our enWP article] to its English-language edition "L'Orient Today":

::::::::*"''[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427494/after-pager-explosions-hezbollah-announces-death-of-10-fighters-vows-to-continue-operations-day-348-of-the-gaza-war.html At least 14 dead and over 450 injured in new explosions of communication devices across Lebanon: Day 348 of the Gaza war'']", [[L'Orient-Le Jour|L'Orient Today]], 18 September 2024 — Quote: "17:08 Beirut Time ⚡ At least one explosion was heard in the southern suburbs of Beirut, Reuters reported, noting that ambulance sirens were also heard."

::::::::Those two points in time have been widely discussed and reflected upon in the news over the last few days. Please, note the Second Wave detonations were stronger. --[[Special:Contributions/91.54.12.244|91.54.12.244]] ([[User talk:91.54.12.244|talk]]) 09:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I have absolutely no objection to including the time. It's relatively brief. If anyone has a strong objection, we could move it out of the lede. The lede is already fairly detailed, though, so I don't think it's out of place.
:::::::::There is, of course, a discussion to be had about whether the lede is too long/detailed in general. If that were the case, then the existing lede could be moved down into an ''Overview'' section, and we could replace it with a shorter summary.
:::::::::But in an article such as this, I suspect there will always be too much info that people want to put into the lede, so it will tend to be longer than usual anyway. I think that's okay in these circumstances—especially if it prevents protracted debates. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==Infobox==
"alleged" should be removed from infobox, as this has been confirmed by RS, including CNN. Also, the perpetrator in the infobox should be described as a joint operation between and the Israeli military and Mossad, per CNN. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:Shouldn't [[Mossad]] be mentioned somewhere in the main body text, with appropriate sources, if it is to appear in the infobox? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Should be both, yes. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 22:03, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::OK. The word "Mossad" appears only twice in the article - once in the infobox and once in the headline of the single BBC source which supports it. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 09:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Scope ==

What is the scope of this article? Is it only the attacks on the first day, or the second one as well, or (god forbid, for civilians' sake) a possible third one today? If it is not just the first day, then maybe the article's title, and scope which is defined in the opening sentence and paragraph, should be changed accordingly. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:40, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:It wasn't just pagers, was it? So I am surprised you've said, in the move discussion above, that you "strongly support this article's move to the title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack'''. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:50, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::There is nothing surprising, my comment on the move was made on the first day of the attacks, when only pagers were used. Now, the second day having passed, we have confirmed reports of the attacks including walkie-talkies, and allegedly, even solar panel parts. So not sure yet how RS will come to describe the whole series of attacks. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:55, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::That discussion is still open? You're still happy with the current title? We might have to wait 24 hours '''from 15:30 EEST''', to see if there's a third wave. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::That is why I opened this discussion, to see first what would make sense best for the move discussion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Good idea. I suspect that both days will remain in this one article. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:07, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Brace yourselves ==

Don't do it yet, but be prepared to create a [[2024 Israel-Lebanon war]] page. Hassan Nasrallah (leader of Hezbollah) announced that he [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/ considers the explosions to be an "act of war", or casus belli]. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 15:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Casualty figures in infobox ==

The numbers of those killed and injured ought to appear in the main body text, if they are to be used in the infobox? Currently the total number of those injured "3,450+" doesn't seem to be supported by the two sources there. The report on ITN Main page is showing "more than 3,200". [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:27, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:I previously reverted it to the figure found in both references (2,750 at the time), but it was added back with an edit summary stating that the figure was based on adding casualties together for both waves – even though neither reference mentioned any figure besides 2,750. I didn't revert it a second time, even though I couldn't find any reliable source that cited a total figure. But if that 3,200 is now being reported, then it should be updated, so we can avoid the current [[WP:SYNTH]]. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 16:39, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Shouldn't [[WP:2+2=4]] apply? [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 17:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Probably! I didn't revert it a second time for that very reason, once I saw the edit summary. But where we have a single source providing a reliable total, I feel that's preferable to our own calculations – especially considering the wildly different figures being reported (f.i. one edit summed 2,750 + 400, but a later edit used 3,000 + 400 based on a separate source). [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 17:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I believe {{u|Pachu Kannan}} arrived at the current 3,450+ number as 2,750 + 708. The math itself is certainly within what [[WP:CALC]] allows, but the available sources for 708 don't seem very reliable (Al Jazeera's [[WP:NEWSBLOG]] or [[Morocco World News]]).
:::More importantly, it doesn't seem entirely clear that 2,750 + 708 is a proper aggregation with no double counting. Al Jazeera says {{tq|708 were injured while on Tuesday, 12 people were killed and 2,323 injured}}, so we could reasonable combine them to get 3,031, aside from the [[WP:NEWSBLOG]] issue. It's less clear how 2,750 relates to the other numbers - it seems like an early estimate by the health minister, while the other numbers seem like specific cases recorded by hospitals. [[WP:CALC]] is normally reserved for cases where it's more obvious what the proper calculation is. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 18:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::{{ping|xDanielx}}, so do we need a source in the infobox for the "2,750+"? The ITN item on Main page currently says "more than 3,400 others injured". Thanks. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Added the source. {{yo|Stephen}} it looks like you did the ITN [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:In_the_news&diff=prev&oldid=1246660455 update], could you change it to 2,750 for now? (This is probably a short-term change, pending a reliable source with a total figure.) — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Many thanks. Have now requested an update at Main page errors. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 09:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Non-Hezbollah Pager Use ? ==

From the seemingly out-dated information at [[Pager]] it seems that pagers had mostly gone out of use (outside of Hezbollah) at the time of the explosions. For context, I think it would be helpful if it could be stated to what extent pagers are/were being used in Lebanon at the time of the attack (and not counting Hezbollah). Technically, pagers work only in the presence of a paging provider (that broadcasts the actual paging signal according to a dedicated paging standard). It seems difficult to imagine that there should exist a paging service only for Hezbollah, rather such a service would be expected to have non-Hezbollah customers. But who could such customers be? I couldn't find any info for e.g. Beirut, but maybe someone with better (Arabic or maybe French) skills can do better. Thanks. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 18:12, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:Isn't that already in the article in the first sentence of the section named "Use of pagers"? {{tq|Some Hezbollah members had used pagers for years prior to the 7 October attacks, but more members began using them after the attacks, as Hezbollah secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah claimed Israel had penetrated their cellphone network}}. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:59, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::No, it is not. With ''Non-''Hezbollah Pager Use I mean how much are pagers used (in Lebanon) other than by Hezbollah? The relevance of this context is to what extent if any pager use can be seen as specific to Hezbollah. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 21:03, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=The Lebanon explosions raise a question: Deep into the smartphone era, who is still using pagers? |url=https://apnews.com/article/pagers-explosions-lebanon-doctors-security-israel-f35bd0f0e0a57bb5f37c139d1f32926d |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=AP News |language=en}} [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 22:47, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:According to various sources, hospital workers often use pagers and at least two of them were killed when their pagers exploded. It seems journalists were also using pagers (perhaps to get the latest scoop on Hezbollah?) and one pager of a journalist from [[Al Mayadeen]] exploded. The Iranian ambassador to Lebanon also seems to be using a pager.
:Also, there are indications that some pagers were simply misplaced. For example, one pager was in a kids' room with no adults when it exploded, killing one kid and injuring another. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Requested move 19 September 2024 ==

{{requested move/dated|?}}

[[:2024 Lebanon pager explosions]] → ? – Following up from [[#Requested_move_17_September_2024|last RM]], the options for this RM will focus on the specific language in the title. Keep the arguments on [[WP:TITLE]] policy. We can always propose additional changes to the title in this section. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Remove the year===
* '''Support''', this event is so unique, there is no need to include the year in the article name. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:57, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Neutral''' - no real reason to include, but also it adds 5 characters total, so not a big deal either way to me. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - seminal geopolitical event, similar to what the [[King David Hotel bombing]] was in its day. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 04:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - have there ever been pager explosions in Lebanon before the year 2024? Brevity and succinctness in title is an age-old Wikipedia policy. The [[Oklahoma City bombing]] is not known as 1995 Oklahoma City bombing; the [[Tokyo subway sarin attack]] is not called the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack. Let's apply some common sense here. [[User:Colipon|Colipon]]+([[User talk:Colipon|Talk]]) 16:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as per above. [[User:EucalyptusTreeHugger|EucalyptusTreeHugger]] ([[User talk:EucalyptusTreeHugger|talk]]) 17:14, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support removal''' – It's not needed for [[wp:natural disambiguation]]. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 17:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' There have been attacks involving electronics in Lebanon previously. The year makes the article title precise.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Can you name at least one other attack involving electronics in Lebanon? [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::[[List_of_Israeli_assassinations]] has quite a few of them if you focus only on attacks in Lebanon. The attacks were car bombs, although one of them was remotely-controlled. Similar to this current attack, electronic devices were rigged with booby-traps that exploded.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::So what exploded were cars, not electronic devices. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', the naming convention [[WP:NCE]] recommends the "When" {{tq|in the majority of cases}} unless this event can be understood by the reader without the year, {{tq|in historic perspective}}. We have no historic perspective here, and there is no certainty that this event will be remembered with standalone names that do not include the year, which is why I strongly believe we shouldn't remove the year, as it is ultimately useful for the casual reader. [[User:Pilaz|Pilaz]] ([[User talk:Pilaz|talk]]) 21:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:By your logic, all new events must contain the year in the article name, and the year can only be removed within a decade or two, when there is a "historical perspective".
*:The key word in [[WP:NCE]] that you did not quote is "'''for disambiguation'''". I think you'll agree that the year is not needed in this case for disambiguation purposes. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - unnecessary dab. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - Yes, unnecessary dab. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:30, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Presence of the year in title gives a good historical context. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:04, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': Useful historical context for readers. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:29, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose.''' There's no useful reason to remove it that I can see. If further attacks of this nature occur next year, we can retitle as needed. Naming policy says to include "what, where and when". [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:05, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:NOYEAR]]. Until we can judge the notability in historic perspective, its best to leave the year for clarity, similar to [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]].

=== Changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah" ===
* '''Weak support''' as from what is gathered here, this attack primarily targeted the militant organization Hezbollah. But then, we don't always mention the intended target; so I would probably just say '''drop''' Lebanon/Hezbollah from the title, as a second option. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' They were the target. This also seems to be more of a COMMONNAME, the sources I've seen use Hezbollah instead of Lebanon. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 00:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' the explosions targeted Hezbollah, not Lebanon. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' for three reasons.
**First, our guidelines ([[WP:NCWWW]]) suggest naming an article as "when, where and what". Lebanon is clearly the "where".
**Secondly, writing "Hezbollah" makes the title ambiguous, as if Hezbollah carried out the attacks, when this is not true.
**Finally, the attacks seem to include targets other than Hezbollah. While many of the pagers did belong to Hezbollah, did the solar panels also belong to Hezbollah? There are sources that indicate that pagers owned by non-Hezbollah civilians were also targeted[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:"Lebanon pager explosions" is ambiguous for the same reason - it could be interpreted as Lebanon carrying out the attack. Both seem unlikely in practice though. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::"Lebanon" is a noun, the adjective is "Lebanese", whereas Hezbollah is both a noun and adjective. When we mention an actor like this, it usually implies they're a perpetrator: [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], [[Israeli bombing of Gaza]], [[October 7 Hamas attacks]] etc. When we mention a place, it implies the location it took place, not attribution of responsibility: [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], [[2004 Madrid train bombings]] etc.
*::This ambiguity is why we moved [[Talk:Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus#Requested_move_9_May_2024|"Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus" to "Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus"]].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::To be pedantic, "Hezbollah attack" would be valid not because Hezbollah is an adjective, but because it's a well-formed [[noun adjunct]]. Technically "Lebanon attack" is also a well-formed noun adjunct, although "Lebanese attack" is indeed more natural. So both proposed names are technically ambiguous. I expect readers will resolve any confusion by reading the first bit of text, rather than reasoning about why we likely chose a particular wording. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 19:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:Vice regent|VR]] [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] is an explicit example cited by [[WP:NCWWW]], so the "where" doesn't necessarily have to be Lebanon. [[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:37, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - it was targeted against Hezbollah, not Lebanon. In fact, there were explosions outside of Lebanon. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:58, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' for reasons as stated. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' target was Hezbollah and included explosions out of Lebanon. [[User:Ilenart626|Ilenart626]] ([[User talk:Ilenart626|talk]]) 04:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per Vice regent (VR) and [[WP:CONSISTENT]]. This policy is probably why [[Talk:Israel–Hamas war#Requested move 13 August 2024|this]] is up for discussion {{mdash}} again. Just imagine if [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] was titled "Taliban eradication war". [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' ''if attacks passes'': Going from 'Lebanon pager explosions' to 'Hezbollah (pagers/electronics/communications) attacks' would imply that Hezbollah did an attack using or involving pagers/electronics/communications. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 06:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose:''' As mentioned in the last RM, we use places to describe events by default per [[WP:NCE]]. This is also the natural and recognisable language. Furthermore, the suggestion has a fundamental flaw in that introduces ambiguity over whether Hezbollah is the target or actor – even if the wording were to work, merely switching positions in the manner suggested above would be no way to do it. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 07:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as they literally were Hezbollah pagers, ordered by Hezbollah and issued to their members. Per [https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/ Reuters], {{tq|The senior Lebanese security source said the group had ordered 5,000 beepers made by Taiwan-based Gold Apollo, which several sources say were brought into the country earlier this year.}} NCWWW is a good default, but "Hezbollah" conveys the same information (obviously they operate in Lebanon) and more. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:But were they also "Hezbollah solar panels"? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::If we were to update the title to include other purported devices, I agree that could complicate the matter. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 18:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Remove both''' – Titles like "Pager explosions", "Pager attack", and "Pager and walkie-talkie explosions", etc. [[Wikipedia:PRECISION|unambiguously identify the subject]]. This avoids ambiguity over whether Hezbollah is the target or actor and avoids specifying that the attacks were in Lebanon when they were also in Syria. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 18:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per what I've stated below. --[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per VR, Havradim, and Iskandar323's comments. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 18:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support'''. Hezbollah was the target and most of the affected ones were its members, in Lebanon and Syria. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:21, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per VR and Iskandar, although one issue is that having Lebanon in the title implies it was against the Lebanese government {{User|Kowal2701}} 21:24:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC) 
* '''Oppose''' a lot of people not associated with Hizbollah, also became victims, [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] ([[User talk:Huldra|talk]]) 23:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Perhaps, but the electronic devices were distributed by Hezbollah to its operatives. The devices were not commercially available. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 23:25, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' Per above comments. Also, any concerns about target vs attacker are still applicable if Lebanon is used, not to mention that they can be entirely circumvented by using "against Hezbollah". [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 23:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per VR. [[WP:NCWWW]] is clear. Proposed alternatives are ambiguous and might allude to Hezbollah being the perpetrator instead of the target. A lot of victims are/were also civilians, and the only thing they had in common with Hezbollah members was the geographic location. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - I like the title "[[Hezbollah device explosions]]," as used by the BBC [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0e1wpr0q44o]. I don't think it suggests Hezbollah was the perpetrator, I think it suggests that Hezbollah's devices exploded, which is accurate. "Lebanon" isn't entirely accurate because there were also explosions in Syria, even if most of it happened in Lebanon. "Lebanon pager explosions" or "Lebanon device explosions" I find problematic because it makes it sound like they were Lebanese pagers or Lebanese devices, as in made in Lebanon, which does not appear to be the accurate. [[WP:NCWWW]] says "in the majority of cases," and I think this is one case where we should say "who" rather than "where." [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:48, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong oppose''' Although indeed Hezbollah pagers and communication devices, many civilians have been killed or injured either from the explosion or shrapnel. Most of the explosions took place in Lebanon. A change from Lebanon to Hezbollah would be misleading. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - The attacks were targeted at Hezbollah in more than one country. I agree with [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] that a title such as '''Hezbollah device explosions''' suggests that Hezbollah's devices exploded, which is accurate. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:33, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Strong oppose''' as per VR, Havradim, and Iskandar323. Policy should guide this decision. If we were going purely for accuracy and precision, we'd have a long name such as ''2024 Israeli attacks on Hezbollah pagers, walkie talkies and solar panels''. As it is, ''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'' seems fine (note that I also prefer ''attacks'' over ''explosions''). [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 08:59, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - As spoken before, attacks targeted Hezbollah, also removes the geographic argument some had about Lebanon vs. Lebanon and Syria in title name. [[User:Poketape|poketape]] ([[User talk:Poketape|talk]]) 17:07, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - Most of the explosions did take place in Lebanon, but some in Syria as well. The attack was targeted against Hezbollah, and as we have [[Israel–Hamas war]] we have precedent to use the intended target even if there are civilian side-effects.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per above. [[User:Kcmastrpc|Kcmastrpc]] ([[User talk:Kcmastrpc|talk]]) 17:40, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Changing "pagers" to "electronics"/"communications" ===
* '''Support''' broadening as both pagers and handheld-radios are included in this. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:'''Support''' we can all agree on this. Mobile devices would be too specific and possibly exclude the (alleged) solar panels. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 02:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Support '''electronics'''; but people claiming solar panels and phones exploded should read this [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-iphones-solar-panels-laptops-exploded-in-lebanon/a-70281061 DW] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 17:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as it's become abundantly clear that pagers were not the only devices involved. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 00:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' mobile devices. Pagers is too specific. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Day 1 was pagers. Day 2 was walkie talkies. Mobile devices is too broad and two vague. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 01:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with you. That's why in my !vote I proposed "pagers and walkie talkies". [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 02:38, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*Support '''electronics'''. Simple and covers solar panels, which are not communication devices.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:15, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Alternate:''' pagers and walkie talkies per [[WP:PRECISE]]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 02:01, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*Support '''electronics''' since the attack expanded beyond just pagers after the first round. It also wasn't solely communication devices that were targeted, and 'communications' could imply it was a cyberattack on communications systems rather than physical devices. [[User:Icantthinkofausernames|Icantthinkofausernames]] ([[User talk:Icantthinkofausernames|talk]]) 02:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' to '''Electronics'''. "Communications" doesn't cover the solar panels we have reliable sources for. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 02:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*{{strike|Oppose. Pagers is the shortest title, the majority of the explosions were pagers, and I don't think either "electronics" or "comunications devices" is as eloquent as pagers.}} -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**I've actually been convinced to '''support "electronics explosions"''' - but I still oppose "electronics attacks" because that is very vague. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 19:07, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* Easy '''support''' - much more electronics than just pagers have been affected at this point. More people were killed by handheld radios in the second wave than pagers in the first wave, so having pagers alone in the title is misleading. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Alternate:''' Support '''pager and walkie-talkie''' per [[WP:AND]]. ''Electronics'' is way [[Wikipedia:Precise|too broad]] and doesn't define the subject like "pagers and walkie-talkies" does. In other words, "Pager and walkie-talkie explosions" can be the title of this article but "Electronic explosions" cannot as it's too broad. Even "2024 Lebanon electronic explosions" and other similar variants are too broad and confusing. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 18:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support "electronics"''' Although at first the majority of explosions originated from pagers, the 2nd wave of attacks was from other electronic devices and it looks like we're not going to be having separate articles for each attack. For that reason, this article's title should reflect both attacks.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' "electronics" or "devices" given the range of [[device]]s targeted. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 20:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* I think "pagers and walkie-talkie" or "communication devices" are better. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', press sources such as the NY Times and NBC News seem to be using the common name "pager attacks". [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 21:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support electronics''' - infobox mentions "Pagers, walkie-talkies, solar panels, radios, intercoms, car batteries", etc. Some of these do not fall under "communications" but all are considered electronic devices. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 00:24, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
**FWIW I think the infobox is wrong and took that out; MSM seems to all say pagers and walkie-talkie. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:52, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
**:Good to know, then I think '''devices''' or '''communication devices''' sounds better. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 16:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support 'devices' or 'pagers and walkie-talkies'''', as used by [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0e1wpr0q44o BBC] and [https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-explosions-hezbollah-israel-09-19-24-intl-hnk/index.html CNN] respectively. Both "electronics" and "communications" strike me as too vague. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:52, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support devices''', oppose '''electronics''' which is more about circuits rather than devices. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:11, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support "communication devices"''' as pagers were not the only devices involved. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:38, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support electronics''' as ''devices'' isn't as broad and suggests handheld devices rather than electronics equipment in general (such as solar panels). My preferred title would be '''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'''. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:02, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Solar panels weren't part of this attack. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 15:39, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' because walkie-talkies were also involved. 三葉草 [[User:三葉草|San]] [[User_talk:三葉草|Yeh]] [[Special:Contributions/三葉草|Tsao]] 18:11, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''', becacuse of other electronics. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 20:25, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Changing "explosions" to "attacks" ===
* '''Support''' per my reason in the previous RM. [[WP:RS]] classify this as an "attack" including [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/] [https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/exploding-device-attacks-dealt-major-crippling-blow-hezbollah-113841163] and so we should just mirror what RS does. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with "attacks" in principle, but I'm a little concerned that, coupled with a Lebanon → Hezbollah change, the title "Hezbollah pager attacks" (or "Hezbollah electronics attacks" etc.) would be misleading – wouldn't a plain reading make it appear Hezbollah were themselves responsible, and not the target? Maybe I'm being overly cautious, but I could easily see such a title causing confusion. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 00:20, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::We can use "attacks on ..." or "attacks in ..." if needbe. I do appreciate the concern as we do need to ensure this title is not misleading though. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 00:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::But I think "Lebanon electronics attacks" would be fine and unambiguous.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:14, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'' would be my preferred title, but I'm not immovable on the ''2024'' part. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' That title makes it sound like Hezbollah committed an attack, not that they were attacked. Explosions is also more descriptive. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 00:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Opoose''' Explosions is more specific. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Explosions seems more vague, because it includes accidents (eg [[2020 Beirut explosion]]), whereas this was not accidental.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:13, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Support Attacks. [[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 02:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' "Explosions" implies it was an accident. "Attack(s)" is clearer. Similarly, articles about bombings do not use "explosions" (eg [[Oklahoma City bombing]]). As for the confusion of who was the attacker and who was the target, there are ways around it. There were some ideas to resolve that in the previous RM. Saying "Attacks on/against Lebanon/Hezbollah" should suffice. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 02:08, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' as per above. 'Explosions' implies it could've been an accident; it was mostly definitely an attack and most RS support this. [[User:Icantthinkofausernames|Icantthinkofausernames]] ([[User talk:Icantthinkofausernames|talk]]) 02:13, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. Could cause someone to misinterpret Hezbollah{{strikethrough|/Lebanon}} (Lebanon is fine to use, check replies) as the perpetrator. Other than that, I support. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 02:15, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]], based on my understanding of English (it is not my mother tongue), the word "Lebanon" is only a noun (whose adjective is "Lebanese"), whereas "Hezbollah" is both a noun and adjective. So "Lebanon electronics attack" should unambiguously indicate Lebanon as the location of the attack, not the perpetrator.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:: {{ping|Vice regent}} You are correct. I've updated my support to clear that up. Thanks, — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 15:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Explosions is more specific - "attack" could mean an attack ''on pager infrastructure'' or similar. Further, if it's changed to Hezbollah, the title ''Hezbollah pager (or word) attack'' would imply they attacked pagers, rather than their pagers exploded. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Clarifying my comment in relation to the above - I think that this needs to be considered together with the question over what the "items" that exploded/were attacked are called. I cannot support "electronics attack(s)" because that is ambiguous as to whether it was an attack on electronic infrastructure, an attack using electronic weapons, etc. So if it's changed to "electronics" (the shortest word that seems to include the various devices involved) then I still oppose changing to attacks. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 19:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - I am partial to [[Lebanon exploding electronics attacks]]; it is concise, precise, follows policy, and does a good job of explaining what happened and in what location. As others have said, having explosions alone omits the fact that this was a targeted attack, leaving open the possibility that it was instead a series of tragic accidents. And having attacks alone leaves too much open to interpretation: Was Lebanon / Hezbollah attacked or did they attack? And via the use of what kind of electronics warfare? [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 06:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support "attacks"''', per what I've written below.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support in principle''', but care must be taken that the final outcome of this RM does not make it sound like Hezbollah was the one committing the attack. Therefore, the article name should be something like [[Attacks on Hezbollah's pagers and walkie talkies]]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 20:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', "explosions" is more exact to describe what happened (pagers exploded) while "pager attack" may imply electronic espionage or disrupting communication. Also "...pagers attack" could imply active ("they attacked") instead of passive ("they got exploded"). '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with you on your second point. That's why I put a note in my !vote with a caution that if using the word "attacks", the word order would have to change (along with needing to add the prepesition "on").
*:On your first point, because all the explosions happened at the same time (or within a ½ an hour or so), then it does constitute an attack (or more accurately "attacks" because there were two attacks on two different days). [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support'''; "explosion" could be an accident, "attack" is what it was, [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] ([[User talk:Huldra|talk]]) 23:26, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - an explosion might be unintended, an attack is not. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:55, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose for this title format''' - "Lebanon pager attacks" and "Hezbollah pager attacks" make it sound like Lebanon/Hezbollah are the perpetrators. I don't categorically oppose using "attacks" instead of "explosions" but it has to be as part of a title that phrases it in a way that doesn't confuse the perpetrator with the victim of the attack, so something different than any of the variations currently proposed. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 07:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong support''' as these specific "explosions" had a perpetrator, Israel. RS have confirmed Israel to be the perpetrator of this coordinated attack. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:13, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as explosions is more specific. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:41, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong support ''attacks''.''' ''Explosions'' is too vague and implies the devices just blew up, e.g., due to manufacturing issues or excessive heat. These were attacks, and RSes support that. This is why I also don't think ''Hezbollah'' should be in the title. It should be ''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks''. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:22, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - because I support changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah", and [[2024 Hezbollah pager attacks]] could mislead readers to believe the attacks were committed by Hezbollah rather than against Hezbollah.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:44, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''', would it be a stretch to go so far to call it a bombing? [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 20:24, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Including "Israeli sabotage attack" ===
*'''Support''' - a wide range of sources are saying as a fact this was an Israeli attack. The [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html NYTimes] has reported these were manufactured by Israel. [https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions Axios] reports that "Israel decided to blow up the pager devices carried by Hezbollah members in Lebanon and Syria on Tuesday out of concern its secret operation might have been discovered by the group, three U.S. officials told Axios." and that "A former Israeli official with knowledge of the operation said Israeli intelligence services planned to use the booby-trapped pagers it managed to "plant" in Hezbollah's ranks as a surprise opening blow in an all- out war to try to cripple Hezbollah." [https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html CNN] reports that "CNN has learned Tuesday’s explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military." There are no sources that actually dispute that Israel was behind these explosions. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 01:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**{{u|nableezy}} what is the exact title you propose? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*** [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] or [[Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor]]? [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 03:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
****I'm not in favor of this, but there is [[Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp]], after all. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
****:And [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]]. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**:2024 Israeli electronics sabatoge attack '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:* [[Israeli electronics attack against Hezbollah]]?
*:[[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 21:28, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''- per [[WP:NPOV]]. Israel has not taken credit for the incident, and nobody has provided proof that it was Israel. All mentions of Israel as the culprit are allegations. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' clear NPOV violation. Even if there is a consensus they were Israeli or proven to be, this is a clear POV title intended to imply things that should not be implied in a title. Titles should not be disambiguated beyond what is necessary. Unless there is some other attack on Hezbollah pagers/walkie-talkies this year, there is no need for this. And if there's another attack in another year, a year is a NPOV disambiguation that will suffice. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Where is the NPOV violation and what is it intended to imply? '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', borders on original research at this point. Not at all clear if Israel acted alone on this one, so having this in the title is overreach. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Neutral, leaning oppose''' per what I've stated below. Identifying the perpetrators within the article title seems unnecessary. The first sentence of the article should explain that reliable sources believe Israel is the perpetrator of this attack.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', while Israel is the natural "prime suspect", it has not taken responsibility, and all we have so far is media speculations and Hezbollah's blame. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Consensus by RS is that Israel was behind the attack. We should reflect that consensus. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 00:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::If you read the references carefully, the consensus is that Israel is the only logical suspect. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 00:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::We also have [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]] as a precedent, where Israel also didn't claim responsibility, but multiple sources identified it as the perpetrator. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 00:17, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::Israel is not a suspect by process of elimination. RS have evidence of Israel's responsibility and are fully naming them as responsible.
*:::[https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html] {{tq|CNN has learned Tuesday’s explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military.}}
*:::[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html] {{tq|12 current and former defense and intelligence officials who were briefed on the attack say the Israelis were behind it}}
*:::[https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions] {{tq|Israel decided to blow up the pager devices carried by Hezbollah members in Lebanon and Syria on Tuesday}}
*:::[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/sep/18/first-thing-israel-planted-explosives-thousands-hezbollah-pagers-reports] {{tq|Israel placed explosives inside thousands of pagers imported by Hezbollah months before Tuesday’s extraordinary attacks, according to sources cited by Reuters and US media.}} [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 02:22, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' There are other pages that include both the attacker and target's identities, as shown above. Plus, in doing so, all the concerns raised elsewhere in the RM about who was the attacker vs the target would be solved. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 00:03, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' As a comparison, even in terrorist attacks where known terrorist organizations claimed responsibilities, we never mention their names in the title. While the incident is clearly different, I think the same principle applies.[[User:廣九直通車|廣九直通車]] ([[User talk:廣九直通車|talk]]) 06:53, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Strong oppose 'sabotage'''' - Sabotage would be if they made the pagers and walkie talkies stop working. When you make a device like that explode, that's a [[booby trap]], not [[sabotage]]. Neutral on the principle of including 'Israel' in the title; MSM is all more or less reporting that Israel is behind the attack or widely believed to be (also, it's kind of obvious that they are, even if they never admit it). [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:55, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Not sure the [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/us/politics/israel-hezbollah-pager-attacks.html NYT] agrees with you here. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:29, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Journalists 🙄 NYT isn't the only one making this obvious mistake, either. If enough of them make it, it'll become "consensus of RS." But mark my words: "sabotage" is not the right word to describe booby trapping, and some day, the NYT and the rest will learn this. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 19:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::It's actually a meaningful distinction (in my view). "Sabotage" is the right word if we want to say that the purpose of putting explosives into personal communications devices was to impede communications. "Booby trap" is the right word if we want to say the purpose was to kill or injure people. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 19:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' - Unnecessary complication to title, if there were more than one group of pager explosions, then I could see the argument. [[User:Poketape|poketape]] ([[User talk:Poketape|talk]]) 17:09, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Leave title unchanged ===
{{atop|1='''Procedural close'''. Per the format of this RM, the way to express opposition to changes is to oppose them individually in their respective sections. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 17:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)}}
* '''Support''' - The title makes sense for now. Change it later if the media comes to a consensus on the name of this operation. [[User:Carrite|Carrite]] ([[User talk:Carrite|talk]]) 07:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:It's not the media's role to name the operation. That would be the perpetrator's role. Since the perpetrator has not publicly acknowledged the operation, the perpetrator would not make the name of the operation public. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 13:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
{{abot}}

=== Other proposals ===
{{atop|1='''Obsolete:''' Proposal has been incorporated into other sections. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)}}
I '''support a name like [[2024 Lebanon electronics attack]]''', and I oppose a name that includes "Hezbollah", "Syria", or "explosion". I don't feel like writing a bunch of separate responses for each piece of the article name, so I've put my thoughts here and it should be clear what my piecewise position is. I'm choosing this based on [[WP:CRITERIA]]. To review it:

1. '''Recognizability''': From what I understand, there have been attacks involving the use of rigged electronic devices in Lebanon in the past. For this reason, putting the year disambiguates and makes it recognizable as a specific attack.
2. '''Naturalness''': The title is very straightforward and describes (in order) When (2024), Where (Lebanon), & What (electronics attack). Sounds natural to me. Putting Hezbollah in the title will make it unnatural and may seemingly imply that Hezbollah was the perpetrator.
3. '''Precision''': My suggested title is precise in that it zeroes in on exactly this event.
4. '''Concision''': We don't need Syria in the title because this primary location of the attack was Lebanon, and anybody referring to the event will primarily be referring to Lebanon. Obviously, it should be noted that some of the attack took place in Syria, but as far as the article title goes, it's not necessary to include that in there. For example, the [[Pacific war]] article makes it clear in the very first sentence of the article that the war was also fought in the Indian Ocean. I draw inspiration from that, and I think that omitting the Syrian attacks from the article's title but mentioning it in the first sentence is the right way.
5. '''Consistency''': The article title I'm proposing is very consistent with many other articles such as [[2024 France railway arson attacks]], [[2022 Erbil missile attacks]], and countless other articles with this style of (Year, location, method, "attack")

As far as alternatives go, the only one that comes to mind is [[2024 Israeli electronics attack]], which would instead include the perpetrator rather than the location, but I would only be willing to support such a title as a compromise, because I think that having the location of the attack is more important than having the perpetrator. Derivatives of this could also be considered that mention the location, such as [[2024 Israeli electronics attack in Lebanon]], but as I point out in the consistency point, the usual way is not to mention the perpetrator, and instead just have the location. For that reason, I would only support article titles that have the perpetrator if I was forced to give up on my main article title that I propose.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:31, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:p.s. I mentioned my opposition to "explosion" in the previous move discussion, but I didn't mention it here so I'll reiterate it. Using the word "explosion" in the title implies that the motive behind this event was ambiguous and unclear. However, mainstream media sources are directly implicating Israel in this attack (See [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html New York Times]). For that reason, it makes more sense to refer to it as an attack. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::You may want to move this comment to the section that directly deals with this question. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::In addition to commenting in the section [[#Changing "explosions" to "attacks"]], you may also want to comment in the sections [[#Changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah"]] and [[#Changing "pagers" to "electronics"/"communications"]] since your propsal touches on them too. The reason the Requested Move has been broken down into sections is that no consensus could be reached when the question was too broadly construed as to how to rename the article. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{+1}}. @[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]], {{tq|I don't feel like writing a bunch of separate responses for each piece of the article name}} is not a valid reason to break the format of this RM. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 17:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I didn't "break" the format of anything. But sure, if you want, I can !vote every section. However, my reasoning for multiple of them were similar and related and I wanted to avoid redundancy. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
{{abot}}

=== Discussion ===
Is there a reason there is no RMCD hatnote on the article page? [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 10:54, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:The [[User:RMCD bot]] must have broke. @[[User:Wbm1058|Wbm1058]]? Fix? Or maybe someone can add the tag manually. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 11:00, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::'''?! Edit failed due to a recent RMCD bot edit (0RR)''' is what I saw on my bot's console. Sorry, imposed a 0RR restriction on the bot to mitigate possible edit warring, and did not anticipate that a new RM would open within four hours of the close of another. If you had waited 24 hours to open the new RM, the bot would have been fine with it. My bot hasn't yet found the intelligence to distinguish between its short-term edits to two different requested moves on the same page. Frankly, the whole world is watching this one; I don't think an article notice is really necessary to draw more participation. – [[User:Wbm1058|wbm1058]] ([[User talk:Wbm1058|talk]]) 13:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::IMO the hatnote serves not merely to invite editors to participate in the debate, but also to alert non-editors that the current title may not reflect a settled consensus of editors. [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 15:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:I have not seen an RFC before that has been divided into multiple sections with separate votes. Is this proper practice? [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:25, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::This is not an RFC; this is an RM. Sdkb suggested subsections for each part of the title, so I just did that. I don't find anything unusual about this, it helps a lot with discussion organization for complex and contentious article title discussions. If this was cut and dry then the proposed title would have been speedy moved in the last RM discussion. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 12:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I still haven't seen an RM doing these subdivisions for each word in the move. But anyway, I will participate in the move discussion tomorrow, if no other editor finds this also unconventional other than myself. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

This is effectively several move requests wrapped into one and seems like an inevitable [[WP:TRAINWRECK]] for that reason.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:47, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

:The trainwreck was the [[#Requested move 17 September 2024|previous move request from Sept 17]], which could not reach a consensus, other than the article needs to be renamed. In this format, in which the questions on how to rename is broken down into simple questions, it'll be possible to reach a consensus. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 17:53, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==== Courtesy ping ====
Can someone get a courtesy ping for this? I think it would be very helpful. I wish there was an automated way for this. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 00:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Pinging editors who commented in the previous [[WP:RM]], but have yet to comment in this [[WP:RM]].
:{{u|MathKnight}}, {{u|Eastwood Park and strabane}}, {{u|Nice4What}}, {{u|Whizkin}}, {{u|Thuresson}}, {{u|RisingTzar}}, {{u|Makeandtoss}}, {{u|Kowal2701}}, {{u|मल्ल}}, {{u|DaringDonna}}, {{u|David O. Johnson}}, {{u|Mk17b}}, {{u|Borgenland}}, {{u|Pilaz}}, {{u|Spilia4}}, {{u|Hogo-2020}}, {{u|Mhhossein}}, {{u|Nishidani}}, {{u|Oathed}}, {{u|Martinevans123}}
:Apologies if I missed anybody. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Identities of the injured ==

Of the thousands who were injured, how many were Hezbollah members, civilians or both (many Hezbollah members are civilians)? We seem to have conflicting reports:
*The Lebanese Health Minister [https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/17/middle-east-crisis-live-netanyahu-expands-gaza-war-aims-blinken-heads-to-egypt said] {{tq|The “vast majority” presenting to emergency rooms are in civilian clothes, Abiad told the broadcaster, adding that this makes it “very difficult to discern whether they belong to a certain entity like Hezbollah or others”. He added: But we are seeing among them people who are old or people who are very young, like the child who unfortunately died, and there are some of them who are health care workers."}}
**The Health Minister says during [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzHYsUVAtsA a CNN interview]: "{{tq|vast majority of them [casualties] were civilians}}" in response to a CNN interviewer's question on how many were un-affiliated with Hezbollah.
*BBC journalist at [[Hotel Dieu Hospital]] [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t?page=4 said] the patients there were "{{tq|mainly members of Hezbollah}}."
*The Washington Post [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/ reported] "{{tq|According to Lebanon’s Health Ministry...Among the casualties were women, children and the elderly, as well as medical workers and civil servants.}}"
*The Guardian [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/17/hundreds-of-hezbollah-members-hurt-in-lebanon-after-pagers-explode quoted] an unnamed source saying "{{tq|A senior security source said pagers all over the country exploded, primarily wounding members of Hezbollah.}}"
*ABC News says "{{tq|The dead and injured included people who are not members of Hezbollah.}}" The claim isn't surprising, but it also doesn't cite the claim other than point out children killed.

I think we should mention both views: the Health Minister's view that most ''appear'' to be civilians, and other reports that most might be Hezbollah members. The lead should probably just mention that "many casualties were Hezbollah members, including civilian members of the organization, while others were unaffiliated civilians."'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:Given the fact that Hezbollah membership is highly secret excerpt at the highest levels and the membership of individual rank and file members only becomes public after their deaths, I think the "civilian dress" metric is of zero value. Is there any evidence that Hezbollah does ''not'' use women and health care workers and the elderly as operatives? I could be proven wrong as more evidence emerges, but it looks to me at this time that the percentage of casualties that were Hezbollah operatives was exceptionally high, and the percentage of totally uninvolved civilian collateral damage injuries was exceptionally low. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 05:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::What is your basis for saying "that the percentage of casualties that were Hezbollah operatives was exceptionally high"? What exactly do you mean by the word "operatives"? It has been pointed out many Hezbollah members are, in fact, civilians. Al Jazeera points out "{{tq|Some of the blasts struck members of Hezbollah who are not combatants, according to Lebanese media accounts. For example, Tuesday’s attack killed a medic who worked at Al Rassoul Al Azam Hospital, which is linked to Hezbollah-associated charities.}}" '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 06:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::What is the evidence that Hezbollah strictly diffentiates between its "civilian clothed" military [[Jihad Council]] members and its "civilian clothed" "non military" [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]] members? Are you saying that it is impossible that a medic by day could be a rocket launch site combatant in civilian clothes at night? If there is such a strict differentiation, then why were both groups issued the same set of command and control electronic devices? Are the "civilians" free to do what they want and say what they want, or are they always commanded to follow military orders, upon pain of death? As for unnamed {{tpq|Lebanese media accounts}}, which of them in particular are considered reliable sources for use on Wikipedia? [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Pinging {{u|Vice regent}} as requested. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for the ping. Certainly anything is possible. But civilians must not be targeted under [[International Humanitarian Law]] unless the attacker has specific evidence of them taking part in hostilities. Is there evidence that the medic killed at [[Al Rassoul Al Azam Hospital]] was also launching rockets? From what I understand, the devices were fairly regular [[pagers]]; there was nothing specifically military about them. They could be used to communicate with soldiers and civilians alike. Hospital staff in the Middle East (and across the world) use pagers all the time. I agree we don't directly quite unnamed [[WP:PRIMARY]] sources, but when a reliable [[WP:SECONDARY]] source like Al-Jazeera relies on them, we can quote that secondary source's reporting.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::But there was something specifically military about the exploded pagers: they were ordered and issued by Hezhollah to its members (per a source we cite here, Hezbollah "said 4,000 pagers carried by Hezbollah members exploded"). So it becomes a question of when is a Hezbollah member (not) taking part in hostilities? In some countries every member of Hezbollah is deemed a terrorist, i.e. not a civilian, so the question only makes outside of those countries. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 19:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:The Lebanese Health Minister's claim can be mentioned, but shouldn't affect how we describe the events in wikivoice, since it's both a [[WP:PRIMARY|primary]] and [[WP:NIS|non-independent]] source. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 16:23, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::I'm fine to include attribution. Keep in mind that ultimately, the most comprehensive casualty counts have come from government sources (the Israeli social security data for the [[October 7 Hamas attacks]], the Gaza Health Ministry for the [[Israeli invasion of Gaza]] etc.).'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== A useful source==
I think that this source is useful to expand this article. Source is https://newsable.asianetnews.com/world/lebanon-pager-explosions-probe-turns-toward-kerala-man-malayali-company-financial-dealings-under-scrutiny-anr-sk3n1w. If this source is useful, please add content sourced to it. Source is from [[Asianet News]]. [[User:Pachu Kannan|Pachu Kannan]] ([[User talk:Pachu Kannan|talk]]) 07:28, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Explosive ==

It's good to see not even informed speculation about which explosive or explosives were used; we await the results of forensic examination. And when we do get that acronym or whatever we'll be plugging it into the article a lot...!
[[User:Kencf0618|kencf0618]] ([[User talk:Kencf0618|talk]]) 11:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Terrorism ==

RS have either used or reported on this attack being a form of terrorism by the Israeli state:
* Washington Post: "Numerous international law experts, including a U.N. panel, accused Israel of violating international law and carrying out a form of terrorism, no matter that it was an attempt to weaken a known terrorist organization." [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/20/hezbollah-pager-attacks-israel-lebanon-war/ ]
* Jacobin: "Israel carried out two terrorist attacks across Lebanon this week, bringing the entire region ever closer to the brink of all-out war." [https://jacobin.com/2024/09/lebanon-israel-beeper-attacks-terrorism ]

Governments have also used this term:

* BBC: "Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said he told his Lebanese counterpart that he "strongly condemned Israeli terrorism"." [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7xnelvpepo ]
* AJ: "Belgium’s deputy PM denounces ‘terror attack’ in Lebanon and Syria" [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-thousands-injured-in-lebanon-pager-explosions?update=3186244 ]

Maybe there are other RS I have missed, but clearly this should be highlighted in this article. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

: Terrorism is a value-laden and generally non-objective term. We can report on what significant people say, but Wikipedia should be very restrained in calling anything terrorism, or anyone a terrorist. We can say organization X designated Y a terrorist, but that's different from stating it as a conclusion. Obviously this is a high profile article and there's a lot at stake for people to try to sway this article away from NPOV. We should resist those efforts. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 12:42, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It "should be highlighted in this article," does not imply that Wikipedia should call it anything or that is is a fact or conclusion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Choose any military event. We can scour the sources and find some that call it terrorism. The question is whether these claims are significant enough to deserve mention, or [[WP:FRINGE]]. I read a lot of news every day and haven't seen this claim featured prominently. I think the article should have [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions#International_law a discussion] about whether these attacks are within the laws of war or not, presenting all sides in fair proportion. This is a fair question. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 12:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Numerous international law experts, including a U.N. panel, are obviously significant sources, and they deserve a mention, as they were reported by RS. That has no bearing on whatever other material that might be added. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] what is the basis for the terrorism claim? It is terrorism under Lebanese law? Under International law? I've been adding in the section "International law" a detailed basis for this being a [[war crime]]. But if there is no basis for the terrorism claim, maybe you can mention it in the Reactions section, but I wouldn't give it much more [[WP:WEIGHT]] than that. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn’t a reaction, it’s a characterization. It doesn’t necessarily have to be under law, it can be made as a description by experts, which a UN panel and international law experts are. It can be added in body with attribution; it shouldn’t be controversial to reflect RS. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 17:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] [[Definition of terrorism|terrorism is a legal term]]. Under which law, is this act considered terrorism? Is there a detailed analysis that considers this terrorism, or do the sources just accuse Israel in passing? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 13:58, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::We should mention it in the form of the WP and state that numerous international law experts have characterised it as an act of terrorism. That is uncontroversial. Many have, including also, separately, [[Geoffrey Nice]] on Middle East Eye. It was textbook state terrorism. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 14:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:Also worth mentioning that several at UNSC emergency meeting called it an act of terror or terrorism, including the Russian ambassador several times. [[User:Greeen|Greeen]] ([[User talk:Greeen|talk]]) 19:01, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Changes to background section ==

The background section is more about the Israel-Hamas war than it is about pagers in Lebanon.

According to the New York Times (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html) the pagers were sent to Lebonon two years ago, well before October 7 [[User:Rmacleod18|Rmacleod18]] ([[User talk:Rmacleod18|talk]]) 17:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:The current Israel-Lebanon conflict is very much rooted in the [[Israel-Hamas war]].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Number of deaths ==

An Iranian news agency has reported the total death toll has reached 41. [[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]] ([[User talk:Aminabzz|talk]]) 20:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Unless you can provide a reference, this is useless information. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:07, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Who said? ==

"Sky News reported '''a Lebanese security''' had said...." (Final paragraph of "Use of pagers" section.) What is a "Lebanese security", and how does it say things? [[Special:Contributions/67.231.67.253|67.231.67.253]] ([[User talk:67.231.67.253|talk]]) 21:33, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you for the observation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246754355 I have fixed it]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Opening sentence ==

I think the definition of Hezbollah should be trimmed from the opening sentence. Whoever is not familiar with Hezbollah can simply access its WP article. This would be on par with the lack of definition of Al-Qaeda on [[September 11 attacks]], Nazi Party on [[Kristallnacht]], etc. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:41, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 21 September 2024 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2024 Lebanon pager explosions|answered=no}}
change title from "2024 Pager Explosions" to "2024 Pager Attacks"

reasons:

1. "attacks" more precises describes this event as "explosions" could be referring to a spontaneous or unplanned event.
2. for 9/11 we have (in English) "September 11th attacks" and for Oct7 we have: "2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel".
To call this "explosion" and not "attack" would go against Wikipedia's stated goal of neutrality. [[User:Mx.rezazadeh|Mx.rezazadeh]] ([[User talk:Mx.rezazadeh|talk]]) 15:13, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Secret Hezbollah document about casulates ==

Has anyone seen this Hezbollah document? If this document is real, then the casulates must be changed.[https://x.com/VividProwess/status /1837028598177239383 Source] [[Special:Contributions/109.197.206.119|109.197.206.119]] ([[User talk:109.197.206.119|talk]]) 17:30, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

:Link is dead, but I've seen it. If you have a RS giving any weight to that document then we might want to consider publishing it but until then, it's all unverified and speculative. [[User:Kcmastrpc|Kcmastrpc]] ([[User talk:Kcmastrpc|talk]]) 17:36, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::Here's a fixed link: https://x.com/VividProwess/status/1837028598177239383 (''/status/'' was ''/status+/'' in the above URL). I have no idea as to its authenticity. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::It claims a death toll of 879. Obvious fake. [[User:Mporter|Mporter]] ([[User talk:Mporter|talk]]) 19:23, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

Talk:2024 Lebanon pager explosions

2024-09-21T20:24:55Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Changing "explosions" to "attacks" */ Added my signature. idk how to contribute to discussions properly

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== A few points ==

First of all, some of the English language sources that I've reviewed do not state that ONLY Hezbollah militants were injured. Secondly, the "Background" section contains multiple past attacks involving Hezbollah, Lebanon and Israel, while many of the sources have nothing to do with the pager explosions (not including the defense official issue). This is likely a violation of [[WP:SYNTH]], where editors try to connect multiple events together because they believe the events are related even when no reliable source made a connection. [[User:Nythar|'''Nythar''']] ([[User talk:Nythar|💬]]'''-'''[[Special:Contributions/Nythar|🍀]]) 15:07, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:There is currently no indication that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246205520 the car explosion in Syria] had anything to do with the pager explosions in Lebanon. [[User:Nythar|'''Nythar''']] ([[User talk:Nythar|💬]]'''-'''[[Special:Contributions/Nythar|🍀]]) 15:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Agree with both. 1. This is isolated to lebanon and 2. apparently Iran's ambassador was also wounded, along with civilians.[[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 03:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

==Death of a child==
*Aside from the fact that civilians were injured, we also know that a girl was killed[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/dozens-hezbollah-members-wounded-lebanon-when-pagers-exploded-sources-witnesses-2024-09-17/]. But this keeps getting removed. Why? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
**ABC News says[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464#:~:text=BEIRUT%20%2D%2D%20Pagers%20used%20by,wounding%20several%20thousand%2C%20officials%20said.] "killing at least nine people – including an 8-year-old girl -- and wounding several thousand, officials said." So it doesn't seem like only a Hezbollah claim.
**We also have: "{{tq|The 10-year-old daughter of a Hezbollah member was killed in Lebanon's east when his pager exploded on Tuesday, her family and a source close to the group said. "A 10-year-old girl was martyred in the Bekaa Valley after her father's pager exploded while he was next to her," her relatives told AFP."}}" So we seem to have sufficient confirmation.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 20:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
** AP confirmed the death of an 8-year-old girl: [https://apnews.com/live/lebanon-syria-pagers-hezbollah-updates#00000192-0133-d78d-a79f-3dff2bfb0000 At least 9 people killed in pager explosions]
* I see claims above of 8-year old, 9-year old, and 10-year old, with no reliable source. There's not enough substance here to put it in the article.
::How is AP now a reliable source? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::If sources agree that a child died and disagree on the age, it is still enough to include. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 20:29, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes, it can be mentioned even if we can't confirm her age. Just say, "a girl aged 8–10". [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 11:54, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* At what point (under Casualties) do we just say "including children"? I see reports of an 8-, 9-, 10-, and 11-year-old killed. I don't think we need to list each—and it isn't always abundantly clear whether these are different children; the "daughter of a Hezbollah member", for example, has been cited as various ages, so a source stating an 8-year-old girl died could easily be referring to the same child but with an erroneous age. And to be clear: this belongs in the Casualties section, not the infobox. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 21:15, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree we don't need to mention them individually, we should just say "including 3 children" in the infobox. The "daughter of Hezbollah member" might be useful to the reader as it explains how the child was killed/why they happened to be close to an exploding device.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:46, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I'm happy with "including children", though I think "including at least three children" with the option to update as more info comes in is better. The first is more future-proof, but the second is more accurate. I '''strongly object''' to "child of a Hezbollah member", as it's [[WP:BIAS]]/[[WP:TE]], victim blaming and unnecessary (the article already makes it abundantly clear who the intended targets were). [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 08:23, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|Vice regent|}},{{ping|Super Goku V}},{{ping|Lewisguile}},{{ping|GhostOfNoMan}}
Editors might like to note that ''[[three]]'' children were killed on 18 September 2024. As reported in Lebanon in the French-language daily newspaper [[L'Orient-Le Jour]]. Here a link for easy accessibility and convenience to its English-language edition "L'Orient Today":

*"''[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427494/after-pager-explosions-hezbollah-announces-death-of-10-fighters-vows-to-continue-operations-day-348-of-the-gaza-war.html At least 14 dead and over 450 injured in new explosions of communication devices across Lebanon: Day 348 of the Gaza war'' - 10:28 Beirut Time]", [[L'Orient-Le Jour|L'Orient Today]], 18 September 2024 - [L'Orient's editorial stance: "a fierce line against Hezbollah"/ per our enWP article]

Please, note the time: "10:28 Beirut Time", this was before the "Second wave".--[[Special:Contributions/91.54.12.244|91.54.12.244]] ([[User talk:91.54.12.244|talk]]) 07:02, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Requested move 17 September 2024 ==

<div class="boilerplate mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color: var(--background-color-success-subtle, #efe); color: var(--color-base, #000); margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted var(--border-color-subtle, #AAAAAA);">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.''

The result of the move request was: '''not moved.''' Editors found consensus against including Syria in the title, given that the vast majority of the explosions occurred in Lebanon.

Several other suggestions for changes to the title were made, including replacing "Lebanon" with "Hezbollah" (which had general, although not universal, support among those who commented on it), replacing "pager" with "communications" or "electronics", and replacing "explosions" with "attack(s)". The discussion about these was too lost in the shuffle to produce a clear consensus, but there is no prejudice against a renomination focusing on them. For organizational purposes, I would suggest that any future RM be split into sections so that each change can be considered independently. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 20:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
----

[[:2024 Lebanon pager explosions]] → {{no redirect|2024 Lebanon–Syria pager explosions}} – Reports on pager explosions in Syria with multiple confirmed deaths: [https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/report-pager-explosion-attack-killed-7-in-syria/ Times of Israel] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 16:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – It appears that most sources are focusing on Lebanon as this was the primary site of the explosion, with significantly less in Syria. [[User:Nice4What|Nice4What]] ([[User talk:Nice4What|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nice4What|contribs]]) – ([[Help:Notifications/Thanks|Thanks]] ♥) 18:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – it appears the overwhelming majority of injuries took place inside Lebanon. Reliable sources report 3,000 injuries in Lebanon, and only 14 in Syria ([https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t BBC]). These numbers may change, but as it stands this seems primarily a Lebanese event – which is exactly how it's being discussed and headlined in most reliable sources. Including Syria in the infobox and lead is enough, IMHO. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:18, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Neutral''' – I would propose a rename to 2024 Hezbollah pager explosions (or similar), since that seems to be the central association between the explosions. Nearly half of those killed were in Syria. Here's an example of the BBC using the name "Hezbollah pager explosions" https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz04m913m49o [[User:Eastwood Park and strabane|Eastwood Park and strabane]] ([[User talk:Eastwood Park and strabane|talk]]) 18:38, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' - I tend to agree with GhostOfNoMan; the overwhelming majority of this incident happened within Lebanon. [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 18:49, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

: It should be renamed [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]] because it were Hezbollah's pagers that exploded (not restricting geographic range). '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 19:01, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::That's a '''good idea''' [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 04:56, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::I very much '''support''' this. [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 07:40, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::'''Support''' 2024 Hezbollah pager explosions, per MathKnight and Eastwood Park and strabane. - [[User:Sebbog13|Sebbog13]] ([[User talk:Sebbog13|talk]]) 14:51, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:<s>'''Support''' - Although the majority of the explosions occurred in Lebanon, the number of explosions in Syria was more than a handful (so far it's in the double-digits), and (as of this writing) the death toll in Syria is similar to the death toll in Lebanon. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)</s>
:Changing my !vote in light of recent developments: to '''rename''' to [[Coordinated attacks on Hezbollah's mobile communication systems]].
:#No need to disambiguate with the year, since it's so unique
:#Covers both the pagers and walkie talkies
:#Covers all geographic locations of the explosions.
:[[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:26, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Jerusalem Post reports that "operatives" are also wounded in Iraq ([https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820536 link]). [[User:Thuresson|Thuresson]] ([[User talk:Thuresson|talk]]) 19:14, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*:The Jerusalem Post does not report a specific number of explosions in Iraq, nor any injuries or deaths in Iraq. Therefore, I would treat all information about explosions in Iraq as "unconfirmed" until we get more specific information. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:35, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' - There are relatively fewer mentions of explosions in Syria in the media and the target remains Lebanese Hezbollah (not to be confused with Iraqi Hezbollah). The fact that Lebanese Hezbollah has a presence in Syria and as such some pager explosions also happened in Syria, is insignificant and likely a coincidence caused by the explosions being indiscriminate. [[User:RisingTzar|RisingTzar]] ([[User talk:RisingTzar|talk]]) 19:48, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Strong oppose''' for this proposed title; the overwhelming majority of the pagers were in Lebanon, as RS coverage has proven. I '''strongly support''' this article's move to the title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack'''; this is a [[Israel and state-sponsored terrorism|state-terrorist attack]], not an "explosion." [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 20:00, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] Apart from Twitter who else is calling it a state-terrorist attack? [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 20:05, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Scholars will eventually describe it for what it is, a state-terrorist attack. Aside from the description, the proposed title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack''' is currently supported by RS: [https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/09/17/what-we-know-about-the-pager-attacks-on-hezbollah/ ] [https://news.sky.com/video/saudi-ambassador-to-uk-on-the-hezbollah-pager-attack-13216866 ] [https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah/index.html ] [https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/17/world/israel-hamas-war-news ] [https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/09/lebanon-least-11-killed-4000-injured-suspected-israeli-pager-attack-against ] [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 20:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::[[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]. We don’t go off of what you or anyone here thinks will “eventually” happen. If you’re going to continue calling it a “terrorist attack” here that shows you don’t want to contribute in good faith but only to push your POV. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 20:42, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::No one said we will or we should; I clearly and explicitly differentiated between the descriptor (terrorist attack), and the title (attack); the latter is the topic of discussion here. As for the lack of assumption of good faith and the ad hominem, I will not respond to that. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 21:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::I am wary of titles with the word 'attack' in them because it is not always clear if the subject was attacked, or was doing the attacking; explosions rings more like the former. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 14:44, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::See my comment below, where I suggest using both terms. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 02:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Here are more RS that use the word "attack": [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-israel-gold-apollo Guardian],[https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions Axios], [https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hundreds-of-hezbollah-operatives-pagers-explode-in-apparent-attack-across-lebanon-cf31cad4 WSJ].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose proposed title''', would support a title similar to ''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'' to remove the country (since it occurred in at least 2 countries) as recommended above, but there’s unlikely to be enough emphasis on that proposed title here to prevent another RM from being necessary for that title specifically. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 20:44, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Support this. [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 07:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' proposed title, it should probably be something along the lines of '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' [[User:Scu ba|'''Scu''']][[User talk:Scu ba|ba]] 21:05, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' the title as it accurately reflects the countries where this took place. Also support calling this "attack" as [[WP:CONSISTENT]] with other events in this conflict: [[Nabatieh attack]], [[Majdal Shams attack]] etc.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:24, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and second other suggestions of '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', a simple descriptive title that avoids this particular controversy. [[User:LjL|LjL]] ([[User talk:LjL|talk]]) 01:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Oppose "2024 Hezbollah pager explosions" as there is significant evidence that civilians unaffiliated with Hezbollah were killed and wounded in the attack.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:05, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:*The devices doing the exploding are Hezbollah pagers. There is generally significant evidence of collateral damage in targeted attacks, that doesn't mean we need to use vague titles. '''[[User:5225C|5225C]]''' ([[User_talk:5225C|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/5225C|contributions]]) 05:07, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:*:Whether this is a targeted attack at all is disputed by some RS. Many have called it "indiscriminate"[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack]. Pagers belonging to healthcare workers might also be affected[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz04m913m49o].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Some mainstream outlets may have got it wrong that only Lebanon was targeted. Syria was targeted too. [[User:Dympies|Dympies]] ([[User talk:Dympies|talk]]) 01:55, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' as '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' is a better title, though this suggested title is better than the current one. [[User:Raskuly|Raskuly]] ([[User talk:Raskuly|talk]]) 03:43, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' No reason to exclude Syria from the title. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 03:47, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Probably something like "mobile device explosions" now that handheld radios are involved. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 05:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose.''' [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 05:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', as Syria wasn't affected as nearly severe as Lebanon. — [[User:-kgoodluck-|-kgoodluck-]] /// [[User_talk:-kgoodluck-|✉️]] 05:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': It should be named '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', the attack was not specifically targeted at Lebanon or Syria geographically or governmentally, it was targeted at Hezbollah, some of them just happened to also be in Syria.[[User:MarkiPoli|MarkiPoli]] ([[User talk:MarkiPoli|talk]]) 06:36, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Per recent developments regarding exploding walkie-talkies, I would also support '''2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions'''. [[User:MarkiPoli| MarkiPoli]] ([[User talk:MarkiPoli|talk]]) 14:58, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} - I '''oppose''' renaming to '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' per [[:User:Vice_regent|VR]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 07:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' for simplicity and clarity. The event overwhelmingly affected Lebanon more than Syria. --[[User:Deeday-UK|Deeday-UK]] ([[User talk:Deeday-UK|talk]]) 08:19, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:* '''Oppose''' and second other proposals to rename this to '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'''. While there were explosions in Syria and Iraq, this batch of pagers were ordered specifically for Hezbollah operations and handed out to Hezbollah members annd involved officials.
:[[User:Amayorov|Amayorov]] ([[User talk:Amayorov|talk]]) 09:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' moving to [[2024 Lebanon pager explosions]]. '''Support''' something like [[2024 Hezbollah pager attack]], which reflects the targeted nature of the incident and focuses on Hezbollah as the primary entity affected while acknowledging the broader implications of the attack beyond just Lebanon. [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 11:01, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:'''Comment:'''
*:19 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members were killed after their pagers had exploded in Deir ez-Zur in eastern Syria, Saudi news source Al-Hadath reported Wednesday afternoon. (''[https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820674 The Jerusalem Post]'')
*:"15 people killed on September 17 across Syria" ([https://www.syriahr.com/en/344248/ Syrian Observatory For Human Rights]) [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 14:02, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' requested move as not very concise; suggest move to <s>[[Hezbollah pager explosions]]</s> per reliable sources. I don't see why the date qualifier is needed {{mdash}} was there ever another co-ordinated Hezbollah ''pager'' attack? Even if IRGC was also affected, it is because they were acting in support of Hezbollah; i.e. they were not systematically attacked nor the main target. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 14:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:*Reaffirming my preference below for [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] after re-reading this discussion. See AP: [https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-exploding-devices-hezbollah-mideast-ab2436cf5bae5e2fe2dddb293671a0ac "... fears of a greater war rise after hundreds of electronic devices exploded in Lebanon ..."] Reports suggest not only pagers are involved but an array of other electronic devices including [https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/more-devices-exploding-across-lebanon-what-s-happening/ar-AA1qNBXH walkie talkies, solar panels, laptops, and radios]. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 12:10, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' [[2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions]] — Per recent developments. [[User talk:ElijahPepe|elijahpepe@wikipedia]] (he/him) 14:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Support ''' [[2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions]] or [[2024 Hezbollah communication device explosions]] per the recent developments. [https://www.arabnews.com/node/2571898/middle-east Arab News] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/18/middle-east-crisis-live-hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-irael-iran-latest-updates The Guardian] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 14:51, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::But few sources are calling it "wireless device explosions", they are instead referring to the second wave as "walkie-talkies"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/explosions-linked-to-walkie-talkies-deaths-lebanon] or "handheld radios"[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/]. Maybe [[September 2024 Lebanon explosions]]?'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 15:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::There are now reports of solar systems exploding[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/lebanons-official-news-agency-reports-home-solar-energy-113809042] in homes.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:17, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Support new title; "2024 Hezbollah pager explosions"''' It's clear these attacks are targeting a group and not a country. [[User:Completely Random Guy|Completely Random Guy]] ([[User talk:Completely Random Guy|talk]]) 15:29, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' Explosions of different devices (mostly communication devices) are now being reported. It might be ideal to wait until the reports are more concrete, as I think one page covering both incidents would make more sense, and a different title would be needed to accurately reflect the subject. [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 15:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' It occurred on a larger scale in Lebanon and was directed at Hezbollah, which is headquartered there. [[User:EpicAdventurer|EpicAdventurer]] ([[User talk:EpicAdventurer|talk]]) 16:27, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose and it should instead be renamed to <s>[[2024 Lebanon pager attack]]</s> [[Lebanon electronics attack]] (with or without year)''', as [[WP:RS]] are stating that Israel was the active perpetrator of this attack. Using the word explosions in the article title is akin to renaming the [[September 11 attacks]] article to "September 11 explosions." [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', instead '''Support''' something similar to [[Lebanon electronics attacks]]. Date qualifier is not needed since this is the first time an attack has occurred through such a vector. Electronics due to recent developments of various other devices, including walkie talkies, radios, and solar systems, exploding.[https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/18/world/israel-hezbollah-gaza-hamas][https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/][https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/explosions-linked-to-walkie-talkies-deaths-lebanon] Attacks per Makeandtoss and JasonMacker. RS describe the events as an attack by Israel.[https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/business/pagers-cell-phones-batteries/index.html][https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions][https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/sep/17/exploding-pager-attack-in-lebanon-is-another-blow-for-us-peace-hopes][https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pager-attack-threw-hezbollah-into-disarray-2024-09-18/][https://www.engadget.com/mobile/pagers-explode-simultaneously-in-hundreds-of-hezbollah-members-pockets-190304565.html] Articles with explosion in the title are typically limited to accidents such as the [[Halifax Explosion]] or [[2020 Beirut explosion]]. [[User:मल्ल|मल्ल]] ([[User talk:मल्ल|talk]]) 18:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::I think your suggestion is better than mine and I have updated my comment to reflect that.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 19:01, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I think '''Lebanon electronics attack''' seems like the best title at this time.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 19:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Agreed [[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 21:10, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::{{u|मल्ल}} and {{u|Vice regent}}, this title leaves out Syria. Anyway, the countries of Lebanon and Syria per se were not the intended targets, although that is where the attacks occurred. Your title is a bit ambiguous, as though Lebanon could be the one conducting the electronics attack against another party. I could see maybe <s>[[Attacks on Hezbollah electronic device users]]</s> (see the redirect [[Attacks on Hezbollah leaders]]). 'Hezbollah' casts a wide net, including fighters, politicians, party members and social workers, whether the latter groups were specifically targeted or not. I believe all reliable sources mention the Hezbollah angle in their reporting. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 21:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Though a little wordy, this seems to be the best suggestion so far. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 22:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Its not about who the target was - which is disputed anyway - but about ''where'' it happened. Can you take a look at [[WP:NCWWW]]? It suggests we name an event by "when, where, what" happened. There "where" is primarily Lebanon.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Leaving out Syria in the article's title is fine. [[Vietnam war]] leaves out the fact that the war also took place in Cambodia. The goal of the article title is simply to refer to the primary location of the subject, and in this case its Lebanon. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 00:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::After re-reading WP:NCWWW, I think [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] might be appropriate. Attacks without some mention of explosions {{mdash}} a term that is highly mentioned in sources {{mdash}} seems a bit vague. Electronic devices do not simply attack people, so exploding in the title is a useful term for this highly unusual and unlikely to be repeated in Lebanon anytime soon event, per [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. Electronic covers solar panels, which as of now seem to have been involved (otherwise, mobile device would be better). See the following sources:
::::::*https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/lebanon-rocked-by-2nd-wave-of-exploding-device-attacks-targeting-hezbollah
::::::*[https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah-syria-ce6af3c2e6de0a0dddfae48634278288 Lebanon is rocked again by exploding devices as Israel declares a 'new phase' of war]
::::::*https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pager-new-device-explosions-lebanon-hezbollah-rcna171637
::::::*https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-condemns-attacks-lebanon-involving-exploding-communications-devices-2024-09-18/
::::::[[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 00:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Not sure which one between [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] or [[Lebanon exploding electronics attacks]] sounds better, but I'd support either. [[User:मल्ल|मल्ल]] ([[User talk:मल्ल|talk]]) 16:09, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''':The best title suggested so far is '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'''. The explosions targeted members of Hezbollah, whether they were in Syria or Lebanon. This is the essence of the event. [[User:DaringDonna|DaringDonna]] ([[User talk:DaringDonna|talk]]) 18:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Walkie talkies and other devices have also exploded. See here:
*:[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/18/middle-east-crisis-live-hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-irael-iran-latest-updates] [[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] ([[User talk:David O. Johnson|talk]]) 19:13, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Just came here to say that. | [[User:Mk17b|MK17b]] | ([[User talk:Mk17b|talk]]) 20:52, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

* '''Oppose''', per above. It's better to title it as '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', which takes into account both Syria and Lebanon. Mentioning Syria in title is not as important because the explosions were majorly in Lebanon. [[User:Waonderer|Waonderer]] ([[User talk:Waonderer|talk]]) 21:33, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and instead go for '''electronics explosion attack against Hezbollah''', for a multiple reasons: not all electronics that exploded were wireless (it includes solar panels), it takes into consideration both countries, includes the name of the prime target of the attack, does not include the year because this is unprecedented as far as I'm aware and it makes clear that Hezbollah is not the perpetrator. [[User:PhotographyEdits|PhotographyEdits]] ([[User talk:PhotographyEdits|talk]]) 21:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Comment''': I support a proposed new title of '''" 2024 Hezbollah communication device explosions"'''. The attacks were targeted at the group Hezbollah and not just one specific country. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 22:04, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:{{ping|Waonderer|Kind Tennis Fan| PhotographyEdits}} Take a look at [https://www.google.com/search?q=2024+pager+explosions this search results] which shows the title including Lebanon is the [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. We don't select the titles based on [[WP:Original Research|original research]]. Plus it is known that civilians were also targeted by the attack. -- [[User:Mhhossein|Mhhossein]] [[User talk:Mhhossein|'''talk''']] 09:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Comment''': I think @[[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]]'s title is perfect. [[User:FloridaMan21|FloridaMan21]] 22:28, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': our naming convention [[WP:NCWWW]] suggests we name things according to "when, where and what", although sometimes we can drop the "when" if not needed. In this case, the "where" is either "Lebanon" or "Lebanon-Syria" and this is simply undisputed. Replacing the where with "Hezbollah" is problematic for a few reasons:
**If there was a target, then the intended target of the first round of explosions alone is disputed (see [[Talk:2024 Lebanon pager explosions#Target]] below). No one officially claimed responsibility. In the second round of explosions, it becomes even more tenuous to say the solar panel explosions were targeted against Hezbollah.
**Multiple RS have reported that the explosions were not targeted but "indiscriminate"[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack].
**"Hezbollah device explosions" is ambiguous, as if Hezbollah was the perpetrator, which is false.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Yes, location is preferred precisely because having an organisation name is always ambiguous as to whether it it subject or object. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 05:17, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' proposed title, but support [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]], which is still the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in the media as of right now. Removing the year is an exception rather than the norm per the naming convention [[WP:NCWWW]], and we lack the historical perspective mentioned in the guideline to have the year removed. Usually we try to keep the year unless the event can easily be described without it, which only a handful of articles for well known world events usually end up qualifying for. [[User:Pilaz|Pilaz]] ([[User talk:Pilaz|talk]]) 00:15, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:But [[WP:NCWWW]], the policy you quote, says we should use the ''place'', which would indicate either "Lebanon" or "Lebanon-Syria".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 00:49, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''': Very minor spillover of operatives in Syria doesn't justify a name change.[[User:Spilia4|Spilia4]] ([[User talk:Spilia4|talk]]) 00:37, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' this, but also support the alternative of a move to [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]] — [[User:The Anome|The Anome]] ([[User talk:The Anome|talk]]) 03:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* We can dodge the Lebanon vs. Syria question by specifying "Hezbollah" since that was the target, regardless of which country the victims were in. Since the second wave of the attack involved other mobile devices, I suggest changing "pager" to "mobile device." We don't need a year in the title because it's a unique event. If it happens again we can add a year to disambiguate. Perhaps [[Hezbollah mobile device explosions]] would be most accurate. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 03:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose:''' The current title is perfectly adequate at this stage, and reflects the natural and recognisable language that people will be searching for. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 05:20, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''' We want people to easily find the page, right? Keep it succinct. There's a case for using the word 'attack' in lieu of explosions. [[User:Oathed|Oathed]] ([[User talk:Oathed|talk]]) 05:30, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''', but support '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' as was suggested by others. [[User:Hogo-2020|Hogo-2020]] ([[User talk:Hogo-2020|talk]]) 06:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''' I don't think the title should include other areas since Lebanon was the major target. Had an overview of the comments and realized some users are suggesting to include Hezbollah in the title which I oppose. To prove it, I made a quick search without including Lebanon in my keywords and [https://www.google.com/search?q=2024+pager+explosions the result] is indicating that the tile with Lebanon is the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in the media. --[[User:Mhhossein|Mhhossein]] [[User talk:Mhhossein|'''talk''']] 09:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Comment''' pager is outdated. '''Oppose''' inclusion of Syria as it appears Lebanon is primarily affected. [[User:Borgenland|Borgenland]] ([[User talk:Borgenland|talk]]) 09:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – It appears that most sources are focusing on Lebanon as this was the primary site of the explosion, with significantly less in Syria. [[User:Nice4What|Nice4What]] ([[User talk:Nice4What|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nice4What|contribs]]) – ([[Help:Notifications/Thanks|Thanks]] ♥) 12:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Rename:''' Whilst I initially would've supported the matter in question given the direct correlation of events - hence [[WP:WM]] - it should be acknowledged that the events are somewhat, albeit debatably, distinguished since the first incident extended towards the Syrian region, and thus relating to [[WP:LGL]]. Therefore as an alternative compromise, be it considered that this is renamed [[2024 Hezbollah communications attack]]; Both incidents should be listed with their own respective infoboxes detailed separately. Furthermore, granted that these infiltrations impacted two separate communicative means, the proposed rename should be recognised as an adequate juncture, in contrast with identifying them as two distinct events under a merged or even different article, as per [[WP:MOS]]. [[Special:Contributions/TheRevisionary|TheRevisionary]] ([[User talk:TheRevisionary|talk]]) 13:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*[[Israeli 2024 (exploding) pager attack on Hesbollah]].No geography. The group targeted, the targeter. You don't need anything else.[[User:Nishidani|Nishidani]] ([[User talk:Nishidani|talk]]) 13:36, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:The first word, "Israeli", would be a violation of [[WP:NPOV]] because Israel has not acknowledged the attack, and nobody has been able to prove that Israel is the culprit. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 13:40, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::That is not what NPOV means. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 14:18, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::Really? About [[WP:PRECISE]]? The article says that Israel is the '''allegeded''' perpetrator. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 15:45, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::Wikipedia articles are not reliable sources. Actual reliable sources are very clear that it was an Israeli attack. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:08, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::::Which "{{tq|reliable sources are very clear that it was an Israeli attack}}"? [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:12, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::::The NY Times for one. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:41, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::::::You may want to go back and re-read the NY Times. Here is [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html/ what it actually says]: "{{tq|Israel has neither confirmed nor denied any role in the explosions, but 12 current and former defense and intelligence officials who were briefed on the attack say the Israelis were behind it.}}" That's not a proof. That's allegations. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::::::You don’t need Israel’s confirmation for it to be widely reported as being an Israeli operation. We aren’t an organ of the Israeli government, their confirmation or their denial is cute but unimportant. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 19:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:(e/c) Have all counties/ organisation agreed that Israel was the perpetrator? I can think of one which hasn't. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:There is no evidence of Israeli involvement and most sources continue to only call them the ''alleged'' perpetrator. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 16:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::No part of that is true. [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html NYTimes: How Israel Built a Modern-Day Trojan Horse: Exploding Pagers]. [https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-pager-explosion-e9493409a0648b846fdcadffdb02d71e AP: An American official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, said Israel briefed the U.S. on the operation — where small amounts of explosives hidden in the pagers were detonated.] There are a ton of sources that say Israel was behind this, and none disputing it. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:07, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' this title, support [[Israeli pager sabotage attack]]. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 14:17, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
'''Strongly Oppose'''. The title we have came up immediately editors responded to a reports of widespread pager explosions. Since sources could only speculate that was a logical choice. Since the obvious is now documented, and inside intelligence leaks provide a detailed reconstruction of how Israel organized the operation - the New York Times is describing it neutrally as an established fact (Sheera Frenkel, [[Ronen Bergman]] and Hwaida Saad, [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html 'How Israel Built a Modern-Day Trojan Horse: Exploding Pagers,'] [[New York Times]] 18 September 2024) and they are usually extremely cautious, we have no reason to hold the use of the descriptor 'Israeli' in the title. We do so commonly, as in [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]] and [[2024 Iranian strikes against Israel]]. Even the very wording and its variations - 'Hezbollah pager explosions' - could technically read as pagers, owned by who?, Hezbollah blew up. [[User:Nishidani|Nishidani]] ([[User talk:Nishidani|talk]]) 15:30, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''', and I instead support something along the lines of '''2024 Lebanon electronics attack''' (or replace attack with explosions, electronics with communications) given that "{{tq| Smartphones, solar panels, radios, intercoms and car batteries were amongst other devices that reportedly also exploded on that day.}}" Having the title only include "pagers", to me, does not seem like it reflects current reliable sources. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 15:26, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' any title without "attack" because [[WP:RS]] has described it as an attack. [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/] [https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/exploding-device-attacks-dealt-major-crippling-blow-hezbollah-113841163]. I am still unsure about what the rest of the title should be, but I think it should be something along the lines of "2024 ... attacks" or "2024 attacks on ...". [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 16:13, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

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== Timeline of explosions ==

Referenced Reuters article states that the explosions lasted for an hour, not simultaneously. [[Special:Contributions/12.196.187.18|12.196.187.18]] ([[User talk:12.196.187.18|talk]]) 17:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*I am sure this will be narrowed down precisely, but the earliest tweet i've seen so far mentioning the explosions was at 13:01 UTC. [https://x.com/FirstbloodH/status/1836027573991551488] / ETA 13:00 [https://x.com/orielishamiller/status/1836027497063825699] --'''[[User:Milowent|Milowent]]''' • [[Special:Contributions/Milowent|has]][[User talk:Milowent|spoken]] 17:19, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:I suspect we'll be waiting a while for clarity given the pace of reporting, but at the moment I'm seeing reports of an initial wave of near-simultaneous explosions, followed by a smaller number of explosions occurring over roughly one hour. (It would make sense for Israel to aim for simultaneity; maintaining the element of surprise for maximum effect.) I'll review the available sources. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:06, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== lithium batteries ==

We're currently speculating that the lithium batteries exploded, but that's contradicted by the cited AP article which says: “A lithium ion battery fire is one thing, but I’ve never seen one explode like that. It looks like a small explosive charge”
Maybe we should remove the speculation about lithium batteries. [[User:Uhoj|Uhoj]] ([[User talk:Uhoj|talk]]) 19:23, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:We have a source that mentions lithium batteries as source for the explosion. Until we have information to rule this out, it should stay. PS. Reports are that the exploding pager is a "Gold Alpha Pager 924" from "Apollo Systems".[https://en.royanews.tv/news/54262] This device is powered by AAA batteries.[https://www.apollosystemshk.com/product/6.html] The compromised device would still need to work until detonated, which speaks in favor of a battery explosion. If the AAA batteries are lihium ion and compromised to e.g. be made without pressure relief vents, and to start a thermal runaway if their charging current exceeds a given threshold, then this could well lead to the observed effect. At least, this cannot be ruled out at this stage. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 19:57, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::It's fine to keep the news media speculation about batteries in the article at present, but no, it's impossible. All the devices exploded nearly simultaneously, with seemingly the same strength. Did everybody keep their pagers fully charged? Also, editors here should keep in mind that is is to the benefit of whoever pulled this off that plenty of misinformation floods the zone. [[User:Abductive|'''Abductive''']] ([[User talk:Abductive|reasoning]]) 20:43, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Our article claims the pagers were also recently imported there might have been limited time to notice mild unexpected behaviour. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 03:06, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::Um, your link states that the 924 has a "lithium battery backup" that presumably would be kept fully charged by the AAA batteries. [[User:WarrenPlatts|Warren Platts]] ([[User talk:WarrenPlatts|talk]]) 11:56, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:OK, it's looks pretty definite now according to a NYT article [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/17/world/middleeast/israel-hezbollah-pagers-explosives.html?]. The pagers are from Taiwan and Israel tampered with them adding 1-2oz. of explosive material near the battery plus a switch. At 3:30pm, a message was sent out that activated the switch causing all of them to explode, according to some "anonymous US officials." They also report that cyber security experts say it probably was explosives.
For what it's worth, [https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/business/pagers-cell-phones-batteries/index.html CNN is quoting cybersecurity experts] who are doubting the lithium battery theory and are theorizing that explosives were somehow inserted into thousands of pagers. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:31, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

What is the source for the battery drivel, anyway? It's shown as "citation needed" now, but if I'm not mistaken, before it was indicating the AP News article, which just doesn't mention any of that. I think it should be removed, sources get old quickly with these events. [[User:LjL|LjL]] ([[User talk:LjL|talk]]) 01:48, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== 500 lost eyesight -- dubious ==

This claim that 500 people lost their eyesight has to be false. Even if 500 people did lose their eyesight, there is no way that extremely busy doctors and hospitals (150 hospitals, according to the article) could examine that many patients, assess the damage to their eyes, and report to (where, the health ministry?) that 500 people are now permanently blind, in the short time since the explosions. Moreover, it doesn't gibe with the number of deaths; there should be many more deaths or fewer lost eyes. [[User:Abductive|'''Abductive''']] ([[User talk:Abductive|reasoning]]) 20:51, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm removing it because whether or not it is true, it is a body detail and not a lead detail. We already mention that Hezbollah members were injured; the specific need to focus on them getting blinded feels to me like gloating. [[User:Atubofsilverware|Atubofsilverware]] ([[User talk:Atubofsilverware|talk]]) 20:58, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV Background ==

The article currently connects the Israel-Lebanon conflict to the [[Israel-Hamas war]] in a very one-sided way. It mentions the [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel]], but doesn't mention the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] and the [[Israeli invasion of Gaza|invasion]]. The statement selectively quotes the source, as the source itself [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz5r18zm7lpo says] {{Tq|Hezbollah’s leader, Hassan Nasrallah, has stressed the armed group is ready, but not eager, for war. He says if there is a ceasefire agreed in Gaza, Hezbollah will cease fire too, immediately.}} Indeed in another source, {{tq|"If there is a ceasefire in Gaza, we will stop without any discussion," Hezbollah's deputy leader, Sheikh Naim Kassem, said in an interview with The Associated Press at the group's political office in Beirut's southern suburbs.}}[https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1219748268/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-hamas-iran-war]. That article, written in July, also points out that that 37,900 Palestinians have been killed in Israel's invasion. This is probably the most salient aspect of the Israel-Hamas war.

I [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246208982 added] the death of 40,000 Palestinians, but this too was removed. Other RS have also mentioned the Palestinian death toll when mentioning Hezbollah's rationale for fighting. For example: {{tq|Hezbollah says its attacks aim to support the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, where nearly 18,000 people – most of them women and children – have been killed by Israel in two months.}} [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/10/violence-escalates-between-israel-and-lebanons-hezbollah-amid-gaza-assault Al Jazeera Dec 2023] {{tq|A war between the militant Palestinian group and Israeli forces that so far has killed more than 19,000 Palestinians, most of them women and children, according to Gaza's health ministry. Israel says about 1,200 people were killed in the Oct. 7 attack. After the Gaza war started, Hezbollah responded by attacking Israeli targets in northern Israel.}} [https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1219748268/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-hamas-iran-war NPR December 2023] Indeed, [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-67349605 in a BBC interview], Hezbollah's deputy leader has referred to "Israel is increasing its aggression against civilians and killing more women and children" as his rationale for fighting.

'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:As a side note – it was, at one point, completely incorrect about the timeline: it incorrectly suggested Hezbollah began their attacks in response to Israel's ground invasion of Gaza, when in reality Hezbollah began their attacks against Israel on 8 October, one day after Hamas' incursion, in "solidarity".
:Right now, that section is essentially just a summary with the same information as the lead of [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)]]. Does adding death counts from Gaza really make that section more neutral? [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 21:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::The [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip]] encompasses all Israeli attacks against Gaza on and since October 7 (check the article please). And certainly the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] started on Oct 7 itself. Hezbollah has repeatedly called for "solidarity" with Palestinians, including women and children, as sources show above. Omitting the death count does make the section non-neutral and just because NPOV is violated elsewhere, doesn't mean it should be violated here too.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hezbollah obviously weren't reacting to an invasion that hadn't begun yet. See [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip#Invasion]], the invasion didn't begin on October 7 no matter what the infobox date is, hence the note attached. If the article said Hezbollah were reacting to the "Israeli invasion" that's incredibly misleading to readers. There was no invasion on the 7th or 8th. The article did say something like that when I looked earlier. Now it's a clear timeline [[Special:Contributions/2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7|2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7]] ([[User talk:2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7|talk]]) 22:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Is the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] not a prelude to the invasion? In any case, would you support the change with term "bombing" instead of "invasion"? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 22:35, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Still can't retcon in a death toll that didn't exist on October 8. [[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] ([[User talk:PrimaPrime|talk]]) 00:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::No one is trying to do that, but rather indicate a death toll that was true on the eve of the pager attack.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:22, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Which is irrelevant to the reason Hizballah began attacking Israel on October 8. [[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] ([[User talk:PrimaPrime|talk]]) 15:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::But its relevant to why the Israel-Hezbollah conflict continues.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 19:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:"{{tq|According to the ACLED, from 7 October 2023 to 6 September 2024, Israel attacked Lebanon 7,845 times. Hezbollah and other Lebanese forces attacked Israel 1,768 times.}}" I can't see a rationale for putting this in the article, other than to make Israel look bad. "Attack" isn't defined, and the sentence doesn't explain why the conflict continues, or any reason for this attack. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 01:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::I don't think its there to make Israel look bad, but rather indicates the scale of the attacks that have been taking place since October 8? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 16:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

Trim the background. All the details can be in the other article. no need for expansive "context" that triggers disupute when the real article is about yesterday's events.[[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 03:26, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

It's one paragraph on the background, summarized from the main article and hardly seems excessive. And the last line's "6,124 Israeli vs. 1,258 Lebanese attacks" (yes, sourced) casts as much bad light on Israel as is necessary. Remove the tag. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 04:47, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Provocation ===

{{Tq|1="...Hezbollah, then unprovoked, joined the conflict in support of Hamas... declaring that it would not stop attacks against Israel until Israel stops military operations and attacks in Gaza"}} - Does this not imply that Israel's "military operations and attacks in Gaza" provoked Hezbollah? [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 10:27, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:It is very, very POV to say that attacks on Israel are unprovoked, given its 56 year long occupation of the Palestinians. Hezbollah has specifically stated its acting in solidarity with Palestinians.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:17, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:: I don't think we need to address provocation in Wikipedia voice because that's not our job. Our statements should be dry, free of moral judgement. We can report what each each side has said, and what other countries have said, with proper attribution. This is how disputed things can be rendered into indisputable facts. For example, "Hamas said X" is a fact when properly verified, whether or not X is true. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 02:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Agreed. It's not our place to judge provocation, and doing so clearly violates NPOV. [[User:Acebulf|'''Acebulf''']] ([[User talk:Acebulf|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Acebulf|contribs]]) 05:22, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::"unprovoked" seems to have since been removed.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246353965] —[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 07:59, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Targets ==

Currently the infobox says the target was "Hezbollah militants". I'm not sure if this is accurate as Hezbollah is comprised of both militants and civilians (it is also a political party). Further, Hezbollah has said the attack also targeted civilians and this allegation is notable enough to have been quoted in several reliable secondary sources: [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464 ABC News], [https://globalnews.ca/news/10759802/hezbollah-members-injured-pager-explosions-lebanon/ Global News], [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/09/17/lebanon-pagers-exploding-hezbollah/ Washington Post] etc. So the infobox should also say "Civilians (per Hezbollah)".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:In fact, ABC News itself is cautious on the targets[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464] "{{tq|It appeared that many of those hit were members of Hezbollah, but it was not immediately clear if others also carried the pagers.}}"
:Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, the UN special coordinator for Lebanon also condemned the attack, justifying her condemnation by adding, "In accordance with international humanitarian law, she reminds all concerned actors that civilians are not a target and must be protected at all times. Even one civilian casualty is one too many"[https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah#h_a0cf8464c5edb4ee82690311dcc18553]. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Support''' for saying the target is "unknown" or "either Hezbollah members or civilians" [[User:Atubofsilverware|Atubofsilverware]] ([[User talk:Atubofsilverware|talk]]) 21:34, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::We shouldn't include "or civilians" based on a Hezbollah claim alone. We would need an [[WP:IS|independent source]], preferably one without clear biases. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 05:16, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::We generally include IDF claims if they have been presented in multiple reliable, secondary sources, and we should do the same thing here. [[WP:NPOV]] means we don't take sides, but explain them.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I don't think any source has really disputed that Hezbollah was the target? Some sources seem to suggest that the attack did not specifically target Hezbollah militants, but some broader group of Hezbollah members including some civilians.
::::So listing the target as "Hezbollah" seems pretty uncontroversial. Hezbollah's accusation of targeting civilians lacks elaboration and seems much more dubious, but yes it's fine to mention somewhere in the body with attribution. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 17:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Did you see the corroboration by other sources in Lebanon mentioned below: the Lebanese Health Ministry, [[Dyab Abou Jahjah]] and Mohammad Barakat? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:26, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Have any of them explained why they believe that? If not, it just seems like unfounded speculation from partisan sources. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 16:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:"Hezbollah militants" is certainly questionable. Are we to believe only militants carry pagers? Hezbollah has teachers, medics, [[Hezbollah social services|social workers]], [[Al-Manar|news crews and journalists]], etc. I don't know to what extent this attack was indiscriminate (perhaps Israel intercepted communications and filtered targets, but I doubt it), but to list the target as "Hezbollah militants" right out of the gate seems wrong, to me. "Hezbollah members" is more fitting, and covers both militants and civilians. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 22:15, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Yes, we are to believe that only militants carried a special pager. Why would a teacher or a social work need a pager, rather than using an ordinary smartphone? Perhaps if you can think of a rationale for them to need this kind of security you can change it, otherwise militants is accurate. [[User:Ariel.|Ariel.]] ([[User talk:Ariel.|talk]]) 04:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::These pagers are apparently also carrier by healthcare workers: The Lebanese Health Ministry "has also urged healthcare workers and others with pagers to discard them."[https://www.africanews.com/2024/09/17/lebanon-says-8-killed-and-over-two-thousand-wounded-by-exploding-pagers/]
:::The Lebanese Health Minister [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz04m913m49o also stated] "{{tq|The vast majority of the people who are presenting to the emergency rooms are in civilian clothes, so it's very difficult to discern whether they belong to a certain entity like Hezbollah or others But we are seeing among them people who are old or people who are very young, like the child who unfortunately died... and there are some of them who are healthcare workers}}".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::"{{tq|Author [[Dyab Abou Jahjah]] pointed out that many of the pagers that exploded were not just owned by Hezbollah fighters, but civilians that are employed by Hezbollah's institutions.}}"[https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack] '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:07, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::The evidence just keeps piling up: {{tq|Mohammad Barakat, a journalist known for his strong opposition to Hezbollah...shared a clip from one of his appearances on VDL 24, where he stressed that the attack targeted not only Hezbollah members but also civilians, in an indiscriminate manner.}}[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html]
:::::Professor Toby Walsh of the [[UNSW School of Computer Science and Engineering]] [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152?future=true& points out] that it is impossible for the IDF to track a pager, thus "It's a very indiscriminate attack, because you might put the pager down in your desk, and as we have heard from reports there were various innocent people who were injured by this". '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Is security camera footage public domain in Lebanon? ==

If so, adding a video would improve this article. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 21:54, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:Good question. And if it's not, then we should consider adding one under [[WP:NFCC]]. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 22:49, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:There's probably a discussion about this somewhere on Commons. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 22:50, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::[[WP:MCQ]] is an excellent place to ask. Plenty of knowledgeable people there. [[User:Mjroots|Mjroots]] ([[User talk:Mjroots|talk]]) 05:45, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Thanks! I [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions#Is surveillance camera footage public domain in Lebanon?|started a discussion]] there. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 10:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 September 2024 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2024 Lebanon pager explosions|answered=yes}}

I believe the explosive behind the explosion was Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN). [https://www.timesnownews.com/world/middle-east/what-is-pentaerythritol-tetranitrate-petn-highly-explosive-material-allegedly-used-in-lebanon-hezbollah-pagerblasts-article-113437169]; [https://www.dailywire.com/news/new-details-emerge-on-how-israel-struck-4000-hezbollah-terrorists-in-mass-pager-bombing]; [https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/artc-mossad-allegedly-behind-hezbollah-beeper-detonations]; [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-s-mossad-rigged-pager-batteries-with-explosives-before-they-reached-hezbollah-media/3333013]. [[User:Cyrogigabyte|Cyrogigabyte]] ([[User talk:Cyrogigabyte|talk]]) 00:06, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{notdone}}. That may well be true, or maybe not. But the sources listed above are either speculating or are unreliable (Daily Wire in particular). [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 06:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== To add to article ==

To add to this article: how many people are in critical condition due to the pager explosions. Various news sources report the number as approximately 200 or "hundreds." [[Special:Contributions/98.123.38.211|98.123.38.211]] ([[User talk:98.123.38.211|talk]]) 01:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV tag ==

{{ping|Nice4What}} you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246312409 removed] the NPOV tag saying "NPOV issue has been resolved – background section was shortened". But the discussion regarding NPOV is still ongoing and the contested content is still in the background section, whereas the content that some want to insert is still not in the background. Furthermore there are two other NPOV discussions above on the targets and whether to include the death of a child, esp in the infobox.

Can you please self revert?'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:43, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:I've restored the tag, as evidenced by ongoing NPOV issue discussions both above this section and below.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:16, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Could you remove the NPOV tag now? It seems like the issue has been resolved. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 02:53, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Taiwan comment ==

[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2024/9/18/taiwan-dragged-into-middle-east-politics-after-deadly-pager-blasts][[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 08:12, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:Already has been added. --[[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]] ([[User talk:Rsrikanth05|talk]]) 09:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::However, should it be shifted to the responses rection? --[[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]] ([[User talk:Rsrikanth05|talk]]) 09:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::It's more an investigation. Albeit Taipei did comment. [[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 11:11, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Attack ==

The fact that this is an Israeli attack is now confirmed by RS like [https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html CNN: Israel behind deadly pager explosions that targeted Hezbollah and injured thousands in Lebanon] => "Hezbollah has vowed to respond to an Israeli attack.." and "CNN has learned the explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military. While the Israeli military has said it will not comment on the explosions, both Lebanon and Hezbollah have blamed it for the attack." So why was attack removed from the opening sentence? [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 09:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:Agreed, pretty much all RS are treating as an attack, including the famous Israeli journalist [[Barak Ravid]][https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:09, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::Also emphasis on an Israeli attack and not just attack. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:11, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Martinevans123}} There is no need for attribution, this has been accepted as fact by CNN, to cite one example. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:21, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I assume you are referring to [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246356512 this edit]? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} Yes. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 14:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::As this article is under "active arbitration", do I need to self-revert? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 14:18, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Another editor has now slightly altered it, so I will leave it as it is. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} There are no restrictions on self-reverting. The slight altering by the other editor did not change the presence of the redundant attribution. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 10:20, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::It's still there. So some other editor(s) must think it's useful? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 10:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} Not necessarily, and even if that was the case, they would have joined in on this discussion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:29, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I have no strong view. I was simply trying to improve what was there before. If you think it's unnecessary, you could remove it. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:33, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::Then I will remove it given that there is no opposition. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:36, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::::I'm not sure what this had to do with the original subject of this discussion thread. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:45, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Iran ==

Why is the Iranian reaction under "Other governments", when its diplomatic staff were among the victims? Can a Farsi speaker please look at sources in that language, for more?

Have other countries or organisations commented on this specific aspect of the attack? [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 09:57, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Gold Apollo AR924 article ==

There's a section on this incident on [[Gold Apollo AR924]]. Please watch-list it, and see that facts and statistics are updated as necessary, when updated here. [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 10:22, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== When did the pager deliveries occur? ==

Perhaps this is not known. But it seems to be a key detail in the entire story. If this is known, I think it belongs in the lead and I am somewhat baffled as to why the {when} tag has been removed, with the edit summary: "it is not needed to specify when this was discovered, because the NYT was asking around people when it happened. Remove template." [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:48, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:We now have: "in months prior to the explosion", which seems to add very little, i.e. any time in the 7 months between February, when the warning over cell phones was issued, and when the explosions occurred? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:We now have: "which were recently imported into Lebanon", which is very similar to the previous. I assume this has not been reliably reported, but may be in the coming days. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:18, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== IRGC may have been killed ==

Should this article be trusted? https://m.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820674 [[User:NesserWiki|NesserWiki]] ([[User talk:NesserWiki|talk]]) 14:05, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:''JP'' not listed at [[WP:RSP]] and is described as centre, so probably safe. But source is Israeli Army Radio? So not too sure about that. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 14:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::The linked item in the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' explicitly states the source of the information as "Saudi news source [[Al-Hadath]]." As for the reliability of the ''JP'', it's a mainstream English-language Israeli daily newspaper whose print edition predates the founding of the State. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]])'' 19:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::That was my concern in terms of neutrality.
::Are the 19 IRGC deaths now included in the death toll? [[User:NesserWiki|NesserWiki]] ([[User talk:NesserWiki|talk]]) 22:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

==Solar panels, etc==
I just added this to lead paragraphs, but it is not yet confirmed that any reports of solar panel or other device explosions are actually self-detonating, or just catching fire from walkie talkie explosions.[https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2024/09/18/lebanon-panic-as-two-solar-panel-systems-explode-amidst-pager-walkie-talkie-blasts-in-beirut-targeting-hezbollah.html] The fog of some people thinking this is the case is very understandable, but I'm not seeing videos of such devices exploding on their own yet in any reporting.--'''[[User:Milowent|Milowent]]''' • [[Special:Contributions/Milowent|has]][[User talk:Milowent|spoken]] 17:55, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:I've removed the mention from the lead, pending better sourcing: a single breaking news report claiming solar panels exploded isn't sufficient to say that they were targeted. [[User:Elli|Elli]] ([[User_talk:Elli|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Elli|contribs]]) 19:56, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:Solar panels explosion was stated by the Lebanese government official news agency:
:https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/justice-law/722390/اصابة-فتاة-في-المروانية-جراء-انفجار-نظام-الطاقة-ال [[User:Stephan rostie|Stephan rostie]] ([[User talk:Stephan rostie|talk]]) 20:13, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

::[https://www.democracynow.org/2024/9/19/lebanon Lebanon: 37 Dead, 3,400+ Injured in Wave of Explosions in Electronic Devices Booby-Trapped by Israel], [[Democracy Now!]], 19 September 2024 → "Lara Bitar (editor-in-chief of The Public Source, a Beirut-based independent media organization): So, as you can imagine, the events of the past two days have caused a lot of panic, a lot of fear and, to a large extent, paranoia, which was aided by a disinformation campaign, to a large extent. Over the past couple of days, or at least yesterday, for the most part, people were receiving messages over different WhatsApp groups, on social media platforms, that any and every electronic device can be detonated by the Israelis. So people were scared of using their cellphones. People were hearing that even kitchen appliances were exploding, solar panels, laptops and so on. Thankfully, for the most part, this turned out to be a disinformation campaign, and it did not really — was not really materializing on the ground as was being reported across different channels. That may be the only solace from the events of the past couple of days, where we saw civilian areas and civilians being targeted."

::Here the is an other clarification: [https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427662/did-solar-power-energy-systems-explode-during-wednesdays-attack.html?_gl=1*d9suwa*_gcl_au*MTIyNzkyODg3NC4xNzIzMjU3MDY4 Did solar power energy systems explode during Wednesday's attack? According to the state-run National News Agency, solar energy systems exploded in homes in several areas of Beirut and the south on Wednesday, but the reports remain unconfirmed.], [[L'Orient Today]], 19 September 2024 21:30. --[[Special:Contributions/93.211.221.30|93.211.221.30]] ([[User talk:93.211.221.30|talk]]) 12:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:::Deutsche Welle: [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-iphones-solar-panels-laptops-exploded-in-lebanon/a-70281061 Fact Check: No iPhones or solar panels exploded in Lebanon] The article also debunks one of the photos used in the ref titled "Chaos in Lebanon as Home Solar Systems, Appliances Explode" in the ''Second Wave'' section.
:::The 961: [https://www.the961.com/fact-check-pager-attack-in-lebanon/ Fact Checking What’s True & Untrue From The Pager Attack] "No solar panels, phones, laptops, or any other electronic devices have exploded."
:::It's understandable in the immediate aftermath of an attack like this (particularly the second): mass panic & hysteria, the fog of war, unedited rolling news coverage, etc. But it's also telling that none of the major news outlets are talking about solar panels, fingerprint readers, smartphones et al. two days down the line. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 03:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I think we're spreading misinformation here in the infobox. I just see MSM talking about pagers and walkie talkies. Not car batteries, not solar panels, etc. I'm going to remove it from the infobox and article until we get real confirmation from high-quality RS. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:37, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==Icom V82==
That model was discontinued in 2014.[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/ (Rtrs)]
Icom has an advisory about counterfeits, calling "special attention" to the discontinued V82.[https://www.icomjapan.com/explore/genuine_info/ (Icom)] So it sounds like they bought Chinese counterfeits, which are readily available from disreputable internet sellers.[https://forums.radioreference.com/threads/icom-ic-v82.462456/] Pending confirmation in a [[WP:RS]], we should reword the references to the radios more carefully. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 20:57, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{tpq|“I can guarantee you they were not our products,” said ... a senior sales manager for Icom’s amateur radio division, in an interview Wednesday}}. [https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-pager-explosion-e9493409a0648b846fdcadffdb02d71e (AP)] [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 21:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Addition of possible IP protected material ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246437599 This edit] by @[[User:Acratopotes|Acratopotes]] is potentially an IP violation and also potentially slanderous (if the depicted individual survives) given no RS have positively identified the person as a Hezbollah member. I removed the image for now, but I hope that someone with more expertise can step in.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Acratopotes [[User:Dreameditsbrooklyn|Dreameditsbrooklyn]] ([[User talk:Dreameditsbrooklyn|talk]]) 01:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Dreameditsbrooklyn|Dreameditsbrooklyn]] I am moving the file to another title on commons per [[:c:COM:FR#FR5|Criterion 5]] for now, and filing a CSD as well. [[User:Robertsky|– robertsky]] ([[User talk:Robertsky|talk]]) 02:38, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:And RevDel'ed per RD2 here, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=164554515]. [[User:Robertsky|– robertsky]] ([[User talk:Robertsky|talk]]) 02:54, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== What exploded in the second wave ==

There are multiple reliable reports of other electronics explosions other than walki talkie:

[https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/justice-law/722390/اصابة-فتاة-في-المروانية-جراء-انفجار-نظام-الطاقة-ال Home solar panels] : [[National News Agency (Lebanon)|National News Agency]] (lebanese government official news agency)

[https://www.bbc.com/arabic/articles/cr4xlvp6625o Fingerprint biometric devices]: [[BBC]]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JDE8FBZFcC8 cars and homes radios]: [[Asharq News]]

yet,for some reason two editors removed the sourced contents purely based on personal preferences or their own OR without providing any reliable source that counters or denies these sources.

@[[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] removed the content report by the lebanese government official news agency that states that explosions of home solar panels took place arguing: “ ''Solar water heater incident looks unrelated”'' (Pure OR)

While @[[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] removed the report by [[Asharq News]] arguing: “''Removed poorly sourced YouTube ref and related info”'' (probably didn’t notice that this youtube source was from Asharq news Agency)

I am pretty sure this is not how wikipedia works.

[[User:Stephan rostie|Stephan rostie]] ([[User talk:Stephan rostie|talk]]) 07:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

::I just watched the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JDE8FBZFcC8 Asharq News video] and, from what I understand, they were talking about these walkie-talkies being inside cars and homes when they exploded, not that other models of household or car radios were exploding. Could you provide a time-stamp in case I missed it? [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 17:13, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Neutrality tag ==

There is a Neutrality tag that has been added to the top of the article, yet nothing here on the Talk page that is articulating what is non-neutral about the current article. If there is something specific, then a section tag or inline tag would help other editors know what the concern is. But if nothing is identified that can be addressed, then the tag should be removed. Cheers. [[User:N2e|N2e]] ([[User talk:N2e|talk]]) 10:49, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:The [[#NPOV Background]] and [[#Targets]] discussions both raise separate neutrality concerns. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 14:43, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Although, it seems the main concerns in both discussions have been addressed or are no longer immediately relevant. "Hezbollah members" seems to have stuck in the latter discussion, and in the former we no longer refer to attacks as "provoked" or "unprovoked" and the section has been rewritten. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 16:51, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Timing ==

{{ping|Martinevans123}} Why do you think the timing is so important as to be in the opening sentence? [[9/11]] page does not mention the timing in the first sentence or first paragraph, and [[MOS:OPEN]] highlights that the opening should be as general as possible without giving too much details. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:47, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:I think it could find many examples of disasters' attacks where the time of day is included in the first sentence, but then [[WP:OSE]]. I'd suggest that the simultaneity of such a widespread series of explosions confers added significance to a single time. But perhaps it could be moved down slightly. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:53, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::{{ping|Martinevans123}} I can't think of any; and [[MOS:OPEN]] states: "The first paragraph should define or identify the topic with a neutral point of view, but '''without being too specific'''". Mentioning the time of day in the hours and minutes is too specific and distracts the reader. Also [[MOS:FIRST]]: "Do not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject." I already had moved it down to the second lede paragraph. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Oh yes, so you did. Thanks for telling me. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC) p.s. the [[September 11 attacks]] didn't happen all at once, so I'm not surprised a single time is not given there.
::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} We already mention "simultaneous" so no need to be overspecific, especially in the opening sentence. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:38, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Yes, we certainly should mention "simultaneous". I don't see the time of day as being "overspecific". I see it as a fundamental fact. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:44, 19 September 2024 (UTC) p.s. you need not add a ping to me every time you reply here. I have this page watchlisted, I can see from the indent you are replying, no one else is in this discussion, and I'm sure any responses aren't time critical. Thanks.
::::::I disagree on the need to mention the time in hours and minutes because it overloads the opening sentence without providing any value. Will wait for the input of other editors. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::It provides no value? It's just a basic fact. It overloads? It's four words, with 20 characters. But I'm also happy to hear the views of other editors. Perhaps the total time that it took all the devices to explode should also be mentioned somewhere, although I suspect this may not have been accurately reported. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::{{ping|Vice regent}}, {{ping|Super Goku V}}, {{ping|Huldra}}, {{ping|Lewisguile}},{{ping|GhostOfNoMan}}, {{ping|Nishidani}}, {{ping|Moscow Mule}}, {{ping|nableezy}}, {{ping|Levivich}} The First Wave went off around 15:30 EEST, the time when parents pick up their children from kindergarten and school, when everyone is out and about, when everyone is running errands. We saw people in street-markets and supermarkets and stores being exploded. The Second Wave started around 17:00 EEST, the time for funerals. If someone is acquainted with Lebanese society and wants to have the maximum impact on the civilian population, he would pick those times. So, yes! I agree with Martin that it is important to have the time in the lead. And we should add the time of the Second Wave.

::::::::Here a link for easy accessibility and convenience to the French-language daily newspaper [[L'Orient-Le Jour]] in Lebanon [L'Orient's editorial stance: "a fierce line against Hezbollah"/ per our enWP article] to its English-language edition "L'Orient Today":

::::::::*"''[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427494/after-pager-explosions-hezbollah-announces-death-of-10-fighters-vows-to-continue-operations-day-348-of-the-gaza-war.html At least 14 dead and over 450 injured in new explosions of communication devices across Lebanon: Day 348 of the Gaza war'']", [[L'Orient-Le Jour|L'Orient Today]], 18 September 2024 — Quote: "17:08 Beirut Time ⚡ At least one explosion was heard in the southern suburbs of Beirut, Reuters reported, noting that ambulance sirens were also heard."

::::::::Those two points in time have been widely discussed and reflected upon in the news over the last few days. Please, note the Second Wave detonations were stronger. --[[Special:Contributions/91.54.12.244|91.54.12.244]] ([[User talk:91.54.12.244|talk]]) 09:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I have absolutely no objection to including the time. It's relatively brief. If anyone has a strong objection, we could move it out of the lede. The lede is already fairly detailed, though, so I don't think it's out of place.
:::::::::There is, of course, a discussion to be had about whether the lede is too long/detailed in general. If that were the case, then the existing lede could be moved down into an ''Overview'' section, and we could replace it with a shorter summary.
:::::::::But in an article such as this, I suspect there will always be too much info that people want to put into the lede, so it will tend to be longer than usual anyway. I think that's okay in these circumstances—especially if it prevents protracted debates. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==Infobox==
"alleged" should be removed from infobox, as this has been confirmed by RS, including CNN. Also, the perpetrator in the infobox should be described as a joint operation between and the Israeli military and Mossad, per CNN. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:Shouldn't [[Mossad]] be mentioned somewhere in the main body text, with appropriate sources, if it is to appear in the infobox? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Should be both, yes. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 22:03, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::OK. The word "Mossad" appears only twice in the article - once in the infobox and once in the headline of the single BBC source which supports it. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 09:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Scope ==

What is the scope of this article? Is it only the attacks on the first day, or the second one as well, or (god forbid, for civilians' sake) a possible third one today? If it is not just the first day, then maybe the article's title, and scope which is defined in the opening sentence and paragraph, should be changed accordingly. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:40, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:It wasn't just pagers, was it? So I am surprised you've said, in the move discussion above, that you "strongly support this article's move to the title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack'''. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:50, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::There is nothing surprising, my comment on the move was made on the first day of the attacks, when only pagers were used. Now, the second day having passed, we have confirmed reports of the attacks including walkie-talkies, and allegedly, even solar panel parts. So not sure yet how RS will come to describe the whole series of attacks. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:55, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::That discussion is still open? You're still happy with the current title? We might have to wait 24 hours '''from 15:30 EEST''', to see if there's a third wave. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::That is why I opened this discussion, to see first what would make sense best for the move discussion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Good idea. I suspect that both days will remain in this one article. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:07, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Brace yourselves ==

Don't do it yet, but be prepared to create a [[2024 Israel-Lebanon war]] page. Hassan Nasrallah (leader of Hezbollah) announced that he [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/ considers the explosions to be an "act of war", or casus belli]. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 15:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Casualty figures in infobox ==

The numbers of those killed and injured ought to appear in the main body text, if they are to be used in the infobox? Currently the total number of those injured "3,450+" doesn't seem to be supported by the two sources there. The report on ITN Main page is showing "more than 3,200". [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:27, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:I previously reverted it to the figure found in both references (2,750 at the time), but it was added back with an edit summary stating that the figure was based on adding casualties together for both waves – even though neither reference mentioned any figure besides 2,750. I didn't revert it a second time, even though I couldn't find any reliable source that cited a total figure. But if that 3,200 is now being reported, then it should be updated, so we can avoid the current [[WP:SYNTH]]. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 16:39, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Shouldn't [[WP:2+2=4]] apply? [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 17:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Probably! I didn't revert it a second time for that very reason, once I saw the edit summary. But where we have a single source providing a reliable total, I feel that's preferable to our own calculations – especially considering the wildly different figures being reported (f.i. one edit summed 2,750 + 400, but a later edit used 3,000 + 400 based on a separate source). [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 17:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I believe {{u|Pachu Kannan}} arrived at the current 3,450+ number as 2,750 + 708. The math itself is certainly within what [[WP:CALC]] allows, but the available sources for 708 don't seem very reliable (Al Jazeera's [[WP:NEWSBLOG]] or [[Morocco World News]]).
:::More importantly, it doesn't seem entirely clear that 2,750 + 708 is a proper aggregation with no double counting. Al Jazeera says {{tq|708 were injured while on Tuesday, 12 people were killed and 2,323 injured}}, so we could reasonable combine them to get 3,031, aside from the [[WP:NEWSBLOG]] issue. It's less clear how 2,750 relates to the other numbers - it seems like an early estimate by the health minister, while the other numbers seem like specific cases recorded by hospitals. [[WP:CALC]] is normally reserved for cases where it's more obvious what the proper calculation is. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 18:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::{{ping|xDanielx}}, so do we need a source in the infobox for the "2,750+"? The ITN item on Main page currently says "more than 3,400 others injured". Thanks. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Added the source. {{yo|Stephen}} it looks like you did the ITN [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:In_the_news&diff=prev&oldid=1246660455 update], could you change it to 2,750 for now? (This is probably a short-term change, pending a reliable source with a total figure.) — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Many thanks. Have now requested an update at Main page errors. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 09:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Non-Hezbollah Pager Use ? ==

From the seemingly out-dated information at [[Pager]] it seems that pagers had mostly gone out of use (outside of Hezbollah) at the time of the explosions. For context, I think it would be helpful if it could be stated to what extent pagers are/were being used in Lebanon at the time of the attack (and not counting Hezbollah). Technically, pagers work only in the presence of a paging provider (that broadcasts the actual paging signal according to a dedicated paging standard). It seems difficult to imagine that there should exist a paging service only for Hezbollah, rather such a service would be expected to have non-Hezbollah customers. But who could such customers be? I couldn't find any info for e.g. Beirut, but maybe someone with better (Arabic or maybe French) skills can do better. Thanks. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 18:12, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:Isn't that already in the article in the first sentence of the section named "Use of pagers"? {{tq|Some Hezbollah members had used pagers for years prior to the 7 October attacks, but more members began using them after the attacks, as Hezbollah secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah claimed Israel had penetrated their cellphone network}}. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:59, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::No, it is not. With ''Non-''Hezbollah Pager Use I mean how much are pagers used (in Lebanon) other than by Hezbollah? The relevance of this context is to what extent if any pager use can be seen as specific to Hezbollah. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 21:03, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=The Lebanon explosions raise a question: Deep into the smartphone era, who is still using pagers? |url=https://apnews.com/article/pagers-explosions-lebanon-doctors-security-israel-f35bd0f0e0a57bb5f37c139d1f32926d |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=AP News |language=en}} [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 22:47, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:According to various sources, hospital workers often use pagers and at least two of them were killed when their pagers exploded. It seems journalists were also using pagers (perhaps to get the latest scoop on Hezbollah?) and one pager of a journalist from [[Al Mayadeen]] exploded. The Iranian ambassador to Lebanon also seems to be using a pager.
:Also, there are indications that some pagers were simply misplaced. For example, one pager was in a kids' room with no adults when it exploded, killing one kid and injuring another. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Requested move 19 September 2024 ==

{{requested move/dated|?}}

[[:2024 Lebanon pager explosions]] → ? – Following up from [[#Requested_move_17_September_2024|last RM]], the options for this RM will focus on the specific language in the title. Keep the arguments on [[WP:TITLE]] policy. We can always propose additional changes to the title in this section. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Remove the year===
* '''Support''', this event is so unique, there is no need to include the year in the article name. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:57, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Neutral''' - no real reason to include, but also it adds 5 characters total, so not a big deal either way to me. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - seminal geopolitical event, similar to what the [[King David Hotel bombing]] was in its day. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 04:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - have there ever been pager explosions in Lebanon before the year 2024? Brevity and succinctness in title is an age-old Wikipedia policy. The [[Oklahoma City bombing]] is not known as 1995 Oklahoma City bombing; the [[Tokyo subway sarin attack]] is not called the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack. Let's apply some common sense here. [[User:Colipon|Colipon]]+([[User talk:Colipon|Talk]]) 16:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as per above. [[User:EucalyptusTreeHugger|EucalyptusTreeHugger]] ([[User talk:EucalyptusTreeHugger|talk]]) 17:14, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support removal''' – It's not needed for [[wp:natural disambiguation]]. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 17:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' There have been attacks involving electronics in Lebanon previously. The year makes the article title precise.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Can you name at least one other attack involving electronics in Lebanon? [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::[[List_of_Israeli_assassinations]] has quite a few of them if you focus only on attacks in Lebanon. The attacks were car bombs, although one of them was remotely-controlled. Similar to this current attack, electronic devices were rigged with booby-traps that exploded.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::So what exploded were cars, not electronic devices. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', the naming convention [[WP:NCE]] recommends the "When" {{tq|in the majority of cases}} unless this event can be understood by the reader without the year, {{tq|in historic perspective}}. We have no historic perspective here, and there is no certainty that this event will be remembered with standalone names that do not include the year, which is why I strongly believe we shouldn't remove the year, as it is ultimately useful for the casual reader. [[User:Pilaz|Pilaz]] ([[User talk:Pilaz|talk]]) 21:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:By your logic, all new events must contain the year in the article name, and the year can only be removed within a decade or two, when there is a "historical perspective".
*:The key word in [[WP:NCE]] that you did not quote is "'''for disambiguation'''". I think you'll agree that the year is not needed in this case for disambiguation purposes. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - unnecessary dab. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - Yes, unnecessary dab. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:30, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Presence of the year in title gives a good historical context. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:04, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': Useful historical context for readers. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:29, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose.''' There's no useful reason to remove it that I can see. If further attacks of this nature occur next year, we can retitle as needed. Naming policy says to include "what, where and when". [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:05, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:NOYEAR]]. Until we can judge the notability in historic perspective, its best to leave the year for clarity, similar to [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]].

=== Changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah" ===
* '''Weak support''' as from what is gathered here, this attack primarily targeted the militant organization Hezbollah. But then, we don't always mention the intended target; so I would probably just say '''drop''' Lebanon/Hezbollah from the title, as a second option. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' They were the target. This also seems to be more of a COMMONNAME, the sources I've seen use Hezbollah instead of Lebanon. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 00:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' the explosions targeted Hezbollah, not Lebanon. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' for three reasons.
**First, our guidelines ([[WP:NCWWW]]) suggest naming an article as "when, where and what". Lebanon is clearly the "where".
**Secondly, writing "Hezbollah" makes the title ambiguous, as if Hezbollah carried out the attacks, when this is not true.
**Finally, the attacks seem to include targets other than Hezbollah. While many of the pagers did belong to Hezbollah, did the solar panels also belong to Hezbollah? There are sources that indicate that pagers owned by non-Hezbollah civilians were also targeted[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:"Lebanon pager explosions" is ambiguous for the same reason - it could be interpreted as Lebanon carrying out the attack. Both seem unlikely in practice though. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::"Lebanon" is a noun, the adjective is "Lebanese", whereas Hezbollah is both a noun and adjective. When we mention an actor like this, it usually implies they're a perpetrator: [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], [[Israeli bombing of Gaza]], [[October 7 Hamas attacks]] etc. When we mention a place, it implies the location it took place, not attribution of responsibility: [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], [[2004 Madrid train bombings]] etc.
*::This ambiguity is why we moved [[Talk:Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus#Requested_move_9_May_2024|"Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus" to "Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus"]].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::To be pedantic, "Hezbollah attack" would be valid not because Hezbollah is an adjective, but because it's a well-formed [[noun adjunct]]. Technically "Lebanon attack" is also a well-formed noun adjunct, although "Lebanese attack" is indeed more natural. So both proposed names are technically ambiguous. I expect readers will resolve any confusion by reading the first bit of text, rather than reasoning about why we likely chose a particular wording. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 19:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:Vice regent|VR]] [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] is an explicit example cited by [[WP:NCWWW]], so the "where" doesn't necessarily have to be Lebanon. [[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:37, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - it was targeted against Hezbollah, not Lebanon. In fact, there were explosions outside of Lebanon. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:58, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' for reasons as stated. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' target was Hezbollah and included explosions out of Lebanon. [[User:Ilenart626|Ilenart626]] ([[User talk:Ilenart626|talk]]) 04:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per Vice regent (VR) and [[WP:CONSISTENT]]. This policy is probably why [[Talk:Israel–Hamas war#Requested move 13 August 2024|this]] is up for discussion {{mdash}} again. Just imagine if [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] was titled "Taliban eradication war". [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' ''if attacks passes'': Going from 'Lebanon pager explosions' to 'Hezbollah (pagers/electronics/communications) attacks' would imply that Hezbollah did an attack using or involving pagers/electronics/communications. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 06:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose:''' As mentioned in the last RM, we use places to describe events by default per [[WP:NCE]]. This is also the natural and recognisable language. Furthermore, the suggestion has a fundamental flaw in that introduces ambiguity over whether Hezbollah is the target or actor – even if the wording were to work, merely switching positions in the manner suggested above would be no way to do it. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 07:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as they literally were Hezbollah pagers, ordered by Hezbollah and issued to their members. Per [https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/ Reuters], {{tq|The senior Lebanese security source said the group had ordered 5,000 beepers made by Taiwan-based Gold Apollo, which several sources say were brought into the country earlier this year.}} NCWWW is a good default, but "Hezbollah" conveys the same information (obviously they operate in Lebanon) and more. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:But were they also "Hezbollah solar panels"? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::If we were to update the title to include other purported devices, I agree that could complicate the matter. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 18:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Remove both''' – Titles like "Pager explosions", "Pager attack", and "Pager and walkie-talkie explosions", etc. [[Wikipedia:PRECISION|unambiguously identify the subject]]. This avoids ambiguity over whether Hezbollah is the target or actor and avoids specifying that the attacks were in Lebanon when they were also in Syria. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 18:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per what I've stated below. --[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per VR, Havradim, and Iskandar323's comments. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 18:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support'''. Hezbollah was the target and most of the affected ones were its members, in Lebanon and Syria. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:21, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per VR and Iskandar, although one issue is that having Lebanon in the title implies it was against the Lebanese government {{User|Kowal2701}} 21:24:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC) 
* '''Oppose''' a lot of people not associated with Hizbollah, also became victims, [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] ([[User talk:Huldra|talk]]) 23:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Perhaps, but the electronic devices were distributed by Hezbollah to its operatives. The devices were not commercially available. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 23:25, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' Per above comments. Also, any concerns about target vs attacker are still applicable if Lebanon is used, not to mention that they can be entirely circumvented by using "against Hezbollah". [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 23:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per VR. [[WP:NCWWW]] is clear. Proposed alternatives are ambiguous and might allude to Hezbollah being the perpetrator instead of the target. A lot of victims are/were also civilians, and the only thing they had in common with Hezbollah members was the geographic location. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - I like the title "[[Hezbollah device explosions]]," as used by the BBC [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0e1wpr0q44o]. I don't think it suggests Hezbollah was the perpetrator, I think it suggests that Hezbollah's devices exploded, which is accurate. "Lebanon" isn't entirely accurate because there were also explosions in Syria, even if most of it happened in Lebanon. "Lebanon pager explosions" or "Lebanon device explosions" I find problematic because it makes it sound like they were Lebanese pagers or Lebanese devices, as in made in Lebanon, which does not appear to be the accurate. [[WP:NCWWW]] says "in the majority of cases," and I think this is one case where we should say "who" rather than "where." [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:48, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong oppose''' Although indeed Hezbollah pagers and communication devices, many civilians have been killed or injured either from the explosion or shrapnel. Most of the explosions took place in Lebanon. A change from Lebanon to Hezbollah would be misleading. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - The attacks were targeted at Hezbollah in more than one country. I agree with [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] that a title such as '''Hezbollah device explosions''' suggests that Hezbollah's devices exploded, which is accurate. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:33, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Strong oppose''' as per VR, Havradim, and Iskandar323. Policy should guide this decision. If we were going purely for accuracy and precision, we'd have a long name such as ''2024 Israeli attacks on Hezbollah pagers, walkie talkies and solar panels''. As it is, ''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'' seems fine (note that I also prefer ''attacks'' over ''explosions''). [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 08:59, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - As spoken before, attacks targeted Hezbollah, also removes the geographic argument some had about Lebanon vs. Lebanon and Syria in title name. [[User:Poketape|poketape]] ([[User talk:Poketape|talk]]) 17:07, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - Most of the explosions did take place in Lebanon, but some in Syria as well. The attack was targeted against Hezbollah, and as we have [[Israel–Hamas war]] we have precedent to use the intended target even if there are civilian side-effects.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per above. [[User:Kcmastrpc|Kcmastrpc]] ([[User talk:Kcmastrpc|talk]]) 17:40, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Changing "pagers" to "electronics"/"communications" ===
* '''Support''' broadening as both pagers and handheld-radios are included in this. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:'''Support''' we can all agree on this. Mobile devices would be too specific and possibly exclude the (alleged) solar panels. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 02:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Support '''electronics'''; but people claiming solar panels and phones exploded should read this [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-iphones-solar-panels-laptops-exploded-in-lebanon/a-70281061 DW] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 17:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as it's become abundantly clear that pagers were not the only devices involved. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 00:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' mobile devices. Pagers is too specific. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Day 1 was pagers. Day 2 was walkie talkies. Mobile devices is too broad and two vague. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 01:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with you. That's why in my !vote I proposed "pagers and walkie talkies". [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 02:38, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*Support '''electronics'''. Simple and covers solar panels, which are not communication devices.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:15, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Alternate:''' pagers and walkie talkies per [[WP:PRECISE]]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 02:01, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*Support '''electronics''' since the attack expanded beyond just pagers after the first round. It also wasn't solely communication devices that were targeted, and 'communications' could imply it was a cyberattack on communications systems rather than physical devices. [[User:Icantthinkofausernames|Icantthinkofausernames]] ([[User talk:Icantthinkofausernames|talk]]) 02:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' to '''Electronics'''. "Communications" doesn't cover the solar panels we have reliable sources for. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 02:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*{{strike|Oppose. Pagers is the shortest title, the majority of the explosions were pagers, and I don't think either "electronics" or "comunications devices" is as eloquent as pagers.}} -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**I've actually been convinced to '''support "electronics explosions"''' - but I still oppose "electronics attacks" because that is very vague. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 19:07, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* Easy '''support''' - much more electronics than just pagers have been affected at this point. More people were killed by handheld radios in the second wave than pagers in the first wave, so having pagers alone in the title is misleading. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Alternate:''' Support '''pager and walkie-talkie''' per [[WP:AND]]. ''Electronics'' is way [[Wikipedia:Precise|too broad]] and doesn't define the subject like "pagers and walkie-talkies" does. In other words, "Pager and walkie-talkie explosions" can be the title of this article but "Electronic explosions" cannot as it's too broad. Even "2024 Lebanon electronic explosions" and other similar variants are too broad and confusing. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 18:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support "electronics"''' Although at first the majority of explosions originated from pagers, the 2nd wave of attacks was from other electronic devices and it looks like we're not going to be having separate articles for each attack. For that reason, this article's title should reflect both attacks.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' "electronics" or "devices" given the range of [[device]]s targeted. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 20:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* I think "pagers and walkie-talkie" or "communication devices" are better. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', press sources such as the NY Times and NBC News seem to be using the common name "pager attacks". [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 21:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support electronics''' - infobox mentions "Pagers, walkie-talkies, solar panels, radios, intercoms, car batteries", etc. Some of these do not fall under "communications" but all are considered electronic devices. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 00:24, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
**FWIW I think the infobox is wrong and took that out; MSM seems to all say pagers and walkie-talkie. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:52, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
**:Good to know, then I think '''devices''' or '''communication devices''' sounds better. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 16:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support 'devices' or 'pagers and walkie-talkies'''', as used by [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0e1wpr0q44o BBC] and [https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-explosions-hezbollah-israel-09-19-24-intl-hnk/index.html CNN] respectively. Both "electronics" and "communications" strike me as too vague. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:52, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support devices''', oppose '''electronics''' which is more about circuits rather than devices. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:11, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support "communication devices"''' as pagers were not the only devices involved. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:38, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support electronics''' as ''devices'' isn't as broad and suggests handheld devices rather than electronics equipment in general (such as solar panels). My preferred title would be '''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'''. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:02, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Solar panels weren't part of this attack. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 15:39, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' because walkie-talkies were also involved. 三葉草 [[User:三葉草|San]] [[User_talk:三葉草|Yeh]] [[Special:Contributions/三葉草|Tsao]] 18:11, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Changing "explosions" to "attacks" ===
* '''Support''' per my reason in the previous RM. [[WP:RS]] classify this as an "attack" including [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/] [https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/exploding-device-attacks-dealt-major-crippling-blow-hezbollah-113841163] and so we should just mirror what RS does. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with "attacks" in principle, but I'm a little concerned that, coupled with a Lebanon → Hezbollah change, the title "Hezbollah pager attacks" (or "Hezbollah electronics attacks" etc.) would be misleading – wouldn't a plain reading make it appear Hezbollah were themselves responsible, and not the target? Maybe I'm being overly cautious, but I could easily see such a title causing confusion. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 00:20, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::We can use "attacks on ..." or "attacks in ..." if needbe. I do appreciate the concern as we do need to ensure this title is not misleading though. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 00:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::But I think "Lebanon electronics attacks" would be fine and unambiguous.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:14, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'' would be my preferred title, but I'm not immovable on the ''2024'' part. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' That title makes it sound like Hezbollah committed an attack, not that they were attacked. Explosions is also more descriptive. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 00:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Opoose''' Explosions is more specific. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Explosions seems more vague, because it includes accidents (eg [[2020 Beirut explosion]]), whereas this was not accidental.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:13, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Support Attacks. [[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 02:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' "Explosions" implies it was an accident. "Attack(s)" is clearer. Similarly, articles about bombings do not use "explosions" (eg [[Oklahoma City bombing]]). As for the confusion of who was the attacker and who was the target, there are ways around it. There were some ideas to resolve that in the previous RM. Saying "Attacks on/against Lebanon/Hezbollah" should suffice. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 02:08, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' as per above. 'Explosions' implies it could've been an accident; it was mostly definitely an attack and most RS support this. [[User:Icantthinkofausernames|Icantthinkofausernames]] ([[User talk:Icantthinkofausernames|talk]]) 02:13, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. Could cause someone to misinterpret Hezbollah{{strikethrough|/Lebanon}} (Lebanon is fine to use, check replies) as the perpetrator. Other than that, I support. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 02:15, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]], based on my understanding of English (it is not my mother tongue), the word "Lebanon" is only a noun (whose adjective is "Lebanese"), whereas "Hezbollah" is both a noun and adjective. So "Lebanon electronics attack" should unambiguously indicate Lebanon as the location of the attack, not the perpetrator.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:: {{ping|Vice regent}} You are correct. I've updated my support to clear that up. Thanks, — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 15:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Explosions is more specific - "attack" could mean an attack ''on pager infrastructure'' or similar. Further, if it's changed to Hezbollah, the title ''Hezbollah pager (or word) attack'' would imply they attacked pagers, rather than their pagers exploded. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Clarifying my comment in relation to the above - I think that this needs to be considered together with the question over what the "items" that exploded/were attacked are called. I cannot support "electronics attack(s)" because that is ambiguous as to whether it was an attack on electronic infrastructure, an attack using electronic weapons, etc. So if it's changed to "electronics" (the shortest word that seems to include the various devices involved) then I still oppose changing to attacks. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 19:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - I am partial to [[Lebanon exploding electronics attacks]]; it is concise, precise, follows policy, and does a good job of explaining what happened and in what location. As others have said, having explosions alone omits the fact that this was a targeted attack, leaving open the possibility that it was instead a series of tragic accidents. And having attacks alone leaves too much open to interpretation: Was Lebanon / Hezbollah attacked or did they attack? And via the use of what kind of electronics warfare? [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 06:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support "attacks"''', per what I've written below.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support in principle''', but care must be taken that the final outcome of this RM does not make it sound like Hezbollah was the one committing the attack. Therefore, the article name should be something like [[Attacks on Hezbollah's pagers and walkie talkies]]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 20:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', "explosions" is more exact to describe what happened (pagers exploded) while "pager attack" may imply electronic espionage or disrupting communication. Also "...pagers attack" could imply active ("they attacked") instead of passive ("they got exploded"). '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with you on your second point. That's why I put a note in my !vote with a caution that if using the word "attacks", the word order would have to change (along with needing to add the prepesition "on").
*:On your first point, because all the explosions happened at the same time (or within a ½ an hour or so), then it does constitute an attack (or more accurately "attacks" because there were two attacks on two different days). [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support'''; "explosion" could be an accident, "attack" is what it was, [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] ([[User talk:Huldra|talk]]) 23:26, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - an explosion might be unintended, an attack is not. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:55, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose for this title format''' - "Lebanon pager attacks" and "Hezbollah pager attacks" make it sound like Lebanon/Hezbollah are the perpetrators. I don't categorically oppose using "attacks" instead of "explosions" but it has to be as part of a title that phrases it in a way that doesn't confuse the perpetrator with the victim of the attack, so something different than any of the variations currently proposed. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 07:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong support''' as these specific "explosions" had a perpetrator, Israel. RS have confirmed Israel to be the perpetrator of this coordinated attack. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:13, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as explosions is more specific. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:41, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong support ''attacks''.''' ''Explosions'' is too vague and implies the devices just blew up, e.g., due to manufacturing issues or excessive heat. These were attacks, and RSes support that. This is why I also don't think ''Hezbollah'' should be in the title. It should be ''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks''. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:22, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - because I support changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah", and [[2024 Hezbollah pager attacks]] could mislead readers to believe the attacks were committed by Hezbollah rather than against Hezbollah.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:44, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''', would it be a stretch to go so far to call it a bombing? [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 20:24, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Including "Israeli sabotage attack" ===
*'''Support''' - a wide range of sources are saying as a fact this was an Israeli attack. The [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html NYTimes] has reported these were manufactured by Israel. [https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions Axios] reports that "Israel decided to blow up the pager devices carried by Hezbollah members in Lebanon and Syria on Tuesday out of concern its secret operation might have been discovered by the group, three U.S. officials told Axios." and that "A former Israeli official with knowledge of the operation said Israeli intelligence services planned to use the booby-trapped pagers it managed to "plant" in Hezbollah's ranks as a surprise opening blow in an all- out war to try to cripple Hezbollah." [https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html CNN] reports that "CNN has learned Tuesday’s explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military." There are no sources that actually dispute that Israel was behind these explosions. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 01:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**{{u|nableezy}} what is the exact title you propose? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*** [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] or [[Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor]]? [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 03:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
****I'm not in favor of this, but there is [[Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp]], after all. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
****:And [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]]. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**:2024 Israeli electronics sabatoge attack '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:* [[Israeli electronics attack against Hezbollah]]?
*:[[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 21:28, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''- per [[WP:NPOV]]. Israel has not taken credit for the incident, and nobody has provided proof that it was Israel. All mentions of Israel as the culprit are allegations. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' clear NPOV violation. Even if there is a consensus they were Israeli or proven to be, this is a clear POV title intended to imply things that should not be implied in a title. Titles should not be disambiguated beyond what is necessary. Unless there is some other attack on Hezbollah pagers/walkie-talkies this year, there is no need for this. And if there's another attack in another year, a year is a NPOV disambiguation that will suffice. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Where is the NPOV violation and what is it intended to imply? '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', borders on original research at this point. Not at all clear if Israel acted alone on this one, so having this in the title is overreach. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Neutral, leaning oppose''' per what I've stated below. Identifying the perpetrators within the article title seems unnecessary. The first sentence of the article should explain that reliable sources believe Israel is the perpetrator of this attack.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', while Israel is the natural "prime suspect", it has not taken responsibility, and all we have so far is media speculations and Hezbollah's blame. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Consensus by RS is that Israel was behind the attack. We should reflect that consensus. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 00:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::If you read the references carefully, the consensus is that Israel is the only logical suspect. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 00:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::We also have [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]] as a precedent, where Israel also didn't claim responsibility, but multiple sources identified it as the perpetrator. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 00:17, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::Israel is not a suspect by process of elimination. RS have evidence of Israel's responsibility and are fully naming them as responsible.
*:::[https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html] {{tq|CNN has learned Tuesday’s explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military.}}
*:::[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html] {{tq|12 current and former defense and intelligence officials who were briefed on the attack say the Israelis were behind it}}
*:::[https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions] {{tq|Israel decided to blow up the pager devices carried by Hezbollah members in Lebanon and Syria on Tuesday}}
*:::[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/sep/18/first-thing-israel-planted-explosives-thousands-hezbollah-pagers-reports] {{tq|Israel placed explosives inside thousands of pagers imported by Hezbollah months before Tuesday’s extraordinary attacks, according to sources cited by Reuters and US media.}} [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 02:22, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' There are other pages that include both the attacker and target's identities, as shown above. Plus, in doing so, all the concerns raised elsewhere in the RM about who was the attacker vs the target would be solved. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 00:03, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' As a comparison, even in terrorist attacks where known terrorist organizations claimed responsibilities, we never mention their names in the title. While the incident is clearly different, I think the same principle applies.[[User:廣九直通車|廣九直通車]] ([[User talk:廣九直通車|talk]]) 06:53, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Strong oppose 'sabotage'''' - Sabotage would be if they made the pagers and walkie talkies stop working. When you make a device like that explode, that's a [[booby trap]], not [[sabotage]]. Neutral on the principle of including 'Israel' in the title; MSM is all more or less reporting that Israel is behind the attack or widely believed to be (also, it's kind of obvious that they are, even if they never admit it). [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:55, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Not sure the [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/us/politics/israel-hezbollah-pager-attacks.html NYT] agrees with you here. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:29, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Journalists 🙄 NYT isn't the only one making this obvious mistake, either. If enough of them make it, it'll become "consensus of RS." But mark my words: "sabotage" is not the right word to describe booby trapping, and some day, the NYT and the rest will learn this. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 19:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::It's actually a meaningful distinction (in my view). "Sabotage" is the right word if we want to say that the purpose of putting explosives into personal communications devices was to impede communications. "Booby trap" is the right word if we want to say the purpose was to kill or injure people. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 19:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' - Unnecessary complication to title, if there were more than one group of pager explosions, then I could see the argument. [[User:Poketape|poketape]] ([[User talk:Poketape|talk]]) 17:09, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Leave title unchanged ===
{{atop|1='''Procedural close'''. Per the format of this RM, the way to express opposition to changes is to oppose them individually in their respective sections. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 17:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)}}
* '''Support''' - The title makes sense for now. Change it later if the media comes to a consensus on the name of this operation. [[User:Carrite|Carrite]] ([[User talk:Carrite|talk]]) 07:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:It's not the media's role to name the operation. That would be the perpetrator's role. Since the perpetrator has not publicly acknowledged the operation, the perpetrator would not make the name of the operation public. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 13:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
{{abot}}

=== Other proposals ===
{{atop|1='''Obsolete:''' Proposal has been incorporated into other sections. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)}}
I '''support a name like [[2024 Lebanon electronics attack]]''', and I oppose a name that includes "Hezbollah", "Syria", or "explosion". I don't feel like writing a bunch of separate responses for each piece of the article name, so I've put my thoughts here and it should be clear what my piecewise position is. I'm choosing this based on [[WP:CRITERIA]]. To review it:

1. '''Recognizability''': From what I understand, there have been attacks involving the use of rigged electronic devices in Lebanon in the past. For this reason, putting the year disambiguates and makes it recognizable as a specific attack.
2. '''Naturalness''': The title is very straightforward and describes (in order) When (2024), Where (Lebanon), & What (electronics attack). Sounds natural to me. Putting Hezbollah in the title will make it unnatural and may seemingly imply that Hezbollah was the perpetrator.
3. '''Precision''': My suggested title is precise in that it zeroes in on exactly this event.
4. '''Concision''': We don't need Syria in the title because this primary location of the attack was Lebanon, and anybody referring to the event will primarily be referring to Lebanon. Obviously, it should be noted that some of the attack took place in Syria, but as far as the article title goes, it's not necessary to include that in there. For example, the [[Pacific war]] article makes it clear in the very first sentence of the article that the war was also fought in the Indian Ocean. I draw inspiration from that, and I think that omitting the Syrian attacks from the article's title but mentioning it in the first sentence is the right way.
5. '''Consistency''': The article title I'm proposing is very consistent with many other articles such as [[2024 France railway arson attacks]], [[2022 Erbil missile attacks]], and countless other articles with this style of (Year, location, method, "attack")

As far as alternatives go, the only one that comes to mind is [[2024 Israeli electronics attack]], which would instead include the perpetrator rather than the location, but I would only be willing to support such a title as a compromise, because I think that having the location of the attack is more important than having the perpetrator. Derivatives of this could also be considered that mention the location, such as [[2024 Israeli electronics attack in Lebanon]], but as I point out in the consistency point, the usual way is not to mention the perpetrator, and instead just have the location. For that reason, I would only support article titles that have the perpetrator if I was forced to give up on my main article title that I propose.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:31, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:p.s. I mentioned my opposition to "explosion" in the previous move discussion, but I didn't mention it here so I'll reiterate it. Using the word "explosion" in the title implies that the motive behind this event was ambiguous and unclear. However, mainstream media sources are directly implicating Israel in this attack (See [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html New York Times]). For that reason, it makes more sense to refer to it as an attack. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::You may want to move this comment to the section that directly deals with this question. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::In addition to commenting in the section [[#Changing "explosions" to "attacks"]], you may also want to comment in the sections [[#Changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah"]] and [[#Changing "pagers" to "electronics"/"communications"]] since your propsal touches on them too. The reason the Requested Move has been broken down into sections is that no consensus could be reached when the question was too broadly construed as to how to rename the article. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{+1}}. @[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]], {{tq|I don't feel like writing a bunch of separate responses for each piece of the article name}} is not a valid reason to break the format of this RM. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 17:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I didn't "break" the format of anything. But sure, if you want, I can !vote every section. However, my reasoning for multiple of them were similar and related and I wanted to avoid redundancy. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
{{abot}}

=== Discussion ===
Is there a reason there is no RMCD hatnote on the article page? [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 10:54, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:The [[User:RMCD bot]] must have broke. @[[User:Wbm1058|Wbm1058]]? Fix? Or maybe someone can add the tag manually. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 11:00, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::'''?! Edit failed due to a recent RMCD bot edit (0RR)''' is what I saw on my bot's console. Sorry, imposed a 0RR restriction on the bot to mitigate possible edit warring, and did not anticipate that a new RM would open within four hours of the close of another. If you had waited 24 hours to open the new RM, the bot would have been fine with it. My bot hasn't yet found the intelligence to distinguish between its short-term edits to two different requested moves on the same page. Frankly, the whole world is watching this one; I don't think an article notice is really necessary to draw more participation. – [[User:Wbm1058|wbm1058]] ([[User talk:Wbm1058|talk]]) 13:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::IMO the hatnote serves not merely to invite editors to participate in the debate, but also to alert non-editors that the current title may not reflect a settled consensus of editors. [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 15:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:I have not seen an RFC before that has been divided into multiple sections with separate votes. Is this proper practice? [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:25, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::This is not an RFC; this is an RM. Sdkb suggested subsections for each part of the title, so I just did that. I don't find anything unusual about this, it helps a lot with discussion organization for complex and contentious article title discussions. If this was cut and dry then the proposed title would have been speedy moved in the last RM discussion. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 12:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I still haven't seen an RM doing these subdivisions for each word in the move. But anyway, I will participate in the move discussion tomorrow, if no other editor finds this also unconventional other than myself. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

This is effectively several move requests wrapped into one and seems like an inevitable [[WP:TRAINWRECK]] for that reason.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:47, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

:The trainwreck was the [[#Requested move 17 September 2024|previous move request from Sept 17]], which could not reach a consensus, other than the article needs to be renamed. In this format, in which the questions on how to rename is broken down into simple questions, it'll be possible to reach a consensus. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 17:53, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==== Courtesy ping ====
Can someone get a courtesy ping for this? I think it would be very helpful. I wish there was an automated way for this. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 00:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Pinging editors who commented in the previous [[WP:RM]], but have yet to comment in this [[WP:RM]].
:{{u|MathKnight}}, {{u|Eastwood Park and strabane}}, {{u|Nice4What}}, {{u|Whizkin}}, {{u|Thuresson}}, {{u|RisingTzar}}, {{u|Makeandtoss}}, {{u|Kowal2701}}, {{u|मल्ल}}, {{u|DaringDonna}}, {{u|David O. Johnson}}, {{u|Mk17b}}, {{u|Borgenland}}, {{u|Pilaz}}, {{u|Spilia4}}, {{u|Hogo-2020}}, {{u|Mhhossein}}, {{u|Nishidani}}, {{u|Oathed}}, {{u|Martinevans123}}
:Apologies if I missed anybody. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Identities of the injured ==

Of the thousands who were injured, how many were Hezbollah members, civilians or both (many Hezbollah members are civilians)? We seem to have conflicting reports:
*The Lebanese Health Minister [https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/17/middle-east-crisis-live-netanyahu-expands-gaza-war-aims-blinken-heads-to-egypt said] {{tq|The “vast majority” presenting to emergency rooms are in civilian clothes, Abiad told the broadcaster, adding that this makes it “very difficult to discern whether they belong to a certain entity like Hezbollah or others”. He added: But we are seeing among them people who are old or people who are very young, like the child who unfortunately died, and there are some of them who are health care workers."}}
**The Health Minister says during [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzHYsUVAtsA a CNN interview]: "{{tq|vast majority of them [casualties] were civilians}}" in response to a CNN interviewer's question on how many were un-affiliated with Hezbollah.
*BBC journalist at [[Hotel Dieu Hospital]] [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t?page=4 said] the patients there were "{{tq|mainly members of Hezbollah}}."
*The Washington Post [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/ reported] "{{tq|According to Lebanon’s Health Ministry...Among the casualties were women, children and the elderly, as well as medical workers and civil servants.}}"
*The Guardian [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/17/hundreds-of-hezbollah-members-hurt-in-lebanon-after-pagers-explode quoted] an unnamed source saying "{{tq|A senior security source said pagers all over the country exploded, primarily wounding members of Hezbollah.}}"
*ABC News says "{{tq|The dead and injured included people who are not members of Hezbollah.}}" The claim isn't surprising, but it also doesn't cite the claim other than point out children killed.

I think we should mention both views: the Health Minister's view that most ''appear'' to be civilians, and other reports that most might be Hezbollah members. The lead should probably just mention that "many casualties were Hezbollah members, including civilian members of the organization, while others were unaffiliated civilians."'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:Given the fact that Hezbollah membership is highly secret excerpt at the highest levels and the membership of individual rank and file members only becomes public after their deaths, I think the "civilian dress" metric is of zero value. Is there any evidence that Hezbollah does ''not'' use women and health care workers and the elderly as operatives? I could be proven wrong as more evidence emerges, but it looks to me at this time that the percentage of casualties that were Hezbollah operatives was exceptionally high, and the percentage of totally uninvolved civilian collateral damage injuries was exceptionally low. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 05:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::What is your basis for saying "that the percentage of casualties that were Hezbollah operatives was exceptionally high"? What exactly do you mean by the word "operatives"? It has been pointed out many Hezbollah members are, in fact, civilians. Al Jazeera points out "{{tq|Some of the blasts struck members of Hezbollah who are not combatants, according to Lebanese media accounts. For example, Tuesday’s attack killed a medic who worked at Al Rassoul Al Azam Hospital, which is linked to Hezbollah-associated charities.}}" '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 06:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::What is the evidence that Hezbollah strictly diffentiates between its "civilian clothed" military [[Jihad Council]] members and its "civilian clothed" "non military" [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]] members? Are you saying that it is impossible that a medic by day could be a rocket launch site combatant in civilian clothes at night? If there is such a strict differentiation, then why were both groups issued the same set of command and control electronic devices? Are the "civilians" free to do what they want and say what they want, or are they always commanded to follow military orders, upon pain of death? As for unnamed {{tpq|Lebanese media accounts}}, which of them in particular are considered reliable sources for use on Wikipedia? [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Pinging {{u|Vice regent}} as requested. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for the ping. Certainly anything is possible. But civilians must not be targeted under [[International Humanitarian Law]] unless the attacker has specific evidence of them taking part in hostilities. Is there evidence that the medic killed at [[Al Rassoul Al Azam Hospital]] was also launching rockets? From what I understand, the devices were fairly regular [[pagers]]; there was nothing specifically military about them. They could be used to communicate with soldiers and civilians alike. Hospital staff in the Middle East (and across the world) use pagers all the time. I agree we don't directly quite unnamed [[WP:PRIMARY]] sources, but when a reliable [[WP:SECONDARY]] source like Al-Jazeera relies on them, we can quote that secondary source's reporting.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::But there was something specifically military about the exploded pagers: they were ordered and issued by Hezhollah to its members (per a source we cite here, Hezbollah "said 4,000 pagers carried by Hezbollah members exploded"). So it becomes a question of when is a Hezbollah member (not) taking part in hostilities? In some countries every member of Hezbollah is deemed a terrorist, i.e. not a civilian, so the question only makes outside of those countries. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 19:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:The Lebanese Health Minister's claim can be mentioned, but shouldn't affect how we describe the events in wikivoice, since it's both a [[WP:PRIMARY|primary]] and [[WP:NIS|non-independent]] source. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 16:23, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::I'm fine to include attribution. Keep in mind that ultimately, the most comprehensive casualty counts have come from government sources (the Israeli social security data for the [[October 7 Hamas attacks]], the Gaza Health Ministry for the [[Israeli invasion of Gaza]] etc.).'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== A useful source==
I think that this source is useful to expand this article. Source is https://newsable.asianetnews.com/world/lebanon-pager-explosions-probe-turns-toward-kerala-man-malayali-company-financial-dealings-under-scrutiny-anr-sk3n1w. If this source is useful, please add content sourced to it. Source is from [[Asianet News]]. [[User:Pachu Kannan|Pachu Kannan]] ([[User talk:Pachu Kannan|talk]]) 07:28, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Explosive ==

It's good to see not even informed speculation about which explosive or explosives were used; we await the results of forensic examination. And when we do get that acronym or whatever we'll be plugging it into the article a lot...!
[[User:Kencf0618|kencf0618]] ([[User talk:Kencf0618|talk]]) 11:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Terrorism ==

RS have either used or reported on this attack being a form of terrorism by the Israeli state:
* Washington Post: "Numerous international law experts, including a U.N. panel, accused Israel of violating international law and carrying out a form of terrorism, no matter that it was an attempt to weaken a known terrorist organization." [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/20/hezbollah-pager-attacks-israel-lebanon-war/ ]
* Jacobin: "Israel carried out two terrorist attacks across Lebanon this week, bringing the entire region ever closer to the brink of all-out war." [https://jacobin.com/2024/09/lebanon-israel-beeper-attacks-terrorism ]

Governments have also used this term:

* BBC: "Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said he told his Lebanese counterpart that he "strongly condemned Israeli terrorism"." [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7xnelvpepo ]
* AJ: "Belgium’s deputy PM denounces ‘terror attack’ in Lebanon and Syria" [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-thousands-injured-in-lebanon-pager-explosions?update=3186244 ]

Maybe there are other RS I have missed, but clearly this should be highlighted in this article. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

: Terrorism is a value-laden and generally non-objective term. We can report on what significant people say, but Wikipedia should be very restrained in calling anything terrorism, or anyone a terrorist. We can say organization X designated Y a terrorist, but that's different from stating it as a conclusion. Obviously this is a high profile article and there's a lot at stake for people to try to sway this article away from NPOV. We should resist those efforts. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 12:42, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It "should be highlighted in this article," does not imply that Wikipedia should call it anything or that is is a fact or conclusion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Choose any military event. We can scour the sources and find some that call it terrorism. The question is whether these claims are significant enough to deserve mention, or [[WP:FRINGE]]. I read a lot of news every day and haven't seen this claim featured prominently. I think the article should have [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions#International_law a discussion] about whether these attacks are within the laws of war or not, presenting all sides in fair proportion. This is a fair question. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 12:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Numerous international law experts, including a U.N. panel, are obviously significant sources, and they deserve a mention, as they were reported by RS. That has no bearing on whatever other material that might be added. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] what is the basis for the terrorism claim? It is terrorism under Lebanese law? Under International law? I've been adding in the section "International law" a detailed basis for this being a [[war crime]]. But if there is no basis for the terrorism claim, maybe you can mention it in the Reactions section, but I wouldn't give it much more [[WP:WEIGHT]] than that. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn’t a reaction, it’s a characterization. It doesn’t necessarily have to be under law, it can be made as a description by experts, which a UN panel and international law experts are. It can be added in body with attribution; it shouldn’t be controversial to reflect RS. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 17:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] [[Definition of terrorism|terrorism is a legal term]]. Under which law, is this act considered terrorism? Is there a detailed analysis that considers this terrorism, or do the sources just accuse Israel in passing? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 13:58, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::We should mention it in the form of the WP and state that numerous international law experts have characterised it as an act of terrorism. That is uncontroversial. Many have, including also, separately, [[Geoffrey Nice]] on Middle East Eye. It was textbook state terrorism. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 14:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:Also worth mentioning that several at UNSC emergency meeting called it an act of terror or terrorism, including the Russian ambassador several times. [[User:Greeen|Greeen]] ([[User talk:Greeen|talk]]) 19:01, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Changes to background section ==

The background section is more about the Israel-Hamas war than it is about pagers in Lebanon.

According to the New York Times (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html) the pagers were sent to Lebonon two years ago, well before October 7 [[User:Rmacleod18|Rmacleod18]] ([[User talk:Rmacleod18|talk]]) 17:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:The current Israel-Lebanon conflict is very much rooted in the [[Israel-Hamas war]].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Number of deaths ==

An Iranian news agency has reported the total death toll has reached 41. [[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]] ([[User talk:Aminabzz|talk]]) 20:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Unless you can provide a reference, this is useless information. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:07, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Who said? ==

"Sky News reported '''a Lebanese security''' had said...." (Final paragraph of "Use of pagers" section.) What is a "Lebanese security", and how does it say things? [[Special:Contributions/67.231.67.253|67.231.67.253]] ([[User talk:67.231.67.253|talk]]) 21:33, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you for the observation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246754355 I have fixed it]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Opening sentence ==

I think the definition of Hezbollah should be trimmed from the opening sentence. Whoever is not familiar with Hezbollah can simply access its WP article. This would be on par with the lack of definition of Al-Qaeda on [[September 11 attacks]], Nazi Party on [[Kristallnacht]], etc. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:41, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 21 September 2024 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2024 Lebanon pager explosions|answered=no}}
change title from "2024 Pager Explosions" to "2024 Pager Attacks"

reasons:

1. "attacks" more precises describes this event as "explosions" could be referring to a spontaneous or unplanned event.
2. for 9/11 we have (in English) "September 11th attacks" and for Oct7 we have: "2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel".
To call this "explosion" and not "attack" would go against Wikipedia's stated goal of neutrality. [[User:Mx.rezazadeh|Mx.rezazadeh]] ([[User talk:Mx.rezazadeh|talk]]) 15:13, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Secret Hezbollah document about casulates ==

Has anyone seen this Hezbollah document? If this document is real, then the casulates must be changed.[https://x.com/VividProwess/status /1837028598177239383 Source] [[Special:Contributions/109.197.206.119|109.197.206.119]] ([[User talk:109.197.206.119|talk]]) 17:30, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

:Link is dead, but I've seen it. If you have a RS giving any weight to that document then we might want to consider publishing it but until then, it's all unverified and speculative. [[User:Kcmastrpc|Kcmastrpc]] ([[User talk:Kcmastrpc|talk]]) 17:36, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::Here's a fixed link: https://x.com/VividProwess/status/1837028598177239383 (''/status/'' was ''/status+/'' in the above URL). I have no idea as to its authenticity. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::It claims a death toll of 879. Obvious fake. [[User:Mporter|Mporter]] ([[User talk:Mporter|talk]]) 19:23, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

Talk:2024 Lebanon pager explosions

2024-09-21T20:24:11Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Changing "explosions" to "attacks" */

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== A few points ==

First of all, some of the English language sources that I've reviewed do not state that ONLY Hezbollah militants were injured. Secondly, the "Background" section contains multiple past attacks involving Hezbollah, Lebanon and Israel, while many of the sources have nothing to do with the pager explosions (not including the defense official issue). This is likely a violation of [[WP:SYNTH]], where editors try to connect multiple events together because they believe the events are related even when no reliable source made a connection. [[User:Nythar|'''Nythar''']] ([[User talk:Nythar|💬]]'''-'''[[Special:Contributions/Nythar|🍀]]) 15:07, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:There is currently no indication that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246205520 the car explosion in Syria] had anything to do with the pager explosions in Lebanon. [[User:Nythar|'''Nythar''']] ([[User talk:Nythar|💬]]'''-'''[[Special:Contributions/Nythar|🍀]]) 15:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Agree with both. 1. This is isolated to lebanon and 2. apparently Iran's ambassador was also wounded, along with civilians.[[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 03:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

==Death of a child==
*Aside from the fact that civilians were injured, we also know that a girl was killed[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/dozens-hezbollah-members-wounded-lebanon-when-pagers-exploded-sources-witnesses-2024-09-17/]. But this keeps getting removed. Why? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
**ABC News says[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464#:~:text=BEIRUT%20%2D%2D%20Pagers%20used%20by,wounding%20several%20thousand%2C%20officials%20said.] "killing at least nine people – including an 8-year-old girl -- and wounding several thousand, officials said." So it doesn't seem like only a Hezbollah claim.
**We also have: "{{tq|The 10-year-old daughter of a Hezbollah member was killed in Lebanon's east when his pager exploded on Tuesday, her family and a source close to the group said. "A 10-year-old girl was martyred in the Bekaa Valley after her father's pager exploded while he was next to her," her relatives told AFP."}}" So we seem to have sufficient confirmation.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 20:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
** AP confirmed the death of an 8-year-old girl: [https://apnews.com/live/lebanon-syria-pagers-hezbollah-updates#00000192-0133-d78d-a79f-3dff2bfb0000 At least 9 people killed in pager explosions]
* I see claims above of 8-year old, 9-year old, and 10-year old, with no reliable source. There's not enough substance here to put it in the article.
::How is AP now a reliable source? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::If sources agree that a child died and disagree on the age, it is still enough to include. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 20:29, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes, it can be mentioned even if we can't confirm her age. Just say, "a girl aged 8–10". [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 11:54, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* At what point (under Casualties) do we just say "including children"? I see reports of an 8-, 9-, 10-, and 11-year-old killed. I don't think we need to list each—and it isn't always abundantly clear whether these are different children; the "daughter of a Hezbollah member", for example, has been cited as various ages, so a source stating an 8-year-old girl died could easily be referring to the same child but with an erroneous age. And to be clear: this belongs in the Casualties section, not the infobox. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 21:15, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree we don't need to mention them individually, we should just say "including 3 children" in the infobox. The "daughter of Hezbollah member" might be useful to the reader as it explains how the child was killed/why they happened to be close to an exploding device.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:46, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I'm happy with "including children", though I think "including at least three children" with the option to update as more info comes in is better. The first is more future-proof, but the second is more accurate. I '''strongly object''' to "child of a Hezbollah member", as it's [[WP:BIAS]]/[[WP:TE]], victim blaming and unnecessary (the article already makes it abundantly clear who the intended targets were). [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 08:23, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

{{ping|Vice regent|}},{{ping|Super Goku V}},{{ping|Lewisguile}},{{ping|GhostOfNoMan}}
Editors might like to note that ''[[three]]'' children were killed on 18 September 2024. As reported in Lebanon in the French-language daily newspaper [[L'Orient-Le Jour]]. Here a link for easy accessibility and convenience to its English-language edition "L'Orient Today":

*"''[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427494/after-pager-explosions-hezbollah-announces-death-of-10-fighters-vows-to-continue-operations-day-348-of-the-gaza-war.html At least 14 dead and over 450 injured in new explosions of communication devices across Lebanon: Day 348 of the Gaza war'' - 10:28 Beirut Time]", [[L'Orient-Le Jour|L'Orient Today]], 18 September 2024 - [L'Orient's editorial stance: "a fierce line against Hezbollah"/ per our enWP article]

Please, note the time: "10:28 Beirut Time", this was before the "Second wave".--[[Special:Contributions/91.54.12.244|91.54.12.244]] ([[User talk:91.54.12.244|talk]]) 07:02, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Requested move 17 September 2024 ==

<div class="boilerplate mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color: var(--background-color-success-subtle, #efe); color: var(--color-base, #000); margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted var(--border-color-subtle, #AAAAAA);">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.''

The result of the move request was: '''not moved.''' Editors found consensus against including Syria in the title, given that the vast majority of the explosions occurred in Lebanon.

Several other suggestions for changes to the title were made, including replacing "Lebanon" with "Hezbollah" (which had general, although not universal, support among those who commented on it), replacing "pager" with "communications" or "electronics", and replacing "explosions" with "attack(s)". The discussion about these was too lost in the shuffle to produce a clear consensus, but there is no prejudice against a renomination focusing on them. For organizational purposes, I would suggest that any future RM be split into sections so that each change can be considered independently. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 20:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
----

[[:2024 Lebanon pager explosions]] → {{no redirect|2024 Lebanon–Syria pager explosions}} – Reports on pager explosions in Syria with multiple confirmed deaths: [https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/report-pager-explosion-attack-killed-7-in-syria/ Times of Israel] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 16:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – It appears that most sources are focusing on Lebanon as this was the primary site of the explosion, with significantly less in Syria. [[User:Nice4What|Nice4What]] ([[User talk:Nice4What|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nice4What|contribs]]) – ([[Help:Notifications/Thanks|Thanks]] ♥) 18:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – it appears the overwhelming majority of injuries took place inside Lebanon. Reliable sources report 3,000 injuries in Lebanon, and only 14 in Syria ([https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t BBC]). These numbers may change, but as it stands this seems primarily a Lebanese event – which is exactly how it's being discussed and headlined in most reliable sources. Including Syria in the infobox and lead is enough, IMHO. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:18, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Neutral''' – I would propose a rename to 2024 Hezbollah pager explosions (or similar), since that seems to be the central association between the explosions. Nearly half of those killed were in Syria. Here's an example of the BBC using the name "Hezbollah pager explosions" https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz04m913m49o [[User:Eastwood Park and strabane|Eastwood Park and strabane]] ([[User talk:Eastwood Park and strabane|talk]]) 18:38, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' - I tend to agree with GhostOfNoMan; the overwhelming majority of this incident happened within Lebanon. [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 18:49, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

: It should be renamed [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]] because it were Hezbollah's pagers that exploded (not restricting geographic range). '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 19:01, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::That's a '''good idea''' [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 04:56, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::I very much '''support''' this. [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 07:40, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::'''Support''' 2024 Hezbollah pager explosions, per MathKnight and Eastwood Park and strabane. - [[User:Sebbog13|Sebbog13]] ([[User talk:Sebbog13|talk]]) 14:51, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:<s>'''Support''' - Although the majority of the explosions occurred in Lebanon, the number of explosions in Syria was more than a handful (so far it's in the double-digits), and (as of this writing) the death toll in Syria is similar to the death toll in Lebanon. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)</s>
:Changing my !vote in light of recent developments: to '''rename''' to [[Coordinated attacks on Hezbollah's mobile communication systems]].
:#No need to disambiguate with the year, since it's so unique
:#Covers both the pagers and walkie talkies
:#Covers all geographic locations of the explosions.
:[[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:26, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Jerusalem Post reports that "operatives" are also wounded in Iraq ([https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820536 link]). [[User:Thuresson|Thuresson]] ([[User talk:Thuresson|talk]]) 19:14, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*:The Jerusalem Post does not report a specific number of explosions in Iraq, nor any injuries or deaths in Iraq. Therefore, I would treat all information about explosions in Iraq as "unconfirmed" until we get more specific information. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:35, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' - There are relatively fewer mentions of explosions in Syria in the media and the target remains Lebanese Hezbollah (not to be confused with Iraqi Hezbollah). The fact that Lebanese Hezbollah has a presence in Syria and as such some pager explosions also happened in Syria, is insignificant and likely a coincidence caused by the explosions being indiscriminate. [[User:RisingTzar|RisingTzar]] ([[User talk:RisingTzar|talk]]) 19:48, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Strong oppose''' for this proposed title; the overwhelming majority of the pagers were in Lebanon, as RS coverage has proven. I '''strongly support''' this article's move to the title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack'''; this is a [[Israel and state-sponsored terrorism|state-terrorist attack]], not an "explosion." [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 20:00, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] Apart from Twitter who else is calling it a state-terrorist attack? [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 20:05, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Scholars will eventually describe it for what it is, a state-terrorist attack. Aside from the description, the proposed title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack''' is currently supported by RS: [https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/09/17/what-we-know-about-the-pager-attacks-on-hezbollah/ ] [https://news.sky.com/video/saudi-ambassador-to-uk-on-the-hezbollah-pager-attack-13216866 ] [https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah/index.html ] [https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/17/world/israel-hamas-war-news ] [https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/09/lebanon-least-11-killed-4000-injured-suspected-israeli-pager-attack-against ] [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 20:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::[[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]. We don’t go off of what you or anyone here thinks will “eventually” happen. If you’re going to continue calling it a “terrorist attack” here that shows you don’t want to contribute in good faith but only to push your POV. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 20:42, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::No one said we will or we should; I clearly and explicitly differentiated between the descriptor (terrorist attack), and the title (attack); the latter is the topic of discussion here. As for the lack of assumption of good faith and the ad hominem, I will not respond to that. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 21:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::I am wary of titles with the word 'attack' in them because it is not always clear if the subject was attacked, or was doing the attacking; explosions rings more like the former. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 14:44, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::See my comment below, where I suggest using both terms. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 02:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Here are more RS that use the word "attack": [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-israel-gold-apollo Guardian],[https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions Axios], [https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hundreds-of-hezbollah-operatives-pagers-explode-in-apparent-attack-across-lebanon-cf31cad4 WSJ].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose proposed title''', would support a title similar to ''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'' to remove the country (since it occurred in at least 2 countries) as recommended above, but there’s unlikely to be enough emphasis on that proposed title here to prevent another RM from being necessary for that title specifically. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 20:44, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Support this. [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 07:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' proposed title, it should probably be something along the lines of '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' [[User:Scu ba|'''Scu''']][[User talk:Scu ba|ba]] 21:05, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' the title as it accurately reflects the countries where this took place. Also support calling this "attack" as [[WP:CONSISTENT]] with other events in this conflict: [[Nabatieh attack]], [[Majdal Shams attack]] etc.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:24, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and second other suggestions of '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', a simple descriptive title that avoids this particular controversy. [[User:LjL|LjL]] ([[User talk:LjL|talk]]) 01:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Oppose "2024 Hezbollah pager explosions" as there is significant evidence that civilians unaffiliated with Hezbollah were killed and wounded in the attack.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:05, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:*The devices doing the exploding are Hezbollah pagers. There is generally significant evidence of collateral damage in targeted attacks, that doesn't mean we need to use vague titles. '''[[User:5225C|5225C]]''' ([[User_talk:5225C|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/5225C|contributions]]) 05:07, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:*:Whether this is a targeted attack at all is disputed by some RS. Many have called it "indiscriminate"[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack]. Pagers belonging to healthcare workers might also be affected[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz04m913m49o].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Some mainstream outlets may have got it wrong that only Lebanon was targeted. Syria was targeted too. [[User:Dympies|Dympies]] ([[User talk:Dympies|talk]]) 01:55, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' as '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' is a better title, though this suggested title is better than the current one. [[User:Raskuly|Raskuly]] ([[User talk:Raskuly|talk]]) 03:43, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' No reason to exclude Syria from the title. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 03:47, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Probably something like "mobile device explosions" now that handheld radios are involved. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 05:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose.''' [[User:DeadlyRampage26|DeadlyRampage26]] ([[User talk:DeadlyRampage26|talk]]) 05:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', as Syria wasn't affected as nearly severe as Lebanon. — [[User:-kgoodluck-|-kgoodluck-]] /// [[User_talk:-kgoodluck-|✉️]] 05:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': It should be named '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', the attack was not specifically targeted at Lebanon or Syria geographically or governmentally, it was targeted at Hezbollah, some of them just happened to also be in Syria.[[User:MarkiPoli|MarkiPoli]] ([[User talk:MarkiPoli|talk]]) 06:36, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Per recent developments regarding exploding walkie-talkies, I would also support '''2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions'''. [[User:MarkiPoli| MarkiPoli]] ([[User talk:MarkiPoli|talk]]) 14:58, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*{{Comment}} - I '''oppose''' renaming to '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' per [[:User:Vice_regent|VR]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 07:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' for simplicity and clarity. The event overwhelmingly affected Lebanon more than Syria. --[[User:Deeday-UK|Deeday-UK]] ([[User talk:Deeday-UK|talk]]) 08:19, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:* '''Oppose''' and second other proposals to rename this to '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'''. While there were explosions in Syria and Iraq, this batch of pagers were ordered specifically for Hezbollah operations and handed out to Hezbollah members annd involved officials.
:[[User:Amayorov|Amayorov]] ([[User talk:Amayorov|talk]]) 09:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' moving to [[2024 Lebanon pager explosions]]. '''Support''' something like [[2024 Hezbollah pager attack]], which reflects the targeted nature of the incident and focuses on Hezbollah as the primary entity affected while acknowledging the broader implications of the attack beyond just Lebanon. [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 11:01, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:'''Comment:'''
*:19 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members were killed after their pagers had exploded in Deir ez-Zur in eastern Syria, Saudi news source Al-Hadath reported Wednesday afternoon. (''[https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820674 The Jerusalem Post]'')
*:"15 people killed on September 17 across Syria" ([https://www.syriahr.com/en/344248/ Syrian Observatory For Human Rights]) [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 14:02, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' requested move as not very concise; suggest move to <s>[[Hezbollah pager explosions]]</s> per reliable sources. I don't see why the date qualifier is needed {{mdash}} was there ever another co-ordinated Hezbollah ''pager'' attack? Even if IRGC was also affected, it is because they were acting in support of Hezbollah; i.e. they were not systematically attacked nor the main target. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 14:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:*Reaffirming my preference below for [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] after re-reading this discussion. See AP: [https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-exploding-devices-hezbollah-mideast-ab2436cf5bae5e2fe2dddb293671a0ac "... fears of a greater war rise after hundreds of electronic devices exploded in Lebanon ..."] Reports suggest not only pagers are involved but an array of other electronic devices including [https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/more-devices-exploding-across-lebanon-what-s-happening/ar-AA1qNBXH walkie talkies, solar panels, laptops, and radios]. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 12:10, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' [[2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions]] — Per recent developments. [[User talk:ElijahPepe|elijahpepe@wikipedia]] (he/him) 14:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Support ''' [[2024 Hezbollah wireless device explosions]] or [[2024 Hezbollah communication device explosions]] per the recent developments. [https://www.arabnews.com/node/2571898/middle-east Arab News] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/18/middle-east-crisis-live-hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-irael-iran-latest-updates The Guardian] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 14:51, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::But few sources are calling it "wireless device explosions", they are instead referring to the second wave as "walkie-talkies"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/explosions-linked-to-walkie-talkies-deaths-lebanon] or "handheld radios"[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/]. Maybe [[September 2024 Lebanon explosions]]?'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 15:23, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::There are now reports of solar systems exploding[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/lebanons-official-news-agency-reports-home-solar-energy-113809042] in homes.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:17, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Support new title; "2024 Hezbollah pager explosions"''' It's clear these attacks are targeting a group and not a country. [[User:Completely Random Guy|Completely Random Guy]] ([[User talk:Completely Random Guy|talk]]) 15:29, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' Explosions of different devices (mostly communication devices) are now being reported. It might be ideal to wait until the reports are more concrete, as I think one page covering both incidents would make more sense, and a different title would be needed to accurately reflect the subject. [[User:Mooonswimmer|Mooonswimmer]] 15:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' It occurred on a larger scale in Lebanon and was directed at Hezbollah, which is headquartered there. [[User:EpicAdventurer|EpicAdventurer]] ([[User talk:EpicAdventurer|talk]]) 16:27, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose and it should instead be renamed to <s>[[2024 Lebanon pager attack]]</s> [[Lebanon electronics attack]] (with or without year)''', as [[WP:RS]] are stating that Israel was the active perpetrator of this attack. Using the word explosions in the article title is akin to renaming the [[September 11 attacks]] article to "September 11 explosions." [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', instead '''Support''' something similar to [[Lebanon electronics attacks]]. Date qualifier is not needed since this is the first time an attack has occurred through such a vector. Electronics due to recent developments of various other devices, including walkie talkies, radios, and solar systems, exploding.[https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/18/world/israel-hezbollah-gaza-hamas][https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/][https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/explosions-linked-to-walkie-talkies-deaths-lebanon] Attacks per Makeandtoss and JasonMacker. RS describe the events as an attack by Israel.[https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/business/pagers-cell-phones-batteries/index.html][https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions][https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/sep/17/exploding-pager-attack-in-lebanon-is-another-blow-for-us-peace-hopes][https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pager-attack-threw-hezbollah-into-disarray-2024-09-18/][https://www.engadget.com/mobile/pagers-explode-simultaneously-in-hundreds-of-hezbollah-members-pockets-190304565.html] Articles with explosion in the title are typically limited to accidents such as the [[Halifax Explosion]] or [[2020 Beirut explosion]]. [[User:मल्ल|मल्ल]] ([[User talk:मल्ल|talk]]) 18:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::I think your suggestion is better than mine and I have updated my comment to reflect that.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 19:01, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I think '''Lebanon electronics attack''' seems like the best title at this time.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 19:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Agreed [[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 21:10, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::{{u|मल्ल}} and {{u|Vice regent}}, this title leaves out Syria. Anyway, the countries of Lebanon and Syria per se were not the intended targets, although that is where the attacks occurred. Your title is a bit ambiguous, as though Lebanon could be the one conducting the electronics attack against another party. I could see maybe <s>[[Attacks on Hezbollah electronic device users]]</s> (see the redirect [[Attacks on Hezbollah leaders]]). 'Hezbollah' casts a wide net, including fighters, politicians, party members and social workers, whether the latter groups were specifically targeted or not. I believe all reliable sources mention the Hezbollah angle in their reporting. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 21:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Though a little wordy, this seems to be the best suggestion so far. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 22:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Its not about who the target was - which is disputed anyway - but about ''where'' it happened. Can you take a look at [[WP:NCWWW]]? It suggests we name an event by "when, where, what" happened. There "where" is primarily Lebanon.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Leaving out Syria in the article's title is fine. [[Vietnam war]] leaves out the fact that the war also took place in Cambodia. The goal of the article title is simply to refer to the primary location of the subject, and in this case its Lebanon. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 00:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::After re-reading WP:NCWWW, I think [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] might be appropriate. Attacks without some mention of explosions {{mdash}} a term that is highly mentioned in sources {{mdash}} seems a bit vague. Electronic devices do not simply attack people, so exploding in the title is a useful term for this highly unusual and unlikely to be repeated in Lebanon anytime soon event, per [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. Electronic covers solar panels, which as of now seem to have been involved (otherwise, mobile device would be better). See the following sources:
::::::*https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/lebanon-rocked-by-2nd-wave-of-exploding-device-attacks-targeting-hezbollah
::::::*[https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah-syria-ce6af3c2e6de0a0dddfae48634278288 Lebanon is rocked again by exploding devices as Israel declares a 'new phase' of war]
::::::*https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pager-new-device-explosions-lebanon-hezbollah-rcna171637
::::::*https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-condemns-attacks-lebanon-involving-exploding-communications-devices-2024-09-18/
::::::[[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 00:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Not sure which one between [[Lebanon exploding electronic device attacks]] or [[Lebanon exploding electronics attacks]] sounds better, but I'd support either. [[User:मल्ल|मल्ल]] ([[User talk:मल्ल|talk]]) 16:09, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''':The best title suggested so far is '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions'''. The explosions targeted members of Hezbollah, whether they were in Syria or Lebanon. This is the essence of the event. [[User:DaringDonna|DaringDonna]] ([[User talk:DaringDonna|talk]]) 18:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Walkie talkies and other devices have also exploded. See here:
*:[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/18/middle-east-crisis-live-hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-irael-iran-latest-updates] [[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] ([[User talk:David O. Johnson|talk]]) 19:13, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Just came here to say that. | [[User:Mk17b|MK17b]] | ([[User talk:Mk17b|talk]]) 20:52, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

* '''Oppose''', per above. It's better to title it as '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''', which takes into account both Syria and Lebanon. Mentioning Syria in title is not as important because the explosions were majorly in Lebanon. [[User:Waonderer|Waonderer]] ([[User talk:Waonderer|talk]]) 21:33, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and instead go for '''electronics explosion attack against Hezbollah''', for a multiple reasons: not all electronics that exploded were wireless (it includes solar panels), it takes into consideration both countries, includes the name of the prime target of the attack, does not include the year because this is unprecedented as far as I'm aware and it makes clear that Hezbollah is not the perpetrator. [[User:PhotographyEdits|PhotographyEdits]] ([[User talk:PhotographyEdits|talk]]) 21:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Comment''': I support a proposed new title of '''" 2024 Hezbollah communication device explosions"'''. The attacks were targeted at the group Hezbollah and not just one specific country. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 22:04, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:{{ping|Waonderer|Kind Tennis Fan| PhotographyEdits}} Take a look at [https://www.google.com/search?q=2024+pager+explosions this search results] which shows the title including Lebanon is the [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. We don't select the titles based on [[WP:Original Research|original research]]. Plus it is known that civilians were also targeted by the attack. -- [[User:Mhhossein|Mhhossein]] [[User talk:Mhhossein|'''talk''']] 09:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Comment''': I think @[[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]]'s title is perfect. [[User:FloridaMan21|FloridaMan21]] 22:28, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': our naming convention [[WP:NCWWW]] suggests we name things according to "when, where and what", although sometimes we can drop the "when" if not needed. In this case, the "where" is either "Lebanon" or "Lebanon-Syria" and this is simply undisputed. Replacing the where with "Hezbollah" is problematic for a few reasons:
**If there was a target, then the intended target of the first round of explosions alone is disputed (see [[Talk:2024 Lebanon pager explosions#Target]] below). No one officially claimed responsibility. In the second round of explosions, it becomes even more tenuous to say the solar panel explosions were targeted against Hezbollah.
**Multiple RS have reported that the explosions were not targeted but "indiscriminate"[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack].
**"Hezbollah device explosions" is ambiguous, as if Hezbollah was the perpetrator, which is false.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Yes, location is preferred precisely because having an organisation name is always ambiguous as to whether it it subject or object. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 05:17, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' proposed title, but support [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]], which is still the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in the media as of right now. Removing the year is an exception rather than the norm per the naming convention [[WP:NCWWW]], and we lack the historical perspective mentioned in the guideline to have the year removed. Usually we try to keep the year unless the event can easily be described without it, which only a handful of articles for well known world events usually end up qualifying for. [[User:Pilaz|Pilaz]] ([[User talk:Pilaz|talk]]) 00:15, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:But [[WP:NCWWW]], the policy you quote, says we should use the ''place'', which would indicate either "Lebanon" or "Lebanon-Syria".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 00:49, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''': Very minor spillover of operatives in Syria doesn't justify a name change.[[User:Spilia4|Spilia4]] ([[User talk:Spilia4|talk]]) 00:37, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' this, but also support the alternative of a move to [[2024 Hezbollah pager explosions]] — [[User:The Anome|The Anome]] ([[User talk:The Anome|talk]]) 03:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* We can dodge the Lebanon vs. Syria question by specifying "Hezbollah" since that was the target, regardless of which country the victims were in. Since the second wave of the attack involved other mobile devices, I suggest changing "pager" to "mobile device." We don't need a year in the title because it's a unique event. If it happens again we can add a year to disambiguate. Perhaps [[Hezbollah mobile device explosions]] would be most accurate. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 03:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:'''Oppose:''' The current title is perfectly adequate at this stage, and reflects the natural and recognisable language that people will be searching for. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 05:20, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''' We want people to easily find the page, right? Keep it succinct. There's a case for using the word 'attack' in lieu of explosions. [[User:Oathed|Oathed]] ([[User talk:Oathed|talk]]) 05:30, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''', but support '''2024 Hezbollah pager explosions''' as was suggested by others. [[User:Hogo-2020|Hogo-2020]] ([[User talk:Hogo-2020|talk]]) 06:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose:''' I don't think the title should include other areas since Lebanon was the major target. Had an overview of the comments and realized some users are suggesting to include Hezbollah in the title which I oppose. To prove it, I made a quick search without including Lebanon in my keywords and [https://www.google.com/search?q=2024+pager+explosions the result] is indicating that the tile with Lebanon is the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in the media. --[[User:Mhhossein|Mhhossein]] [[User talk:Mhhossein|'''talk''']] 09:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Comment''' pager is outdated. '''Oppose''' inclusion of Syria as it appears Lebanon is primarily affected. [[User:Borgenland|Borgenland]] ([[User talk:Borgenland|talk]]) 09:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Oppose''' – It appears that most sources are focusing on Lebanon as this was the primary site of the explosion, with significantly less in Syria. [[User:Nice4What|Nice4What]] ([[User talk:Nice4What|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nice4What|contribs]]) – ([[Help:Notifications/Thanks|Thanks]] ♥) 12:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Rename:''' Whilst I initially would've supported the matter in question given the direct correlation of events - hence [[WP:WM]] - it should be acknowledged that the events are somewhat, albeit debatably, distinguished since the first incident extended towards the Syrian region, and thus relating to [[WP:LGL]]. Therefore as an alternative compromise, be it considered that this is renamed [[2024 Hezbollah communications attack]]; Both incidents should be listed with their own respective infoboxes detailed separately. Furthermore, granted that these infiltrations impacted two separate communicative means, the proposed rename should be recognised as an adequate juncture, in contrast with identifying them as two distinct events under a merged or even different article, as per [[WP:MOS]]. [[Special:Contributions/TheRevisionary|TheRevisionary]] ([[User talk:TheRevisionary|talk]]) 13:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*[[Israeli 2024 (exploding) pager attack on Hesbollah]].No geography. The group targeted, the targeter. You don't need anything else.[[User:Nishidani|Nishidani]] ([[User talk:Nishidani|talk]]) 13:36, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:The first word, "Israeli", would be a violation of [[WP:NPOV]] because Israel has not acknowledged the attack, and nobody has been able to prove that Israel is the culprit. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 13:40, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::That is not what NPOV means. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 14:18, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::Really? About [[WP:PRECISE]]? The article says that Israel is the '''allegeded''' perpetrator. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 15:45, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::Wikipedia articles are not reliable sources. Actual reliable sources are very clear that it was an Israeli attack. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:08, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::::Which "{{tq|reliable sources are very clear that it was an Israeli attack}}"? [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:12, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::::The NY Times for one. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:41, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::::::You may want to go back and re-read the NY Times. Here is [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html/ what it actually says]: "{{tq|Israel has neither confirmed nor denied any role in the explosions, but 12 current and former defense and intelligence officials who were briefed on the attack say the Israelis were behind it.}}" That's not a proof. That's allegations. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::::::You don’t need Israel’s confirmation for it to be widely reported as being an Israeli operation. We aren’t an organ of the Israeli government, their confirmation or their denial is cute but unimportant. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 19:11, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:(e/c) Have all counties/ organisation agreed that Israel was the perpetrator? I can think of one which hasn't. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:There is no evidence of Israeli involvement and most sources continue to only call them the ''alleged'' perpetrator. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 16:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*::No part of that is true. [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html NYTimes: How Israel Built a Modern-Day Trojan Horse: Exploding Pagers]. [https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-pager-explosion-e9493409a0648b846fdcadffdb02d71e AP: An American official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, said Israel briefed the U.S. on the operation — where small amounts of explosives hidden in the pagers were detonated.] There are a ton of sources that say Israel was behind this, and none disputing it. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:07, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' this title, support [[Israeli pager sabotage attack]]. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 14:17, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
'''Strongly Oppose'''. The title we have came up immediately editors responded to a reports of widespread pager explosions. Since sources could only speculate that was a logical choice. Since the obvious is now documented, and inside intelligence leaks provide a detailed reconstruction of how Israel organized the operation - the New York Times is describing it neutrally as an established fact (Sheera Frenkel, [[Ronen Bergman]] and Hwaida Saad, [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html 'How Israel Built a Modern-Day Trojan Horse: Exploding Pagers,'] [[New York Times]] 18 September 2024) and they are usually extremely cautious, we have no reason to hold the use of the descriptor 'Israeli' in the title. We do so commonly, as in [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]] and [[2024 Iranian strikes against Israel]]. Even the very wording and its variations - 'Hezbollah pager explosions' - could technically read as pagers, owned by who?, Hezbollah blew up. [[User:Nishidani|Nishidani]] ([[User talk:Nishidani|talk]]) 15:30, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''', and I instead support something along the lines of '''2024 Lebanon electronics attack''' (or replace attack with explosions, electronics with communications) given that "{{tq| Smartphones, solar panels, radios, intercoms and car batteries were amongst other devices that reportedly also exploded on that day.}}" Having the title only include "pagers", to me, does not seem like it reflects current reliable sources. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 15:26, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' any title without "attack" because [[WP:RS]] has described it as an attack. [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/] [https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/exploding-device-attacks-dealt-major-crippling-blow-hezbollah-113841163]. I am still unsure about what the rest of the title should be, but I think it should be something along the lines of "2024 ... attacks" or "2024 attacks on ...". [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 16:13, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

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== Timeline of explosions ==

Referenced Reuters article states that the explosions lasted for an hour, not simultaneously. [[Special:Contributions/12.196.187.18|12.196.187.18]] ([[User talk:12.196.187.18|talk]]) 17:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
*I am sure this will be narrowed down precisely, but the earliest tweet i've seen so far mentioning the explosions was at 13:01 UTC. [https://x.com/FirstbloodH/status/1836027573991551488] / ETA 13:00 [https://x.com/orielishamiller/status/1836027497063825699] --'''[[User:Milowent|Milowent]]''' • [[Special:Contributions/Milowent|has]][[User talk:Milowent|spoken]] 17:19, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:I suspect we'll be waiting a while for clarity given the pace of reporting, but at the moment I'm seeing reports of an initial wave of near-simultaneous explosions, followed by a smaller number of explosions occurring over roughly one hour. (It would make sense for Israel to aim for simultaneity; maintaining the element of surprise for maximum effect.) I'll review the available sources. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:06, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== lithium batteries ==

We're currently speculating that the lithium batteries exploded, but that's contradicted by the cited AP article which says: “A lithium ion battery fire is one thing, but I’ve never seen one explode like that. It looks like a small explosive charge”
Maybe we should remove the speculation about lithium batteries. [[User:Uhoj|Uhoj]] ([[User talk:Uhoj|talk]]) 19:23, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:We have a source that mentions lithium batteries as source for the explosion. Until we have information to rule this out, it should stay. PS. Reports are that the exploding pager is a "Gold Alpha Pager 924" from "Apollo Systems".[https://en.royanews.tv/news/54262] This device is powered by AAA batteries.[https://www.apollosystemshk.com/product/6.html] The compromised device would still need to work until detonated, which speaks in favor of a battery explosion. If the AAA batteries are lihium ion and compromised to e.g. be made without pressure relief vents, and to start a thermal runaway if their charging current exceeds a given threshold, then this could well lead to the observed effect. At least, this cannot be ruled out at this stage. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 19:57, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::It's fine to keep the news media speculation about batteries in the article at present, but no, it's impossible. All the devices exploded nearly simultaneously, with seemingly the same strength. Did everybody keep their pagers fully charged? Also, editors here should keep in mind that is is to the benefit of whoever pulled this off that plenty of misinformation floods the zone. [[User:Abductive|'''Abductive''']] ([[User talk:Abductive|reasoning]]) 20:43, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Our article claims the pagers were also recently imported there might have been limited time to notice mild unexpected behaviour. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 03:06, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::Um, your link states that the 924 has a "lithium battery backup" that presumably would be kept fully charged by the AAA batteries. [[User:WarrenPlatts|Warren Platts]] ([[User talk:WarrenPlatts|talk]]) 11:56, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:OK, it's looks pretty definite now according to a NYT article [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/17/world/middleeast/israel-hezbollah-pagers-explosives.html?]. The pagers are from Taiwan and Israel tampered with them adding 1-2oz. of explosive material near the battery plus a switch. At 3:30pm, a message was sent out that activated the switch causing all of them to explode, according to some "anonymous US officials." They also report that cyber security experts say it probably was explosives.
For what it's worth, [https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/business/pagers-cell-phones-batteries/index.html CNN is quoting cybersecurity experts] who are doubting the lithium battery theory and are theorizing that explosives were somehow inserted into thousands of pagers. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:31, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

What is the source for the battery drivel, anyway? It's shown as "citation needed" now, but if I'm not mistaken, before it was indicating the AP News article, which just doesn't mention any of that. I think it should be removed, sources get old quickly with these events. [[User:LjL|LjL]] ([[User talk:LjL|talk]]) 01:48, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== 500 lost eyesight -- dubious ==

This claim that 500 people lost their eyesight has to be false. Even if 500 people did lose their eyesight, there is no way that extremely busy doctors and hospitals (150 hospitals, according to the article) could examine that many patients, assess the damage to their eyes, and report to (where, the health ministry?) that 500 people are now permanently blind, in the short time since the explosions. Moreover, it doesn't gibe with the number of deaths; there should be many more deaths or fewer lost eyes. [[User:Abductive|'''Abductive''']] ([[User talk:Abductive|reasoning]]) 20:51, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm removing it because whether or not it is true, it is a body detail and not a lead detail. We already mention that Hezbollah members were injured; the specific need to focus on them getting blinded feels to me like gloating. [[User:Atubofsilverware|Atubofsilverware]] ([[User talk:Atubofsilverware|talk]]) 20:58, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV Background ==

The article currently connects the Israel-Lebanon conflict to the [[Israel-Hamas war]] in a very one-sided way. It mentions the [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel]], but doesn't mention the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] and the [[Israeli invasion of Gaza|invasion]]. The statement selectively quotes the source, as the source itself [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz5r18zm7lpo says] {{Tq|Hezbollah’s leader, Hassan Nasrallah, has stressed the armed group is ready, but not eager, for war. He says if there is a ceasefire agreed in Gaza, Hezbollah will cease fire too, immediately.}} Indeed in another source, {{tq|"If there is a ceasefire in Gaza, we will stop without any discussion," Hezbollah's deputy leader, Sheikh Naim Kassem, said in an interview with The Associated Press at the group's political office in Beirut's southern suburbs.}}[https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1219748268/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-hamas-iran-war]. That article, written in July, also points out that that 37,900 Palestinians have been killed in Israel's invasion. This is probably the most salient aspect of the Israel-Hamas war.

I [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246208982 added] the death of 40,000 Palestinians, but this too was removed. Other RS have also mentioned the Palestinian death toll when mentioning Hezbollah's rationale for fighting. For example: {{tq|Hezbollah says its attacks aim to support the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, where nearly 18,000 people – most of them women and children – have been killed by Israel in two months.}} [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/10/violence-escalates-between-israel-and-lebanons-hezbollah-amid-gaza-assault Al Jazeera Dec 2023] {{tq|A war between the militant Palestinian group and Israeli forces that so far has killed more than 19,000 Palestinians, most of them women and children, according to Gaza's health ministry. Israel says about 1,200 people were killed in the Oct. 7 attack. After the Gaza war started, Hezbollah responded by attacking Israeli targets in northern Israel.}} [https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1219748268/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-hamas-iran-war NPR December 2023] Indeed, [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-67349605 in a BBC interview], Hezbollah's deputy leader has referred to "Israel is increasing its aggression against civilians and killing more women and children" as his rationale for fighting.

'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:As a side note – it was, at one point, completely incorrect about the timeline: it incorrectly suggested Hezbollah began their attacks in response to Israel's ground invasion of Gaza, when in reality Hezbollah began their attacks against Israel on 8 October, one day after Hamas' incursion, in "solidarity".
:Right now, that section is essentially just a summary with the same information as the lead of [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)]]. Does adding death counts from Gaza really make that section more neutral? [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 21:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::The [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip]] encompasses all Israeli attacks against Gaza on and since October 7 (check the article please). And certainly the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] started on Oct 7 itself. Hezbollah has repeatedly called for "solidarity" with Palestinians, including women and children, as sources show above. Omitting the death count does make the section non-neutral and just because NPOV is violated elsewhere, doesn't mean it should be violated here too.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hezbollah obviously weren't reacting to an invasion that hadn't begun yet. See [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip#Invasion]], the invasion didn't begin on October 7 no matter what the infobox date is, hence the note attached. If the article said Hezbollah were reacting to the "Israeli invasion" that's incredibly misleading to readers. There was no invasion on the 7th or 8th. The article did say something like that when I looked earlier. Now it's a clear timeline [[Special:Contributions/2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7|2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7]] ([[User talk:2A04:4A43:52BF:ECDE:782E:7BC6:9B97:57B7|talk]]) 22:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Is the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] not a prelude to the invasion? In any case, would you support the change with term "bombing" instead of "invasion"? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 22:35, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Still can't retcon in a death toll that didn't exist on October 8. [[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] ([[User talk:PrimaPrime|talk]]) 00:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::No one is trying to do that, but rather indicate a death toll that was true on the eve of the pager attack.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:22, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Which is irrelevant to the reason Hizballah began attacking Israel on October 8. [[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] ([[User talk:PrimaPrime|talk]]) 15:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::But its relevant to why the Israel-Hezbollah conflict continues.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 19:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:"{{tq|According to the ACLED, from 7 October 2023 to 6 September 2024, Israel attacked Lebanon 7,845 times. Hezbollah and other Lebanese forces attacked Israel 1,768 times.}}" I can't see a rationale for putting this in the article, other than to make Israel look bad. "Attack" isn't defined, and the sentence doesn't explain why the conflict continues, or any reason for this attack. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 01:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::I don't think its there to make Israel look bad, but rather indicates the scale of the attacks that have been taking place since October 8? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 16:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

Trim the background. All the details can be in the other article. no need for expansive "context" that triggers disupute when the real article is about yesterday's events.[[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 03:26, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

It's one paragraph on the background, summarized from the main article and hardly seems excessive. And the last line's "6,124 Israeli vs. 1,258 Lebanese attacks" (yes, sourced) casts as much bad light on Israel as is necessary. Remove the tag. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 04:47, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Provocation ===

{{Tq|1="...Hezbollah, then unprovoked, joined the conflict in support of Hamas... declaring that it would not stop attacks against Israel until Israel stops military operations and attacks in Gaza"}} - Does this not imply that Israel's "military operations and attacks in Gaza" provoked Hezbollah? [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 10:27, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:It is very, very POV to say that attacks on Israel are unprovoked, given its 56 year long occupation of the Palestinians. Hezbollah has specifically stated its acting in solidarity with Palestinians.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:17, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:: I don't think we need to address provocation in Wikipedia voice because that's not our job. Our statements should be dry, free of moral judgement. We can report what each each side has said, and what other countries have said, with proper attribution. This is how disputed things can be rendered into indisputable facts. For example, "Hamas said X" is a fact when properly verified, whether or not X is true. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 02:46, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Agreed. It's not our place to judge provocation, and doing so clearly violates NPOV. [[User:Acebulf|'''Acebulf''']] ([[User talk:Acebulf|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Acebulf|contribs]]) 05:22, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::"unprovoked" seems to have since been removed.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246353965] —[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 07:59, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Targets ==

Currently the infobox says the target was "Hezbollah militants". I'm not sure if this is accurate as Hezbollah is comprised of both militants and civilians (it is also a political party). Further, Hezbollah has said the attack also targeted civilians and this allegation is notable enough to have been quoted in several reliable secondary sources: [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464 ABC News], [https://globalnews.ca/news/10759802/hezbollah-members-injured-pager-explosions-lebanon/ Global News], [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/09/17/lebanon-pagers-exploding-hezbollah/ Washington Post] etc. So the infobox should also say "Civilians (per Hezbollah)".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:16, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:In fact, ABC News itself is cautious on the targets[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-wounded-after-pagers-detonate-lebanon-officials-point-113754464] "{{tq|It appeared that many of those hit were members of Hezbollah, but it was not immediately clear if others also carried the pagers.}}"
:Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, the UN special coordinator for Lebanon also condemned the attack, justifying her condemnation by adding, "In accordance with international humanitarian law, she reminds all concerned actors that civilians are not a target and must be protected at all times. Even one civilian casualty is one too many"[https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah#h_a0cf8464c5edb4ee82690311dcc18553]. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 21:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:'''Support''' for saying the target is "unknown" or "either Hezbollah members or civilians" [[User:Atubofsilverware|Atubofsilverware]] ([[User talk:Atubofsilverware|talk]]) 21:34, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::We shouldn't include "or civilians" based on a Hezbollah claim alone. We would need an [[WP:IS|independent source]], preferably one without clear biases. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 05:16, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::We generally include IDF claims if they have been presented in multiple reliable, secondary sources, and we should do the same thing here. [[WP:NPOV]] means we don't take sides, but explain them.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I don't think any source has really disputed that Hezbollah was the target? Some sources seem to suggest that the attack did not specifically target Hezbollah militants, but some broader group of Hezbollah members including some civilians.
::::So listing the target as "Hezbollah" seems pretty uncontroversial. Hezbollah's accusation of targeting civilians lacks elaboration and seems much more dubious, but yes it's fine to mention somewhere in the body with attribution. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 17:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Did you see the corroboration by other sources in Lebanon mentioned below: the Lebanese Health Ministry, [[Dyab Abou Jahjah]] and Mohammad Barakat? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 23:26, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Have any of them explained why they believe that? If not, it just seems like unfounded speculation from partisan sources. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 16:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:"Hezbollah militants" is certainly questionable. Are we to believe only militants carry pagers? Hezbollah has teachers, medics, [[Hezbollah social services|social workers]], [[Al-Manar|news crews and journalists]], etc. I don't know to what extent this attack was indiscriminate (perhaps Israel intercepted communications and filtered targets, but I doubt it), but to list the target as "Hezbollah militants" right out of the gate seems wrong, to me. "Hezbollah members" is more fitting, and covers both militants and civilians. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 22:15, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::Yes, we are to believe that only militants carried a special pager. Why would a teacher or a social work need a pager, rather than using an ordinary smartphone? Perhaps if you can think of a rationale for them to need this kind of security you can change it, otherwise militants is accurate. [[User:Ariel.|Ariel.]] ([[User talk:Ariel.|talk]]) 04:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::These pagers are apparently also carrier by healthcare workers: The Lebanese Health Ministry "has also urged healthcare workers and others with pagers to discard them."[https://www.africanews.com/2024/09/17/lebanon-says-8-killed-and-over-two-thousand-wounded-by-exploding-pagers/]
:::The Lebanese Health Minister [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz04m913m49o also stated] "{{tq|The vast majority of the people who are presenting to the emergency rooms are in civilian clothes, so it's very difficult to discern whether they belong to a certain entity like Hezbollah or others But we are seeing among them people who are old or people who are very young, like the child who unfortunately died... and there are some of them who are healthcare workers}}".'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 04:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::"{{tq|Author [[Dyab Abou Jahjah]] pointed out that many of the pagers that exploded were not just owned by Hezbollah fighters, but civilians that are employed by Hezbollah's institutions.}}"[https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack] '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:07, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::The evidence just keeps piling up: {{tq|Mohammad Barakat, a journalist known for his strong opposition to Hezbollah...shared a clip from one of his appearances on VDL 24, where he stressed that the attack targeted not only Hezbollah members but also civilians, in an indiscriminate manner.}}[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html]
:::::Professor Toby Walsh of the [[UNSW School of Computer Science and Engineering]] [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-18/lebanon-pagers-attack-hezbollah-israel-gaza-war/104364152?future=true& points out] that it is impossible for the IDF to track a pager, thus "It's a very indiscriminate attack, because you might put the pager down in your desk, and as we have heard from reports there were various innocent people who were injured by this". '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Is security camera footage public domain in Lebanon? ==

If so, adding a video would improve this article. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 21:54, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:Good question. And if it's not, then we should consider adding one under [[WP:NFCC]]. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 22:49, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:There's probably a discussion about this somewhere on Commons. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 22:50, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::[[WP:MCQ]] is an excellent place to ask. Plenty of knowledgeable people there. [[User:Mjroots|Mjroots]] ([[User talk:Mjroots|talk]]) 05:45, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Thanks! I [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions#Is surveillance camera footage public domain in Lebanon?|started a discussion]] there. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 10:20, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 September 2024 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2024 Lebanon pager explosions|answered=yes}}

I believe the explosive behind the explosion was Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN). [https://www.timesnownews.com/world/middle-east/what-is-pentaerythritol-tetranitrate-petn-highly-explosive-material-allegedly-used-in-lebanon-hezbollah-pagerblasts-article-113437169]; [https://www.dailywire.com/news/new-details-emerge-on-how-israel-struck-4000-hezbollah-terrorists-in-mass-pager-bombing]; [https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/artc-mossad-allegedly-behind-hezbollah-beeper-detonations]; [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-s-mossad-rigged-pager-batteries-with-explosives-before-they-reached-hezbollah-media/3333013]. [[User:Cyrogigabyte|Cyrogigabyte]] ([[User talk:Cyrogigabyte|talk]]) 00:06, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{notdone}}. That may well be true, or maybe not. But the sources listed above are either speculating or are unreliable (Daily Wire in particular). [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 06:42, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== To add to article ==

To add to this article: how many people are in critical condition due to the pager explosions. Various news sources report the number as approximately 200 or "hundreds." [[Special:Contributions/98.123.38.211|98.123.38.211]] ([[User talk:98.123.38.211|talk]]) 01:49, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV tag ==

{{ping|Nice4What}} you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246312409 removed] the NPOV tag saying "NPOV issue has been resolved – background section was shortened". But the discussion regarding NPOV is still ongoing and the contested content is still in the background section, whereas the content that some want to insert is still not in the background. Furthermore there are two other NPOV discussions above on the targets and whether to include the death of a child, esp in the infobox.

Can you please self revert?'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:43, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:I've restored the tag, as evidenced by ongoing NPOV issue discussions both above this section and below.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:16, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Could you remove the NPOV tag now? It seems like the issue has been resolved. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 02:53, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Taiwan comment ==

[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2024/9/18/taiwan-dragged-into-middle-east-politics-after-deadly-pager-blasts][[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 08:12, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:Already has been added. --[[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]] ([[User talk:Rsrikanth05|talk]]) 09:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::However, should it be shifted to the responses rection? --[[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]] ([[User talk:Rsrikanth05|talk]]) 09:37, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::It's more an investigation. Albeit Taipei did comment. [[User:Sportsnut24|Sportsnut24]] ([[User talk:Sportsnut24|talk]]) 11:11, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Attack ==

The fact that this is an Israeli attack is now confirmed by RS like [https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html CNN: Israel behind deadly pager explosions that targeted Hezbollah and injured thousands in Lebanon] => "Hezbollah has vowed to respond to an Israeli attack.." and "CNN has learned the explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military. While the Israeli military has said it will not comment on the explosions, both Lebanon and Hezbollah have blamed it for the attack." So why was attack removed from the opening sentence? [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 09:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:Agreed, pretty much all RS are treating as an attack, including the famous Israeli journalist [[Barak Ravid]][https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 12:09, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::Also emphasis on an Israeli attack and not just attack. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:11, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Martinevans123}} There is no need for attribution, this has been accepted as fact by CNN, to cite one example. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:21, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I assume you are referring to [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246356512 this edit]? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} Yes. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 14:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::As this article is under "active arbitration", do I need to self-revert? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 14:18, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Another editor has now slightly altered it, so I will leave it as it is. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:35, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} There are no restrictions on self-reverting. The slight altering by the other editor did not change the presence of the redundant attribution. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 10:20, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::It's still there. So some other editor(s) must think it's useful? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 10:28, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} Not necessarily, and even if that was the case, they would have joined in on this discussion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:29, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I have no strong view. I was simply trying to improve what was there before. If you think it's unnecessary, you could remove it. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:33, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::Then I will remove it given that there is no opposition. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:36, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::::I'm not sure what this had to do with the original subject of this discussion thread. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:45, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Iran ==

Why is the Iranian reaction under "Other governments", when its diplomatic staff were among the victims? Can a Farsi speaker please look at sources in that language, for more?

Have other countries or organisations commented on this specific aspect of the attack? [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 09:57, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Gold Apollo AR924 article ==

There's a section on this incident on [[Gold Apollo AR924]]. Please watch-list it, and see that facts and statistics are updated as necessary, when updated here. [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]] 10:22, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== When did the pager deliveries occur? ==

Perhaps this is not known. But it seems to be a key detail in the entire story. If this is known, I think it belongs in the lead and I am somewhat baffled as to why the {when} tag has been removed, with the edit summary: "it is not needed to specify when this was discovered, because the NYT was asking around people when it happened. Remove template." [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:48, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:We now have: "in months prior to the explosion", which seems to add very little, i.e. any time in the 7 months between February, when the warning over cell phones was issued, and when the explosions occurred? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:50, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:We now have: "which were recently imported into Lebanon", which is very similar to the previous. I assume this has not been reliably reported, but may be in the coming days. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:18, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== IRGC may have been killed ==

Should this article be trusted? https://m.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-820674 [[User:NesserWiki|NesserWiki]] ([[User talk:NesserWiki|talk]]) 14:05, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:''JP'' not listed at [[WP:RSP]] and is described as centre, so probably safe. But source is Israeli Army Radio? So not too sure about that. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 14:14, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:::The linked item in the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' explicitly states the source of the information as "Saudi news source [[Al-Hadath]]." As for the reliability of the ''JP'', it's a mainstream English-language Israeli daily newspaper whose print edition predates the founding of the State. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]])'' 19:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::That was my concern in terms of neutrality.
::Are the 19 IRGC deaths now included in the death toll? [[User:NesserWiki|NesserWiki]] ([[User talk:NesserWiki|talk]]) 22:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

==Solar panels, etc==
I just added this to lead paragraphs, but it is not yet confirmed that any reports of solar panel or other device explosions are actually self-detonating, or just catching fire from walkie talkie explosions.[https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2024/09/18/lebanon-panic-as-two-solar-panel-systems-explode-amidst-pager-walkie-talkie-blasts-in-beirut-targeting-hezbollah.html] The fog of some people thinking this is the case is very understandable, but I'm not seeing videos of such devices exploding on their own yet in any reporting.--'''[[User:Milowent|Milowent]]''' • [[Special:Contributions/Milowent|has]][[User talk:Milowent|spoken]] 17:55, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

:I've removed the mention from the lead, pending better sourcing: a single breaking news report claiming solar panels exploded isn't sufficient to say that they were targeted. [[User:Elli|Elli]] ([[User_talk:Elli|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Elli|contribs]]) 19:56, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:Solar panels explosion was stated by the Lebanese government official news agency:
:https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/justice-law/722390/اصابة-فتاة-في-المروانية-جراء-انفجار-نظام-الطاقة-ال [[User:Stephan rostie|Stephan rostie]] ([[User talk:Stephan rostie|talk]]) 20:13, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

::[https://www.democracynow.org/2024/9/19/lebanon Lebanon: 37 Dead, 3,400+ Injured in Wave of Explosions in Electronic Devices Booby-Trapped by Israel], [[Democracy Now!]], 19 September 2024 → "Lara Bitar (editor-in-chief of The Public Source, a Beirut-based independent media organization): So, as you can imagine, the events of the past two days have caused a lot of panic, a lot of fear and, to a large extent, paranoia, which was aided by a disinformation campaign, to a large extent. Over the past couple of days, or at least yesterday, for the most part, people were receiving messages over different WhatsApp groups, on social media platforms, that any and every electronic device can be detonated by the Israelis. So people were scared of using their cellphones. People were hearing that even kitchen appliances were exploding, solar panels, laptops and so on. Thankfully, for the most part, this turned out to be a disinformation campaign, and it did not really — was not really materializing on the ground as was being reported across different channels. That may be the only solace from the events of the past couple of days, where we saw civilian areas and civilians being targeted."

::Here the is an other clarification: [https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427662/did-solar-power-energy-systems-explode-during-wednesdays-attack.html?_gl=1*d9suwa*_gcl_au*MTIyNzkyODg3NC4xNzIzMjU3MDY4 Did solar power energy systems explode during Wednesday's attack? According to the state-run National News Agency, solar energy systems exploded in homes in several areas of Beirut and the south on Wednesday, but the reports remain unconfirmed.], [[L'Orient Today]], 19 September 2024 21:30. --[[Special:Contributions/93.211.221.30|93.211.221.30]] ([[User talk:93.211.221.30|talk]]) 12:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:::Deutsche Welle: [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-iphones-solar-panels-laptops-exploded-in-lebanon/a-70281061 Fact Check: No iPhones or solar panels exploded in Lebanon] The article also debunks one of the photos used in the ref titled "Chaos in Lebanon as Home Solar Systems, Appliances Explode" in the ''Second Wave'' section.
:::The 961: [https://www.the961.com/fact-check-pager-attack-in-lebanon/ Fact Checking What’s True & Untrue From The Pager Attack] "No solar panels, phones, laptops, or any other electronic devices have exploded."
:::It's understandable in the immediate aftermath of an attack like this (particularly the second): mass panic & hysteria, the fog of war, unedited rolling news coverage, etc. But it's also telling that none of the major news outlets are talking about solar panels, fingerprint readers, smartphones et al. two days down the line. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 03:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I think we're spreading misinformation here in the infobox. I just see MSM talking about pagers and walkie talkies. Not car batteries, not solar panels, etc. I'm going to remove it from the infobox and article until we get real confirmation from high-quality RS. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:37, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==Icom V82==
That model was discontinued in 2014.[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/ (Rtrs)]
Icom has an advisory about counterfeits, calling "special attention" to the discontinued V82.[https://www.icomjapan.com/explore/genuine_info/ (Icom)] So it sounds like they bought Chinese counterfeits, which are readily available from disreputable internet sellers.[https://forums.radioreference.com/threads/icom-ic-v82.462456/] Pending confirmation in a [[WP:RS]], we should reword the references to the radios more carefully. [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 20:57, 18 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{tpq|“I can guarantee you they were not our products,” said ... a senior sales manager for Icom’s amateur radio division, in an interview Wednesday}}. [https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-pager-explosion-e9493409a0648b846fdcadffdb02d71e (AP)] [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 21:41, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Addition of possible IP protected material ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246437599 This edit] by @[[User:Acratopotes|Acratopotes]] is potentially an IP violation and also potentially slanderous (if the depicted individual survives) given no RS have positively identified the person as a Hezbollah member. I removed the image for now, but I hope that someone with more expertise can step in.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Acratopotes [[User:Dreameditsbrooklyn|Dreameditsbrooklyn]] ([[User talk:Dreameditsbrooklyn|talk]]) 01:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Dreameditsbrooklyn|Dreameditsbrooklyn]] I am moving the file to another title on commons per [[:c:COM:FR#FR5|Criterion 5]] for now, and filing a CSD as well. [[User:Robertsky|– robertsky]] ([[User talk:Robertsky|talk]]) 02:38, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:And RevDel'ed per RD2 here, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=164554515]. [[User:Robertsky|– robertsky]] ([[User talk:Robertsky|talk]]) 02:54, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== What exploded in the second wave ==

There are multiple reliable reports of other electronics explosions other than walki talkie:

[https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/justice-law/722390/اصابة-فتاة-في-المروانية-جراء-انفجار-نظام-الطاقة-ال Home solar panels] : [[National News Agency (Lebanon)|National News Agency]] (lebanese government official news agency)

[https://www.bbc.com/arabic/articles/cr4xlvp6625o Fingerprint biometric devices]: [[BBC]]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JDE8FBZFcC8 cars and homes radios]: [[Asharq News]]

yet,for some reason two editors removed the sourced contents purely based on personal preferences or their own OR without providing any reliable source that counters or denies these sources.

@[[User:PrimaPrime|PrimaPrime]] removed the content report by the lebanese government official news agency that states that explosions of home solar panels took place arguing: “ ''Solar water heater incident looks unrelated”'' (Pure OR)

While @[[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] removed the report by [[Asharq News]] arguing: “''Removed poorly sourced YouTube ref and related info”'' (probably didn’t notice that this youtube source was from Asharq news Agency)

I am pretty sure this is not how wikipedia works.

[[User:Stephan rostie|Stephan rostie]] ([[User talk:Stephan rostie|talk]]) 07:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

::I just watched the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=JDE8FBZFcC8 Asharq News video] and, from what I understand, they were talking about these walkie-talkies being inside cars and homes when they exploded, not that other models of household or car radios were exploding. Could you provide a time-stamp in case I missed it? [[User:Moscow Mule|Moscow Mule]] ([[User talk:Moscow Mule|talk]]) 17:13, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Neutrality tag ==

There is a Neutrality tag that has been added to the top of the article, yet nothing here on the Talk page that is articulating what is non-neutral about the current article. If there is something specific, then a section tag or inline tag would help other editors know what the concern is. But if nothing is identified that can be addressed, then the tag should be removed. Cheers. [[User:N2e|N2e]] ([[User talk:N2e|talk]]) 10:49, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:The [[#NPOV Background]] and [[#Targets]] discussions both raise separate neutrality concerns. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 14:43, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Although, it seems the main concerns in both discussions have been addressed or are no longer immediately relevant. "Hezbollah members" seems to have stuck in the latter discussion, and in the former we no longer refer to attacks as "provoked" or "unprovoked" and the section has been rewritten. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 16:51, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Timing ==

{{ping|Martinevans123}} Why do you think the timing is so important as to be in the opening sentence? [[9/11]] page does not mention the timing in the first sentence or first paragraph, and [[MOS:OPEN]] highlights that the opening should be as general as possible without giving too much details. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:47, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:I think it could find many examples of disasters' attacks where the time of day is included in the first sentence, but then [[WP:OSE]]. I'd suggest that the simultaneity of such a widespread series of explosions confers added significance to a single time. But perhaps it could be moved down slightly. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 11:53, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::{{ping|Martinevans123}} I can't think of any; and [[MOS:OPEN]] states: "The first paragraph should define or identify the topic with a neutral point of view, but '''without being too specific'''". Mentioning the time of day in the hours and minutes is too specific and distracts the reader. Also [[MOS:FIRST]]: "Do not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject." I already had moved it down to the second lede paragraph. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 11:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Oh yes, so you did. Thanks for telling me. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:16, 19 September 2024 (UTC) p.s. the [[September 11 attacks]] didn't happen all at once, so I'm not surprised a single time is not given there.
::::{{ping|Martinevans123}} We already mention "simultaneous" so no need to be overspecific, especially in the opening sentence. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:38, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Yes, we certainly should mention "simultaneous". I don't see the time of day as being "overspecific". I see it as a fundamental fact. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:44, 19 September 2024 (UTC) p.s. you need not add a ping to me every time you reply here. I have this page watchlisted, I can see from the indent you are replying, no one else is in this discussion, and I'm sure any responses aren't time critical. Thanks.
::::::I disagree on the need to mention the time in hours and minutes because it overloads the opening sentence without providing any value. Will wait for the input of other editors. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::It provides no value? It's just a basic fact. It overloads? It's four words, with 20 characters. But I'm also happy to hear the views of other editors. Perhaps the total time that it took all the devices to explode should also be mentioned somewhere, although I suspect this may not have been accurately reported. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::{{ping|Vice regent}}, {{ping|Super Goku V}}, {{ping|Huldra}}, {{ping|Lewisguile}},{{ping|GhostOfNoMan}}, {{ping|Nishidani}}, {{ping|Moscow Mule}}, {{ping|nableezy}}, {{ping|Levivich}} The First Wave went off around 15:30 EEST, the time when parents pick up their children from kindergarten and school, when everyone is out and about, when everyone is running errands. We saw people in street-markets and supermarkets and stores being exploded. The Second Wave started around 17:00 EEST, the time for funerals. If someone is acquainted with Lebanese society and wants to have the maximum impact on the civilian population, he would pick those times. So, yes! I agree with Martin that it is important to have the time in the lead. And we should add the time of the Second Wave.

::::::::Here a link for easy accessibility and convenience to the French-language daily newspaper [[L'Orient-Le Jour]] in Lebanon [L'Orient's editorial stance: "a fierce line against Hezbollah"/ per our enWP article] to its English-language edition "L'Orient Today":

::::::::*"''[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427494/after-pager-explosions-hezbollah-announces-death-of-10-fighters-vows-to-continue-operations-day-348-of-the-gaza-war.html At least 14 dead and over 450 injured in new explosions of communication devices across Lebanon: Day 348 of the Gaza war'']", [[L'Orient-Le Jour|L'Orient Today]], 18 September 2024 — Quote: "17:08 Beirut Time ⚡ At least one explosion was heard in the southern suburbs of Beirut, Reuters reported, noting that ambulance sirens were also heard."

::::::::Those two points in time have been widely discussed and reflected upon in the news over the last few days. Please, note the Second Wave detonations were stronger. --[[Special:Contributions/91.54.12.244|91.54.12.244]] ([[User talk:91.54.12.244|talk]]) 09:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I have absolutely no objection to including the time. It's relatively brief. If anyone has a strong objection, we could move it out of the lede. The lede is already fairly detailed, though, so I don't think it's out of place.
:::::::::There is, of course, a discussion to be had about whether the lede is too long/detailed in general. If that were the case, then the existing lede could be moved down into an ''Overview'' section, and we could replace it with a shorter summary.
:::::::::But in an article such as this, I suspect there will always be too much info that people want to put into the lede, so it will tend to be longer than usual anyway. I think that's okay in these circumstances—especially if it prevents protracted debates. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==Infobox==
"alleged" should be removed from infobox, as this has been confirmed by RS, including CNN. Also, the perpetrator in the infobox should be described as a joint operation between and the Israeli military and Mossad, per CNN. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:42, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:Shouldn't [[Mossad]] be mentioned somewhere in the main body text, with appropriate sources, if it is to appear in the infobox? [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:00, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Should be both, yes. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 22:03, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::OK. The word "Mossad" appears only twice in the article - once in the infobox and once in the headline of the single BBC source which supports it. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 09:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Scope ==

What is the scope of this article? Is it only the attacks on the first day, or the second one as well, or (god forbid, for civilians' sake) a possible third one today? If it is not just the first day, then maybe the article's title, and scope which is defined in the opening sentence and paragraph, should be changed accordingly. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:40, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:It wasn't just pagers, was it? So I am surprised you've said, in the move discussion above, that you "strongly support this article's move to the title of '''2024 Lebanon pagers attack'''. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:50, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::There is nothing surprising, my comment on the move was made on the first day of the attacks, when only pagers were used. Now, the second day having passed, we have confirmed reports of the attacks including walkie-talkies, and allegedly, even solar panel parts. So not sure yet how RS will come to describe the whole series of attacks. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:55, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::That discussion is still open? You're still happy with the current title? We might have to wait 24 hours '''from 15:30 EEST''', to see if there's a third wave. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 12:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::That is why I opened this discussion, to see first what would make sense best for the move discussion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:04, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Good idea. I suspect that both days will remain in this one article. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 13:07, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Brace yourselves ==

Don't do it yet, but be prepared to create a [[2024 Israel-Lebanon war]] page. Hassan Nasrallah (leader of Hezbollah) announced that he [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/ considers the explosions to be an "act of war", or casus belli]. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 15:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

== Casualty figures in infobox ==

The numbers of those killed and injured ought to appear in the main body text, if they are to be used in the infobox? Currently the total number of those injured "3,450+" doesn't seem to be supported by the two sources there. The report on ITN Main page is showing "more than 3,200". [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 16:27, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:I previously reverted it to the figure found in both references (2,750 at the time), but it was added back with an edit summary stating that the figure was based on adding casualties together for both waves – even though neither reference mentioned any figure besides 2,750. I didn't revert it a second time, even though I couldn't find any reliable source that cited a total figure. But if that 3,200 is now being reported, then it should be updated, so we can avoid the current [[WP:SYNTH]]. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 16:39, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::Shouldn't [[WP:2+2=4]] apply? [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 17:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Probably! I didn't revert it a second time for that very reason, once I saw the edit summary. But where we have a single source providing a reliable total, I feel that's preferable to our own calculations – especially considering the wildly different figures being reported (f.i. one edit summed 2,750 + 400, but a later edit used 3,000 + 400 based on a separate source). [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 17:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I believe {{u|Pachu Kannan}} arrived at the current 3,450+ number as 2,750 + 708. The math itself is certainly within what [[WP:CALC]] allows, but the available sources for 708 don't seem very reliable (Al Jazeera's [[WP:NEWSBLOG]] or [[Morocco World News]]).
:::More importantly, it doesn't seem entirely clear that 2,750 + 708 is a proper aggregation with no double counting. Al Jazeera says {{tq|708 were injured while on Tuesday, 12 people were killed and 2,323 injured}}, so we could reasonable combine them to get 3,031, aside from the [[WP:NEWSBLOG]] issue. It's less clear how 2,750 relates to the other numbers - it seems like an early estimate by the health minister, while the other numbers seem like specific cases recorded by hospitals. [[WP:CALC]] is normally reserved for cases where it's more obvious what the proper calculation is. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 18:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::::{{ping|xDanielx}}, so do we need a source in the infobox for the "2,750+"? The ITN item on Main page currently says "more than 3,400 others injured". Thanks. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 15:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Added the source. {{yo|Stephen}} it looks like you did the ITN [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:In_the_news&diff=prev&oldid=1246660455 update], could you change it to 2,750 for now? (This is probably a short-term change, pending a reliable source with a total figure.) — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Many thanks. Have now requested an update at Main page errors. [[User:Martinevans123|Martinevans123]] ([[User talk:Martinevans123|talk]]) 09:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Non-Hezbollah Pager Use ? ==

From the seemingly out-dated information at [[Pager]] it seems that pagers had mostly gone out of use (outside of Hezbollah) at the time of the explosions. For context, I think it would be helpful if it could be stated to what extent pagers are/were being used in Lebanon at the time of the attack (and not counting Hezbollah). Technically, pagers work only in the presence of a paging provider (that broadcasts the actual paging signal according to a dedicated paging standard). It seems difficult to imagine that there should exist a paging service only for Hezbollah, rather such a service would be expected to have non-Hezbollah customers. But who could such customers be? I couldn't find any info for e.g. Beirut, but maybe someone with better (Arabic or maybe French) skills can do better. Thanks. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 18:12, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:Isn't that already in the article in the first sentence of the section named "Use of pagers"? {{tq|Some Hezbollah members had used pagers for years prior to the 7 October attacks, but more members began using them after the attacks, as Hezbollah secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah claimed Israel had penetrated their cellphone network}}. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:59, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
::No, it is not. With ''Non-''Hezbollah Pager Use I mean how much are pagers used (in Lebanon) other than by Hezbollah? The relevance of this context is to what extent if any pager use can be seen as specific to Hezbollah. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 21:03, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=The Lebanon explosions raise a question: Deep into the smartphone era, who is still using pagers? |url=https://apnews.com/article/pagers-explosions-lebanon-doctors-security-israel-f35bd0f0e0a57bb5f37c139d1f32926d |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=AP News |language=en}} [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 22:47, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:According to various sources, hospital workers often use pagers and at least two of them were killed when their pagers exploded. It seems journalists were also using pagers (perhaps to get the latest scoop on Hezbollah?) and one pager of a journalist from [[Al Mayadeen]] exploded. The Iranian ambassador to Lebanon also seems to be using a pager.
:Also, there are indications that some pagers were simply misplaced. For example, one pager was in a kids' room with no adults when it exploded, killing one kid and injuring another. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Requested move 19 September 2024 ==

{{requested move/dated|?}}

[[:2024 Lebanon pager explosions]] → ? – Following up from [[#Requested_move_17_September_2024|last RM]], the options for this RM will focus on the specific language in the title. Keep the arguments on [[WP:TITLE]] policy. We can always propose additional changes to the title in this section. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Remove the year===
* '''Support''', this event is so unique, there is no need to include the year in the article name. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:57, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Neutral''' - no real reason to include, but also it adds 5 characters total, so not a big deal either way to me. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - seminal geopolitical event, similar to what the [[King David Hotel bombing]] was in its day. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 04:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - have there ever been pager explosions in Lebanon before the year 2024? Brevity and succinctness in title is an age-old Wikipedia policy. The [[Oklahoma City bombing]] is not known as 1995 Oklahoma City bombing; the [[Tokyo subway sarin attack]] is not called the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack. Let's apply some common sense here. [[User:Colipon|Colipon]]+([[User talk:Colipon|Talk]]) 16:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as per above. [[User:EucalyptusTreeHugger|EucalyptusTreeHugger]] ([[User talk:EucalyptusTreeHugger|talk]]) 17:14, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support removal''' – It's not needed for [[wp:natural disambiguation]]. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 17:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' There have been attacks involving electronics in Lebanon previously. The year makes the article title precise.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Can you name at least one other attack involving electronics in Lebanon? [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 18:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::[[List_of_Israeli_assassinations]] has quite a few of them if you focus only on attacks in Lebanon. The attacks were car bombs, although one of them was remotely-controlled. Similar to this current attack, electronic devices were rigged with booby-traps that exploded.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::So what exploded were cars, not electronic devices. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', the naming convention [[WP:NCE]] recommends the "When" {{tq|in the majority of cases}} unless this event can be understood by the reader without the year, {{tq|in historic perspective}}. We have no historic perspective here, and there is no certainty that this event will be remembered with standalone names that do not include the year, which is why I strongly believe we shouldn't remove the year, as it is ultimately useful for the casual reader. [[User:Pilaz|Pilaz]] ([[User talk:Pilaz|talk]]) 21:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:By your logic, all new events must contain the year in the article name, and the year can only be removed within a decade or two, when there is a "historical perspective".
*:The key word in [[WP:NCE]] that you did not quote is "'''for disambiguation'''". I think you'll agree that the year is not needed in this case for disambiguation purposes. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - unnecessary dab. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - Yes, unnecessary dab. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:30, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Presence of the year in title gives a good historical context. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:04, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': Useful historical context for readers. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:29, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose.''' There's no useful reason to remove it that I can see. If further attacks of this nature occur next year, we can retitle as needed. Naming policy says to include "what, where and when". [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:05, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:NOYEAR]]. Until we can judge the notability in historic perspective, its best to leave the year for clarity, similar to [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]].

=== Changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah" ===
* '''Weak support''' as from what is gathered here, this attack primarily targeted the militant organization Hezbollah. But then, we don't always mention the intended target; so I would probably just say '''drop''' Lebanon/Hezbollah from the title, as a second option. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' They were the target. This also seems to be more of a COMMONNAME, the sources I've seen use Hezbollah instead of Lebanon. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 00:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' the explosions targeted Hezbollah, not Lebanon. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' for three reasons.
**First, our guidelines ([[WP:NCWWW]]) suggest naming an article as "when, where and what". Lebanon is clearly the "where".
**Secondly, writing "Hezbollah" makes the title ambiguous, as if Hezbollah carried out the attacks, when this is not true.
**Finally, the attacks seem to include targets other than Hezbollah. While many of the pagers did belong to Hezbollah, did the solar panels also belong to Hezbollah? There are sources that indicate that pagers owned by non-Hezbollah civilians were also targeted[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427350/netanyahu-sets-return-of-israelis-evacuated-from-northern-israeli-towns-as-new-target-day-347-of-the-gaza-war.html][https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/act-terrorism-thousands-react-lebanon-wide-scale-pager-explosion-attack].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:"Lebanon pager explosions" is ambiguous for the same reason - it could be interpreted as Lebanon carrying out the attack. Both seem unlikely in practice though. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::"Lebanon" is a noun, the adjective is "Lebanese", whereas Hezbollah is both a noun and adjective. When we mention an actor like this, it usually implies they're a perpetrator: [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], [[Israeli bombing of Gaza]], [[October 7 Hamas attacks]] etc. When we mention a place, it implies the location it took place, not attribution of responsibility: [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], [[2004 Madrid train bombings]] etc.
*::This ambiguity is why we moved [[Talk:Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus#Requested_move_9_May_2024|"Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus" to "Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus"]].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::To be pedantic, "Hezbollah attack" would be valid not because Hezbollah is an adjective, but because it's a well-formed [[noun adjunct]]. Technically "Lebanon attack" is also a well-formed noun adjunct, although "Lebanese attack" is indeed more natural. So both proposed names are technically ambiguous. I expect readers will resolve any confusion by reading the first bit of text, rather than reasoning about why we likely chose a particular wording. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 19:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:Vice regent|VR]] [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] is an explicit example cited by [[WP:NCWWW]], so the "where" doesn't necessarily have to be Lebanon. [[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:37, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - it was targeted against Hezbollah, not Lebanon. In fact, there were explosions outside of Lebanon. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:58, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' for reasons as stated. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' target was Hezbollah and included explosions out of Lebanon. [[User:Ilenart626|Ilenart626]] ([[User talk:Ilenart626|talk]]) 04:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per Vice regent (VR) and [[WP:CONSISTENT]]. This policy is probably why [[Talk:Israel–Hamas war#Requested move 13 August 2024|this]] is up for discussion {{mdash}} again. Just imagine if [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] was titled "Taliban eradication war". [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' ''if attacks passes'': Going from 'Lebanon pager explosions' to 'Hezbollah (pagers/electronics/communications) attacks' would imply that Hezbollah did an attack using or involving pagers/electronics/communications. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 06:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose:''' As mentioned in the last RM, we use places to describe events by default per [[WP:NCE]]. This is also the natural and recognisable language. Furthermore, the suggestion has a fundamental flaw in that introduces ambiguity over whether Hezbollah is the target or actor – even if the wording were to work, merely switching positions in the manner suggested above would be no way to do it. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 07:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as they literally were Hezbollah pagers, ordered by Hezbollah and issued to their members. Per [https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-planted-explosives-hezbollahs-taiwan-made-pagers-say-sources-2024-09-18/ Reuters], {{tq|The senior Lebanese security source said the group had ordered 5,000 beepers made by Taiwan-based Gold Apollo, which several sources say were brought into the country earlier this year.}} NCWWW is a good default, but "Hezbollah" conveys the same information (obviously they operate in Lebanon) and more. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 15:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:But were they also "Hezbollah solar panels"? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::If we were to update the title to include other purported devices, I agree that could complicate the matter. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 18:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Remove both''' – Titles like "Pager explosions", "Pager attack", and "Pager and walkie-talkie explosions", etc. [[Wikipedia:PRECISION|unambiguously identify the subject]]. This avoids ambiguity over whether Hezbollah is the target or actor and avoids specifying that the attacks were in Lebanon when they were also in Syria. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 18:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per what I've stated below. --[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per VR, Havradim, and Iskandar323's comments. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 18:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support'''. Hezbollah was the target and most of the affected ones were its members, in Lebanon and Syria. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:21, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per VR and Iskandar, although one issue is that having Lebanon in the title implies it was against the Lebanese government {{User|Kowal2701}} 21:24:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC) 
* '''Oppose''' a lot of people not associated with Hizbollah, also became victims, [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] ([[User talk:Huldra|talk]]) 23:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Perhaps, but the electronic devices were distributed by Hezbollah to its operatives. The devices were not commercially available. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 23:25, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' Per above comments. Also, any concerns about target vs attacker are still applicable if Lebanon is used, not to mention that they can be entirely circumvented by using "against Hezbollah". [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 23:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per VR. [[WP:NCWWW]] is clear. Proposed alternatives are ambiguous and might allude to Hezbollah being the perpetrator instead of the target. A lot of victims are/were also civilians, and the only thing they had in common with Hezbollah members was the geographic location. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - I like the title "[[Hezbollah device explosions]]," as used by the BBC [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0e1wpr0q44o]. I don't think it suggests Hezbollah was the perpetrator, I think it suggests that Hezbollah's devices exploded, which is accurate. "Lebanon" isn't entirely accurate because there were also explosions in Syria, even if most of it happened in Lebanon. "Lebanon pager explosions" or "Lebanon device explosions" I find problematic because it makes it sound like they were Lebanese pagers or Lebanese devices, as in made in Lebanon, which does not appear to be the accurate. [[WP:NCWWW]] says "in the majority of cases," and I think this is one case where we should say "who" rather than "where." [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:48, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong oppose''' Although indeed Hezbollah pagers and communication devices, many civilians have been killed or injured either from the explosion or shrapnel. Most of the explosions took place in Lebanon. A change from Lebanon to Hezbollah would be misleading. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - The attacks were targeted at Hezbollah in more than one country. I agree with [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] that a title such as '''Hezbollah device explosions''' suggests that Hezbollah's devices exploded, which is accurate. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:33, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Strong oppose''' as per VR, Havradim, and Iskandar323. Policy should guide this decision. If we were going purely for accuracy and precision, we'd have a long name such as ''2024 Israeli attacks on Hezbollah pagers, walkie talkies and solar panels''. As it is, ''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'' seems fine (note that I also prefer ''attacks'' over ''explosions''). [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 08:59, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - As spoken before, attacks targeted Hezbollah, also removes the geographic argument some had about Lebanon vs. Lebanon and Syria in title name. [[User:Poketape|poketape]] ([[User talk:Poketape|talk]]) 17:07, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - Most of the explosions did take place in Lebanon, but some in Syria as well. The attack was targeted against Hezbollah, and as we have [[Israel–Hamas war]] we have precedent to use the intended target even if there are civilian side-effects.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per above. [[User:Kcmastrpc|Kcmastrpc]] ([[User talk:Kcmastrpc|talk]]) 17:40, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Changing "pagers" to "electronics"/"communications" ===
* '''Support''' broadening as both pagers and handheld-radios are included in this. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:'''Support''' we can all agree on this. Mobile devices would be too specific and possibly exclude the (alleged) solar panels. [[User:Bremps|'''Bremps''']][[User talk:Bremps|'''...''']] 02:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Support '''electronics'''; but people claiming solar panels and phones exploded should read this [https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-iphones-solar-panels-laptops-exploded-in-lebanon/a-70281061 DW] [[User:Prodrummer619|Prodrummer619]] ([[User talk:Prodrummer619|talk]]) 17:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as it's become abundantly clear that pagers were not the only devices involved. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 00:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' mobile devices. Pagers is too specific. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Day 1 was pagers. Day 2 was walkie talkies. Mobile devices is too broad and two vague. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 01:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with you. That's why in my !vote I proposed "pagers and walkie talkies". [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 02:38, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*Support '''electronics'''. Simple and covers solar panels, which are not communication devices.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:15, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Alternate:''' pagers and walkie talkies per [[WP:PRECISE]]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 02:01, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*Support '''electronics''' since the attack expanded beyond just pagers after the first round. It also wasn't solely communication devices that were targeted, and 'communications' could imply it was a cyberattack on communications systems rather than physical devices. [[User:Icantthinkofausernames|Icantthinkofausernames]] ([[User talk:Icantthinkofausernames|talk]]) 02:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' to '''Electronics'''. "Communications" doesn't cover the solar panels we have reliable sources for. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 02:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*{{strike|Oppose. Pagers is the shortest title, the majority of the explosions were pagers, and I don't think either "electronics" or "comunications devices" is as eloquent as pagers.}} -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**I've actually been convinced to '''support "electronics explosions"''' - but I still oppose "electronics attacks" because that is very vague. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 19:07, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* Easy '''support''' - much more electronics than just pagers have been affected at this point. More people were killed by handheld radios in the second wave than pagers in the first wave, so having pagers alone in the title is misleading. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Alternate:''' Support '''pager and walkie-talkie''' per [[WP:AND]]. ''Electronics'' is way [[Wikipedia:Precise|too broad]] and doesn't define the subject like "pagers and walkie-talkies" does. In other words, "Pager and walkie-talkie explosions" can be the title of this article but "Electronic explosions" cannot as it's too broad. Even "2024 Lebanon electronic explosions" and other similar variants are too broad and confusing. [[User:FunLater|FunLater]] ([[User talk:FunLater|talk]]) 18:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support "electronics"''' Although at first the majority of explosions originated from pagers, the 2nd wave of attacks was from other electronic devices and it looks like we're not going to be having separate articles for each attack. For that reason, this article's title should reflect both attacks.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' "electronics" or "devices" given the range of [[device]]s targeted. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|talk]]) 20:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* I think "pagers and walkie-talkie" or "communication devices" are better. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', press sources such as the NY Times and NBC News seem to be using the common name "pager attacks". [[User:Whizkin|Whizkin]] ([[User talk:Whizkin|talk]]) 21:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support electronics''' - infobox mentions "Pagers, walkie-talkies, solar panels, radios, intercoms, car batteries", etc. Some of these do not fall under "communications" but all are considered electronic devices. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 00:24, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
**FWIW I think the infobox is wrong and took that out; MSM seems to all say pagers and walkie-talkie. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:52, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
**:Good to know, then I think '''devices''' or '''communication devices''' sounds better. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 16:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support 'devices' or 'pagers and walkie-talkies'''', as used by [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0e1wpr0q44o BBC] and [https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/lebanon-explosions-hezbollah-israel-09-19-24-intl-hnk/index.html CNN] respectively. Both "electronics" and "communications" strike me as too vague. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:52, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support devices''', oppose '''electronics''' which is more about circuits rather than devices. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:11, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support "communication devices"''' as pagers were not the only devices involved. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:38, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support electronics''' as ''devices'' isn't as broad and suggests handheld devices rather than electronics equipment in general (such as solar panels). My preferred title would be '''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'''. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:02, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Solar panels weren't part of this attack. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 15:39, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''' because walkie-talkies were also involved. 三葉草 [[User:三葉草|San]] [[User_talk:三葉草|Yeh]] [[Special:Contributions/三葉草|Tsao]] 18:11, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Changing "explosions" to "attacks" ===
* '''Support''' per my reason in the previous RM. [[WP:RS]] classify this as an "attack" including [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/] [https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/exploding-device-attacks-dealt-major-crippling-blow-hezbollah-113841163] and so we should just mirror what RS does. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 23:48, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with "attacks" in principle, but I'm a little concerned that, coupled with a Lebanon → Hezbollah change, the title "Hezbollah pager attacks" (or "Hezbollah electronics attacks" etc.) would be misleading – wouldn't a plain reading make it appear Hezbollah were themselves responsible, and not the target? Maybe I'm being overly cautious, but I could easily see such a title causing confusion. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 00:20, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::We can use "attacks on ..." or "attacks in ..." if needbe. I do appreciate the concern as we do need to ensure this title is not misleading though. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 00:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::But I think "Lebanon electronics attacks" would be fine and unambiguous.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:14, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::::''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks'' would be my preferred title, but I'm not immovable on the ''2024'' part. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' That title makes it sound like Hezbollah committed an attack, not that they were attacked. Explosions is also more descriptive. [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 00:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Opoose''' Explosions is more specific. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 01:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Explosions seems more vague, because it includes accidents (eg [[2020 Beirut explosion]]), whereas this was not accidental.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 01:13, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Support Attacks. [[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 02:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' "Explosions" implies it was an accident. "Attack(s)" is clearer. Similarly, articles about bombings do not use "explosions" (eg [[Oklahoma City bombing]]). As for the confusion of who was the attacker and who was the target, there are ways around it. There were some ideas to resolve that in the previous RM. Saying "Attacks on/against Lebanon/Hezbollah" should suffice. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 02:08, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' as per above. 'Explosions' implies it could've been an accident; it was mostly definitely an attack and most RS support this. [[User:Icantthinkofausernames|Icantthinkofausernames]] ([[User talk:Icantthinkofausernames|talk]]) 02:13, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. Could cause someone to misinterpret Hezbollah{{strikethrough|/Lebanon}} (Lebanon is fine to use, check replies) as the perpetrator. Other than that, I support. — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 02:15, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]], based on my understanding of English (it is not my mother tongue), the word "Lebanon" is only a noun (whose adjective is "Lebanese"), whereas "Hezbollah" is both a noun and adjective. So "Lebanon electronics attack" should unambiguously indicate Lebanon as the location of the attack, not the perpetrator.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:: {{ping|Vice regent}} You are correct. I've updated my support to clear that up. Thanks, — [[User:BerryForPerpetuity|BerryForPerpetuity]] [[User talk:BerryForPerpetuity|(talk)]] 15:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Explosions is more specific - "attack" could mean an attack ''on pager infrastructure'' or similar. Further, if it's changed to Hezbollah, the title ''Hezbollah pager (or word) attack'' would imply they attacked pagers, rather than their pagers exploded. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Clarifying my comment in relation to the above - I think that this needs to be considered together with the question over what the "items" that exploded/were attacked are called. I cannot support "electronics attack(s)" because that is ambiguous as to whether it was an attack on electronic infrastructure, an attack using electronic weapons, etc. So if it's changed to "electronics" (the shortest word that seems to include the various devices involved) then I still oppose changing to attacks. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 19:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - I am partial to [[Lebanon exploding electronics attacks]]; it is concise, precise, follows policy, and does a good job of explaining what happened and in what location. As others have said, having explosions alone omits the fact that this was a targeted attack, leaving open the possibility that it was instead a series of tragic accidents. And having attacks alone leaves too much open to interpretation: Was Lebanon / Hezbollah attacked or did they attack? And via the use of what kind of electronics warfare? [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 06:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support "attacks"''', per what I've written below.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:40, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support in principle''', but care must be taken that the final outcome of this RM does not make it sound like Hezbollah was the one committing the attack. Therefore, the article name should be something like [[Attacks on Hezbollah's pagers and walkie talkies]]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 20:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', "explosions" is more exact to describe what happened (pagers exploded) while "pager attack" may imply electronic espionage or disrupting communication. Also "...pagers attack" could imply active ("they attacked") instead of passive ("they got exploded"). '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree with you on your second point. That's why I put a note in my !vote with a caution that if using the word "attacks", the word order would have to change (along with needing to add the prepesition "on").
*:On your first point, because all the explosions happened at the same time (or within a ½ an hour or so), then it does constitute an attack (or more accurately "attacks" because there were two attacks on two different days). [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support'''; "explosion" could be an accident, "attack" is what it was, [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] ([[User talk:Huldra|talk]]) 23:26, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - an explosion might be unintended, an attack is not. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 23:55, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose for this title format''' - "Lebanon pager attacks" and "Hezbollah pager attacks" make it sound like Lebanon/Hezbollah are the perpetrators. I don't categorically oppose using "attacks" instead of "explosions" but it has to be as part of a title that phrases it in a way that doesn't confuse the perpetrator with the victim of the attack, so something different than any of the variations currently proposed. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 07:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong support''' as these specific "explosions" had a perpetrator, Israel. RS have confirmed Israel to be the perpetrator of this coordinated attack. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:13, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as explosions is more specific. [[User:Kind Tennis Fan|Kind Tennis Fan]] ([[User talk:Kind Tennis Fan|talk]]) 08:41, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Strong support ''attacks''.''' ''Explosions'' is too vague and implies the devices just blew up, e.g., due to manufacturing issues or excessive heat. These were attacks, and RSes support that. This is why I also don't think ''Hezbollah'' should be in the title. It should be ''2024 Lebanon electronics attacks''. [[User:Lewisguile|Lewisguile]] ([[User talk:Lewisguile|talk]]) 09:22, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - because I support changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah", and [[2024 Hezbollah pager attacks]] could mislead readers to believe the attacks were committed by Hezbollah rather than against Hezbollah.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:44, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Support''', would it be a stretch to go so far to call it a bombing?

=== Including "Israeli sabotage attack" ===
*'''Support''' - a wide range of sources are saying as a fact this was an Israeli attack. The [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html NYTimes] has reported these were manufactured by Israel. [https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions Axios] reports that "Israel decided to blow up the pager devices carried by Hezbollah members in Lebanon and Syria on Tuesday out of concern its secret operation might have been discovered by the group, three U.S. officials told Axios." and that "A former Israeli official with knowledge of the operation said Israeli intelligence services planned to use the booby-trapped pagers it managed to "plant" in Hezbollah's ranks as a surprise opening blow in an all- out war to try to cripple Hezbollah." [https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html CNN] reports that "CNN has learned Tuesday’s explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military." There are no sources that actually dispute that Israel was behind these explosions. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 01:46, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**{{u|nableezy}} what is the exact title you propose? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 02:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*** [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] or [[Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor]]? [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 03:18, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
****I'm not in favor of this, but there is [[Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp]], after all. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
****:And [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]]. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
**:2024 Israeli electronics sabatoge attack '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:06, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:* [[Israeli electronics attack against Hezbollah]]?
*:[[User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 21:28, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''- per [[WP:NPOV]]. Israel has not taken credit for the incident, and nobody has provided proof that it was Israel. All mentions of Israel as the culprit are allegations. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 01:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' clear NPOV violation. Even if there is a consensus they were Israeli or proven to be, this is a clear POV title intended to imply things that should not be implied in a title. Titles should not be disambiguated beyond what is necessary. Unless there is some other attack on Hezbollah pagers/walkie-talkies this year, there is no need for this. And if there's another attack in another year, a year is a NPOV disambiguation that will suffice. -bɜ:ʳkənhɪmez | [[User:berchanhimez|me]] | [[User talk:berchanhimez|talk to me!]] 03:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Where is the NPOV violation and what is it intended to imply? '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 11:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', borders on original research at this point. Not at all clear if Israel acted alone on this one, so having this in the title is overreach. [[User:Havradim|Havradim]] [[User talk:Havradim|''leaf a message'']] 05:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Neutral, leaning oppose''' per what I've stated below. Identifying the perpetrators within the article title seems unnecessary. The first sentence of the article should explain that reliable sources believe Israel is the perpetrator of this attack.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', while Israel is the natural "prime suspect", it has not taken responsibility, and all we have so far is media speculations and Hezbollah's blame. '''[[User:MathKnight|MathKnight]]''' 21:24, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Consensus by RS is that Israel was behind the attack. We should reflect that consensus. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 00:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::If you read the references carefully, the consensus is that Israel is the only logical suspect. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 00:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::We also have [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]] as a precedent, where Israel also didn't claim responsibility, but multiple sources identified it as the perpetrator. - [[User:Ïvana|Ïvana]] ([[User talk:Ïvana|talk]]) 00:17, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:::Israel is not a suspect by process of elimination. RS have evidence of Israel's responsibility and are fully naming them as responsible.
*:::[https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl/index.html] {{tq|CNN has learned Tuesday’s explosions were the result of a joint operation between Israel’s intelligence service, Mossad, and the Israeli military.}}
*:::[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html] {{tq|12 current and former defense and intelligence officials who were briefed on the attack say the Israelis were behind it}}
*:::[https://www.axios.com/2024/09/18/hezbollah-pager-explosions-israel-suspicions] {{tq|Israel decided to blow up the pager devices carried by Hezbollah members in Lebanon and Syria on Tuesday}}
*:::[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/sep/18/first-thing-israel-planted-explosives-thousands-hezbollah-pagers-reports] {{tq|Israel placed explosives inside thousands of pagers imported by Hezbollah months before Tuesday’s extraordinary attacks, according to sources cited by Reuters and US media.}} [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 02:22, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Support''' There are other pages that include both the attacker and target's identities, as shown above. Plus, in doing so, all the concerns raised elsewhere in the RM about who was the attacker vs the target would be solved. [[User:Arcturus95|Arcturus95]] ([[User talk:Arcturus95|talk]]) 00:03, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' As a comparison, even in terrorist attacks where known terrorist organizations claimed responsibilities, we never mention their names in the title. While the incident is clearly different, I think the same principle applies.[[User:廣九直通車|廣九直通車]] ([[User talk:廣九直通車|talk]]) 06:53, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Strong oppose 'sabotage'''' - Sabotage would be if they made the pagers and walkie talkies stop working. When you make a device like that explode, that's a [[booby trap]], not [[sabotage]]. Neutral on the principle of including 'Israel' in the title; MSM is all more or less reporting that Israel is behind the attack or widely believed to be (also, it's kind of obvious that they are, even if they never admit it). [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:55, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Not sure the [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/us/politics/israel-hezbollah-pager-attacks.html NYT] agrees with you here. '''[[User talk:Nableezy|nableezy]]''' - 16:29, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::Journalists 🙄 NYT isn't the only one making this obvious mistake, either. If enough of them make it, it'll become "consensus of RS." But mark my words: "sabotage" is not the right word to describe booby trapping, and some day, the NYT and the rest will learn this. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 19:10, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
*::It's actually a meaningful distinction (in my view). "Sabotage" is the right word if we want to say that the purpose of putting explosives into personal communications devices was to impede communications. "Booby trap" is the right word if we want to say the purpose was to kill or injure people. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 19:15, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' - Unnecessary complication to title, if there were more than one group of pager explosions, then I could see the argument. [[User:Poketape|poketape]] ([[User talk:Poketape|talk]]) 17:09, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

=== Leave title unchanged ===
{{atop|1='''Procedural close'''. Per the format of this RM, the way to express opposition to changes is to oppose them individually in their respective sections. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 17:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)}}
* '''Support''' - The title makes sense for now. Change it later if the media comes to a consensus on the name of this operation. [[User:Carrite|Carrite]] ([[User talk:Carrite|talk]]) 07:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*:It's not the media's role to name the operation. That would be the perpetrator's role. Since the perpetrator has not publicly acknowledged the operation, the perpetrator would not make the name of the operation public. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 13:48, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
{{abot}}

=== Other proposals ===
{{atop|1='''Obsolete:''' Proposal has been incorporated into other sections. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 19:19, 20 September 2024 (UTC)}}
I '''support a name like [[2024 Lebanon electronics attack]]''', and I oppose a name that includes "Hezbollah", "Syria", or "explosion". I don't feel like writing a bunch of separate responses for each piece of the article name, so I've put my thoughts here and it should be clear what my piecewise position is. I'm choosing this based on [[WP:CRITERIA]]. To review it:

1. '''Recognizability''': From what I understand, there have been attacks involving the use of rigged electronic devices in Lebanon in the past. For this reason, putting the year disambiguates and makes it recognizable as a specific attack.
2. '''Naturalness''': The title is very straightforward and describes (in order) When (2024), Where (Lebanon), & What (electronics attack). Sounds natural to me. Putting Hezbollah in the title will make it unnatural and may seemingly imply that Hezbollah was the perpetrator.
3. '''Precision''': My suggested title is precise in that it zeroes in on exactly this event.
4. '''Concision''': We don't need Syria in the title because this primary location of the attack was Lebanon, and anybody referring to the event will primarily be referring to Lebanon. Obviously, it should be noted that some of the attack took place in Syria, but as far as the article title goes, it's not necessary to include that in there. For example, the [[Pacific war]] article makes it clear in the very first sentence of the article that the war was also fought in the Indian Ocean. I draw inspiration from that, and I think that omitting the Syrian attacks from the article's title but mentioning it in the first sentence is the right way.
5. '''Consistency''': The article title I'm proposing is very consistent with many other articles such as [[2024 France railway arson attacks]], [[2022 Erbil missile attacks]], and countless other articles with this style of (Year, location, method, "attack")

As far as alternatives go, the only one that comes to mind is [[2024 Israeli electronics attack]], which would instead include the perpetrator rather than the location, but I would only be willing to support such a title as a compromise, because I think that having the location of the attack is more important than having the perpetrator. Derivatives of this could also be considered that mention the location, such as [[2024 Israeli electronics attack in Lebanon]], but as I point out in the consistency point, the usual way is not to mention the perpetrator, and instead just have the location. For that reason, I would only support article titles that have the perpetrator if I was forced to give up on my main article title that I propose.--[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:31, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:p.s. I mentioned my opposition to "explosion" in the previous move discussion, but I didn't mention it here so I'll reiterate it. Using the word "explosion" in the title implies that the motive behind this event was ambiguous and unclear. However, mainstream media sources are directly implicating Israel in this attack (See [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html New York Times]). For that reason, it makes more sense to refer to it as an attack. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 16:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::You may want to move this comment to the section that directly deals with this question. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:41, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::In addition to commenting in the section [[#Changing "explosions" to "attacks"]], you may also want to comment in the sections [[#Changing "Lebanon" to "Hezbollah"]] and [[#Changing "pagers" to "electronics"/"communications"]] since your propsal touches on them too. The reason the Requested Move has been broken down into sections is that no consensus could be reached when the question was too broadly construed as to how to rename the article. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 16:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{+1}}. @[[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]], {{tq|I don't feel like writing a bunch of separate responses for each piece of the article name}} is not a valid reason to break the format of this RM. [[User:Sdkb|Sdkb]] [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 17:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I didn't "break" the format of anything. But sure, if you want, I can !vote every section. However, my reasoning for multiple of them were similar and related and I wanted to avoid redundancy. [[User:JasonMacker|JasonMacker]] ([[User talk:JasonMacker|talk]]) 18:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
{{abot}}

=== Discussion ===
Is there a reason there is no RMCD hatnote on the article page? [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 10:54, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:The [[User:RMCD bot]] must have broke. @[[User:Wbm1058|Wbm1058]]? Fix? Or maybe someone can add the tag manually. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 11:00, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::'''?! Edit failed due to a recent RMCD bot edit (0RR)''' is what I saw on my bot's console. Sorry, imposed a 0RR restriction on the bot to mitigate possible edit warring, and did not anticipate that a new RM would open within four hours of the close of another. If you had waited 24 hours to open the new RM, the bot would have been fine with it. My bot hasn't yet found the intelligence to distinguish between its short-term edits to two different requested moves on the same page. Frankly, the whole world is watching this one; I don't think an article notice is really necessary to draw more participation. – [[User:Wbm1058|wbm1058]] ([[User talk:Wbm1058|talk]]) 13:02, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::IMO the hatnote serves not merely to invite editors to participate in the debate, but also to alert non-editors that the current title may not reflect a settled consensus of editors. [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 15:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:I have not seen an RFC before that has been divided into multiple sections with separate votes. Is this proper practice? [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:25, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::This is not an RFC; this is an RM. Sdkb suggested subsections for each part of the title, so I just did that. I don't find anything unusual about this, it helps a lot with discussion organization for complex and contentious article title discussions. If this was cut and dry then the proposed title would have been speedy moved in the last RM discussion. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 12:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I still haven't seen an RM doing these subdivisions for each word in the move. But anyway, I will participate in the move discussion tomorrow, if no other editor finds this also unconventional other than myself. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:39, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

This is effectively several move requests wrapped into one and seems like an inevitable [[WP:TRAINWRECK]] for that reason.--[[User:Estar8806|estar8806]] ([[User talk:Estar8806|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Estar8806 |★]] 17:47, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

:The trainwreck was the [[#Requested move 17 September 2024|previous move request from Sept 17]], which could not reach a consensus, other than the article needs to be renamed. In this format, in which the questions on how to rename is broken down into simple questions, it'll be possible to reach a consensus. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 17:53, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

==== Courtesy ping ====
Can someone get a courtesy ping for this? I think it would be very helpful. I wish there was an automated way for this. [[User:Awesome Aasim|Awesome]] [[User_talk:Awesome Aasim|Aasim]] 00:35, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Pinging editors who commented in the previous [[WP:RM]], but have yet to comment in this [[WP:RM]].
:{{u|MathKnight}}, {{u|Eastwood Park and strabane}}, {{u|Nice4What}}, {{u|Whizkin}}, {{u|Thuresson}}, {{u|RisingTzar}}, {{u|Makeandtoss}}, {{u|Kowal2701}}, {{u|मल्ल}}, {{u|DaringDonna}}, {{u|David O. Johnson}}, {{u|Mk17b}}, {{u|Borgenland}}, {{u|Pilaz}}, {{u|Spilia4}}, {{u|Hogo-2020}}, {{u|Mhhossein}}, {{u|Nishidani}}, {{u|Oathed}}, {{u|Martinevans123}}
:Apologies if I missed anybody. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:05, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Identities of the injured ==

Of the thousands who were injured, how many were Hezbollah members, civilians or both (many Hezbollah members are civilians)? We seem to have conflicting reports:
*The Lebanese Health Minister [https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/sep/17/middle-east-crisis-live-netanyahu-expands-gaza-war-aims-blinken-heads-to-egypt said] {{tq|The “vast majority” presenting to emergency rooms are in civilian clothes, Abiad told the broadcaster, adding that this makes it “very difficult to discern whether they belong to a certain entity like Hezbollah or others”. He added: But we are seeing among them people who are old or people who are very young, like the child who unfortunately died, and there are some of them who are health care workers."}}
**The Health Minister says during [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzHYsUVAtsA a CNN interview]: "{{tq|vast majority of them [casualties] were civilians}}" in response to a CNN interviewer's question on how many were un-affiliated with Hezbollah.
*BBC journalist at [[Hotel Dieu Hospital]] [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyl9048gx8t?page=4 said] the patients there were "{{tq|mainly members of Hezbollah}}."
*The Washington Post [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/19/israel-lebanon-attack-explosions-hezbollah/ reported] "{{tq|According to Lebanon’s Health Ministry...Among the casualties were women, children and the elderly, as well as medical workers and civil servants.}}"
*The Guardian [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/17/hundreds-of-hezbollah-members-hurt-in-lebanon-after-pagers-explode quoted] an unnamed source saying "{{tq|A senior security source said pagers all over the country exploded, primarily wounding members of Hezbollah.}}"
*ABC News says "{{tq|The dead and injured included people who are not members of Hezbollah.}}" The claim isn't surprising, but it also doesn't cite the claim other than point out children killed.

I think we should mention both views: the Health Minister's view that most ''appear'' to be civilians, and other reports that most might be Hezbollah members. The lead should probably just mention that "many casualties were Hezbollah members, including civilian members of the organization, while others were unaffiliated civilians."'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 05:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:Given the fact that Hezbollah membership is highly secret excerpt at the highest levels and the membership of individual rank and file members only becomes public after their deaths, I think the "civilian dress" metric is of zero value. Is there any evidence that Hezbollah does ''not'' use women and health care workers and the elderly as operatives? I could be proven wrong as more evidence emerges, but it looks to me at this time that the percentage of casualties that were Hezbollah operatives was exceptionally high, and the percentage of totally uninvolved civilian collateral damage injuries was exceptionally low. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 05:59, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::What is your basis for saying "that the percentage of casualties that were Hezbollah operatives was exceptionally high"? What exactly do you mean by the word "operatives"? It has been pointed out many Hezbollah members are, in fact, civilians. Al Jazeera points out "{{tq|Some of the blasts struck members of Hezbollah who are not combatants, according to Lebanese media accounts. For example, Tuesday’s attack killed a medic who worked at Al Rassoul Al Azam Hospital, which is linked to Hezbollah-associated charities.}}" '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 06:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::What is the evidence that Hezbollah strictly diffentiates between its "civilian clothed" military [[Jihad Council]] members and its "civilian clothed" "non military" [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]] members? Are you saying that it is impossible that a medic by day could be a rocket launch site combatant in civilian clothes at night? If there is such a strict differentiation, then why were both groups issued the same set of command and control electronic devices? Are the "civilians" free to do what they want and say what they want, or are they always commanded to follow military orders, upon pain of death? As for unnamed {{tpq|Lebanese media accounts}}, which of them in particular are considered reliable sources for use on Wikipedia? [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Pinging {{u|Vice regent}} as requested. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:12, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for the ping. Certainly anything is possible. But civilians must not be targeted under [[International Humanitarian Law]] unless the attacker has specific evidence of them taking part in hostilities. Is there evidence that the medic killed at [[Al Rassoul Al Azam Hospital]] was also launching rockets? From what I understand, the devices were fairly regular [[pagers]]; there was nothing specifically military about them. They could be used to communicate with soldiers and civilians alike. Hospital staff in the Middle East (and across the world) use pagers all the time. I agree we don't directly quite unnamed [[WP:PRIMARY]] sources, but when a reliable [[WP:SECONDARY]] source like Al-Jazeera relies on them, we can quote that secondary source's reporting.'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 07:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::But there was something specifically military about the exploded pagers: they were ordered and issued by Hezhollah to its members (per a source we cite here, Hezbollah "said 4,000 pagers carried by Hezbollah members exploded"). So it becomes a question of when is a Hezbollah member (not) taking part in hostilities? In some countries every member of Hezbollah is deemed a terrorist, i.e. not a civilian, so the question only makes outside of those countries. [[User:Lklundin|Lklundin]] ([[User talk:Lklundin|talk]]) 19:09, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:The Lebanese Health Minister's claim can be mentioned, but shouldn't affect how we describe the events in wikivoice, since it's both a [[WP:PRIMARY|primary]] and [[WP:NIS|non-independent]] source. — [[User:XDanielx|xDanielx]] [[User talk:XDanielx|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/XDanielx|C]]\[[Wikipedia:Editor review/xDanielx|R]] 16:23, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::I'm fine to include attribution. Keep in mind that ultimately, the most comprehensive casualty counts have come from government sources (the Israeli social security data for the [[October 7 Hamas attacks]], the Gaza Health Ministry for the [[Israeli invasion of Gaza]] etc.).'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== A useful source==
I think that this source is useful to expand this article. Source is https://newsable.asianetnews.com/world/lebanon-pager-explosions-probe-turns-toward-kerala-man-malayali-company-financial-dealings-under-scrutiny-anr-sk3n1w. If this source is useful, please add content sourced to it. Source is from [[Asianet News]]. [[User:Pachu Kannan|Pachu Kannan]] ([[User talk:Pachu Kannan|talk]]) 07:28, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Explosive ==

It's good to see not even informed speculation about which explosive or explosives were used; we await the results of forensic examination. And when we do get that acronym or whatever we'll be plugging it into the article a lot...!
[[User:Kencf0618|kencf0618]] ([[User talk:Kencf0618|talk]]) 11:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Terrorism ==

RS have either used or reported on this attack being a form of terrorism by the Israeli state:
* Washington Post: "Numerous international law experts, including a U.N. panel, accused Israel of violating international law and carrying out a form of terrorism, no matter that it was an attempt to weaken a known terrorist organization." [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/20/hezbollah-pager-attacks-israel-lebanon-war/ ]
* Jacobin: "Israel carried out two terrorist attacks across Lebanon this week, bringing the entire region ever closer to the brink of all-out war." [https://jacobin.com/2024/09/lebanon-israel-beeper-attacks-terrorism ]

Governments have also used this term:

* BBC: "Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said he told his Lebanese counterpart that he "strongly condemned Israeli terrorism"." [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7xnelvpepo ]
* AJ: "Belgium’s deputy PM denounces ‘terror attack’ in Lebanon and Syria" [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-thousands-injured-in-lebanon-pager-explosions?update=3186244 ]

Maybe there are other RS I have missed, but clearly this should be highlighted in this article. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:34, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

: Terrorism is a value-laden and generally non-objective term. We can report on what significant people say, but Wikipedia should be very restrained in calling anything terrorism, or anyone a terrorist. We can say organization X designated Y a terrorist, but that's different from stating it as a conclusion. Obviously this is a high profile article and there's a lot at stake for people to try to sway this article away from NPOV. We should resist those efforts. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 12:42, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It "should be highlighted in this article," does not imply that Wikipedia should call it anything or that is is a fact or conclusion. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 12:47, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Choose any military event. We can scour the sources and find some that call it terrorism. The question is whether these claims are significant enough to deserve mention, or [[WP:FRINGE]]. I read a lot of news every day and haven't seen this claim featured prominently. I think the article should have [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions#International_law a discussion] about whether these attacks are within the laws of war or not, presenting all sides in fair proportion. This is a fair question. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 12:53, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Numerous international law experts, including a U.N. panel, are obviously significant sources, and they deserve a mention, as they were reported by RS. That has no bearing on whatever other material that might be added. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 13:03, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] what is the basis for the terrorism claim? It is terrorism under Lebanese law? Under International law? I've been adding in the section "International law" a detailed basis for this being a [[war crime]]. But if there is no basis for the terrorism claim, maybe you can mention it in the Reactions section, but I wouldn't give it much more [[WP:WEIGHT]] than that. '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn’t a reaction, it’s a characterization. It doesn’t necessarily have to be under law, it can be made as a description by experts, which a UN panel and international law experts are. It can be added in body with attribution; it shouldn’t be controversial to reflect RS. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 17:52, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] [[Definition of terrorism|terrorism is a legal term]]. Under which law, is this act considered terrorism? Is there a detailed analysis that considers this terrorism, or do the sources just accuse Israel in passing? '''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 13:58, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::We should mention it in the form of the WP and state that numerous international law experts have characterised it as an act of terrorism. That is uncontroversial. Many have, including also, separately, [[Geoffrey Nice]] on Middle East Eye. It was textbook state terrorism. [[User:Iskandar323|Iskandar323]] ([[User talk:Iskandar323|talk]]) 14:50, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:Also worth mentioning that several at UNSC emergency meeting called it an act of terror or terrorism, including the Russian ambassador several times. [[User:Greeen|Greeen]] ([[User talk:Greeen|talk]]) 19:01, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Changes to background section ==

The background section is more about the Israel-Hamas war than it is about pagers in Lebanon.

According to the New York Times (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/world/middleeast/israel-exploding-pagers-hezbollah.html) the pagers were sent to Lebonon two years ago, well before October 7 [[User:Rmacleod18|Rmacleod18]] ([[User talk:Rmacleod18|talk]]) 17:22, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:The current Israel-Lebanon conflict is very much rooted in the [[Israel-Hamas war]].'''[[User talk:Vice regent|VR]]''' (Please [[Template:Ping|ping]] on reply) 17:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Number of deaths ==

An Iranian news agency has reported the total death toll has reached 41. [[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]] ([[User talk:Aminabzz|talk]]) 20:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Unless you can provide a reference, this is useless information. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:07, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Who said? ==

"Sky News reported '''a Lebanese security''' had said...." (Final paragraph of "Use of pagers" section.) What is a "Lebanese security", and how does it say things? [[Special:Contributions/67.231.67.253|67.231.67.253]] ([[User talk:67.231.67.253|talk]]) 21:33, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you for the observation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions&diff=prev&oldid=1246754355 I have fixed it]. [[User:The Mountain of Eden|The Mountain of Eden]] ([[User talk:The Mountain of Eden|talk]]) 21:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== Opening sentence ==

I think the definition of Hezbollah should be trimmed from the opening sentence. Whoever is not familiar with Hezbollah can simply access its WP article. This would be on par with the lack of definition of Al-Qaeda on [[September 11 attacks]], Nazi Party on [[Kristallnacht]], etc. [[User:Makeandtoss|Makeandtoss]] ([[User talk:Makeandtoss|talk]]) 08:41, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 21 September 2024 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2024 Lebanon pager explosions|answered=no}}
change title from "2024 Pager Explosions" to "2024 Pager Attacks"

reasons:

1. "attacks" more precises describes this event as "explosions" could be referring to a spontaneous or unplanned event.
2. for 9/11 we have (in English) "September 11th attacks" and for Oct7 we have: "2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel".
To call this "explosion" and not "attack" would go against Wikipedia's stated goal of neutrality. [[User:Mx.rezazadeh|Mx.rezazadeh]] ([[User talk:Mx.rezazadeh|talk]]) 15:13, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

== Secret Hezbollah document about casulates ==

Has anyone seen this Hezbollah document? If this document is real, then the casulates must be changed.[https://x.com/VividProwess/status /1837028598177239383 Source] [[Special:Contributions/109.197.206.119|109.197.206.119]] ([[User talk:109.197.206.119|talk]]) 17:30, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

:Link is dead, but I've seen it. If you have a RS giving any weight to that document then we might want to consider publishing it but until then, it's all unverified and speculative. [[User:Kcmastrpc|Kcmastrpc]] ([[User talk:Kcmastrpc|talk]]) 17:36, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::Here's a fixed link: https://x.com/VividProwess/status/1837028598177239383 (''/status/'' was ''/status+/'' in the above URL). I have no idea as to its authenticity. [[User:GhostOfNoMan|GhostOfNoMan]] 18:00, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::It claims a death toll of 879. Obvious fake. [[User:Mporter|Mporter]] ([[User talk:Mporter|talk]]) 19:23, 21 September 2024 (UTC)

Template talk:Discrimination sidebar

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AmrAlWatan: /* Why does "Discrimination against Israelis" link to anti-Zionism? */ Reply

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Pompadour (hairstyle)

2024-08-29T13:07:44Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Men's styles */ Edited the Diamond is Unbreakable part to be more readable

{{Short description|Hairstyle}}
[[File:Pompadour (PSF).png|thumb|The primary feature of the pompadour hairstyle is a large volume of hair swept upwards from the forehead]]
[[File:Charles Dana Gibson00.jpg|thumb|Hair in this style was an essential part of the "[[Gibson Girl]]" look in the 1890s]]

The '''pompadour''' is a hairstyle named after [[Madame de Pompadour]] (1721–1764), a mistress of King [[Louis XV]] of France.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher | url-access=registration | title=Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | author=Sherrow, Victoria | year=2006 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/309 309]–310| isbn=9780313331459 }}</ref> Although there are numerous variations of the style for men, women, and children, the basic concept is having a large volume of hair swept upwards from the face and worn high over the forehead, and sometimes upswept around the sides and back as well.

Despite the name, this hairstyle has nothing in common with the hairstyle of Madame de Pompadour, who wore her hair back rather than up, with no extra volume on the top. The name was coined in the 20th century.

==History==
Adding vertical volume on top of the head, by combing the hair back and up above the forehead, is a trend that originated in women's hairstyles of the royal court in France, first in the 1680s, and again in the second half of the 18th century, long before and after Madame de Pompadour. In 1680, King [[Louis XIV]] loved the way his mistress [[Marie Angélique de Scorailles|the Duchess of Fontanges]] arranged her hair after she fell from her horse. She started wearing it like this every day to please him, and created a new hairstyle called the "Fontange", adding vertical volume to the hair. This fashion lasted for 20 years.

Under [[Louis XV]], Madame de Pompadour's time, hair was worn rather low and backswept, with a simple aura of locks, and was never called a pompadour. A new, extravagant style adding again height and volume came into fashion under [[Louis XVI]], around the 1770s and 1780s, culminating before the Revolution with the contemporaries of [[Marie-Antoinette]]. Stylists had daring ideas for adding more and more height.

The style was revived again in the 1890s as part of the [[Gibson Girl]] look and continued to be in vogue until [[World War I]]. In the 1925 novel ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'', a character refers to [[Jay Gatsby]] having had a pompadour in his youth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=F. Scott |title=The Great Gatsby |date=1925 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780241341469 |quote=There was a small picture of Gatsby, also in yachting costume, on the bureau—Gatsby with his head thrown back defiantly—taken apparently when he was about eighteen. 'I adore it,' exclaimed Daisy. 'The pompadour! You never told me you had a pompadour—or a yacht.'}}</ref> The style was in vogue for women once again in the 1940s. The men's version appeared in the 1950s and early 1960s, worn by early [[country music|country]], [[rock and roll]], and movie stars such as [[Elvis Presley]], [[Johnny Cash]], [[Chuck Berry]], [[Ritchie Valens]], [[James Dean]], and [[Tony Curtis]], and enjoyed a renaissance in the mid 2000s. The style has been worn by men and women in the 21st century.

==Women's styles==
Variations of the pompadour style were popular for women in the late 18th century and again from the 1890s until [[World War I]], and in the 1940s. The pompadour was often supported by a roll of false hair, over which the woman's own hair was combed up and back.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Marie Antoinette and her Children by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun.jpg|alt=Marie Antoinette and her Children by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun|Queen [[Marie Antoinette]] wearing a large pompadour under an elaborate headdress, 1787
File:Ladyastor.jpg|[[Lady Astor]] wearing hair in this style in a famous portrait by [[John Singer Sargent]], 1909
File:Bette Davis in Now Voyager trailer.jpg|[[Bette Davis]] wearing an updated, streamlined pompadour in the film ''[[Now, Voyager]]'', 1942
File:Betty Grable 20th Century Fox.jpg|Actress and World War II pin-up girl [[Betty Grable]] wearing another variant of the pompadour style, 1943
</gallery>

Among women, the hairstyle became marginally popular again in the first few years of the 21st century. It can be created by [[backcombing]] or ratting at the roots of the hair on the sides of the pompadour towards the top of the head. Then the hair is combed up and over the ratted hair, off the forehead, the front up in a curl straight back, and the sides pulled back towards the center.

==Men's styles==
In the 1950s, while this hairstyle was not yet called the pompadour, it was donned by [[James Dean]] and [[Elvis Presley]]. It was known by other names ([[Quiff]], [[ducktail]], jelly roll, [[rocker (subculture)|Rocker]], [[greaser (subculture)|Greaser]], or simply "the Elvis cut"). During this era, the hairstyle had become a staple of [[Greaser (subculture)|greaser subculture]] and greaser gangs, especially among [[Italian American]], [[Latin American]], and [[Asian American]] greasers. Movies like ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'', ''[[The Wild One]]'', ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', ''[[The Outsiders (film)|The Outsiders]]'', ''[[The Lords of Flatbush]]'', and ''[[American Me]]'' are reminiscent of the [[Greaser (subculture)|Greaser]] subculture.

During the 1980s, the hair style was associated with the "rockabilly" culture, and adopted by those enamoured with vintage culture of the late 1950s and early 1960s, which included [[antique car]]s, [[hot rods]], [[muscle car]]s, [[American folk music]], [[Greaser (subculture)|greasers]], [[Teddy Boy]]s, rockabilly bands, and [[Elvis Presley]] impersonators.

Celebrities known for wearing pompadours during the [[1950s fashion|1950s]] and [[1960s fashion|1960s]] include [[Little Richard]] and Afghanistan's [[Ahmad Zahir]] as well as actors such as [[James Dean]], [[Marlon Brando]], and [[Desi Arnaz]].

There are Latin variants of the hairstyle across [[Latin America]], with some European influence. In the [[United States]], from the 1930s to the 1960s, the pompadour and [[ducktail]] were popular among many [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]]s, such as [[Mexican American]] [[Chicano]]s, [[Cuban American]]s and [[Puerto Ricans]].

Although the pompadour was popular across all ethnic and racial groups in the mid-20th century, it's maintained popularity among [[Italian American]]s and the "[[wikt:goombah|goombah]]" or "[[Guido (slang)|Guido]]" subculture.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}} The style is often parodied in shows like ''[[The Sopranos]]'' or ''[[Jersey Shore (TV series)|Jersey Shore]]'', which portray negatively stereotyped characters—especially [[Silvio Dante]]. Notable gangsters, such as [[John Gotti]], have sported the hair style.

In modern [[Japanese popular culture]], the pompadour is a stereotypical hairstyle often worn by gang members, thugs, members of the [[yakuza]], the [[bōsōzoku]], and other similar groups such as the ''[[Yankee#Japan|yankii]]'' (high-school hoodlums). In Japan the style is known as the "Regent" hairstyle, and is often [[caricature]]d in various forms of entertainment media such as [[anime]], [[manga]], television, and music videos, often into improbable levels of length and volume. The [[punch perm]] combines elements of the [[afro]] hairstyle and the traditional pompadour. This style, too, is stereotypically worn by less reputable members of society, including the ''yakuza'', ''bōsōzoku'', and ''chinpira'' (street thugs). For Josuke Higashikata from ''[[Diamond Is Unbreakable]]'', Ryunosuke “Rio” Umemiya from [[Shaman King]], and Gunkan from ''[[Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo]]'', the hairstyle became a signature detail.

In the [[psychobilly]] subculture, the pompadour is slightly modified to form the [[quiff]]. The quiff is a hairstyle worn by Psychobilly fans and musicians ([[Kim Nekroman]] frontman of [[Nekromantix]] for example). A psychobilly wedge is a sort of mix between a [[mohawk hairstyle]] and the pompadour, where the hair along the side of the head is shaved and the middle is not spiked but slicked back and stood up like a pompadour.

In the 2000s and 2010s, the pompadour hairstyle has been seen on celebrities which include [[Conan O'Brien]],<ref name="Conan2016">{{cite news |last1=Deerwester |first1=Jayme |title=Glenn from 'Walking Dead' tries on a Conan O'Brien wig |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/10/28/walking-dead-glenn-steven-yeun-conano-obrien/92877226/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=USA TODAY |date=28 October 2016}}</ref> [[Bruno Mars]], [[Morrissey]], [[David Beckham]], [[Drake Bell]], [[Zac Efron]], [[Zayn Malik]], [[Alex Turner (musician)|Alex Turner]] of [[Arctic Monkeys]], and [[Justin Timberlake]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:PresleyPromo1954PhotoOnly.jpg|[[Elvis Presley]] with a pompadour haircut in 1954
File:Sonu Nigam during a show.jpeg|right|Indian pop star [[Sonu Nigam]] with modern adaptation of the [[Teddy Boy]] cut
File:Everly Brothers - Cropped.jpg|[[The Everly Brothers|Everly Brothers]]' pompadour haircuts
File:Bob's big boy statue burbank 2013.jpg|[[Big Boy Restaurants]] statue
File:Conan O'Brien - SXSW - Mar 2011.jpg|[[Conan O'Brien]] in 2011
</gallery>

In the [[The Legend of Korra (comics)|comic continuation]] of the [[Nickelodeon]] [[Animated cartoon|animated television series]] ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'', a character with a pompadour hairstyle was included: Wenyan. In a decision process, this look defeated multiple other proposals, such as one with a [[Widow's peak]] or another with a [[Perm (hairstyle)|perm]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Legend of Korra: Turf Wars|isbn=978-1506702025|last1=Dimartino|first1=Michael Dante|last2=Konietzko|first2=Bryan|year=2019|page=232|publisher=Dark Horse Comics }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Big hair]]
* [[Bouffant]]
* [[List of hairstyles]]
* [[Josuke Higashikata]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wiktionary}}

; Definition
* [http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=pompadour Merriam-Webster definition]. Retrieved 25 April 2005.

; Rockabilly connection
* [https://archive.today/20130127232522/http://www.lordoflaughs.com/pompadour.htm "Lord Carrett's Pompadour Page"]. Retrieved 25 April 2005.
* Trebay, Guy (November 18, 2003). [http://www.elvis.com.au/presley/article_hiddenforyears.shtml "Hidden for Years at Graceland, His Clothes Have Left the Building"]. Elvis Australia. Retrieved 25 April 2005.

; Setzer connection
* Abrams, Kerry (February 8, 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050410155254/http://dailybeacon.utk.edu/issues/v80/n18/setzer.18a.html "Setzer Swings Into Town"]. ''The Daily Beacon''. Retrieved 25 April 2005.
* Burrell, Dan (November 28, 2008). [http://www.danburrell.com/?p=701 "More Discussion Regarding Emergent Methodology"]. Whirled Views With Dan Burrell. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
* Hinke, Christina M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181727/http://www.hoodoovoodoolounge.com/interviews/swing_holidays.htm "Brian Setzer Puts the Swing Into the Holidays"] (interview with Setzer, mentioning hair style). [[Associated Press]], reprinted on Hoodoo Voodoo Lounge fan site. Retrieved 25 April 2005.
* Hinke, Christina M. (October 10, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060213185120/http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:85593826&refid=ency_nores_feed "Brian Setzer Rocks and Doo-wops his Way Through New Album"]. Associated Press. Retrieved 25 April 2005.
* [http://www.townsend-records.co.uk/product.php?pId=1075161&pType=music Townsend Records Shop description of Brian Setzer]. Retrieved 25 April 2005.

; Examples of non-rockabilly male musicians with pompadours
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709215711/http://www.repriserec.com/news.html "Nick Cave Kinder and Gentler? Not Quite"]. (March 27, 2001). ''Reprise Records News''. Retrieved 25 April 2005.
* Leiby, Richard (January 21, 2002). "Joe Henry: Too Big Too Fit". ''[[The Washington Post]]'', pg. C1.

; Tango and Latin connection
* Foley, Dylan (November 22, 1997). [http://members.tripod.com/~dispatches/international/tango.html "Tango: Looking for Love in All the Wrong Places"]. ''Toronto Globe and Mail''. Retrieved 25 April 2005.
* [https://nypost.com/tempo/02090504.htm "Tressed to Kill"]. (February 9, 2005). ''[[New York Post]]''. Retrieved 25 April 2005.

{{Human hair}}

[[Category:17th-century fashion]]
[[Category:1950s fashion]]
[[Category:1960s fashion]]
[[Category:2010s fashion]]
[[Category:Madame de Pompadour]]
[[Category:Scalp hairstyles]]
[[Category:Greasers (subculture)]]

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un

2024-08-29T02:56:05Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un */ Reply

===[[:Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|S}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 August 28#{{anchorencode:Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1241573897/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un}})
Exactly what a dictionary definition is, exactly what Wikipedia is not, see WP:NOTDICT. My prod was deleted by a guest user. [[User:SJD Willoughby|SJD Willoughby]] ([[User talk:SJD Willoughby|talk]]) 23:32, 21 August 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''': I bring up Wikihow and Quaran websites, none of which are helpful, as sourcing in my search. I don't see why we need this, the sourcing now used basically just confirms it exists where it says it does. [[User:Oaktree b|Oaktree b]] ([[User talk:Oaktree b|talk]]) 23:55, 21 August 2024 (UTC) 
* '''Delete''' [[WP:NOTDICT]], [[WP:DUE]]. [[User:Partofthemachine|Partofthemachine]] ([[User talk:Partofthemachine|talk]]) 03:26, 22 August 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Islam|list of Islam-related deletion discussions]]. '''[[User:Wcquidditch|WC''Quidditch'']]''' [[User talk:Wcquidditch|☎]] [[Special:Contribs/Wcquidditch|✎]] 04:38, 22 August 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' as Wikipedia is [[WP:NOTDICT|not a dictionary]]. [[User:Prof.PMarini|Prof.PMarini]] ([[User talk:Prof.PMarini|talk]]) 13:41, 23 August 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' no-brainer, not a dictionary. [[User:Ldm1954|Ldm1954]] ([[User talk:Ldm1954|talk]]) 14:11, 24 August 2024 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' It is true the article in it's current form is more of a dictionary entry but when deciding to delete something or not the current state of the article is not that important, the significance of the topic is. I believe that because this phrase has cultural/religious significance that can be seen in its wide usage when someone dies in middle eastern cultures it is significant in the same way the article "Raining cats and dogs" is. Therefore I believe it should be kept on that basis as it is a common expression and other common expressions also have articles. [[User:EvilxFish|EvilxFish]] ([[User talk:EvilxFish|talk]]) 04:56, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
*:I agree, and a lot of Wikipedia articles are kind of like dictionaries anyway since they have a title and give the definition, such as the article on cats. They're just much more detailed. Like you said, this saying also has such cultural and religious significance that it deserves its own article. This saying is referred as the "Istirja", so maybe that could be the article's title instead. I think that'd be better but I say keep it! [[User:BlueOtaku8000|BlueOtaku8000]] ([[User talk:BlueOtaku8000|talk]]) 19:08, 27 August 2024 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' There is a second, unbolded Keep comment so I'm relisting this discussion. Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 23:18, 28 August 2024 (UTC)<noinclude>[[Category:Relisted AfD debates|Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un]]</noinclude>
:'''Delete'''. I think this phrase, along with other ones such as the basmala, tasbih, etc, should just be thrown on Wiktionary. There's a table on the [[Dhikr]] page with commonly used phrases, so we could just swap out those links for the Wiktionary links. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 02:56, 29 August 2024 (UTC)

Modern paganism

2024-07-21T01:02:34Z

AmrAlWatan: Added a word to increase clarity: the original text appeared to imply that all atheists are pagans

{{Short description|Religions shaped by historical paganism}}
{{Redirect|Neopagan|the album|Paolo Rustichelli#Partial discography}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Sveriges Asatrosamfunds höstblot 2009.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathen]] altar for [[Blót|Haustblot]] in [[Björkö, Öckerö|Björkö]], Sweden. The larger wooden [[Cult image|idol]] represents the god [[Frey]].]]

'''Modern paganism''', also known as '''contemporary paganism'''{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=6}} and '''neopaganism''',{{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=xiii}} spans a range of [[new religious movement]]s variously influenced by the [[Paganism|beliefs of pre-modern peoples]] across Europe, North Africa, and the [[Near East]]. Despite some common similarities, contemporary pagan movements are diverse, sharing no single set of beliefs, practices, or [[religious text]]s.{{Sfn|Carpenter|1996|p=40}} [[Religious studies|Scholars of religion]] may study the phenomenon as a movement divided into different religions, while others study neopaganism as a decentralized [[religion]] with an array of [[Religious denomination|denominations]].

Adherents rely on [[Christianization|pre-Christian]], folkloric, and ethnographic sources to a variety of degrees; many of them follow a spirituality that they accept as entirely modern, while others claim to adhere to [[Prehistoric religion|prehistoric beliefs]], or else, they attempt to revive indigenous religions as accurately as possible.<ref name="Adler 2006 3-4">{{harvnb|Adler| 2006|pp=3–4}}</ref> [[List of modern pagan movements|Modern pagan movements]] are frequently described on a spectrum ranging from [[Polytheistic reconstructionism|reconstructive]], which seeks to revive historical pagan religions; to [[Eclectic paganism|eclectic movements]], which blend elements from various religions and philosophies with historical paganism. [[Polytheism]], [[animism]], and [[pantheism]] are common features across pagan theology. Modern pagans can also include [[atheist]]s, upholding virtues and principles associated with paganism while maintaining a secular worldview. [[secular paganism|Humanistic, naturalistic, or secular pagans]] may recognize deities as [[archetype]]s or useful metaphors for different cycles of life, or reframe [[Magic (supernatural)|magic]] as a purely psychological practice.

Contemporary paganism has [[Modern paganism and New Age|been associated with]] the [[New Age]] movement, with scholars highlighting their similarities as well as their differences.{{sfn|York|1999}} The academic field of [[pagan studies]] began to coalesce in the 1990s, emerging from disparate scholarship in the preceding two decades.

==Terminology==

===Definition===

There is "considerable disagreement as to the precise definition and the proper usage" of the term ''modern paganism''.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=13}} Even within the academic field of [[pagan studies]], there is no consensus about how contemporary paganism can best be defined.{{sfn|Doyle White|2012|p=15}} Most scholars describe modern paganism as a broad array of different religions, not a single one.{{sfn|Doyle White|2012|pp=16–17}} The category of modern paganism could be compared to the categories of [[Abrahamic religions]] and [[Indian religions]] in its structure.{{sfn|Doyle White|2012|p=17}} A second, less common definition found within pagan studies—promoted by the religious studies scholars Michael F. Strmiska and [[Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)|Graham Harvey]]—characterises modern paganism as a single religion, of which groups like [[Wicca]], [[Druidry (modern)|Druidry]], and [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]] are [[Religious denomination|denomination]]s.{{sfn|Doyle White|2012|p=16}} This perspective has been critiqued, given the lack of core commonalities in issues such as theology, cosmology, ethics, afterlife, holy days, or ritual practices within the pagan movement.{{sfn|Doyle White|2012|p=16}}

Contemporary paganism has been defined as "a collection of modern religious, spiritual, and magical traditions that are self-consciously inspired by the pre-[[Judaism|Judaic]], pre-Christian, and pre-[[Islam]]ic belief systems of Europe, North Africa, and the Near East."{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=6}} Thus it has been said that although it is "a highly diverse phenomenon", "an identifiable common element" nevertheless runs through the pagan movement.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=6}} Strmiska described paganism as a movement "dedicated to reviving the polytheistic, nature-worshipping pagan religions of pre-Christian Europe and adapting them for the use of people in modern societies."{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=1}} The religious studies scholar [[Wouter Hanegraaff]] characterised paganism as encompassing "all those modern movements which are, first, based on the conviction that what Christianity has traditionally denounced as [[idolatry]] and [[superstition]] actually represents/represented a profound and meaningful religious worldview and, secondly, that a religious practice based on this worldview can and should be revitalized in our modern world."{{sfn|Hanegraaff|1996|p=77}}

Discussing the relationship between the different pagan religions, [[religious studies]] scholars Kaarina Aitamurto and Scott Simpson wrote that they were "like siblings who have taken different paths in life but still retain many visible similarities".{{sfn|Aitamurto|Simpson|2013|p=3}} But there has been much "cross-fertilization" between these different faiths: many groups have influenced, and been influenced by, other pagan religions, making clear-cut distinctions among them more difficult for scholars to make.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=7}} The various pagan religions have been academically classified as [[new religious movements]],{{sfn|Aitamurto|Simpson|2013|p=2}} with the anthropologist Kathryn Rountree describing paganism as a whole as a "new religious phenomenon".{{sfn|Rountree|2015|p=1}} A number of academics, particularly in North America, consider modern paganism a form of [[nature religion]].{{sfnm|1a1=Strmiska|1y=2005|1pp=15–16|2a1=Harvey|2y=2005|2pp=84–85}}

[[File:Vårblot 2010 offergåvor.jpg|thumb|left|A Heathen shrine to the god [[Freyr]], Sweden, 2010]]

Some practitioners completely eschew the use of the term ''pagan'', preferring to use more specific names for their religion, such as "Heathen" or "Wiccan".{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=9}} This is because the term ''pagan'' originates in Christian terminology, which individuals who object to the term wish to avoid.{{sfn|Rountree|2015|p=8}} Some favor the term "ethnic religion"; the World Pagan Congress, founded in 1998, soon renamed itself the [[European Congress of Ethnic Religions]] (ECER), enjoying that term's association with the Greek ''[[Ethnic group|ethnos]]'' and the academic field of [[ethnology]].{{sfnm|1a1=Strmiska|1y=2005|1p=14|2a1=Simpson|2a2=Filip|2y=2013|2pp=34–35}} Within [[Slavic languages|linguistically Slavic]] areas of Europe, the term "Native Faith" is often favored as a synonym for paganism, rendered as ''Ridnovirstvo'' in Ukrainian, ''Rodnoverie'' in Russian, and ''Rodzimowierstwo'' in Polish.{{sfn|Simpson|Filip|2013|p=27}} Alternately, many practitioners in these regions view "Native Faith" as a category within modern paganism that does not encompass all pagan religions.{{sfn|Simpson|Filip|2013|p=38}} Other terms some pagans favor include "traditional religion", "indigenous religion", "nativist religion", and "reconstructionism".{{sfn|Rountree|2015|p=8}}

Various pagans who are active in pagan studies, such as [[Michael York (religious studies scholar)|Michael York]] and Prudence Jones, have argued that, due to the similarities of their [[worldview]]s, the modern pagan movement can be treated as part of the same global phenomenon as [[History of religion|pre-Christian Ancient religions]], living [[Indigenous religions]], and [[world religion]]s like [[Hinduism]], [[Shinto]], and [[Afro-American religions]]. They have also suggested that these could all be included under the rubric of "paganism".{{sfnm|1a1=Strmiska|1y=2005|1p=11|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2012|2pp=12–13}} This approach has been received critically by many specialists in religious studies.{{sfn|Doyle White|2012|p=13}} Critics have pointed out that such claims would cause problems for analytic scholarship by lumping together belief systems with very significant differences, and that the term would serve modern pagan interests by making the movement appear far larger on the world stage.{{sfn|Doyle White|2012|p=14}} Doyle White writes that modern religions that draw upon the pre-Christian belief systems of other parts of the world, such as [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] or the Americas, cannot be seen as part of the contemporary pagan movement, which is "fundamentally [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]]".{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=6}} Similarly, Strmiska stresses that modern paganism should not be conflated with the belief systems of the world's [[Indigenous peoples]] because the latter lived under [[colonialism]] and [[Postcolonialism|its legacy]], and that while some pagan worldviews bear similarities to those of indigenous communities, they stem from "different cultural, linguistic, and historical backgrounds".{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|pp=11–12}}

===Reappropriation of "paganism"===

Many scholars have favored the use of "neopaganism" to describe this phenomenon, with the prefix "neo-" serving to distinguish the modern religions from their ancient, pre-Christian forerunners.{{sfn|Simpson|Filip|2013|p=32}} Some pagan practitioners also prefer "neopaganism", believing that the prefix conveys the reformed nature of the religion, such as its rejection of practices such as [[animal sacrifice]].{{sfn|Simpson|Filip|2013|p=32}} Conversely, most pagans do not use the word ''neopagan'',{{sfn|Rountree|2015|p=8}} with some expressing disapproval of it, arguing that the term "neo" offensively disconnects them from what they perceive as their pre-Christian forebears.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=9}} To avoid causing offense, many scholars in the English-speaking world have begun using the prefixes "modern" or "contemporary" rather than "neo".{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1a2=Filip|1y=2013|1p=32|2a1=Rountree|2y=2015|2p=8}} Several pagan studies scholars, such as [[Ronald Hutton]] and [[Sabina Magliocco]], have emphasized the use of the upper-case "Paganism" to distinguish the modern movement from the lower-case "paganism", a term commonly used for pre-Christian belief systems.{{sfnm|1a1=Hutton|1y=2003|1p=xiv|2a1=Magliocco|2y=2004|2p=19|3a1=Doyle White|3y=2016|3p=8}} In 2015, Rountree opined that this lower case/upper case division was "now [the] convention" in pagan studies.{{sfn|Rountree|2015|p=8}} Among the critics of the upper-case P are York and Andras Corban-Arthen, president of the ECER. Capitalizing the word, they argue, makes "Paganism" appear as the name of a cohesive religion rather than a generic religious category, and comes off as naive, dishonest or as an unwelcome attempt to disrupt the spontaneity and vernacular quality of the movement.{{sfn|York|2016|p=7}}

[[File:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Parthenon]], an ancient pre-Christian temple in [[Athens]] dedicated to the goddess [[Athena]]. Strmiska believed that modern pagans in part reappropriate the term "pagan" to honor the cultural achievements of Europe's pre-Christian societies.]]

The term "neo-pagan" was coined in the 19th century in reference to [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] and [[Romanticist]] [[Hellenophile]] classical [[Revivalism (architecture)|revivalism]].{{efn|The very persons who would most writhe and wail at their surroundings if transported back into early Greece, would, I think, be the neo-pagans and Hellas worshipers of today." ([[William James|W. James]], letter of 5 April 1868, cited after OED); "The neopagan impulse of the classical revival". ([[John Addington Symonds|J. A. Symonds]], ''Renaissance in Italy'', 1877, iv. 193); "Pre-Raphaelitism [...] has got mixed up with æstheticism, neo-paganism, and other such fantasies." ([[Justin McCarthy (1830–1912)|J. McCarthy]], ''A History of Our Own Times'', 1880 iv. 542).}} By the mid-1930s "neopagan" was being applied to new religious movements like [[Jakob Wilhelm Hauer]]'s [[German Faith Movement]] and [[Jan Stachniuk]]'s Polish [[Zadruga (movement)|Zadruga]], usually by outsiders and often pejoratively.{{sfn|Simpson|Filip|2013|p=31}} Pagan as a self-designation appeared in 1964 and 1965, in the publications of the [[Witchcraft Research Association]]; at that time, the term was in use by Wiccans in the United States and the United Kingdom, but unconnected to the broader, [[counterculture]] pagan movement. The modern popularisation of the terms pagan and neopagan as they are currently understood is largely traced to [[Oberon Zell-Ravenheart]], co-founder of the 1st Neo-Pagan [[Church of All Worlds]] who, beginning in 1967 with the early issues of ''[[Green Egg]]'', used both terms for the growing movement. This usage has been common since the pagan revival in the 1970s.{{Sfn|Adler|2006}}

According to Strmiska, the [[reappropriation]] of the term "pagan" by modern pagans served as "a deliberate act of defiance" against "traditional, Christian-dominated society", allowing them to use it as a source of "pride and power".{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=9}} In this, he compared it to the [[gay liberation]] movement's reappropriation of the term "[[queer]]", which had formerly been used only as a term of [[homophobia|homophobic]] abuse.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=9}} He suggests that part of the term's appeal lay in the fact that a large proportion of pagan converts were raised in Christian families, and that by embracing the term "pagan", a word long used for what was "rejected and reviled by Christian authorities", a convert summarizes "in a single word his or her definitive break" from Christianity.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=7}} He further suggests that the term gained appeal through its depiction in [[Romanticism|romanticist]] and 19th-century European [[nationalism|nationalist]] literature, where it had been imbued with "a certain mystery and allure",{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|pp=7–8}} and that by embracing the word "pagan" modern pagans defy past religious intolerance to honor the pre-Christian peoples of Europe and emphasize those societies' cultural and artistic achievements.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=8}}

==Varieties==
===Eclectic and reconstructive===

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote="We might say that Reconstructionist Pagans romanticize the past, while eclectic pagans idealize the future. In the first case, there is a deeply felt need to connect with the past as a source of spiritual strength and wisdom; in the second case, there is the idealistic hope that a spirituality of nature can be gleaned from ancient sources and shared with all humanity."|source=— Religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=22}} }}

Modern pagan attitudes differ regarding the source material surrounding pre-Christian belief systems.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=18}} Strmiska notes that pagan groups can be "divided along a continuum: at one end are those that aim to reconstruct the ancient religious traditions of a particular ethnic group or a linguistic or geographic area to the highest degree possible; at the other end are those that freely blend traditions of different areas, peoples, and time periods."{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=19}} Strmiska argues that these two poles could be termed ''reconstructionism'' and ''eclecticism'', respectively.{{sfnm|1a1=Strmiska|1y=2005|1p=19|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2p=6}} Reconstructionists do not altogether reject innovation in their interpretation and adaptation of the source material, however they do believe that the source material conveys greater authenticity and thus should be emphasized.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=19}} They often follow scholarly debates about the nature of such pre-Christian religions, and some reconstructionists are themselves scholars.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=19}} [[Eclectic pagans]], conversely, seek general inspiration from the pre-Christian past, and do not attempt to recreate past rites or traditions with specific attention to detail.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|pp=19–20}}

On the reconstructionist side can be placed those movements which often favour the designation "Native Faith", including [[Romuva (religion)|Romuva]], [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]], and [[Hellenismos|Hellenism]].{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=7}} On the eclectic side has been placed [[Wicca]], [[Thelema]], [[Adonism]], [[Druidry]], the [[Goddess Movement]], [[Discordianism]] and the [[Radical Faeries]].{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=7}}
Strmiska also suggests that this division could be seen as being based on "discourses of identity", with reconstructionists emphasizing a deep-rooted sense of place and people, and eclectics embracing a universality and openness toward humanity and the Earth.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|pp=21–22}}

Strmiska nevertheless notes that this reconstructionist-eclectic division is "neither as absolute nor as straightforward as it might appear".{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=21}} He cites the example of [[Dievturība]], a form of reconstructionist paganism that seeks to revive the pre-Christian religion of the [[Latvians|Latvian people]], by noting that it exhibits eclectic tendencies by adopting a monotheistic focus and ceremonial structure from [[Lutheranism]].{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=21}} Similarly, while examining neo-shamanism among the [[Sami people]] of Northern Scandinavia, Siv Ellen Kraft highlights that despite the religion being reconstructionist in intent, it is highly eclectic in the manner in which it has adopted elements from [[shamanism|shamanic]] traditions in other parts of the world.{{sfn|Kraft|2015|p=28}}
In discussing Asatro – a form of Heathenry based in Denmark – Matthew Amster notes that it did not fit clearly within such a framework, because while seeking a reconstructionist form of historical accuracy, Asatro strongly eschewed the emphasis on ethnicity that is common to other reconstructionist groups.{{sfn|Amster|2015|pp=44, 59}} While Wicca is identified as an eclectic form of paganism,{{sfnm|1a1=Strmiska|1y=2005|1p=21|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2p=7}} Strmiska also notes that some Wiccans have moved in a more reconstructionist direction by focusing on a particular ethnic and cultural link, thus developing such variants as Norse Wicca and [[Celtic Wicca]].{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=21}} Concern has also been expressed regarding the utility of the term "reconstructionism" when dealing with paganisms in Central and Eastern Europe, because in many of the languages of these regions, equivalents of the term "reconstructionism" – such as the Czech ''Historická rekonstrukce'' and Lithuanian ''Istorinė rekonstrukcija'' – are already used to define the secular hobby of [[historical re-enactment]].{{sfn|Simpson|Filip|2013|p=39}}

=== Ecologic and secular ===
{{See also|Gaia hypothesis|Naturalistic pantheism|Secular paganism}}
The spectrum of modern paganism includes a range of [[ecologic]] and explicitly [[Ecocentrism|ecocentric]] practices, which may overlap with [[Naturalistic pantheism|scientific pantheism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steinhart|first=Eric|date=2016|title=Eupraxia as a Religion of Nature|jstor=10.5406/amerjtheophil.37.3.0228|journal=American Journal of Theology & Philosophy|volume=37|issue=3|pages=228–247|doi=10.5406/amerjtheophil.37.3.0228|s2cid=171320981|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/STEEAA-7|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414235106/https://philpapers.org/rec/STEEAA-7|url-status=live}}</ref> Pagans may distinguish their beliefs and practices as a form of [[religious naturalism]] or [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalist philosophy]],<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722250.001.0001/acprof-9780198722250-chapter-16|last=Steinhart|first=Eric|pages=274–294|language=en|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722250.003.0016|isbn=9780191789090|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=January 2016|title=Alternative Concepts of God|chapter=On Religious Naturalism|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222202043/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722250.001.0001/acprof-9780198722250-chapter-16|url-status=live}}</ref> with some engaged as [[Secular paganism|humanistic or atheopagans]].

===Ethnic and regional===
[[File:Pagan religions symbols - 4 rows.png|thumb|Collection of various symbols used for or by modern pagan religions or groups.

The symbols are identified by the uploader as (from left to right):

1st Row
[[Slavic Rodnovery]] ("Slavic Cross")
[[Celtic Neopaganism]] (or general triskele / triple spiral)
[[Germanic Heathenism]] ("Thor's Hammer")
[[Dievturi|Latvian Dievturi]] ("Cross of crosses or Cross of Māra")
2nd Row
[[Hellenism (modern religion)|Hellenism]]
[[Armenian Hetanism]] ("Arevakhach")
[[Italo-Roman Neopaganism]]
[[Kemetism]] ("ankh", key of life, handled cross)
3rd Row
[[Wicca]] (pentagram or pentacle)
[[Finnish Neopaganism]] ("Tursaansydän")
[[Hungarian Neopaganism]] (double cross or "világfa", world tree)
[[Romuva (religion)|Lithuanian Romuva]] (sun symbol composed of [[grass snakes]])
4th Row
[[Estonian Neopaganism]] ("Jumiõis", cornflower)
[[Circassian Habzism]] ("hammer cross")
[[Semitic Neopaganism]] ("hamsa")
[[Goddess movement]] and Wicca (raised-arms female figure)]]

For some pagan groups, [[ethnicity]] is central to their religion, and some restrict membership to a single ethnic group.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=17}} Some critics have described this approach as a form of [[racism]].{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=17}} Other pagan groups allow people of any ethnicity, on the view that the gods and goddesses of a particular region can call anyone to their form of worship.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|pp=17–18}} Some such groups feel a particular affinity for the pre-Christian belief systems of a particular region with which they have no ethnic link because they see themselves as [[reincarnation]]s of people from that society.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=18}} There is greater focus on ethnicity within the pagan movements in continental Europe than within the pagan movements in North America and the British Isles.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|pp=16–17}} Such ethnic paganisms have variously been seen as responses to concerns about foreign ideologies, [[globalization]], [[cosmopolitanism]], and anxieties about cultural erosion.{{sfn|Rountree|2015|p=5}}{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=47}}

Although they acknowledged that it was "a highly simplified model", Aitamurto and Simpson wrote that there was "some truth" to the claim that [[Left-wing politics|leftist]]-oriented forms of paganism were prevalent in North America and the British Isles while [[Right-wing politics|rightist]]-oriented forms of paganism were prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe.{{sfn|Aitamurto|Simpson|2013|p=2}} They noted that in these latter regions, pagan groups placed an emphasis on "the centrality of the nation, the ethnic group, or the tribe".{{sfn|Aitamurto|Simpson|2013|p=3}} Rountree wrote that it was wrong to assume that "expressions of Paganism can be categorized straight-forwardly according to region", but acknowledged that some regional trends were visible, such as the impact of [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] on paganism in Southern Europe.{{sfn|Rountree|2015|p=10}}

==Historicity==

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote="Modern Pagans are reviving, reconstructing, and reimagining religious traditions of the past that were suppressed for a very long time, even to the point of being almost totally obliterated... Thus, with only a few possible exceptions, today's Pagans cannot claim to be continuing religious traditions handed down in an unbroken line from ancient times to the present. They are modern people with a great reverence for the spirituality of the past, making a new religion – a modern Paganism – from the remnants of the past, which they interpret, adapt, and modify according to modern ways of thinking."|source=— Religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=10}} }}

Although inspired by the pre-Christian belief systems of the past, modern paganism is not the same phenomenon as these lost traditions and in many respects differs from them considerably.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=10}} Strmiska stresses that modern paganism is a "new", "modern" religious movement, even if some of its content derives from ancient sources.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=10}} Contemporary paganism as practiced in the United States in the 1990s has been described as "a synthesis of historical inspiration and present-day creativity".{{efn|[[#Car96|Carpenter 1996]]. p. 47. Paganism, as I use the term, refers broadly to an emerging spiritual movement {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} overlapping forms of spirituality referred to by many names (e.g. 'neo-paganism,' 'paganism,' 'neo-pagan witchcraft,' 'witchcraft,' 'the craft,' 'Wiccan spirituality,' 'Wicca,' 'Wicce,' 'Wiccan religion,' 'the old religion,' 'Goddess spirituality,' 'nature spirituality,' 'nature religion,' 'earth-based spirituality,' 'earth religion,' 'ecofeminist spirituality,' and 'Euro-American shamanism'}}

[[Eclectic paganism]] takes an undogmatic religious stance {{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=23}} and therefore potentially sees no one as having authority to deem a source apocryphal. Contemporary paganism has therefore been prone to [[fakelore]], especially in recent years as information and misinformation alike have been spread on the Internet and in print media. A number of [[Wicca]]n, pagan and even some Traditionalist or Tribalist groups have a history of Grandmother Stories – typically involving initiation by a Grandmother, Grandfather, or other elderly relative who is said to have instructed them in the secret, millennia-old traditions of their ancestors. As this secret wisdom can almost always be traced to recent sources, tellers of these stories have often later admitted they made them up.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=94–5 (Sanders), 78 (Anderson), 83 (Gardner), 87 (Fitch), 90 (Pendderwen)}} Strmiska asserts that contemporary paganism could be viewed as a part of the "much larger phenomenon" of efforts to revive "traditional, indigenous, or native religions" that were occurring across the globe.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=2}}

==Beliefs==

[[File:Romuvan ceremony (1).PNG|thumb|right|[[Romuva (religion)|Romuvan]] priestess [[Inija Trinkūnienė]] leading a ritual]]

Beliefs and practices vary widely among different pagan groups; however, there are a series of core principles common to most, if not all, forms of modern paganism.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=22}} The English academic Graham Harvey noted that pagans "rarely indulge in theology".{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=1}}

===Polytheism===
One principle of the pagan movement is [[polytheism]], the belief in and veneration of multiple gods or goddesses.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=22}}{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=1}}
Within the pagan movement, there can be found many deities, both male and female, who have various associations and embody forces of nature, aspects of culture, and facets of human psychology.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=35}} These deities are typically depicted in human form, and are viewed as having human faults.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=35}} They are therefore not seen as perfect, but rather are venerated as being wise and powerful.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=36}} Pagans feel that this understanding of the gods reflected the dynamics of life on Earth, allowing for the expression of humour.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=36}}

One view in the pagan community is that these polytheistic deities are not viewed as literal entities, but as [[Jungian archetypes]] or other psychological constructs that exist in the human psyche.{{sfnm|1a1=Strmiska|1y=2005|1p=36|2a1=Adler|2y=2006|2p=29}} Others adopt the belief that the deities have both a psychological and external existence.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=37}} Many pagans believe adoption of a polytheistic world-view would be beneficial for western society – replacing the dominant [[monotheism]] they see as innately repressive.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=26–28}} In fact, many [[Modern paganism in the United States|American modern pagans]] first came to their adopted faiths because it allowed a greater freedom, diversity, and tolerance of worship among the community.{{sfn|Adler|2006|pp=31–32}} This [[Religious pluralism|pluralistic]] perspective has helped the varied factions of modern paganism exist in relative harmony.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=23}} Most pagans adopt an ethos of "[[unity in diversity]]" regarding their religious beliefs.{{Sfn|Carpenter|1996|p=61}}

It is its inclusion of female deity which distinguishes pagan religions from their Abrahamic counterparts.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=37}}
In Wicca, male and female deities are typically balanced out in a form of [[Dualistic cosmology|duotheism]].{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=37}} Among many pagans, there is a strong desire to incorporate the female aspects of the divine in their worship and within their lives, which can partially explain the attitude which sometimes manifests as the [[sacred feminine|veneration of women]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Clifton |first=Chas S. |date=Fall 1988 |title=A Goddess Arrives: The Novels of Dion Fortune and the Development of Gardnerian Witchcraft |magazine=Gnosis |volume=9 |pages=20–28}}</ref>

There are exceptions to polytheism in paganism,{{sfn|Rountree|2015|p=20}} as seen for instance in the form of Ukrainian paganism promoted by [[Lev Sylenko]], which is devoted to a [[monotheism|monotheistic]] veneration of the god [[Dazhbog]].{{sfn|Rountree|2015|p=20}} As noted above, pagans with naturalistic worldviews may not believe in or work with deities at all.

Pagan religions commonly exhibit a metaphysical concept of an underlying order that pervades the universe, such as the concept of ''[[harmonia (philosophy)|harmonia]]'' embraced by Hellenists and that of ''[[Wyrd]]'' found in Heathenry.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=38}}

===Animism and pantheism===
[[File:Zemaiciu Alka (Samogitian Alka).jpg|thumb|right|[[Samogitian Sanctuary]], a reconstruction of a medieval pagan observatory in [[Šventoji, Lithuania]] used by the modern [[Romuva (religion)|Romuvans]]]]

A key part of most pagan worldviews is the [[holism|holistic]] concept of a universe that is interconnected. This is connected with a belief in either [[pantheism]] or [[panentheism]]. In both beliefs, divinity and the material or spiritual universe are one.{{Sfn|Carpenter|1996|p=50}} For pagans, pantheism means that "divinity is inseparable from nature and that deity is immanent in nature".{{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=23}}

Dennis D. Carpenter noted that the belief in a pantheistic or panentheistic deity has led to the idea of interconnectedness playing a key part in pagans' worldviews.{{Sfn|Carpenter|1996|p=50}} The prominent Reclaiming priestess [[Starhawk]] related that a core part of goddess-centred pagan witchcraft was "the understanding that all being is interrelated, that we are all linked with the cosmos as parts of one living organism. What affects one of us affects us all."{{Sfn|Starhawk|1989|p=10}}

Another pivotal belief in the contemporary pagan movement is that of [[animism]].{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=1}} This has been interpreted in two distinct ways among the pagan community. First, it can refer to a belief that everything in the universe is imbued with a life force or [[Energy (esotericism)|spiritual energy]].{{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=22}}{{Sfn|Greenwood|2000|p=23}} In contrast, some contemporary pagans believe that there are specific spirits that inhabit various features in the natural world, and that these can be actively communicated with. Some pagans have reported experiencing communication with spirits dwelling in rocks, plants, trees and animals, as well as [[power animals]] or [[animism|animal spirits]] who can act as spiritual helpers or guides.{{Sfn|Carpenter|1996|p=54}}

Animism was also a concept common to many pre-Christian European religions, and in adopting it, contemporary pagans are attempting to "reenter the primeval worldview" and participate in a view of cosmology "that is not possible for most Westerners after childhood."{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=22–23}}

===Nature veneration===
{{anchor|Nature worship}}
{{Main|Earth religion}}
All pagan movements place great emphasis on the [[earth religion|divinity of nature]] as a primary source of [[divine will]], and on humanity's membership of the natural world, bound in kinship to all life and the [[Planet Earth|Earth]] itself. The animistic aspects of pagan theology assert that all things have a soul - not just humans or [[organic life]] - so this bond is held with mountains and rivers as well as trees and wild animals. As a result, pagans believe the essence of their spirituality is both ancient and timeless, regardless of the age of specific religious movements. Places of natural beauty are therefore treated as sacred and ideal for ritual, like the [[nemeton]]s of the ancient Celts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/animism|title=Animism|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221030921/https://www.britannica.com/topic/animism|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many pagans hold that different lands and/or [[cultures]] have their own natural religion, with many legitimate interpretations of divinity, and therefore reject [[religious exclusivism]].

While the pagan community has tremendous variety in [[politics|political views]] spanning the whole of the [[political spectrum]], [[environmentalism]] is often a common feature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/22/paganism-stonehenge-environmentalism-witchcraft|title=Everyone's A Pagan Now|last=Moreton|first=Cole|date=22 June 2009|website=The Guardian|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185318/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/22/paganism-stonehenge-environmentalism-witchcraft|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Horned God and Mother Goddess (Doreen Valiente's Altar).jpg|thumb|A [[Wiccan]] altar belonging to [[Doreen Valiente]], displaying the Wiccan view of sexual duality in divinity]]
Such views have also led many pagans to revere the planet Earth as [[Mother goddess|Mother Earth]], who is often referred to as [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] after the ancient Greek goddess of the Earth.{{Sfn|Carpenter|1996|p=55}}

==Practices==
[[File:Sigurblót 2009.JPG|right|thumb|[[Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson]] and other members of the Icelandic [[Ásatrúarfélagið]] conduct a ''[[blót]]'' on the [[First Day of Summer]] in 2009]]

===Ritual===

Pagan ritual can take place in both a public and private setting.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=38}}
Contemporary pagan ritual is typically geared towards "facilitating altered states of awareness or shifting mind-sets".{{sfn|Carpenter|1996|p=66}} In order to induce such altered states of consciousness, pagans utilize such elements as drumming, visualization, chanting, singing, dancing, and meditation.{{sfn|Carpenter|1996|p=66}} American folklorist [[Sabina Magliocco]] came to the conclusion, based upon her ethnographic fieldwork in California that certain pagan beliefs "arise from what they experience during religious ecstasy".{{sfn|Magliocco|2004|p=9}}

Sociologist [[Margot Adler]] highlighted how several pagan groups, like the [[Reformed Druids of North America]] and the [[Discordianism|Erisian movement]] incorporate a great deal of [[play (activity)|play]] in their rituals rather than having them be completely serious and somber. She noted that there are those who would argue that "the Pagan community is one of the only spiritual communities that is exploring humor, joy, abandonment, even silliness and outrageousness as valid parts of spiritual experience".{{sfn|Adler|2006|pp=335–354}}

Domestic worship typically takes place in the home and is carried out by either an individual or family group.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=40}} It typically involves offerings – including bread, cake, flowers, fruit, milk, beer, or wine – being given to images of deities, often accompanied with [[prayer]]s and songs and the lighting of candles and incense.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=40}}
Common pagan devotional practices have thus been compared to similar practices in Hinduism, Buddhism, Shinto, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity, but contrasted with that in Protestantism, Judaism, and Islam.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=41}}
Although [[animal sacrifice]] was a common part of pre-Christian ritual in Europe, it is rarely practiced in contemporary paganism.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=40}}

===Festival===
{{See also|List of neo-pagan festivals and events}}
[[File:Wheel of the Year.JPG|upright|thumb|right|A painted Wheel of the Year at the [[Museum of Witchcraft]], [[Boscastle]], Cornwall, England, displaying all eight of the Sabbats]]

Paganism's public rituals are generally calendrical,{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=38}} although the pre-Christian festivals that pagans use as a basis varied across Europe.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=39}} Nevertheless, common to almost all pagan religions is an emphasis on an agricultural cycle and respect for the dead.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=40}} Common pagan festivals include those marking the [[summer solstice]] and [[winter solstice]] as well as the start of spring and the harvest.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=38}} In Wicca and Druidry, a [[Wheel of the Year]] has been developed which typically involves eight seasonal festivals.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=40}}

===Magic===

The belief in [[magic (paranormal)|magical]] rituals and [[spell (paranormal)|spells]] is held by a "significant number" of contemporary pagans.{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|pp=84–85}} Among those who believe in it, there are a variety of different views about what magic is. Many modern pagans adhere to the definition of magic provided by [[Aleister Crowley]], the founder of [[Thelema]]: "the Science and Art of causing change to occur in conformity with Will". Also accepted by many is the related definition purportedly provided by the [[ceremonial magic]]ian [[Dion Fortune]]: "magic is the art and science of changing consciousness according to the Will".{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|pp=84–85}}

Among those who practice magic are [[Wicca]]ns, those who identify as [[Neopagan witchcraft|neopagan witches]], and practitioners of some forms of [[Druidry (modern)|revivalist neo-Druidism]], the rituals of which are at least partially based upon those of [[ceremonial magic]] and [[freemasonry]].{{Sfn|Hutton|1999}}

==History==

===Early modern period===
Discussions about prevailing, returning or new forms of paganism have existed throughout the modern period. Before the 20th century, Christian institutions regularly used paganism as a term for everything outside of Christianity, Judaism and—from the 18th century—Islam. They frequently associated paganism with idolatry, magic and a general concept of "false religion", which for example has made Catholics and Protestants accuse each other of being pagans.{{sfn|Stuckrad|2007|p=296}} Various [[folk belief]]s have periodically been labeled as pagan and churches have demanded that they should be purged.{{sfn|Stuckrad|2007|pp=296–297}} The Western attitude to paganism gradually changed during the early modern period. One reason was increased contacts with areas outside of Europe, which happened through trade, [[Christian mission]] and colonization. Increased knowledge of other cultures led to questions of whether their practices even fit into the definitions of religion, and paganism was incorporated in the idea of [[progress]], where it was ranked as a low, undeveloped form of religion.{{sfn|Stuckrad|2007|p=297}} Another reason for change was the circulation of ancient writings such as those attributed to [[Hermes Trismegistus]]; this made paganism an intellectual position some Europeans began to self-identify with, starting at the latest in the 15th century with people like [[Gemistus Pletho]], who wanted to establish a new form of Greco-Roman polytheism.{{sfn|Stuckrad|2007|p=297}}

Positive identification with paganism became more common in the 18th and 19th centuries, when it tied in with criticism of Christianity and organized religion, rooted in the ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and [[Romanticism]]. The approach to paganism varied during this period; [[Friedrich Schiller]]'s 1788 poem "[[Die Götter Griechenlandes]]" presents [[ancient Greek religion]] as a powerful alternative to Christianity, whereas others took interest in paganism through the concept of the [[noble savage]], often associated with [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]].{{sfn|Stuckrad|2007|p=297}} During the [[French Revolution]] and [[First French Republic]], some public figures incorporated pagan themes in their worldviews. An explicit example was [[Gabriel André Aucler]], who responded to both Christianity and Enlightenment [[atheism]] by performing pagan rites and arguing for renewed pagan religiosity in his book ''La Thréicie'' (1799).{{sfn|Merkin|2014|pp=257, 270}}

===19th and early 20th centuries===
{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=Great God! I'd rather be A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn; So might I, standing on this pleasant lea, Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn; Have sight of [[Proteus]] rising from the sea; Or hear old [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]] blow his wreathèd horn.|source=— [[William Wordsworth]], "[[The World Is Too Much with Us]]", lines 9-14}}
One of the origins of modern pagan movements lies in the romanticist and national liberation movements that developed in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=42}} The publications of studies into European folk customs and culture by scholars like [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] and [[Jacob Grimm]] resulted in a wider interest in these subjects and a growth in cultural self-consciousness.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=42}} At the time, it was commonly believed that almost all such folk customs were survivals from the pre-Christian period.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=43}} These attitudes would also be exported to North America by European immigrants in these centuries.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=43}}

The Romantic movement of the 18th century led to the re-discovery of [[Old Gaelic]] and [[Old Norse literature]] and [[Germanic poetry|poetry]]. The 19th century saw a surge of interest in [[Germanic paganism]] with the [[Viking revival]] in [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Victorian Britain]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml| title = The Viking Revival |first=Andrew |last=Wawn |website=BBC Homepage| access-date = 23 December 2019| archive-date = 7 November 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107200719/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml| url-status = live}}</ref> and [[Scandinavia]], and the [[Völkisch movement]] in Germany. These currents coincided with Romanticist interest in [[folklore]] and [[occultism]], the widespread emergence of pagan themes in popular literature, and the rise of nationalism.{{Sfn|Hutton|1999|p=22}}

[[File:Memorial for Dievturi (Latvian pagan) victims of Soviet rule 1942-1952, Forest Cemetery, Riga, Latvia.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Memorial stone at the [[Forest Cemetery, Riga|Forest Cemetery]] of [[Riga]] to Latvian [[Dievturi]] killed by the [[Communism|Communists]] 1942–1952.]]
{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote="The rise of modern Paganism is both a result and a measure of increased religious liberty and rising tolerance for religious diversity in modern societies, a liberty and tolerance made possible by the curbing of the sometimes oppressive power wielded by Christian authorities to compel obedience and participation in centuries past. To say it another way, modern Paganism is one of the happy stepchildren of modern [[multiculturalism]] and [[Religious pluralism|social pluralism]]."|source=— Religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|pp=44–45}} }}

The rise of modern paganism was aided by the decline in Christianity throughout many parts of Europe and North America,{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=43}} as well as by the concomitant decline in enforced religious conformity and greater [[freedom of religion]] that developed, allowing people to explore a wider range of spiritual options and form religious organisations that could operate free from legal persecution.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=44}}

Historian Ronald Hutton has argued that many of the motifs of 20th century neo-paganism may be traced back to the utopian, mystical [[Counterculture|counter-cultures]] of the late-Victorian and [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] periods (also extending in some instances into the 1920s), via the works of amateur folklorists, popular authors, poets, political radicals and [[alternative lifestyle]]rs.

Prior to the spread of the 20th-century modern pagan movements, a notable instance of self-identified paganism was in Sioux writer Zitkala-sa's essay "Why I Am A Pagan". Published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1902, the Native American activist and writer outlined her rejection of Christianity (referred to as "the new superstition") in favor of a harmony with nature embodied by the Great Spirit. She further recounted her mother's abandonment of Sioux religion and the unsuccessful attempts of a "native preacher" to get her to attend the village church.<ref name="Glynis Carr">{{cite web|last1=Bonnin|first1=Gertrude|title=Why I Am A Pagan|url=http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cUSWW/ZS/WIAP.html|website=Bucknell.edu|publisher=The Online Archive of Nineteenth-Century U.S. Women's Writings|access-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017211555/http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cusww/zs/wiap.html|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 1920s [[Margaret Murray]] theorized that a [[Witch-cult hypothesis|secret pagan religion had survived the witchcraft persecutions]] enacted by the [[ecclesiastical court|ecclesiastical]] and secular [[courts]]. Historians now reject Murray's theory, as she based it partially upon the similarities of the accounts given by [[Witch trials in the early modern period|those accused of witchcraft]]; such similarity is now thought to actually derive from there having been a standard set of questions laid out in the [[witch-hunt]]ing manuals used by interrogators.{{Sfn|Hutton|1999|pp=194–201}}

===Late 20th century===
The 1960s and 1970s saw a resurgence in [[neo-Druidism]] as well as the rise of [[modern Germanic paganism]] in the United States and in [[Iceland]]. In the 1970s, [[Wicca]] was notably influenced by feminism, leading to the creation of an eclectic, [[Goddess]]-worshipping movement known as [[Dianic Wicca]].{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=178–239}} The 1979 publication of [[Margot Adler]]'s ''[[Drawing Down the Moon (book)|Drawing Down the Moon]]'' and [[Starhawk]]'s ''[[The Spiral Dance]]'' opened a new chapter in public awareness of paganism.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=ix}}
With the growth and spread of large, pagan gatherings and festivals in the 1980s, public varieties of [[Wicca]] continued to further diversify into additional, eclectic sub-denominations, often heavily influenced by the [[New Age]] and [[Counterculture|counter-culture]] movements. These open, unstructured or loosely structured traditions contrast with [[British Traditional Wicca]], which emphasizes secrecy and initiatory lineage.{{sfn|Adler|2006|pp=429–456}}

The 1980s and 1990s also saw an increasing interest in serious academic research and [[Polytheistic reconstructionism|reconstructionist pagan]] traditions. The establishment and growth of the Internet in the 1990s brought rapid growth to these, and other pagan movements.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=429–456}} By the time of the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse]] of the former [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, [[freedom of religion]] was legally established across Russia and a number of other newly independent states, allowing for the growth in both Christian and non-Christian religions.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=45}}

==Religious paths and movements==
{{Further|List of neopagan movements}}

===Reconstructionist===
[[File:Svetoary community celebrating Mokosh 2016.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The community of the [[Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities]] celebrating [[Mokosh]]]]
{{Main|Polytheistic reconstructionism}}

In contrast to the eclectic traditions, [[Polytheistic Reconstructionism|Polytheistic Reconstructionists]] practice culturally specific ethnic traditions based on folklore, songs and prayers, as well as reconstructions from the historical record. [[Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism|Hellenic]], [[Roman polytheistic reconstructionism|Roman]], [[Kemetism|Kemetic]], [[Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism|Celtic]], [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Germanic]], [[Church of the Guanche People|Guanche]], [[Baltic Neopaganism|Baltic]] and [[Slavic neopaganism|Slavic]] reconstructionists aim to preserve and revive the practices and beliefs of [[Religion in ancient Greece|Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]], [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Ancient Egypt]], the [[Celtic polytheism|Celts]], the [[Germanic Paganism|Germanic peoples]], the [[Guanches|Guanche]] people, the [[Baltic mythology|Balts]] and the [[Slavic mythology|Slavs]], respectively.<ref>Davy, Barbara Jane (2007) "Introduction to pagan studies". Rowman Altamira {{ISBN|0-7591-0818-8}}. p.97: "Some pagans embrace the idea of a pan-European Celtic culture, but some practice regionally specific reconstructionist traditions."</ref><ref>McColman, Carl (2003) ''Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom''. Alpha Press {{ISBN|0-02-864417-4}}. p.12: "Some groups have gone even further, trying to use archaeology, religious history, [[comparative mythology]], and even the study of non-Celtic [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] religions in an effort to create a well-researched and scholarly 'reconstruction' of the ancient Celts."</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = Eugene V. | last2 = Ashcraft | first2 = W. Michael | title = Introduction to new and alternative religions in America | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00gall | url-access = limited | year = 2006 | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Conn. | isbn = 978-0-275-98713-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00gall/page/n194 178]}}</ref>

====Germanic====
{{Main|Heathenry (new religious movement)}}
[[File:Nordiska gudabilder vid julgille.jpg|thumb|A Heathen altar for household worship in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden]]

Heathenism, also known as Germanic neopaganism, refers to a series of contemporary pagan traditions based on the historical religions, culture and literature of Germanic-speaking Europe. Heathenry is spread out across northwestern Europe, North America and Australasia, where the descendants of historic Germanic-speaking people now live.{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=53}}

Many Heathen groups adopt variants of [[Norse mythology]] as a basis for their beliefs, conceiving of the Earth as on the great world tree [[Yggdrasil]]. Heathens believe in multiple polytheistic deities adopted from historical Germanic mythologies. Most are polytheistic realists, believing that the deities are real entities, while others view them as [[Jungian archetypes]].{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=54-58}}

====Celtic====
{{main|Celtic reconstructionism}}

====Slavic====
{{main|Slavic Native Faith}}

====Uralic====
{{main|Uralic neopaganism}}

====Baltic====
{{main|Baltic neopaganism}}

====Greek====
{{main|Hellenism (modern religion)}}

====Roman====
{{main|Reconstructionist Roman religion}}

==== Kemetic ====
{{main|Kemetism}}

====Semitic====
{{Main|Semitic neopaganism}}

Beit Asherah (the house of the Goddess [[Asherah]]) was one of the first modern pagan synagogues, founded in the early 1990s by Stephanie Fox, Steven Posch, and Magenta Griffiths (Lady Magenta). Magenta Griffiths is High Priestess of the Beit Asherah coven, and a former board member of the [[Covenant of the Goddess]].{{Sfn|Lewis|2000|p=162}}

====Armenian====
{{main|Hetanism}}

====Chuvash====
{{main|Vattisen Yaly}}

The [[Chuvash people]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic group native to an area stretching from the [[Volga Region]] to [[Siberia]], have experienced a pagan revival since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Chuvash culture"/> While potentially considered a peculiar form of [[Tengrism]], a related revivalist movement of Central Asian traditional religion, [[Vattisen Yaly]] ({{lang-cv|Ваттисен йӑли}}, ''Tradition of the Old'') differs significantly: the Chuvash being a heavily [[Finnic peoples|Fennicised]] and [[Slavic peoples|Slavified]] ethnicity and having had exchanges also with other [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ethnicities,<ref name="Stetsyuk">Valentin Stetsyuk. ''Introduction to the Study of Prehistoric Ethnogenic Processes in Eastern Europe and Asia, The Turkic Tribe Bulgar in Eastern Europe''. Lviv, Ukraine.</ref> their religion shows many similarities with Finnic and Slavic paganisms; moreover, the revival of Vattisen Yaly in recent decades has occurred following modern pagan patterns.<ref name="Filatov">Sergei Filatov, Aleksandr Shchipkov. ''Religious Developments among the Volga Nations as a Model for the Russian Federation''. Religion, State & Society, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1995. pp. 239-243</ref> Today the followers of the Chuvash Traditional Religion are called "the true Chuvash".<ref name="Chuvash culture">''[http://www.chuvashculture.org/node/42 Chuvash faith and beliefs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815034949/http://www.chuvashculture.org/node/42 |date=15 August 2009 }}''. Chuvash Culture Portal.</ref> Their main god is Tura, a deity comparable to the [[Estonians|Estonian]] [[Tharapita|Taara]], the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Thor|Thunraz]] and the pan-Turkic [[Tengri]].<ref name="Stetsyuk"/>

===Eclectic===
====Wicca====
{{Main|Wicca}}

[[File:Mabon-Fall Equinox 2015 Altar by the Salt Lake Pagan Society, Salt Lake City, UT.jpg|thumb|right|Mabon–fall equinox 2015 altar by the Salt Lake Pagan Society of Salt Lake City, Utah. Displayed are seasonal decorations, altar tools, elemental candles, flowers, deity statues, cookies and juice offerings, and a nude Gods painting of Thor, the Green Man, and Cernunnos dancing around a Mabon Fire.]]

Wicca is the largest form of modern paganism,{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=47}} as well as the best-known{{sfnm|1a1=Strmiska|1y=2005|1p=2|2a1=Rountree|2y=2015|2p=4}} and most extensively studied.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=2}}

Religious studies scholar Graham Harvey noted that the poem "[[Charge of the Goddess]]" remains central to the liturgy of most Wiccan groups. Originally written by Wiccan High Priestess [[Doreen Valiente]] in the mid-1950s, the poem allows Wiccans to gain wisdom and experience deity in "the ordinary things in life."{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|pp=36–37}}

Historian [[Ronald Hutton]] identified a wide variety of different sources that influenced Wicca's development, including [[ceremonial magic]], folk magic, Romanticist literature, [[Freemasonry]], and the [[Witch-cult hypothesis|witch-cult theory]] of English archaeologist [[Margaret Murray]].{{Sfn|Hutton|1999}} English esotericist [[Gerald Gardner (Wiccan)|Gerald Gardner]] was at the forefront of the burgeoning Wiccan movement. He claimed to have been initiated by the [[New Forest coven]] in 1939, and that the religion he discovered was a survival of the pagan witch-cult described in Murray's theory. Various forms of Wicca have since evolved or been adapted from Gardner's British Traditional Wicca or [[Gardnerian Wicca]], such as [[Alexandrian Wicca]]. Other forms loosely based on Gardner's teachings are [[Faery Wicca]], [[Kemetic Wicca]], [[Judeo-paganism]] or jewitchery, and [[Dianic Wicca]] or feminist Wicca, which emphasizes the divine feminine, often creating women-only or lesbian-only groups.{{sfn|Telesco|2005|p=114}} In the academic community Wicca has also been interpreted as having close affinities with [[process philosophy]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Hidden Circles in the Web: Feminist Wicca, Occult Knowledge, and Process Thought|last = Wise|first = Constance|publisher = Rowman Altamira|year = 2008}}</ref>

In the 1990s, Wiccan beliefs and practices were used as a partial basis for a number of US films and television series, such as ''[[The Craft (film)|The Craft]]'', ''[[Charmed]]'' and ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', leading to a surge in teenagers' and young adults' interest and involvement in the religion.{{Sfn|Berger|Ezzy|2007}}{{Sfn|Johnston|Aloi|2007}}

====Goddess movement====
{{Main|Goddess movement}}
{{Further|Matriarchal religion}}

Goddess spirituality, which is also known as the [[Goddess movement]], is a pagan religion in which a singular, monotheistic Goddess is given predominance. Goddess Spirituality revolves around the sacredness of the female form, and of aspects of women's lives that adherents say have been traditionally neglected in Western society, such as menstruation, sexuality, and maternity.{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=70}}

The Goddess movement draws some of its inspiration from the work of archaeologists such as [[Marija Gimbutas]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe, 6500-3500 B.C.: Myths and Cult Images |publisher=University of California Press |date=1982 |orig-year=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKFFOoPlyjIC |isbn=978-0-5202-5398-8 |access-date=2015-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKFFOoPlyjIC |archive-date=2016-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |title=The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization |publisher=Thames & Hudson |date=2001 |orig-year=1989 |isbn=978-0-5002-8249-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |title=The Civilisation of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe |publisher=Harper San Francisco |date=1993 |orig-year=1991 |isbn=9780062508041 |oclc=924859108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Catal-huyuk. A Neolithic Town In Anatolia |last=Mellaart |first=James |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |date=1967 |url=https://archive.org/details/Catal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia |access-date=2015-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411154925/https://archive.org/details/Catal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia |archive-date=2016-04-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> whose interpretation of artifacts excavated from "[[Old Europe (archaeology)|Old Europe]]" points to societies of [[Neolithic Europe]] that were matristic or goddess-centered worshipping a female deity of three primary aspects,<ref name="Hayden 1987">{{cite book |author-last=Hayden |author-first=Brian |year=1987 |chapter=Old Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qY973Ah43qoC&pg=PA17 |editor-last=Bonanno |editor-first=Anthony |title=Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, the University of Malta, 2-5 September 1985 |location=[[Amsterdam]] |publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company|B. R. Grüner]] |pages=17–30 |isbn=9789060322888}}</ref> which has inspired some modern pagan worshippers of the [[Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)|Triple Goddess]].

Adherents of the Goddess Spirituality movement typically envision a history of the world that is different from traditional narratives about the past, emphasising the role of women rather than that of men. According to this view, [[human society]] was formerly a [[matriarchy]], with communities being egalitarian, pacifistic, and focused on the worship of the [[Mother goddess]],<ref name="Hayden 1987"/> which was subsequently overthrown by violent and warlike [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] hordes - usually [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] [[pastoralists]] who worshipped male [[Sky deity|sky-gods]],<ref name="Hayden 1987"/> and continued to rule through the form of [[Abrahamic religions]], specifically Christianity in the West. Adherents look for elements of this human history in "theological, anthropological, archaeological, historical, folkloric and hagiographic writings."{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=73-75}}

====Druidry====
{{Main|Druidry (modern)}}

Druidry shows similar heterogeneity as Wicca. It draws inspirations from historical [[Druids]], the priest caste of the ancient pagan [[Celts]]. Druidry dates to the earliest forms of modern paganism: the [[Ancient Order of Druids]] founded in 1781 had many aspects of [[freemasonry]], and has practiced rituals at [[Stonehenge]] since 1905. [[George Watson MacGregor Reid]] founded [[the Druid Order]] in its current form in 1909. In 1964 [[Ross Nichols]] established the [[Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids]]. In the United States, the Ancient Order of Druids in America (AODA) was established in 1912, the [[Reformed Druids of North America]] (RDNA) in 1963, and [[Ár nDraíocht Féin]] (ADF) in 1983 by [[Isaac Bonewits]].{{sfn|Bonewits|2006|p=77}}

====Eco-paganism and Unitarian Universalism====
{{See also|Environmentalism|Syncretism}}

Eco-paganism and Eco-magic, which are offshoots of [[direct action]] environmental groups, strongly emphasize [[fairy]] imagery and a belief in the possibility of intercession by the fae (fairies, [[pixie (folklore)|pixies]], [[gnome]]s, [[elf|elves]], and other spirits of nature and the [[Other World|Otherworlds]]).<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260829 | jstor=1260829 | title=The Scouring of the Shire: Fairies, Trolls and Pixies in Eco-Protest Culture | last1=Letcher | first1=Andy | journal=Folklore | date=2001 | volume=112 | issue=2 | pages=147–161 | doi=10.1080/00155870120082209 | s2cid=143498299 | access-date=8 January 2020 | archive-date=7 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607004215/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260829 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Some [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalists]] are eclectic pagans. Unitarian Universalists look for spiritual inspiration in a wide variety of religious beliefs. The [[Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans]], or CUUPs, encourages its chapters to "use practices familiar to members who attend for worship services but not to follow only one tradition of paganism."<ref name="CUUPS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cuups.org/content/chapters/chapter.html |title=Official Website of CUUPS |access-date=18 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617042431/http://cuups.org/content/chapters/chapter.html#how |archive-date=17 June 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Occultism and ethnic mysticism====
In 1925, the Czech esotericist Franz Sättler founded the pagan religion [[Adonism]], devoted to the ancient Greek god [[Adonis]], whom Sättler equated with the Christian Satan, and which purported that the end of the world would come in 2000. Adonism largely died out in the 1930s, but remained an influence on the German occult scene.{{Sfn|Hakl|2010}}

==Demographics==

Establishing precise figures on paganism is difficult. Due to the secrecy and fear of [[Religious discrimination against Neopagans|persecution]] still prevalent among pagans, limited numbers are willing to openly be counted. The decentralised nature of paganism and sheer number of [[solitary practitioner]]s further complicates matters.{{sfn|Berger|1999|p=9}} Nevertheless, there is a slow growing body of data on the subject.{{sfn|Robinson|2008}} In the US, there are estimated to be between 1 and 1.5 million practitioners.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Iqbal |date=2019-12-23 |title=The Many Faces of the Occult |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/604084/pagans/ |work=The Atlantic |access-date=2021-03-25 |quote=about 1 million to 1.5 million people, identify as Wicca or Pagan |archive-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404065020/https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/604084/pagans/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Europe===
{{See also|Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe|Neo-paganism in the Republic of Ireland|Modern paganism in Scandinavia|Baltic neopaganism|Modern paganism in the United Kingdom|l2=Ireland|l3=Scandinavia|l4=Baltic|l5=the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Paganavebury.jpg|thumb|Wiccans gather for a [[Handfasting (Neopaganism)|handfasting]] ceremony at [[Avebury]] in England.]]

====Caucasus region====
Among Circassians, the [[Adyghe Habze]] faith has been revived after the fall of the Soviet Union, and followers of modern pagan faiths were found to constitute 12% in [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] and 3% in [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] (both republics are multiethnic and also have many non-Circassians, especially Russians and Turkic peoples)<ref name="ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/arena Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143249/http://sreda.org/arena |date=12 June 2018 }} • sreda.org</ref> In [[Abkhazia]], the Abkhaz native faith has also been revived, and in the 2003 census, 8% of residents identified with it (note again that there are many non-Abkhaz in the state including Georgians, Russians and Armenians);<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.portal-credo.ru/site/print.php?act=fresh&id=188 | first = Александр [Alexande] | last = Крылов [Krylov] | script-title = ru:Единая Вера Абхазских "Христиан" и "Мусульман". Особенности религиозного сознания в современной Абхазии | trans-title = Of United Vera Abhazskyh "Christians" & "Muslims." Features of religious consciousness in Modern Abkhazia | publisher = Portal-credo | place = [[Russia|RU]] | date = 17 March 2004 | access-date = 30 May 2011 | language = ru | archive-date = 27 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170827182302/http://www.portal-credo.ru/site/print.php?act=fresh&id=188 | url-status = live }}.</ref> on 3 August 2012 the [[Council of Priests of Abkhazia]] was formally constituted in [[Sukhumi]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://apsnypress.info/news/6898.html |title=В Абхазии создана религиозная организация "Совет жрецов Абхазии" |trans-title=In Abkhazia creatures Religious Organization "Tip zhretsov Abkhazia" |publisher=[[Apsnypress]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125151156/http://apsnypress.info/news/6898.html |archive-date=25 November 2015 }}.</ref> In North Ossetia, the [[Uatsdin]] faith was revived, and in 2012, 29% of the population identified with it (North Ossetia is about 2/3 Ossetian and 1/3 Russian).{{efn|[http://sreda.org/arena Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143249/http://sreda.org/arena |date=12 June 2018 }}. Sreda.org; 29% "adhere to a traditional religion of their ancestors, worship gods and the forces of nature". (исповедую
традиционную религию своих предковпоклоняюсь богам и силам природы). This figure compares to 1.2% adherents of ethnic religions in all of the Russian Federation.}} Modern pagan movements are also present to a lesser degree elsewhere; in Dagestan 2% of the population identified with folk religious movements, while data on modern pagans is unavailable for Chechnya and Ingushetia.<ref name="ArenaAtlas"/>

====Volga region====
The [[Mari native religion]] in fact has a continuous existence, but it has co-existed with Orthodox Christianity for centuries and experienced a renewal after the fall of the Soviet Union. A sociological survey conducted in 2004 found that about 15 percent of the population of Mari El consider themselves adherents of the Mari native religion. Since Mari make up just 45 percent of the republic's population of 700,000, this figure means that probably more than a third claim to follow the old religion.<ref>Nikolaus von Twickel. ''[http://www.sptimes.ru/story/29399 Europe's Last Pagans Worship in Mari-El Grove] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617063334/http://www.sptimes.ru/story/29399 |date=17 June 2013 }}''. Saint Petersburg Times, 2009.</ref> The percentage of pagans among the Mari of Bashkortostan and the eastern part of Tatarstan is even higher (up to 69% among women). Mari fled here from forced Christianization in the 17th to 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Шнирельман |first1=Виктор |title=Неоязычество на просторах Евразии |date=2001 |location=Москва |isbn=5-89647-050-9}}</ref> A similar number was claimed by [[Victor Schnirelmann]], for whom between a quarter and a half of the Mari either worship the pagan gods or are members of modern pagan groups.<ref>Victor Schnirelmann. ''[http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf Christians Go Home!] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140922163017/http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf |date=22 September 2014 }}''. Journal of Contemporary Religion 17.2. 2002.</ref>

A modern pagan movement drawing from various syncretic practices that had survived among the Christianised Mari people was initiated in 1990<ref name="Schnirelmann206">Schnirelmann, Victor: ''[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140922163017/http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf "Christians! Go home": A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia]''. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2002. p. 206.</ref> that was estimated in 2004 to have won the adherence of 2% of the Mordvin people.<ref>Schnirelmann, Victor: ''[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140922163017/http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf "Christians! Go home": A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia]''. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2002. '''p. 208'''</ref>

====Western Europe====
A study by [[Ronald Hutton]] compared a number of different sources (including membership lists of major UK organizations, attendance at major events, subscriptions to magazines, etc.) and used standard models for extrapolating likely numbers. This estimate accounted for multiple membership overlaps, as well as the number of adherents represented by each attendee of a pagan gathering. Hutton estimated that there are 250,000 modern pagans in [[United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]], roughly equivalent to the national [[Hindu]] community.{{Sfn|Hutton|1999}}

A smaller number is suggested by the results of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]], in which a question about religious affiliation was asked for the first time. Respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the checklist of common religions, and a total of 42,262 people from England, Scotland and Wales declared themselves to be pagans by this method. These figures were not released as a matter of course by the [[Office for National Statistics]] but were released after an application by the [[Pagan Federation]] of Scotland.<ref>[http://www.scottishpf.org/census.html Pagans and the Scottish Census of 2001] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113182416/http://www.scottishpf.org/census.html |date=13 January 2010 }}. Retrieved 18 October 2007.</ref> This is more than many well known traditions such as [[Rastafari movement|Rastafarian]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] and [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] groups but fewer than the big six of [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]]. It is also fewer than the adherents of [[Jediism]], whose [[Jedi census phenomenon|campaign]] made their faith the fourth largest religion after Christianity, Islam and Hinduism.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-summary-theme-figures-and-rankings/390-000-jedis-there-are/jedi.html National Statistics Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221104906/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-summary-theme-figures-and-rankings/390-000-jedis-there-are/jedi.html |date=21 February 2016 }} (2001): '390,000 Jedi There Are'. Retrieved 18 October 2007.</ref>

[[File:Hellen ritual (2).jpg|left|thumb|Modern Hellen ritual in Greece]]

The 2001 UK Census figures did not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the pagan heading, as a campaign by the Pagan Federation before the census encouraged Wiccans, Heathens, Druids and others all to use the same write-in term 'pagan' in order to maximise the numbers reported. However, the [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 census]] made it possible to describe oneself as pagan-Wiccan, pagan-Druid and so on. The figures for England and Wales showed 80,153 describing themselves as pagan (or some subgroup thereof). The largest subgroup was Wicca, with 11,766 adherents.<ref>[[Office for National Statistics]], 11 December 2012, ''[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?newquery=%2A&newoffset=25&pageSize=25&edition=tcm%3A77-286262 2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927041121/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?newquery=%2A&newoffset=25&pageSize=25&edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |date=27 September 2015 }}''. Accessed 12 December 2012.</ref> The overall numbers of people self-reporting as pagan rose between 2001 and 2011. In 2001, about seven people per 10,000 UK respondents were pagan; in 2011, the number (based on the England and Wales population) was 14.3 people per 10,000 respondents.

Census figures in Ireland do not provide a breakdown of religions outside of the major Christian denominations and other major world religions. A total of 22,497 people stated Other Religion in the 2006 census; and a rough estimate is that there were 2,000–3,000 practicing pagans in Ireland in 2009. Numerous pagan groups – primarily Wiccan and Druidic – exist in Ireland though none is officially recognised by the Government. Irish paganism is often strongly concerned with issues of place and language.<ref>Butler, Jenny, "Irish neo-paganism". pages 111–130 in Olivia Cosgrove et al. (eds), ''Ireland's new religious movements''. Cambridge Scholars, 2011</ref>

===North America===
{{Further|Modern paganism in the United States}}

{| style="float:right"
!Socio-economic breakdown of U.S. pagans in 1999
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
! Education !! Percentage{{sfn|Berger|1999|pp=8, 9}}
|-
|Claimed to have at least a [[College degree]] || 65.4%
|-
|Claimed to have [[Post-graduate education|Post-graduate degree]]s || 16.1%
|-
|Claimed to have completed some college or less || 7.6%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
! [[Residential area|Location]] !! Percentage{{sfn|Berger|1999|pp=8, 9}}
|-
| Urban areas || 27.9%
|-
| Suburban areas || 22.8%
|-
| Large towns || 14.4%
|-
| Small towns || 14.4%
|-
| Rural areas || 15.8%
|-
| Didn't respond || 5.6%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
! [[Ethnicity]] !! Percentage{{sfn|Berger|1999|pp=8, 9}}
|-
| [[White Americans|White]] || 90.4%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] || 9%
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]] || 2%
|-
| [[Hispanic Americans|Hispanic]] || 0.8%
|-
| African American || 0.5%
|-
|"Other" || 2.2%
|-
|Didn't respond || 5%
|}
|}
Canada does not provide extremely detailed records of religious adherence. Its [[Statistics Canada|statistics service]] only collects limited religious information each decade. At the [[Canada 2001 Census|2001 census]], there were a recorded {{gaps|21|080}} pagans in Canada.<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://religioustolerance.org/can_rel0.htm |date=* |title=Religion data from the 2001 Canadian census }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Todd|first=Douglas|title=University of Victoria chaplain marks solstice with pagan rituals|url=http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2010/12/16/pagans-celebrate-solstice-with-yule-rituals/?wwparam=1359064476|work=Vancouver Sun|publisher=Postmedia Network Inc.|access-date=14 March 2013|date=December 2003|archive-date=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517111657/http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2010/12/16/pagans-celebrate-solstice-with-yule-rituals/?wwparam=1359064476|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=This should be directly supported by StatCan|date=March 2013}}

The United States government does not directly collect religious information. As a result such information is provided by religious institutions and other third-party statistical organisations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Religion Statistics and Publications|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/religion.htm|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=14 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119172319/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/religion.htm|archive-date=19 January 2009}}</ref> Based on the most recent survey by the [[Pew Forum]] on religion, there are over one million pagans in the United States.{{sfn|Pitzl-Waters|2008}} Up to 0.4% of respondents answered "pagan" or "Wiccan" when [[Opinion poll|polled]].{{Sfn|Pew|2008|p=12}}

According to [[Helen A. Berger]]'s 1995 survey "The Pagan Census", most American pagans are middle-class, [[Higher education|educated]], and live in urban/suburban areas on the [[East Coast of the United States|East]] and [[West Coast of the United States|West]] coasts.{{sfn|Berger|1999|pp=8, 9}}
{{clear}}

===Oceania===
{{See also|Paganism in Australia}}
{|class="wikitable sortable floatright"
!colspan="2"|Breakdown of Australians{{sfn|PAN results|2012}}
|-
!Classifications!!Adherents
|-
|Animism||780
|-
|Druidism||1,049
|-
|Paganism||16,851
|-
|Pantheism||1,391
|-
|Nature Religions||3,599
|-
|Wicca/Witchcraft||8,413
|-
!Total!!32,083
|}
In the [[2011 Australian Census|2011 Australian census]], {{gaps|32|083}} respondents identified as [[modern pagan|pagan]].{{sfn|PAN results|2012}} Out of {{gaps|21|507|717}} recorded [[Australians]],<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census QuickStats: All people – usual residents |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=13 March 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106221006/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0 |url-status=live }}</ref> they compose approximately 0.15% of the population. The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] classifies paganism as an affiliation under which several sub-classifications may optionally be specified. This includes [[animism]], [[nature religion]], [[Neodruidism|Druidism]], [[pantheism]], and Wicca/Witchcraft. As a result, fairly detailed breakdowns of pagan respondents are available.{{efn|{{cite web |title=Australian Census Pagan Dash. |url=https://www.facebook.com/events/204754496209181/ |work=Facebook Public Event |access-date=13 March 2013 |author=Pagan Awareness Network Inc. Australia |location=Australia |year=2011 |quote=The aim is to get Pagans of all persuasions (Wiccan, Druid, Asatru, Hellenic, Egyptian, Heathen etc.) to put themselves on the census form as 'Pagan' or 'Pagan, *your path*'.... Paganism is included in the Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups (ASCRG), as a separate output category.... The classification structure of this group is: 613 Nature Religions 6130 Nature Religions, nfd (not further defined) 6131 Animism 6132 Druidism 6133 Paganism 6134 Pantheism 6135 Wiccan/Witchcraft 6139 Nature Religions, nec (not elsewhere classified) If a response of Pagan is qualified with additional information such as Druid or Wiccan, this additional information will be used in classifying the response. For example, Pagan Wiccan would be classified as 6135 and Pagan Celtic would be 6133. Pagan alone would be classified as 6133. |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429032143/https://www.facebook.com/events/204754496209181/ |url-status=live }} }}

{|class="wikitable sortable floatleft"
!colspan="2"|New Zealander affiliations{{sfn|StatsNZ affiliation|2006}}
|-
!Groups!!Adherents
|-
|[[Neodruidism|Druidism]]||192
|-
|[[Nature religion]]||4,530
|-
|[[Wicca]]||2,082
|-
!Total!!6,804
|}
In 2006, there were at least {{gaps|6|804}} (0.164%) pagans among New Zealand's population of approximately 4 million.{{sfn|StatsNZ population|2006}} Respondents were given the option to select one or more religious affiliations.{{sfn|StatsNZ affiliation|2006}}
{{clear}}

==Paganism in society==

===Propagation===
Based upon her study of the pagan community in the United States, the sociologist [[Margot Adler]] noted that it is rare for pagan groups to [[proselytize]] in order to gain new converts to their faiths. Instead, she argued that "in most cases," converts first become interested in the movement through "word of mouth, a discussion between friends, a lecture, a book, an article or a Web site." She went on to put forward the idea that this typically confirmed "some original, private experience, so that the most common experience of those who have named themselves pagan is something like 'I finally found a group that has the same religious perceptions I always had.{{' "}}{{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=13}} A practicing Wiccan herself, Adler used her own conversion to paganism as a case study, remarking that as a child she had taken a great interest in the [[Greek gods|gods and goddesses of ancient Greece]], and had performed her own devised rituals in dedication to them. When she eventually came across the Wiccan religion many years later, she then found that it confirmed her earlier childhood experiences, and that "I never converted in the accepted sense. I simply accepted, reaffirmed, and extended a very old experience".{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=15–19}}

[[File:Heathen altar.png|thumb|220px|A simple pagan altar]]

Folklorist [[Sabina Magliocco]] supported this idea, noting that a great many of those Californian pagans whom she interviewed claimed that they had been greatly interested in [[mythology]] and [[folklore]] as children, imagining a world of "enchanted nature and magical transformations, filled with lords and ladies, witches and wizards, and humble but often wise peasants". Magliocco noted that it was this world that pagans "strive to re-create in some measure".{{Sfn|Magliocco|2004|pp=40, 55}} Further support for Adler's ideas came from American Wiccan priestess [[Judy Harrow]], who noted that among her comrades, there was a feeling that "you don't ''become'' pagan, you discover that you always were".{{Sfn|Harrow|1996|p=12}} They have also been supported by Pagan studies scholar Graham Harvey.{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=1-2}}

Many pagans in North America encounter the movement through their involvement in other hobbies; particularly popular with US pagans are "golden age-type" pastimes such as the [[Society for Creative Anachronism]] (SCA), ''[[Star Trek]]'' fandom, ''[[Doctor Who]]'' fandom and comic book fandom. Other ways in which many North American pagans have gotten involved with the movement are through political or ecological activism, such as vegetarian groups, health food stores, or feminist university courses.{{Sfn|Rabinovitch|1996|p=76-77}}

Adler went on to note that from those she interviewed and surveyed in the US she could identify a number of common factors that led to people getting involved in paganism: the beauty, vision and imagination that was found within their beliefs and rituals, a sense of intellectual satisfaction and personal growth that they imparted, their support for environmentalism or feminism, and a sense of freedom.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=20–21}}

===Class, gender and ethnicity===
====United States====
Based upon her work in the United States, Adler found that the pagan movement was "very diverse" in its class and ethnic backgrounds.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=19}} She went on to remark that she had encountered pagans in jobs that ranged from "fireman to PhD chemist" but that the one thing she thought made them into an "elite" was being avid readers, something that she found to be very common within the pagan community despite the fact that avid readers constituted less than 20% of the general population of the United States at the time.{{Sfn|Adler|2006|p=34}} Magliocco came to a somewhat different conclusion based upon her ethnographic research of pagans in California, remarking that the majority were "white, middle-class, well-educated urbanites" but that they were united in finding "artistic inspiration" within "folk and indigenous [American] spiritual traditions,"{{Sfn|Magliocco|2004|p=7}}

The sociologist Regina Oboler examined the role of gender in the American pagan community, arguing that although the movement had been constant in its support for the equality of men and women ever since its foundation, there was still an [[essentialism|essentialist]] view of gender ingrained within it, with female deities being accorded traditional western feminine traits and male deities being similarly accorded what western society saw as masculine traits.{{Sfn|Oboler|2010|pp=182–183}}

===Racism and nationalism===
Generally, modern pagan currents in [[Western world|Western countries]] do not advocate [[Nationalism|nationalist]] or [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Ideology|ideologies]]. Instead, they advocate [[Personal development|individual self-improvement]] and [[Liberalism|liberal]] values of [[Civil liberties|personal freedom]], [[gender equality]], and [[environmental protection]]. The nationalist sentiments expressed by modern pagans in Western countries are marginal, so the ideas of [[cosmopolitanism]] are prevalent. Faith and dogmas give way to active practices, including psychotechnics, which was extensively influenced by [[Neo-Vedanta|neo-Hinduism]]. In contrast, many areas of post-Soviet modern paganism, including Russian, are occupied not so much with individual self-improvement as they are occupied with social problems, and they also create nationalist ideologies based on the "invented past".{{sfn|Schnirelmann|2012|p=7-8}}

Modern paganism is one of the directions in the development of [[romantic nationalism]] with its components such as the idealization of a particular people's historical or mythological past, dissatisfaction with modernity, and the ease of transition to a radical stage with the postulation of national superiority.{{sfn|Schnirelmann|2015}}{{sfn|Gajda|2013|p=46-48}}

The "[[volksgeist]]", which is given great attention within the framework of [[ethnic nationalism]], is often identified with religion, so there is a desire to create or revive one's religion or nationalize one of the world's religions. [[Heinrich Heine]] linked nationalism with paganism. The philosopher [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], who shared Heine's opinion, noted the regularity of the tendency of the transition of German antisemitism into anti-Christianity.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the spiritual crisis in Russia led to a fascination with paganism, at first ancient and then Slavic "native gods," which was especially true for the [[Russian symbolism|symbolists]]. The publicist Daniil Pasmanik (1923) wrote that consistent antisemitism should reject Judaism and Christianity. He noted that this trend had already led [[Germany]] to worship [[Odin]] and, in the future, in his opinion, would inevitably lead Russia to worship [[Perun]].{{sfn|Schnirelmann|2015}}

German occultism and modern paganism arose in the early 20th century, and they became influential through teachings such as [[Ariosophy]], gaining adherents within the [[far-right]] [[Völkisch movement]], which eventually culminated in [[Nazism]]. The development of such ideas after [[World War II]] gave rise to [[Wotansvolk|Wotanism]], a [[white nationalist]] modern pagan movement at the end of the 20th century.<ref name="SPLCOdinist">{{Cite web |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/1998/new-brand-racist-odinist-religion-march |title=New Brand of Racist Odinist Religion on the March |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114075655/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/1998/new-brand-racist-odinist-religion-march |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=11 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Berlet|2006|p=11—48}}

[[File:Ludwig Fahrenkrog 1867-1952 DAS DEUTSCHE BUCH Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft Berlin 1921 Neuheidnische Religion Germanic heathenism neopaganism Voelkisch ethno-nationalist Swastika Thors hammer No copyright theologie.geschichte Beih.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathen]] organization "Germanic Faith Community" (Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft, GGG), founded by the artist and poet [[Ludwig Fahrenkrog]], a representative of the [[Völkisch movement]]. Brochure, circa 1920.]]
In Germany in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Völkisch movement, characterized by a [[racist]] [[antisemitic]] ideology of radical ethnic nationalism of the dominant population, spread.{{sfn|Schnirelmann|2009|p=206}}{{sfn|Fischer|2002|p=41-54}} The central elements of the worldview were racism and [[elitism]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1995}}{{sfn|Khryakov|2015|p=95}} The movement included a religious modern pagan component.{{sfn|Poewe|Hexham|2009|p=676-696}} The ideology developed out of German nationalist romanticism.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1995}} Nazism is considered one of the movements within the völkisch<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/world_history/text/2252826 |title=NATIONAL SOCIALISM • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version (in Russian) |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308221940/https://old.bigenc.ru/world_history/text/2252826 |url-status=live }}</ref> or as strongly influenced by the völkisch.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1995}} Völkisch consisted of many religiopolitical groups whose leaders and followers were closely associated with each other and the developing [[Nazi Party]].{{sfn|Poewe|Hexham|2009|p=676-696}} This ideology significantly impacted various aspects of German culture at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.{{sfn|Khryakov|2015|p=95}}

Liberalism and rationalism, which demystified the time-honored order that accepted authorities and prejudices, also caused an adverse reaction from supporters of the völkisch movement. A negative attitude towards modernity characterizes the writings of German nationalist "prophets" such as Paul Delagardie, Julius Lang, and [[Arthur Moeller van den Bruck]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1995}} The movement combined a sentimental patriotic interest in [[German folklore]] and [[local history]] with anti-urban, back-to-the-earth populism.<ref>A. J. Nicholls, reviewing George L. Mosse, ''The Crisis in German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich'', in ''[[The English Historical Review]]'' '''82''' No. 325 (October 1967), p. 860.</ref> To overcome what they considered the ailment of scientific and rationalistic modernity, the authors of völkisch found a spiritual solution in the essence of the "people," perceived as genuine, intuitive, even "primitive," in the sense of the location of the "people" on the level with the original (primordial) cosmic order.{{sfn|Dohe|2016|p=36}}

Völkisch thinkers tended to idealize the myth of the "original nation", which they believed could still be found in rural Germany, a form of "primitive democracy freely subject to its natural elite".{{sfn|François|2009}} The idea of the "people" ({{lang-de|Volk}}) was subsequently transformed into the idea of "racial essence", and Völkisch thinkers understood this term as a life-giving and quasi-eternal essence and not as a sociological category, in the same way as they considered "Nature".{{sfn|Dupeux|1992|p=115-125}}

Modern pagan ideas were present in [[Ariosophy]], an [[esoteric]] teaching created by the Austrian occultists [[Guido von List]] and [[Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels]] in Austria between 1890 and 1930.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2004}} The term "ariosophy" can also be used generically to describe the "Aryan"/esoteric teachings of the völkisch subset.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|loc=note 1 to the Introduction|p=227}} The doctrine of Ariosophy was based on pseudoscientific ideas about "Aryan" purity and the mystical unity of spirit and body.<ref name="SPLCVolkisch">{{cite web |title=Neo-Volkisch |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/neo-volkisch |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222001831/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/neo-volkisch |url-status=live }}</ref> It was influenced by the German nationalist völkisch movement, the [[theosophy]] of [[Helena Blavatsky]], the Austrian [[pan-German]] movement, and [[social Darwinism]] and its racist conclusions.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1995}} Ariosophy influenced the ideology of Nazism.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2004}}

The works of the Ariosophists describe the prehistoric "Aryan" golden age when the wise keepers of knowledge learned and taught occult racial teachings and ruled over a "racially pure" society. It is alleged that there is an evil conspiracy of anti-German forces, including all "non-Aryan" races, Jews, and the Christian church, seeking to destroy the ideal "Aryan" German world by freeing the "non-Aryan" mob to establish a false equality of the illegitimate (representatives of "non-Aryan" races). History, including wars, economic crises, political uncertainty, and the weakening of the power of the German principle, is seen as the result of racial mixing.

The doctrine had followers in Austria and Germany. Occultism in the doctrines of the Ariosophists was of great importance as a sacral justification for an extreme political position and a fundamental rejection of reality, including socio-economic progress. The Ariosophists sought to predict and justify the "coming era" of the German world order. To counter the modern world, "corrupted" by racial mixing, the Ariosophists created many small circles and secret religious societies to revive the "lost" esoteric knowledge and racial virtues of the ancient Germans to create a new pan-German empire.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1995}}

To recreate the religion of the [[Germanic peoples|ancient Germans]], List used the Scandinavian epic and the work of contemporary theosophists, in particular Max Ferdinand Sebaldt von Werth, who described the [[eugenic]] practices of the "Aryans", as well as ''[[The Secret Doctrine]]'' by Helena Blavatsky and ''The Lost Lemuria'' by [[William Scott-Elliot]]. Influenced by these works, List used the terms "Ario-Germans" and "race" instead of "Germans" and "people", perhaps to emphasize the overlap with the fifth [[root race]] in Blavatsky's scheme.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2004}} List and Lanz developed ideas about the struggle between the "Aryan [[master race|race of masters]]" and the "race of slaves" and about the ancestral home of the "Aryans" on the sunken polar island of [[Hyperborea|Arctogea]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1995|p=65-66}}

In Nazi Germany, Germanic pagan folklore, as a source of primordial moral standards, was revered higher than Christianity associated with Judaism. Many Nazis saw anti-Christianity as a deeper form of antisemitism.{{sfn|Poewe|2006|p=7, 148-149}} [[Heinrich Himmler]] spoke of the need to create a "neo-Germanic religion" capable of replacing Christianity.{{sfn|McCann|1990|p=75-79}} The Old Testament was especially repugnant to the Nazis. Adolf Hitler called it "Satan's Bible". Rosenberg demanded that it be banned as a "vehicle of Jewish influence" and replaced by the Nordic [[saga]]s.{{sfn|Schnirelmann|2015|loc=vol. 1|p=83}} The Nazi ideology combined the veneration of the "pagan heritage of the ancestors" with puritanical, Christian sexual morality, which the "Nordic" [[Apollo]] was supposed to personify.{{sfn|Gugenberger|Schweidlenka|1993|p=97-98, 142-143}}

[[White supremacist]] ideologies and [[neo-Nazism]], including ideas of racism, antisemitism, and [[Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany|anti-LGBTQ]], have infiltrated or assimilated many Germanic modern pagan movements such as [[Odinism]] and some Ásatrú groups, including the [[Asatru Folk Assembly]]. These groups believe that the Germanic beliefs they hold constitute the true Caucasoid ethnic religion.<ref name="SPLCOdinist"/>{{sfn|Berlet|2006|p=11-48}}

The issue of race is a major source of contention among modern pagans, especially in the United States.{{sfn|Kaplan|1996|p=202}}{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=153}}{{sfn|Strmiska|Sigurvinsson|2005|p=134}} In the modern pagan community, one view is that race is entirely a matter of biological [[heredity]], while the opposite position is that race is a [[social constructionism|social construct]] rooted in cultural heritage. In US modern pagan discourse, these views are described as völkische and universalist positions, respectively.{{sfn|Strmiska|Sigurvinsson|2005|p=134-135}}{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=29-294}}{{sfn|Schnurbein|2016|p=128}}{{sfn|Snook|Horrell|Horton|2017|p=43-64}} The two factions, which [[Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)|Jeffrey Kaplan]] has called the "[[scientific racism|racist]]" and "[[anti-racism|non-racist]]" camps, often clash, with Kaplan claiming that there is a "virtual civil war" between them within the American modern pagan community.{{sfn|Kaplan|1997|p=78}} The division into universalists and völkisch also spread to other countries,{{sfn|Schnurbein|2016|p=128}} but had less impact on the more ethnically homogeneous [[Iceland]].{{sfn|Strmiska|Sigurvinsson|2005|p=165}} A 2015 survey showed that more modern pagans adhere to universalist ideas than völkisch.{{sfn|Cragle|2017|p=89-90}}

Going beyond this binary classification, religious scholar [[Mattias Gardell]] divides modern paganism in the United States into three factions according to their racial stance:
* the "anti-racist" faction, which denounces any connection between religion and racial identity
* the "radical-racist" faction, which believes that members of other racial groups should not follow their religion because racial identity is the natural religion of the "Aryan race"
* an "ethnic" faction seeking to forge a middle path by recognizing their religion's roots in Northern Europe and its connection to people of Northern European origin{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=153}}

Religious scholar [[Stephanie von Schnurbein]] accepted Gardell's tripartite division, and referred to these groups as the "aracist", "racial-religious", and "ethnic" factions, respectively.{{sfn|Schnurbein|2016|p=6-7}}

Supporters of the universalist and anti-racist approach believe that the deities of Germanic Europe can call anyone to worship them, regardless of ethnic origin.{{sfn|Strmiska|Sigurvinsson|2005|p=134-135}} This group rejects the völkisch focus on race, believing that even unintentionally, such an approach can lead to racist attitudes towards people of non-Northern European origin.{{sfn|Harvey|2007|p=67}} Practicing universalists such as [[Stephan Grundy]] emphasize that ancient northern Europeans married and had children with members of other ethnic groups, and in [[Norse mythology]], the [[Æsir]] did the same with the [[Vanir]], [[jötnar]], and humans, so these modern pagans criticize racist views.{{sfn|Kaplan|1997|p=77}}{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=163}}

Universalists favorably accept practitioners of modern paganism who are not of Northern European origin; for example, [[The Troth]], based in the United States, has [[American Jews|Jewish]] and [[African American]] members, and many of its white members have spouses who belong to different racial groups.{{sfn|Kaplan|1996|p=224}}{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=164}}{{sfn|Strmiska|Sigurvinsson|2005|p=128}} While some pagans continue to believe that Germanic paganism is an innate religion, universalists have sometimes argued that this paganism is an innate religion for the lands of Northern Europe and not for a particular race. Universalists often complain that some journalists portray modern paganism as an inherently racist movement,{{sfn|Cragle|2017|p=89-90}} so they use the Internet to highlight their opposition to [[far-right politics]].{{sfn|Doyle White|2017|p=257}}

In Heathenry, the terms "völkisch", "neo-völkisch", or the Anglicised "folkish" are used both as endonyms and exonyms for groups who believe that the religion is closely related to the claimed biological race.<ref name="SPLCVolkisch"/>{{sfn|Doyle White|2017|p=259-261}}{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=17}} Völkisch practitioners consider paganism to be an indigenous religion of a biologically distinct race{{sfn|Harvey|2007|p=66}} that is conceptualized as "[[White people|White]]", "[[Nordic race|Nordic]]", "Aryan", "Northern European", or "English". Völkisch modern pagans generally regard these classifications as self-evident, despite the academic consensus that race is a cultural construct.

Völkisch groups often use ethnonationalist language and claim that only members of these racial groups are entitled to practice a given religion, taking the pseudoscientific view that "gods and goddesses are encoded in the DNA" of the members of a race.<ref name="SPLCVolkisch"/>{{sfn|Doyle White|2017|p=259-261}}{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=17}} Some practitioners explain the idea of linking their race and religion by saying that religion is inextricably linked to the [[collective unconscious]] of that race.{{sfn|Kaplan|1997|p=81}}{{sfn|Harvey|2007|p=66-67}} The American modern pagan [[Stephen McNallen]] developed these ideas into a concept he called "metagenetics".{{sfn|Kaplan|1997|p=80-82}}{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=269-273}}{{sfn|Schnurbein|2016|p=130}} McNallen and many other members of the modern pagan "ethnic" faction explicitly state that they are not racist, although Gardell has noted that their views may be considered racist under specific definitions of the term.{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=271}} Gardell considered many "ethnic" modern pagans to be [[ethnic nationalist]]s.{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=278}}

Many völkisch practitioners disapprove of [[multiculturalism]] and [[miscegenation|racial mixing]] in modern Europe, advocating [[White separatism|racial separatism]].{{sfn|Harvey|2007|p=66}} In online media, modern pagan völkische often express a belief in the threat of racial miscegenation, which they blame on the social and political establishment, sometimes claiming that their ideas of racial exclusivity are the result of the threat that other ethnic groups pose to "white" people.{{sfn|Doyle White|2017|p=261-262}}<ref name="SPLCVolkisch"/> While these groups generally claim to be aiming to revive [[Germanic paganism]], their race-centric views have their origins in 19th-century culture, not antiquity.<ref name="SPLCVolkisch"/> This group's discourse contains the concepts of "ancestors" and "homeland", which are understood very vaguely.{{sfn|Strmiska|Sigurvinsson|2005|p=137}} Researcher Ethan Doyle White characterizes the position of the [[Odinic Rite]] and the [[Odin Brotherhood]] as "far right".{{sfn|Doyle White|2017|p=242}}

Ethnocentric modern pagans are highly critical of their universalist counterparts, often claiming that the latter have been misled by [[New Age]] literature and [[political correctness]].{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=165}} Members of the universalist and ethnocentric factions criticize those who adopt an "ethnic" stance. The former view "ethnic" modern paganism as a cover for racism, while the latter view its adherents as [[race traitor]]s for their refusal to fully accept the superiority of the "white race".{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=273-274}}

Some modern pagans of the völkisch movement are white supremacists and outright racists{{sfn|Strmiska|Sigurvinsson|2005|p=136}}{{sfn|Schnurbein|2016|p=129}} representing a "radical racist" faction that uses the names ''Odinism'', ''Wotanism'', and ''Wodenism''.{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=165}}{{sfn|Doyle White|2017|p=254}} According to Kaplan, these adepts occupy the "most remote corners" of modern paganism.{{sfn|Kaplan|1997|p=69-70}} The lines between this form of modern paganism and Nazism are "extremely thin"{{sfn|Kaplan|1997|p=85}} because its adherents praise [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazi Germany]],{{sfn|Kaplan|1997|p=85}} claim that the "white race" is [[White genocide conspiracy theory|threatened with extinction]] by the efforts of a [[Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|Jewish world conspiracy]],{{sfn|Kaplan|1997|p=86}} and dismiss Christianity as a work of the Jews.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2003|p=257}}

Many in the inner circle of the terrorist organization [[The Order (white supremacist group)|The Order]], a white supremacist militia operating in the US in the 1980s, called themselves Odinists.{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=196-197}} Various racist modern pagans supported the [[Fourteen Words]] slogan, which was developed by The Order member [[David Lane (white supremacist)|David Lane]].{{sfn|Kaplan|1997|p=94}} Some racist organizations, such as the [[Order of Nine Angles]] and the [[Black Order (Satanist group)|Black Order]], combine elements of modern paganism with [[Satanism]],{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=292-293}} while other racist modern pagans, such as Wotanist Ron McVan, reject the syncretism of the two religions.{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=320-321}}

American neo-Nazi [[William Luther Pierce]], the founder of the neo-Nazi organization [[National Alliance (United States)|National Alliance]], whose ideas stimulated [[Right-wing terrorism|neo-Nazi terrorism]], also created the Cosmotheistic Community Church in 1978. He considered the teaching he created within the framework of this church to be [[pantheism]] and leaned towards the "Panaryan" Nordic cults. These cults emphasized the idea of a unique closeness of "white people" with nature and the natural "spiritual essence", which was influenced by the ideas of [[Savitri Devi]]. According to the doctrine, each race has its predestined role: "whites" are predisposed to strive for God, blacks strive for laziness, and Jews strive for corruption.

In 1985, Pierce purchased a large piece of land at Mill Point in West Virginia, fenced it in with barbed wire, and began selling books on Western culture and Western "pagan traditions" there. He aimed to save the "white race" away from the federal government. In part, he also drew on [[British Israelism]] and the racist religion of [[Christian Identity|Identity Christianity]]. The "National Alliance" met regularly to discuss the ideas of "cosmotheism". Pierce dismissed Christianity as "one of the chief mental illnesses of our people" through which "Jewish influence" spreads. Pierce saw the proposed government after the "racial revolution" as religious, which would be "more like a holy order." He considered the future religion of the "white race" the "Aryan religion" - the "cosmotheism" that he created.{{sfn|Schnirelmann|2010|loc=Chapter 9. "The Turner Diaries"|p=273-285}}

Sociologist [[Marlène Laruelle]] notes the activation of "Aryan" modern paganism in the West and Russia. For example, social movements are thus developing that appeal to the Celtic past and call for a return to the "[[Druidry (modern)|druidic]] religions" of pre-Christian Europe. For the most part, the French and German ''Nouvelle Droite'' share the common idea of a pan-European unity based on an "Aryan" identity and the desire to part with Christianity, the period of domination of which is seen as two thousand years of "wandering in darkness."{{sfn|Laruelle|2010}}

[[Slavic Native Faith|Slavic neopaganism (Rodnoverie)]] has a close connection with [[Nazism]], reproducing its main ideas: the "Aryan" idea, including the idea of the [[Hyperborea|northern ancestral home]] (in Rodnoverie, it is in the Russian North, the Northern Urals, or beyond the Arctic Circle); the connection of their people with the "Aryans" or complete identification with them (in Rodnovery, "Slavic-Aryans"); the antiquity of one's people and its racial or cultural superiority over others; their people (or the ancient "Aryans" identified with them) are regarded as cultural tregers, distributors of high culture, founders of great civilizations of antiquity, (in Rodnoverie, Slavic or "Slavic-Aryan" "Vedic" technological pracivilization, "taught" all other peoples), and creators of ancient writing (in Rodnoverie, [[Slavic runes]]); "Aryan" proto-language (in Rodnoverie, "Slavic-Aryan" or Old Slavic), from which all or many other languages of the world originated; reliance on [[esotericism]]; orientation to the faith of ancestors (hence paganism); anti-Christianity (the idea that Christians seek to enslave the people) and antisemitism (Jews as "racial enemies"); "Aryan" socialism (an integral part of the ideology of [[Nazism]]) as the most natural for its people (in Rodnoverie, the "original tribal system" of the Slavs, which is thought of as a kind of "Aryan" socialism); symbols and gestures close to or derived from Nazism, etc.{{sfn|Schnirelmann|2015}}

One of the main starting points for the formation of Slavic neopaganism was the search for a rationale for the national idea. Hence follows an increased interest in the origins of national self-consciousness and the national type of religiosity.{{sfn|Prokofiev|Filatov|Koskello|2006|p=179}} In the post-Soviet period, in the conditions of the loss of the great "empire" (USSR), land, and influence and in search of internal and external enemies, neopaganism became widespread among nationalist ideologues, just like in Germany in the 1930s. In Rodnoverie, the unity of the Russian people was undergoing a new re-mythologization with an appeal for support to the ideas of the "[[golden age]]", the primordial untainted tradition, and the native land.{{sfn|Gaidukov|2016}}

Historian Dmitry Shlapentokh wrote that, as in Europe, neopaganism in Russia pushes some of its adherents to antisemitism. This antisemitism is closely related to negative attitudes towards Asians, and this emphasis on racial factors can lead neopagans to neo-Nazism. The tendency of neopagans to antisemitism is a logical development of the ideas of neopaganism and imitation of the Nazis and is also a consequence of some specific conditions of modern Russian politics.

Unlike previous regimes, the current Russian political regime and the ideology of the middle class combine support for Orthodoxy with [[philosemitism]] and a positive attitude towards Muslims. These features of the regime contributed to the formation of specific views of neo-Nazi neopagans, which are represented to a large extent among the socially unprotected and marginalized Russian youth. In their opinion, power in Russia was usurped by a cabal of conspirators, including hierarchs of the Orthodox Church, Jews, and Muslims. Contrary to external differences, these forces are believed to have united in their desire to maintain power over the Russian "Aryans".{{sfn|Shlapentokh|2014|p=77-78}}

Some associations of neopaganism, in particular Slavic, are evaluated by researchers as [[extremist]], radical nationalists.{{sfn|Verkhovsky|Pribylovsky|Mikhailovskaya|1998|p=39-41}}{{sfn|Moroz|2005|p=196-225}}{{sfn|Yashin|2014|p=37-40}} In Russia, individual neopagan organizations and essays were included in the [[List of organisations banned in Russia|list of extremist organizations of the Ministry of Justice of Russia]] and the [[Federal List of Extremist Materials]], respectively.<ref>[http://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/docs/2007/11/d11927/ List of organizations recognized by Russian courts as extremist (in Russian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127173311/http://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/docs/2007/11/d11927/ |date=27 January 2021 }} // [[SOVA Center]], 28.01.2015.</ref>

The historian and ethnologist [[Victor Schnirelmann]] considers Russian neopaganism as a direction of [[Russian nationalism]] that denies [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]] as an enduring national value and distinguishes two cardinal tasks that Russian neopaganism sets for itself: the salvation of Russian national culture from the leveling influence of modernization and the protection of the natural environment from the impact of modern civilization.{{sfn|Schnirelmann|1998}} According to Schnirelmann, "Russian neopaganism is a radical variety of conservative ideology, which is distinguished by frank [[anti-intellectualism]] and [[populism]]."{{sfn|Schnirelmann|2015}}

Religious scholar [[Alexei Gaidukov]] considers it wrong to reduce the diversity of native faith groups to nationalism only - he views the ecological direction of Rodnovery as no less significant.{{sfn|Gaidukov|2000}} Historian and religious scholar Roman Shizhensky believes Rodnovery poses little danger and law enforcement agencies should deal with radical groups.{{sfn|Shizhensky|2021}}

The Austrian occultist [[Guido von List]], who created the doctrine of [[Ariosophy]], argued that an ancient developed "Ario-Germanic" culture reached its dawn several millennia before Roman colonization and Christianity. According to him, before [[Charlemagne]]'s forced introduction of Christianity, Wotanism was practiced in what is now the Danubian territory of Germany. List considered Charlemagne the killer of the Saxons in memory of the bloody baptism of the pagans of Northern Germany by him. List considered the entire Christian period as an era of cultural decline, oblivion of the true faith, and unnatural racial mixing, when the "Aryan" ruling caste of priest-kings was forced to hide, secretly saving their sacred knowledge, which now became available to List as a full-fledged aristocratic descendant of this caste.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1995}}

In Slavic neopaganism, there is the idea of an ancient multi-thousand-year-old and developed civilization of the "Slavs-Aryans", while the entire Christian period seems to be an era of regression and decline,{{sfn|Prokofiev|Filatov|Koskello|2006|p=187-188}} the enslavement of the "Aryans" by foreign missionaries who imposed on them a "slave" (Christian) ideology. Rodnovers often regard these missionaries as Jews, "[[Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|Judeo-Masons]]", or their accomplices. At the same time, the Slavic "Aryan" [[volkhv]]s or priests had to hide in secret places, preserving the knowledge that was now passed onto their direct descendants, Rodnovers.{{sfn|Schnirelmann|2015}}

The idea of the Jewish-Khazar origin of Prince [[Vladimir the Great]] is popular, explaining why he [[Christianization of Kievan Rusʹ|introduced Christianity]], an instrument for the enslavement of the "Aryans" by Jews, and staged the genocide of the pagan Slavs. Roman Shizhensky singles out the neopagan myth about Vladimir and characterizes it as one of the most "odious" neopagan [[pseudohistory|historical myths]] and one of the leading Russian neopagan myths in terms of worldview significance.

The author of this myth is [[Valery Yemelyanov]], one of the founders of Russian neopaganism, who expounded it in his book ''Dezionization'' (1970s). Shizhensky notes that the neopagan myth about Vladimir contradicts scientific work on the issue and the totality of historical sources.{{sfn|Shizhensky|2009|p=250-256}}

Concerning the trend of convergence of neopagan associations from different countries, Andrey Beskov notes that neopagan nationalism is not an obstacle to "neopagan [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalism]]", and [[Anti-globalization movement|anti-globalism]], one of the manifestations of which was the popularity of ethnic religions, itself acquires a global character.{{sfn|Beskov|2014|p=19}}

===LGBT===
{{Main|Modern pagan views on LGBT people}}
[[File:Radical Faeries 2010 London Pride.jpg|thumb|Radical Faeries with banner at 2010 London Gay Pride]]

The western [[LGBT]] community, often [[Homophobia|marginalized]] and/or [[Discrimination against LGBT people|outright rejected]] by [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]]-predominant mainstream religious establishments, has often sought spiritual acceptance and association in neopagan religious/spiritual practice. Pagan-specializing religious scholar Christine Hoff Kraemer wrote, "Pagans tend to be relatively accepting of [[same-sex relationship]]s, [[BDSM]], [[polyamory]], [[transgender|transgender people]], and [[Gender and sexuality|other expressions of gender and sexuality]] that are marginalized by mainstream society." Conflict naturally arises, however, as some neopagan belief systems and sect ideologies stem from fundamental beliefs in the [[Gender binary|male-female gender binary]], [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual pairing]], resulting [[Sexual reproduction|heterosexual reproduction]], and/or [[gender essentialism]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/homosexuality-in-paganism-and-wicca-2561720|title=How Do Pagans Feel About Homosexuality?|work=ThoughtCo|access-date=2018-05-01|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501230434/https://www.thoughtco.com/homosexuality-in-paganism-and-wicca-2561720|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kraemer|first=Christine Hoff|date=2012-03-09|title=Contemporary Paganism, Utopian Reading Communities, and Sacred Nonmonogamy: The Religious Impact of Heinlein's and Starhawk's Fiction|journal=The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1558/pome.v13i1.52|issn=1743-1735}}</ref>

In response, groups and sects inclusive of or specific to LGBT people have developed. Theologian Jone Salomonsen noted in the 1980s and 1990s that the [[Reclaiming (Neopaganism)|reclaiming]] movement of San Francisco featured an unusually high number of LGBT people, particularly [[Bisexuality|bisexuals]].{{Sfn|Salomonsen|2002|p=44}} [[Margot Adler]] noted groups whose practices focused on [[male homosexuality]], such as [[Eddie Buczynski]]'s Minoan Brotherhood, a Wiccan sect that combines the iconography from ancient [[Minoan religion]] with a Wiccan theology and an emphasis on men who love men, and the [[eclectic pagan]] group known as the [[Radical Faeries]]. When Adler asked one gay male pagan what the pagan community offered members of the LGBT community, he replied, "A place to belong. Community. Acceptance. And a way to connect with all kinds of people—gay, bi, straight, celibate, transgender—in a way that is hard to do in the greater society."{{Sfn|Adler|2006|pp=355–371}}

[[Transgender]] existence and acceptability is especially controversial in many neopagan sects. One of the most notable of these is [[Dianic Wicca]]. This [[Gender segregation|female-only]], [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] variant of Wicca allows [[cisgender]] [[lesbian]]s but not [[Trans woman|transgender women]]. This is due to Dianic belief in [[gender essentialism]]; according to founder [[Zsuzsanna Budapest]], "you have to have sometimes [sic] in your life a womb, and ovaries and [menstruate] and not die". This belief and the way it is expressed is often denounced as [[transphobia]] and [[TERF|trans-exclusionary radical feminism]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/pantheon/2011/03/transgender-issues-in-pagan-religions/|title=Transgender Issues in Pagan Religions|last=PANTHEON|date=2011-03-01|work=PANTHEON|access-date=2018-05-01|language=en-US|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525163404/https://www.patheos.com/blogs/pantheon/2011/03/transgender-issues-in-pagan-religions/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-dianic-wicca-2562908|title=What is the Dianic Wiccan Tradition?|work=ThoughtCo|access-date=2018-05-01|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415020853/https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-dianic-wicca-2562908|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/mar/08/pagans-trans-women-religions|title=Why won't pagans accept trans women? {{!}} Roz Kaveney|last=Kaveney|first=Roz|date=2011-03-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212114306/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/mar/08/pagans-trans-women-religions|url-status=live}}</ref>

Trans exclusion can also be found in [[Alexandrian Wicca]], whose founder views trans individuals as [[Melancholia|melancholy]] people who should seek other beliefs due to the Alexandrian focus on heterosexual reproduction and duality.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ladygeekgirl.wordpress.com/2014/02/16/oh-my-pop-culture-goddess-transgender-issues-in-wicca-and-paganism/|title=Oh, My Pop Culture Goddess: Transgender Issues in Wicca and Paganism|date=2014-02-16|work=Lady Geek Girl and Friends|access-date=2018-05-01|language=en-US|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220162426/https://ladygeekgirl.wordpress.com/2014/02/16/oh-my-pop-culture-goddess-transgender-issues-in-wicca-and-paganism/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Relationship with the New Age movement===
{{Main|Modern paganism and New Age}}
{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote="Neopagan practices highlight the centrality of the relationship between humans and nature and reinvent religions of the past, while New Agers are more interested in transforming individual consciousness and shaping the future."|source=— Religious studies scholar Sarah Pike.{{sfn|Pike|2004|p=18}} }}

Since the 1960s and 1970s, contemporary paganism, or neo-paganism, and the then emergent [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], [[New Age]], and [[hippie]] movements experienced a degree of [[Trans-cultural diffusion|cross-pollination]].{{Sfn|Hunt|2003|pp=147–148}} An issue of academic debate has been regarding the connection between these movements. Religious studies scholar Sarah Pike asserted that in the United States, there was a "significant overlap" between [[modern paganism and New Age]],{{sfn|Pike|2004|p=vii}} while [[Aidan A. Kelly]] stated that paganism "parallels the New Age movement in some ways, differs sharply from it in others, and overlaps it in some minor ways".{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=136}} Ethan Doyle White stated that while the pagan and New Age movements "do share commonalities and overlap", they were nevertheless "largely distinct phenomena."{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=9}}
Hanegraaff suggested that whereas various forms of contemporary paganism were not part of the New Age movement – particularly those who pre-dated the movement – other pagan religions and practices could be identified as New Age.{{sfn|Hanegraaff|1996|p=78}} Various differences between the two movements have been highlighted; the New Age movement focuses on an improved future, whereas the focus of Paganism is on the pre-Christian past.{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=138}} Similarly, the New Age movement typically propounds a universalist message which sees all religions as fundamentally the same, whereas paganism stresses the difference between monotheistic religions and those embracing a polytheistic or animistic theology.{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=138}} Further, the New Age movement shows little interest in [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] and [[witchcraft]], which are conversely core interests of pagan religions such as [[Wicca]].{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=138}}

Many pagans have sought to distance themselves from the New Age movement, even using "New Age" as an insult within their community, while conversely many involved in the New Age have expressed criticism of paganism for emphasizing the material world over the spiritual.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=9}}
Many pagans have expressed criticism of the high fees charged by New Age teachers, something not typically present in the pagan movement.{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=139}}

===Relationship with Hinduism===
Because of their common links to the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]] culture, many adherents of modern paganism have come to regard [[Hinduism]] as a spiritual relative. Some modern pagan literature prominently features [[comparative religion]] involving European and Indian traditions. The ECER has made efforts to establish mutual support with Hindu groups, as has the Lithuanian Romuva movement.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|pp=27–29}}

In India, a prominent figure who made similar efforts was the [[Hindu revivalism|Hindu revivalist]] [[Ram Swarup]], who pointed out parallels between Hinduism and European and Arabic paganism. Swarup reached out to modern pagans in the West and also had an influence on Western converts to Hinduism or pro-Hindu activists, notably [[David Frawley]] and [[Koenraad Elst]], who both have described Hinduism as a form of paganism.{{sfn|Herrmann-Pfandt|2009|pp=240–242}} The modern pagan writer [[Christopher Gérard]] has drawn much inspiration from Hinduism and visited Swarup in India. Reviewing Gérard's book ''Parcours païen'' in 2001, the [[History of religion|historian of religion]] [[Jean-François Mayer]] described Gérard's activities as part of the development of a "Western-Hindu 'pagan axis{{' "}}.{{sfn|Mayer|2001|pp=100–101}}

===Prejudice and opposition===
{{See also|Religious discrimination against neopagans}}
In the [[Islamic World]], pagans are not considered [[people of the book]], so they do not have the same status as Abrahamic religions in [[Sharia|Islamic religious law]] for example, Muslim men cannot marry pagan women while they are allowed to marry among people of the book; and Muslims can eat meat of halal animals that are slaughtered by people of the book, but not that slaughtered by methods of other religions.

Regarding European paganism, In ''Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives'' Michael F. Strmiska writes that "in pagan magazines, websites, and Internet discussion venues, Christianity is frequently denounced as an antinatural, antifemale, sexually and culturally repressive, guilt-ridden, and authoritarian religion that has fostered intolerance, hypocrisy, and persecution throughout the world."{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=29}} Further, there is a common belief in the pagan community that Christianity and paganism are opposing belief systems.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=29}} This animosity is flamed by historical conflicts between Christian and pre-Christian religions, as well as the perceived ongoing Christian disdain from Christians.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=29}} Some pagans have claimed that Christian authorities have never apologized for the religious displacement of Europe's pre-Christian belief systems, particularly following the [[Roman Catholic Church]]'s apology for past [[antisemitism]] in its ''[[We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah|A Reflection on the Shoah]]''.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=30}} They also express disapproval of Christianity's continued missionary efforts around the globe at the expense of indigenous and other polytheistic faiths.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=31}}

Some Christian authors have published books criticizing modern paganism, {{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=8}} while other Christian critics have equated paganism with [[Satanism]], which is often portrayed as such in mainstream entertainment industry.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=34}}

In areas such as the US [[Bible Belt]], where conservative Christian dominance is strong, pagans have faced continued religious persecution.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=31}} For instance, Strmiska highlighted instances in both the US and UK in which school teachers were fired when their employers discovered that they were pagan.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=31}} Thus, many pagans keep their religion private to avoid [[Religious discrimination against Neopagans|discrimination]] and ostracism.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=32}}

===Pagan studies===
{{Main|Pagan studies}}
The earliest academic studies of contemporary paganism were published in the late 1970s and 1980s by scholars like [[Margot Adler]], [[Marcello Truzzi]] and [[Tanya Luhrmann]], although it would not be until the 1990s that the actual multidisciplinary academic field of pagan studies properly developed, pioneered by academics such as Graham Harvey and [[Chas S. Clifton]]. Increasing academic interest in paganism has been attributed to the new religious movement's increasing public visibility, as it began interacting with the [[interfaith dialogue|interfaith movement]] and holding large public celebrations at sites like [[Stonehenge]].{{Sfn|Clifton|Harvey|2004|p=7}}

The first international academic conference on the subject of pagan studies was held at the [[Newcastle University|University of Newcastle upon Tyne]], North-East England in 1993. It was organised by two British religious studies scholars, Graham Harvey and Charlotte Hardman.{{Sfn|Clifton|Harvey|2004|p=8}} In April 1996 a larger conference dealing with contemporary paganism took place at [[Ambleside]] in the [[Lake District]]. Organised by the Department of Religious Studies at the [[University of Lancaster]], North-West England, it was entitled "Nature Religion Today: Western Paganism, Shamanism and Esotericism in the 1990s", and led to the publication of an academic anthology, entitled ''[[Nature Religion Today]]: Paganism in the Modern World''.{{Sfn|Clifton|Harvey|2004|p=8}} In 2004, the first [[peer-review]]ed, [[academic journal]] devoted to pagan studies began publication. ''[[The Pomegranate (journal)|The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies]]'' was edited by Clifton, while the academic publishers AltaMira Press began release of the Pagan Studies Series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csulb.edu/~wgriffin/paganstudies/|title=Pagan Studies / AltaMira Press|publisher=csulb.edu|access-date=26 May 2008|archive-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213132417/http://www.csulb.edu/~wgriffin/paganstudies/|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2008 onward, conferences have been held bringing together scholars specialising in the study of paganism in Central and Eastern Europe.{{sfn|Aitamurto|Simpson|2013|p=4}}

The relationship between pagan studies scholars and some practising pagans has at times been strained. The Australian academic and practising pagan Caroline Jane Tully argues that many pagans can react negatively to new scholarship regarding historical pre-Christian societies, believing that it is a threat to the structure of their beliefs and to their "sense of identity". She furthermore argues that some of those dissatisfied pagans lashed out against academics as a result, particularly on the Internet.{{Sfn|Tully|2011|pp=98–99}}

== Criticism ==
{{Main|Criticism of modern paganism}}
Neopaganism has been criticized on a variety of fronts, ranging from pseudohistory to racial issues to institutional issues. As neopaganism is not a unified religion, it means that the criticisms of certain groups often do not apply to other groups. Criticisms of specific neopagan groups range from criticisms of their belief in [[gender essentialism]]<ref name=":4">[[Lois Bourne|Bourne, Lois]] ''Dancing with Witches''. (2006) London: Robert Hale. {{ISBN|0-7090-8074-3}}. p.38. (Hardback edition first published 1998).</ref> to criticisms of their belief in [[nationalism]]<ref>Shnirelman 1998 ''[http://static.iea.ras.ru/neotlozhka/114-Shnirelman.pdf Neo-paganism and nationalism. Eastern European area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407072104/http://static.iea.ras.ru/neotlozhka/114-Shnirelman.pdf |date=7 April 2022 }}''</ref> to criticisms of the worldly focuses of pagan organizations.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=9}}

== See also ==
* [[Habzism]]
* [[List of neopagan movements]]
* [[Mari El]]
* [[Modern paganism in the United States]]
* [[Modern paganism in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Virginia Woolf#Neo-pagans|Virginia Woolf and the neo-pagans]]

==References==
{{citation style|date=March 2023}}

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===

* {{cite book |last=Adler |first=Margot |year=2006 |orig-year=1979 |title=Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers and Other Pagans in America |edition=Revised |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-303819-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/drawingdownmoonw00adle_2 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Aitamurto |first1=Kaarina |last2=Simpson |first2=Scott |contribution=Introduction: Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe |title=Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe |editor1=Scott Simpson |editor2=Kaarina Aitamurto |year=2013 |location=Durham |publisher=Acumen |pages=1–9 |isbn=978-1-84465-662-2 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Amster |first=Matthew H. |contribution=It's Not Easy Being Apolitical: Reconstructionism and Eclecticism in Danish Asatro |title=Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses |editor=Kathryn Rountree |pages=43–63 |location=New York and Oxford |publisher=Berghahn |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78238-646-9 }}

* {{cite book |last=Berger |first=Helen |title=A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States |place=Columbia, South Carolina |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-57003-246-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/communityofwitch00berg }}
* {{cite book |last1=Berger |first1=Helen |last2=Ezzy |first2=Douglas |year=2007 |title=Teenage Witches: Magical Youth and the Search for the Self |location=New Brunswick and London |publisher=Rutgers International Press |isbn=978-0813540207 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Berlet |first=Chip |author-link=Chip Berlet |year=2006 |title=Overview of U.S. White Supremacist Groups |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/206662818 |journal=Journal of Political and Military Sociology |publisher=[[University of Indiana]] – Department of Sociology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=11–48 |issn=0047-2697|id={{ProQuest|206662818}} }}
* {{cite journal |last=Beskov |first=Andrey |title=Paradoxes of Russian neo-paganism |url=http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/paradoksy-russkogo-neoyazychestva |journal=Colloquium Heptaplomeres |editor=Research laboratory "New religious movements in modern Russia and European countries". Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin |location=Nizhny Novgorod |publisher=Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin |date=2014 |issue=1. Paganism in the 20th–21st centuries: Russian and European context |pages=11–23}}
* {{cite book |last=Bonewits |first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Bonewits |year=2006 |title=Bonewits's Essential Guide to Druidism |publisher=[[Kensington Publishing Corp.]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=978-0-8065-2710-9 }}

* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Carpenter |first=Dennis D. |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |year=1996 |title=Emergent Nature Spirituality: An Examination of the Major Spiritual Contours of the Contemporary Pagan Worldview |encyclopedia=Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-2890-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Clifton |first1=Chas |last2=Harvey |first2=Graham |year=2004 |title=The Paganism Reader |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-30352-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Cragle |first=Joshua Marcus |date=2017 |title=Contemporary Germanic/Norse Paganism and Recent Survey Data |url=https://journals.equinoxpub.com/POM/article/view/30714 |journal=[[The Pomegranate|The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies]] |publisher=Equinox Publishing |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=77–116 |doi=10.1558/pome.30714}}

* {{cite book |last=Dohe |first=Carrie B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkqTDAAAQBAJ |title=Jung's Wandering Archetype: Race and religion in analytical psychology |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-49807-0 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |title=In Defense of Pagan Studies: A Response to Davidsen's Critique |last=Doyle White |first=Ethan |year=2012 |volume=14 |issue=1 |journal=The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies |pages=5–21 |doi=10.1558/pome.v14i1.5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Doyle White |first=Ethan |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton, Chicago, and Toronto |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-84519-754-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Doyle White |first=Ethan |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Northern Gods for Northern Folk: Racial Identity and Right-wing Ideology among Britain's Folkish Heathens |journal=Journal of Religion in Europe |date=2017 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–273 |doi=10.1163/18748929-01003001 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jre/10/3/article-p241_241.xml? |issn=1874-8929}}
* {{cite book |last=Dupeux |first=Louis |author-link=Louis Dupeux |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeIkAQAAMAAJ |title=The German Conservative Revolution under the Weimar Republic |year=1992 |publisher=Kimé |isbn=978-2908212181 |pages=115–125 |language=fr}}

* {{cite book |last=Fischer | first = Conan |title=The rise of the Nazis |location=Manchester, New York |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2002}}
* {{cite web |last=François |first=Stéphane |author-link=Stéphane François |url=https://tempspresents.com/2009/08/24/stephane-francoisqu%e2%80%99est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice/ |title=What is the Conservative Revolution? |date=2009 |website=Fragments on Present Times |language=fr |access-date=2019-07-23}}

* {{cite thesis |last=Gaidukov |first=Alexei |author-link=Alexei Gaidukov |title=Ideology and practice of Slavic neo-paganism |lang=ru |url=http://www.dissercat.com/content/ideologiya-i-praktika-slavyanskogo-neoyazychestva |location=Saint Petersburg |publisher=[[Herzen University]] |date=2000 |page=164}}
* {{cite book |last=Gaidukov |first=Alexei |author-mask={{long dash}} |url= http://ethna.su/biblioteka/gajdukov-2016-2020-publikatsii/gaydukov-a-v-novoe-yazyichestvo-neoyazyichestvo-rodnoverie-problema-terminologii/ |chapter=New paganism, neo-paganism, Rodnovery: the problem of terminology |title=Paganism in modern Russia: the experience of interdisciplinary research |language=ru |editor-last=Shizhensky |editor-first=Roman |location=Nizhyn Novgorod |publisher=Minin University, Typography Volga region |date=2016 |pages=24–46}}
* {{cite book |last=Gajda |first=A. |date=2013 |title=Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe |isbn=978-1-84465-662-2 |language=en |location=Durham |publisher=Acumen |pages=44–61}}
* {{cite book |last=Gardell |first=Mattias |title=Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism |year=2003 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham |isbn=978-0822330714 }}
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* {{cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=[[The Occult Roots of Nazism|The Occult Roots of Nazism: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935]] |language=ru |location=Saint Petersburg |publisher=Eurasia |date=1995}}
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* {{cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=[[The Occult Roots of Nazism|The occult roots of Nazism. Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890-1935]] |language=ru |location=Moscow |publisher=[[Eksmo]] |date=2004 |page=576|isbn=5-87849-161-3}}
* {{cite book |title=Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld: An Anthropology |last=Greenwood |first=Susan |year=2000 |publisher=Berg |location=Oxford and New York City |isbn=978-1-85973-445-2 |title-link=Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld }}
* {{cite book |last1=Gugenberger |first1=Eduard |last2=Schweidlenka |first2=Roman |title=On the power of myths in political movements. The Threads of the Norns |language=de |location=Vienna |publisher=Social Criticism Publisher |date=1993}}

* {{cite journal |last=Hakl |first=Hans Thomas |year=2010 |title=Franz Sättler (Dr. Musallam) and the Twentieth-Century Cult of Adonism |journal=The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies |volume= 12 |issue=1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hanegraaff |first=Wouter J. |year=1996 |title=New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-10696-3 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Harrow |first=Judy |author-link=Judy Harrow |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title=The Contemporary Neo-Pagan Revival |year=1996 |encyclopedia=Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=[[Albany, New York]] |isbn=978-0-7914-2890-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Stephen |year=2003 |title=Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |location=Burlington |isbn=978-0-7546-3409-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=Witches, Druids and King Arthur |year=2003 |publisher=Hambledon }}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Graham |title=Animism: Respecting the Living World |year=2005 |publisher=Hurst & Co |location=London |isbn=978-0231137010 }}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Graham |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=2007 |title=Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism |edition=second |publisher=Hurst & Company |location=London |isbn=978-1-85065-272-4 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Herrmann-Pfandt |first=Adelheid |contribution=Hindutva zwischen, Dekolonisierung' und Nationalismus. Zur westlichen Mitwerkung an der Entwicklung neuen hinduistischen Selbstbewusstseins in Indien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6triNt0elK4C&pg=240 |title=Religionswissenschaft im Kontext der Asienwissenschaften. 99 Jahre religionswissenschaftliche Lehre und Forschung in Bonn |lang=de |editor=Manfred Hutter |pages=240–242 |location=Berlin |publisher=Lit Verlag |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-643-10332-1 }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Hannah E. |last2=Aloi |first2=Peg |year=2007 |title=The New Generation Witches: Teen Witchcraft in Contemporary Culture |location=Aldershot and Burlington |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-5784-2 }}

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* {{cite encyclopedia |contribution=An Update on Neopagan Witchcraft in America |last=Kelly |first=Aidan A. |title=Perspectives on the New Age |editor=James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton |pages=136–151 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=New York |year=1992 |isbn=0-7914-1213-X }}
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* {{cite journal |last=Oboler |first=Regina Smith |year=2010 |title=Negotiating Gender Essentialism in Contemporary Paganism |journal=The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 }}

* {{cite book |last=Pike |first=Sarah M. |author-link=Sarah M. Pike |year=2004 |title=New Age and Neopagan Religions in America |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |series=Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series |isbn=9780231508384 |jstor=10.7312/pike12402 |lccn=2003061844 |url=https://archive.org/details/newageneopaganre00pike}}
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* {{cite book |last=Schnirelmann |first=Victor |author-link=Victor Schnirelmann |title=Neopaganism and nationalism. East European area |url=http://static.iea.ras.ru/neotlozhka/114-Shnirelman.pdf |location=Moscow |publisher=[[Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography]] |date=1998 |page=25 |series=Studies on applied and emergency ethnology. No. 114}}
* {{cite journal |last=Schnirelmann |first=Victor |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Lev Gumilyov: from "passionate tension" to "incompatibility of cultures" |language=ru |journal=Forum of Recent Eastern European History and Culture - Russian Edition |issue=1 |date=2009 |pages=201–218}}
* {{cite book |last=Schnirelmann |first=Victor |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Faces of hate (Anti-Semites and racists on the march) |language=ru |url=http://pravorf.org/doc/Shnirelman_2005.pdf |edition=Second edition, revised and expanded |location=Мoscow |publisher=[[Moscow Bureau for Human Rights]], [[Academia (Soviet publishing house)|Academia]] |date=2010 |page=336}}
* {{cite book |last=Schnirelmann |first=Victor |author-mask={{long dash}} |date=2012 |title=Russian Rodnoverie: Neopaganism and Nationalism in Modern Russia |language=ru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bdgBwAAQBAJ |publisher=Biblical Theological Institute of St. Andrew the Apostle |page=xiv + 302 |isbn=978-5-89647-291-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Schnirelmann |first=Victor |author-mask={{long dash}} |date=2015 |title=Aryan myth in the modern world |language=ru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa8qCwAAQBAJ |publisher= New Literary Review |isbn=9785444804223}}
* {{cite book |last=Schnurbein |first=Stefanie von |author-link=Stefanie von Schnurbein |title=Norse Revival: Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-60846-737-2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shizhensky |first=Roman |date=2009 |title=Neo-pagan myth about Prince Vladimir |language=ru |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/neoyazycheskiy-mif-o-knyaze-vladimire |journal=Bulletin of the Buryat State University. Philosophy, Sociology, Political Science, Cultural Studies |issue=6 |pages=250–256}}
* {{cite web |last=Shizhensky |first= Roman |author-mask={{long dash}} |date=2021 |title=Neopaganism and the middle class |language=ru |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=AO0ZxGNkYXE |publisher= Lecture hall "Krapivensky 4". 03/02/2021}}
* {{cite journal |first=Dmitry |last=Shlapentokh |title=Antisemitism of history: a variant of Russian neopagans |language=ru |journal=Colloquium Heptaplomeres |editor=Research laboratory "New religious movements in modern Russia and European countries". Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin |location=Nizhny Novgorod |publisher=Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin |date=2014 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/antisemitizm-istorii-variant-russkih-neoyazychnikov |issue=1 |pages=76–85 |issn=2312-1696}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Simpson |first1=Scott |last2=Filip |first2=Mariusz |contribution=Selected Words for Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe |title=Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe |editor=Scott Simpson |editor2=Kaarina Aitamurto |year=2013 |location=Durham |publisher=Acumen |pages=27–43 |isbn=978-1-84465-662-2 }}
* {{cite book |author1-last=Snook |author1-first=Jennifer |author2-last=Horrell |author2-first=Thad |author3-last=Horton |author3-first=Kristen |year=2017 |chapter=Heathens in the United States: The Return to 'Tribes' in the Construction of a Peoplehood |title=Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Modern Paganism |editor-last=Rountree |editor-first=Kathryn |pages=43–64 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-57040-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Starhawk |author-link=Starhawk |year=1989 |title=The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess |edition=revised |publisher=[[Harper and Row]] |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-676-97467-6 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Strmiska |first=Michael F. |year=2005 |contribution=Modern Paganism in World Cultures |title=Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives |pages=1–53 |publisher=ABC-Clio |location=Santa Barbara, Dencer, and Oxford |isbn=9781851096084 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Strmiska |first1=Michael F. |last2=Sigurvinsson |first2=Baldur A. |chapter=Asatru: Nordic Paganism in Iceland and America |year=2005 |title=Modern Paganism in World Cultures |editor-last=Strmiska |editor-first=Michael F. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-85109-608-4 |pages=127–179}}
* {{cite book |last=Stuckrad |first=Kocku von |author-link=Kocku von Stuckrad |year=2007 |chapter=Heidentum |trans-chapter=Paganism |editor-last=Jaeger |editor-first=Friedrich |title=Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit |trans-title=Encyclopedia of the modern period |language=de |volume=5 |location=Stuttgart and Weimar |publisher=Verlag J.B. Metzler |isbn=978-3-476-01995-0 }}

* {{cite book |last=Telesco |first=Patricia |title=Which Witch Is Which? A Concise Guide to Wiccan and Neo-Pagan Paths and Traditions |year=2005 |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tully |first=Caroline Jane |year=2011 |title=Researching the Past is a Foreign Country: Cognitive Dissonance as a Response by Practitioner Pagans to Academic Research on the History of Pagan Religions |journal=The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies |volume=13 |issue=1 }}

* {{cite book |chapter=Neopagans |last1=Verkhovsky |first1=Alexander |last2=Pribylovsky |first2=Vladimir |author-link2=Vladimir Pribylovsky |last3=Mikhailovskaya |first3=Ye. |title=Nationalism and xenophobia in Russian society |language=ru |location=Moscow |publisher=Panorama |date=1998 |pages=39–41}}

* {{cite journal |last=Yashin |first=Vladimir |title=Russian neopaganism in the context of the problem of religious and political extremism |language=ru |url=http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=2127888 |journal=Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia |date=2014 |volume=1 |issue=52 |pages=37–40}}
* {{cite journal|last=York|first=Michael|author-link=Michael York (religious studies scholar)|date=1999|title=Invented Culture/Invented Religion: The Fictional Origins of Contemporary Paganism|journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions|volume=3|issue=1|pages=135–146|doi=10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135|jstor=10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135|access-date=|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220162435/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=York |first=Michael |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=2016 |title=Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion |location=Cham |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-18923-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-18923-9 }}

===Web sources===

* {{cite tech report |title=Results of the 2011 Census |work=PAGANdash.com |url=http://www.pagandash.org.au/content/ |access-date=13 March 2013 |publisher=Pagan Awareness Network Inc. Australia |year=2012 |location=Australia |ref={{SfnRef|PAN results|2012}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315001843/http://www.pagandash.org.au/content/ |archive-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite tech report |title=The U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation |work=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |publisher=Pew Forum Web Publishing and Communications; [[Pew Research Center]] |place=Washington D.C. |date=February 2008 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Religious Composition of the United States |url=http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf |ref={{SfnRef|Pew|2008}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125190643/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2015}}
* {{cite tech report |title=Religious affiliation |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/classification-counts-tables/about-people/~/media/Statistics/Census/2006-reports/Classification-Count-Tables/People/religious-affiliation.xls |access-date=13 March 2013 |work=Census of Population and Dwellings |institution=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |year=2006 |ref={{SfnRef|StatsNZ affiliation|2006}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115113848/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/classification-counts-tables/about-people/~/media/Statistics/Census/2006-reports/Classification-Count-Tables/People/religious-affiliation.xls |archive-date=15 November 2013}}
* {{cite web|title=QuickStats About New Zealand's Population and Dwellings|url=http://stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/nzs-population-and-dwellings/population-counts.aspx|access-date=13 March 2013|work=Census of Population and Dwellings|publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]|year=2006|ref={{SfnRef|StatsNZ population|2006}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101120914/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/nzs-population-and-dwellings/population-counts.aspx|archive-date=1 November 2009}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Blain |first1=Jenny |last2=Ezzy |first2=Douglas |last3=Harvey |first3=Graham |author3-link=Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar) |year=2004 |title=Researching Paganisms |publisher=AltaMira |location=Oxford and Lanham |isbn=978-0-7591-0522-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |title=What is Wrong with Pagan Studies? |last=Davidsen |first=Markus Altena |year=2012 |journal=Method and Theory in the Study of Religion |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=183–199 |doi=10.1163/157006812X634881 |url=http://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/what-is-wrong-with-pagan-studies(28b49e50-938f-4cb9-ad46-ce62f9e1f27d).html |hdl=1887/3160767 |s2cid=170576609 |hdl-access=free |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Doyle White |first=Ethan |year=2010 |title=The Meaning of 'Wicca': A Study in Etymology, History and Pagan Politics |journal=The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-19-514986-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=York |first=Michael |author-link=Michael York (religious studies scholar) |year=2010 |title= Idolatry, Ecology, and the Sacred as Tangible |journal= The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Neopaganism}}
* [http://www.paganfed.org The Pagan Federation] (paganfed.org)

{{Pagan studies}}
{{Neopaganism}}
{{Paganism}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{New religious movements}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Modern paganism| ]]

Anarchist communism

2024-07-20T17:13:51Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Motivation */Added quotation marks for clarification.

{{Short description|Political ideology and school of thought}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2023}}
{{anarchist communism sidebar|all}}
'''Anarchist communism'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Also known as '''anarcho-communism''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodges |first1=Donald C. |author1-link=Donald C. Hodges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu7zAgAAQBAJ |title=Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics for the Twenty-First Century |year=2014 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0292715646 |language=en |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu7zAgAAQBAJ&q=Anarcho-communism&pg=PA3 3] |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722044609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu7zAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kinna |first1=Ruth |author1-link=Ruth Kinna |title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Anarchism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1441142702 |language=en |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ&q=Anarcho-communism&pg=PA329 329] |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214158/https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wetherly |first1=Paul |title=Political Ideologies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ |date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0198727859 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&q=anarcho-communism 130], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&q=anarcho-communism 137], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&q=anarcho-communism 424] |language=en |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722044620/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> '''communist anarchism''',<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/wendy-mcelroy-the-schism-between-individualist-and-communist-anarchism |title=The Schism Between Individualist and Communist Anarchism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416071607/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/wendy-mcelroy-the-schism-between-individualist-and-communist-anarchism |archive-date=16 April 2021 |first=Wendy |last=McElroy |author-link=Wendy McElroy |journal=Journal of Libertarian Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=2000 |via=The Anarchist Library}}</ref> or '''libertarian communism'''.{{Sfn|Nettlau|1996|p=145}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolloten |first=Burnett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC&q=%22libertarian%20communism%22&pg=PA65 |title=The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0807819067 |page=65 |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211095511/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC&q=%22libertarian%20communism%22&pg=PA65 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>}} is a [[political ideology]] and [[Anarchist schools of thought|anarchist school of thought]] that advocates [[communism]]. It calls for the abolition of [[private property]] but retention of [[personal property]] and [[Collective ownership|collectively-owned]] items, goods, and services.<ref>{{harvnb|Berkman|1972}}: "The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people."</ref> It supports [[common ownership|social ownership]] of property<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steele |first=David Ramsay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1K6AAAAIAAJ |title=From Marx to Mises: Post-capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation |date=1992 |publisher=Open Court |isbn=978-0-87548-449-5 |page=43 |language=en |quote=One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption.}}</ref><ref name=Mayne>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&q=Communist+anarchism+belives+in+collective+ownership&pg=PA131 |title=From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms |first=Alan James |last=Mayne |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |access-date=20 September 2010 |isbn=978-0275961510 |year=1999 |archive-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327103934/https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&q=Communist+anarchism+belives+in+collective+ownership&pg=PA131 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the distribution of resources "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs]]".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fabbri |first=Luigi |title=Anarchism and Communism |magazine=Northeastern Anarchist |number=4 |orig-date=1922 |date=13 October 2002 |url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/fabbrianarandcom.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629024338/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/fabbrianarandcom.html |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref>

Anarchist communism was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the [[International Workingmen's Association]].{{Sfn|Pernicone|1993|pp=111–113}} The theoretical work of [[Peter Kropotkin]] took importance later as it expanded and developed pro-organizationalist and insurrectionary anti-organizationalist section.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=74–75}} Examples of anarchist communist societies are the anarchist territories of the [[Makhnovshchina]] during the [[Russian Revolution]],<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Alexandre Skirda |last=Skirda |first=Alexandre |title=Nestor Makhno: Anarchy's Cossack |page=394 |url=https://libcom.org/library/nestor-makhno-anarchys-cossack-alexandre-skirda |translator-first=Paul |translator-last=Sharkey |year=2004 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=AK Press |isbn=1-902593-68-5 |oclc=58872511 |orig-year=1982 |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228172658/http://libcom.org/library/nestor-makhno-anarchys-cossack-alexandre-skirda |url-status=live }}</ref> and those of the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|Spanish Revolution]], most notably [[revolutionary Catalonia]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=1045 |first=Murray |last=Bookchin |author-link=Murray Bookchin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194646/http://www.revoltlib.com/%3Fid%3D1045 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |title=To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936 |date=2 February 2017 |quote=In anarchist industrial areas like Catalonia, an estimated three-quarters of the economy was placed under workers’ control, as it was in anarchist rural areas like Aragon. [...] In the more thoroughly anarchist areas, particularly among the agrarian collectives, money was eliminated and the material means of life were allocated strictly according to need rather than work, following the traditional precepts of a libertarian communist society.}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Forerunners ===
The modern current of [[communism]] was founded by the [[Neo-Babouvism|Neo-Babouvists]] of the journal ''L'Humanitaire'', who drew from the "anti-political and anarchist ideas" of [[Sylvain Maréchal]]. The foundations of anarcho-communism were laid by [[Théodore Dézamy]] in his 1843 work ''Code de la Communauté'', which was formulated as a critique of [[Étienne Cabet]]'s [[utopian socialism]]. In his ''Code'', Dézamy advocated the abolition of [[money]], the [[division of labour]] and the [[State (polity)|state]], and the introduction of [[common ownership]] of property and the distribution of resources "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs]]". In anticipation of anarchist communism, Dézamy rejected the need for a transitional stage between capitalism and communism, instead calling for immediate [[communisation]] through the direct cessation of [[commerce]].{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=61–62}}

[[File:Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of the [[June Days uprising]], which [[Joseph Déjacque]] considered to be a [[social revolution]] by the [[proletariat]].]]
Following the [[French Revolution of 1848]], [[Joseph Déjacque]] formulated a radical form of communism that opposed both the [[revolutionary republic]]anism of [[Auguste Blanqui]] and the [[mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] of [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]. Déjacque opposed the authoritarian conception of a "[[dictatorship of the proletariat]]", which he considered to be inherently [[reactionary]] and [[counter-revolutionary]]. Instead, he upheld the [[autonomy]] and [[self-organisation]] of the workers, which he saw expressed during the [[June Days uprising]], against the [[representative democracy|representative politics]] of governmentalism. Opposed not just to government, but to all forms of [[oppression]], Déjacque advocated for a [[social revolution]] to abolish the state, as well as religion, the nuclear family and private property. In their place, Déjacque upheld a form of [[anarchy]] based on the free distribution of resources.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=62–64}}

Déjacque particularly focused his critique on private commerce, such as that espoused by Proudhon and the [[Ricardian socialism|Ricardian socialists]]. He considered a worker's right to be to the satisfaction of their needs, rather than to keep the product of their own labour, as he felt the latter would inevitably lead to [[capital accumulation]]. He thus advocated for all property to be held under common ownership and for "unlimited freedom of production and consumption", subordinated only to the authority of the "statistics book". In order to guarantee the universal satisfaction of needs, Déjacque saw the need for the abolition of [[forced labour]] through [[workers' self-management]], and the abolition of the division of labour through integrating the [[proletariat]] and the [[intelligentsia]] into a single class. In order to achieve this vision of a communist society, he proposed a transitionary period of in which [[direct democracy]] and [[barter|direct exchange]] would be upheld, positions of state would undergo [[democratization]], and the [[police]] and [[military]] would be abolished.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=64–66}}

Déjacque's communist platform outlined in his ''Humanisphere'' preceded the program of the [[Paris Commune]], and would anticipate the anarcho-communism later elaborated by [[Errico Malatesta]], [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[Luigi Galleani]].{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=66–67}}

=== Formulation in the International Workingmen's Association ===
{{main|International Workingmen's Association}}
[[File:Mikhail_Bakunin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mikhail Bakunin]], leader of the anti-authoritarian faction within the [[International Workingmen's Association]].]]
The [[International Workingmen's Association]] (IWA) was established in 1864,{{Sfnm|1a1=Chattopadhyay|1y=2018|1pp=178–179|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2p=326|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3p=67}} at a time when a formalised anarchist movement did not yet exist. Of the few individual anarchists that were influential at this time, it was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's conception of [[federalism]] and his advocacy of [[abstentionism]] that inspired many of the French delegates that founded the IWA and lay the groundwork for the growth of anarchism.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=326–327}} Among the French delegates were a more radical minority that opposed Proudhon's mutualism, which held the [[nuclear family]] as its base social unit. Led by the trade unionist [[Eugène Varlin]], the radicals advocated for a "non-authoritarian communism", which upheld the [[Municipality#Communes|commune]] as the base social unit and advocated for the [[universal access to education]].{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=327–328}} It was the entry of [[Mikhail Bakunin]] into the IWA that first infused the federalists with a programme of [[revolutionary socialism]] and [[anti-statism]], which agitated for [[workers' self-management]] and [[direct action]] against capitalism and the state.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=329–332}}

By this time, the [[Marxism|Marxists]] of the IWA had begun to denounce their [[anti-authoritarianism|anti-authoritarian]] opponents as "anarchists", a label previously adopted by Proudhon and Déjacque and later accepted by the anti-authoritarians themselves.{{Sfn|Wilbur|2019|pp=217-218}} Following the defeat of the [[Paris Commune]] in 1871, the IWA split over questions of [[socialist economics]] and the means of bringing about a [[classless society]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1pp=332–333|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=67}} [[Karl Marx]], who favoured the conquest of state power by political parties, banned the anarchists from the IWA.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|p=334}} The anarchist faction around the [[Jura Federation]] resolved to reconstitute as their own [[Anarchist St. Imier International|Anti-Authoritarian International]], which was constructed as a more decentralised and federal organisation.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=334–336}} Two of the IWA's largest branches, in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and [[First Spanish Republic|Spain]], repudiated Marxism and adopted the anti-authoritarian platform.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=23|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2pp=335–336}}

[[File:James_Guillaume.jpg|thumb|left|[[James Guillaume]], whose work set the foundation for the development of communism from collectivism.]]
As a [[collectivist anarchism|collectivist]], Bakunin had himself opposed communism, which he considered to be an inherently [[authoritarian socialism|authoritarian ideology]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Chattopadhyay|1y=2018|1p=169|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=67|3a1=Pernicone|3y=1993|3p=28|4a1=Turcato|4y=2019|4p=238}} But with Bakunin's death in 1876, the anarchists began to shift away from his theory of collectivism and towards an anarchist communism.{{Sfn|Wilbur|2019|p=214}} The term "anarchist communism" was first printed in [[François Dumartheray]]'s February 1876 pamphlet, ''To manual workers, supporters of political action''.{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=107|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=437|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=68–69}} [[Élisée Reclus]] was quick to express his support for anarchist communism,{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=109|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2p=338|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=68–69}} at a meeting of the Anti-Authoritarian International in [[Lausanne]] the following month.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=68–69}} [[James Guillaume]]'s August 1876 pamphlet, ''Ideas on Social Organisation'', outlined a proposal by which the [[collective ownership]] of the [[means of production]] could be used in order to transition towards a [[communist society]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=108|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=437|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=67–68|4a1=Pernicone|4y=1993|4pp=111–112}} Guillaume considered a necessary prerequisite for communism would be a general condition of [[Post-scarcity economy|abundance]], which could set the foundation for the abandonment of [[exchange value]] and the free distribution of resources.{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=108|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2p=338|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3p=68|4a1=Pernicone|4y=1993|4pp=111–112}} This program for anarcho-communism was adopted by the [[Anarchism in Italy|Italian anarchists]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1p=338|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=437|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=68–69|4a1=Pernicone|4y=1993|4pp=110–111|5a1=Turcato|5y=2019|5p=238}} who had already begun to question collectivism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1pp=107–108|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2pp=68–69|3a1=Pernicone|3y=1993|3pp=110–111|4a1=Turcato|4y=2019|4p=238}}

[[File:Carlo Cafiero.jpg|thumb|right|[[Carlo Cafiero]], who led the break from [[collectivist anarchism]] with the first programme for anarchist communism.]]
Although Guillaume had himself [[Anarchism without adjectives|remained neutral]] throughout the debate, in September 1877, the Italian anarcho-communists clashed with the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish collectivists]] at what would be the Anti-Authoritarian International's final congress in [[Verviers]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1p=339|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=69}} Alongside the economic question, the two factions were also divided by the question of organisation. While the collectivists upheld [[trade union]]s as a means for achieving anarchy, the communists considered them to be inherently [[reformism|reformist]] and [[counter-revolutionary]] organisations that were prone to [[bureaucracy]] and [[corruption]]. Instead, the communists preferred small, loosely-organised [[affinity group]]s, which they believed closer conformed to anti-authoritarian principles.{{Sfn|Esenwein|1989|pp=108–109}}

In October 1880, a Congress of the defunct International's [[Jura Federation]] adopted [[Carlo Cafiero]]'s programme of ''Anarchy and Communism'', which outlined a clear break with Guillaume's collectivist programme.{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1p=340|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=69}} Cafiero rejected the use of an exchange value and the collective ownership of industry, which he believed would lead to [[capital accumulation]] and consequently [[social stratification]]. Instead Cafiero called for the abolition of all [[wage labour]], which he saw as a relic of [[capitalism]], and for the distribution of resources "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs]]".{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1pp=107–108|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=69}}

=== Organizationalism vs. insurrectionarism and expansion ===
{{main|Insurrectionary anarchism}}
As anarcho-communism emerged in the mid-19th century, it had an intense debate with [[Bakuninist]] [[Collectivist anarchism|collectivism]] and, within the anarchist movement, over participation in the workers' movement, as well as on other issues. So in "the theory of the revolution" of anarcho-communism as elaborated by [[Peter Kropotkin]] and others, "it is the risen people who are the real agent and not the working class organised in the enterprise (the cells of the [[capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]]) and seeking to assert itself as labour power, as a more 'rational' industrial body or social brain (manager) than the employers".{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=74–75}}

[[File:Luigi Gallean2.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Luigi Galleani]] was an influential anarchist advocate of [[insurrectionary anarchism]]]]
Between 1880 and 1890, with the "perspective of an [[immanent]] revolution", who was "opposed to the official workers' movement, which was then in the process of formation (general [[Social democracy|Social Democratisation]]). They were opposed not only to political (statist) struggles but also to strikes which put forward wage or other claims, or which were organised by trade unions." However, "[w]hile they were not opposed to strikes as such, they were opposed to trade unions and the struggle for the [[eight-hour day]]. This anti-reformist tendency was accompanied by an anti-organisational tendency, and its partisans declared themselves in favor of agitation amongst the unemployed for the expropriation of foodstuffs and other articles, for the expropriatory strike and, in some cases, for '[[individual recuperation]]' or acts of terrorism."{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=74–75}}

Even after [[Peter Kropotkin]] and others overcame their initial reservations and decided to enter [[labor union]]s, there remained "the anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists, who in France were grouped around [[Sébastien Faure]]'s ''Le Libertaire''. From 1905 onwards, the Russian counterparts of these anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists become partisans of economic terrorism and illegal '[[Confiscation|expropriation]]s'."{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|p=75}}

By the 1880s, anarcho-communism was already present in the United States, as seen in the journal ''Freedom: A Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly'' by [[Lucy Parsons]] and Lizzy Holmes.<ref name="lucyparsons.org">{{Cite web |url=http://lucyparsons.org/biography-iww.php |title=Lucy Parsons: Woman Of Will |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228235117/http://lucyparsons.org/biography-iww.php |archive-date=28 February 2020 |publisher=[[Lucy Parsons Center]]}}</ref> Another anarcho-communist journal later appeared in the United States called ''[[Free Society|The Firebrand]]''. Most anarchist publications in the United States were in Yiddish, German, or Russian, but ''Free Society'' was published in English, permitting the dissemination of anarchist communist thought to English-speaking populations in the United States.<ref name="Goldman-MSF-551">{{Cite book |quote=''Free Society'' was the principal English-language forum for anarchist ideas in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. |last=Goldman |first=Emma |editor-last=Falk |editor-first=Candace |date=2005 |title=Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, Vol. 2: Making Speech Free, 1902–1909 |page=551 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22569-5}}</ref> Around that time, these American anarcho-communist sectors debated with the [[individualist anarchist]] group around [[Benjamin Tucker]].<ref>{{Cite web |quote="Tucker and other individualist anarchists argued in the pages of ''Liberty'' that anarchist communism was a misnomer because communism implied state authority and true anarchists were against all forms of authority, even the authority of small groups. To individualist anarchists, communistic anarchism, with its ideals of "to each according to need, from each according to ability," necessarily implied authority over others, because it did not privilege individual liberty as the highest virtue. But for anarchist communist, who saw economic freedom as central, individual liberty without food and shelter seemed impossible. Unlike the individualist tradition, whose ideas had had years of exposure through the English language anarchist press in America with the publication of ''[[The Word (free love)|The Word]]'' from 1872 to 1893 and ''[[Liberty (1881–1908)|Liberty]]'' from 1881 to 1908, communistic anarchism had not been advocated in any detail." |url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/jessica-moran-the-firebrand-and-the-forging-of-a-new-anarchism-anarchist-communism-and-free-lov#toc2 |title=The Firebrand and the Forging of a New Anarchism: Anarchist Communism and Free Love |first=Jessica |last=Moran |date=2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416131634/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/jessica-moran-the-firebrand-and-the-forging-of-a-new-anarchism-anarchist-communism-and-free-lov#toc2 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |via=The Anarchist Library}}</ref>

According to the anarchist historian [[Max Nettlau]], the first use of the term "libertarian communism" was in November 1880, when a French anarchist congress employed it to identify its doctrines more clearly.{{Sfn|Nettlau|1996|p=145}} The French anarchist journalist [[Sébastien Faure]], later founder and editor of the four-volume ''[[Anarchist Encyclopedia]],'' started the weekly paper {{lang|fr|Le Libertaire}} (''The Libertarian'') in 1895.{{Sfn|Nettlau|1996|p=162}}

=== Methods of organizing: platformism vs. synthesism ===
{{main|Anarchism in Russia|Makhnovshchina|Platformism|Synthesis anarchism}}
[[File:1921. Нестор Махно в лагере для перемещенных лиц в Румынии.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Nestor Makhno]], 1921]]
In [[Ukraine]], the anarcho-communist guerrilla leader [[Nestor Makhno]] led an independent anarchist army during the [[Russian Civil War]]. A commander of the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]], Makhno led a [[guerrilla]] campaign opposing both the Bolshevik "Reds" and monarchist "Whites". The [[Makhnovshchina|Makhnovist movement]] made various tactical military pacts while fighting various reaction forces and organizing an [[list of anarchist communities|anarchist society]] committed to resisting state authority, whether [[Capitalist state|capitalist]] or [[Bolshevik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yekelchyk |first=Serhy |author-link=Serhy Yekelchyk |date=2007 |title=Ukraine : Birth of a Modern Nation |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-19-530546-3}}</ref><ref name="OIHMW163">{{cite book |editor-first=Charles |editor-last=Townshend |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0198204275 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_i3j8|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_i3j8/page/163/mode/1up 163]}}</ref>

The Platform attracted strong criticism from many sectors of the anarchist movement of the time, including some of the most influential anarchists such as [[Volin]], [[Errico Malatesta]], [[Luigi Fabbri]], [[Camillo Berneri]], [[Max Nettlau]], [[Alexander Berkman]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inspiracy.com/black/wooden.html |title=Wooden shoes or platform shoes? on the organizational platform of the libertarian communists |website=inspiracy.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127030351/http://www.inspiracy.com/black/wooden.html |archive-date=27 January 2013 |first=Bob |last=Black |date=2002}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is a self-published blog post (see WP:BLOGS)|date=July 2023}} [[Emma Goldman]], and [[Grigorii Maksimov]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionJ3%20 |title=J.3.4 Why do many anarchists oppose the "Platform"? |work=An Anarchist FAQ |publisher=Infoshop.org |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007160139/http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionJ3 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is a self-published blog post (see WP:BLOGS)|date=July 2023}} Malatesta, after initially opposing the Platform, later agreed with the Platform, confirming that the original difference of opinion was due to linguistic confusion: "I find myself more or less in agreement with their way of conceiving the anarchist organisation (being very far from the authoritarian spirit which the "Platform" seemed to reveal) and I confirm my belief that behind the linguistic differences really lie identical positions."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Errico |last=Malatesta |author-link=Errico Malatesta |url=http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/mal_rep3.htm |title=On Collective Responsibility |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224210936/http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/mal_rep3.htm |archive-date=24 December 2020 |via=The Nestor Makhno Archive}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|reason=Secondary source needed to establish notability of this quote to the subject.|date=July 2023}}

[[File:Fauresebastien police.jpg|thumb|[[Sébastien Faure]], French anarcho-communist proponent of [[synthesis anarchism]]]]
Two texts made by the anarchist communists [[Sébastien Faure]] and [[Volin]] as responses to the Platform, each proposing different models, are the basis for what became known as the organization of synthesis, or simply [[Synthesis anarchism|synthesism]].<ref name="anarkismo.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.anarkismo.net/article/15329 |title=Especifismo and Synthesis/Synthesism |first=Felipe |last=Corrêa |publisher=Anarkismo.net |date=22 December 2009 |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229142554/http://www.anarkismo.net/article/15329 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is to a website built on user-generated content (See WP:UGC)|date=July 2023}} [[Volin]] published in 1924 a paper calling for "the anarchist synthesis" and was also the author of the article in [[Sébastien Faure]]'s {{lang|fr|Encyclopedie Anarchiste}} on the same topic.<ref name="infoshop.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionJ3 |title="J.3.2 What are "synthesis" federations?" |work=An Anarchist FAQ |publisher=Infoshop.org |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007160139/http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionJ3 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is a self-published blog post (see WP:BLOGS)|date=July 2023}} The primary purpose behind the synthesis was that the anarchist movement in most countries was divided into three main tendencies: [[communist anarchism]], [[anarcho-syndicalism]], and [[individualist anarchism]],<ref name="infoshop.org"/>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is a self-published blog post (see WP:BLOGS)|date=July 2023}} and so such an organization could contain anarchists of these three tendencies very well. Faure, in his text "Anarchist synthesis", has the view that "these currents were not contradictory but complementary, each having a role within anarchism: [[anarcho-syndicalism]] as the strength of the mass organizations and the best way for the practice of anarchism; libertarian communism as a proposed future society based on the distribution of the fruits of labor according to the needs of each one; [[anarcho-individualism]] as a negation of oppression and affirming the individual right to development of the individual, seeking to please them in every way.<ref name="anarkismo.net"/>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is to a website built on user-generated content (See WP:UGC)|date=July 2023}} The Dielo Truda platform in Spain also met with strong criticism. Miguel Jimenez, a founding member of the [[Iberian Anarchist Federation]] (FAI), summarized this as follows: too much influence in it of [[Marxism]], it erroneously divided and reduced anarchists between individualist anarchists and anarcho-communist sections, and it wanted to unify the anarchist movement along the lines of the anarcho-communists. He saw anarchism as more complex than that, that anarchist tendencies are not mutually exclusive as the platformists saw it and that both individualist and communist views could accommodate anarchosyndicalism.<ref>{{Harvnb|Garner|2008}}: "Jiménez evitó ahondar demasiado en sus críticas hacia la naturaleza abiertamente marxista de algunas partes de la Plataforma, limitándose a aludir a la crítica de Santillán en La Protesta, que afirmaba que los rusos no habían sido el único grupo responsable de permitir la infiltración de las ideas marxistas, lo que iba claramente dirigido a los sindicalistas de España17. Jiménez aceptó que la Plataforma había sido un intento encomiable de resolver el eterno problema de la desunión dentro de las filas anarquistas, pero consideraba que el programa ruso tenía sus defectos. La Plataforma se basaba en una premisa errónea sobre la naturaleza de las tendencias dentro del movimiento anarquista: dividía a los anarquistas en dos grupos diferentes, individualistas y comunistas, y con ello rechazaba la influencia de los primeros y proponía la unificación del movimiento anarquista en torno a la ideas de los segundos. Jiménez afirmaba que la realidad era mucho más compleja: esas diferentes tendencias dentro del movimiento anarquista no eran contradictorias ni excluyentes. Por ejemplo, era posible encontrar elementos en ambos grupos que apoyaran las tácticas del anarcosindicalismo. Por tanto, rechazaba el principal argumento de los plataformistas según el cual las diferentes tendencias se excluían entre sí."</ref> Sébastian Faure had strong contacts in Spain, so his proposal had more impact on Spanish anarchists than the Dielo Truda platform, even though individualist anarchist influence in Spain was less intense than it was in France. The main goal there was reconciling anarcho-communism with anarcho-syndicalism.<ref>{{Harvnb|Garner|2008}}: "Debido a sus contactos e influencia con el movimiento del exilio español, la propuesta de Faure arraigó más en los círculos españoles que la Plataforma, y fue publicada en las prensas libertarias tanto en España como en Bélgica25. En esencia, Faure intentaba reunir a la familia anarquista sin imponer la rígida estructura que proponía la Plataforma, y en España se aceptó así. Opuesta a la situación de Francia, en España la influencia del anarquismo individualista no fue un motivo serio de ruptura. Aunque las ideas de ciertos individualistas como Han Ryner y Émile Armand tuvieron cierto impacto sobre el anarquismo español, afectaron sólo a aspectos como el sexo y el amor libre."</ref>

=== Spanish Revolution of 1936 ===
{{main|Spanish Revolution of 1936}}
[[File:CNT-AIT-FAI.jpg|thumb|left|CNT-FAI Anarchists during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]]]]
The most extensive application of anarcho-communist ideas happened in the anarchist territories during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|Spanish Revolution]].<ref name="Spain 1936">{{cite book |url=http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=1045 |first=Murray |last=Bookchin |author-link=Murray Bookchin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194646/http://www.revoltlib.com/%3Fid%3D1045 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |title=To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936|date=2 February 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Bandera CNT-FAI.svg|thumb|The flag initially designed and used by the [[Anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist]] [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT–FAI]] confederation of [[labour unions|labor unions]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]] representing the anarchist faction of the conflict. Today, the flag is commonly used by anarcho-communists, anarcho-syndicalists, [[Libertarian socialism|libertarian socialists]], and, more generally, [[social anarchists]] alike.]]
In Spain, the national anarcho-syndicalist trade union [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance, and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right-wing election victory. In 1936, the CNT changed its policy, and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later, the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939).<ref>{{cite book |last=Beevor |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Beevor |year=2006 |page=46 |title=The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |location=London |isbn=978-0297848325}}</ref> In response to the army rebellion, an [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchist-inspired]] movement of peasants and industrial workers, supported by armed militias, took control of [[Barcelona]] and large areas of rural Spain, where they [[Collective farming|collectivized]] the land.<ref name='Bolloten 1984, p.54'>{{cite book |last= Bolloten |first=Burnett |author-link=Burnett Bolloten |title=The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=1984 |page=1107 |isbn=978-0-8078-6043-4}}</ref> However, even before the fascist victory in 1939, the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the [[Stalinism|Stalinists]], who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republican cause from the [[Soviet Union]]. The events known as the Spanish Revolution was a workers' [[social revolution]] that began during the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchist]] and, more broadly, [[libertarian socialist]] organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily [[Catalonia]], [[Anarchist Aragon|Aragon]], [[Andalusia]], and parts of [[Levante, Spain|the Levante]]. Much of [[Spain's economy]] was put under worker control; in [[anarchist]] strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%, but lower in areas with heavy [[Communist Party of Spain (main)|Communist Party of Spain]] influence, as the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-allied party actively resisted attempts at [[collectivization]] enactment. Factories were run through worker committees, and [[Agriculture|agrarian]] areas became collectivized and ran as libertarian [[Commune (intentional community)|communes]].

Anarchist [[Gaston Leval]] estimated that about eight million people participated directly or at least indirectly in the Spanish Revolution,{{Sfn|Dolgoff|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/anarchistcollect0000dolg/page/6/mode/1up 6]}} which historian [[Sam Dolgoff]] claimed "came closer to realizing the ideal of the free stateless society on a vast scale than any other revolution in history".{{Sfn|Dolgoff|1974|p=5}} Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both [[Workers' Party of Marxist Unification|dissident Marxists]] and anarchists.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-1571815422 |page=29 |title=Sartre Against Stalinism |first=Ian |last=Birchall |year=2004 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]}}</ref>

[[File:Museo Reina Sofía cartel 1.jpg|thumb|An [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] poster from the libertarian socialist factions of [[Madrid]], Spain, reading "The surveillance of the city must be ensured by the Antifascist Popular Guard" as a warning of [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] terrorism]]
Although every sector of the stateless parts of Spain had undergone [[workers' self-management]], [[Collectivisation|collectivization of agricultural and industrial production]], and in parts using money or some degree of private property, heavy regulation of markets by democratic communities, other areas throughout Spain used no money at all, and followed principles in accordance with "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs]]". One such example was the libertarian communist village of [[L'Alcora|Alcora]] in the [[Valencian Community]], where money was absent, and the distribution of properties and services was done based upon needs, not who could afford them.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://libcom.org/files/anarchy-005.pdf |magazine=Anarchy |number=5 |date=July 1961 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308190855/https://libcom.org/files/anarchy-005.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2021 |title=A Peasant Experiment |first=Hanns-Erich |last=Kaminski |pages=156–158}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is an anarchist magazine (See WP:QUESTIONABLE).|date=July 2023}}

=== Post-war years ===
Anarcho-communism entered into internal debates over the organization issue in the post-World War II era. Founded in October 1935, the Anarcho-Communist Federation of Argentina (FACA, Federación Anarco-Comunista Argentina) in 1955 renamed itself the [[Argentine Libertarian Federation]]. The [[Fédération Anarchiste]] (FA) was founded in Paris on 2 December 1945 and elected the platformist anarcho-communist George Fontenis as its first secretary the following year. It was composed of a majority of activists from the former FA (which supported [[Volin]]'s [[Synthesis anarchism|Synthesis]]) and some members of the former Union Anarchiste, which supported the CNT-FAI support to the Republican government during the Spanish Civil War, as well as some young Resistants. In 1950 a clandestine group formed within the FA called Organisation Pensée Bataille (OPB), led by George Fontenis.{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}} The ''Manifesto of Libertarian Communism'' was written in 1953 by Georges Fontenis for the ''Federation Communiste Libertaire'' of France. It is one of the key texts of the anarchist-communist current known as [[platformism]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://libcom.org/library/manifesto-of-libertarian-communism-georges-fontenis |title=Manifesto of Libertarian Communism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023030214/http://libcom.org/library/manifesto-of-libertarian-communism-georges-fontenis |archive-date=23 October 2019 |first=Georges |last=Fontenis |website=[[Libcom.org]]}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|reason=Citation is the Manifesto itself. A secondary source is needed to establish notability to the subject.|date=July 2023}}

The new decision-making process was founded on [[unanimity]]: each person has a right of veto on the orientations of the federation. The FCL published the same year {{lang|fr|Manifeste du communisme libertaire}}. Several groups quit the FCL in December 1955, disagreeing with the decision to present "revolutionary candidates" to the legislative elections. On 15–20 August 1954, the Ve intercontinental plenum of the CNT took place. A group called {{lang|fr|Entente anarchiste}} appeared, which was formed of militants who did not like the new ideological orientation that the OPB was giving the FCL seeing it was authoritarian and almost Marxist.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guérin|2000}}: "Si la critique de la déviation autoritaire de la FA est le principal fait de ralliement, on peut ressentir dès le premier numéro un état d'esprit qui va longtemps coller à la peau des anarchistes français. Cet état d'esprit se caractérise ainsi sous une double forme : d'une part un rejet inconditionnel de l'ennemi marxiste, d'autre part des questions sur le rôle des anciens et de l'évolution idéologique de l'anarchisme. C'est Fernand Robert qui attaque le premier : "Le LIB est devenu un journal marxiste. En continuant à le soutenir, tout en reconnaissant qu'il ne nous plaît pas, vous faîtes une mauvaise action contre votre idéal anarchiste. Vous donnez la main à vos ennemis dans la pensée. Même si la FA disparaît, même si le LIB disparaît, l'anarchie y gagnera. Le marxisme ne représente plus rien. Il faut le mettre bas; je pense la même chose des dirigeants actuels de la FA. L'ennemi se glisse partout."</ref> The FCL lasted until 1956, just after participating in state legislative elections with ten candidates. This move alienated some members of the FCL and thus produced the end of the organization.{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}} A group of militants who disagreed with the FA turning into FCL reorganized a new Federation Anarchiste established in December 1953.{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}} This included those who formed ''L'Entente anarchiste,'' who joined the new FA and then dissolved L'Entente. The new base principles of the FA were written by the individualist anarchist [[Charles-Auguste Bontemps]] and the non-platformist anarcho-communist [[Maurice Joyeux]] which established an organization with a plurality of tendencies and autonomy of groups organized around [[Synthesist anarchism|synthesist principles]].{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}} According to historian Cédric Guérin, "the unconditional rejection of [[Marxism]] became from that moment onwards an identity element of the new Federation Anarchiste". This was motivated in a significant part by the previous conflict with George Fontenis and his OPB.{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}}

In Italy, the [[Italian Anarchist Federation]] was founded in 1945 in [[Carrara]]. It adopted an "Associative Pact" and the "Anarchist Program" of Errico Malatesta. It decided to publish the weekly ''[[Umanità Nova]],'' retaking the name of the journal published by [[Errico Malatesta]]. Inside the FAI, the Anarchist Groups of Proletarian Action (GAAP) was founded, led by Pier Carlo Masini, which "proposed a Libertarian Party with an anarchist theory and practice adapted to the new economic, political and social reality of post-war Italy, with an internationalist outlook and effective presence in the workplaces [...] The GAAP allied themselves with the similar development within the [[Anarchism in France|French Anarchist movement]]", as led by George Fontenis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://libcom.org/history/articles/1923-1998-pier-carlo-masini |last=Heath |first=Nick |date=2004 |publisher=libcom.org |title=Masini, Pier Carlo, 1923–1998 |access-date=13 November 2012 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307201532/http://libcom.org/history/articles/1923-1998-pier-carlo-masini |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is a self-published blog post on a website consisting largely of user-generated content. (See WP:BLOGS and WP:UGC)|date=July 2023}} In the early seventies, a [[platformist]] tendency emerged within the Italian Anarchist Federation, which argued for more strategic coherence and social insertion in the workers' movement while rejecting the synthesist "Associative Pact" of [[Errico Malatesta|Malatesta]], which the FAI adhered to. These groups started organizing themselves outside the FAI in organizations such as O.R.A. from [[Liguria]], which organized a Congress attended by 250 delegates of groups from 60 locations. This movement was influential in the {{lang|it|[[Autonomism#Italian autonomism|autonomia]]}} movements of the seventies. They published {{lang|it|Fronte Libertario: della lotta di classe}} in [[Bologna]] and {{lang|it|Comunismo libertario}} from [[Modena]].<ref name="almeralia.com">{{cite journal |url=http://eljorobado.enlucha.info/bicicleta/bicicleta/ciclo/01/17.htm |title=El movimiento libertario en Italia : Autonomía de las luchas y movimiento anárquico. La crisis de una democracia parlamentarista |trans-title=The libertarian movement in Italy : Autonomy of the struggles and anarchic movement. The crisis of a parliamentary democracy |journal=Bicicleta |volume=1 |number=1 |date=November 1977 |access-date=31 August 2013 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054206/http://eljorobado.enlucha.info/bicicleta/bicicleta/ciclo/01/17.htm |archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is an anarchist magazine (See WP:QUESTIONABLE)|date=July 2023}}

The [[International of Anarchist Federations]] (IAF/IFA) was founded during an international anarchist conference in [[Carrara]] in 1968 by the three existing European anarchist federations of France ({{lang|fr|[[Fédération Anarchiste]]}}), Italy ({{lang|it|[[Federazione Anarchica Italiana]]}}), and Spain ({{lang|es|[[Federación Anarquista Ibérica]]}}) as well as the [[Bulgaria]]n federation in French exile. These organizations were also inspired by synthesist principles.<ref name="infoshop.org"/>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is a self-published blog post (see WP:BLOGS)|date=July 2023}} In the 1970s, the French [[Fédération Anarchiste]] evolved into a joining of the principles of [[synthesis anarchism]] and [[platformism]].{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}}

== Economic theory ==
{{Communism sidebar |expanded=variants}}
The abolition of money, prices, and [[wage labor]] are central to anarchist communism. With the distribution of wealth being based on self-determined needs, people would be free to engage in whatever activities they found most fulfilling and would no longer have to engage in work for which they have neither the temperament nor the aptitude.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Does Work Really Work? |url=http://www.spunk.org/texts/writers/brown/sp001735.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.spunk.org |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165817/http://www.spunk.org/texts/writers/brown/sp001735.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=The Conquest of Bread |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kropotkin-peter/1892/bread.htm |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.marxists.org |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228231519/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kropotkin-peter/1892/bread.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anarcho-communists argue that there is no good way of measuring the value of any person's economic contributions because all wealth is a common product of current and preceding generations.{{Sfn|Berkman|1972}} For instance, one could not measure the value of a factory worker's daily production without considering how transportation, food, water, shelter, relaxation, machine efficiency, emotional mood, etc., contributed to their production. To honestly give numerical [[economic value]] to anything, an overwhelming amount of externalities and contributing factors would need to be considered—especially current or past labor contributing to the ability to utilize future labor. As Kropotkin put it: "No distinction can be drawn between the work of each man. Measuring the work by its results leads us to absurdity; dividing and measuring them by hours spent on the work also leads us to absurdity. One thing remains: put the needs above the works, and first of all recognize the right to live, and later on, to the comforts of life, for all those who take their share in production.."<ref>{{cite wikisource |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |title=Chapter 13: The Collectivist Wages System |wslink=The Conquest of Bread/Chapter 13 |work=[[The Conquest of Bread]] |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York and London |date=1906}}</ref>

[[File:La conquête du pain.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'' by [[Peter Kropotkin]], an influential work that presents the economic vision of anarcho-communism]]
Communist anarchism shares many traits with [[collectivist anarchism]], but the two are distinct. Collectivist anarchism believes in collective ownership, while communist anarchism negates the entire concept of ownership in favor of the concept of usage.{{Sfn|Berkman|1972|p=217}}

=== Gift economies and commons-based organizing ===
{{see also|Gift economy|Digital commons (economics)}}
[[File:Klallam people at Port Townsend.jpg|thumb|left|Watercolor by [[James G. Swan]] depicting the [[Klallam]] people of chief [[Chetzemoka]] at [[Port Townsend]], with one of Chetzemoka's wives distributing [[potlatch]]]]
Traditional societies dominated by [[gift exchange]] were small in scale and geographically remote from each other. Market exchange dominated as states formed to regulate trade and commerce within their boundaries. Nonetheless, gift exchange continues to play an essential role in modern society.<ref name="Lewis Hyde">{{cite book |last=Hyde |first=Lewis |date=1983 |title=The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-394-52301-6}}</ref> Contrary to popular conception, there is no evidence that societies relied only on [[barter]] before using money for trade.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mauss |first=Marcel |title=The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies |translator-first=W. D. |translator-last=Halls |pages=36–37 |author-link=Marcel Mauss |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=0-415-26749-8}}</ref> Instead, non-monetary societies operated primarily along the principles of gift economics, and in more complex economies, on [[debt]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Yves |date=26 August 2011 |title=What is Debt? – An Interview with Economic Anthropologist David Graeber |url=http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2011/08/what-is-debt-%E2%80%93-an-interview-with-economic-anthropologist-david-graeber.html |website=[[Naked Capitalism]] |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411202136/https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2011/08/what-is-debt-%E2%80%93-an-interview-with-economic-anthropologist-david-graeber.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=David |last=Graeber |title=Debt: The First 5000 Years |publisher=Melville |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-933633-86-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gharavi |first=Maryam Monalisa |date=2011-10-31 |work=Social Text |title=A History of Debt |url=http://www.socialtextjournal.org/reviews/2011/10/review-of-david-graebers-debt.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210152420/http://www.socialtextjournal.org/reviews/2011/10/review-of-david-graebers-debt.php |archive-date=10 December 2011 |access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> When barter occurred, it was usually between strangers or would-be enemies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Graeber |first=David |date=2001 |title=Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value |pages=153–154 |author-link=David Graeber |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=978-0-312-24044-8}}</ref>

The expansion of the Internet has witnessed a resurgence of the gift economy, especially in the technology sector. Engineers, scientists, and software developers create [[open-source software]] projects. The [[Linux kernel]] and the [[GNU]] operating system are prototypical examples of the gift economy's prominence in the technology sector and its active role in using [[Permissive free software licence|permissive free software]] and [[copyleft]] licenses, which allow free reuse of software and knowledge. Other examples include [[file-sharing]], [[the commons]], and [[open access]]. Anarchist scholar [[Uri Gordon (anarchist)|Uri Gordon]] has argued:

{{blockquote|The collaborative development of [[free software]] like the [[Linux]] operating system and applications such as [[OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] clearly approximate an informational anarchist communism. Moreover, for anarchists it is precisely the logic of [[expropriation]] and [[Copyright infringement|electronic piracy]] that enables a radical political extension of the cultural ideals of the free manipulation, circulation and use of information associated with the "[[Hacker (computer security)|hacker]] ethic" (Himanen 2001). The space of illegality created by [[Peer-to-peer file sharing|P2P (peer-to-peer) file-sharing]] opens up the possibility, not only of the open circulation of freely-given information and software as it is on the Internet today, but also of conscious copyright violation. The Internet, then, enables not only communist relations around information, but also the militant contamination and erosion of non-communist regimes of knowledge—a technological "weapon" to equalise access to information, eating away at intellectual property rights by rendering them unenforceable.<ref>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |institution=University of Oxford |date=2007 |url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/uri-gordon-anarchism-and-political-theory-contemporary-problems |first=Uri |last=Gordon |title=Anarchism and Political Theory: Contemporary Problems |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105231510/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/uri-gordon-anarchism-and-political-theory-contemporary-problems |url-status=live |via=The Anarchist Library}}</ref>}}

The interest in such economic forms goes back to [[Peter Kropotkin]], who saw in the hunter-gatherer tribes he had visited the paradigm of "[[mutual aid (organization)|mutual aid]]".<ref name="Mutual Aid">{{Cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]] |date=1902 |publisher=McClure Philips & Co. |location=New York}}</ref>

== Philosophical debates ==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{Primary sources section|date=January 2023}}
{{Over-quotation|section=ydate=January 2023|date=January 2023}}
}}
=== Motivation ===
Anarchist communists reject the belief that "wage labor is necessary because people are selfish by human nature." Most would point to examples of humans being willing to sacrifice time or resources for others and believe that systems of wage labor and state taxation serve more to restrict that instinct to help others rather than ensuring a society continues to function. Anarcho-communists generally do not agree with the belief in a pre-set "human nature", arguing that human culture and behavior are primarily determined by [[socialization]] and the [[mode of production]]. Many anarchist communists, like [[Peter Kropotkin]], also believe that the [[evolutionary anthropology|human evolutionary tendency]] is for [[evolution of morality|humans to cooperate for mutual benefit and survival]] instead of existing as lone competitors, a position that Kropotkin argued for at length.<ref name="Mutual Aid"/>

While anarchist communists such as [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[Murray Bookchin]] believed that the members of such a society would voluntarily perform all necessary labor because they would recognize the benefits of communal enterprise and mutual aid,<ref name="Mutual Aid"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=[[Conquest of Bread]] |date=1892 |publisher=Tresse et Stock |location= Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=[[Fields, Factories and Workshops]] |date=1902 |publisher= G.P. Putnam's sons |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bookchin |first=Murray |title=Post Scarcity Anarchism |date=2004 |publisher= AK Press |isbn=1-904859-06-2}}</ref> other anarchist communists such as Nestor Makhno and Ricardo Flores Magón argue that all those able to work in an anarchist communist society should be obligated to do so, excepting groups like children, the elderly, the sick, or the infirm.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Dielo Trouda Editorial Group |title=Supplement to the Organizational Platform (Questions and Answers) |date=2 November 1926 |url=http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/supporg.htm |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210225043010/http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/supporg.htm |archive-date=25 February 2021 |via= The Nestor Makhno Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Puente |first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Puente |year=1982 |orig-year=originally published 1932 |title=Libertarian Communism |url=https://libcom.org/article/libertarian-communism-isaac-puente |magazine=Anarchist Review |issue=6 |location=[[Orkney]] |publisher=[[Cienfuegos Press]] |via=libcom.org |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120182615/https://libcom.org/article/libertarian-communism-isaac-puente |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= Berneri |first=Camilo |chapter=The Problem of Work |page=74 |title=Why Work? : Arguments for the Leisure Society |editor-first= Vernon |editor-last= Richards |date=1983 |publisher= Freedom Press |isbn=0-900384-25-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|via=The Internet Archive |last= Flores Magón |first= Ricardo|chapter=Manifesto |orig-year=23 September 1911 |title=Dreams of Freedom: A Ricardo Flores Magón Reader |editor1-first= Charles|editor1-last=Bufe |editor2-first=Mitchell Cowen |editor2-last=Verter |pages=139, 141, 144 |date= 2005 |url= https://archive.org/details/dreamsoffreedomr0000flor/ |publisher=AK Press |isbn= 978-1-904859-24-6 }}</ref> Kropotkin did not think [[laziness]] or [[sabotage]] would be a significant problem in an authentically anarchist-communist society. However, he did agree that a freely associated anarchist commune could, and probably should, deliberately disassociate from those not fulfilling their communal agreement to do their share of work.<ref>{{cite wikisource |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |title= Chapter 12: Objections |wslink=The Conquest of Bread/Chapter 12 |work=[[The Conquest of Bread]] |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |location= New York and London |date=1906}}</ref> [[Peter Gelderloos]], based on the [[Kibbutz]], argues that motivation in a moneyless society would be found in the satisfaction of work, concern for the community, competition for prestige, and praise from other community members.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Anarchy Works |last=Gelderloos |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Gelderloos |year=2010 |publisher=Ardent Press |isbn=978-1-62049-020-4}}</ref>

=== Freedom, work, and leisure ===
Anarchist communists support communism as a means for ensuring the greatest freedom and well-being for everyone, rather than only the wealthy and powerful. In this sense, anarchist communism is a profoundly [[egalitarian]] philosophy.

Kropotkin said that the main authoritarian mistakes in communist experiments of the past were their being based on "religious enthusiasm"<ref>{{Harvnb|Kropotkin|1901}}: "nearly all communities were founded by an almost religious wave of enthusiasm. People were asked to become 'pioneers of humanity;' to submit to the dictates of a punctilious morality, to become quite regenerated by Communist life, to give all their time, hours of work and of leisure, to the community, to live entirely for the community. This meant acting simply like monks and to demand—without any necessity—men to be what they are not."</ref> and the desire to live "as a family"<ref>{{Harvnb|Kropotkin|1901}}: "The second mistake lay in the desire to manage the community after the model of a family, to make it 'the great family' They lived all in the same house and were thus forced to continuously meet the same 'brethren and sisters.' It is already difficult often for two real brothers to live together in the same house, and family life is not always harmonious; so it was a fundamental error to impose on all the 'great family' instead of trying, on the contrary, to guarantee as much freedom and home life to each individual."</ref> where the individual had to "submit to the dictates of a punctilious morality".{{Sfn|Kropotkin|1901}} For him, anarcho-communism should be based on the right of free association and disassociation for individuals and groups and on significantly lowering the number of hours each individual dedicates to necessary labor.{{Sfn|Kropotkin|1901}} He says that "to recognise a variety of occupations as the basis of all progress and to organise in such a way that man may be absolutely free during his leisure time, whilst he may also vary his work, a change for which his early education and instruction will have prepared him—this can easily be put in practice in a Communist society—this, again, means the emancipation of the individual, who will find doors open in every direction for his complete development".{{Sfn|Kropotkin|1901}}

=== Individualism and collectivism ===
Peter Kropotkin argued that individuals sacrificing themselves for the "greater", or being ruled by the "community" or "society", is not possible because society is composed of individuals rather than being a cohesive unit separate from the individual and argue that collective control over the individual is tyrannical and antithetical to anarchism.<ref>{{Cite wikisource |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |translator-first=Henry |translator-last=Glasse |date=1886 |title=The Place of Anarchism in Socialistic Evolution |pp=14–15}}</ref> Others such as [[Lucien van der Walt]] and Michael Schmidt argue that "[t]he anarchists did not [...] identify freedom with the right of everybody to do exactly what one pleased but with a social order in which collective effort and responsibilities—that is to say, obligations—would provide the material basis and social nexus in which individual freedom could exist." They argued that "genuine freedom and individuality could only exist in a free society" and that in contrast to "misanthropic bourgeois individualism" anarchism was based in "a deep love of freedom, understood as a social product, a deep respect for human rights, a profound celebration of humankind and its potential and a commitment to a form of society where a 'true individuality' was irrevocably linked to 'the highest communist socieability'".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Michael |last2=van der Walt |first2=Lucien |author2-link=Lucien van der Walt |title=[[Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Counter-Power vol 1)]] |publisher=[[AK Press]] |date=2009 |page=48 |isbn=978-1-904859-16-1}}</ref>

=== Property ===
[[File:Alexander Berkman 001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alexander Berkman]] advocated for profit to be replaced with communities of common property, where all group members shared possessions]]
Anarchist communists counter the capitalist conception that communal property can only be maintained by force and that such a position is neither fixed in nature<ref name="Mutual Aid"/> nor unchangeable in practice, citing numerous examples of communal behavior occurring naturally, even within capitalist systems.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Ward |date=1973 |title=Anarchism in Action |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |isbn=1-62963-318-6}}</ref> Anarchist communists call for the abolition of [[private property]] while maintaining respect for [[personal property]]. As such, the prominent anarcho-communist [[Alexander Berkman]] maintained that "The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people. Land, machinery, and all other public utilities will be collective property, neither to be bought nor sold. Actual use will be considered the only title-not to ownership but to possession. The organization of the coal miners, for example, will be in charge of the coal mines, not as owners but as the operating agency. Similarly will the railroad brotherhoods run the railroads, and so on. Collective possession, cooperatively managed in the interests of the community, will take the place of personal ownership privately conducted for profit."{{Sfn|Berkman|1972}}

=== Free association of communes as opposed to the nation-state ===
Anarcho-communism calls for a [[Libertarian socialist decentralization|decentralized]] [[Confederalism|confederal]] form in relationships of mutual aid and [[Free association (communism and anarchism)|free association]] between communes as an alternative to the [[centralism]] of the [[nation-state]]. Peter Kropotkin thus suggested:
{{blockquote|Representative government has accomplished its historical mission; it has given a mortal blow to court-rule; and by its debates it has awakened public interest in public questions. But to see in it the government of the future socialist society is to commit a gross error. Each economic phase of life implies its own political phase; and it is impossible to touch the very basis of the present economic life—private property—without a corresponding change in the very basis of the political organization. Life already shows in which direction the change will be made. Not in increasing the powers of the State, but in resorting to free organization and free federation in all those branches which are now considered as attributes of the State.|author=[[Peter Kropotkin]] |source=Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles<ref>{{Cite wikisource |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles |date=1920 |publisher=Freedom Press |location=London}}</ref>}}

=== Opposition to patriotism ===
Dr Rob Sparrow outlined four main reasons why anarcho-communists oppose patriotism:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Primoratz |first1=Igor |last2=Pavković |first2=Aleksandar |title=Patriotism : philosophical and political perspectives |date=2007 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-8978-2 |location=Aldershot, England |oclc=318534708}}</ref>

* The belief in equality for all people
* The use of patriotism to [[Bourgeois nationalism|subjugate the working class]]
* The association between patriotism and [[militarism]]
* The use of patriotism to encourage loyalty to the state

== See also ==

{{cols|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Accumulation by dispossession]]
* [[:Category:Anarcho-communists|Anarcho-communists]] (category)
* [[Communalism (Bookchin)|Communalism]]
* [[Communization]]
* [[Consensus democracy]]
* [[Council communism]]
* [[Democratic confederalism]]
* [[Gift economy]]
* ''[[Libertarian Communism (journal)|Libertarian Communism]]''
* [[Libertarian Marxism]]
* [[Neozapatismo]]
* [[Outline of libertarianism]]
* [[Political views and activism of Rage Against the Machine]]
* [[Refusal of work]]
* [[Social anarchism]]
* [[Workers' council]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|last=Avrich|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Avrich|title=The Russian Anarchists|title-link=The Russian Anarchists|year=1971|orig-year=1967|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=0-691-00766-7|oclc=1154930946}} 
* {{cite book |last=Berkman |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Berkman |year=1972 |orig-year=1929 |title-link=Now and After |title=What is Communist Anarchism? |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |isbn=0-486-22839-8 |lccn=79-188813 |oclc=573111}} 
* {{cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Paresh|year=2018|chapter=Anarchist Communism|title=Socialism and Commodity Production|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill (publisher)|Brill]]|isbn=978-9004377516|doi=10.1163/9789004377516_008|pages=169–185}} 
* {{cite book |last=Dolgoff |first=Sam |author-link=Sam Dolgoff |year=1974 |title=The Anarchist Collectives: Workers' Self-Management in the Spanish Revolution |title-link=The Anarchist Collectives |publisher=Free Life Editions |isbn=0-914156-03-9 |lccn=73-88239 }} 
*{{cite book|last=Esenwein|first=George Richard|year=1989|title=Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520063983}} 
* {{Cite magazine |last=Garner |first=Jason |date=2008 |url=http://www.acracia.org/Acracia/La_busqueda_de_la_unidad_anarquista.html |title=La búsqueda de la unidad anarquista: la Federación Anarquista Ibérica antes de la II República |lang=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031042738/http://www.acracia.org/Acracia/La_busqueda_de_la_unidad_anarquista.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 |magazine=Germinal. Revista de Estudios Libertarios |issue=6 }}
* {{cite book|last=Graham|first=Robert|date=2019 |chapter=Anarchism and the First International|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=325–342|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19|s2cid=158605651 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://public.federation-anarchiste.org/IMG/pdf/Cedric_Guerin_Histoire_du_mvt_libertaire_1950_1970.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014916/http://public.federation-anarchiste.org/IMG/pdf/Cedric_Guerin_Histoire_du_mvt_libertaire_1950_1970.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-30 |first=Cédric |last=Guérin |date=2000 |title=Pensée et action des anarchistes en France : 1950–1970 |publisher=University of Lille III |lang=fr }}
* {{Cite web |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |date=1901 |url=https://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-communism-and-anarchy |title=Communism and Anarchy |via=The Anarchist Library |access-date=2 July 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702232904/https://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-communism-and-anarchy |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|first=Peter H.|last = Marshall|author-link=Peter Marshall (author)|title=[[Demanding the Impossible|Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]|year=2008|orig-year=1992|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Harper Perennial]]|isbn=978-0-00-686245-1|oclc=218212571}} 
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Anarchism |last=Nettlau |first=Max |author-link=Max Nettlau |year=1996 |publisher=Freedom Press |isbn=978-0900384899}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pengam|first=Alain|chapter=Anarcho-Communism|editor-last1=Ribel|editor-first1=Maximilien|editor-last2=Crump|editor-first2=John|year=1987|title=Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqmvCwAAQBAJ&q=anarcho-communism+stateless+communism&pg=PA60|pages=60–82|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-18775-1_4|isbn=978-1-349-18775-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Pernicone|first=Nunzio|year=1993|title=Italian Anarchism, 1864–1892|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=0-691-05692-7|lccn=92-46661}}
* {{cite book|last=Turcato|first=Davide|date=2019 |chapter=Anarchist Communism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=237–248|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_13|s2cid=242094330 }}
* {{cite book|last=Wilbur|first=Shawn P.|date=2019 |chapter=Mutualism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=213–224|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_11|s2cid=242074567 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==

* {{Cite book |last1=Arshinov |first1=Peter |author1-link=Peter Arshinov |url=http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/newplatform/org_plat.htm |last2=Makhno |first2=Nestor |author2-link=Nestor Makhno |last3=Mett |first3=Ida |author3-link=Ida Mett |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |orig-year=1926 |title=The Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists |translator-last=McNab |translator-first=Nestor |publisher=[[Delo Truda]] |via=The Nestor Makhno Archive}} 
*{{cite book|title=The Spanish Anarchists|title-link=The Spanish Anarchists|first=Murray|last=Bookchin|author-link=Murray Bookchin|date=1978|publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Row]]|isbn=0-06-090607-3|location=[[New York City|New York]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Cafiero |first=Carlo |author-link=Carlo Cafiero |year=2005 |orig-year=1880 |chapter=Anarchy and Communism |chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/anarchism/cafiero/anarchy-communism.htm |title=Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas |title-link=Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas |location=[[Montreal]] |publisher=[[Black Rose Books]] |editor-first=Robert |editor-last=Graham |volume=1 |isbn=1-55164-250-6 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}} 
* {{cite work |last=Déjacque |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Déjacque |url=https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/working-translations/joseph-dejacque-the-revolutionary-question/ |year=2012 |orig-year=1854 |title=The Revolutionary Question |translator-first=Shawn P. |translator-last=Wilbur |via=The Libertarian Labyrinth}} 
* {{cite book |last=Déjacque |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Déjacque |url=https://drc.libraries.uc.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/d32e8d93-3951-4120-809e-852a7ae85c66/content |year=2012 |orig-year=1858 |title=In the Sphere of Humanity |editor1-first=Janine C. |editor1-last=Hartman |editor2-first=Mark A. |editor2-last=Lause |publisher=[[University of Cincinnati]]}} 
* {{cite book |last=Dézamy |first=Théodore |chapter=Théodore Dézamy: Philosophy of the Current Crisis |author-link=Théodore Dézamy |year=1983 |orig-year=1842 |editor-last=Corcoran |editor-first=Paul E. |title=Before Marx: Socialism and Communism in France, 1830–48 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-349-17146-0 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-17146-0_4 |pages=188–196}} 
* {{cite book |last=Flores Magón |first=Ricardo |author-link=Ricardo Flores Magón |year=1977 |editor-first=David |editor-last=Poole |title=Land and liberty: anarchist influences in the Mexican revolution |location=[[Montreal]] |publisher=[[Black Rose Books]] |isbn=0-919-61830-8 |oclc=4916961}} 
* {{cite book |last=Galleani |first=Luigi |author-link=Luigi Galleani |year=1982 |orig-year=1925 |title=The End of Anarchism?|translator1-first=Max |translator1-last=Sartin |translator2-first=Robert |translator2-last=D’Attilio |location=[[Orkney]] |publisher=[[Cienfuegos Press]] |oclc=10323698}}  
* {{cite book|last=Kinna|first=Ruth|chapter=Anarchism, Individualism and Communism: William Morris’s Critique of Anarcho-communism|editor-last1=Prichard|editor-first1=Alex|editor-last2=Kinna|editor-first2=Ruth|editor-last3=Pinta|editor-first3=Saku|editor-last4=Berry|editor-first4=Dave|date=December 2012|title=Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-28037-3|pages=35–56}}
* {{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |year=1974 |orig-year=1899 |editor-first=Colin |editor-last=Ward |editor-link=Colin Ward |title=Fields, Factories and Workshops |title-link=Fields, Factories and Workshops |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] |lccn=74-9072}}  
* {{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |year=2015 |orig-year=1892 |title=The Conquest of Bread |title-link=The Conquest of Bread |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Penguin Classics]] |isbn=978-0-141-39611-8 |oclc=913790063}} 
* {{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |chapter=Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles |chapter-url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/revpamphlets/anarchistcommunism.html |editor-first=Roger Nash |editor-last=Baldwin |editor-link=Roger Nash Baldwin |year=1970a |orig-year=1927 |title=Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets |url=https://archive.org/details/kropotkinsrevolu00krop |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |pages=44–78 |lccn=77-111606 |oclc=943046641}}  
* {{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |chapter=Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal |chapter-url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/philandideal.html |editor-first=Roger Nash |editor-last=Baldwin |editor-link=Roger Nash Baldwin |year=1970b |orig-year=1927 |title=Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets |url=https://archive.org/details/kropotkinsrevolu00krop |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |pages=114–144 |lccn=77-111606 |oclc=943046641}}  
* {{cite book | last = Mclaughlin | first = Paul | title = Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC | publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing]] | location = Aldershot | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7546-6196-2 |lccn=2007007973}} 
* {{cite book |last=Malatesta |first=Errico |author-link=Errico Malatesta |year=2014|editor-first=David |editor-last=Turcato |translator-first=Paul |translator-last=Sharkey |title=The Method of Freedom |location=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1849351447 |oclc=859185688}} 
* {{cite book |last=Malatesta |first=Errico |author-link=Errico Malatesta |year=2016 |editor-first=David |editor-last=Turcato |translator-first=Paul |translator-last=Sharkey |title=The Complete Works of Errico Malatesta |location=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1849352581 |oclc=974145362}} 
* {{cite book|last=Nappalos|first=Scott|year=2012|chapter=Ditching Class: The Praxis of Anarchist Communist Economics|title=The Accumulation of Freedom: Writings on Anarchist Economics|editor-first1=Deric|editor-last1=Shannon|editor-first2=Anthony J.|editor-last2=Nocella|editor-first3=John|editor-last3=Asimakopoulos|publisher=[[AK Press]]|lccn=2011936250|isbn=978-1-84935-094-5|pages=291–312}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Puente |first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Puente |year=1982 |orig-year=1932 |title=Libertarian Communism |url=https://libcom.org/article/libertarian-communism-isaac-puente |magazine=Anarchist Review |issue=6 |location=[[Orkney]] |publisher=[[Cienfuegos Press]]}} 
* {{cite book|last=Ramnath|first=Maia|date=2019 |chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=677–695|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38|s2cid=150357033 }}
* {{cite book|last=Shannon|first=Deric|date=2019 |chapter=Anti-Capitalism and Libertarian Political Economy|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=91–106|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_5|s2cid=158841066 }}

== External links ==
* [http://www.anarkismo.net/ Anarkismo.net] – anarchist communist news maintained by platformist organizations with discussion and theory from across the globe
* [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/topic/anarcho-communism Anarchocommunism texts at The Anarchist Library]
* [http://vimeo.com/30571222 Kropotkin: The Coming Revolution] – short documentary to introduce the idea of anarcho-communism in Peter Kropotkin's own words

; Anarcho-communist theorist archives
{{cols|colwidth=21em}}
* [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=29 Alexander Berkman]
* [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=43 Luigi Galleani]
* [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=16 Emma Goldman]
* [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=17 Peter Kropotkin]
* [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=54 Ricardo Flores Magón]
* [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=18 Errico Malatesta]
* [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=55 Nestor Makhno]
* [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=61 Johann Most]
* [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Wayne_Price.html Wayne Price]
* [http://lucienvanderwalt.wordpress.com/ Lucien van der Walt]
{{colend}}

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Seven heavens

2024-06-14T15:21:15Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Islam */ changed the spelling of the word "araqlun" in arabic (it originally said "azaqlun")

{{Short description|Seven levels or divisions of the Heavens in religious or mythological cosmology}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{otheruses|Seventh Heaven (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Scheme of things1475.gif|thumb|Wood carving 1475; pointing to 7 celestial bodies consisted 5 planets that can be seen with naked eye, the sun and the moon, each floating in a heaven layer, (Arabic Felaq in ancient cosmology)]]

In mythological or [[religious cosmology]], the '''seven heavens''' refer to seven levels or divisions of the [[Celestial spheres|Heavens]]. The concept, also found in the ancient [[Mesopotamian religion]]s, can be found in [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]]; the [[Christian]] Bible does not mention seven levels of heaven. Some of these [[traditions]], including [[Jainism]], also have a concept of seven [[earth]]s or seven [[underworld]]s both with the [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] realms of [[Heaven|deities]] and with observed celestial bodies such as the [[classical planet]]s and [[fixed stars]].<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last=Hetherington |first=Norriss S. |date=2014 |orig-year=1993 |title=Encyclopedia of Cosmology: Historical, Philosophical, and Scientific Foundations of Modern Cosmology |series=Routledge Revivals |publisher=Routledge |pages=267, 401 |isbn=978-1317677666 }}</ref>

Beliefs in the plurality of the heavens were not restricted to the belief in seven heavens. Ancient near eastern cosmology largely accepted the existence of three heavens. In [[Jewish cosmology|Jewish cosmologies]] (albeit absent from the [[Hebrew Bible]]), the number of heavens could range from 3 to 365, with 7 being the most popular figure.

== Origins ==
The notion or belief in a cosmos structured or tiered into seven heavens likely originates or derives from the [[Classical planet|seven visible heavenly bodies]] (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the moon, and the sun).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Decharneux |first=Julien |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Creation_and_Contemplation/QQi7EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Creation and contemplation: the cosmology of the Qur'ān and its late antique background |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-079401-4 |series= |location= |pages=191 |oclc=on1342248278}}</ref>

== Greek astronomy and cosmology ==
Each of the seven heavens corresponds to one of the seven [[classical planets]] known in antiquity. Ancient observers noticed that these heavenly objects (the [[Moon]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], the [[Sun]], [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]], and [[Saturn]]) moved at different paces in the sky both from each other and from the [[fixed stars]] beyond them. Unlike [[comet]]s, which appeared in the sky with no warning, they moved in regular patterns that could be predicted.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Robert |title=Aristotle's 'On the Heavens' |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/959/aristotles-on-the-heavens/ |publisher=[[World History Encyclopedia]] }}</ref> They also observed that objects in the sky influenced objects on Earth as when movements of the sun affect [[heliotropism|the behavior of plants]] or movements of the Moon affect ocean [[tide]]s.

==Mesopotamian cosmology==
{{Main|Ancient near eastern cosmology}}
The concept of seven heavens as developed in ancient [[Mesopotamia]] where it took on a symbolic or magical meaning as opposed to a literal one.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barnard |first=Jody A. |date=2012 |title=The Mysticism of Hebrews: Exploring the Role of Jewish Apocalyptic Mysticism in the Epistle to the Hebrews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9R4UYjeYGoC&pg=PA62 |page=62 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-151881-2 |access-date=3 June 2015 }}</ref> The concept of a seven-tiered was likely In the [[Sumerian language]], the words for heavens (or sky) and Earth are [[An (mythology)|An]] and [[Ki (mythology)|Ki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history-world.org/sumerianwords2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210031934/http://www.history-world.org/sumerianwords2.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 December 2005 |title=Sumerian Words And Their English Translation |website=History World|access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> The ancient Mesopotamians regarded the sky as a series of domes (usually three, but sometimes seven) covering the [[flat Earth]].<ref name=Nemet1998>{{cite book|last=Nemet-Nejat|first=Karen Rhea|date=1998|title=Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0313294976|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme}}</ref>{{rp|180}} Each dome was made of a different kind of precious stone.<ref name=Nemet1998/>{{rp|203}} The lowest dome of the heavens was made of [[jasper]] and was the home of the [[star]]s.<ref name=Lambert2016>{{cite book|last1=Lambert|first1=W. G.|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology: Selected Essays|date=2016|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|location=Tuebingen, Germany|editor1-last=George|editor1-first=A. R.|editor2-last=Oshima|editor2-first=T. M.|isbn=978-3-16-153674-8|series=Orientalische Religionen in der Antike|volume=15|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTLWQddp8zwC&pg=PA118}}</ref> The middle dome of heaven was made of ''saggilmut'' stone and was the abode of the [[Igigi]].<ref name=Lambert2016/> The highest and outermost dome of the heavens was made of ''luludānītu'' stone and was personified as [[Anu|An]], the god of the sky.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stephens|first=Kathryn|title=An/Anu (god): Mesopotamian sky-god, one of the supreme deities; known as An in Sumerian and Anu in Akkadian|url=http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/an/|website=Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum|date=2013}}</ref><ref name=Lambert2016/> The [[Astronomical object|celestial bodies]] were equated with specific deities as well.<ref name=Nemet1998/>{{rp|203}} The planet [[Venus]] was believed to be [[Inanna]], the goddess of love, sex, and war.<ref name=Black1992>{{cite book|last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |first2=Anthony |last2=Green |title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary |publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992 |isbn=0-7141-1705-6}}</ref>{{rp|108–109}}<ref name=Nemet1998/>{{rp|203}} The [[Sun]] was her brother [[Utu]], the god of justice,<ref name=Nemet1998/>{{rp|203}} and the [[Moon]] was their father [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna]].<ref name=Nemet1998/>{{rp|203}} Ordinary mortals could not go to the heavens because it was the abode of the gods alone.<ref name="Wright2000">{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=J. Edward|title=The Early History of Heaven|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=0-19-513009-X|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKvMeMorNBEC&pg=PA26}}</ref> Instead, after a person died, his or her soul went to [[Kur]] (later known as [[Irkalla]]), a dark shadowy [[underworld]], located deep below the surface of the Earth.<ref name="Wright2000"/><ref name=Choksi2014>{{cite web|last=Choksi|first=M.|date=2014|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Beliefs in the Afterlife|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/701/|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> [[Sumer]]ian [[incantations]] of the late second millennium BCE make references to seven heavens and seven earths. One such incantation is: "an-imin-bi ki-imin-bi" (the heavens are seven, the earths are seven.)<ref name="Routledge"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Horowitz |first=Wayne |title=Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&pg=PA208| page=208 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |date=1998 |isbn=0-931464-99-4 |access-date=3 June 2015 }}</ref>

The understanding that the heavens can influence things on Earth lent heavenly, [[magic (paranormal)|magical]] properties to the number seven itself, as in stories of seven demons, seven churches, seven spirits, or seven thrones. The number seven appears frequently in [[Babylon]]ian magical [[ritual]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Adela Yarbro |title=Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apoocalypticism |publisher=Brill|date=2000 |isbn=90-04-11927-2 }}</ref> The seven Jewish and the seven Islamic heavens may have had their origin in [[Babylonian astronomy]].<ref name="Routledge"/>

In general, the heavens is not a place for humans in Mesopotamian religion. As [[Gilgamesh]] says to his friend [[Enkidu]], in the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]: "Who can go up to the heavens, my friend? Only the gods dwell with [[Shamash]] forever". Along with the idea of seven heavens, the idea of three heavens was also common in ancient Mesopotamia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lange |first1=Armin |last2=Tov |first2=Emanuel |last3=Weigold |first3=Matthias |date=2011 |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls in Context: Integrating the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Study of Ancient Texts, Languages, and Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xM7EnOx7CnYC&pg=PA808 |page=808 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-18903-4 |access-date=3 June 2015 }}</ref>

==Abrahamic religions==
===Judaism===
In the [[Talmud]], it is suggested that the upper part of the universe is made up of seven heavens ([[Hebrew]]: ''[[shamayim]]''):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1521&letter=A#4364 |title=Angelology|publisher=Jewish Encyclopedia|access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>

# ''Vilon'' (וילון), see ({{bibleverse||Isa|40:22|KJV}})
# ''[[Firmament|Raki'a]]'' (רקיע), see ({{bibleverse||Gen|1:17|KJV}})
# ''[[Third Heaven|Shehaqim]]'' (שחקים), see ({{bibleverse||Ps|78:23|KJV}}, Midr. Teh. to Ps. xix. 7)
# ''[[Heaven#Kabbalah Jewish mysticism|Zebul]]'' (זבול), see ({{bibleverse||Isa|63:15|KJV}}, {{bibleverse|1|Kings|8:13|KJV}})
# ''Ma'on'' (מעון), see ({{bibleverse||Deut|26:15|KJV}}, {{bibleverse||Ps|42:9|KJV}})
# ''Machon'' (מכון), see ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|8:39|KJV}}, {{bibleverse||Deut|28:12|KJV}})
# ''Araboth'' (ערבות), The seventh Heaven where ''[[ophanim]]'', the ''[[seraphim]]'', and the ''[[Living creatures (Bible)|hayyoth]]'' and the [[Throne of God]] are located.<ref>{{Cite Talmud|b|Hagigah||12b|yes}}</ref>

The Jewish [[Merkabah mysticism|Merkavah]] and [[Hekhalot literature]] was devoted to discussing the details of these heavens, sometimes in connection with traditions relating to Enoch, such as the [[3 Enoch|Third Book of Enoch]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Scholem|first=Gershom|date=1965|title=Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism, and the Talmudic Tradition|location=New York|publisher=Jewish Theological Seminary of America|oclc=635020}}</ref>

===Apocryphal texts===
The [[Second Book of Enoch]], also written in the first century CE, describes the [[mysticism|mystical]] ascent of the [[patriarch]] [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]] through a [[hierarchy]] of Ten Heavens. Enoch passes through the [[Garden of Eden]] in the [[Third Heaven]] on his way to meet the [[Yahweh|Lord]] face-to-face in the Tenth (chapter 22). Along the way, he encounters vividly described populations of [[angel]]s who torment wrongdoers; he sees homes, [[olive oil]], and flowers.<ref name="Langton2014">{{cite book |author=Langton |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RT2QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 |title=Good and Evil Spirits: A Study of the Jewish and Christian Doctrine, Its Origin and Development |date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62564-991-1 |pages=248–}}</ref>

The book's depiction of ten heavens represented an expansion of the ancient seven-heaven model. This expanded [[religious cosmology|cosmology]] was developed further in [[middle ages|medieval]] [[Christianity]].

===Christianity===
[[File:Michelangelo Caetani, The Ordering of Paradise, 1855 Cornell CUL PJM 1071 06.jpg|thumb|''La materia della [[Divine Comedy|Divina commedia di Dante Alighieri]]'', Plate VI: "The Ordering of Paradise" by [[Michelangelo Caetani]] (1804–1882)]]
The [[New Testament]] does not refer to the concept of seven heavens. However, an explicit reference to a [[third heaven]] appears in the [[Second Epistle to the Corinthians]], penned in [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] around 55 CE. It describes the following [[mysticism|mystical]] experience:

{{blockquote|I know a person in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heaven—whether in the body or out of the body I do not know; God knows. And I know that such a person—whether in the body or out of the body I do not know; God knows—was caught up into Paradise and heard things that are not to be told, that no mortal is permitted to repeat.|([[2 Corinthians]] 12.2–4 [[New Revised Standard Version|NRSV]])}}

The description is usually taken as an oblique reference by the author to himself. The passage appears to reflect first-century beliefs among Jews and Christians that the realm of [[Paradise]] existed in a different heaven than the highest one—an impression that may find support in the original Greek wording (closer to "caught away" than "caught up").<ref>{{cite book |author=[[E. W. Bullinger]] |title=A Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English and Greek |quote=2, 14, To this 'Third heaven' and 'Paradise' Paul was caught away, 2 Cor. xii. 2, 4, (not 'up', see under 'catch') in 'visions and revelations of the Lord', 2 Cor. xii. 1. One catching away—with a double revelation of the New heaven and the...}}</ref>

In the second century, [[Irenaeus]] also knows seven heavens (see his ''Demonstration of Apostolic Preaching'' 9; cf. ''Against Heresies'' 1.5.2).

Over the course of the [[Middle Ages]], Christian thinkers expanded the ancient [[Mesopotamia]]n seven-heaven model into a system of ten heavens. This [[Religious cosmology|cosmology]], taught in the first European [[university|universities]] by the [[Scholastics]], reached its supreme [[literature|literary]] expression in [[The Divine Comedy]] by [[Dante Alighieri]]. The idea of seven heavens is carried over into the esoteric [[Christian Kabbalah|Christian cabala]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Barrow |first=Logie |title=Independent Spirits: Spiritualism and English Plebeians, 1850–1910 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=978-1317268864 |page=54}}</ref>

===Islam===
[[File:Mohammed´s Paradise.jpg|thumb|A [[Persian miniature]] depicting Seven Heavens from ''The History of Mohammed'', [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], Paris.]]
{{redirect|Heaven in Islam|the final abode of the righteous in Islam|Jannah}}
The [[Quran]] and [[Hadith]] frequently mention the existence of seven ''samāwāt'' (سماوات), the plural of ''samāʾ'' (سماء), meaning 'heaven, sky, celestial sphere', and cognate with Hebrew ''shamāyim'' (שמים). Some of the verses in the Quran mentioning the ''samaawat''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pickthall |first1=M. M. |title=The Holy Qur'an (Transliteration in Roman Script) |last2=Eliasi |first2=M. A. H. |date=1999 |publisher=Laurier Books Limited |isbn=81-87385-07-3}}</ref> are [[Q41:12]], [[Q65:12]] and [[Q71:15]]. The seven heavens are not final destinations for the dead after the Day of Judgment, but regions distinct from the earth, guarded by angels and inhabited by souls whose abode depends on their good deeds (fasting, jihad, Hajj, charity), with the highest layer, the closest to [[God in Islam|God]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coulter-Harris|first=D. M.|year=2016 |title=Chasing Immortality in World Religions |place=USA |publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |page=121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Concept of Seven Skies in Islam |url=https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-the-scholar/muslim-creed/concept-seven-skies-islam/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=About Islam |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Quran and Hadiths, each of the skies has its own [[Qibla]] or a structure which became direction of prayer, similar to [[Kaaba]] of the mortal world, where the Qibla of highest heaven called ''Bayt al-Ma'mur''. while the Qibla building for the lowest sky is called ''Bayt al-Izza''.<ref name="Baitul Izzah, Rumah di Langit Dunia">{{cite web |author1=Ammi Nur Baits |title=Baitul Izzah, Rumah di Langit Dunia |url=https://konsultasisyariah.com/33283-baitul-izzah-rumah-di-langit-dunia.html |website=konsultasisyariah.com |publisher=Yufid |access-date=28 November 2023 |language=Id |date=Oct 2, 2018 |quote=Adapun baitul izzah, adalah tempat di langit dunia. Mengenai keberadaannya disebutkan dalam riwayat Ibnu Abbas radhiyallahu ‘anhuma, beliau mengatakan, فُصِلَ القُرْآنُ مِنَ الذِّكْرِ [أي: اللّوح المحفوظ]، فَوُضِعَ فِي بَيْتِ العِزَّةِ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ الدُّنْيَا، فَجَعَلَ جِبْرِيلُ عليه السّلام يَنْزِلُ بِهِ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ صلّى الله عليه وسلّم Al-Quran dipisahkan dari ad-Dzikr (Lauhul Mahfudz) lalu diletakkan di Baitul Izzah di langit dunia. Kemudian Jibril menyampaikannya kepada Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam. (HR. Hakim dalam al-Mustadrak 2/223, Ibnu Abi Syaibah dalam al-Mushannaf 10/533, dan dishahihkan oleh ad-Dzahabi). Az-Zarqani memberikan komentar untuk riwayat Ibnu Abbas, وهي أحاديث موقوفة على ابن عبّاس غير أن لها حكم المرفوع إلى النبيّ صلّى الله عليه وسلّم لما هو مقرّر من أنّ قول الصّحابيّ فيما لا مجال للرّأي فيه، ولم يعرف بالأخذ عن الإسرائيليّات حكمه حكم المرفوع Hadis ini mauquf sampai Ibnu Abbas, hanya saja dihukumi marfu’ sebagaimana sabda Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam. Berdasarkan kaidah bahwa perkataan sahabat, untuk masalah di luar logika, dan dia bukan termasuk orang yang suka menerima berita israiliyat, maka status perkataannya sama seperti sabda Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam. Beliau melanjutkan, ولا ريب أنّ نزول القرآن إلى بيت العزّة من أنباء الغيب الّتي لا تعرف إلاّ من المعصوم، وابن عبّاس رضي الله عنه لم يعرف بالأخذ عن الإسرائيليّات، فثبت الاحتجاج بها Tidak diragukan bahwa turunnya al-Quran ke baitul izzah termasuk berita ghaib, yang tidak bisa diketahui kecuali melalui Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam yang ma’shum. Dan Ibnu Abbas juga bukan orang yang dikenal suka menerima berita israiliyat, sehingga perkataan beliau dalam hal ini boleh dijadikan dalil. (Manahil al-Urfan, 1/45).}}</ref><ref name="Ulumul Qur’an: Sebuah Pengantar">{{cite book |author1=Abu Anwar |author2= Munzir Hitami |title=Ulumul Qur'an: Sebuah Pengantar |date=August 30, 2023 |publisher=PT. RajaGrafindo Persada - Rajawali Pers |isbn=9786230801457 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTTEAAAQBAJ |access-date=28 November 2023 |language=Id}}</ref><ref name="Islamic Studies Today: Essays in Honor of Andrew Rippin">{{cite book |author1=Majid Daneshgar |author2=Walid Saleh |title=Islamic Studies Today: Essays in Honor of Andrew Rippin |date=December 20, 2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004337121 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtzzDQAAQBAJ |access-date=28 November 2023 |language=En}}</ref>

In other sources, the concept is presented in metaphorical terms. Each of the seven heavens is depicted as being composed of a different material, and Islamic prophets are resident in each. The names are taken from [[Suyuti]]'s Al-Hay’a as-samya fi l-hay’a as-sunmya:<ref>{{cite book |last=Heinen |first=Anton M. |title=Islamic Cosmology |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |year=1982 |isbn=3-515-03177-4 |location=Wiesbaden, Germany |page=86}}</ref>
# ''[[Firmament|Raqi'a]]'' (رقيعاء): The first heaven is described as being made of water and is the home of [[Adam and Eve]], as well as the angels of each star. According to some narratives, Muhammad encountered the angel [[Ishim (angel)|''Habib'']] here.<ref name="Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey">{{cite book |last1=Colby |first1=Frederick S. |title=Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse |date=2008 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7518-8}}</ref>
# ''Araqlun'' (أرفلون): The second heaven is described as being made of white pearls and is the home of [[Islamic view of John the Baptist|Yahya]] ([[John the Baptist]]) and [[Islamic view of Jesus|Isa]] ([[Jesus]]).
# ''Qaydum'' (قيدوم): The [[Third Heaven|third heaven]] is described as being made of iron (alternatively pearls or other dazzling stones); [[Joseph son of Jacob|Joseph]] and the [[Azrael|Angel of Death]] (named ''Azrael'') are resident there.<ref>{{cite web |author=Webster |first=Richard |title=Living in Your Soul's Light: Understanding Your Eternal Self |url=https://vdoc.pub/documents/living-in-your-souls-light-understanding-your-eternal-self-6uai9tv1tel0}}</ref>
# ''Maʿuna'' (ماعونا): The fourth heaven is described as being made of brass (alternatively [[white gold]]); [[Idris (prophet)|Idris]] (conventionally identified with [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]]) and the "[[Cassiel|Angel of Tears]]" reside there.
# ''Di'a'' (ريقا): The fifth heaven is described as being made of silver; [[Aaron]] holds court over this heaven. Sometimes, the [[Maalik|guardian of hellfire]] is assigned to this place.<ref name="Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey"/>
# ''Daqua'' (دقناء): The sixth heaven is described as being composed of gold (alternatively [[garnet]]s and rubies); [[Moses]] can be found here.<ref>{{cite book |author=D'Epiro |first1=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/whataresevenwond00depi_0 |title=What Are the Seven Wonders of the World? And 100 Other Great Cultural Lists: Fully Explained |last2=Pinkowish |first2=Mary Desmond |publisher=Doubleday |year=1998 |isbn=0-385-49062-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whataresevenwond00depi_0/page/219 219]–220 |url-access=registration |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
# ''ʿAriba'' (عريبا): The seventh heaven, which borrows some concepts from its Jewish counterpart, is depicted as being composed of divine light incomprehensible to the mortal man (alternatively emerald). [[Abraham]] is a resident there and [[Sidrat al-Muntaha]], a large enigmatic Lote tree, marks the end of the seventh heaven and the utmost extremity for all of God's creatures and heavenly knowledge.<ref name=AYA>{{cite book |author-link=Abdullah Yusuf Ali|last=Abdullah|first=Yusuf Ali|year=1946|title=The Holy Qur-an: Text, Translation and Commentary|publisher=Qatar National Printing Press |page=1139, n. 3814}}</ref>

There are two interpretations of using the number "seven". One viewpoint is that the number "seven" here simply means "many" and is not to be taken literally (the number is often used to imply that in the Arabic language).<ref name=Al-Islam>|{{cite web |url=https://www.al-islam.org/philosophy-islamic-laws-nasir-makarim-shirazi-jafar-subhani/question-34-what-meant-seven-heavens |title=What Is Meant By 'Seven Heavens'? |website=Al-Islam.org}}</ref> But many other commentators use the number literally.

One [[Islamic modernism|modern interpretation]] of "heavens" is that all the stars and galaxies (including the [[Milky Way]]) are all part of the "first heaven", and "beyond that six still bigger worlds are there," which have yet to be discovered by scientists.<ref name=Al-Islam/>

==Gnosticism==
The [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] text ''[[On the Origin of the World]]'' states that seven heavens were created in [[Chaos (cosmogony)|Chaos]] by [[Demiurge#Yaldabaoth|Yaldabaoth]] below the [[Pleroma|higher realms]], and each of them are ruled over by an [[Archon (Gnosticism)|Archon]]. During the [[Eschatology|end times]], these heavens will collapse on each and the heaven of Yaldabaoth will split in two, causing its stars to fall upon the Earth, therefore causing it to sink into the [[Abyss (religion)|Abyss]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Marvin Meyer]]|author2=[[Willis Barnstone]]|title=The Gnostic Bible|publisher=[[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala]]|chapter=On the Origin of the World|url=http://gnosis.org/naghamm/origin-Barnstone.html|date=2009|access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>

In the [[Coptic Apocalypse of Paul]], the apostle Paul ascends through the lower Seven Heavens. At the seventh heaven, he meets an old man who opens the gate to the realm beyond the material universe, and Paul then ascends to the eighth, ninth, and tenth heavens.<ref name="NH-Meyer">{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Marvin|author-link1=Marvin Meyer|title=The Nag Hammadi scriptures|publisher=HarperOne|publication-place=New York|year=2007|isbn=978-0-06-162600-5|oclc=124538398}}</ref>

In [[Mandaeism]], a series of ''[[Matarta|maṭarta]]s'', or "toll houses," are located between the [[World of Light]] (''alma ḏ-nhūra'') from [[Tibil]] (Earth). The term ''maṭarta'' has variously been translated as "watch-station",<ref name="Aldihisi 2008">{{cite thesis|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/|last=Aldihisi|first=Sabah|year=2008|title=The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba|type=PhD|publisher=University College London}}</ref> "toll-station",<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0-19-515385-5|oclc=65198443}}</ref> "way-station", or "[[purgatory]]". Maṭartas are guarded by various [[uthra]]s (celestial beings from the World of Light) and demons. In the [[Ginza Rabba]], seven ''maṭartas'' are listed and described in [[s:Translation:Ginza Rabba/Right Ginza/Book 5/Chapter 3|Chapter 3 in Book 5]] of the ''[[Right Ginza]]''. However, the number of ''maṭartas'' is not always seven; [[s:Translation:Ginza Rabba/Right Ginza/Book 6|Book 6]] of the ''[[Right Ginza]]'' (also known as the "Book of [[Dinanukht]]") lists six, and [[s:Translation:Ginza Rabba/Left Ginza/Book 1/Chapter 4|Chapter 4 in Book 1]] of the ''[[Left Ginza]]'' lists eight.<ref name="GR Gelbert">{{cite book |last1=Gelbert |first1=Carlos |url=https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/ |title=Ginza Rba |publisher=Living Water Books |year=2011 |isbn=9780958034630 |location=Sydney, Australia |language=en}}</ref> Alternatively, the Seven Heavens can also be seen as corresponding to the [[Mandaean cosmology#Planets|Seven Planets]], who form part of the entourage of [[Ruha]] in the [[World of Darkness (Mandaeism)|World of Darkness]].<ref name="GR Gelbert"/>

==Hinduism==
According to all [[Puranas]], the [[World egg|Brahmanda]] is divided into fourteen worlds known as ''[[lokas]]''. Seven are [[Svarga|upper worlds]]: ''Bhuloka'' (the Earth and sky), ''Bhuvarloka'', ''Svargaloka'', ''Maharloka'', ''Janarloka'', ''Tapaloka'' and ''Satyaloka''; and seven are [[Patala|lower worlds]]: ''Atala'', ''Vitala'', ''Sutala'', ''Talatala'', ''Mahatala'', ''Rasatala'' and ''Patala''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshan |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=224}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{anli|As above, so below}}
*{{anli|Astral religion}}
*{{anli|Empyrean}}
*{{anli|Hierarchy of angels}}
*{{anli|Katabasis}}
*{{anli|Isra and Mi'raj}}
*{{anli|Naraka (Jainism)|Naraka}}
*{{anli|Ogdoad (Gnosticism)|Ogdoad}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Gustav |title=Dictionary of Angels: Including the Fallen Angels |place=New York |publisher=The Free Press |orig-year=1967 |year=1994 |isbn=0-02-907052-X |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Ginzberg |first=Louis |year=1998 |translator=Henrietta Szold |title=The Legends of the Jews: From the Creation to Jacob |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5890-9 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Wikiversity-inline|Seven Heavens}}
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/zdm/zdm027.htm Higher Devachanic or Seven Heavenly Spheres]

{{heaven}}

[[Category:Conceptions of heaven]]
[[Category:Gnosticism]]
[[Category:Heaven]]
[[Category:Hindu cosmology]]
[[Category:Islamic mysticism]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Jannah]]
[[Category:Merkabah mysticism]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian religion]]

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Musk family (2nd nomination)

2024-06-09T01:48:35Z

AmrAlWatan: /* Musk family */ Reply

===[[:Musk family]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|B}}
<div class="other-afds" style="width:33%; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; font-size: 88%; min-width:20em; max-width: 100%">AfDs for this article:
{{Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Musk family}}
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<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=Musk family}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Musk family (2nd nomination)|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 June 6#{{anchorencode:Musk family}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1227519963/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=Musk family}})
Request to turn into Redirect to Musk (Disambiguation).

Article fails to demonstrate the notability of the "Musk Family" as an organisation or group, instead it is clearly serving as little more than a duplication of the existing disambiguation page. The short history section may have reliable sourcing but it is very blatantly written in terms of only Elon Musk and no-one else, and looks to be a cut down version of what's on his article's page which arguably evidences the lack of notability of the family as a whole.

Therefore the page should be turned into a redirect to the Disambiguation page until such a time noteworthiness of the family is established. [[User:Rambling Rambler|Rambling Rambler]] ([[User talk:Rambling Rambler|talk]]) 12:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/People|list of People-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Rambling Rambler|Rambling Rambler]] ([[User talk:Rambling Rambler|talk]]) 12:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

*'''Redirect''' to [[Musk (disambiguation)#People]]{{snd}}or split [[Musk (surname)]] from the main Musk dab page and redirect to the surname page instead. The family includes several notable individuals, but there is nothing notable about the family in its own right that would meet [[WP:GNG]] or [[WP:NLIST]]. [[User:Rosbif73|Rosbif73]] ([[User talk:Rosbif73|talk]]) 12:19, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
*'''Redirect''' to [[Musk (disambiguation)#People]] as the whole article centres around Elon's family until the Notable members section. A family is rarely notable of itself, excptions being the [[Windsors]] which redirects to [[House of Windsor]] and is a royal dynasty like the [[Ming dynasty]], or the [[Kennedy family]] which is genuinely notable though as pointed out in [[WP:BIOFAMILY|this guideline]] that doesn't mean that all individuals in that family are notable by association (which this article seems to suggest). —[[User:Iadmc| Iadmc]][[Special:Contributions/Iadmc|♫]][[User talk:Iadmc|talk ]] 17:07, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting|deletion sorting]] lists for the following topics: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/South Africa|South Africa]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Canada|Canada]], and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/United States of America|United States of America]]. '''[[User:Wcquidditch|WC''Quidditch'']]''' [[User talk:Wcquidditch|☎]] [[Special:Contribs/Wcquidditch|✎]] 19:00, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

:'''Redirect''' for the same reasons mentioned above. [[User:AmrAlWatan|AmrAlWatan]]([[User_talk:AmrAlWatan|🗣️]]|[[Special:Contributions/AmrAlWatan|📝]]) 01:48, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Arabic alphabet

2024-06-05T00:29:22Z

AmrAlWatan: /* {{transliteration|ar|hijāʾī}} */ capitalization

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|the Arabic script as it is used by all languages|Arabic script}}
{{Infobox writing system
|name=Arabic alphabet
|type=[[Abjad]]
|languages=[[Arabic]]
|time=4th century CE – present<ref>{{cite book |title=The World's Writing Systems |year=1996 |editor1-first=Peter T. |editor1-last=Daniels |editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels |editor2-last=Bright |editor2-first=William |editor2-link=William Bright |publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc |isbn=978-0195079937 |page=559}}</ref>
|fam1=[[Egyptian hieroglyphics]]
|fam2=[[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]
|fam3=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
|fam4=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
|fam5=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]
|fam6=[[Arabic script]]
|unicode={{ublist
|class=nowrap
|[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600–U+06FF] {{smaller|Arabic}},
|[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750–U+077F] {{smaller|Arabic Supplement}},
|[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0870.pdf U+0870-U+089F] {{smaller|Arabic Extended-B}},
|[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf U+08A0–U+08FF] {{smaller|Arabic Extended-A}},
|[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50–U+FDFF] {{smaller|Arabic Presentation Forms-A}},
|[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70–U+FEFF] {{smaller|Arabic Presentation Forms-B}},
|[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10EC0.pdf U+10EC0-U+10EFF] {{smaller|Arabic Extended-C}},
|[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf U+1EE00–U+1EEFF] {{smaller|Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols}}
}}
|iso15924=Arab
|sample=Arabic Language.svg
|imagesize=200px
}}
{{Arabic alphabet}}
{{alphabet}}
[[File:Arabic alphabet world distribution.png|thumb|400px|Countries and regions that use the Arabic script: {{Legend|#00884B|as the sole official script}}
{{Legend|#83C30F|as a co-official script}}]]

The '''Arabic alphabet''' ({{lang-ar|الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة}}, {{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-ʾabǧadiyyah l-ʿarabiyyah}} {{IPA-ar|æl.ʔæb.d͡ʒæˈdɪj.jæ l.ʕɑ.rɑˈbɪj.jæ|}} or {{lang|ar|الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|al-ḥurūf al-ʿarabiyyah}}), or '''Arabic abjad''', is the [[Arabic script]] as specifically codified for writing the [[Arabic]] language. It is written from right-to-left in a [[cursive]] style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual letterforms. The Arabic alphabet is considered an [[abjad]], with only [[consonant]]s required to be written; due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an [[impure abjad]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Natural Language Processing of Semitic Languages|last=Zitouni|first=Imed|publisher=Springer Science & Business|year=2014|isbn=978-3642453588|pages=15}}</ref>

==Letters==
The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 [[letter (alphabet)|letters]]. Forms using the Arabic script to write other languages added and removed letters: for example [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], [[Sorani|Kurdish]], [[Urdu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Azerbaijani alphabet|Azerbaijani]], [[Jawi script|Malay]], [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Pashto]], [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Punjabi]], [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur]], [[Arwi]] and [[Arabi Malayalam]] all have additional letters in their alphabets. Unlike [[Archaic Greek alphabets|Greek]]-derived alphabets, Arabic has no distinct [[letter case|upper and lower case]] letterforms.

Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Arabic diacritics#I'jam (phonetic distinctions of consonants)|ʾiʿjām]]}}) above or below their central part ({{transliteration|ar|[[rasm]]}}). These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. For example, the Arabic letters {{lang|ar|ب|}} {{transliteration|ar|b}}, {{lang|ar|ت}} {{transliteration|ar|t}}, and {{lang|ar|ث}} {{transliteration|ar|th}} have the same basic shape, but with one dot added below, two dots added above, and three dots added above respectively. The letter {{lang|ar|ن}} {{transliteration|ar|n}} also has the same form in initial and medial forms, with one dot added above, though it is somewhat different in its isolated and final forms.

Both printed and written Arabic are [[cursive]], with most letters within a word directly joined to adjacent letters.

===Alphabetical order===
There are two main [[collation|collating sequences]] ('alphabetical orderings') for the Arabic alphabet: {{transliteration|ar|ʾabjadīy}}, and {{transliteration|ar|hijā’ī}}.

The original {{transliteration|ar|ʾabjadī}} order derives from that used by the [[Phoenician alphabet]], and is therefore reminiscent of the orderings of other alphabets, such as those in [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] and [[Greek alphabet|Greek]]. With this ordering, letters are also used as numbers known as [[abjad numerals]], possessing the same numerological codes as in Hebrew [[gematria]] and Greek [[isopsephy]].

The {{transliteration|ar|hijā’ī}} or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alifbāʾī}} order is used when sorting lists of words and names, such as in phonebooks, classroom lists, and dictionaries. The ordering groups letters by the graphical similarity of the glyphs' shapes.

==== Abjadi ====
The {{transliteration|ar|ʾabjadī}} order is not a simple correspondence with the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, as it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter ''[[samek]]'' {{lang|he|ס}}, which has no cognate letter in the Arabic alphabet historically.

The loss of {{transliteration|he|sameḵ}} was compensated for by:
*In the [[Mashriq]]i abjad sequence, the letter ''[[shin (letter)|shin]]'' {{lang|he|ש}} was split into two Arabic letters, {{lang|ar|ش}} {{transliteration|ar|shīn}} and {{lang|ar|ﺱ}} {{transliteration|ar|sīn}}, the latter of which took the place of {{transliteration|he|sameḵ}}.
*In the [[Maghreb]]i abjad sequence, the letter [[Tsade (letter)|{{transliteration|he|ALA|tsade}}]] {{lang|he|צ}} was split into two independent Arabic letters, {{lang|ar|ض}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍad}} and {{lang|ar|ص}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṣad}}, with the latter taking the place of {{transliteration|he|ALA|sameḵ}}.

The six other letters that do not correspond to any north Semitic letter are placed at the end.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Common {{transliteration|ar|ALA|abjadī}} sequence{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p= 117, 130, 149}}
|-
| {{lang|ar|ا}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ي}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|غ}}
|-
| {{transliteration|ar|ʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|y}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|ʿ}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|sh}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ẓ}} || {{transliteration|ar|gh}}
|- style="color:gray"|
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15 || 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20 || 21 || 22 || 23 || 24 || 25 || 26 || 27 || 28
|- style="color:gray"
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 20 || 30 || 40 || 50 || 60 || 70 || 80 || 90 || 100 || 200 || 300 || 400 || 500 || 600 || 700 || 800 || 900
|-
| colspan=14 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=pink |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=yellow |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=pink |
| colspan=4 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=3 bgcolor=yellow |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
|}

This is commonly vocalized as follows:
: {{transliteration|ar|ʾabjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman saʿfaṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh}}.
Another vocalization is:
: {{transliteration|ar|ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman saʿfaṣ qurishat thakhudh ḍaẓugh}}{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Maghreb]]ian {{transliteration|ar|abjadī}} sequence (quoted in apparently earliest authorities & considered older){{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p= 117, 130, 149}}<ref name = "magb">{{in lang|ar}} [http://alyaseer.net/vb/showthread.php?t=8807 Alyaseer.net {{lang|ar|ترتيب المداخل والبطاقات في القوائم والفهارس الموضوعية}} Ordering entries and cards in subject indexes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223135008/http://alyaseer.net/vb/showthread.php?t=8807 |date=23 December 2007 }} Discussion thread ''(Accessed 2009-October–06)''</ref>
|-
| {{lang|ar|ا}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ي}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ش}}
|-
| {{transliteration|ar|ʾ}} || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|y}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ʿ}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|ẓ}} || {{transliteration|ar|gh}} || {{transliteration|ar|sh}}
|- style="color:gray"|
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15 || 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20 || 21 || 22 || 23 || 24 || 25 || 26 || 27 || 28
|- style="color:gray"
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 20 || 30 || 40 || 50 || 60 || 70 || 80 || 90 || 100 || 200 || 300 || 400 || 500 || 600 || 700 || 800 || 900 || 1000
|-
| colspan=14 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=yellow |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=yellow |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=pink |
| colspan=4 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=yellow |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=pink |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
|-
| colspan="28" bgcolor="lightgrey" style="font-size: 70%; font-style: italic;" | The colors indicate which letters have different positions from the previous table
|}

This can be vocalized as:
: {{transliteration|ar|ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman ṣaʿfaḍ qurisat thakhudh ẓaghush}}

==== {{transliteration|ar|Hijāʾī}} ====
[[File:Arabic vs Hebrew Syriac Greek mul.svg|thumb|320px|hijāʾī collation compared to Hebrew, Syriac, and Greek]]
Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use the {{transliteration|ar|abjadī}} order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer {{transliteration|ar|hijāʾī}} order is used wherein letters are partially grouped together by similarity of shape. The {{transliteration|ar|hijāʾī}} order is never used as numerals.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Common {{transliteration|ar|hijāʾī}} order
|-
| {{lang|ar|ا}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ي}}
|-
| <big>{{transliteration|ar|ʾ}}</big> || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|sh}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ẓ}} || <big>{{transliteration|ar|ʿ}}</big> || {{transliteration|ar|gh}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}} || {{transliteration|ar|y}}
|-
| colspan=9 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=pink |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightblue |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgreen |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightblue |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightblue |
| colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgreen |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgreen |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
|}

In the {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hijāʾī}} order replaced recently {{when|date=July 2023}} by the Mashriqi order,<ref name=magb/>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2020}} though still used in many Quranic schools in Algeria,{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} the sequence is:{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p= 117, 130, 149}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Maghrebian {{transliteration|ar|hijāʾī}} order
|-
| {{lang|ar|ا}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|ه}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ي}}
|-
| <big>{{transliteration|ar|ʾ}}</big> || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ẓ}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || <big>{{transliteration|ar|ʿ}}</big> || {{transliteration|ar|gh}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|sh}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}} || {{transliteration|ar|y}}
|-
| colspan=9 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgreen |
| colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgreen |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgreen |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightblue |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightblue |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightblue |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=pink |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
|-
| colspan="28" bgcolor="lightgrey" style="font-size: 70%; font-style: italic;" | The colors indicate which letters have different positions from the previous table
|}

In [[Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani]]'s encyclopedia {{lang|ar|الإكليل من أخبار اليمن وأنساب حمير}} {{transliteration|ar|Kitāb al-Iklīl min akhbār al-Yaman wa-ansāb Ḥimyar}}, the letter sequence is:{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|p= 130}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Al-Iklīl's order
|-
| {{lang|ar|ا}} || {{lang|ar|ب}} || {{lang|ar|ت}} || {{lang|ar|ث}} || {{lang|ar|ج}} || {{lang|ar|ح}} || {{lang|ar|خ}} || {{lang|ar|د}} || {{lang|ar|ذ}} || {{lang|ar|ك}} || {{lang|ar|ل}} || {{lang|ar|م}} || {{lang|ar|و}} || {{lang|ar|ن}} || {{lang|ar|ص}} || {{lang|ar|ض}} || {{lang|ar|ع}} || {{lang|ar|غ}} || {{lang|ar|ط}} || {{lang|ar|ظ}} || {{lang|ar|ف}} || {{lang|ar|ق}} || {{lang|ar|ر}} || {{lang|ar|ز}} || {{lang|ar|ه‎}} || {{lang|ar|س}} || {{lang|ar|ش}} || {{lang|ar|ي}}
|-
| <big>{{transliteration|ar|ʾ}}</big> || {{transliteration|ar|b}} || {{transliteration|ar|t}} || {{transliteration|ar|th}} || {{transliteration|ar|j}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḥ}} || {{transliteration|ar|kh}} || {{transliteration|ar|d}} || {{transliteration|ar|dh}} || {{transliteration|ar|k}} || {{transliteration|ar|l}} || {{transliteration|ar|m}} || {{transliteration|ar|w}} || {{transliteration|ar|n}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṣ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ḍ}} || <big>{{transliteration|ar|ʿ}}</big> || {{transliteration|ar|gh}} || {{transliteration|ar|ṭ}} || {{transliteration|ar|ẓ}} || {{transliteration|ar|f}} || {{transliteration|ar|q}} || {{transliteration|ar|r}} || {{transliteration|ar|z}} || {{transliteration|ar|h}} || {{transliteration|ar|s}} || {{transliteration|ar|sh}} || {{transliteration|ar|y}}
|-
| colspan=9 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgreen |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgreen |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightblue |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightblue |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgreen |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightblue |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=pink |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
| colspan=1 bgcolor=lightgrey |
|}

===Letter forms===
{{Calligraphy}}
The Arabic alphabet is always cursive and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word. Letters can exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial (middle), final, or isolated position ([[IMFI]]). While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions. Generally, letters in the same word are linked together on both sides by short horizontal lines, but six letters ({{lang|ar|و ,ز ,ر ,ذ ,د ,ا}}) can only be linked to their preceding letter. For example, {{lang|ar|أرارات}} ([[Mount Ararat|Ararat]]) has only isolated forms because each letter cannot be connected to its following one. In addition, some letter combinations are written as [[ligature (typography)|ligatures]] (special shapes), notably {{transliteration|ar|[[lām-alif]]}} {{lang|ar|لا}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach |author=Rogers, Henry |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2005 |page=135}}</ref> which is the only mandatory ligature (the unligated combination {{lang|ar|ل‍‌‍ا}} is considered difficult to read).

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}

====Table of basic letters====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Arabic letters usage in Literary Arabic
|-
!colspan="2"|Maghrebian
! colspan="2" |Common
! rowspan="2" |Closest English equivalent in pronunciation
! rowspan="2" |Letter name
(Classical pronunciation; [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
!rowspan="2"|Letter name in Arabic script{{efn|name=names|The Arabic letter names below are the standard and most universally used names, other names (e.g. letter names in Egypt) might be used instead.}}
!rowspan="2"|Value in Literary Arabic ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
!colspan="3"|Contextual forms
!rowspan="2"|Isolated form
|-
!ʾAbjadī !! Hijāʾī
!ʾAbjadī !! Hijāʾī
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
! !!
! !!
! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!   
|-
| data-sort-value="01." |1.
| data-sort-value="01." |1.
| data-sort-value="01." |1.
|data-sort-value="01."|1.
|''''' '''''uh'''''–'''''oh / ''c'''a'''r'', ''c'''a'''t''{{efn|name=alif}}
| {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}} ({{IPA|ar|ʔælif|}})
|{{lang|ar|أَلِف}}
|{{IPAslink|aː}}, {{IPAslink|ʔ}}{{efn|name=alif|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Alif}} can represent different phonemes; initially: a/i/u /a, i, u/ or sometimes silent in the definite article ال (a)l-. Medially and finally it represents a long vowel ā /aː/. It also part of the hamzah /ʔ/ forms, check [[#Hamzah forms]]}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـا}}}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ا]]}}}}
|-
| data-sort-value="02." |2.
| data-sort-value="02." |2.
| data-sort-value="02." |2.
|data-sort-value="02."|2.
|'''''b'''arn''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|bāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|baːʔ|}})
|{{lang|ar|بَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|b}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـب}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـبـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|بـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ب]]}}}}
|-
|22.
| data-sort-value="03." |3.
|22.
|data-sort-value="03."|3.
|'''''t'''ick''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|tāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|taːʔ|}})
|{{lang|ar|تَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|t}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـت}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـتـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|تـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}}}
|-
|23.
| data-sort-value="04." |4.
|23.
|data-sort-value="04."|4.
|'''''th'''ink''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|thāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|θaːʔ|}}) / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṯāʾ}}
|{{lang|ar|ثَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|θ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـث}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـثـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ثـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ث]]}}}}
|-
| data-sort-value="03." |3.
| data-sort-value="05." |5.
| data-sort-value="03." |3.
|data-sort-value="05."|5.
|'''''g'''em''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|jīm}} ({{IPA|ar|d͡ʒiːm|}})
|{{lang|ar|جِيم}}
|{{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}}{{efn|The standard pronunciation of {{lang|ar|ج}} /d͡ʒ/ varies regionally, most prominently [d͡ʒ] in the Arabian Peninsula, parts of the Levant, Iraq, and northern Algeria, it is also considered as the predominant pronunciation of Literary Arabic when reciting the Quran and in Arabic studies outside the Arab world, [ʒ] in most of Northwest Africa and parts of the Levant (especially urban centers), while [ɡ] is the pronunciation only in lower Egypt, coastal Yemen, and coastal Oman, as well as [ɟ] in Sudan.}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـج}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـجـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|جـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}}}
|-
| data-sort-value="08." |8.
| data-sort-value="06." |6.
| data-sort-value="08." |8.
|data-sort-value="06."|6.
|no equivalent (pharyngeal ''h'')
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|ħæːʔ|}})
|{{lang|ar|حَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|ħ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـح}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـحـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|حـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ح]]}}}}
|-
|24.
| data-sort-value="07." |7.
|24.
|data-sort-value="07."|7.
|Scottish ''lo'''ch'''''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|khāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|xaːʔ|}}) / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḵāʾ}}
|{{lang|ar|خَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|x}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـخ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـخـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|خـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[خ]]}}}}
|-
| data-sort-value="04." |4.
| data-sort-value="08." |8.
| data-sort-value="04." |4.
|data-sort-value="08."|8.
|'''''d'''ear''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|dāl}} ({{IPA|ar|daːl|}})
|{{lang|ar|دَال}}
|{{IPAslink|d}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـد}}}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[د]]}}}}
|-
|25.
| data-sort-value="09." |9.
|25.
|data-sort-value="09."|9.
|'''''th'''at''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|dhāl}} ({{IPA|ar|ðaːl|}}) / ''ḏāl''
|{{lang|ar|ذَال}}
|{{IPAslink|ð}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـذ}}}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ذ]]}}}}
|-
|20.
|10.
|20.
|10.
|Scottish '''''r'''ight''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|rāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|raːʔ|}})
|{{lang|ar|رَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـر}}}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ر]]}}}}
|-
| data-sort-value="07." |7.
|11.
| data-sort-value="07." |7.
|11.
|'''''z'''ebra''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|zāy}} ({{IPA|ar|zaːj|}})
|{{lang|ar|زَاي}} {{efn|name=zāy names|{{lang|ar|ز}} can also be called ("zāʾ" / {{lang|ar|زاء}}), ("zayy" / {{lang|ar|زَيّ}}) or ("zayn" / {{lang|ar|زين}}), but the standard is zāy.}}
|{{IPAslink|z}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـز}}}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ز]]}}}}
|-
|21.
|24.
|15.
|12.
|'''''s'''in''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|sīn}} ({{IPA|ar|siːn|}})
|{{lang|ar|سِين}}
|{{IPAslink|s}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـس}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـسـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|سـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[س]]}}}}
|-
|28.
|25.
|21.
|13.
|'''''sh'''in''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|shīn}} ({{IPA|ar|ʃiːn|}}) / ''šīn''
|{{lang|ar|شِين}}
|{{IPAslink|ʃ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـش}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـشـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|شـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ش]]}}}}
|-
|15.
|18.
|18.
|14.
|no equivalent ([[Emphatic consonant|emphatic]] ''s'')
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṣād}} ({{IPA|ar|sˤaːd|}})
|{{lang|ar|صَاد}}
|{{IPAslink|sˤ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـص}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـصـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|صـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ص]]}}}}
|-
|18.
|19.
|26.
|15.
|no equivalent (emphatic ''d'')
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍād}} ({{IPA|ar|dˤaːd|}})
|{{lang|ar|ضَاد}}
|{{IPAslink|dˤ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـض}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـضـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ضـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ض]]}}}}
|-
| data-sort-value="09." |9.
|12.
| data-sort-value="09." |9.
|16.
|no equivalent (emphatic ''t'')
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṭāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|tˤaːʔ|}})
|{{lang|ar|طَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|tˤ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـط}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـطـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|طـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ط]]}}}}
|-
|26.
|13.
|27.
|17.
|no equivalent (emphatic '''''th'''e'')
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ẓāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|ðˤaːʔ|}})
|{{lang|ar|ظَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|ðˤ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـظ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـظـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ظـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ظ]]}}}}
|-
|16.
|20.
|16.
|18.
|no equivalent (similar to {{lang|ar|ح}} ''ḥāʾ'' but voiced)
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʿayn}} ({{IPA|ar|ʕajn|}})
|{{lang|ar|عَيْن}}
|{{IPAslink|ʕ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـع}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـعـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|عـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ع]]}}}}
|-
|27.
|21.
|28.
|19.
|no equivalent (Spanish ''abo'''g'''ado or French '''r'''ouge'')
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ghayn}} ({{IPA|ar|ɣajn|}}) / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḡayn}}
|{{lang|ar|غَيْن}}
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـغ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـغـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|غـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}}}
|-
|17.
|22.
|17.
|20.
|'''''f'''ar''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|fāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|faːʔ|}})
|{{lang|ar|فَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|f}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـف}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـفـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|فـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}}}{{efn|name=regional-variation|See the section on [[#Regional variations|regional variations]] in letter form.}}
|-
|19.
|23.
|19.
|21.
|no equivalent ([[Multicultural London English|MLE]] '''''c'''ut)''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|qāf}} ({{IPA|ar|qaːf|}})
|{{lang|ar|قَاف}}
|{{IPAslink|q}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـق}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـقـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|قـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ق]]}}}}{{efn|name=regional-variation}}
|-
|11.
|14.
|11.
|22.
|'''''c'''ap''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|kāf}} ({{IPA|ar|kaːf|}})
|{{lang|ar|كَاف}}
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـك}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـكـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|كـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ك]]}}}}{{efn|name=regional-variation}}
|-
|12.
|15.
|12.
|23.
|'''''l'''amp''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} ({{IPA|ar|laːm|}})
|{{lang|ar|لاَم}}
|{{IPAslink|l}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـل}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـلـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|لـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ل]]}}}}
|-
|13.
|16.
|13.
|24.
|'''''m'''e''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|mīm}} ({{IPA|ar|miːm|}})
|{{lang|ar|مِيم}}
|{{IPAslink|m}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـم}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـمـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|مـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[م]]}}}}
|-
|14.
|17.
|14.
|25.
|'''''n'''un''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|nūn}} ({{IPA|ar|nuːn|}})
|{{lang|ar|نُون}}
|{{IPAslink|n}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـن}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـنـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|نـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ن]]}}}}
|-
| data-sort-value="05." |5.
|26.
| data-sort-value="05." |5.
|26.
|'''''h'''at''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|haːʔ|}})
|{{lang|ar|هَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|h}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـه{{lrm}}}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـهـ{{lrm}}{{lrm}}}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|هـ{{lrm}}}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ﻩ]]}}}}{{efn|In certain contexts such as serial numbers and license plates the initial form is used to prevent confusion with the western number zero or Eastern Arabic Numeral for 5(٥)}}
|-
| data-sort-value="06." |6.
|27.
| data-sort-value="06." |6.
|27.
|'''''w'''ow'', ''p'''oo'''l''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}} ({{IPA|ar|waːw|}})
|{{lang|ar|وَاو}}
|{{IPAslink|w}}, {{IPAslink|uː}}{{efn|name=vowels|The letters ⟨[[و]]⟩ and ⟨[[ي]]⟩ are used to transcribe the vowels {{IPAslink|oː}} and {{IPAslink|eː}} respectively in loanwords and dialects, ⟨[[و]]⟩ is also used as a silent letter in some words like عمرو.}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـو}}}}
|colspan=2|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[و]]}}}}
|-
|10.
|28.
|10.
|28.
|'''''y'''es'', ''m'''ee'''t''
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}} ({{IPA|ar|jaːʔ|}})
|{{lang|ar|يَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|j}}, {{IPAslink|iː}}{{efn|name=vowels}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـي}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـيـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|يـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ي]]}}}}{{efn|name=regional-variation}}
|-
! colspan="12" |
|-
|29.
|29.
|29.
|29.
|''''' '''''uh'''''–'''''oh
|[[Hamza|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hamzah}}]]
|{{lang|ar|هَمْزة}}
|{{IPAslink|ʔ}}
| colspan="4" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ء}}}}{{efn|(counted as a letter in the Arabic and plays an important role in Arabic spelling but not considered as one) denoting most irregular female nouns {{citation needed|reason=i thought this belonged with ta mabhuta, but i'm confused by "irregular"|date=March 2020}}|name=hamzah}}
(used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter)
|}

'''Notes'''

{{notelist}}
* See the article ''[[Romanization of Arabic]]'' for details on various transliteration schemes. Arabic language speakers may usually not follow a standardized scheme when transcribing words or names. Some Arabic letters which do not have an equivalent in English (such as ق) are often spelled as numbers when Romanized. Also names are regularly transcribed as pronounced locally, not as pronounced in [[Modern Standard Arabic|Literary Arabic]] (if they were of Arabic origin).
* Regarding pronunciation, the phonemic values given are those of Modern Standard Arabic, which is taught in schools and universities. In practice, pronunciation may vary considerably from region to region. For more details concerning the pronunciation of Arabic, consult the articles ''[[Arabic phonology]]'' and ''[[varieties of Arabic]]''.
* The names of the Arabic letters can be thought of as abstractions of an older version where they were meaningful words in the [[Proto-Semitic]] language. Names of Arabic letters may have quite different names popularly.
* Six letters ({{lang|ar|و ز ر ذ د ا}}) do not have a distinct medial form and have to be written with their final form without being connected to the next letter. Their initial form matches the isolated form. The following letter is written in its initial form, or isolated form if it is the final letter in the word.
* The letter {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}} originated in the Phoenician alphabet as a consonant-sign indicating a glottal stop. Today it has lost its function as a consonant, and, together with {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ya’}} and {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}, is a ''[[mater lectionis]]'', a consonant sign standing in for a long vowel (see below), or as support for certain diacritics ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|maddah}} and ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hamzah}}'').
* Arabic currently uses a [[Punctuation|punctuation mark]] called the {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hamzah}} ({{lang|ar|ء}}) to denote the [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, written alone or with a carrier:
** alone: {{lang|ar|ء}}
** with a carrier: {{lang|ar|إ أ}} (above or under an {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}), {{lang|ar|ؤ}} (above a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}), {{lang|ar|ئ}} (above a dotless {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yā’}} or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yā’ hamzah}}).

:In academic work, the hamzah is transliterated with the [[modifier letter right half ring]] (ʾ), while the [[modifier letter left half ring]] (ʿ) transliterates the letter ''[[Ayin|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|‘ayn}}]]'' ({{lang|ar|ع}}), which represents a different sound, not found in English.
:The hamzah has a single form, since it is never linked to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes combined with a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yā’}}, or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}, and in that case the carrier behaves like an ordinary {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yā’}}, or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}, check the table below:

==== Hamzah forms ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}

{|class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="3" |Contextual forms
! rowspan="2" |Isolated
! rowspan="2" |Position occurrence
|-
! Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aleph#Arabic variants|Hamzah ʿalā al-ʾalif]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى الأَلِفْ</big>}})
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـأ}}}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |{{lang|ar|أ}}
|Initial / Medial / Final positions
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aleph#Arabic variants|Hamzah taḥt al-ʾalif]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة تَحْت الأَلِفْ</big>}})
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | -
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | {{lang|ar|إ}}
|Initial position only
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aleph#Arabic variants|Hamzah ʿalā as-saṭr]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى السَّطْر</big>}})
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | {{huge|{{lang|ar|ء}}}}
| style="text-align:center" | -
| style="text-align:center" | {{lang|ar|ء}}
|Medial / Final only
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aleph#Arabic variants|Hamzah ʿalā al-wāw]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى الوَاو</big>}})
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـؤ}}}}
| style="text-align:center" | -
| style="text-align:center" | {{lang|ar|ؤ}}
|Medial / Final only
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aleph#Arabic variants|Hamzah ʿalā nabra]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى نَبْرَة</big>}}) (medial) {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aleph#Arabic variants|Hamzah ʿalā al-yāʾ]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى اليَاء</big>}}) (final)
| style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـئ}}}}
|style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـئـ}}}}
|style="text-align:center" | -
|style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ئ}}}}
|Medial / Final only
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aleph#Arabic variants|Hamzat al-madd]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَةْ المد</big>}})
|style="text-align:center" | -
|style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـآ}}}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |{{lang|ar|آ}}
|Initial / Medial only
|}
For the writing rule of each form, check [[Hamza]].

====Modified letters====
The following are not individual letters, but rather different contextual variants of some of the Arabic letters.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="3" |Contextual forms
! rowspan="2" |Isolated
! rowspan="2" |Translit.
! rowspan="2" |Phonemic Value (IPA)
|-
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
|[[Tāʾ marbūṭah|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|tāʾ marbūṭah}}]]
({{lang|ar|<big>تَاءْ مَرْبُوطَة</big>}})
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" |{{lang|ar|ـة}}
| colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" |(only final)
|{{lang|ar|ة}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|h}} or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|t/ẗ}}
|(aka "''correlated tā{{'}}''")
used in final position only and for denoting the feminine ''noun/word'' or to make the ''noun/word'' feminine; however, in rare ''irregular noun/word'' cases, it appears to denote the "masculine";
singular nouns: {{IPA|/a/}},

plural nouns: {{transliteration|ar|ALA|āt}} (a preceding letter followed by a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|fatḥah alif}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|tāʾ}} = {{script/Arabic|1=ـَات}})
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aleph#Arabic variants|ʾalif maqṣūrah]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>أَلِفْ مَقْصُورَة</big>}})
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" |{{lang|ar|ـى}}
| colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" |(only final)
|{{lang|ar|ى}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}} or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|y/ỳ}}
| Two uses: 1. The letter called {{lang|ar|أَلِفْ مَقْصُورَة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif maqṣūrah}} or {{lang|ar|ْأَلِف لَيِّنَة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif layyinah}} (as opposed to {{lang|ar|أَلِف مَمْدُودَة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif mamdūda}} {{lang|ar|ا}}), pronounced {{IPA|/aː/}} in Modern Standard Arabic. It is used only at the end of words in some special cases to denote the neuter/non-feminine aspect of the word (mainly verbs), where [[Tāʾ marbūṭah|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|tā’ marbūṭah}}]] cannot be used. 
{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} 2. A way of writing the letter {{lang|ar|ي}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}} without its dots at the end of words, either traditionally or in contemporary use in Egypt and Sudan.
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-
|''ʾalif al-waṣl''
({{lang|ar|<big>أَلِفُ ٱلْوَصْلِ</big>}})
| colspan="2" |(only initial)
| colspan="2" |{{lang|ar|ٱ}} or {{lang|ar|ا}}
|silent
(check [[Wasla]])
|
* an ''ʾalif'' with a ''hamzat waṣl'' above it, rarely used in this form and mostly written as an ordinary ''ʾalif'' ا.
* Initial/ Medial/ Final position: silent
* Marker/connector/conjoiner between two words, either using the [[Arabic definite article]] ''al'' or with an ʾ''alif'' or ''hamzah ʾalif'' to form a phrase, phrasal noun, or even name: e.g. 'Abd 'Allah <big>عَبْدَ ٱلله</big> - "servant of Allah (God)".
|}

====Gemination====
{{further|Shadda}}

[[Gemination]] is the doubling of a consonant. Instead of writing the letter twice, Arabic places a ''W''-shaped sign called {{transliteration|ar|ALA|shaddah}}, above it. Note that if a vowel occurs between the two consonants the letter will simply be written twice. The diacritic only appears where the consonant at the end of one syllable is identical to the initial consonant of the following syllable. (The generic term for such diacritical signs is {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[harakat|ḥarakāt]]}}), ''e. g.'', {{lang|ar|درس}} {{transliteration|ar|darasa}} (with full diacritics: {{lang|ar|دَرَسَ}}) is a Form I verb meaning ''to study'', whereas {{lang|ar|درّس}} {{transliteration|ar|darrasa}} (with full diacritics: {{lang|ar|دَرَّسَ}}) is the corresponding Form II verb, with the middle {{transliteration|ar|r}} consonant doubled, meaning ''to teach''.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | General Unicode
! Name
! Name in Arabic script
! Transliteration
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | 0651
|
{{script/Arabic|size=200%|attribute=lang="ar"| ــّـ }}
| {{transliteration|ar|ALA|shaddah}}
| {{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic| شَدَّة }}}}
| (consonant doubled/geminated)
|}

====Nunation====
{{Main|Nunation}}

Nunation ({{lang-ar|تنوين}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|tanwīn}}) is the addition of a final {{transliteration|ar|ALA|-n}}  to a [[noun]] or [[adjective]]. The vowel before it indicates [[grammatical case]]. In written Arabic nunation is indicated by doubling the vowel diacritic at the end of the word.

====Ligatures====
[[File:Arabic components (letters) in the word Allah only black.png|thumb|307x307px|Components of a ligature for "Allah": 1. [[Aleph#Arabic|alif]] 2. [[Hamza#Hamzat al-waṣl ( ٱ )|hamzat waṣl]] ({{Script/Arabic|ْهَمْزَة وَصْل}}) 3. [[lām]] 4. lām 5. [[shadda]] ({{Script/Arabic|شَدَّة}}) 6. [[dagger alif]] ({{Script/Arabic|أَلِفْ خَنْجَریَّة}}) 7. [[hāʾ]]]]
The use of [[Typographical ligature|ligature]] [[#Ligatures 2|in Arabic]] is common. There is one compulsory ligature, that for {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} ل + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}} ا, which exists in two forms. All other ligatures, of which there are many,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://graphemica.com/search?q=arabic+ligature| title = A list of Arabic ligature forms in Unicode.}}</ref> are optional.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="4" | Contextual forms
! rowspan="2" | Name
! rowspan="2" |Trans.
! rowspan="2" |Value
|-
! Final
! Medial
! Initial
! Isolated
|-
| colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﻼ}}
| colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﻻ}}
| lām + alif
|''laa''
|/laː/
|-
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﲓ}}
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﳰ}}
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﳝ}}<ref>Depending on fonts used for rendering, the form shown on-screen may or may not be the ligature form.</ref>
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﱘ}}
| yāʾ + mīm
|''īm''
|/iːm/
|-
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﲅ}}
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﳭ}}
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﳌ}}
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" | {{Script/Arabic|ﱂ}}
| lam + mīm
|''lm''
|/lm/
|}

A more complex ligature that combines as many as seven distinct components is commonly used to represent the word {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Allāh]]}}.

The only ligature within the primary range of [[Arabic script in Unicode]] (U+06xx) is {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}. This is the only one compulsory for fonts and word-processing. Other ranges are for compatibility to older standards and contain other ligatures, which are optional.
* {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}
*: {{Script/Arabic|لا}}
Note: [[Unicode]] also has in its Presentation Form B FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature displayed above should be identical to this one, <code>U+FEFB</code> ARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF ISOLATED FORM:
:: {{Script/Arabic|ﻻ}}

* <code>U+0640</code> ARABIC TATWEEL + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}
*: {{Script/Arabic|ـلا}}
Note: [[Unicode]] also has in its Presentation Form B U+FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature displayed above should be identical to this one:
* <code>U+FEFC</code> ARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF FINAL FORM
*: {{Script/Arabic|ﻼ}}

Another ligature in the [[Unicode]] Presentation Form A range U+FB50 to U+FDxx is the special code for glyph for the ligature {{transliteration|ar|ALA|Allāh}} ("God"), <code>U+FDF2</code> ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM:
:: {{Script/Arabic|ﷲ}}

This is a work-around for the shortcomings of most text processors, which are incapable of displaying the correct [[harakat|vowel marks]] for the word {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Allāh]]}} in the [[Quran]]. Because Arabic script is used to write other texts rather than Quran only, rendering {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hā’}} as the previous ligature is considered faulty.

{{lquote|This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred. –[[SIL International]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Scheherazade New |url=//software.sil.org/scheherazade/design/ |website=SIL International |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>}}

If one of a number of the fonts (Noto Naskh Arabic, mry_KacstQurn, KacstOne, Nadeem, DejaVu Sans, Harmattan, Scheherazade, Lateef, Iranian Sans, Baghdad, DecoType Naskh) is installed on a computer (Iranian Sans is supported by Wikimedia web-fonts), the word will appear without diacritics.
* {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hā’}} = LILLĀH (meaning ''"to Allāh [only to God]")''
*: {{Script/Arabic|لله}}  or  <span dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,Nadeem,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef,Baghdad,'DecoType Naskh'; font-size:250%;line-height:normal"> لله 
* {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hā’}} = ALLĀH (the Arabic word for "god")
*: {{Script/Arabic|الله}}  or  <span dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,Nadeem,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef,Baghdad,'DecoType Naskh'; font-size:250%;line-height:normal"> الله 
* {{transliteration|ar|alif}} + {{transliteration|ar|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|lām}} + <code>U+0651</code> ARABIC SHADDA + <code>U+0670</code> ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hā’}}
*: اللّٰه   (''DejaVu Sans'' and ''KacstOne'' don't show the added superscript Alef)

An attempt to show them on the faulty fonts without automatically adding the gemination mark and the superscript alif, although may not display as desired on all browsers, is by adding the <code>U+200d</code> (Zero width joiner) after the first or second {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}}
* ({{transliteration|ar|alif}} +) {{transliteration|ar|lām}} + {{transliteration|ar|lām}} + <code>U+200d</code> ZERO WIDTH JOINER + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hā’}}
*: {{Script/Arabic|الل&zwj;ه}}   &lrm;   {{Script/Arabic|لل&zwj;ه}}

== Vowels ==
Users of Arabic usually write [[vowel length|long vowels]] but omit short ones, so readers must utilize their knowledge of the language in order to supply the missing vowels. However, in the education system and particularly in classes on Arabic grammar these vowels are used since they are crucial to the grammar. An Arabic sentence can have a completely different meaning by a subtle change of the vowels. This is why in an important text such as the {{transliteration|ar|ALA|Qur’ān}} the three basic vowel signs are mandated, like the Arabic diacritics and other types of marks, like the [[Cantillation|cantillation signs]].

===Short vowels===
{{Further|Arabic diacritics}}

In the Arabic handwriting of everyday use, in general publications, and on street signs, short vowels are typically not written. On the other hand, copies of the {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Quran|Qur’ān]]}} cannot be endorsed by the religious institutes that review them unless the diacritics are included. Children's books, elementary school texts, and Arabic-language grammars in general will include diacritics to some degree. These are known as "[[Arabic diacritics|vocalized]]" texts.

Short vowels may be written with diacritics placed above or below the consonant that precedes them in the syllable, called {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥarakāt}}. All Arabic vowels, long and short, follow a consonant; in Arabic, words like "Ali" or "alif", for example, start with a consonant: {{transliteration|ar|‘Aliyy}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Short vowels (fully [[Arabic diacritics|vocalized]] text)
! Code
! Name
! Name in Arabic script
! Trans.
! Phonemic Value
! scope="col" style="width: 50%;" | Remarks
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{script/Arabic|size=220%| ــَـ }}
| 064E
| fat·ḥah
| {{script/Arabic|size=150%|attribute=lang="ar"| فَتْحَة }}
| {{transliteration|ar|ALA|a}}
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| Ranges from {{IPAblink|æ}}, {{IPAblink|a}}, {{IPAblink|ä}}, {{IPAblink|ɑ}}, {{IPAblink|ɐ}}, to {{IPAblink|e}}, depending on the native dialect, position, and stress.

|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{script/Arabic|size=220%| ــُـ }}
| 064F
| {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍammah}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=150%|attribute=lang="ar"| ضَمَّة }}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|u}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|Ranges from {{IPAblink|ʊ}}, {{IPAblink|o}}, to {{IPAblink|u}}, depending on the native dialect, position, and stress. Approximated to English "OO" (as "b'''''oo'''''t" but shorter)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
{{script/Arabic|size=200%|attribute=lang="ar"| ــِـ }}
|0650
| {{transliteration|ar|ALA|kasrah}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=150%|attribute=lang="ar"| كَسْرَة }}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|i}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
| Ranges from {{IPAblink|ɪ}}, {{IPAblink|e}}, to {{IPAblink|i}}, depending on the native dialect, position, and stress. Approximated to English "I" (as in "p'''''i'''''ck")
|}

===Long vowels===
In the fully vocalized Arabic text found in texts such as the Quran, a long {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}} following a consonant other than a ''[[hamza|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hamzah}}]]'' is written with a short {{transliteration|ar|ALA|a}} sign ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|fatḥah}}) on the consonant plus an {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}} after it; long {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ī}} is written as a sign for short {{transliteration|ar|ALA|i}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|kasrah}}) plus a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|''yāʾ''}}; and long {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ū}} as a sign for short {{transliteration|ar|ALA|u}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍammah}}) plus a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}. Briefly, {{transliteration|ar|ᵃa}} = {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}}; {{transliteration|ar|ⁱy}} = {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ī}}; and {{transliteration|ar|ᵘw}} = {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ū}}. Long {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}} following a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hamzah}} may be represented by an {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif maddah}} or by a free {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hamzah}} followed by an {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}} (two consecutive {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}}s are never allowed in Arabic).

The table below shows vowels placed above or below a dotted circle replacing a primary consonant letter or a ''[[Shadda|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|shaddah}}]]'' sign. For clarity in the table, the primary letters on the left used to mark these long vowels are shown only in their isolated form. Most consonants do connect to the left with {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}} and {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}} written then with their medial or final form. Additionally, the letter {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}} in the last row may connect to the letter on its left, and then will use a medial or initial form. Use the table of primary letters to look at their actual glyph and joining types.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Long vowels (fully vocalized text)
|-
! Unicode
! Letter with diacritic
! Name
! Trans.
! Variants
! Value
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="padding:10px;"|064E 0627
|{{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـَـا}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|fatḥah ʾalif}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}}
|''aa''
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/aː/}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="padding:10px;" |064E 0649
|{{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـَـى}}
|''fatḥah ʾalif maqṣūrah''
|{{transliteration|ar|ā}}
|''aa''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="padding:10px;" |064F 0648
|{{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـُـو}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍammah wāw}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ū}}
| ''uw/ ou''
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="padding:10px;" |0650 064A
|{{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـِـي}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|kasrah yāʾ}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ī}}
|''iy''
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|-
! colspan="6" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|0650 0649
|{{script/Arabic|ـِـى|size=200%}}{{efn|name=regional-variation|See the section on [[#Regional variations|regional variations]] in letter form.}}
|''kasrah yāʾ''
|''ī''
|''iy''
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|}

In unvocalized text (one in which the short vowels are not marked), the long vowels are represented by the vowel in question: {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif ṭawīlah/maqṣūrah}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}, or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}}. Long vowels written in the middle of a word of unvocalized text are treated like consonants with a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|sukūn}} (see below) in a text that has full diacritics. Here also, the table shows long vowel letters only in isolated form for clarity.

Combinations {{lang|ar|وا}} and {{lang|ar|يا}} are always pronounced {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wā}} and {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}} respectively. The exception is the suffix {{lang|ar|ـوا۟}} in verb endings where {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}} is silent, resulting in {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ū}} or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|aw}}.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Long vowels (unvocalized text)
!Name
!Trans.
!Value
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="padding:10px;"|0627 {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ا}}
|(implied {{transliteration|ar|ALA|fatḥah}}) {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/aː/}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="padding:10px;"|0649 {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ى}}
|(implied {{transliteration|ar|ALA|fatḥah}}) {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif maqṣūrah}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ā}} / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|y}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="padding:10px;"|0648 {{script/Arabic|size=200%|و}}
|(implied {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍammah}}) {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ū}}
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="padding:10px;"|064A {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ي}}
|(implied {{transliteration|ar|ALA|kasrah}}) {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ī}}
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|}

In addition, when transliterating names and loanwords, Arabic language speakers write out most or all the vowels as long ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}} with <big>{{lang|ar|[[ا]]}}</big> {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾalif}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ē}} and {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ī}} with <big>{{lang|ar|[[ي]]}}</big> {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yaʾ}}, and {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ō}} and {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ū}} with <big>{{lang|ar|[[و]]}}</big> {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}), meaning it approaches a true alphabet.

===Diphthongs===
The [[diphthongs]] {{IPA|/aj/}} and {{IPA|/aw/}} are represented in vocalized text as follows:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Diphthongs (fully [[Arabic diacritics|vocalized]] text)
!Name
!Trans.
!Value
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="padding:10px;"|064A 064E {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـَـي}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|fatḥah yāʾ}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ay}}
|{{IPA|/aj/}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="padding:10px;"|0648 064E {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـَـو}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|fatḥah vāv/ wāw}}
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|aw}}
|{{IPA|/aw/}}
|}

===Vowel omission===
An Arabic [[syllable]] can be open (ending with a vowel) or closed (ending with a consonant):
* open: CV [consonant-vowel] (long or short vowel)
* closed: CVC (short vowel only)

A normal text is composed only of a series of consonants plus vowel-lengthening letters; thus, the word ''qalb'', "heart", is written ''qlb'', and the word ''qalaba'' "he turned around", is also written ''qlb''.

To write ''qalaba'' without this ambiguity, we could indicate that the ''l'' is followed by a short ''a'' by writing a ''fatḥah'' above it.

To write ''qalb'', we would instead indicate that the ''l'' is followed by no vowel by marking it with a [[diacritic]] called ''sukūn'' ({{script/Arabic| ْ}}), like this: {{lang|ar|قلْب}}.

This is one step down from full vocalization, where the vowel after the ''q'' would also be indicated by a ''fatḥah'': {{lang|ar|قَلْب}}.

The ''[[Qurʾān]]'' is traditionally written in full vocalization.

The long ''i'' sound in some editions of the ''Qur’ān'' is written with a ''kasrah'' followed by a diacritic-less ''y'', and long ''u'' by a ''ḍammah'' followed by a bare ''w''. In others, these ''y'' and ''w'' carry a ''sukūn''. Outside of the ''Qur’ān'', the latter convention is extremely rare, to the point that ''y'' with ''sukūn'' will be unambiguously read as the [[diphthong]] {{IPA|/aj/}}, and ''w'' with ''sukūn'' will be read {{IPA|/aw/}}.

For example, the letters {{transliteration|ar|m-y-l}} can be read like English ''meel'' or ''mail'', or (theoretically) also like ''mayyal'' or ''mayil''. But if a ''sukūn'' is added on the ''y'' then the ''m'' cannot have a ''sukūn'' (because two letters in a row cannot be ''sukūn''ated), cannot have a ''ḍammah'' (because there is never an ''uy'' sound in Arabic unless there is another vowel after the ''y''), and cannot have a ''kasrah'' (because ''kasrah'' before ''sukūn''ated ''y'' is never found outside the ''Qur’ān''), so it ''must'' have a ''fatḥah'' and the only possible pronunciation is {{IPA|/majl/}} (meaning mile, or even e-mail). By the same token, m-y-t with a ''sukūn'' over the ''y'' can be ''mayt'' but not ''mayyit'' or ''meet'', and m-w-t with a ''sukūn'' on the ''w'' can only be ''mawt'', not ''moot'' (''iw'' is impossible when the ''w'' closes the syllable).

Vowel marks are always written as if the ''[[’I‘rab|i‘rāb]]'' vowels were in fact pronounced, even when they must be skipped in actual pronunciation. So, when writing the name ''Aḥmad'', it is optional to place a ''sukūn'' on the ''ḥ'', but a ''sukūn'' is forbidden on the ''d'', because it would carry a ''ḍammah'' if any other word followed, as in ''Aḥmadu zawjī'' "Ahmad is my husband".

Another example: the sentence that in correct literary Arabic must be pronounced ''Aḥmadu zawjun shirrīr'' "Ahmad is a wicked husband", is usually pronounced (due to influence from vernacular Arabic varieties) as ''Aḥmad zawj shirrīr''. Yet, for the purposes of Arabic grammar and orthography, is treated as if it were not mispronounced and as if yet another word followed it, i.e., if adding any vowel marks, they must be added as if the pronunciation were ''Aḥmadu zawjun sharrīrun'' with a ''tanwīn'' 'un' at the end. So, it is correct to add an ''un'' ''tanwīn'' sign on the final ''r'', but actually pronouncing it would be a hypercorrection. Also, it is never correct to write a ''sukūn'' on that ''r'', even though in actual pronunciation it is (and in correct Arabic MUST be) ''sukūn''ed.

Of course, if the correct ''i‘rāb'' is a ''sukūn'', it may be optionally written.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| General Unicode
!Name
!Name in Arabic script
!Translit.
!Phonemic Value (IPA)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="padding:10px;"| 0652
|style="padding:10px;"| {{script/Arabic|size=200%| ــْـ }}
|sukūn
|سُكُون
|(no vowel with this consonant letter or diphthong with this long vowel letter)
|∅
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="padding:10px;"| 0670
| style="padding:10px;"| {{script/Arabic|size=200%| ــٰـ }}
| alif khanjariyyah [dagger ’alif – smaller ’alif written above consonant]
| أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة
| ''ā''
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
|}
ٰٰ
The ''sukūn'' is also used for transliterating words into the Arabic script. The Persian word {{lang|fa|ماسک}} (''mâsk'', from the English word "mask"), for example, might be written with a ''sukūn'' above the {{lang|fa|ﺱ}} to signify that there is no vowel sound between that letter and the {{lang|fa|ک}}.

==Additional letters==


===Regional variations===
Some letters take a traditionally different form in specific regions:

{|class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" | Letter !! rowspan="2" | Explanation
|-
! Isolated !! Final !! Medial !! Initial
|-style="text-align:center;"
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ڛ}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـڛ}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـڛـ}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ڛـ}}
| style="text-align:left;" | A traditional form to denotate the {{transl|ar|ALA|sīn}} {{lang|ar|[[س]]}} letter, used in areas influenced by [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]] and former [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman script]], although rarely. Also used in older [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto script]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Notice sur les divers genres d'écriture ancienne et moderne des arabes, des persans et des turcs / par A.-P. Pihan|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5824879v/f26.item.zoom|year=1856}}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center;"
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ڢ}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـڢ}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـڢـ}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ڢـ}}
| style="text-align:left;" | A traditional [[Pe (Semitic letter)#Maghrebi variant|Maghrebi variant]] of {{transl|ar|ALA|fā’}} {{lang|ar|ف}}.
|-style="text-align:center;"
| {{nowrap|{{script/Arabic|size=200%|ڧ/ٯ}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـڧ/ـٯ}}}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـڧـ/ـٯـ}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ڧـ/ٯـ}}
| style="text-align:left;" | A traditional [[Qoph#Maghrebi variant|Maghrebi variant]] of {{transl|ar|ALA|qāf}} {{lang|ar|ق}}. Generally dotless in isolated and final positions and dotted in the initial and medial forms.
|-style="text-align:center;"
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ک}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـک}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـکـ}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|کـ}}
| style="text-align:left;" | An alternative version of {{transl|ar|ALA|kāf}} {{lang|ar|[[ك]]}} used especially in [[Maghrebi script|Maghrebi]] under the influence of the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman script]] or in [[Gulf Arabic|Gulf]] script under the influence of the [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]].
|-style="text-align:center;"
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ی}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـی}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|ـیـ}}
| {{script/Arabic|size=200%|یـ}}
| style="text-align:left;" | The traditional style to write or print the letter, and remains so in the [[Nile Valley]] region (Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan... etc.) and sometimes Maghreb; {{transl|ar|ALA|yā’}} {{lang|ar|[[ي]]}} is dotless in the isolated and final position. Visually identical to {{transl|ar|alif maqṣūrah}} {{lang|ar|[[ى]]}}; resembling the Perso-Arabic letter {{lang|fa|یـ ـیـ ـی [[ی]]}} which was also used in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]].
|}
The phoneme {{IPA|/g/}} is considered native in most Arabic dialects, below are the different representations of the phoneme in native and loanwords:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="10" |[[Varieties of Arabic|Arabic Dialects]]
|-
![[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan]]
![[Tunisian Arabic|Tunisian]]
![[Algerian Arabic|Algerian]]
![[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]
![[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]]
![[Hejazi Arabic|Hejazi]]
![[South Levantine Arabic|South Levantine]]
![[North Levantine Arabic|North Levantine]]
![[Mesopotamian Arabic|Iraqi]]
![[Gulf Arabic|Gulf]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڭ]]}}</big> / <big>{{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf|گ]]}}</big> / <big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ق]]}}</big>
| colspan="2" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڨ]]}}</big> / <big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ق]]}}</big>
|<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ج]]}}</big>
| colspan="2" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ق]]}}</big>
|<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ك]]}}</big> / <big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ج]]}}</big> / <big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ق]]}}</big>
|<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ك]]}}</big> / <big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ج]]}}</big>
| class="nowrap" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf|گ]]}}</big> / <big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ك]]}}</big> / <big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ق]]}}</big>
| class="nowrap" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ق]] / [[گ]]}}</big>
|}

===Non-native letters to Standard Arabic===
Some modified letters are used to represent non-native sounds of Modern Standard Arabic. These letters are used in transliterated names, loanwords and dialectal words.

{|class="wikitable"
! Letter !! Value !! Note
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:190%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Pe (Persian letter)|پ]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPAslink|p}}
|Sometimes used when transliterating foreign names and loanwords instead of {{transliteration|ar|bā’}} {{Script/Arabic|ب}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:190%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Ve (Arabic letter)|ڤ]]}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{IPAslink|v}}
|Sometimes used when transliterating foreign names and loanwords instead of {{transliteration|ar|fā’}} {{Script/Arabic|ف}}.<ref name="dialecttutorial">{{Cite web |url=http://www1.ccls.columbia.edu/~cadim/ArabicDialectTutorialAMTA2006.pdf |title=Arabic Dialect Tutorial |access-date=2 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217151017/http://www1.ccls.columbia.edu/~cadim/ArabicDialectTutorialAMTA2006.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Not to be confused with {{Script/Arabic|ڨ}}.
|-
|style="text-align:center;font-size:190%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Ve (Arabic letter)|ڥ]]}}
|Used in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:190%;" |{{Script/Arabic|[[Che (Persian letter)|چ]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}}1
|Used in Gulf and [[Iraqi Arabic|Iraqi]] Arabic dialects. The sequence {{Script/Arabic|تش}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[ت|tāʼ]]-[[ش|shīn]]}} is usually preferred in most of the Arab world (e.g. {{Script/Arabic|تشاد}} for "[[Chad]]").
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | {{IPAslink|ʒ}}2
|Used in Egypt for {{IPAslink|ʒ}} or {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} where {{Script/Arabic|ج}} is pronounced {{IPAslink|ɡ}}.
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | {{IPAslink|ɡ}}3
|Used in Israel, for example on road signs.
|-
|style="text-align:center;font-size:190%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[گ]]}}
|Used in Gulf and Iraqi Arabic dialects
|-
|style="text-align:center;font-size:190%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Ve (Arabic letter)#Similar-looking letter|ڨ]]}}
|Used in Tunisia and in Algeria for loanwords and for the dialectal pronunciation of {{transliteration|ar|qāf}} {{Script/Arabic|ق}} in some words. Not to be confused with {{Script/Arabic|ڤ}}.
|-
|style="text-align:center;font-size:190%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf#Gaf with three dots|ڭ/ݣ]]}}
|Used in Morocco.
|}

# {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} is considered a native phoneme/allophone in some dialects, e.g. Kuwaiti and Iraqi dialects.
# {{IPAslink|ʒ}} is considered a native phoneme (instead of {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}}) in a number of Levantine and North African dialects and as an allophone in others.
# The phoneme {{IPAslink|ɡ}} is considered native in most Arabic dialects, but not always part of Modern Standard Arabic. E.g. in Egypt, {{lang|ar|ج}} spells {{IPA|/g/}} in all cases,<ref>{{Cite book |last=al Nassir |first=Abdulmunʿim Abdulamir |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10917/1/354409.pdf |title=Sibawayh the Phonologist |publisher=University of New York |year=1985 |pages=80 |language=ar |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> the same applies to Oman, and coastal Yemen. Regionally, in MSA or dialects, {{IPAslink|ɡ}} is differently spelled in loanwords; most commonly {{lang|ar|ج}}, {{lang|ar|غ}}, {{lang|ar|ق}}, and {{lang|ar|ك}}. For example, "golf" can be written {{lang|ar|جولف}}, {{lang|ar|غولف}}, {{lang|ar|قولف}}, or {{lang|ar|كولف}} {{IPA|/ɡolf/}}.

===Used in languages other than Arabic===
{{further|Arabic script#Additional letters used in other languages}}

== Numerals ==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Western (Maghreb, Europe) || rowspan="2" | Central (Mideast) || colspan=2 | Eastern
|-
!Persian
!Urdu
|-
| 0
| {{lang|ar|٠}}
| {{lang|fa|۰}}
| {{lang|ur|۰}}
|-
| 1
| {{lang|ar|١}}
| {{lang|fa|۱}}
| {{lang|ur|۱}}
|-
| 2
| {{lang|ar|٢}}
| {{lang|fa|۲}}
| {{lang|ur|۲}}
|-
| 3
| {{lang|ar|٣}}
| {{lang|fa|۳}}
| {{lang|ur|۳}}
|-
| 4
| {{lang|ar|٤}}
| {{lang|fa|۴}}
| {{lang|ur|۴}}
|-
| 5
| {{lang|ar|٥}}
| {{lang|fa|۵}}
| {{lang|ur|۵}}
|-
| 6
| {{lang|ar|٦}}
| {{lang|fa|۶}}
| {{lang|ur|۶}}
|-
| 7
| {{lang|ar|٧}}
| {{lang|fa|۷}}
| {{lang|ur|۷}}
|-
| 8
| {{lang|ar|٨}}
| {{lang|fa|۸}}
| {{lang|ur|۸}}
|-
| 9
| {{lang|ar|٩}}
| {{lang|fa|۹}}
| {{lang|ur|۹}}
|-
| 10
| {{lang|ar|١٠}}
| {{lang|fa|۱۰}}
| {{lang|ur|۱۰}}
|}
{{Main|Western Arabic numerals|Eastern Arabic numerals}}

There are two main kinds of numerals used along with Arabic text; [[Western Arabic numerals]] and [[Eastern Arabic numerals]]. In most of present-day North Africa, the usual Western Arabic numerals are used. Like Western Arabic numerals, in Eastern Arabic numerals, the units are always right-most, and the highest value left-most. Eastern Arabic numbers are written from left to right.

===Letters as numerals===
{{main|Abjad numerals}}

In addition, the Arabic alphabet can be used to represent numbers ([[Abjad numerals]]). This usage is based on the {{transliteration|ar|ʾabjadī}} order of the alphabet. {{lang|ar|أ}} {{transliteration|ar|ʾalif}} is 1, {{lang|ar|ب}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|bāʾ}} is 2, {{lang|ar|ج}} {{transliteration|ar|jīm}} is 3, and so on until {{lang|ar|ي}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}} = 10, {{lang|ar|ك}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|kāf}} = 20, {{lang|ar|ل}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}} = 30, ..., {{lang|ar|ر}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|rāʾ}} = 200, ..., {{lang|ar|غ}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ghayn}} = 1000. This is sometimes used to produce [[chronogram]]s.

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Arabic alphabet}}
[[File:Arabic script evolution.svg|thumb|250px|Evolution of early [[Islamic calligraphy|Arabic calligraphy]] (9th–11th century). The {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Basmala]]}} is taken as an example, from [[Kufic]] {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Qur’ān]]}} manuscripts. (1) Early 9th century script used no dots or [[diacritic]] marks;<ref>[[commons:File:Basmala kufi.svg|File:Basmala kufi.svg – Wikimedia Commons]]</ref> (2) and (3) in the 9th–10th century during the Abbasid dynasty, [[Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali|Abu al-Aswad]]'s system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel. Later, a second system of black dots was used to differentiate between letters like {{transliteration|ar|ALA|fā’}} and {{transliteration|ar|ALA|qāf}};<ref name="wikimedia1">[[commons:File:Kufi.jpg|File:Kufi.jpg – Wikimedia Commons]]</ref> (4) in the 11th century ([[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi|al-Farāhīdī]]'s system) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels. This system is the one used today.<ref>[[commons:File:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg|File:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg – Wikimedia Commons]]</ref>]]
The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the [[Nabataean script]] used to write [[Nabataean Aramaic]]. The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from {{transliteration|ar|[[Jabal Ram]]}} 50 km east of {{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aqaba|‘Aqabah]]}} in [[Jordan]], but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at [[Zebed]] in [[Syria]] from 512.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} However, the [[epigraphy|epigraphic]] record is extremely sparse, with only five certainly [[pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions]] surviving, though some others may be pre-Islamic. Later, dots were added above and below the letters to differentiate them. (The Aramaic language had fewer phonemes than the Arabic, and some originally distinct Aramaic letters had become indistinguishable in shape, so that in the early writings 14 distinct letter-shapes had to do duty for 28 sounds; cf. the similarly ambiguous [[Book Pahlavi]].)

The first surviving document that definitely uses these dots is also the first surviving Arabic [[papyrus]] ([[PERF 558]]), dated April 643, although they did not become obligatory until much later. Important texts were and still are frequently memorized, especially in [[hafiz (Quran)|Qurʾan memorization]].

Later still, vowel marks and the hamzah were introduced, beginning some time in the latter half of the 7th century, preceding the first invention of [[Syriac alphabet|Syriac]] and [[Tiberian vocalization]]s. Initially, this was done by a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned in the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] era by [[Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali]], a dot above = {{transliteration|ar|ALA|a}}, a dot below = {{transliteration|ar|ALA|i}}, a dot on the line = {{transliteration|ar|ALA|u}}, and doubled dots indicated [[nunation]]. However, this was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letter-distinguishing dots, so about 100 years later, the modern system was adopted. The system was finalized around 786 by [[al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi]].

=== Other tributes and alphabets written in Arabic dialects ===
Arabic dialects were written in different alphabets before the spread of the Arabic alphabet currently in use. The most important of these alphabets and inscriptions are the [[Safaitic]] inscriptions, amounting to 30,000 inscriptions discovered in the [[Syrian Desert|Levant desert]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-15 |title=علم اللغة العربية • الموقع الرسمي للمكتبة الشاملة |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022117/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-11299/page-275 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>

There are about 3,700 inscriptions in [[Hismaic]] in central Jordan and northwest of the Arabian Peninsula, and Nabataean inscriptions, the most important of which are the Umm al-Jimal I inscription and the [[Namara inscription|Numara inscription]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=(PDF) Al-Jallad. A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic {{!}} Ahmad Al-Jallad - Academia.edu |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113063433/https://www.academia.edu/38100372/Al_Jallad_A_Manual_of_the_Historical_Grammar_of_Arabic |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> [[File:Panel Almaqah Louvre DAO18.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient South Arabian script|Musnad]] script as is clear from one of the [[Sheba|Sabaean]] inscriptions.]]

=== Arabic printing ===
[[tarsh|Medieval Arabic blockprinting]] flourished from the 10th century until the 14th. It was devoted only to very small texts, usually for use in [[amulet]]s.

In 1514, following [[Johannes Gutenberg]]'s invention of the printing press in 1450, Gregorio de Gregorii, a Venetian, published an entire prayer-book in Arabic script; it was entitled ''[[Kitab salat al-sawai|Kitab Salat al-Sawa'i]]'' and was intended for eastern Christian communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viverefano.com/2014/11/19/294-anniversario-della-biblioteca-federiciana-ricerche-e-curiosit-sul-kitab-salat-al-sawai/504874/|title=294° anniversario della Biblioteca Federiciana: ricerche e curiosità sul Kitab Salat al-Sawai|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> Between 1580 and 1586, type designer [[Robert Granjon]] designed Arabic typefaces for Cardinal [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinando de' Medici]], and the [[Medici Oriental Press]] published many Christian prayer and scholarly Arabic texts in the late 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu2y8w_o2sQC&q=Robert+Granjon+designed+Arabic+typefaces&pg=PA11|title=Design and Structure of Arabic Script|last=Naghashian|first=Naghi|date=2013-01-21|publisher=epubli|isbn=9783844245059|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:الكامل في صنعة الأسطرلاب الشمالي والجنوبي وعللهما بالهندسة والحساب.png|thumb|A page from the manuscript of Al-Kamil's book on the making of the northern and southern [[astrolabe]] and their reasons for geometry and arithmetic by [[Al-Farghani|Ahmed bin Katheer Al-Farghani]], where the letters appear in red in an arranged order expressing numbers.]]
[[Maronite]] monks at Maar Quzhay Monastery on [[Mount Lebanon]] published the first Arabic books to use movable type in the Middle East. The monks transliterated the Arabic language using [[Syriac language|Syriac]] script.

Although [[Napoleon]] generally receives credit for introducing the [[printing press]] to Egypt during his invasion of the country in 1798, and though he did indeed bring printing presses and Arabic presses to print the French occupation's official newspaper ''Al-Tanbiyyah'' "The Courier", printing in the Arabic language had started several centuries earlier. A goldsmith (like Gutenberg) designed and implemented an Arabic-script movable-type printing-press in the Middle East. The [[Lebanese Melkite Christians|Lebanese Melkite]] monk [[Abdallah Zakher]] set up an Arabic [[printing press]] using [[movable type]] at the monastery of Saint John at the town of [[Dhour El Shuwayr]] in Mount Lebanon, the first homemade press in Lebanon using Arabic script. He personally cut the type molds and did the founding of the typeface. The first book came off his press in 1734; this press continued in use until 1899.<ref>
[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198102/arabic.and.the.art.of.printing-a.special.section.htm Arabic and the Art of Printing – A Special Section] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229133008/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198102/arabic.and.the.art.of.printing-a.special.section.htm |date=29 December 2006 }}, by Paul Lunde
</ref>

== Computers ==
The Arabic alphabet can be encoded using several [[character set]]s, including [[ISO-8859-6]], [[Windows-1256]] and [[Unicode]], latter thanks to the "Arabic segment", entries U+0600 to U+06FF. However, none of the sets indicates the form that each character should take in context. It is left to the [[rendering (computer graphics)|rendering engine]] to select the proper [[glyph]] to display for each character.

Each letter has a position-independent encoding in Unicode, and the rendering software can infer the correct glyph form (initial, medial, final or isolated) from its joining context. That is the current recommendation. However, for compatibility with previous standards, the initial, medial, final and isolated forms can also be encoded separately.

===Unicode===
{{Main|Arabic script in Unicode}}
As of Unicode {{Unicode version|version=15.1}}, the Arabic script is contained in the following [[Unicode block|blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Scripts.txt | work=Unicode Character Database | title=UAX #24: Script data file | publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref>
* [[Arabic (Unicode block)|Arabic]] (0600–06FF, 256 characters)
* [[Arabic Supplement]] (0750–077F, 48 characters)
* [[Arabic Extended-A]] (08A0–08FF, 96 characters)
* [[Arabic Extended-B]] (0870–089F, 41 characters)
* [[Arabic Extended-C]] (10EC0–10EFF, 3 characters)
* [[Arabic Presentation Forms-A]] (FB50–FDFF, 631 characters)
* [[Arabic Presentation Forms-B]] (FE70–FEFF, 141 characters)
* [[Rumi Numeral Symbols]] (10E60–10E7F, 31 characters)
* [[Indic Siyaq Numbers]] (1EC70–1ECBF, 68 characters)
* [[Ottoman Siyaq Numbers]] (1ED00–1ED4F, 61 characters)
* [[Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols]] (1EE00—1EEFF, 143 characters)

The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621-U+0652 being directly based on [[ISO 8859-6]]). It also includes the most common diacritics and [[Arabic-Indic digits]]. U+06D6 to U+06ED encode Qur'anic annotation signs such as "end of ''[[ayah]]''" ۝ۖ and "start of ''[[Rub El Hizb|rub el hizb]]''" ۞. The Arabic supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Extended-A range encodes additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages.

The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, [[Urdu]], Sindhi and Central Asian languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-B range encodes spacing forms of Arabic diacritics, and more contextual letter forms. The Arabic Mathematical Alphabetical Symbols block encodes characters used in Arabic mathematical expressions.

See also the notes of the section on [[#Modified letters|modified letters]].

===Keyboards===
{{see also|Keyboard layout|Arabic keyboard}}
[[File:KB Arabic MAC.svg|thumb|450px|Arabic Mac keyboard layout]]
[[File:KB Arabic.svg|thumb|450px|Arabic PC keyboard layout]]
[[File:Intellark4qwerty.png|thumb|450px|[[Intellark]] imposed on a QWERTY keyboard layout]]

Keyboards designed for different nations have different layouts, so proficiency in one style of keyboard, such as Iraq's, does not transfer to proficiency in another, such as Saudi Arabia's. Differences can include the location of non-alphabetic characters.

All Arabic keyboards allow typing Roman characters, e.g., for the URL in a [[web browser]]. Thus, each Arabic keyboard has both Arabic and Roman characters marked on the keys. Usually, the Roman characters of an Arabic keyboard conform to the [[QWERTY]] layout, but in [[North Africa]], where [[French language|French]] is the most common language typed using the Roman characters, the Arabic keyboards are [[AZERTY]].

To encode a particular written form of a character, there are extra code points provided in Unicode which can be used to express the exact written form desired. The range ''Arabic presentation forms A'' (U+FB50 to U+FDFF) contain ligatures while the range ''Arabic presentation forms B'' (U+FE70 to U+FEFF) contains the positional variants. These effects are better achieved in Unicode by using the ''[[zero-width joiner]]'' and ''[[zero-width non-joiner]]'', as these presentation forms are deprecated in Unicode and should generally only be used within the internals of text-rendering software; when using Unicode as an intermediate form for conversion between character encodings; or for backwards compatibility with implementations that rely on the hard-coding of glyph forms.

Finally, the Unicode encoding of Arabic is in ''logical order'', that is, the characters are entered, and stored in computer memory, in the order that they are written and pronounced without worrying about the direction in which they will be displayed on paper or on the screen. Again, it is left to the rendering engine to present the characters in the correct direction, using Unicode's [[bi-directional text]] features. In this regard, if the Arabic words on this page are written left to right, it is an indication that the Unicode rendering engine used to display them is out of date.<ref>For more information about encoding Arabic, consult the Unicode manual available at [https://www.unicode.org/ The Unicode website]</ref><ref>See also [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/Multilingual_Computing_with_Arabic_and_Arabic_Transliteration.pdf Multilingual Computing with Arabic and Arabic Transliteration: Arabicizing Windows Applications to Read and Write Arabic & Solutions for the Transliteration Quagmire Faced by Arabic-Script Languages] and [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/multilingual_computing_arabic.ppt A PowerPoint Tutorial (with screen shots and an English voice-over) on how to add Arabic to the Windows Operating System]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911024303/https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/Multilingual_Computing_with_Arabic_and_Arabic_Transliteration.pdf |date=11 September 2011 }}</ref>

There are competing online tools, e.g. Yamli editor, which allow entry of Arabic letters without having Arabic support installed on a PC, and without knowledge of the layout of the Arabic keyboard.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.yamli.com/press/| title = Yamli in the News}}</ref>

===Handwriting recognition===
The first software program of its kind in the world that identifies Arabic handwriting in real time was developed by researchers at [[Ben-Gurion University]] (BGU).

The prototype enables the user to write Arabic words by hand on an electronic screen, which then analyzes the text and translates it into printed Arabic letters in a thousandth of a second. The error rate is less than three percent, according to Dr. Jihad El-Sana, from BGU's department of computer sciences, who developed the system along with master's degree student Fadi Biadsy.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.israel21c.org/technology/arabic-handwriting-gets-computerized-thanks-to-israeli-innovation/| title = Israel 21c| date = 14 May 2007}}</ref>

==== Variations ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''The modern hijā’ī sequence and abjadī sequence (excluding {{transliteration|ar|DIN|hamzah}}) in 15 fonts:'''
|- class="nowrap"
| style="text-align:center;font-size:180%" | {{lang|ar|[[ي]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[و]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ه]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ن]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[م]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ل]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ك]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ق]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ع]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ظ]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ط]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ض]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ص]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ش]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[س]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ز]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ر]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ذ]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[د]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[خ]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ح]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ث]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ب]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ا]]}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;" | hijā’ī sequence
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[File:Arabic in 15 fonts 2020-03-25 1554.png|830px|center]]
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00007f;background-color:#00007f" | •
| class="nowrap" style="font-size:95%" | [[noto fonts|Noto]] [[Nastaliq]] [[urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#003399;background-color:#003399" | •
| class="nowrap" style="font-size:95%" | [[Scheherazade New]]
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00549a;background-color:#00549a" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Lateef
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#007670;background-color:#007670" | •
| class="nowrap" style="font-size:95%" | Noto [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] Arabic
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00b050;background-color:#00b050" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Markazi Text
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#49da00;background-color:#49da00" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Noto [[sans serif|Sans]] Arabic
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#ffc900;background-color:#ffc900" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | El Messiri
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#ff9800;background-color:#ff9800" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Lemonada 
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#ff00aa;background-color:#ff00aa" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Changa 
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#c900ff;background-color:#c900ff" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Mada
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#9933ff;background-color:#9933ff" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Noto [[kufic|Kufi]] Arabic
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#6600ff;background-color:#6600ff" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Reem Kufi
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#1f00bf;background-color:#1f00bf" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Lalezar
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00007f;background-color:#00007f" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Jomhuria
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00003f;background-color:#00003f" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Rakkas
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:180%" | {{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ظ]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ض]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ذ]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[خ]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ث]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ش]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ر]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ق]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ص]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ع]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[س]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ن]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[م]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ل]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ك]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ي]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ط]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ح]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ز]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[و]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ه]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[د]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ب]]}}{{lang|ar| }}{{lang|ar|[[ا]]}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;" | abjadī sequence
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[File:Arabic in 15 fonts 2020-03-24 2228.png|830px|center]]
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00007f;background-color:#00007f" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Noto Nastaliq Urdu
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#003399;background-color:#003399" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | [[Scheherazade New]]
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00549a;background-color:#00549a" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Lateef
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#007670;background-color:#007670" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Noto [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] Arabic
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00b050;background-color:#00b050" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Markazi Text
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#49da00;background-color:#49da00" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Noto Sans Arabic
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#ffc900;background-color:#ffc900" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | El Messiri
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#ff9800;background-color:#ff9800" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Lemonada 
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#ff00aa;background-color:#ff00aa" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Changa 
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#c900ff;background-color:#c900ff" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Mada
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#9933ff;background-color:#9933ff" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Noto Kufi Arabic
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#6600ff;background-color:#6600ff" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Reem Kufi
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#1f00bf;background-color:#1f00bf" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Lalezar
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00007f;background-color:#00007f" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Jomhuria
|-
| style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00003f;background-color:#00003f" | •
| style="font-size:95%" | Rakkas
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Arabic alphabet}}
{{div col}}
* [[Ancient South Arabian script]]
* [[Algerian braille]]
* [[Arabic braille]]
* [[Arabic calligraphy]]
* [[Arabic chat alphabet]]
* [[Arabic letter frequency]]
* [[Arabic numerals]]
* [[ArabTeX]] – provides Arabic support for [[TeX]] and [[LaTeX]]
* [[History of the Arabic alphabet]]
* [[Modern Arabic mathematical notation]]
* [[Romanization of Arabic]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal|first1= Michael C. A.|last1=Macdonald|author-link1= Michael C. A. Macdonald|year= 1986|title= ABCs and letter order in Ancient North Arabian|journal= Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|issue= 16|pages= 101–168}}

==External links==
* {{cite journal|last1=Shaalan|first1=Khaled|last2=Raza|first2=Hafsa|title=NERA: Named entity recognition for Arabic|journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology|date=August 2009|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1652–1663|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264209725|doi=10.1002/asi.21090}}


{{Arabic alphabets}}
{{Arabic language|state=collapsed}}
{{list of writing systems}}
{{Northwest Semitic abjad}}
{{Language orthographies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arabic Alphabet}}
[[Category:Arabic script| ]]
[[Category:Arabic orthography]]

Gujarat

2024-05-30T18:02:04Z

AmrAlWatan: edited hatnote to fit wp:hatnot

{{Short description|State in western India}}
{{About|the state in India| other uses|Gujrat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Gujarat
| type = State
| image_skyline = [[File:GujaratPhotoMontage.jpg|275px]]
| image_alt = a montage of images from Gujarat showing statues of Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, people, temples, a palace and a salt marsh
| image_caption = From top and L-R: [[Sabarmati Ashram]], [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] attire, [[Somnath Temple]], [[Rann of Kutch]], [[Dwarkadhish Temple]], [[Statue of Unity]], [[Laxmi Vilas Palace]] at [[Vadodara]]
| image_seal = Government Of Gujarat Seal In All Languages.svg
| seal_size = 100
| etymology = Land of [[Gurjar]]s
| nickname = "Jewel of Western India"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth alone triumphs)
| anthem = [[Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]] ("Victory to Proud Gujarat")<ref name="DeshGujarat2011">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2011 |title=Newest version of Jay Jay Garvi Gujarat song launched(Video) |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113115131/http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/ |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=12 November 2016 |website=Desh Gujarat}}</ref>
| image_map = IN-GJ.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|23.220|N|72.655|E|region:IN-GJ|display=inline,title}}
| region = West India
| before_was = [[Bombay State]]
| formation_date3 = formation
| formation_date4 = 1 May 1960
| capital = Gandhinagar
| largestcity = Ahmedabad
| metro = Ahmedabad
| districts = [[List of districts of Gujarat|33]]
| Governor = [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| judiciary = [[Gujarat High Court]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 182 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 11 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 26 seats
| area_total_km2 = 196024
| area_rank = 5th
| length_km = 590
| width_km = 500
| elevation_m = 137
| elevation_max_m = 1,145
| elevation_max_point = [[Girnar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=DGFASLI REPORT |url=http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820085038/http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = -1
| elevation_min_point = [[Arabian Sea]]
| population_total = {{Increase}} 60,439,692
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 9th
| population_urban = 42.6%
| population_rural = 57.4%
| population_density = 308
| population_demonym = [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2014 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |page=118}}</ref>
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf |title=The Gujarat Official Languages Act, 1960 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |year=1961 |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221090052/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Benedikter2009">{{Cite book |last=Benedikter |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-643-10231-7 |page=89 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425230812/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| official_script = [[Gujarati script]], [[Devanagari script]]
| GDP_footnotes = <ref name="Gujarat_GSDP">{{cite web|url=https://financedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/Documents/Bud-Eng_1096_2022-3-3_683.pdf|title=Socio-Economic Review 2021–2022|work=[[Government of Gujarat]]|pages=30|access-date=11 February 2022}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|16.55|t|lk=r}}
| GDP_year = 2020-2021
| GDP_rank = 4th
| GDP_per_capita = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{INRConvert|213936|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 11th
| HDI = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 0.672 {{color|#fc0|Medium}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Development Indices (5.0) |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019%2B2014%2B2009%2B2004%2B1999%2B1994%2B1990 |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217010601/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019%2B2014%2B2009%2B2004%2B1999%2B1994%2B1990 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2019
| HDI_rank = 23rd
| literacy = {{Increase}} 78.03%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Household Social Consumption on Education in India |url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102082546/http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2011
| literacy_rank = 17th
| sex_ratio = 919[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011">{{Cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2011
| sexratio_rank = 16th
| iso_code = IN-GJ
| registration_plate = GJ
| website = gujaratindia.gov.in
| footnotes = {{note|cap|†}}The state of Bombay was divided into two states i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act 1960.
| foundation_day = Gujarat Day
| mammal = [[Asiatic lion]]<ref name="ToI2016">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2016 |title=Gujarat forgets state bird, tree and flower |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-forgets-state-bird-tree-and-flower/articleshow/29893945.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227222448/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-forgets-state-bird-tree-and-flower/articleshow/29893945.cms |archive-date=27 December 2016 |access-date=14 July 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| bird = [[Greater flamingo]]
| flower = [[Tagetes|Marigold]]<ref name="ToI2016" />
| tree = [[Banyan]]<ref name="ToI2016" />
| fruit = [[Mango]]<ref name="Nri Gujarati News">{{Cite web |title=Which is State Fruit of Gujarat India – Mango (Keri) |url=http://www.nrigujarati.co.in/Topic/3631/1/which-is-state-fruit-of-gujarat-india-mango-keri-verities-photos-types-of-mango-images.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031530/http://www.nrigujarati.co.in/Topic/3631/1/which-is-state-fruit-of-gujarat-india-mango-keri-verities-photos-types-of-mango-images.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017 |website=Nri Gujarati News}}</ref>
| fish = [[Blackspotted croaker]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=21 November 2023 |title='Ghol' declared state fish of Gujarat at Global Fisheries Conference, Ahmedabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ghol-declared-state-fish-gujarat-global-fisheries-conference-9036238/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121203230/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ghol-declared-state-fish-gujarat-global-fisheries-conference-9036238/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image_highway = SH IN-GJ.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Gujarat|GJ SH1 - GJ SH173]]
}}

'''Gujarat''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɡ|ʊ|dʒ|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|t}} {{respell|GUUJ|ə|RAHT}}, {{IPA-gu|ˈɡudʒəɾat̪|lang|Gujarat.ogg}}) is a [[States of India|state]] along the [[Western India|western coast]] of [[India]]. Its coastline of about {{cvt|1600|km|mi}} is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula. Gujarat is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|fifth-largest Indian state by area]], covering some {{cvt|196024|km2|mi2}}; and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|ninth-most populous state]], with a population of 60.4 million in 2011. It is bordered by [[Rajasthan]] to the [[northeast]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] to the south, [[Maharashtra]] to the southeast, [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the east, and the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]] to the west. Gujarat's [[capital city]] is [[Gandhinagar]], while its largest city is [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Population 2018 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/gujarat-population/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015346/http://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/gujarat-population/ |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> The [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] are indigenous to the state and their language, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], is the state's official language.

The state [[List of Indus Valley civilisation sites#List of Indus Valley sites discovered|encompasses 23 sites]] of the ancient [[Indus Valley civilisation]] (more than any other state). The most important sites are [[Lothal]] (the world's first dry dock), [[Dholavira]] (the fifth largest site), and [[Gola Dhoro]] (where 5 uncommon seals were found). Lothal is believed to have been one of the world's first [[Historical ports|seaports]].<ref name="kulke">{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Professor of Asian History Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |title=A History of India |last2=Kulke |first2=Hermann |last3=Rothermund |first3=Dietmar |date=2004 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |pages=26–27 |language=en |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923072146/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |archive-date=23 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat's]] coastal cities, chiefly [[Bharuch]] and [[Khambhat]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baṭṭūṭa |first1=Ibn |title=The Rehla of Ibn Battuta (India, Maldive Islands and Ceylon) |last2=Husain |first2=Mahdi |publisher=Oriental Institute |year=1976 |location=Baroda |pages=172}}</ref> served as ports and trading centres in the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] empires and during the succession of royal [[Saka]] dynasties in the [[Western Satraps]] era.<ref name="Hinduism and modernity">{{Cite book |last=David Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-aRSuypah8C&pg=PA62 |title=Hinduism and modernity |date=2003 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-20862-4 |location=Oxford |page=62 |quote=Surat was then the place of embarkation of pilgrims to Mecca; known as Bab al-Makkah or the Gate of Mecca, it was almost a sacred place for the Muslims of India. More to the point it was the main city for foreign imports, where many merchants had their bases, and all the European trading companies were established. Its population was more than 100, 000.}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJtRAQAAIAAJ |title=The journal of Asian studies, Volume 35, Issues 1–2 |year=1975 |quote=For a pious emperor, Surat had more than economic and political importance; it was the port from which the hajj (pilgrimage) ships left Mughal India for the Red Sea. The port was variously known as Bab-al-Makkah, the Bab-ul-Hajj, the Dar-al-Hajj, and the Bandar-i-Mubarak. |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJtRAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Along with [[Bihar]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Nagaland]], Gujarat is one of four Indian states to [[Alcohol prohibition in India|prohibit the sale of alcohol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=States with total and phase-wise prohibition of alcohol in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-liquor-ban-states-having-total-prohibition-gujarat-kerala/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605154304/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-liquor-ban-states-having-total-prohibition-gujarat-kerala/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Gir Forest National Park]] in Gujarat is home to the only wild population of the [[Asiatic lion]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Aeshita |last2=Borad |first2=C.K. |date=1 October 2004 |title=Integrated approach towards conservation of Gir National Park: the last refuge of Asiatic Lions, India |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000040009.75090.8c |journal=Biodiversity & Conservation |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2165–2182 |doi=10.1023/B:BIOC.0000040009.75090.8c |bibcode=2004BiCon..13.2165M |issn=1572-9710 |s2cid=35893400 |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925090813/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000040009.75090.8c |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[economy of Gujarat]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|fourth-largest in India]], with a [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|gross state domestic product (GSDP)]] of {{INRConvert|16.55|t|lk=r|year=2021}} and has the country's [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|10th-highest GSDP per capita]] of {{INRConvert|215|k}}.<ref name="Gujarat_GSDP"/> Gujarat has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by exports|highest exports of all states]], accounting for around one-third of national exports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRYAT |url=https://niryat.gov.in/india#?start_date=202204&end_date=202303&default_table=default&sort_table=export_achieved-sort-desc |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=niryat.gov.in |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118005123/https://niryat.gov.in/india#?start_date=202204&end_date=202303&default_table=default&sort_table=export_achieved-sort-desc |url-status=live }}</ref> It ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|21st among Indian states and union territories in human development index]].<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{Cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |access-date=25 September 2018 |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University}}</ref> Gujarat is regarded as one of the most industrialised states and has a low [[List of states and union territories of India by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]],<ref name="Gujarat_info1">
* {{Cite web |title=Periodic Labour Force Survey (2017-18) |url=http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704192359/http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2019 |access-date=3 May 2019 |publisher=[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] |page=212}}
* {{Cite web |last=M Saraswathy |date=5 February 2020 |title=Electronic appliance makers eye Gujarat as new manufacturing hub |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/electronic-appliance-makers-eye-gujarat-as-new-manufacturing-hub-4909051.html |access-date=4 March 2017 |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205094701/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/electronic-appliance-makers-eye-gujarat-as-new-manufacturing-hub-4909051.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Pradeep Udhas |title=Accelerating growth in Gujarat |url=http://www.in.kpmg.com/pdf/Gujarat.pdf |access-date=4 July 2020 |publisher=[[KPMG]] |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223130/http://www.in.kpmg.com/pdf/Gujarat.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=Anita |last2=Oza |first2=Heena |date=September 2015 |title=Green supply chain management practices implementation and effect on organizational performance of ISO14001 certified manufacturing companies of India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337562800 |journal=Abhinav International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management & Technology |publisher=Abhinav Publication |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=21 |issn=2320-0073 |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
but the state ranks poorly on some social indicators and is at times affected by [[religious violence]].<ref name="Gujarat_info2">
* Parwez, S. (2016). A Comparative Study of Gujarat and Kerala Developmental Experiences. International Journal of Rural Management, 12(2), 104–124. {{doi|10.1177/0973005216660908}}
* Christophe Jaffrelot (2015) What 'Gujarat Model'?—Growth without Development—and with Socio-Political Polarisation, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 38:4, 820-838, {{doi|10.1080/00856401.2015.1087456}}
* KALAIYARASAN, A. "A Comparison of Developmental Outcomes in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 49, no. 15, 2014, pp. 55–63. JSTOR, {{JSTOR|24479122}}. Accessed 29 December 2022.
* Simpson, E. (2006). The State of Gujarat and the Men without Souls. Critique of Anthropology, 26(3), 331–348. {{doi|10.1177/0308275X06066581}}
* SUD, N. (2008). Secularism and the Gujarat State: 1960–2005. Modern Asian Studies, 42(6), 1251-1281. {{doi|10.1017/S0026749X07002934}}
* Subramaniam, M. (2014), "Resisting gendered religious nationalism: The case of religious-based violence in Gujarat, India", Gendered Perspectives on Conflict and Violence: Part B (Advances in Gender Research, Vol. 18B), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 73-98. {{doi|10.1108/S1529-21262014000018B007}}
* Ahmad, Riaz. "Gujarat Violence: Meaning and Implications." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 37, no. 20, 2002, pp. 1870–73. JSTOR, {{JSTOR|4412121}}. Accessed 29 December 2022.</ref>

==Etymology==
Gujarat is derived from the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]], who ruled Gujarat in the 8th and 9th centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8yFaNRcYcsC |title=Gujarat, Part 1 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |quote=The Gurjars of Chitrakuta and Gurjars of lta were mentioned in Rashtrakuta inscriptions |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154406/https://books.google.com/books?id=d8yFaNRcYcsC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gujarat Government |title=Gujarat state official site |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/history-1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203081044/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/history-1.htm |archive-date=3 February 2010 |access-date=21 January 2010 |quote=The State took its name from the Gurjara, the land of the [[Gujjar]], who ruled the area during the 700s and 800s.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QhuAAAAMAAJ |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People:The classical age |last2=Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin |year=1954 |page=64 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152820/https://books.google.com/books?id=8QhuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Gujarat |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gujarat |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019053624/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gujarat |archive-date=19 October 2016 |quote=Gujarat draws its name from the Gurjara, who ruled the area during the 8th and 9th centuries CE. |url-status=live}}</ref> Parts of modern [[Rajasthan]] and Gujarat have been known as ''Gurjarat'' or ''Gurjarabhumi'' for centuries before the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age |last2=Achut Dattatrya Pusalker |last3=A. K. Majumdar |last4=Dilip Kumar Ghose |last5=Vishvanath Govind Dighe |last6=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1977 |page=153}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Gujarat}}

=== Ancient history ===
Gujarat was one of the main central areas of the Indus Valley civilisation, which is centred primarily in modern [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik explores Gujarat through the ages and finds, in its archaeology, its myths and legends, its cultures and histories, a microcosm of the multilayered country he loves |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131256/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> It contains ancient metropolitan cities from the [[Indus Valley]] such as [[Lothal]], Dholavira and [[Gola Dhoro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=Where does history begin? |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131256/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> The ancient city of Lothal was where India's first port was established.<ref name=kulke /> The ancient city of Dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley civilisation. The most recent discovery was Gola Dhoro. Altogether, about fifty Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat.<ref name="mapsofindia.com">{{Cite web |title=History of Gujarat |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/gujarat/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526165223/http://www.mapsofindia.com/gujarat/history/ |archive-date=26 May 2010 |access-date=16 July 2010 |publisher=Mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

{{multiple image|caption_align=center
| align = center
| title = [[Indus Valley civilisation]]
| image1 = DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg|caption1=[[Dholavira]], one of the largest cities of Indus Valley civilisation, with [[stepwell]] steps to reach the water level in artificially constructed reservoirs<ref name="news">{{Cite journal |author=Shuichi Takezawa |journal=Journal of Architecture and Building Science |volume=117 |issue=1492 |date=August 2002 |page=24 |url=http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |title=Stepwells – Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj |access-date=18 November 2009 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720175341/http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image2 = The drainage system at Lothal 2.JPG|caption2=Archaeological remains of washroom drainage system at [[Lothal]]
}}

The ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by the commercial activities of its inhabitants. There is clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties with [[Egypt]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Sumer]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] during the time period of 1000 to 750 BCE.<ref name="mapsofindia.com" /><ref>S. R. Rao (1985). Lothal. Archaeological Survey of India. p. 11.</ref> There was a succession of various Indian empires such as the [[Mauryan dynasty]], [[Western Satraps]], [[Satavahana dynasty]], [[Gupta Empire]], [[Chalukya dynasty]], [[Rashtrakuta Empire]], [[Pala Empire]] and [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] Empire, as well as the [[Maitraka]]s and then the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]].

The early history of Gujarat includes the imperial grandeur of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] who conquered a number of earlier states in what is now Gujarat. Pushyagupta, a [[Vaishya]], was appointed the governor of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] by the Mauryan regime. He ruled Girinagar (modern-day [[Junagadh]]) (322 BCE to 294 BCE) and built a dam on the Sudarshan lake. Emperor [[Ashoka|Ashoka the Great]], the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, not only ordered his edicts engraved in the rock at Junagadh, but also asked Governor Tusherpha to cut canals from the lake where an earlier Indian governor had built a dam. Between the decline of Mauryan power and Saurashtra coming under the sway of the [[Samprati]] Mauryas of [[Ujjain]], there was an [[Indo-Greek]] defeat in Gujarat of [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]]. In 16th century manuscripts, there is an apocryphal story of a merchant of King [[Gondophares]] landing in Gujarat with [[Apostle Thomas]]. The incident of the cup-bearer torn apart by a lion might indicate that the port city described is in Gujarat.<ref>The Acts of Judas Thomas, M.R. James, Tr. by M.R. James, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.</ref><ref>Medlycott, A. E. [http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4a.htm India and the Apostle Thomas] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034342/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4a.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

For nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century CE, [[Saka]] rulers played a prominent part in Gujarat's history. The weather-beaten rock at Junagadh gives a glimpse of the ruler [[Rudradaman I]] (100 CE) of the Saka satraps known as [[Western Satraps]], or Kshatraps. Mahakshatrap [[Rudradaman I]] founded the Kardamaka dynasty which ruled from [[Anupa]] on the banks of the [[Narmada]] up to the [[Aparanta]] region bordering Punjab. In Gujarat, several battles were fought between the Indian dynasties such as the [[Satavahana dynasty]] and the Western Satraps. The greatest and the mightiest ruler of the Satavahana dynasty was [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] who defeated the Western Satraps and conquered some parts of Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.<ref>Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India, von Moti Chandra, page: 99</ref>

[[File:Gujuras of Sindh Circa AD 570-712.jpg|thumb|Coin of the Gujuras of [[Sindh]], [[Chavda dynasty]], {{circa|570|lk=no}}–712 CE. Crowned [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]]-style bust right / Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNG: eAuction 343. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Gujura Confederacy). Gujuras of Sindh. Circa AD 570-712. AR Drachm (25 mm, 3.84 g, 9h). |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=277200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103733/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=277200 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=cngcoins.com}}</ref>]]

The Kshatrapa dynasty was replaced by the [[Gupta Empire]] with the conquest of Gujarat by [[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]]. Vikramaditya's successor [[Skandagupta]] left an inscription (450 CE) on a rock at Junagadh which gives details of the governor's repairs to the embankment surrounding Sudarshan lake after it was damaged by floods. The [[Anarta]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] regions were both parts of the Gupta empire. Towards the middle of the 5th century, the Gupta empire went into decline. Senapati Bhatarka, the general of the Guptas, took advantage of the situation and in 470 set up what came to be known as the [[Maitraka]] state. He shifted his capital from Giringer to [[Valabhi]], near [[Bhavnagar]], on Saurashtra's east coast. The Maitrakas of Vallabhi became very powerful with their rule prevailing over large parts of Gujarat and adjoining [[Malwa]]. A university was set up by the Maitrakas, which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the noted [[Nalanda University]]. It was during the rule of Dhruvasena Maitrak that Chinese philosopher-traveler [[Xuanzang]]/ [[I Tsing]] visited in 640 along the [[Silk Road]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mote |first=Sally Hovey Wriggins; with a foreword by Frederick W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwQLAAAAYAAJ |title=Xuanzang : a Buddhist pilgrim on the Silk Road |date=1996 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-2801-0 |location=Boulder, Colo. |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwQLAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gujarat was known to the [[ancient Greeks]] and was familiar with other Western centers of civilisation through the end of the European [[Middle Ages]]. The oldest written record of Gujarat's 2,000-year maritime history is documented in a Greek book titled ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Vashi |first=Ashish |title=Saga of Barygaza |date=21 October 2010 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-21/ahmedabad/28239734_1_bharuch-port-book |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121042919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-21/ahmedabad/28239734_1_bharuch-port-book |quote="The book describes an episode of a foreigner bringing costly gifts for kings, saying, "And for the King there are very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments." |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=William H. Schoff |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html |year=1912 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224165507/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html |place=New York |format=digitalized |quote=As a sign of these places to those approaching from the sea there are serpents, very large and black; for at the other places on this coast and around Barygaza, they are smaller, and in color bright green, running into gold ... Now the whole country of India has very many rivers, and very great ebb and flow of the tides; increasing at the new moon, and at the full moon for three days, and falling off during the intervening days of the moon. But about Barygaza it is much greater, so that the bottom is suddenly seen, and now parts of the dry land are sea, and now it is dry where ships were sailing just before; and the rivers, under the inrush of the flood tide, when the whole force of the sea is directed against them, are driven upwards more strongly against their natural current, for many stadia. |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Medieval history ===
In the early 8th century, the [[Arabs]] of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] established an empire in the name of the rising religion of [[Islam]], which stretched from Spain in the west to Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan in the east. Al-Junaid, the successor of [[Muhammad ibn Qasim|Qasim]], finally subdued the Hindu resistance within [[Sindh]] and established a secure base. The Arab rulers tried to expand their empire southeast, which culminated in the [[Caliphate campaigns in India]] fought in 730; they were defeated and expelled west of the [[Indus]] river, probably by a coalition of the Indian rulers [[Nagabhata I]] of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] dynasty, [[Vikramaditya II]] of the [[Chalukya]] dynasty and [[Bappa Rawal]] of the [[Guhila dynasty]]. After this victory, the Arab invaders were driven out of Gujarat. General [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin|Pulakeshin]], a Chalukya prince of [[Lata (region)|Lata]], received the title ''Avanijanashraya'' (refuge of the people of the earth) and honorific of "Repeller of the unrepellable" by the Chalukya emperor [[Vikramaditya II]] for his victory at the battle at [[Navsari]], where the Arab troops suffered a crushing defeat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blankinship |first=Khalid Yahya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187 |title=The end of the jihād state : the reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1828-4 |location=Albany |page=189 |quote=The Syrian troops became increasingly reluctant to serve on the ill-omened Indian front, which seemed, after so many failures, to be well on its way to becoming the worst front. |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 8th century, the Kannauj Triangle period started. The three major Indian dynasties – the northwestern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, the southern Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] and the eastern Indian [[Pala Empire]] {{ndash}} dominated India from the 8th to 10th centuries. During this period the northern part of Gujarat was ruled by the northern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and the southern part of Gujarat was ruled by the southern Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].<ref name="ReferenceC">Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 366</ref> However, the earliest epigraphical records of the Gurjars of [[Bharuch|Broach]] attest that the royal bloodline of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of [[Gurjaras of Lata|Dadda I, II and III]] (650–750) ruled south Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar |title=Historical and cultural chronology of Gujarat, Volume 1 |publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |year=1960 |page=147}}</ref> Southern Gujarat was ruled by the Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] until it was captured by the Indian ruler [[Tailapa II]] of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref name="Gajrani 32">History, Religion and Culture of India, by S. Gajrani p.32</ref>

[[Zoroastrians in Iran|Zoroastrians]] from [[Greater Iran]] migrated to the western borders of India (Gujarat and [[Sindh]]) during the 8th or 10th century,<ref name="Hodivala 1920 88">{{harvnb|Hodivala|1920|p=88}}</ref> to avoid [[Persecution of Zoroastrians|persecution]] by Muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering Iran. The descendants of those Zoroastrian refugees came to be known as the [[Parsi]].<ref name="boy148">{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=148}}</ref><ref name="khan17">{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=17}}</ref><ref name="jack">{{harvnb|Jackson|1906|p=27}}</ref><ref name="bleek212">{{harvnb|Bleeker|Widengren|1971|p=212}}</ref>

Subsequently, [[Lata (region)|Lāṭa]] in southern Gujarat was ruled by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] until it was captured by the [[Western Chalukyas|Western Chalukya]] ruler [[Tailapa II]].<ref name="Gajrani 32" /><ref name="Wink1991">{{Cite book |last=André Wink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283 |title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2 |publisher=BRILL |year=1991 |isbn=978-90-04-09509-0 |pages=283 |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Chaulukya dynasty<ref name="horace_glossary_punjab_nwfp">{{Cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Horace Arthur |title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province |last2=Ibbetson |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-206-0505-3 |page=300}}</ref> ruled Gujarat from c. 960 to 1243. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at [[Anhilwara]] ([[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]) was one of the largest cities in India, with a population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. After 1243, the Solankis lost control of Gujarat to their feudatories, of whom the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] chiefs of [[Dholka]] came to dominate Gujarat. In 1292 the Vaghelas became tributaries of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] dynasty of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Karandev of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] was the last Hindu ruler of Gujarat. He was defeated and overthrown by the superior forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]] from Delhi in 1297. With his defeat, Gujarat became part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and the Rajput hold over Gujarat would never be restored.

Fragments of printed cotton from Gujarat have been discovered in Egypt, providing evidence for medieval trade in the western Indian Ocean.<ref name=Barnes2017/> These fragments represent the Indian cotton traded in Egypt during the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]], [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] and [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] periods, from the tenth to sixteenth centuries. Similar cotton was also traded as far east as Indonesia.<ref name="Barnes2017">{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Ruth |year=2017 |title=Indian Cotton for Cairo: The Royal Ontario Museum's Gujarati Textiles and the Early Western Indian Ocean Trade |journal=Textile History |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=15–30 |doi=10.1080/00404969.2017.1294814 |issn=0040-4969 |s2cid=194752057}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Sun Temple Panorama.jpg|caption1=[[Sun Temple, Modhera|Sun Temple of Modhera]], with [[stepwell]] surrounding the ''[[Temple tank|kunda]]'' (tank), was built by [[Bhima I]] of [[Chaulukya dynasty]] in 1026. It is one of the finest examples of [[History of stepwells in Gujarat|stepwell architecture of Gujarat]].
| image2 = Rani ki vav1.jpg|caption2=[[Rani ki vav]], 11th century
| image3 = Tarangaji Jain temple.jpg|caption3=[[Taranga Jain temple]] constructed by [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] (1143–1172)
}}

=== Muslim rule ===
[[File:Sindh campaigns 711-715 CE.png|thumb|300px|right|Muhammad ibn Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711–715 CE). 
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Kingdom of Sindh]] (c. 632–712 CE)}}
{{legend|#7FFF00|[[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c. 475 – c. 776 CE)}}]]

==== Islamic conquests, 1197–1614 ====
[[File:Farrukh Beg. Akbar's Triumphal Entry into Surat. Akbarnama, 1590-95, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg|thumb|The [[Mughal Emperor]] Akbar triumphantly enters [[Surat]].]]

After the [[Ghoris]] had assumed a position of Muslim supremacy over North India, [[Qutbuddin Aibak]] attempted to conquer Gujarat and annex it to his empire in 1197, but failed in his ambitions.<ref name="Handbuch der Orientalistik">{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC&pg=PA65 |title=Handbuch der Orientalistik |date=1980 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-06117-0 |location=Leiden |page=65}}</ref> An independent Muslim community continued to flourish in Gujarat for the next hundred years, championed by Arab merchants settling along the western coast. From 1297 to 1300, [[Alauddin Khalji]], the Turko-Afghan [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]], destroyed the Hindu metropolis of [[Anhilwara]] and incorporated Gujarat into the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. After [[Timur]] sacked [[Delhi]] at the end of the 14th century, weakening the Sultanate, Gujarat's Muslim [[Khatri]] governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar ([[Muzaffar Shah I]]) asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]] (ruled 1411–1442), established [[Ahmedabad]] as the capital. [[Khambhat]] eclipsed Bharuch as Gujarat's most important trade port. Gujarat's relations with [[Egypt]], which was then the premier Arab power in the Middle East, remained friendly over the next century and the [[Egyptian people|Egyptian]] scholar, ''Badruddin-ad-Damamimi'', spent several years in Gujarat in the shade of the Sultan before proceeding to the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] on the Deccan Plateau.<ref name="wink143">{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA143 |title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |date=1990 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13561-1 |pages=143 |language=en |quote=Zafar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of a low subdivision called Tank, originally from Southern Punjab. |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118142817/https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA143 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammed Ibrahim Dar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gBAAAAMAAJ |title=Literary and Cultural Activities in Gujarat Under the Khaljis and Sultanate |date=1952 |publisher=Bazm-i-Ishaʻat, Ismail Yusuf College |page=51 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gBAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shah e Alam]], a famous Sufi saint of the [[Chishti]] order who was the descendant of Makhdoom [[Jahaniyan Jahangasht]] from [[Bukhara]], soon arrived in a group that included Arab theologian ''Ibn Suwaid'', several [[Sayyid]] Sufi members of the [[Abu Bakr al-Aydarus|Aydarus family]] of [[Tarim, Yemen|Tarim]] in [[Yemen]],<ref name="Sufiorders">J. Spencer Trimingham, John O. Voll, ''The Sufi Orders in Islam'', pg 73</ref> Iberian court interpreter ''Ali al-Andalusi'' from [[Granada]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Subrahmanyam |first2=Muzaffar |last2=Alam |first1=Sanjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mmLOKuzT-IC&pg=PA41 |title=Writing the Mughal world : studies on culture and politics |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-15811-4 |location=New York |page=41}}</ref> and the Arab jurist ''Bahraq'' from [[Hadramaut]] who was appointed a tutor of the prince.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard Maxwell Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |page=127}}</ref> Among the illustrious names who arrived during the reign of [[Mahmud Begada]] was the philosopher ''Haibatullah Shah Mir'' from [[Shiraz]], and the scholar intellectual ''Abu Fazl Ghazaruni'' from [[Persia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achyut Yagnik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivMAUx6Hdl8C&pg=PT57 |title=Ahmedabad: From Royal city to Megacity |date=2 February 2011 |publisher=Penguin UK, 2011 |isbn=9788184754735 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mansooruddin Quraishi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20UDAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim education and learning in Gujarat, 1297–1758 |publisher=Faculty of Education and Psychology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |year=1972 |page=47 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=20UDAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> who tutored and adopted [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], author of the ''[[Akbarnama]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alvi Azra |title=Socio Religious Outlook of Abul Fazl |publisher=Vanguard Books |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-210-40543-7 |location=Lahore Pakistan |page=6}}</ref> Later, a close alliance between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turkish people|Turks]] and Gujarati sultans to effectively safeguard [[Jeddah]] and the [[Red Sea]] trade from Portuguese [[imperialism]], encouraged the existence of powerful [[Rumi]] elites within the kingdom who took the post of [[viziers]] in Gujarat keen to maintain ties with the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman state]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Giancarlo Casale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC&pg=PA104 |title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979879-7 |page=104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali Anooshahr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTN8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |title=The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-04134-3 |page=43 |quote=Nevertheless, there were indeed people in India, specifically in Gujarat, who by about 1486 knew the Ottomans as the primary Ghazi sultans of western domains of the abode of Islam, and had tried to elevate their own standing by posing as comrade ghazis fighting irreligion in the east.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA7 |title=India's naval traditions : the role of Kunhali Marakkars |date=1997 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-083-3 |editor-last=Kurup |editor-first=K.K.N. |location=New Delhi |page=7 |quote=Gujarati merchants had very long-standing relations with the Persian Gulf and Red Sea regions. Aden, Ormuz, and Mecca were frequently visited by them. They took gold, quicksilver, vermilion, copper, rose-water, camlets, scarlet-in-grain, coloured woollen cloth, glass beads and weapons which were brought by merchants from Cairo to Aden. The above mentioned items were collected by merchants from Italy, Greece, and Damascus. Horses from various parts of Arabia and Persia, especially from Ormuz, were brought by the Gujarati merchants to India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arthur Percival Newton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 |title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire |date=1936 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=23 |quote=The annual pilgrimages of Indian Muslim to Mecca, whose route lay through Gujarat (which was called the Gate of Mecca) had been for some years interrupted by the domination of the Arabian Sea by the Portuguese and also by the disorder prevailing in Gujarat. |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ho |first=Engseng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcZU0VHdG0C&pg=PA122 |title=The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean |date=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-93869-4 |location=Berkeley |page=122 |quote=From the other direction, the enhanced security of the Hejaz provided not only profits for Gujarati merchants but succor for Gujarat's Muslim sultans. In times of insecurity, Gujarati sultans would send their families and treasures to the Hejaz for safekeeping ... the sultanate indeed fell, in 1573, and the triumphant emperor Akbar, retained his services giving him charge of pious endowments in Gujarat dedicated to Mecca and Medina.}}</ref>

[[Humayun]] also briefly occupied the province in 1536, but fled due to the threat [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], the Gujarat king, imposed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=A.V. Williams |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter09.html |title=Chapter 9 – The Ebb of the Tide – Humayun – 1530–1556 A.D. |page=228 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003111225/http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter09.html |archive-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] remained independent until 1572, when the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] conquered it and annexed it to the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=115–116}}</ref>

The [[Surat]] port (the only Indian port facing west) then became the principal port of India during Mughal rule, gaining widespread international repute. The city of Surat, famous for its exports of silk and [[diamonds]], had reached a par with contemporary [[Venice]] and [[Beijing]], great mercantile cities of Europe and Asia,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poros |first=Maritsa V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tm_n7uSXT8C&pg=PT30 |title=Modern migrations : Gujarati Indian networks in New York and London |date=2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7222-8 |location=Stanford, Calif. |quote=Indeed, Fernand Braudel likened Surat to some of the great mercantile cities of Europe and Asia, such as Venice and Beijing ... Godinho estimated that Surat's population was more than 100, 000, with people from all over the world residing in the city or frequenting it for business. He even claimed that it surpasses our "Evora in grandeur"}}</ref> and earned the distinguished title, ''Bab al-Makkah'' (Gate of Mecca).<ref name="Hinduism and modernity" /><ref name="books.google.com" />

Drawn by the religious renaissance taking place under Akbar, [[Mohammed Ghaus]] moved to Gujarat and established spiritual centers for the [[Shattari]] Sufi order from Iran, founding the [[Ek Toda Mosque]] and producing such devotees as [[Wajihuddin Alvi]] of Ahmedabad whose many successors moved to [[Bijapur]] during the height of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard Maxwell Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781400868155 |page=60}}</ref> At the same time, Zoroastrian high priest [[Azar Kayvan]] who was a native of [[Fars province|Fars]], immigrated to Gujarat founding the Zoroastrian school of [[Illuminationism|illuminationists]] which attracted key Shi'ite Muslim admirers of the [[Safavid]] philosophical revival from [[Isfahan]].

Early 14th-century [[Maghrebi]] adventurer, [[Ibn Batuta]], who famously visited India with his entourage, recalls in his memoirs about Cambay, one of the great emporia of the Indian Ocean that indeed:

{{blockquote| [[Cambay]] is one of the most beautiful cities as regards the artistic architecture of its houses and the construction of its mosques. The reason is that the majority of its inhabitants are foreign merchants, who continually build their beautiful houses and wonderful mosques – an achievement in which they endeavor to surpass each other.}}

{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=225|caption_align=center|image_style = border:none;|background color = #FFF5EE| align = right |image1=Codice Casanatense Gujarati Farmers.jpg|caption1={{font|size=100%|font=|text=|16th-century Portuguese illustration from the [[Códice Casanatense]], depicting inhabitants of Gujarat}}}}

Many of these "foreign merchants" were transient visitors, men of [[South Arabia]]n and [[Persian Gulf]] ports, who migrated in and out of Cambay with the rhythm of the monsoons. But others were men with Arab or Persian patronyms whose families had settled in the town generations, even centuries earlier, intermarrying with Gujarati women, and assimilating everyday customs of the Hindu hinterland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Ross E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&pg=PA218 |title=The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-520-05771-5 |location=Berkeley |page=218 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&pg=PA218 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Age of Discovery]] heralded the dawn of pioneer Portuguese and Spanish long-distance travel in search of alternative [[trade routes]] to "[[Indies|the East Indies]]", moved by the trade of [[gold]], [[silver]] and [[spices]]. In 1497, Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] is said to have discovered the [[Discovery of the sea route to India|Europe-to-India]] sea route which changed the course of history, thanks to [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] sailor Kanji Malam, who showed him the route from the East African coasts of [[Mozambique]] sailing onwards to [[Calicut]] off the [[Malabar coast]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2010 |title=Gujarati showed Vasco 'da' way |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-03/ahmedabad/28223775_1_gama-vasco-da-gujarati |url-status=dead |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001090714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-03/ahmedabad/28223775_1_gama-vasco-da-gujarati |archive-date=1 October 2013 |quote=Historians have differed over the identity of the sailor, calling him a Christian, a Muslim and a Gujarati. According to another account, he was the famous Arab navigator Ibn Majid. Some historians suggest Majid could not have been near the vicinity at the time. German author Justus says it was Malam who accompanied Vasco ... Italian researcher Sinthia Salvadori too has concluded that it was Malam who showed Gama the way to India. Salvadori has made this observation in her 'We Came In Dhows', an account written after interacting with people in Gujarat.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=N. Subrahmanian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbgBAAAAMAAJ |title=Homage to a Historian: A Festschrift |last2=Tamil̲an̲pan̲ |last3=S. Jeyapragasam |publisher=Dr. N. Subrahmanian 60th Birthday Celebration Committee |year=1976 |page=62 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=CbgBAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Darwis Khudori |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6zZAAAAMAAJ |title=Rethinking solidarity in global society : the challenge of globalisation for social and solidarity movements: 50 years after Bandung Asian-African Conference 1955 |publisher=Strategic Information and Research Development Centre |year=2007 |isbn=978-983-3782-13-0 |location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia |page=35 |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6zZAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the Gujarat Sultanate allied with the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] and [[Mamluks|Egyptian Mamluks]] naval fleets led by governor-generals [[Malik Ayyaz]] and [[Amir Husain Al-Kurdi]], vanquished the Portuguese in the 1508 [[Battle of Chaul]] resulting in the first Portuguese defeat at sea in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Padfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62 |title=Tide of Empires: 1481–1654 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-7100-0150-4 |page=62 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052018/https://books.google.com/books?id=ACI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

To 16th-century European observers, Gujarat was a fabulously wealthy country. The customs revenue of Gujarat alone in the early 1570s was nearly three times the total revenue of the whole [[Portuguese empire]] in Asia in 1586–87, when it was at its height.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPn43u846AC&pg=PA108 |title=Merchants and rulers in Gujarat: the response to the Portuguese in the sixteenth century |publisher=University of California Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-520-02809-8 |edition=illustrated |location=Berkeley |page=109 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPn43u846AC&pg=PA108 |url-status=live }}</ref> Indeed, when the British arrived on the coast of Gujarat, houses in [[Surat]] already had windows of [[Venetian glass]] imported from [[Constantinople]] through the [[Ottoman empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goody |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXsaTLDG5HcC&pg=PA113 |title=The East in the West |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-55673-6 |edition=1998 Repr. |location=Cambridge |page=113 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=xXsaTLDG5HcC&pg=PA113 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1514, the Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] described the cosmopolitan atmosphere of [[Rander]] known otherwise as ''City of Mosques'' in Surat province, which gained the fame and reputation of illustrious Islamic scholars, Sufi-saints, merchants and intellectuals from all over the world:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Gujarát Surat and Broach Volume 2, Part 1 of Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay (India : State) |date=30 April 2007 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |page=299 |format=Digitized |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| Ranel (Rander) is a good town of the [[Moors]], built of very pretty houses and squares. It is a rich and agreeable place ... the Moors of the town trade with [[Malacca]], [[Bengal]], Tawasery (Tannasserim), [[Pegu]], [[Martaban]], and [[Sumatra]] in all sort of spices, drugs, silks, musk, benzoin and porcelain. They possess very large and fine ships and those who wish Chinese articles will find them there very completely. The Moors of this place are white and well dressed and very rich they have pretty wives, and in the furniture of these houses have china vases of many kinds, kept in glass cupboards well arranged. Their women are not secluded like other Moors, but go about the city in the day time, attending to their business with their faces uncovered as in other parts.}}

The conquest of the Kingdom of Gujarat marked a significant event of Akbar's reign. Being the major trade gateway and departure harbour of pilgrim ships to Mecca, it gave the Mughal Empire free access to the Arabian sea and control over the rich commerce that passed through its ports. The territory and income of the empire were vastly increased.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tsukasa Mizushima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Hinterlands and Commodities: Place, Space, Time and the Political Economic Development of Asia over the Long Eighteenth Century European Expansion and Indigenous Response |last2=George Bryan Souza |last3=Dennis O. Flynn |date=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004283909 |page=88 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712204224/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== The Sultanate of Gujarat and the merchants ====
[[File:Pundole Agiary Udvada.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A modern [[Zoroastrian]] [[Agiary]] in Western India]]

For the best part of two centuries, the independent [[Khatri]] [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] was the cynosure of its neighbours on account of its wealth and prosperity, which had long made the Gujarati merchant a familiar figure in the ports of the Indian Ocean.<ref name="wink143" /><ref name="Mehta1991">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Makrand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA21 |title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective |date=11 January 1991 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-017-1 |page=1 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154259/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gujaratis, including Hindus and Muslims as well as the enterprising [[Parsi]] class of [[Zoroastrians]], had been specialising in the organisation of overseas trade for many centuries, and had moved into various branches of commerce such as [[commodity trade]], [[brokerage]], [[money-changing]], [[money-lending]] and [[banking]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Haider |first1=Irfan Habib with contributions from Najaf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA171 |title=Economic history of medieval India, 1200–1500 |last2=Khan |first2=Iqtidar Alam |last3=Moosvi |first3=Shireen |last4=Prasad |first4=Pushpa |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-317-2791-1 |location=New Delhi |page=171 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA171 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the 17th century, [[Arab (Gujarat)|Chavuse]] and [[Baghdadi Jews]] had assimilated into the social world of the Surat province, later on their descendants would give rise to the [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|Sassoons]] of Bombay and the [[Ezra Mir|Ezras]] of Calcutta, and other influential Indian-Jewish figures who went on to play a philanthropical role in the commercial development of 19th-century British Crown Colony of [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lentin |first=Sifra Samuel |title=India's Jewish heritage: ritual, art, & life-cycle |date=2002 |editor-last=Weil |editor-first=Shelve |location=Mumbai |pages=22–35 |language=en |chapter=The Jewish presence in Bombay}}</ref> Spearheaded by [[Khoja]], [[Mustaali|Bohra]], [[Bhatia caste|Bhatiya]] [[shahbandar]]s and Moorish [[nakhuda]]s who dominated sea navigation and shipping, Gujarat's transactions with the outside world had created the legacy of an international transoceanic empire which had a vast commercial network of permanent agents stationed at all the great port cities across the [[Indian Ocean]]. These networks extended to the [[Philippines]] in the east, [[East Africa]] in the west, and via maritime and the inland caravan route to [[Russia]] in the north.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-10595-3 |editor-last=Rajesh Rai |page=1 |access-date=19 October 2015 |editor-last2=Peter Reeves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tomé Pires]], a Portuguese official at [[Malacca City|Malacca]], wrote of conditions during the reigns of Mahmud I and Mozaffar II:

{{blockquote|"[[Cambay]] stretches out two arms; with her right arm she reaches toward [[Aden]] and with the other towards Malacca"<ref>Pires, I, p. 41</ref>}}

He also described Gujarat's active trade with [[Goa]], the [[Deccan Plateau]] and the [[Malabar region|Malabar]]. His contemporary, [[Duarte Barbosa]], describing Gujarat's maritime trade, recorded the import of horses from the Middle East and elephants from Malabar, and lists exports which included muslins, chintzes and silks, carnelian, ginger and other spices, aromatics, opium, indigo and other substances for dyeing, cereals and legumes.<ref>Barbosa, I, pp. 108–58</ref> [[Persia]] was the destination for many of these commodities, and they were partly paid for in [[horses]] and [[pearls]] taken from [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]].<ref>Barbosa, I, p. 82</ref> The latter item, in particular, led Sultan [[Sikandar Lodi]] of [[Delhi]], according to Ali-Muhammad Khan, author of the Mirat-i-Ahmadi, to complain that the

{{blockquote|support of the throne of Delhi is wheat and barley but the foundation of the realm of Gujarat is coral and pearls<ref>apud Bayley, p. 20</ref>}}

Hence, the sultans of Gujarat possessed ample means to sustain lavish patronage of religion and the arts, to build madrasas and ḵānaqāhs, and to provide douceurs for the literati, mainly poets and historians, whose presence and praise enhanced the fame of the dynasty.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gujarat GUJARAT – Encyclopædia Iranica] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117040036/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gujarat |date=17 November 2012 }}. Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>

[[File:Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad 01.jpg|thumb|[[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad|Jama Masjid]], Ahmedabad]]

Even at the time of [[Tomé Pires]]' travel to the [[East Indies]] in the early 16th century, Gujarati merchants had earned an international reputation for their commercial acumen and this encouraged the visit of merchants from [[Cairo]], [[Armenia]], [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Shiraz]], [[Turkestan]] and [[Gilan Province|Guilans]] from Aden and Hormuz.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Freeman-Grenville |first1=G.S.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |title=Historical atlas of Islam |last2=Munro-Hay |first2=Stuart Christopher |date=2002 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-1417-5 |edition=Rev. and expanded |location=New York [u.a.] |page=250 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=3fKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pires noted in his ''Suma Orientale'':<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-10595-3 |editor-last=Rajesh Rai |page=31 |access-date=19 October 2015 |editor-last2=Peter Reeves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| These [people] are [like] Italians in their knowledge of and dealings in merchandise ... they are men who understand merchandise; they are so properly steeped in the sound and harmony of it, that the ''Gujaratees'' say that any offence connected with merchandise is pardonable. There are ''Gujaratees'' settled everywhere. They work some for some and others for others. They are diligent, quick men in trade. They do their accounts with fingers like ours and with our very writings.}}

==== Gujarat in the Mughal Empire ====
[[File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]]]

Gujarat was one of the twelve original [[subah]]s (imperial top-level provinces) established by [[Mughal Emperor]] (''Badshah'') [[Akbar]], with seat at Ahmedabad, bordering on [[Thatta]] (Sindh), [[Ajmer]], [[Malwa]] and later Ahmadnagar subahs.

[[Aurangzeb]], the sixth Mughal Emperor, was born in [[Dahod]], Gujarat. He was the third son and sixth child of [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Mumtaz Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Knut A. |title=Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions |date=29 November 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62206-9 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNgDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Aurangzeb+born+Dahod&pg=PA190}}</ref> At the time of his birth, his father, Shah Jahan, was then the Subahdar (governor) of Gujarat, and his grandfather, [[Jehangir]], was the Mughal Emperor. Before he became emperor, Aurangzeb was made Subahdar of Gujarat subah as part of his training and was stationed at Ahmedabad.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

Aurangzeb had great love for his place of birth. In 1704, he wrote a letter to his eldest son, [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], asking him to be kind and considerate to the people of Dahod as it was his birthplace. Muhammad Azam was then the Subedar (governor) of Gujarat.<ref name="DNA_May2012"/>

In his letter, Aurangzeb wrote:<ref name="DNA_May2012">{{Cite news |last=Vashi |first=Ashish |date=1 May 2012 |title=Aurangzeb loved Dahod till the end |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1682952/report-aurangzeb-loved-dahod-till-the-end |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927142458/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1682952/report-aurangzeb-loved-dahod-till-the-end |archive-date=27 September 2013 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=4 October 2013 |quote=Eminent historian Manekshah Commissariat has quoted from this letter in his book 'A History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758'.}}</ref>

{{blockquote| My son of exalted rank, the town of Dahod, one of the dependencies of Gujarat, is the birthplace of this sinner. Please consider a regard for the inhabitants of that town as incumbent on you.}}

=== Maratha Empire ===

When the cracks had started to develop in the edifice of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the mid-17th century, the [[Maratha]]s were consolidating their power in the west, [[Chatrapati Shivaji]], the great Maratha ruler, attacked Surat in southern Gujarat twice first in 1664 and again in 1672.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Aakar |date=6 April 2012 |title=Blame the British Raj on bankers – Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zgaDxyMuIrH3QWHElwkX3M/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-bankers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152732/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zgaDxyMuIrH3QWHElwkX3M/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-bankers.html |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=livemint.com |publisher=Livemint}}</ref> These attacks marked the entry of the Marathas into Gujarat. However, before the Maratha had made inroads into Gujarat, the Europeans had made their presence felt, led by the Portuguese, and followed by the Dutch and the English.

The [[Peshwa]]s had established sovereignty over parts of Gujarat and collected taxes and tributes through their representatives. [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]] and [[Kadam (clan)|Kadam]] Bande divided the Peshwa territory between them,<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60443/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |title=MULTIPLE AUTHORITIES – DISPUTED SOVEREIGNTY |access-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152712/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60443/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> with Damaji establishing the sway of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] over Gujarat and making [[Baroda]] (present day [[Vadodara]] in southern Gujarat) his capital. The ensuing internecine war among the Marathas was fully exploited by the British, who interfered in the affairs of both Gaekwads and the Peshwas.

In [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], as elsewhere, the Marathas were met with resistance.<ref name="cpc">{{Cite book |last1=Behera |first1=Deepak Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&pg=PA198 |title=The concept of tribal society |last2=Pfeffer |first2=Georg |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2002 |isbn=9788170229834 |page=198}}</ref> The decline of the [[Mughal Empire]] helped form larger peripheral states in Saurashtra, including [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]], [[Nawanagar State|Jamnagar]], [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]] and a few others, which largely resisted the Maratha incursions.<ref name=cpc />

=== European colonialism, 1614–1947 ===
[[File:Portuguese possessions in the Province of North.jpg|thumb|Territory ceded by the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]] to Portugal in 1534 according to the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]].]]

In the 1600s, the Dutch, French, English and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] all established bases along the western coast of the region. Portugal was the first European power to arrive in Gujarat, and after the [[Battle of Diu]], acquired several enclaves along the Gujarati coast, including [[Daman and Diu]] as well as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. These enclaves were administered by [[Portuguese India]] under a single union territory for over 450 years, only to be later incorporated into the [[Republic of India]] on 19 December 1961 by military conquest.

The [[British East India Company]] established a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Surat]] in 1614 following the commercial treaty made with Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim [[Jahangir]], which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by [[Mumbai|Bombay]] after the English received it from Portugal in 1668 as part of the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[King John IV of Portugal]]. The state was an early point of contact with the west, and the first British commercial [[Outpost (military)|outpost]] in India was in Gujarat.<ref name="wingsbirds.com">[http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ WINGS Birding Tours to India: the West – Gujarat and the Rann of Kutch – Itinerary] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730052857/http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ |date=30 July 2013 }}. Wingsbirds.com (14 December 2011). Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>

17th-century French explorer [[François Pyrard de Laval]], who is remembered for his 10-year sojourn in South Asia, bears witness in his account that the Gujaratis were always prepared to learn workmanship from the Portuguese, and in turn imparted skills to the Portuguese:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31 |title=The South Asian diaspora transnational networks and changing identities |last2=Reeves, Peter |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-89235-0 |location=London |page=31 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| I have never seen men of wit so fine and polished as are these Indians: they have nothing barbarous or savage about them, as we are apt to suppose. They are unwilling indeed to adopt the manners and customs of the ''Portuguese''; yet do they regularly learn their manufactures and workmanship, being all very curious and desirous of learning. In fact, the ''Portuguese'' take and learn more from them than they from the ''Portuguese''.}}

Later in the 17th century, Gujarat came under control of the Hindu [[Maratha Empire]] that arose, defeating the Muslim Mughals who had dominated the politics of India. Most notably, from 1705 to 1716, [[Senapati]] [[Khanderao Dabhade]] led the Maratha Empire forces in Baroda. [[Pilaji Gaekwad]], first ruler of [[Gaekwad dynasty]], established the control over Baroda and other parts of Gujarat.

The [[British East India Company]] wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1802–1803. Many local rulers, notably the Maratha Gaekwad Maharajas of Baroda ([[Vadodara]]), made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule.

An epidemic in 1812 killed half the population of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=Eskild |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide |last2=Chen |first2=Lin Hwei |last3=Schlagenhauf-Lawlor |first3=Patricia |date=14 February 2017 |isbn=9781119085737 |page=8 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903073809/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the [[Bombay Presidency]], with the exception of [[Baroda State]], which had a direct relationship with the [[Governor-General of India]]. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including [[Kathiawar]], Kutch and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of [[princely states]], but several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]], Broach ([[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]), Kaira ([[Kheda district|Kheda]]), [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]] and [[Surat district|Surat]], were governed directly by British officials. In 1819, [[Swaminarayan|Sahajanand Swami]] established the World's First [[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad|Swaminarayan Mandir]] in [[Kalupur]], [[Ahmedabad]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Baroda-gujarat.png|Princely states of Gujarat in 1924
File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg|Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion
File:Gandhi at Dandi 5 April 1930.jpg|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] picking salt at [[Dandi Beach|Dandi beach]], [[South Gujarat]], ending the [[Salt satyagraha]] on 5 April 1930
File:Shree Swaminarayan Sampraday, Ahmedabad.jpg|Foundational Swaminarayan Mandir, est. 1819
</gallery>

=== Post-independence ===
[[File:Bombay 1956-1960.svg|thumb|300px|Gujarat in Bombay state]]
[[File:Gujarat-High-Court.jpg|thumb|[[Gujarat High Court]] in Ahmedabad]]
[[File:Gandhinagar Capital Railway Station.jpg|thumb|[[Gandhinagar Capital railway station]]]]

Initially there was confusion over whether Junagadh would join India or Pakistan. This was resolved in 1947 with a [[plebiscite]] for full union with India following the next year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/ |title=Five states that refused to join India after Independence |date=August 2017 |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113171155/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[Independence of India|Indian independence]] and the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the new Indian government grouped the former princely states of Gujarat into three larger units; [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], which included the former princely states on the [[Kathiawad]] peninsula, [[Kutch]], and [[Bombay state]], which included the former British districts of Bombay Presidency together with most of [[Baroda State]] and the other former princely states of eastern Gujarat. Bombay state was enlarged to include Kutch, Saurashtra (Kathiawar) and parts of [[Hyderabad state]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in central India. The new state had a mostly Gujarati-speaking north and a Marathi-speaking south. Agitation by Gujarati nationalists, the [[Mahagujarat Movement]], and Marathi nationalists, the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra]], for their own states led to the split of [[Bombay state]] on linguistic lines; on 1 May 1960, it became the new states of Gujarat and [[Maharashtra]]. In [[1969 Gujarat riots|1969 riots]], at least 660 died and properties worth millions were destroyed.<ref name="Yasmeen2007">{{Cite book |last=Peer |first=Yasmeen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0J4T6Rt-90C&pg=PA103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528094126/http://books.google.com/books?id=y0J4T6Rt-90C&pg=PA103 |url-status=dead |title=Communal Violence in Gujarat: Rethinking the Role of Communalism and Institutionalised Injustices in India |year=2007 |isbn=9780549517535 |pages=103–104 |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="LaurentChris2012">{{Cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Lauren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpGLmAEACAAJ&pg=PA53 |title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation |last2=Jaffrelot |first2=Christophe |date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231703086 |pages=53–60 }}</ref>

The first capital of Gujarat was [[Ahmedabad]]. The capital of Gujarat was moved to [[Gandhinagar]] in 1970. ''[[Nav Nirman]] Andolan'' was a socio-political movement of 1974. It was a students' and [[middle class]] people's movement against economic crisis and corruption in public life. This was the first and last successful agitation after the Independence of India that ousted an elected government.<ref name="it">{{Cite magazine |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |date=20 December 2007 |title=Pulse of the people |magazine=India Today |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Pulse+of+the+people/1/2727.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917002911/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Pulse+of+the+people/1/2727.html |archive-date=17 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="avk">{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Ananth V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA120 |title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-317-3465-0 |page=117 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bs">{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=P. N. |year=2000 |title=Excerpted from 'Indira Gandhi, the "emergency", and Indian democracy' published in ''Business Standard'' |work=Business Standard India |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/the-nav-nirman-movement/80363/ |access-date=23 November 2012 |isbn=978-0-19-564899-7 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809043300/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/the-nav-nirman-movement-100021901024_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat has emerged as an important industrial hub in India. In Western India [[Surat]] was among the strongest industrial clusters in the 1970s. Between 1971 and 1981 [[diamond cutting]] was established as industry in Surat. At the same time the production of [[artificial silk]] and a substantial [[petrochemical industry]] became a fixture in Surat.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Dispossession and Resistance in India: The River and the Rage | author1= Alf Gunvald Nilsen |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2010 |isbn=9781136994326 | pages=24}}</ref>

The [[Morvi dam failure]], in 1979, resulted in the death of thousands of people and large economic loss.<ref name="expi">{{Cite news |date=25 July 2012 |title=Book on 1979 Morbi dam disaster rubbishes 'Act of God' theory |publisher=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/book-on-1979-morbi-dam-disaster-rubbishes-act-of-god-theory/979087/0 |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040543/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/book-on-1979-morbi-dam-disaster-rubbishes-act-of-god-theory/979087/0 |archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> In the 1980s, a [[Reservation in India|reservation policy]] was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various [[Indian caste system|castes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yagnik |first=Achyut |date=May 2002 |title=The pathology of Gujarat |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322112252/http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |archive-date=22 March 2006 |access-date=10 May 2006 |publisher=Seminar Publications |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] was located about 9 km south-southwest of the village of [[Chobari]] in the [[Bhachau]] taluka of [[Kutch]] District. This magnitude 7.7 shock killed around 20,000 people (including at least 18 in South-eastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Earthquakes |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2001/2001_01_26.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101003339/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2001/2001_01_26.php |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref>

In February 2002, the [[Godhra train burning]] led to statewide [[2002 Gujarat violence|riots]], resulting in the deaths of 1044 people – 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus, and hundreds missing still unaccounted for.<ref name="Riots toll">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm BBC News. 11 May 2005] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |date=26 February 2009}}, These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May 2005</ref> [[Akshardham Temple attack|Akshardham Temple was attacked]] by two terrorists in September 2002, killing 32 people and injuring more than 80 others. [[National Security Guard]]s intervened to end the siege killing both terrorists.<ref name="akshar">{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta, Manas |date=1 June 2010 |title=Death sentence for Akshardham temple attack convicts upheld |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/death-sentence-for-akshardham-temple-attack-convicts-upheld/article443455.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203214449/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/death-sentence-for-akshardham-temple-attack-convicts-upheld/article443455.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> On 26 July 2008 a [[2008 Ahmedabad serial blasts|series of seventeen bomb blasts]] rocked Ahmedabad, killing and injuring several people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2008 |title=17 bomb blasts rock Ahmedabad, 15 dead |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628002847/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2008}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Gujarat}}
{{See also|Climate of Gujarat|List of rivers of Gujarat}}
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Gujarat borders the [[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar]], [[Badin District|Badin]] and [[Thatta District|Thatta]] districts of [[Pakistan]]'s [[Sindh]] province to the northwest, is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the southwest, the state of [[Rajasthan]] to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and by Maharashtra, the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] to the south. Historically, the north was known as [[Anarta]], the Kathiawar peninsula, "Saurastra", and the south as "Lata".<ref>P. Page xvii ''Historical and Cultural Chronology of Gujarat'' edited by Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar</ref> Gujarat was also known as Pratichya and Varuna.<ref>P. 391 ''The Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism'' by Benjamin Walker</ref> The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. The capital, Gandhinagar is a [[planned city]]. Gujarat has an area of {{cvt|75686|sqmi|km2}} with the longest coastline (24% of Indian sea coast) {{cvt|1600|km}}, dotted with 41 ports: one major, 11 intermediate and 29 minor.

The [[Narmada River|Narmada]] is the largest river in Gujarat followed by the [[Tapti River|Tapi]]. The [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]] has the longest course through the state.
The Sardar Sarovar Project is built on Narmada, one of the major rivers of [[peninsular India]] where it is one of only three major rivers that run from east to west – the others being the Tapi and the [[Mahi River|Mahi]]. It is about {{cvt|1312|km}} long. Several riverfront embankments have been built on the Sabarmati River.

The eastern borders have fringes of low mountains of India, the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]], [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri (Western Ghats)]], [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Saputara]]. Apart from this the Gir hills, Barda, Jessore and [[Chotila]] together make up a large minority of Gujarat. [[Girnar]] is the tallest peak and [[Saputara]] is the only hill-station (hilltop resort) in the state.

=== Rann of Kutch ===
{{Main|Rann of Kutch}}
Rann (રણ) is Gujarati for desert. The Rann of Kutch is a seasonally marshy saline clay desert in the [[Thar Desert]] biogeographic region between the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]] and the rest of the state of Gujarat; it commences {{cvt|8|km}} from the village of Kharaghoda, Surendranagar District.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Mount Kiro.jpg|Mount Karo, [[Kutch]]
File:Cracked earth in the Rann of Kutch.jpg|Cracked earth in the [[Rann of Kutch]]
File:Kutch White Rann Tents (8335851293).jpg|The colourful Rann Utsav Festival is held annually in the [[Rann of Kutch]].
File:People in the Twilight.jpg|People enjoying Raan Utsav at [[Dhordo]], [[Kutch]]
File:Kutch Adventures India.jpg|Camel ride in [[Rann of Kutch]]
File:Greater Flamingo at Kutch.jpg|[[Greater Flamingo]] at [[Rann of Kutch]]
</gallery>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Fauna of Gujarat|List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India}}

==== Prehistoric fauna ====
[[File:Dinosaurs Park.jpg|thumb|Indroda [[Dinosaur]] and Fossil Park, [[Gandhinagar]]]]

In the early 1980s, palaeontologists found [[dinosaur egg]] hatcheries and [[fossil]]s of at least 13 species in [[Balasinor]].<ref name="bbc_jurassic"/> The most important find was that of a carnivorous [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] dinosaur named ''[[Rajasaurus|Rajasurus narmadensis]]'' which lived in the [[Late Cretaceous]] period.<ref name="bbc_jurassic">{{cite news |title=The wonders of India's Jurassic Park |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8671676.stm |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=BBC |date=11 May 2010 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510111635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8671676.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian"/> A notable discovery in the village of Dholi Dungri was that of ''[[Sanajeh indicus]]'', a primitive [[Madtsoiidae|madtsoiid]] snake that likely preyed on [[sauropod]] dinosaur hatchlings and embryos.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Neha |date=21 January 2016 |last2=Mehta |first2=Vishal |title=Meet India's Dinosaur Princess |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/balasinor-dinosaur-fossil-park-raiyoli-gujarat-india-princess-aaliya-sultana-babi-180957798/ |work=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102120728/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/balasinor-dinosaur-fossil-park-raiyoli-gujarat-india-princess-aaliya-sultana-babi-180957798/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Jeffrey A. |last2=Mohabey |first2=Dhananjay M. |last3=Peters |first3=Shanan E. |last4=Head |first4=Jason J. |title=Predation upon Hatchling Dinosaurs by a New Snake from the Late Cretaceous of India |journal=PLOS Biology |date=2 March 2010 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=e1000322 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000322 |doi-access=free |pmid=20209142 |pmc=2830453 |issn=1544-9173}}</ref>

==== Extant species ====
According to the ''India State of Forest Report 2011'', Gujarat has 9.7% of its total geographical area under forest cover.<ref name="State of forest report 2011">{{Cite press release |title=Forest and tree resources in states and union territories |publisher=Forest survey of India (Ministry of Environment and Forests) |url=http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/gujrat.pdf |access-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523224905/http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/gujrat.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> Among the districts, [[The Dangs]] has the largest area under forest cover. Gujarat has four national parks and 21 sanctuaries. It is the only home of Asiatic lions and, outside [[Africa]], is the only present natural habitat of lions.<ref name="Singh2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh, H. S. |last2=Gibson, L. |year=2011 |title=A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir forest |url=http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/lab/cons-lab/documents/Singh_Gibson_Biol_Cons_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=1753–1757 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009 |bibcode=2011BCons.144.1753S |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808105532/http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/lab/cons-lab/documents/Singh_Gibson_Biol_Cons_2011.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> [[Gir Forest National Park]] in the southwest part of the state covers part of the lions' habitat. Apart from lions, [[Indian leopard]]s are also found in the state. They are spread across the large plains of Saurashtra and the mountains of South Gujarat. Other National Parks include [[Vansda National Park]], [[Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar]] and [[Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch|Narara Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutchh, Jamnagar]]. Wildlife sanctuaries include [[Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]], [[Porbandar Bird Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]], [[Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary]], [[Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary]], Anjal, [[Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary|Balaram-Ambaji]], [[Barda Wildlife Sanctuary|Barda]], [[Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary|Jambughoda]], [[Khavda]], Paniya, [[Purna Wildlife Sanctuary|Purna]], Rampura, [[Ratan Mahal Wildlife Sanctuary|Ratan Mahal]], and Surpaneshwar.

In February 2019, a [[Bengal tiger]] claimed to be from [[Ratapani Tiger Reserve|Ratapani]] in Madhya Pradesh was spotted in the area of [[Lunavada]] in [[Mahisagar district]], in the eastern part of the state,<ref name="HT 02-2019">{{Cite news |date=18 February 2019 |title=Like humans, animals too have a right to migrate |work=The [[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/like-humans-animals-too-have-a-right-to-migrate/story-61db8VDgKftuIkBtPNO6eL.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227174147/https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/like-humans-animals-too-have-a-right-to-migrate/story-61db8VDgKftuIkBtPNO6eL.html |archive-date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="DTE 02-2019">{{Cite news |last=Ghai |first=Rajat |date=12 February 2019 |title=Camera trap proves Gujarat now has tiger |work=[[Down To Earth (magazine)|Down To Earth]] |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/camera-trap-proves-gujarat-now-has-tiger-63216 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212203213/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/camera-trap-proves-gujarat-now-has-tiger-63216 |archive-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> before being found dead later that month, likely from starvation.<ref name="TOI 03-2019">{{Cite news |last=Kaushik |first=Himashu |date=9 March 2019 |title=Tiger that trekked from MP to Gujarat died of starvation: Post-mortem report |work=The [[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68327799.cms |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228102726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68327799.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Gir lion-Gir forest,junagadh,gujarat,india.jpeg|An [[Asiatic lion]] family, which occurs in and around [[Gir National Park]]
File:Greater Flamingo, Jamnagar, Rangilo Gujarati 01.jpg|Greater [[flamingo]], [[Jamnagar]]
File:Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena).jpg|[[Striped hyena]] at the [[Gir Forest National Park]]
</gallery>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Gujarati people}}
{{Historical populations
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1901 | 9094748
| 1911 | 9803587
| 1921 | 10174989
| 1931 | 11489828
| 1941 | 13701551
| 1951 | 16263000
| 1961 | 20633000
| 1971 | 26697000
| 1981 | 34086000
| 1991 | 41310000
| 2001 | 50671000
| 2011 | 60383628
}}

The population of Gujarat was 60,439,692 (31,491,260 males and 28,948,432 females) according to the 2011 census data.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND024_Gujarat.pdf |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919152632/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND024_Gujarat.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The population density is {{convert|308|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|persons |persons}}, lower than other Indian states. As per the census of 2011, the state has a sex ratio of 918 females for every 1000 males, one of the lowest (ranked 24) among the 29 states in India.

While Gujarati speakers constitute a majority of Gujarat's population, the metropolitan areas of Ahmedabad, [[Vadodara]] and [[Surat]] are cosmopolitan, with numerous other ethnic and language groups. [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] compose large minorities of economic migrants; smaller communities of people from the other states of India have also migrated to Gujarat for employment. [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[Parsi]]s also live in the areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taraporevala |first=Sooni |title=Parsis – the Zoroastrians of India |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/april2001/Parsis-Arrival%20in%20India.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725090319/http://www.the-south-asian.com/april2001/Parsis-Arrival%20in%20India.htm |archive-date=25 July 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=the-south-asian.com}}</ref> [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] presence is traditionally important here following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Indian Institute of Sindhology |url=http://www.sindhology.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103548/http://sindhology.org/ |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Sindhology.org}}</ref> The [[Koli people|Koli]] forms the largest caste-cluster, comprising 24% of the total population of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Rajneesh |date=13 December 2017 |title=गुजरात: बनिये का दिमाग़ और मियांभाई की बहादुरी |language=hi |work=BBC News हिंदी |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-42334430 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119163651/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-42334430 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=koli+thakor&pg=PA297 |title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-095-4 |language=en |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105622/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=koli+thakor&pg=PA297 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Gujarat (2011)<ref name="census2011" />
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 88.57
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 9.67
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Jainism]]
|value3 = 0.96
|color3 = Brown
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 0.52
|color4 = Blue
|label5 = [[Sikhism]]
|value5 = 0.1
|color5 = DarkKhaki
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|value6 = 0.05
|color6 = Gold
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 0.03
|color7 = Grey
|label8 = Not stated
|value8 = 0.1
|color8 = Black
}}

According to 2011 census, the religious makeup in Gujarat was 88.57% [[Hindu]], 9.67% [[Muslim]], 0.96% [[Jain]], 0.52% [[Christians|Christian]], 0.10% [[Sikh]], 0.05% [[Buddhist]] and 0.03% others. Around 0.1% [[Irreligion|did not state any religion]].<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015 |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Hinduism is the majority religion, and is over 93% in rural areas. [[Gujarati Muslims|Muslims]] are the biggest minority in the state accounting for 9.7% of the population. Gujarat has the third-largest population of [[Jain]]s in India, following [[Maharashtra]] and [[Rajasthan]], almost all of whom live in urban areas like Vadodara, Ahmedabad and Surat.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110075348/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:Huteesingh ni vadi.JPG|[[Hathisingh Jain Temple]], [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Palitana.jpg|[[Palitana temples]]
File:Sun Temple Sabha Mandap.JPG|[[Modhera Sun Temple]] built by Bhimdev
File:Gurudwara Govinddham.JPG|Gurudwara Govinddham, Ahmedabad
File:Ahmedabad Synagogue.jpg|[[Magen Abraham Synagogue|Magen Abraham]] Jewish Synagogue
File:Ahmedabad Jama Masjid 2.jpg|[[Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad|Jama Masjid]] (Friday Mosque, 15th century), Ahmedabad
</gallery>

=== Language ===
[[File:Gujarati Script Sample.svg|thumb|right|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] written in [[Gujarati alphabet|Gujarati script]]]]
{{Pie chart
|caption=Languages of Gujarat (2011)
|thumb = right
|label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value1 = 85.97 |color1 = skyblue
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 6.07 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 1.52 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Kutchi language|Kachchhi]] |value4 = 1.43 |color4 = springgreen
|label5 = Others |value5 = 5.01 |color5 = grey
}}

[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is the official language of the state. It is spoken natively by 86% of the state's population, or 52 million people (as of 2011). Hindi is the second-largest language, spoken by over 6% of the population. Marathi is also spoken in urban areas.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718113847/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

People from the Kutch region of Gujarat also speak in the [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] mother tongue, and to a great extent understand [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as well. [[Memoni]] is the mother tongue of Kathiawar and Sindhi Memons, most whom are Muslims.

Almost 88% of the [[Gujarati Muslims]] speak Gujarati as their mother tongue, whilst the other 12% speak [[Urdu]]. A sizeable proportion of Gujarati Muslims are bilingual in the two languages; Islamic academic institutions (Darul Uloom) place a high prestige on learning [[Urdu]] and [[Arabic]], with students' memorising the Quran and ''ahadith'', and emphasising the oral and literary importance of mastering these languages as a compulsory rite of religion.

In rural areas among the tribals, various Bhil dialects are spoken by around 1.37% of the population. In the northeast, [[Bhili language|Bhili]] is spoken, in the central part is spoken [[Bhili language|Bhili]], [[Bhilali language|Bhilali]] and [[Vasavi language|Vasava]], while in the southeast is spoken [[Dhanki language|Dangi]], [[Varli language|Varli]] [[Chodri language|Chodri]] and [[Dhodia-Kukna language|Dhodia]] which are related to Marathi.

Apart from this, English, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and others are spoken by a considerable number of economic migrants from other states of India seeking employment.<ref name="CensusLang2011">{{Cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203/download/13315/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706185603/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203/download/13315/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

The languages taught in schools under the [[three-language formula]] are:<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2016 |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |page=96}}</ref>

'''First language''': Gujarati/Hindi/English

'''Second language''': Gujarati/English

'''Third language''': Hindi

== Governance and administration ==
{{Main|Politics of Gujarat|Government of Gujarat|Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Districts of Gujarat|Cities of Gujarat|Talukas of Gujarat}}
{{See also|Chief Ministers of Gujarat}}

{{Wide image|SACHIVALAY PANORAMA.jpg|1200px|{{center|[[Gandhinagar]], the capital of Gujarat State. The picture shown above is of the Legislative Assembly and seat of Gujarat government.}}}}
{{Administrative structure of Gujarat}}
Gujarat has 33 districts and 250 talukas.<ref name="Internetof-7-new-districts-and-22 Archive 2016">{{cite web|title=Village Map - Revenue Department |via=Internet Archive |date=25 March 2016 |url=https://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/village-map |access-date=9 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325222236/https://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/village-map |archive-date=25 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="HighBeam Research 2013">{{cite web | title=State Govt Announces 23 New Talukas | via=HighBeam Research| date=10 September 2013 | url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3066956611.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206082747/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3066956611.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 February 2016 | access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Surat District|Surat]]
*[[Bharuch District|Bharuch]]
*[[Dang District, India|Dang]]
*[[Navsari District|Navsari]]
*[[Tapi District|Tapi]]
*[[Valsad District|Valsad]]
*[[Narmada District|Narmada]]
*[[Ahmedabad District|Ahmedabad]]
*[[Vadodara District|Vadodara]]
*[[Anand District|Anand]]
*[[Chhota Udaipur District|Chhota Udaipur]]
*[[Dahod District|Dahod]]
*[[Kheda District|Kheda]]
*[[Mahisagar District|Mahisagar]]
*[[Panchmahal District|Panchmahal]]
*[[Gandhinagar District|Gandhinagar]]
*[[Aravalli District|Aravalli]]
*[[Banaskantha District|Banaskantha]]
*[[Mehsana District|Mehsana]]
*[[Patan District|Patan]]
*[[Sabarkantha District|Sabarkantha]]
*[[Rajkot District|Rajkot]]
*[[Jamnagar District|Jamnagar]]
*[[Amreli District|Amreli]]
*[[Bhavnagar District|Bhavnagar]]
*[[Botad District|Botad]]
*[[Devbhoomi Dwarka District|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
*[[Gir Somnath District|Gir Somnath]]
*[[Junagadh District|Junagadh]]
*[[Morbi District|Morbi]]
*[[Porbandar District|Porbandar]]
*[[Surendranagar District|Surendranagar]]
*[[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]
{{Div col end}}

{{Largest cities
| country = Gujarat
| stat_ref = As of the [[List of cities in Gujarat|2011 Census]]
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Gujarat
| div_name = District
| div_link = List of districts of Gujarat{{!}}District

| city_1 = Ahmedabad
| div_1 = Ahmedabad district{{!}}Ahmedabad
| pop_1 = 6,357,693
| img_1 = Ahmedabad BRTS.jpg

| city_2 = Surat
| div_2 = Surat district{{!}}Surat
| pop_2 = 5,935,000
| img_2 = University Road Surat.jpg

| city_3 = Vadodara
| div_3 = Vadodara district{{!}}Vadodara
| pop_3 = 4,065,771
| img_3 = Laxmi villas palace baroda.jpg

| city_4 = Rajkot
| div_4 = Rajkot district{{!}}Rajkot
| pop_4 = 1,390,640
| img_4 = Atlantis .jpg

| city_5 = Bhavnagar
| div_5 = Bhavnagar district{{!}}Bhavnagar
| pop_5 = 605,882

| city_6 = Jamnagar
| div_6 = Jamnagar district{{!}}Jamnagar
| pop_6 = 479,920

| city_7 = Junagadh
| div_7 = Junagadh district{{!}}Junagadh
| pop_7 = 319,462

| city_8 = Gandhinagar
| div_8 = Gandhinagar district{{!}}Gandhinagar
| pop_8 = 292,167

| city_9 = Gandhidham
| div_9 = Kutch district{{!}}Kutch
| pop_9 = 248,705

| city_10 = Nadiad
| div_10 = Kheda district{{!}}Kheda
| pop_10 = 225,071

| city_11 = Morbi
| div_11 = Morbi district{{!}}Morbi
| pop_11 = 210,451

| city_12 = Anand, Gujarat{{!}}Anand
| div_12 = Anand district{{!}}Anand
| pop_12 = 209,410

| city_13 = Mehsana
| div_13 = Mehsana district{{!}}Mehsana
| pop_13 = 190,753

| city_14 = Surendranagar Dudhrej
| div_14 = Surendranagar district{{!}}Surendranagar
| pop_14 = 177,851

| city_15 = Veraval
| div_15 = Gir Somnath district{{!}}Gir Somnath
| pop_15 = 171,121

| city_16 = Navsari
| div_16 = Navsari district{{!}}Navsari
| pop_16 = 171,109

| city_17 = Bharuch
| div_17 = Bharuch district{{!}}Bharuch
| pop_17 = 169,007

| city_18 = Vapi
| div_18 = Valsad district{{!}}Valsad
| pop_18 = 163,630

| city_19 = Porbandar
| div_19 = Porbandar district{{!}}Porbandar
| pop_19 = 152,760

| city_20 = Bhuj
| div_20 = Kutch district{{!}}Kutch
| pop_20 = 148,834
}}

Gujarat is governed by a [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of 182 members. Members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult suffrage from one of 182 constituencies, of which 13 are reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes|scheduled castes]] and 27 for [[scheduled tribe]]s. The term of office for a member of the Legislative Assembly is five years. The Legislative Assembly elects a speaker who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A governor is appointed by the [[President of India]], and is to address the state legislature after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister) or his or her designee acts as the Leader of the Legislative Assembly. The administration of the state is led by the Chief Minister.
[[File:Maganbhai Ninama, a Class IV Karma Yogi in Secretariat belonging to Adivasi community inaugurated Swarnim Sankul 2 (12534098875).jpg|thumb|right|Swarnim Sankul 2, Office of Gujarat Government]]

After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) ruled the [[Bombay State]] (which included present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra). Congress continued to govern Gujarat after the state's creation in 1960.

During and after India's [[The Emergency (India)|State of Emergency of 1975–1977]], public support for the INC eroded, but it continued to hold government until 1995 with the brief rule of nine months by [[Janata Morcha]]. In the 1995 Assembly elections, the Congress lost to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) led by [[Keshubhai Patel]] who became the Chief Minister. His government lasted only two years. The fall of that government was provoked by a split in the BJP led by [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]. BJP again won election in 1998 with clear majority. In 2001, following the loss of two assembly seats in by-elections, Keshubhai Patel resigned and yielded power to [[Narendra Modi]]. BJP retained a majority in the 2002 election, and Narendra Modi remained as Chief Minister. On 1 June 2007, Narendra Modi became the longest serving Chief Minister of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title=Raman Singh breaks Modi's record to be longest serving BJP CM |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/raman-singh-breaks-modi-s-record-to-be-longest-serving-bjp-cm/story-5bakVFEDVU9MrSQIlDCYdK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514064535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/raman-singh-breaks-modi-s-record-to-be-longest-serving-bjp-cm/story-5bakVFEDVU9MrSQIlDCYdK.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yahoo |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070606/43/6gpdc.html |access-date=7 February 2016}}{{dead link|fix-attempted=yes|date=February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Narendra Modi to complete 12 years as Gujarat's chief minister tomorrow |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narendra-Modi-to-complete-12-years-as-Gujarats-chief-minister-tomorrow/articleshow/23610694.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110050753/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narendra-Modi-to-complete-12-years-as-Gujarats-chief-minister-tomorrow/articleshow/23610694.cms |archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> BJP retained the power in subsequent elections in 2007 and 2012 and Narendra Modi continued as the chief minister. After Narendra Modi became the prime minister of India in 2014, [[Anandiben Patel]] became the first female chief minister of the state. [[Vijay Rupani]] took over as chief minister and Nitin Patel as deputy chief minister on 7 August 2016 after [[Anandiben Patel]] resigned earlier on 3 August. [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]] became chief minister in September 2021 after the resignation of Vijay Rupani.

The incumbent chief secretary of Gujarat is Raj Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Chief Secretary |url=https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/chief-secretary.htm#:~:text=Shri%20Raj%20Kumar%2C%20IAS%20has,January%2C%202023%20(AN). |website=Gad.gujarat.gov.in |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421085204/https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/chief-secretary.htm#:~:text=Shri%20Raj%20Kumar%2C%20IAS%20has,January%2C%202023%20(AN). |url-status=dead }}</ref> and director general of police (DGP) is Vikas Sahay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikas Sahay appointed as Gujarat DGP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vikas-sahay-appointed-as-dgp/articleshow/98349969.cms |website=Times of India|date=2 March 2023 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Gujarat}}
[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mundra Port]], Kutch]]

During the British Raj, Gujarati businesses played a major role in enriching the economies of [[Karachi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khaled Ahmed |date=23 February 2012 |title=Gujarat's gifts to India and Pakistan |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/340710/gujarats-gifts-to-india-and-pakistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212110415/http://tribune.com.pk/story/340710/gujarats-gifts-to-india-and-pakistan/ |archive-date=12 February 2014 |access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> Major agricultural produce of the state includes cotton, [[peanut|groundnuts]] (peanuts), [[Date (fruit)|dates]], [[sugar cane]], milk and milk products. Industrial products include cement and [[gasoline|petrol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2008 |title=Reliance commissions worlds biggest refinery |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/reliance-commissions-worlds-biggest-refiner/402999/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044443/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/reliance-commissions-worlds-biggest-refiner/402999 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
Gujarat is ranked number one in the [[pharmaceutical industry in India]], with a 33% share in drug manufacturing and 28% share in drug exports. The state has 130 USFDA certified drug manufacturing facilities. Ahmedabad and Vadodara are considered as pharmaceutical hubs, as there are many big and small pharmaceutical companies established in these cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2021 |title=Despite Covid-19, fresh investments flowing into Gujarat's Pharma Sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/despite-covid-19-fresh-investments-flowing-into-gujarats-pharma-sector/articleshow/81488146.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503094424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/despite-covid-19-fresh-investments-flowing-into-gujarats-pharma-sector/articleshow/81488146.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat has the longest coastline in India (1600 km), and its ports (both private and public sector) handle around 40% of India's ocean cargo, with [[Mundra Port]] located in [[Gulf of Kutch]] being the largest port of India by cargo handled (144 million tons) due to its favourable location on the westernmost part of India and closeness to global shipping lanes. Gujarat also contributes around 20% share in India's industrial production and merchandise exports. According to a 2009 report on [[economic freedom]] by the [[Cato Institute]], Gujarat is the most free state in India (the second one being [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary |url=http://www.cato.org/economic-freedom-india/ExecutiveSummary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924142234/http://www.cato.org/economic-freedom-india/ExecutiveSummary.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2013 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Cato.org}}</ref> [[Reliance Industries]] operates the oil refinery at [[Jamnagar]], which is the world's largest grass-roots refinery at a single location. The world's largest shipbreaking yard is in Gujarat near Bhavnagar at [[Alang]]. India's only Liquid Chemical Port Terminal at [[Dahej]], developed by Gujarat Chemical Port Terminal Co Ltd. Gujarat has two of the three liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals in the country (Dahej and Hazira). Two more LNG terminals are proposed, at [[Pipavav]] and [[Mundra]].

Gujarat has 85% village connectivity with all‐weather roads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uday Mahurkar |date=11 September 2006 |title=Gujarat – Physical fitness |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gujarat-ranks-best-when-it-comes-to-quality-of-roads/1/182220.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074907/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gujarat-ranks-best-when-it-comes-to-quality-of-roads/1/182220.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=India Today}}</ref> Nearly 100% of Gujarat's 18,000 villages have been connected to the electrical grid for 24-hour power to households and eight hours of power to farms, through the [[Jyotigram Yojana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2013 |title=Claim Check: Narendra Modi on Gujarat's Jyotigram Yojana |work=livemint.com |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NjBbkbKEVhIAYnW3iB7qtN/Claim-Check-Narendra-Modi-on-Gujarats-Jyotigram-Yojana.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015558/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NjBbkbKEVhIAYnW3iB7qtN/Claim-Check-Narendra-Modi-on-Gujarats-Jyotigram-Yojana.html |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, Gujarat ranks [[States of India by installed power capacity|first nationwide]] in gas-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 8%, and second nationwide in nuclear electricity generation with national market share of over 1%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive summary of month of November 2015 |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-11.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051607/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-11.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=cea.nic.in |publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India}}</ref>

The state registered 12.8% agricultural growth in the last five years against the national average of 2%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2010 |title=Gujarat Brand |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/modi-woos-investors-in-state-markets-brand-gujarat/415381/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012155436/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/modi-woos-investors-in-state-markets-brand-gujarat/415381/ |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>

Gujarat records highest decadal agricultural growth rate of 10.97%. Over 20% of the ''S&P CNX 500'' conglomerates have corporate offices in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of S&P CNX 500 conglomerates |url=https://www.nseindia.com/products-services/indices-nifty500-index |website=NSE India |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504103917/https://www.nseindia.com/products-services/indices-nifty500-index |url-status=live }}</ref> As per RBI report{{which|date=June 2022}}, in year 2006–07, 26% of total bank finance in India was in Gujarat.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

According to a 2012 survey report of the Chandigarh Labour Bureau, Gujarat had the lowest unemployment rate of 1% against the national average of 3.8%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2012 |title=Survey says Gujarat has lowest unemployment; Narendra Modi is 'delighted' |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/survey-says-gujarat-has-lowest-unemployment-narendra-modi-is-delighted-242173?pfrom=home-otherstories |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713222924/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/survey-says-gujarat-has-lowest-unemployment-narendra-modi-is-delighted-242173?pfrom=home-otherstories |archive-date=13 July 2012}}</ref>

[[Legatum Institute]]'s Global Prosperity Index 2012 recognised Gujarat as one of the two highest-scoring among all states of India on matters of social capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2012 Legatum Prosperity Index |url=https://www.prosperity.com/download_file/view_inline/2837 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624103332/http://www.prosperity.com/download_file/view_inline/2837 |archive-date=24 June 2017 |access-date=29 April 2019 |publisher=Legatum Institute |page=20 |format=PDF}}</ref> The state ranks 15th alongside Germany in a list of 142 nations worldwide: higher than several developed nations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA India: Latest News Headlines, Breaking News & Live Updates on Politics, Business, Sports, Bollywood at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujarat-in-list-of-top-15-prosperous-states-globally_175965 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220155532/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujarat-in-list-of-top-15-prosperous-states-globally_175965 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
[[File:Tallest Building in Gujarat Gift One.jpg|thumb|Tallest building in Gujarat: [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City|GIFT One]]]]

The tallest tower in Gujarat, GIFT One was inaugurated on 10 January 2013. One other tower called GIFT Two has been finished and more towers are planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2009 |title=India's tallest proposed building Diamond Tower showcased (video) |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2009/01/22/indias-tallest-proposed-building-diamond-tower-showcasedvideo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113234/http://deshgujarat.com/2009/01/22/indias-tallest-proposed-building-diamond-tower-showcasedvideo/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |publisher=Deshgujarat.com}}</ref>

=== Industrial growth ===
Gujarat's major cities include Ahmedabad, [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Rajkot]], [[Jamnagar]] and [[Bhavnagar]]. In 2010, ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} list of the world's fastest growing cities included Ahmedabad at number 3 after [[Chengdu]] and [[Chongqing]] from China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotkin |first=Joel |title=In pictures- The Next Decade's fastest growing cities |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014101651/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |archive-date=14 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="07 October 2010">{{Cite news |title=In Pictures: The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014101651/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |archive-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> The state is rich in [[calcite]], [[gypsum]], [[manganese]], [[lignite]], [[bauxite]], [[limestone]], [[agate]], [[feldspar]], and [[quartz sand]], and successful mining of these minerals is done in their specified areas. Jamnagar is the hub for manufacturing [[brass]] parts. Gujarat produces about 98% of India's required amount of soda ash, and gives the country about 78% of the national requirement of salt. It is one of India's most prosperous states, having a per-capita GDP significantly above India's average. [[Kalol (Panchmahal)|Kalol]], Khambhat, and [[Ankleshwar]] are today known for their oil and natural gas production. Dhuvaran has a thermal power station, which uses coal, oil, and gas. Also, on the Gulf of Khambhat, {{cvt|50|km|mi}} southeast of Bhavnagar, is the Alang Ship Recycling Yard (the world's largest). [[MG Motor India]] manufactures its cars at Halol near [[Vadodara]], [[Tata Motors]] manufactures the [[Tata Nano]] from Sanand near Ahmedabad, and AMW trucks are made near [[Bhuj]]. [[Surat]], a city by the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], is a hub of the global diamond trade. In 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in Surat.<ref name="time.com">{{Cite magazine |last=Adiga |first=Aravind |date=12 April 2004 |title=Uncommon Brilliance |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040419-610100,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729170654/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040419-610100,00.html |archive-date=29 July 2010 |access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> The diamond industry employs 500,000 people in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lum |first=Kathryn |date=16 October 2014 |title=The rise and rise of Belgium's Indian diamond dynasties |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |url=http://theconversation.com/the-rise-and-rise-of-belgiums-indian-diamond-dynasties-32332 |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054721/http://theconversation.com/the-rise-and-rise-of-belgiums-indian-diamond-dynasties-32332 |archive-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

At an investor's summit entitled "Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit", arranged between 11 and 13 January 2015, at Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar, the state government signed 21000 Memoranda of Understanding for Special Economic Zones worth a total of {{Indian Rupee}} 2.5 million crores ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vibrant Gujarat' signs 21000 MoUs worth Rs 25 lakh cr |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-12/news/57982792_1_lakh-crore-mous-narendra-modi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115190330/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-12/news/57982792_1_lakh-crore-mous-narendra-modi |archive-date=15 January 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=The Economic Times Line}}</ref> However, most of the investment was from domestic industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vibrant Gujarat sees one foreign investor, the Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/economy/storypage.php?leftnm=3&subLeft=1&chklogin=N&autono=271739&tab=r |url-status=dead |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108232701/http://www.business-standard.com/economy/storypage.php?leftnm=3&subLeft=1&chklogin=N&autono=271739&tab=r |archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref> In the fourth Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit held at Science City, Ahmedabad, in January 2009, there were 600 foreign delegates. In all, 8668 MOUs worth {{Indian Rupee}} 12500 billion were signed, estimated to create 2.5 million new job opportunities in the state.<ref name="in.rediff.com">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2008 |title=Gujarat aims at 15% industrial growth: Rediff.com Business |url=http://in.rediff.com/money/2008/mar/10guj.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622031757/http://in.rediff.com/money/2008/mar/10guj.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |access-date=16 July 2010 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In 2011, Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit MOUs worth {{Indian Rupee}} 21 trillion ({{USD}} 463 billion) were signed.

Gujarat is a state with surplus electricity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2014 |title=How Gujarat became a power surplus State |work=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/how-gujarat-became-a-power-surplus-state/article6105053.ece |access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station]] is a nuclear power station run by NPCIL that lies in the proximity of the city of Surat. According to the official sources, against demand of 40,793 million units during the nine months since April 2010, Gujarat produced 43,848 million units. Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states: Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2011 |title=Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-08/ahmedabad/28667798_1_surplus-power-industrial-units-uninterrupted-power-supply |url-status=dead |access-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708120149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-08/ahmedabad/28667798_1_surplus-power-industrial-units-uninterrupted-power-supply |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Nano.jpg|Shown here is the [[Tata Nano]], the world's least expensive car.<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite news |last=Robyn Meredith |date=16 April 2007 |title=The Next People's Car |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/home/free_forbes/2007/0416/070.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118032004/http://www.forbes.com/home/free_forbes/2007/0416/070.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> [[Sanand]], Gujarat, is home to [[Tata Nano]].
File:GauravPath1.jpg|[[Surat]] is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.
File:Alang Ship Breaking - panoramio.jpg|[[Alang]] shipbreaking
</gallery>

=== Energy ===
{{see also|Solar power in Gujarat}}
[[File:Astonfield 11.5MW Solar Plant Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Astonfield's 11.5 MW solar plant in Gujarat]]

As of April 2022, the peak power requirement of state is 20,277 MW.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=10 April 2022 |title=At 20,277 MW, Gujarat records highest power demand in a day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/at-20277-mw-gujarat-records-highest-power-demand-in-a-day-7862053/ |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530130730/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/at-20277-mw-gujarat-records-highest-power-demand-in-a-day-7862053/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Total installed power generation capacity is 44,127.43 MW. Of this 25,688.66 MW belongs to thermal power generation capacity while 17,879.77 MW belongs to renewable energy generation capacity. The rest 559 MW is nuclear power generation capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2022 |title=All India Installed Capacity (in MW) of Power Stations |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/installed/2022/04/installed_capacity.pdf |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=Central Electricity Authority |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516121314/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/installed/2022/04/installed_capacity.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The renewable energy installed capacity includes 9,209 MW wind power and 7,180 MW solar power, as of March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandar |first=G. |date=19 April 2022 |title=Renewable capacity addition: Rajasthan and Gujarat pip Tamil Nadu and Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/renewable-capacity-addition-rajasthan-and-gujarat-pip-tamil-nadu-and-karnataka/article65334361.ece |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=The Hindu Businessline |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530141234/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/renewable-capacity-addition-rajasthan-and-gujarat-pip-tamil-nadu-and-karnataka/article65334361.ece |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:SherdiImage6.JPG|thumb|right|Traditional farming]]
The total geographical area of Gujarat is 19,602,400 hectares, of which crops take up 10,630,700 hectares.{{Verify source|date=July 2013}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture and Co-operation Department, Government of Gujarat: Information, Statistics |url=http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/informations/statistics.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208034720/http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/informations/statistics.htm |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |publisher=Agriculture and Co-operation Department, Government of Gujarat}}</ref> The three main sources of growth in Gujarat's agriculture are from cotton production, the rapid growth of high-value foods such as livestock, fruits and vegetables, and from wheat production, which saw an annual average growth rate of 28% between 2000 and 2008 (According to the [[International Food Policy Research Institute]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat State Portal |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/initiatives/initiatives.htm?enc=TEnmkal8rLd9cWRBUEX85lswwfZZ+o8b+w+YfQPy7dU93tk/rntr0H+OnwOK0bubU/5kzexyi+JTm2rA12QenK3wnOMJgYTOqvtfZeqRdaaFE5dh5rbDG2NUzRJa12on+xN1tLzJGwcCVbF2GvgkPA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102042740/http://www.gujaratindia.com/initiatives/initiatives.htm?enc=TEnmkal8rLd9cWRBUEX85lswwfZZ+o8b+w+YfQPy7dU93tk%2Frntr0H+OnwOK0bubU%2F5kzexyi+JTm2rA12QenK3wnOMJgYTOqvtfZeqRdaaFE5dh5rbDG2NUzRJa12on+xN1tLzJGwcCVbF2GvgkPA%3D%3D |archive-date=2 January 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Government of Gujarat}}</ref> Other major produce includes bajra, groundnut, cotton, rice, maize, wheat, mustard, sesame, pigeon pea, green gram, sugarcane, mango, banana, sapota, lime, guava, tomato, potato, onion, cumin, garlic, isabgul and fennel. Whilst, in recent times, Gujarat has seen a high average annual growth of 9% in the agricultural sector, the rest of India has an annual growth rate of around 3%. This success was lauded by former President of India, APJ Abdul Kalam.<ref>{{Cite news |year=2012 |title=Gujarat's agriculture turnaround an eye opener for the entire nation: Dr. Kalam |work=IBTL for CNBC |url=http://www.ibtl.in/video/6413/gujarats-agriculture-turnaround-an-eye-opener-for-the-entire-nation-dr-kalam/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214033503/http://www.ibtl.in/video/6413/gujarats-agriculture-turnaround-an-eye-opener-for-the-entire-nation-dr-kalam |archive-date=14 February 2013}}</ref>

The strengths of Gujarat's agricultural success have been attributed to diversified crops and cropping patters; climatic diversity (8 climatic zones for agriculture); the existence of 4 agricultural universities in the state, which promote research in agricultural efficiency and sustainability;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanayak |first=Debi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQYICqUZJ8UC&pg=PA15 |title=Multilingualism in India |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd. |year=1990 |isbn=978-1-85359-072-6 |location=USA |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414155116/https://books.google.com/books?id=aQYICqUZJ8UC&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref> co-operatives; adoption of hi-tech agriculture such as tissue culture, green houses and shed-net houses; agriculture export zones; strong marketing infrastructure, which includes cold storage, processing units, logistic hubs and consultancy facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=Agricultural Exhibition and Conference |url=http://www2.kenes.com/agritech-asia/about/Pages/About_Gujarat.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629005930/http://www2.kenes.com/agritech-asia/about/Pages/About_Gujarat.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Agritech Asia}}</ref>

Gujarat is the main producer of tobacco, cotton, and groundnuts in India. Other major food crops produced are rice, wheat, ''jowar, bajra'', maize, ''tur'', and ''gram''. The state has an agricultural economy; the total crop area amounts to more than one-half of the total land area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Gujarat State Agriculture Marketing Board |url=http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarati/boards_corporations/gs-agri-mark-board/agri_profile.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204125421/http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarati/boards_corporations/gs-agri-mark-board/agri_profile.htm |archive-date=4 February 2011 |access-date=16 July 2010 |publisher=Agri.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref>

Animal husbandry and dairying have played vital roles in the rural economy of Gujarat. Dairy farming, primarily concerned with milk production, functions on a co-operative basis and has more than a million members. Gujarat is the largest producer of milk in India. The [[Amul]] milk co-operative federation is well known all over India, and it is Asia's biggest dairy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2006 |title=Amul to become world's largest liquid milk brand-Food-Cons. Products-News By Industry-News |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Cons-Products/Food/Amul-to-become-worlds-largest-liquid-milk-brand/articleshow/1988793.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518071424/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Cons-Products/Food/Amul-to-become-worlds-largest-liquid-milk-brand/articleshow/1988793.cms |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> Among the livestock raised are, buffaloes and other cattle, sheep, and goats. As per the results of livestock census 1997, there were 20.97 million head of livestock in Gujarat State. In the estimates of the survey of major livestock products, during the year 2002–03, Gujarat produced 6.09 million tonnes of milk, 385 million eggs and 2.71 million kg of wool. Gujarat also contributes inputs to the textiles, oil, and soap industries.

The adoption of cooperatives in Gujarat is widely attributed to much of the success in the agricultural sector, particularly sugar and dairy [[cooperative]]s. Cooperative farming has been a component of India's strategy for agricultural development since 1951. Whilst the success of these was mixed throughout the country, their positive impact on the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat have been the most significant. In 1995 alone, the two states had more registered co-operatives than any other region in the country. Out of these, the agricultural cooperatives have received much attention. Many have focused on subsidies and credit to farmers and rather than collective gathering, they have focused on facilitating collective processing and marketing of produce. However, whilst they have led to increased productivity, their effect on equity in the region has been questioned, because membership in agricultural co-operatives has tended to favour landowners whilst limiting the entry of landless agricultural labourers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahim |first=Alnoor |year=2000 |title=Agricultural cooperatives in Gujarat, India: Agents of equity or differentiation? |journal=Development in Practice |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=178–188 |doi=10.1080/09614520050010214 |s2cid=154497407}}</ref> An example of co-operative success in Gujarat can be illustrated through dairy co-operatives, with the particular example of [[Amul]] (Anand Milk Union Limited).
[[File:Amul Plant at Anand.jpg|thumb|right|Amul plant at Anand]]

Amul was formed as a dairy cooperative in 1946,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bellur |first1=Venkatakrishna |last2=Saraswathi P. Singh |last3=Radharao Chaganti |last4=Rajeswararao Chaganti |year=1990 |title=The white revolution—How Amul brought milk to India |journal=Long Range Planning |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.1016/0024-6301(90)90104-C}}</ref> in the city of Anand, Gujarat. The cooperative, Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.
(GCMMF), is jointly owned by around 2.6 million milk producers in Gujarat. Amul has been seen as one of the best examples of cooperative achievement and success in a developing economy and the Amul pattern of growth has been taken as a model for rural development, particularly in the agricultural sector of developing economies. The company stirred the White Revolution of India (also known as [[Operation Flood]]), the world's biggest dairy development program, and made the milk-deficient nation of India the largest milk producer in the world, in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2011 |title=India largest milk producing nation in 2010–11: NDDB |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426131554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |archive-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> The "Amul Model" aims to stop the exploitation by middlemen and encourage freedom of movement since the farmers are in control of procurement, processing and packaging of the milk and milk products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Amul Model |url=http://www.amul.com/m/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306085945/http://www.amul.com/m/about-us |archive-date=6 March 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=Amul}}</ref> The company is worth 2.5 billion US dollars ({{as of|2012|lc=y}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=News Release: Taste of India Continues to Commemorate its Producers |url=http://www.amul.com/files/pdf/ENGLISH-AGM-PRESS-RELEASE.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224507/http://www.amul.com/files/pdf/ENGLISH-AGM-PRESS-RELEASE.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=GCMMF}}</ref>

70% of Gujarat's area is classified as semi-arid to arid climatically, thus the demand on water from various economic activities puts a strain on the supply.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suran |first=B |date=10 June 2012 |title=Is Agriculture in Gujarat on a Different Growth Trajectory? |journal=Social Science Research Network |publisher=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) |ssrn=2080876}}</ref> Of the total gross irrigated area, 16–17% is irrigated by government-owned canals and 83–84% by privately owned tube wells and other wells extracting groundwater, which is the predominant source of irrigation and water supply to the agricultural areas. As a result, Gujarat has faced problems with [[overdrafting|groundwater depletion]], especially after demand for water increased in the 1960s. As access to electricity in rural areas increased, submersible electric pumps became more popular in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the Gujarat Electricity Board switched to flat tariff rates linked to the horsepower of pumps, which increased tubewell irrigation again and decreased the use of electric pumps. By the 1990s, groundwater abstraction rates exceeded groundwater recharge rate in many districts, whilst only 37.5% of all districts has "safe" recharge rates. Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies is now an issue faced by the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gulati |first=Ashok |url=http://www.gujaratcmfellowship.org/document/Agriculture/Agriculture%20Performance%20in%20Gujarat%20since%202000_IWMI%20&%20IFPRI%20Report-_May%202009.pdf |title=Agriculture performance in Gujarat since 2000 |publisher=International Water Management Institute & International Food Policy Research Institute |year=2009 |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221231/http://www.gujaratcmfellowship.org/document/Agriculture/Agriculture%20Performance%20in%20Gujarat%20since%202000_IWMI%20%26%20IFPRI%20Report-_May%202009.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Sardar Sarovar Project, a debated dam project in the Narmada valley consisting of a network of canals, has significantly increased irrigation in the region. However, its impact on communities who were displaced is still a contested issue. In 2012 Gujarat began an experiment to reduce water loss due to evaporation in canals and to increase sustainability in the area, by constructing solar panels over the canals. In a one megawatt (MW) solar power project set up at Chandrasan, Gujarat uses solar panels fixed over a 750-metre stretch of an irrigation canal. Unlike many solar power projects, this one does not take up large amounts of land since the panels are constructed over the canals, and not on additional land. This results in lower upfront costs since land does not need to be acquired, cleared or modified to set up the panels. The Chandrasan project is projected to save 9 million litres of water per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=D.C. |date=June 2012 |title=India Launches Solar Power Project |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |volume=10 |issue=5 |page=230 |doi=10.1890/i1540-9295-10-5-228 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Government of Gujarat, to improve [[soil management]] and introduce farmers to new technology, started on a project which involved giving every farmer a [[Soil Health Card]]. This acts like a ration card, providing permanent identification for the status of cultivated land, as well as farmers' names, account numbers, survey numbers, [[soil fertility]] status and general fertiliser dose. Samples of land from each village are taken and analysed by the [[Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers|Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertiliser Corporation]], State Fertiliser Corporation and [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited|Indian Farmers Fertilisers Co-operative]]. 1,200,000 [[soil test]] data from the villages was collected as of 2008, from farmer's field villages have gone into a database. Assistance and advice for this project was given by local agricultural universities and crop and soil-specific data was added to the database. This allows the soil test data to be interpreted and recommendations or adjustments made in terms of fertiliser requirements, which are also added to the database.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attri |first=S.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmqIGTngveIC&pg=PA266 |title=Challenges and Opportunities in Agrometeorology |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-642-19360-6 |location=Heidelberg |page=265 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105621/https://books.google.com/books?id=tmqIGTngveIC&pg=PA266 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Gujarat}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|section=yes|date=October 2016}}

Gujarat is home for the [[Gujarati people]]. Gujarat was also the home of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], a worldwide figure known for his non-violent struggle against British rule, and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], a founding father of the Republic of India.

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Gujarati literature}}
[[File:Hemchandra Acharya.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hemchandra|Hemchandra acharya]] with his disciple [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarpal Raja]]. He is regarded as the father of the Gujarati language.]]
[[File:Shrimad Rajchandra and Ambalal.jpg|200px|thumb|Depiction of Shrimad Rajchandra writing ''Atmasiddhi'' in single sitting of 1.5 hrs, one of the longest Gujarati poems based on [[Jain philosophy]].]]
The history of [[Gujarati literature]] may be traced back to 1000 CE. Well-known laureates of Gujarati literature include [[Hemchandracharya]], [[Narsinh Mehta]], [[Mirabai]], [[Akho]], [[Premanand Bhatt]], [[Shamal Bhatt]], [[Dayaram]], [[Dalpatram]], [[Narmad]], [[Govardhanram Tripathi]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[K. M. Munshi]], [[Umashankar Joshi]], [[Suresh Joshi]], [[Swaminarayan]], [[Pannalal Patel]] and [[Rajendra Shah (author)|Rajendra Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarati Writers in India, Gujarati Novelists of India, Gujarati Poets |url=http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/gujarati_gems.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000438/http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/gujarati_gems.html |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Culturopedia.com}}</ref>

[[Kavi Kant]], [[Zaverchand Meghani]] and [[Kalapi]] are famous Gujarati poets.

[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]], [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]], and [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature.
[[Saraswatichandra (novel)|Saraswatichandra]] is a landmark novel by [[Govardhanram Tripathi]]. Writers like Aanand Shankar Dhruv, Ashvini Bhatt, [[Balwantray Thakore]], Bhaven Kachhi, [[Bhagwatikumar Sharma]], [[Chandrakant Bakshi]], [[Gunvant Shah]], Harindra Dave, Harkisan Mehta, Jay Vasavada, Jyotindra Dave, Kanti Bhatt, Kavi Nanalal, Khabardar, [[Tribhuvandas Luhar|Sundaram]], Makarand Dave, Ramesh Parekh, Suresh Dalal, Tarak Mehta, Vinod Bhatt, Dhruv Bhatt and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers.

A notable contribution to Gujarati literature came from the [[Bhagwan Swaminarayan|Swaminarayan]] paramhanso, like [[Brahmanand Swami]], Premanand, with prose like [[Vachanamrut]] and poetry in the form of [[bhajans]].<ref name="Williams">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPkexi2EhAIC |title=Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-65422-7 |pages=187–190 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154258/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPkexi2EhAIC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shrimad Rajchandra Vachnamrut and Shri [[Atma Siddhi]] Shastra, written in 19th century by Jain philosopher and poet [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] (Mahatma Gandhi's guru) are very well known.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shrimad Rajchandra |url=https://archive.org/details/shrimadvachanamrutweb |title=Shrimad Rajchandra Vachanamrut |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019221956/https://archive.org/details/shrimadvachanamrutweb |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atma Siddhi |url=http://www.rajsaubhag.org/atmasiddhi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202803/http://www.rajsaubhag.org/atmasiddhi/ |archive-date=14 February 2018 |access-date=14 February 2018 |website=Shree Raj Saubhag}}</ref>

Gujarati theatre owes a lot to [[Bhavai]]. Bhavai is a [[Folk music|folk]] musical performance of stage plays. [[Ketan Mehta]] and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'', ''[[Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India]]'' and ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature.

Mumbai theatre veteran, [[Alyque Padamsee]], best known in the English-speaking world for playing [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] in Sir [[Richard Attenborough]]'s ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', was from a traditional Gujarati-Kutchi family from Kathiawar.<ref name="Padamsee1999">{{Cite book |last1=Padamsee |first1=Alyque |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWsdGDA2j8EC&pg=PA63 |title=A Double Life: My Exciting Years in Theatre and Advertising |last2=Prabhu |first2=Arun |date=11 January 2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-024071-9 |page=1 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105640/https://books.google.com/books?id=oWsdGDA2j8EC&pg=PA63 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Gujarati cuisine}}
[[File:Gujarati Dish.jpg|thumb|Gujarati thali]]

Gujarati food is primarily vegetarian. The typical Gujarati ''[[thali]]'' consists of ''[[roti|rotli]]'' or ''[[bhakri|bhakhari]] or thepala or rotlo'', ''[[dal]]'' or ''[[kadhi]]'', ''[[khichdi]]'', Bhat and ''[[Curry|shak]]''. [[South Asian pickle#India|Athanu (Indian pickle)]] and ''[[chhundo]]'' are used as [[condiment]]s. The four major regions of Gujarat all bring their own styles to Gujarati food. Many Gujarati dishes are distinctively sweet, salty, and spicy at the same time. In the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]], ''[[chass|chhash]]'' (buttermilk) is believed to be a must-have in their daily food.

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Gujarati cinema}}
The [[Gujarati film industry]] dates back to 1932, when the first Gujarati film, ''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'', was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2009 |title=Narsinh Mehta |url=http://gujaratirocks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:narsinh-mehta&catid=34:gujarati-films&Itemid=29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512105953/http://gujaratirocks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:narsinh-mehta&catid=34:gujarati-films&Itemid=29 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 May 2007 |title=NEWS: Limping at 75 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=15692 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}{{dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2007 |title='Dhollywood' at 75 finds few takers in urban Gujarat |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/104966/ |access-date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602081522/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/news-and-the-ugly-truth/1080794/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After flourishing through the 1960s to 1980s, the industry saw a decline. The industry is revived in recent times. The film industry has produced more than one thousand films since its inception.<ref name="Thou2011">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2011 |title=Golly! Gujarati films cross 1k mark |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018215219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Government of Gujarat announced a 100% entertainment [[tax exemption]] for Gujarati films in 2005<ref name="Roy 2005">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Mithun |date=3 May 2005 |title=Crisis-hit Gujarati film industry gets 100% tax rebate |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714025118/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html |archive-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> and a policy of incentives in 2016.<ref name="polic2016">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2 February 2016 |title=Gujarat govt announces new policy for incentives to Gujarati films |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204040324/http://deshgujarat.com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/ |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=DeshGujarat}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Gujarat}}
Gujarati folk music, known as ''Sugam Sangeet'', is a hereditary profession of the [[Barot (caste)|Barot]] community. [[Gadhvi]] and [[Charan]] communities have contributed heavily in modern times. The omnipresent instruments in Gujarati folk music include wind instruments, such as {{transliteration|gu|turi}}, {{transliteration|gu|bungal}}, and {{transliteration|gu|pava}}, [[string instrument]]s, such as the {{transliteration|gu|ravan hattho}}, {{transliteration|gu|ektaro}}, and {{transliteration|gu|jantar}} and percussion instruments, such as the {{transliteration|gu|manjira}} and {{transliteration|gu|zanz}} pot drum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance & Music |url=http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat-dances.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213195733/http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat-dances.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=NRI Division [[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Navratri Garba.jpg|[[Garba (dance)|Garba]] during Navaratri in [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Navratri garba at Ambaji temple.jpg|Navratri Garba at [[Ambaji temple]]
File:Dandiya Raas.jpg|Tourists playing [[Dandiya Raas]]
File:International Kite Festival,India.JPG|[[International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan|International Kite Festival]], Ahmedabad
</gallery>

The folk traditions of Gujarat include {{transliteration|gu|[[bhavai]]}} and {{transliteration|gu|[[Dandiya Raas|raas]]-[[Garba (dance)|garba]]}}. ''Bhavai'' is a folk theatre; it is partly entertainment and partly ritual, and is dedicated to [[Durga|Amba]]. The {{transliteration|gu|raas-garba}} is a folk dance done as a celebration of [[Navratri]] by Gujarati people. The [[folk costume]] of this dance is ''[[Gagra choli|chaniya choli]]'' for women and {{transliteration|gu|kedia}} for men. Different styles and steps of {{transliteration|gu|garba}} include {{transliteration|gu|dodhiyu}}, simple five, simple seven, {{transliteration|gu|popatiyu}}, {{transliteration|gu|trikoniya}} (hand movement which forms an imagery triangle), {{transliteration|gu|lehree}}, {{transliteration|gu|tran taali}}, butterfly, {{transliteration|gu|hudo}}, two claps and many more. {{transliteration|gu|Sheri garba}} is one of the oldest form of garba where all the women wear red patola sari and sing along while dancing. It is a very graceful form of garba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navratri |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/navratri.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725085151/http://gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/navratri.htm |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref> ''[[Makar Sankranti]]'' is a festival where people of Gujarat fly kites. In Gujarat, from December through to ''Makar Sankranti'', people start enjoying kite flying. ''[[Undhiyu]]'', a special dish made of various vegetables, is a must-have of Gujarati people on ''Makar Sankranti''. Surat is especially well known for the strong string which is made by applying glass powder on the row thread to provide it a cutting edge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kite Festival |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/kite-festival.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103200212/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/kite-festival.htm |archive-date=3 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

Apart from Navratri and Uttarayana, [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Mahavir Jayanti|Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]], [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], [[Chup Tazia|Tazia]], [[Paryushan]] and others are also celebrated.

=== Diffusion of culture ===

Due to close proximity to the Arabian Sea, Gujarat has developed a mercantile ethos which maintained a cultural tradition of [[seafaring]], long-distance trade, and overseas contacts with the outside world since ancient times, and the diffusion of culture through Gujarati [[diaspora]] was a logical outcome of such a tradition. During the pre-modern period, various European sources have observed that these merchants formed diaspora communities outside of Gujarat, and in many parts of the world, such as the [[Persian Gulf]], Middle East, [[Horn of Africa]], Hong Kong, [[Indonesia]], and [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA41 |title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational networks and changing identities |last2=Reeves |first2=Peter |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-203-89235-0 |editor-last=Rajesh Rai, Peter Reeves |page=41 |quote=The Gujarati merchant diaspora can still be found in the littoral cities of West Asia and Africa on the one hand and in Southeast Asia on the other. |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153225/https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA41 |url-status=live }}</ref> long before the internal rise of the [[Maratha]] dynasty, and the [[British Raj]] colonial occupation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2012 |title=Even British were envious of Gujaratis |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/vadodara/35748553_1_gujaratis-maritime-history-subcontinent |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928112046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/vadodara/35748553_1_gujaratis-maritime-history-subcontinent |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote="Most people perceive that British dominated everything in the 19th century when the Indian sub-continent was under their control. But Gujarati merchants, especially those from Kutch, dominated the economy all along the East African coast. So while British were ruling, Gujaratis were making all the money," said Pearson." As financers, they (Gujarati merchants) had agents to collect tax, they had money to provide loans, they dominated the merchandise business and they were also into slavery business at [[Nairobi]], [[Mombasa]], [[Zanzibar]] on the East African coast and to some extent their influence was also on the South African region," he said. "In fact, the dominance of Gujarati merchants on economy was to such an extent that at one point of time the British even complained about it. They, however, couldn't make any difference as most of them were either administrators or soldiers," said Pearson}}</ref>

Early 1st-century Western historians such as [[Strabo]] and [[Dio Cassius]] are testament to Gujarati people's role in the spread of Buddhism in the Mediterranean, when it was recorded that the ''[[Shramana|sramana]]'' monk [[Zarmanochegas]] (Ζαρμανοχηγὰς) of [[Barygaza]] met [[Nicholas of Damascus]] in [[Antioch]] while Augustus ruled the Roman Empire, and shortly thereafter proceeded to [[Athens]] where died by [[self-immolation|setting himself on fire]] to demonstrate his faith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strabo, Geography, NOTICE. |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061428/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73 |archive-date=4 October 2008 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cassius Dio – Book 54 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925090709/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54%2A.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A tomb to the ''sramana'', was still visible in the time of [[Plutarch]],<ref>Plutarch. 'Life of Alexander' in The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. (trans John Dryden and revised Arthur Hugh Clough) The Modern Library (Random House Inc). New York. p.850</ref> which bore the mention "ΖΑΡΜΑΝΟΧΗΓΑΣ ΙΝΔΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΒΑΡΓΟΣΗΣ" ("The ''sramana'' master from Barygaza in India").<ref>Elledge CD. Life After Death in Early Judaism. Mohr Siebeck Tilbringen 2006 {{ISBN|3-16-148875-X}} pp. 122–125</ref>

The progenitor of the [[Sinhala language]] is believed to have been [[Prince Vijaya]], son of King Simhabahu, who ruled Simhapura (modern-day Sihor near Bhavnagar).<ref>P. 25 ''Historical and cultural chronology of Gujarat, Volume 1'' by Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar</ref> Prince Vijaya was banished by his father for his lawlessness and set forth with a band of adventurers. This tradition was followed by other Gujaratis. For example, in the [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] frescoes, a Gujarati prince is shown entering [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="ReferenceB">P. 4 ''Shyamji Krishna Varma, the unknown patriot'' by Ganeshi Lal Verma, India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division</ref>

Many Indians migrated to [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]], most of them Gujaratis. King Aji Saka, who is said to have come to Java in Indonesia in year 1 of the Saka calendar, is believed by some to have been a king of Gujarat.<ref name="ReferenceA">P. 67 ''An era of peace'' By Krishna Chandra Sagar</ref> The first Indian settlements in the [[Philippines]] and Java Island of Indonesia are believed to have been established with the coming of Prince Dhruvavijaya of Gujarat, with 5000 traders.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Some stories propose a Brahmin named Tritresta was the first to bring Gujarati migrants with him to Java, so some scholars equate him with Aji Saka.<ref>P. 158 ''Foreign Influence on Ancient India'' By Krishna Chandra Sagar</ref> A Gujarati ship has been depicted in a sculpture at Borabudur, [[Java]].<ref name="ReferenceB" />

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Gujarat|List of tourist attractions in Gujarat}}
[[File:Saputara, Gujarat, India - panoramio (5).jpg|thumb|[[Saputara]] – a hill station in Gujarat]]

Gujarat's natural environment includes the [[Great Rann of Kutch]] and the hills of [[Saputara]], and it is the sole home of pure Asiatic lions in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2010 |title=Amitabh Bachchan offers to become brand ambassador of Gujarat |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-07/india/28113940_1_brand-ambassador-harivansh-rai-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan |url-status=dead |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419042844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-07/india/28113940_1_brand-ambassador-harivansh-rai-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan |archive-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> During the historic reigns of the sultans, Hindu craftsmanship blended with [[Islamic architecture]], giving rise to the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style. Many structures in the state are built in this fashion. It is also the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], great iconic figures of [[Indian independence movement|India's Independence]] movement. [[Amitabh Bachchan]] is currently the brand ambassador of Gujarat Tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAAI award for Gujarat Tourism |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/TAAI-award-for-Gujarat-Tourism/article20373068.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026035058/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2735467.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=@businessline}}</ref>
[[File:Statue of Unity in 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of Unity]] facing the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] on the river [[Narmada]] in Kevadiya colony]]

=== Museums and memorials ===
Gujarat has a variety of museums on different genres that are run by the state's Department of Museums located at the principal state museum, [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery]] in [[Vadodara]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us |url=http://sycd.gov.in/museum/mus_contact_us.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103165553/http://sycd.gov.in/museum/mus_contact_us.htm |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref> which is also the location of the [[Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum]]. The [[Kirti Mandir, Porbandar]], [[Sabarmati Ashram]], and [[Kaba Gandhi No Delo]] are museums related to Mahatma Gandhi, the former being the place of his birth and the latter two where he lived in his lifetime. Kaba Gandhi No Delo in [[Rajkot]] exhibits part of a rare collection of photographs relating to the life of Mahatma Gandhi. Sabarmati Ashram is the place where Gandhi initiated the [[Dandi March]]. On 12 March 1930 he vowed that he would not return to the Ashram until India won independence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas |title=Gandhi Ashram Official Website |url=http://www.gandhiashram.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=41 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205221519/http://www.gandhiashram.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=41 |archive-date=5 December 2011}}</ref>

The Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum is housed within [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace]], the residence of the erstwhile [[Maharaja]]s, located in [[Vadodara]].

The [[Calico Museum of Textiles]] is managed by the Sarabhai Foundation and is one of the most popular tourist spots in Ahmedabad.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The Lakhota Museum at Jamnagar is a palace transformed into museum, which was residence of the Jadeja Rajputs. The collection of the museum includes artefacts spanning from 9th to 18th centuries, pottery from medieval villages nearby and the skeleton of a whale.

Other well-known museums in the state include the [[Kutch Museum]] in [[Bhuj]], which is the oldest museum in Gujarat founded in 1877, the [[Watson Museum]] of human history and culture in [[Rajkot]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watson Museum |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/rajkot/sights/other/watson-museum-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220115535/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/rajkot/sights/other/watson-museum-library |archive-date=20 February 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</ref> [[Gujarat Science City]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial]] in Ahmedabad. In October 2018, the world's tallest statue commemorating the independence leader Sardar Patel was unveiled. At 182 metres tall the [[Statue of Unity]] is the newest tourist attraction with over 30,000 visitors every day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statue of Unity – Project Features, Progress & Major Facts |url=http://www.statueofunity.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091552/http://www.statueofunity.in/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=statueofunity.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2018 |title=Statue of Unity now getting 30k daily visitors: Guj officials |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/statue-of-unity-now-getting-30k-daily-visitors-guj-officials/articleshow/66920618.cms |url-status=live |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327151106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/statue-of-unity-now-getting-30k-daily-visitors-guj-officials/articleshow/66920618.cms |archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Religious sites ===
Religious sites play a major part in the tourism of Gujarat. [[Somnath]] is the first of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga]]s, and is mentioned in the [[Rigveda]]. The [[Dwarkadheesh temple, Gujrat|Dwarakadheesh Temple]], [[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh]] and [[Dakor]] are holy pilgrimage sites with temples dedicated to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]. The [[Sun Temple, Modhera]] is a ticketed monument, handled by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun Temple, Modhera |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_suntemple.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416092518/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_suntemple.asp |archive-date=16 April 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> Other religious sites in state include [[Ambaji]], [[Dakor]], [[Shamlaji]], [[Chotila]], [[Becharaji]], [[Mahudi]], [[Shankheshwar]] etc. The [[Palitana temples]] of [[Jainism]] on Mount [[Shatrunjaya]], [[Palitana]] are considered the holiest of all [[Tirtha (Jainism)|pilgrimage places]] by the [[Svetambara]] and [[Digambara]] [[Jain community]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Murtipujakas, Jainism", ''Encyclopedia of World Religions'' (PHILTAR), University of Cambria |url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/jainism/murti.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013131021/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/jainism/murti.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=30 September 2014 |publisher=Philtar.ucsm.ac.uk}}</ref> Palitana is the world's only mountain with more than 900 temples.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=World's only mountain that has more than 900 temples |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/JM-world---s-only-mountain-that-has-more-than-900-temples-4225137-PHO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121080531/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/JM-world---s-only-mountain-that-has-more-than-900-temples-4225137-PHO.html |archive-date=21 November 2013 |access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> The [[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]] and [[Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad|Jama Masjid]] are holy mosques for Gujarati Muslims.

=== Fairs ===
[[File:Tarnetar01.jpg|thumb|right|Tarnetar Fair, [[Tarnetar]] ]]
[[File:Tarnetar Fair 09.jpg|thumb|A man in traditional costumes during [[Tarnetar]] fair]]

A five-day festival is held during [[Maha Shivaratri]] at the fort of [[Girnar]], Junagadh, known as the Bhavanth Mahadev Fair (Gujarati: ભવનાથ નો મેળો). The Kutch Festival or Rann Festival (Gujarati: કચ્છ or રણ ઉત્સવ) is a festival celebrated at Kutch during [[Mahashivratri]]. The ''Modhra Dance Festival'' is a festival for classical dance, arranged by the [[Government of Gujarat]]'s Cultural Department, to promote tourism in state and to keep traditions and culture alive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modhra Dance Festival |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/modhera-festival.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302202810/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/modhera-festival.htm |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

The Ambaji Fair is held in the Hindu month of Bhadrapad (around August–September) at Ambaji, during a time which is particularly suitable for farmers, when the busy monsoon season is about to end. The Bhadrapad fair is held at Ambaji which is in the Danta Taluka of Banaskantha district, near the Gujarat-Rajasthan border. The walk from the bus station to the temple is less than one kilometre, under a roofed walkway. Direct buses are available from many places, including Mount Abu (45 km away), Palanpur (65 km away), Ahmedabad and Idar. The Bhadrapad fair is held in the centre of the Ambaji village just outside the temple premises. The village is visited by the largest number of sanghas (pilgrim groups) during the fair. Many of them go there on foot, which is particularly enriching as it happens immediately after the monsoon, when the landscape is rich with greenery, streams are full of sparkling water and the air is fresh. About 1.5 million devotees are known to attend this fair each year from all over the world. Not only Hindus, but some devout Jains and Parsis also attend the functions, whilst some Muslims attend the fair for trade.

The [[Tarnetar]] Fair is held during the first week of ''Bhadrapad'', (September–October according to [[Gregorian calendar]]), and mostly serves as a place to find a suitable bride for tribal people from Gujarat. The region is believed to be the place where [[Arjuna]] took up the difficult task of piercing the eye of a fish, rotating at the end of a pole, by looking at its reflection in the pond water, to marry [[Draupadi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarnetar Fair |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/tarnetar-mela.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018082543/http://gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/tarnetar-mela.htm |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>
Other fairs in Gujarat include Dang Durbar, Shamlaji Fair, Chitra Vichitra Fair, Dhrang Fair and Vautha Fair.

The Government of Gujarat has [[Alcohol laws of India|banned alcohol]] since 1960.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Narendra Modi justifies gutkha ban in Gujarat |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/news/34218094_1_gutkha-ban-gujarat-chief-minister-prohibition-policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174131/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/news/34218094_1_gutkha-ban-gujarat-chief-minister-prohibition-policy |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Gujarat government collected the ''Best State Award'' for 'Citizen Security' by IBN7 Diamond States on 24 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATE PROFILE |url=http://gujaratindia.com/state-profile/awards.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206120740/http://gujaratindia.com/state-profile/awards.htm |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Gujaratindia.com}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Statue of Gandhi at Sabarmati Ashram.jpg|Statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[Sabarmati Ashram]], [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Somnath-current.jpg|[[Somnath Temple]], [[Veraval]]
File:Dwarkadheesh temple.jpg|[[Dwarkadhish Temple]], [[Dwarka]]
File:Damodar Kund - Junagadh - Gujarat - DSC001.jpg|[[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh]]
File:Vadnagar Torana.JPG|Kirti Toran, [[Vadnagar]]
File:Akshardham Gandhinagar Gujarat.jpg|[[Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Akshardham]] [[Gandhinagar]]
File:Jama masjid in Champaner.JPG|[[Jama Mosque, Champaner]]
File:Lakhota Lake Museum.JPG|Lakhota Museum in [[Jamnagar]]
File:Sun Temple, Modhera 06.jpg|[[Sun Temple, Modhera]]
File:Laxmi Vilas Palace - Vadodara.jpg|[[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Laxmi Vilas Palace]], [[Vadodara]]
File:Vijay Vilas - 2009.JPG|[[Vijay Vilas Palace]], [[Mandvi]], [[Kutch]]
File:Bahauddin Maqbara by Kshitij.jpg|[[Mahabat Maqbara]], [[Junagadh]]
File:Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg|[[Vasai Jain Temple]], [[Kutch]]
File:Wankaner-palace.png|Wankaner palace, [[Wankaner]]
File:Mandvi Beach.jpg|[[Mandvi]] Beach, [[Kutch]]
</gallery>

== Transport ==
=== Air ===
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{{main|List of airports in Gujarat}}{{Map/Airports in Gujarat}}
There are three international airports ([[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]] and [[Surat Airport|Surat]], [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara]]), nine domestic airports ([[Bhavnagar Airport|Bhavnagar]], [[Bhuj Airport|Bhuj]], [[Jamnagar Airport|Jamnagar]], [[Kandla Airport|Kandla]], [[Porbandar Airport|Porbandar]], [[Rajkot Airport|Rajkot]], [[Amreli Airport|Amreli]], [[Keshod Airport|Keshod]]), two private airports ([[Mundra Airport|Mundra]], [[Mithapur]]) and three military bases ([[Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Base|Bhuj]], [[Jamnagar Airport|Jamnagar]], [[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya]]) in Gujarat. Two more airports ([[Ankleshwar Airport|Ankleshwar]], [[Rajkot Greenfield Airport|Rajkot]]) are under construction. There are three disused airports situated at [[Deesa Airport|Deesa]], [[Mandvi]] and [[Mehsana Airport|Mehsana]]; the last serving as a flying school. Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited (GUJSAIL) has been established by the Government of Gujarat to foster development of aviation infrastructure in the state.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat {{!}} Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited |url=https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521063246/https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat.htm |archive-date=21 May 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=gujsail.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref>

These airports are operated and owned by either the [[Airport Authority of India|Airports Authority of India]], [[Indian Air Force]], Government of Gujarat or private companies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airports {{!}} Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited |url=https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/airports.htm |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=gujsail.gujarat.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="GCAP">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Civil Aviation Policy 2010 |url=http://cadgog.org/images/civil-aviation-policy-of-gujarat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818221315/http://cadgog.org/images/civil-aviation-policy-of-gujarat.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2013 |access-date=19 April 2012 |publisher=Government of Gujarat}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
{{Main|:Category:Railway stations in Gujarat|l1=Railway stations in Gujarat|:Indian Railways}}
{{Further|Pune – Mumbai – Ahmedabad High-Speed Passenger Corridor }}
Gujarat comes under the [[Western Railway Zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. [[Ahmedabad Railway Station]] is the most important, centrally located and biggest railway station in Gujarat which connects to all important cities of Gujarat and India.[[Surat railway station]] and [[Vadodara Railway Station]] is also the busiest railway station in Gujarat and the ninth busiest railway station in India. Other important railway stations are [[Surat railway station|Palanpur Junction]], [[Bhavnagar Terminus]], [[Rajkot Railway Station]], [[Sabarmati Junction]], Nadiad Junction, Valsad Railway Station, Bharuch Junction, Gandhidham Junction, Anand Junction, Godhra Railway Station, etc. Indian Railways is planning a dedicated rail freight route Delhi–Mumbai passing through the state.

The {{cvt|39.259|km|mi}} long tracks of the first phase of [[Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad|MEGA]], a [[rapid transit|metro rail system]] for Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar is under construction. It is expected to complete by 2024. The construction started on 14 March 2015.<ref name="DeshGuj32015">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=14 March 2015 |title=First 6 km works of Ahmedabad Metro to complete by September 2016:CM |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/03/14/first-6-km-works-of-ahmedabad-metro-to-complete-by-september-2016cm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404045909/http://deshgujarat.com/2015/03/14/first-6-km-works-of-ahmedabad-metro-to-complete-by-september-2016cm/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=12 April 2015 |website=DeshGujarat}}</ref><ref name="gujarat">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat plans 12 giant industrial hubs |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-gujarat-plans-12-giant-industrial-hubs.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034644/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-gujarat-plans-12-giant-industrial-hubs.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Sea ===
{{Map/Ports and harbours of Gujarat}}
Gujarat State has the longest sea coast of 1214 km in India. [[Kandla Port]] is one of the largest ports serving Western India. Other important ports in Gujarat are the [[Port of Navlakhi]], [[Port of Magdalla]], [[Port Pipavav]], [[Jamnagar|Bedi Port]], Port of [[Porbandar]], Port of [[Veraval]] and the privately owned [[Mundra Port]]. The state also has [[RORO ferry service, Gujarat|Ro-Ro ferry service]].<ref>{{Citation |title=What is Gujarat's Ro-Ro ferry service? |date=22 October 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-gujarat-ro-ro-ferry-service-ghogha-dahej-4900767/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022074819/http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-gujarat-ro-ro-ferry-service-ghogha-dahej-4900767/ |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Further|List of ports and harbours of Gujarat}}

=== Road ===
{{Main|List of National Highways in India#Gujarat|l1=List of National Highways in Gujarat|List of state highways in Gujarat}}
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[[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] (GSRTC) is the primary body responsible for providing the bus services within the state of Gujarat and also with the neighbouring states. It is a public transport corporation providing bus services and public transit within Gujarat and to the other states in India. Apart from this, there are a number of services provided by GSRTC.
*Mofussil Services – connects major cities, smaller towns and villages within Gujarat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GSRTC Services |url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/gujarat-state-road-transport-corporation/services.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503044915/http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/gujarat-state-road-transport-corporation/services.htm |archive-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
*Intercity Bus Services – connects major cities – Ahmedabad, Surat, Veraval, Vapi, Vadodara (Baroda), Rajkot, Bharuch etc.<ref name=":0" />
*Interstate Bus Services – connects various cities of Gujarat with the neighbouring states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.<ref name=":0" />
*City Services – GSRTC provides city bus services at Surat, Vadodara, Vapi, Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad, within the state of Gujarat.<ref name=":0" />
*Parcel Services – service used for transporting goods.<ref name=":0" />

Apart from this, the GSRTC provides special bus services for festivals, industrial zones, schools, colleges and pilgrim places also buses are given on contract basis to the public for certain special occasions.<ref name=":0" />

*There are also city buses in cities like Ahmedabad ([[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service|AMTS]] and [[Ahmedabad BRTS]]), Surat ([[Surat BRTS]]), Bhavnagar (BMC CITY BUS) ) Vadodara (Vinayak Logistics), Gandhinagar (VTCOS), Rajkot (RMTS and [[Rajkot BRTS]]), Anand (VTCOS) Bharuch (Gurukrupa) etc.
[[Auto rickshaw]]s are common mode of transport in Gujarat. The Government of Gujarat is promoting bicycles to reduce pollution by the way of initiative taken by free cycle rides for commuters..

== Education and research ==
{{Main|Education in Gujarat}}
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Gujarat}}

The [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]] (GSHSEB) are in charge of the schools run by the Government of Gujarat. However, most of the private schools in Gujarat are affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE) board. Gujarat has 13 state universities and four agricultural universities.

Institutes for Engineering and Research in the area include [[IIT Gandhinagar]], [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Vadodara|Indian Institute of Information Technology Vadodara (IIITV)]], [[Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management|Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM)]], [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]] ([[DA-IICT]]) also in Gandhinagar, [[Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology]] ([[SVNIT]]) and [[P P Savani University]] in Surat, [[Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University]] (PDPU) in Gandhinagar, [[Nirma University]] in Ahmedabad, M.S. University in Vadodara, Marwadi Education Foundation's Group of Institutions (MEFGI) in Rajkot and [[Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya]] (BVM) in Vallabh Vidyanagar (a suburb in Anand district).

[[MICA (institute)|Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad]] (MICA) is an institute for mass communication.

In addition, [[Institute of Rural Management Anand]] (IRMA) is one of the leading sectoral institution in rural management. IRMA is a unique institution in the sense that it provides professional education to train managers for rural management. It is the only one of its kind in all Asia.

The [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad|National Institute of Design and development]] (NID) in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar is internationally acclaimed as one of the foremost multi-disciplinary institutions in the field of design education and research. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, popularly known as (CEPT) is one of the best planning and architectural school not in India, but across the world; providing various technical and professional courses.

In the emerging area of legal education, a premier institution [[Gujarat National Law University]] was founded in the capital city Gandhinagar which started imparting education in 2004 and is ranked in top institutions in the country.

[[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering]] (LDCE) is also one of the top engineering college of the state.

The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], Vadodara, is a premier university of Gujarat. It is one of the oldest universities of Gujarat and provides education in [[Faculty of Fine Arts]], Engineering, Arts, Journalism, Education, Law, Social Work, Medicine, Science and Performing Arts. Originally known as the Baroda College of Science (established 1881), it became a university in 1949 after the independence of the country and later renamed after its benefactor Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the former ruler of Baroda State.

[[Gujarat University]], [[Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Sardar Patel University]], [[Ahmedabad University]], [[Saurashtra University]], [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]], [[Dharmsinh Desai University]] and [[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]] are also among reputed universities, affiliating many reputed colleges.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Iima panorama complex.jpg|[[Indian Institute of Management]], [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Administrative Block at GNLU.jpg|The [[Gujarat National Law University]], [[Gandhinagar]]
File:Daiict-campus.jpg|Campus at [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]], [[Gandhinagar]]
File:Gujarat University3.jpg|The clock tower in [[Gujarat University]], Ahmedabad
File:Baroda Techo.jpg|Kala Bhavan, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
</gallery>

=== Research ===
[[File:Rocket at Science City, Ahmedabad.JPG|thumb|upright|Rocket model at Science City, Ahmedabad]]

The [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC) is an institution for space research and satellite communication in Ahmedabad, India, under the aegis of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). [[Vikram Sarabhai]], a renowned scientist, industrialist, and visionary Gujarati, played an important role in it. He also founded [[Physical Research Laboratory]], a research institute encompasses Astrophysics, Solar System, and cosmic radiation. He also envisioned [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]], one of the internationally reputed management research institute that is located in Gujarat's commercial capital Ahmedabad and is the top ranked management institutes in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's top 50 business schools |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Images/HTEditImages/Images/top-50-business-school.jpg |url-status=dead |access-date=23 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201080409/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Images/HTEditImages/Images/top-50-business-school.jpg |archive-date=1 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top B-schools in India |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/mccode/bestbschools/top_b_schools_in_India.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218202628/http://www.moneycontrol.com/mccode/bestbschools/top_b_schools_in_India.php |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=23 February 2012 |publisher=CNBC-TV18}}</ref>

[[Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute]] has been established under [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] Government of India at Bhavnagar. It was inaugurated by Late Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|first]] [[Prime Minister of India]] on 10 April 1954, with a view to carry out research on marine salt, and salt from inland lakes and sub-soil brine. It is working on [[reverse osmosis]], electro membrane process, salt and marine chemicals, analytical science, marine biotechnology, and other related fields. The [[Gujarat National Law University]] situated at Gandhinagar is the 5th Best Law School currently in India.

[[Gujarat Science City]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2010 |title=Gujarat Science City |url=http://www.scity.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726171222/http://www.scity.org/ |archive-date=26 July 2010 |access-date=16 July 2010 |publisher=Scity.org}}</ref> is a government initiative to draw more students towards education in science, which hosts India's first [[IMAX]] 3D theatre, an energy park, a hall of science, an [[amphitheatre]], and dancing [[musical fountain]]s among others. Institute of Management under Nirma University is constantly ranked among the top MBA colleges in India. [[International Institute of Management and Technical Studies]] affiliated with Gujarat Knowledge Society, [[European Association for Distance Learning]], Association of Indian Management Schools and [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association]] has performed globally for its [[higher education]] certification courses for working professionals. IIMT STUDIES also launched GET SET GO programme in 2013 in affiliation with [[Gujarat Technological University]] and Gujarat Knowledge Society, [[Department of Technical Education]]- [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY |url=http://www.gtu.ac.in/circulars/14May/13052014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802142737/http://www.gtu.ac.in/circulars/14May/13052014.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Gtu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Knowledge Society |url=http://gksgujarat.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217081456/http://gksgujarat.org/ |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Gksgujarat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMT -International Institute of Management and Technical Studies-Distance Education Distance Learning Institute |url=http://iimtstudies.edu.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218123529/http://iimtstudies.edu.in/ |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Iimtstudies.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Association of Indian Management Schools (AIMS) |url=http://www.aims.org.in/cmspage.php?sid=UzI0NDQ= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224112241/http://www.aims.org.in/cmspage.php?sid=UzI0NDQ= |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Aims.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=http://www.eadl.org/members/india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052018/http://www.eadl.org/members/india/ |archive-date=2 January 2016 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Eadl.org}}</ref> [[B.K. School of Business Management]] is ranked sixth in financial management. [[K. S. School of Business Management]] is also an MBA college in [[Gujarat University]] providing a five-year integrated MBA course. Shanti Business School in Ahmedabad is a business school offering a post-graduate diploma in management through a corporate citizenship initiative.

The Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) was established by the Science and Technology Department, Government of Gujarat, in 2003 and is registered as a society. ISR campus is at Raisan, Gandhinagar, on the banks of Sabarmati river. Aims and objectives include assigning optimum seismic factors for buildings in different regions and long-term assessment of potential. The ISR is the only institute in India fully dedicated to seismological research and is planned to be developed into a premier international institute in few years time.

== Notable people ==
{{See also|List of people from Gujarat}}
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* [[Gautam Adani]], founder and chairman of [[Adani Group]]; from [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat
* [[Lal Krishna Advani]], ex-president of [[BJP]] and Deputy Prime Minister of India (1999–2004)
* [[Dhirubhai Ambani]], founder of [[Reliance Industries]]; from [[Chorvad]], Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2020 |title=Dhirubhai Ambani – The founder of Reliance |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhirubhai-Ambani |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=Britannica |language=en-US |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102732/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhirubhai-Ambani |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]], Indian bowler who plays for Indian National Cricket team (all formats), from [[Ahmedabad]].
* [[Morarji Desai]], 4th Prime Minister of India (1977–1979); from Valsad
* [[Urvashi Dholakia]], Television & Bollywood actress
* [[Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi]], Architect, Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate
* [[Dadudan Gadhvi]] (Kavi DadBapu), poet, singer and lyricist of [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati Cinema]], [[Padma Shri|Padmashri]] title given in 2021
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]], spearheaded the [[Indian independence movement]] against [[British India|British colonial rule]]; Gujarati<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Gujarat |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/gujarat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024600/https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/gujarat/ |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |publisher=Mapsofindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]], Indian all-rounder & part of the Indian U-19 cricket team, from [[Navagam Ghed]]
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]] a Versatility Bollywood actor, Born in [[Surat]]
* [[Shri Gopinathji Maharaj]], family founder
* [[Narendra Modi]], 14th and current [[Prime Minister of India]]; from [[Vadnagar]], Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2020 |title=narendra modi |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002045436/https://www.narendramodi.in/ |archive-date=2 October 2019 |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=narendramodi.in}}</ref>
* [[Asha Parekh]] influential actress in Hindi cinema, she was born in Ahmedabad
* [[Urjit Patel]], former Governor of Reserve Bank of India; from [[Kheda district]], Gujarat
* [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], Independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister; from [[Karamsad]]
* [[Falguni Pathak]], a female singer and performing artist born & brought up in [[Vadodara]], who currently resides in Mumbai
* [[Azim Premji]], software magnate and chairman of [[Wipro Limited]]; ethnically Gujarati<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patel, Aakar |date=16 May 2016 |title=The Muslim businessmen of India |work=DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_the-muslim-businessmen-of-india_1383602 |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203054158/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_the-muslim-businessmen-of-india_1383602 |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]], Indian batter who plays fior Indian National Cricket Test team, from [[Rajkot]].
* [[Shrimad Rajchandra]], poet, philosopher and reformer best known as the spiritual guru of Mahatma Gandhi<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jathar, Dnyanesh |date=16 July 2016 |title=Indian who inspired Gandhi |work=The Week |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/mahatma-gandhis-mentor-shrimad-rajchandra.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217195207/http://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/mahatma-gandhis-mentor-shrimad-rajchandra.html |archive-date=17 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Paresh Rawal]], Indian film actor and politician of Gujarati origin born in Mumbai
* [[Vikram Sarabhai]], "father of the Indian space programme"; from Ahmedabad<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 December 2013 |title=Vikram Sarabhai, the father of the Indian Space Program passed away 45 years ago |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/vikram-sarabhai-the-father-of-the-indian-space-program-passed-away-45-years-ago-3695105.html |url-status=dead |magazine=First Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024557/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/vikram-sarabhai-the-father-of-the-indian-space-program-passed-away-45-years-ago-3695105.html |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Dayananda Saraswati]] is an Indian philosopher, social leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, Born in [[Tankara]]
* [[Amit Shah]], 31st and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Current Home Minister of India]], former [[Minister of State]], Government of Gujarat; born in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balan |first=Premal |date=10 July 2014 |title=Amit Shah: An organisation man at helm |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/amit-shah-an-organisation-man-at-helm-114071000099_1.html |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115205507/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/amit-shah-an-organisation-man-at-helm-114071000099_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jamsetji Tata]], pioneer industrialist, founder of the [[Tata Group]]; from a [[Parsi]] family of [[Navsari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Steel |url=http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208061222/http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index.asp |archive-date=8 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Tatasteel100.com}}</ref>
* [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], an Indian revolutionary fighter, an Indian patriot, lawyer and journalist From Kutch




==Sister states==

* {{flag|New Jersey}}, [[United States]] (September 2019)<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2019 |title=Gujarat, New Jersey ink sister state MoU |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-new-jersey-ink-sister-state-mou-119092100944_1.html |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-new-jersey-ink-sister-state-mou-119092100944_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

* {{flag|Delaware}}, [[United States]] (September 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Govt, Delaware State of America sign MoU for sister state |url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Gujarat-Govt,-Delaware-State-of-America-sign-MoU-for-sister-state&id=371134 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=newsonair.com |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712203325/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Gujarat-Govt,-Delaware-State-of-America-sign-MoU-for-sister-state&id=371134 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* {{flag|California}}, [[United States]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 4 {{!}} Senate Office of International Relations |url=https://soir.senate.ca.gov/scr42001 |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=soir.senate.ca.gov |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002225/https://soir.senate.ca.gov/scr42001 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* {{flag|Hyōgo Prefecture}}, [[Japan]] (November 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan Information & Study Centre |url=https://www.japancentreatama.com/ |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=Japan Information and Study Centre |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002229/https://www.japancentreatama.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Disha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_yzDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state+hyogo&pg=PA65 |title=Quarterly Current Affairs Vol. 3 - July to September 2019 for Competitive Exams |date=25 September 2019 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-93-89418-63-7 |language=en |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414110128/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_yzDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state+hyogo&pg=PA65 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* {{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong]], [[China]] (2014)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Jagannath P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi8lDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state&pg=PA28 |title=India-China Relations: Politics of Resources, Identity and Authority in a Multipolar World Order |date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-56381-5 |language=en |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105711/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi8lDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=7 June 2019 |title=Gujarat, Guangdong look to strengthen trade relations |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gujarat-guangdong-look-to-strengthen-trade-relations-119060800006_1.html |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gujarat-guangdong-look-to-strengthen-trade-relations-119060800006_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

* {{flag|Astrakhan Oblast}}, [[Russia]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Dadan |last2=RIR |first2=specially for |date=9 December 2015 |title=Modi to reconnect in Russia with Astrakhan |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2015/12/09/modi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=rbth.com |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234439/https://www.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2015/12/09/modi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Dadan |date=16 January 2017 |title=Russia, India turn to Gujarat to help increase trade turnover |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/business/2017/01/16/russia-india-turn-to-gujarat-to-help-increase-trade-turnover_681841 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=rbth.com |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.rbth.com/economics/business/2017/01/16/russia-india-turn-to-gujarat-to-help-increase-trade-turnover_681841 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Cuttanee]]
*[[Navnirman Andolan]]
*[[Outline of Gujarat]]
*[[Dharasana Satyagraha]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited sources ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Bleeker |first1=Claas Jouco |year=1971 |title=Historia Religionum: Religions of the present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rrQY1tzLQUC |volume=II |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004025981 |last2=Widengren |first2=Geo}}
* {{Cite book |last=Boyce |first=Mary |year=2001 |title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC |edition=2nd |place=New York |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=9780415239028}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hodivala |first=Shahpurshah Hormasji |year=1920 |title=Studies in Parsi History |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinparsihi00hodiuoft&printsec=frontcover |place=Bombay |publisher=Captain Print Works}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Abraham Valentine Williams |year=1906 |title=Persia Past and Present: A Book of Travel and Research, with More Than Two Hundred Illustrations and a Map |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9coAAAAYAAJ |publisher=The Macmillan Company}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khanbaghi |first=Aptin |year=2006 |title=The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iAbUEaXnfEC |edition=reprint |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=9781845110567}}

== Further reading ==
* Yazdani, Kaveh (2017). ''India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)''. Leiden: Brill. xxxi + 669 pp. [http://eh.net/?s=gujarat Online review].

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Gujarat}}
; Government
* {{Official website}}
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; General information
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{{Geographic location
| Centre = Gujarat
| North = [[Rajasthan]]
| Northeast = [[Rajasthan]]
| East = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Southeast = [[Daman and Diu]] [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] [[Maharashtra]]
| South = ''[[Arabian Sea]]'' [[Maharashtra]]
| Southwest = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
| West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
| Northwest = [[Sindh]], {{flagu|Pakistan}}
}}
{{Gujarat}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gujarat| ]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1960]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]