Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Gabrielle Ruiz

2022-09-02T13:38:38Z

Angelito7:

{{short description|American actress (born 1984)}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gabrielle Ruiz
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1984|12|12}}
| birth_place = [[Edinburg, Texas]], United States
| alma_mater = [[Oklahoma City University]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active =
| spouse = {{marriage|Philip Pisanchyn|2016}}
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|http://www.gabrielleruiz.net}}
}}

'''Gabrielle Ruiz''' (born December 12, 1984) is an American actress best known for playing the role of Valencia Perez on [[The CW]] musical comedy-drama series ''[[Crazy Ex-Girlfriend]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zap2it.com/2015/10/crazy-ex-girlfriend-rebecca-valenica-josh-chan/|title='Crazy Ex-Girlfriend': Rebecca and Valencia have more in common than Josh Chan|website=[[Zap2it]]|date=2015-10-19|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krauser|first=Emily|date=March 15, 2019|title=Gabrielle Ruiz Talks Upcoming 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' Finale|url=https://www.etonline.com/gabrielle-ruiz-is-dancing-her-way-toward-the-crazy-ex-girlfriend-finale-exclusive-121588|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-29|website=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Laura|date=November 19, 2016|title=Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's Gabrielle Ruiz Is All in for Valencia's Feminist Awakening|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/11/crazy-ex-girlfriend-season-2-episode-5-recap-valencia-gabrielle-ruiz-interview|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-29|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Greenberg|first=Rudi|date=April 5, 2018|title=Actress Gabrielle Ruiz loosens up for the 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' live tour|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2018/04/05/actress-gabrielle-ruiz-loosens-up-for-the-crazy-ex-girlfriend-live-tour/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-08-29|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Prior to ''Crazy Ex-Girlfriend'', she performed in several Broadway musicals.

==Early life and education==
Gabrielle was born to Eduardo and Sylvia Ruiz in [[Edinburg, Texas]]. Both parents are of Mexican heritage. She discovered her love of performing at a young age through dance. She was trained in dance at Melba's School of Dance and the Texas Association for Teachers of Dance. She also took vocal lessons and was part of the Texas All-State Choir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/3dxge3/gabrielle-ruiz-of-crazy-ex-girlfriend-on-hollywood-diversity-and-boxed-water|title=Gabrielle Ruiz of 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' on Hollywood Diversity and Boxed Water|author=|date=10 March 2016|website=vice.com|accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref> She attended public schools through high school, and graduated from [[Oklahoma City University]] with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Dance Performance in 2007. While in college she was a member of the [[American Spirit Dance Company]], OCU Rhythms, numerous musicals, work-study, and the [[Alpha Phi]] women's fraternity.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gabrielleruiz.net/perf_bio.html |title=Gabrielle Ruiz* ~ Bio |website=www.gabrielleruiz.net |access-date=2016-04-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401094821/http://www.gabrielleruiz.net/perf_bio.html |archive-date=2016-04-01 }}</ref>

==Career==
After college, Ruiz landed various roles on both television and Broadway.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Her breakthrough role was playing Valencia Perez on [[The CW]] comedy-drama series ''[[Crazy Ex-Girlfriend]]''.<ref name="auto"/> [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]], the creator of ''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]'', saw her perform in his musical ''[[In the Heights]]'' and referred her to the ''CXG'' show producers. On the basis of his recommendation, she got an audition and then landed the part.

==Personal life==
On August 4, 2016, Ruiz married Philip Pisanchyn in a small private ceremony at a villa in [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://site.people.com/style/crazy-ex-girlfriend-star-gabrielle-ruiz-wedding-photos-exclusive|title=See Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Star Gabrielle Ruiz's Gorgeous Wedding Photos!|date=2016-08-05|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> They live in New York City and occasionally Los Angeles.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} On April 28, 2021 she gave birth to a girl, Mercedes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/COYRhKgnvgO/ | title=Gabrielle Ruiz on Instagram: "Mercedes is here and oh what a beauty she is. Ty for all your prayers and well wishes. We felt them. More later after some more family time. Oh my baby girl, how you've made our world so beautiful. I love you, Philip. 🤍 4/28/2021" }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Film roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014
| ''Sex, Love, and Salsa''
| Maria
| Indie Film Award, Best Featured Actress
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Television roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2007
| ''[[One Life to Live]]''
| Principal Dancer
| Episode #1.9956
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Sesame Street]]''
| Singing Electrician
| Episode: "Y a Quest, Y Not?"
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''
| Tina
| Episode: "[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)#Episodes|Deadly Ambition]]"
|-
| 2015–2019
| ''[[Crazy Ex-Girlfriend]]''
| [[List of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend characters#Valencia Perez|Valencia Perez]]
| Recurring role (season 1) Main role (seasons 2-4)
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Orange is the New Black]]''
| Singing Inmate #2
| Episode: "[[Orange Is the New Black (season 4)#Episodes|Power Suit]]"
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Alone Together (TV series)|Alone Together]]''
| Linda
| Episode: "Pop-Up"
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Modern Family]]''
| Anne
| Episode: "Snapped"
|-
| 2019
| ''[[The Filth (TV series)|The Filth]]''
| Frantic Shopper
| Episode: "Filthy Day Jobs"
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Better Things (TV series)|Better Things]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "The Unknown"
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Action Nat and the Cat]]''
| Bell
| Episode: "The Field Trip"
|-
| 2020{{ndash}}2021
| ''[[Star Trek: Lower Decks]]''
| Lieutenant Lemonts / Ensign Castro / T'Lyn
| Voice, 3 episodes
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mr. Mayor]]''
| Emily Biyata
| Episode: "Dodger Day"
|-
| 2021–present
| ''[[Spidey and His Amazing Friends (2021 TV series)|Spidey and His Amazing Friends]]''
| [[Rio Morales]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother's Day Mayhem / Not-So-Fun House|url=https://disneynow.com/shows/spidey-and-his-amazing-friends/season-01/episode-06-mothers-day-mayhem-notsofun-house/vdka24592416|work=[[DisneyNow]]|date=September 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907163557/https://disneynow.com/shows/spidey-and-his-amazing-friends/season-01/episode-06-mothers-day-mayhem-notsofun-house/vdka24592416|archive-date=September 7, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Broadway/national tour roles
! Title
! Role
! Theater performed
|-
| ''[[If/Then]]''
| Featured, understudy Anne & Elena
| Richard Rodgers Theater
|-
| ''[[Evita (musical)|Evita]]''
| Featured
| Marquis Theater
|-
| ''[[In the Heights]]''
| Carla, understudy Nina & Vanessa
| Richard Rodgers Theater
|-
| ''[[A Chorus Line]]''
| Diana Morales
| Third National Tour
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4430395|Gabrielle Ruiz}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruiz, Gabrielle}}
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Texas]]
[[Category:Oklahoma City University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Edinburg, Texas]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York City]]
[[Category:Actresses from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American actresses of Mexican descent]]

List of active Russian Navy ships

2022-04-14T07:27:27Z

Angelito7: Undid revision 1082626834 by 186.189.238.97 (talk) references removed

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Naval Ensign of Russia.svg|thumb|[[Ensign of the Russian Navy|Naval Ensign of Russia]] (St. Andrew's flag)]]
[[File:Naval Jack of Russia.svg|thumb|Naval Jack of Russia]]
This '''list of active [[Russian Navy]] ships''' presents a picture which can never be fully agreed upon in the absence of greater data availability and a consistent standard for which ships are considered operational or not. The Soviet Navy, and the Russian Navy which inherited its traditions, had a different attitude to operational status than many Western navies. Ships went to sea less, and maintained capability for operations while staying in harbour. The significant changes which followed the collapse of the Soviet Union then complicated the picture enormously. Determining which ships are operational or in refit can be difficult. ''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]]'' has noted in recent editions that some ships have little capability, but remain flying an ensign so that crews are entitled to be paid.<ref>''Jane's Fighting Ships'', 1999-2000, p.556.</ref> ''Jane's Fighting Ships'' online edition, dated 8 March 2010, added "There are large numbers of most classes 'in reserve', and flying an ensign so that skeleton crews may still be paid. [Their listing reflected] only those units assessed as having some realistic operational capability or some prospect of returning to service after refit."

During the 2010s there was a shift toward the production and introduction of modern light units to begin to replace large numbers of obsolescent corvettes, missile boats and mine counter-measures ships from the Soviet-era. In addition, there has a been a renewed emphasis on submarine production with the introduction of nuclear-powered ballistic missile, nuclear-powered cruise missile as well as new classes of conventionally-powered attack submarines. This trend is forecast as likely to continue through the 2020s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russian-navy-evolving-right-our-very-eyes-74006 |title=The Russian Navy Is Evolving Right Before Our Very Eyes |first=David |last=Axe |date=August 15, 2019 |website=[[The National Interest]]}}</ref>

==Fleets==
:[[Northern Fleet]] (NF)
:[[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]] (PF)
:[[Black Sea Fleet]] (BSF)
:[[Baltic Fleet]] (BF)
:[[Caspian Flotilla]] (CF)

== Ships and submarines in service ==
(''summary'')
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 1 [[Aircraft carrier]]
* 2 [[Battlecruiser]]s
* 3 [[Cruiser]]s
* 10 [[Destroyer]]s
* 11 [[Frigate]]s
* 82 [[Corvette]]s
* 21 [[Landing Ship, Tank|Landing ship tanks]] (LST)
* 40 [[Landing craft]]
* 18 Special-purpose ships
* 3 [[Patrol ship]]s
* 56 [[Patrol boat]]s
* 49 [[Mine countermeasures vessel]]s
* 12 [[Ballistic missile submarine]]s (SSBN)
* 10 [[Cruise missile submarine]]s (SSGN)
* 14 Nuclear [[Attack submarine]]s (SSN)
* 22 Diesel [[Attack submarine]]s (SSK)
* 12 Special-purpose [[submarine]]s
{{div col end}}

===Aircraft carrier===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:22%;"|Homeport
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
!| {{sclass|Kuznetsov|aircraft carrier|5}}
| 11435 || [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|''Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov'']] || 063 || 1990 || 59,100 t || Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 43rd Missile Ship Division || <ref name="karpenko">{{Cite web |url=http://bastion-karpenko.ru/north-fleet/ |title=Северный Флот |trans-title=Northern Fleet |date=1 June 2020 |website=Bastion-karpenko.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/kuznetzov.htm |title=Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114053241/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/kuznetzov.htm |archive-date=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Russian Navy flagship.|group=N}} Undergoing refit: Expected to return to service in 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/06/russian-aircraft-carrier-to-rejoin-the-fleet-in-late-2023/ |title=Russian Aircraft Carrier To Rejoin The Fleet In Late 2023 |website=Naval News |date=24 June 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="navykorabel2022">{{Cite web|url=https://navy-korabel.livejournal.com/257457.html|title=Боевые корабли основных классов ВМФ России на 01.01.2022|date=1 January 2022|language=ru|website=livejournal.com}}</ref>
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Russian aircraft carrier Kuznetsov.jpg|''Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov'' (''Kuznetsov''-class)
}}

===Battlecruisers===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:22%;"|Homeport
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
! rowspan="2" | {{sclass|Kirov|battlecruiser|5}}
| 11442 || {{ship|Russian battlecruiser|Admiral Nakhimov||2}} || 080 || 1988 || 25,860 t || Northern Fleet<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2020/08/russian-battle-cruiser-put-water-after-more-20-years-reconstruction |title=Russian battle cruiser is put on the water after more than 20 years of reconstruction |first=Atle |last=Staalesen |date=19 August 2020 |website=The Barents Observer}}</ref> || Severomorsk, 43rd Missile Ship Division || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/nakhimov.htm |title=Admiral Nakhimov |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005002147/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/surfaceships/nakhimov/ |archive-date=2012-10-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Undergoing refit: Expected to return to service in 2023<ref name="russianrefits2021">{{Cite web|url=https://redsamovar.com/2021/12/27/analyse-la-flotte-hauturiere-russe-des-evolutions-positives/|title=La flotte hauturière russe, des évolutions positives? | date=27 December 2021 |website=redsamovar.com}}</ref><ref name="navykorabel2022"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/02/russias-sevmash-shipyard-says-it-will-deliver-admiral-nakhimov-in-2022/|title=Russia's Sevmash Shipyard Says It Will Deliver Admiral Nakhimov In 2022|website=navalnews.com|date=18 February 2022|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 11442 || {{ship|Russian battlecruiser|Pyotr Velikiy||2}} || 099 || 1998 || 25,860 t || Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 43rd Missile Ship Division || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/veliky.htm |title=Petr Veliky |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226162627/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/surfaceships/veliky/ |archive-date=2014-02-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Northern Fleet flagship.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}|group=N}}
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Russian Battle Cruiser Pyotr Velikiy.jpg|''Pyotr Velikiy'' (''Kirov''-class)
}}

===Cruisers===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:22%;"|Homeport
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{sclass|Slava|cruiser|5}}
| 1164 || {{ship|Russian cruiser|Moskva||2}} || 121 || 1982 || 11,280 t || Black Sea Fleet || Sevastopol, 30th Surface Ship Division || <ref name="auto7">{{Cite web |url=http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/CHF_2012_05_foto_01.html |title=Корабли В Севастополе, Фоторепортаж Май 2012 Года |trans-title=Ships in Sevastopol, Photo Report May 2012 |website=Bastion-karpenko.narod.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/moscow.htm |title=Moskva |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205041903/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/moscow.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Black Sea Fleet flagship.|group=N}}
|-
| 1164 || {{ship|Russian cruiser|Marshal Ustinov||2}} || 055 || 1986 || 11,280 t || Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 43rd Missile Ship Division || <ref name="karpenko"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/surfaceships/ustinov/ |title=Marshal Ustinov |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2015-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102003828/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/surfaceships/ustinov/ |archive-date=2015-01-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1164 || {{ship|Russian cruiser|Varyag|1983|2}} || 011 || 1989 || 11,280 t || Pacific Fleet || Vladivostok, 36th Surface Ship Division || <ref name="tihookeanskii">{{Cite web |url=http://bastion-karpenko.ru/tihookeanskii-flot/ |title=Тихоокеанский Флот |trans-title=Pacific Fleet |website=Bastion-karpenko.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/varyag.htm |title=Varyag |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203233721/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/varyag.htm |archive-date=2012-02-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Pacific Fleet flagship.|group=N}}
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Missile cruiser Varyag in Vladivostok, 2010.jpg|''Varyag'' (''Slava''-class)
}}

===Destroyers===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:22%;"|Homeport
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="8"| [[Udaloy-class destroyer|''Udaloy'']]
| 1155 || {{ship|Russian destroyer|Vice-Admiral Kulakov||2}} || 626 || 1982 || 7,570 t || Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 2nd Surface Ship Division || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/nowadays/strength/kulakov/ |title=Вице-адмирал Кулаков |trans-title=Vice-Admiral Kulakov |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011233248/http://flot.com/nowadays/strength/kulakov/ |archive-date=2011-10-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1155 || {{ship|Russian destroyer|Marshal Shaposhnikov||2}} || 543 || 1985 || 7,570 t || Pacific Fleet || Vladivostok, 36th Surface Ship Division || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/shaposhnikov.htm |title=Marshal Shaposhnikov |website=Rusnavy.com |date=1986-02-15 |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062223/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/shaposhnikov.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1155 || {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Tributs||2}} || 564 || 1985 || 7,570 t || Pacific Fleet || Vladivostok, 36th Surface Ship Division || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/tributs.htm |title=Admiral Tributs |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204073448/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/tributs.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1155 || {{ship|Russian destroyer|Severomorsk||2}} || 619 || 1987 || 7,570 t || Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 2nd Surface Ship Division || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/severomorsk.htm |title=Severomorsk |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205004258/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/severomorsk.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 1155 || {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Vinogradov||2}} || 572 || 1988 || 7,570 t || Pacific Fleet || Vladivostok, 36th Surface Ship Division || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/vinogradov.htm |title=Admiral Vinogradov |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205005546/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/vinogradov.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Will be repaired in 2022<ref name="russianrefits2021"/><ref name="tass_2022vesselupgrades">{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/14213613|title=Атомную подлодку "Иркутск" модернизируют в 2022 году|date=29 March 2022|language=ru|website=tass.ru}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 1155 || {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Levchenko||2}} || 605 || 1988 || 7,570 t || Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 2nd Surface Ship Division || Undergoing repair, expected to finish in 2022<ref name="navykorabel2022"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/levchenko.htm |title=Admiral Levchenko |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205022833/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/levchenko.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1155 || {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Panteleyev||2}} || 548 || 1991 || 7,570 t || Pacific Fleet || Vladivostok, 36th Surface Ship Division || <ref name="tihookeanskii"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/panteleev.htm |title=Admiral Panteleev |website=Rusnavy.com |date=1992-05-01 |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204234228/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/panteleev.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 11551 || {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Chabanenko||2}} || 650 || 1999 || 8,320 t || Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 2nd Surface Ship Division || Undergoing refit, expected to finish in 2023<ref name="navykorabel2022"/><ref name="russianrefits2021"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/chabanenko.htm |title=Admiral Chabanenko |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045527/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/chabanenko.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
! rowspan="2" | {{sclass|Sovremennyy|destroyer|5}}
| 956 || {{ship|Russian destroyer|Nastoychivyy||2}} || 610 || 1992 ||7,940 t
| Baltic Fleet || Baltiysk, 12th Surface Ship Division || Possibly preparing to write off<ref name="navykorabel2022"/><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/nastoichivy.htm |title=Nastoichivy |website=Rusnavy.com |date=1993-03-27 |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205034823/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/nastoichivy.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Baltic Fleet Flagship.|group=N}}
|-
| 956 || [[Russian destroyer Besstrashnyy|''Admiral Ushakov'']] || 474 || 1993 ||7,940 t
| Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 43rd Missile Ship Division || <ref name="auto4">{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/ushakov.htm |title=Admiral Ushakov |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215033331/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/ushakov.htm |archive-date=2011-12-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:AdmiralVinogradov2009.jpg|''Admiral Vinogradov'' (''Udaloy'' class)
|File:Admiral Chabanenko (ship, 1994) - FRUKUS 2011.jpg|''Admiral Chabanenko'' (''Udaloy'' II class)
|File:US Navy 050606-N-5258M-011 Russian destroyer RFS Nastoychivyy (DD 610) is currently underway participating in Baltic Operations (BALTOPS) 2005.jpg|''Nastoychivy'' (''Sovremenny'' class)}}

===Frigates===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:22%;"|Homeport
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass2|Krivak|frigate|5}}
| 1135 || {{ship|Russian frigate|Ladny||2}} || 861 || 1980 || 3,190 t || Black Sea Fleet || Sevastopol, 30th Surface Ship Division || <ref name="auto7"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/ladny.htm |title=Ladny |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041420/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/ladny.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1135M || {{ship|Soviet frigate|Pytlivyy||2}} || 868 || 1981 || 3,305 t || Black Sea Fleet || Sevastopol, 30th Surface Ship Division || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://russian-ships.info/eng/today/ |title=List of current ships of the Russian Navy 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Russian-ships.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110061741/http://russian-ships.info/eng/today/ |archive-date=10 January 2015}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass2|Neustrashimyy|frigate|5}}
| 11540 || {{ship|Russian frigate|Neustrashimyy||2}} || 772 || 1990 || 4,350 t || Baltic Fleet || Baltiysk, 12th Surface Ship Division || Returning to fleet April 2022 post-refit<ref>https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2022/april/11589-russian-neustrashimyy-patrol-ship-to-re-join-baltic-fleet-in-april.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1382239|title=Russian guard ship to rejoin Baltic Fleet in February after repairs|website=TASS}}</ref><ref name="navykorabel2022"/>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 11540 || {{ship|Russian ship|Yaroslav Mudry||2}} || 777 || 2009 || 4,350 t || Baltic Fleet || Baltiysk, 12th Surface Ship Division || Under repair until end of April 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/mudry.htm |title=Yaroslav Mudry |website=Rusnavy.com |date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215032316/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/mudry.htm |archive-date=2011-12-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="navykorabel_april2022">{{Cite web|url=https://navy-korabel.livejournal.com/261343.html|title=Боевые корабли основных классов ВМФ России на 01.04.2022|date=1 April 2022|language=ru|website=livejournal.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3"| [[Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate|Grigorovich]]
| 11356 || {{ship|Russian frigate|Admiral Grigorovich||2}} || 494<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=2502712&sort_comments=2 |title=RFS Admiral Grigorovich 494 |website=Shipspotting.com |access-date=2016-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110143458/http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=2502712&sort_comments=2 |archive-date=2016-11-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> || 2016 || 3,860 t || Black Sea Fleet || Sevastopol, 30th Surface Ship Division || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.i-mash.ru/news/nov_predpr/77299-psz-jantar-sdal-admirala-grigorovicha.html |title=ПСЗ "Янтарь" сдал "Адмирала Григоровича" |trans-title=PSZ "Yantar" passed "Admiral Grigorovich" |date=10 March 2016 |website=I-mash.ru |language=ru |access-date=2016-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011130239/http://www.i-mash.ru/news/nov_predpr/77299-psz-jantar-sdal-admirala-grigorovicha.html |archive-date=2017-10-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 11356 || {{ship|Russian frigate|Admiral Essen||2}} || 490 || 2016 || 3,860 t || Black Sea Fleet || Sevastopol, 30th Surface Ship Division|| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20160601/1441518128.html |title=Завод "Янтарь" завершил строительство фрегата "Адмирал Эссен" для МО РФ |trans-title=The Yantar plant has completed the construction of the frigate "Admiral Essen" for the Russian Ministry of Defence |date=1 June 2016 |website=[[RIA Novosti]] |language=ru |access-date=2016-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602062232/http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20160601/1441518128.html |archive-date=2016-06-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 11356 || {{ship|Russian frigate|Admiral Makarov||2}} || 499 || 2017 || 3,860 t || Black Sea Fleet || Sevastopol, 30th Surface Ship Division|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12156553@egNews |title=На новейшем фрегате "Адмирал Макаров" поднят Андреевский флаг |trans-title=The newest frigate "Admiral Makarov" raised the St. Andrew's flag |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228001129/https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12156553@egNews |archive-date=2017-12-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[Gepard-class frigate|Gepard]]
| 11661K || {{ship|Russian corvette|Tatarstan||2}} || 691 || 2003 || 1,930 t || Caspian Flotilla ||Makhachkala, 106th Surface Ship Brigade|| <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=http://eurasian-defence.ru/?q=node/27492 |title=106 бригада надводных кораблей |trans-title=106th Surface Ship Brigade |website=Eurasian-defence.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
| 11661K || {{ship|Russian corvette|Dagestan||2}} || 693 || 2012 || 1,805 t || Caspian Flotilla ||Makhachkala, 106th Surface Ship Brigade || <ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/4917-kaspiytsyi-ne-podkachali |title=Каспийцы не подкачали |trans-title=The Caspians did not disappoint |website=Redstar.ru |language=ru |date=2012-09-27 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221231528/http://www.redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/4917-kaspiytsyi-ne-podkachali |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate|Gorshkov]]
| 22350 || ''[[Russian frigate Admiral Gorshkov|Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Gorshkov]]'' || 454 || 2018 || 5,400 t || Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 43rd Missile Ship Division || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/20196251820-rqQ42.html |title=Главком ВМФ РФ: "Адмирал Горшков" превзошел заявленные характеристики |trans-title=Russian Navy C-in-C: "Admiral Gorshkov" exceeded the stated characteristics |first=Alexander |last=Peshkov |date=June 25, 2019 |website=[[Zvezda (TV channel)|Zvezda]] |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/5410897 |title=Головной фрегат "Адмирал Горшков" включили в боевой состав ВМФ России |trans-title=Lead frigate "Admiral Gorshkov" added to the combat strength of the Russian Navy |website=[[TASS]] |language=ru |date=2018-07-28 |access-date=2019-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728162303/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/5410897 |archive-date=2018-07-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 22350 || ''[[Russian frigate Admiral Kasatonov|Admiral Flota Kasatonov]]'' || 461<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seawaves.com/?p=6253 |title='Admiral Kasatonov' Sporting New Hull Number |date=October 27, 2020 |website=Seawaves.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120062212/https://seawaves.com/?p=6253 |archive-date=2021-01-20}}</ref> || 2020 || 5,400 t || Northern Fleet || Severomorsk, 43rd Missile Ship Division ||
|}

{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Project 1135M Pytlivyy 2009 G1.jpg|''Ladny'' (Krivak class)
|File:RFS Neustrashimy (FF 712).jpg|''Neustrashimy'' (''Neustrashimy'' class)
|File:Адмирал Григорович.jpg|''Admiral Grigorovich'' (''Grigorovich'' class)
|File:Caspian Frigate Dagestan.jpg|''Dagestan'' (Gepard class)
|File:Admiral Gorshkov frigate 02.jpg|''Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Gorshkov'' (''Gorshkov'' class)
}}

===Corvettes===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant no.
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="20"| {{sclass2|Grisha|corvette|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1124.htm |title=Small anti-submarine ships - Project 1124 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210701/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1124.htm |archive-date=2018-11-28 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworldwars.net/weapons/entry.php?b=sea&m=fs-grisha |title=Grisha (1124)-class corvette |website=The World Wars |access-date=2020-09-02}}</ref>
| 1124 || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Aleksandrovets||2}} || 059 || 1982 || 990 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 1124 || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Kholmsk||2}} || 369 || 1985 || 990 t || Pacific Fleet ||Active in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://structure.mil.ru/structure/okruga/east/news/more.htm?id=12342287@egNews |title=Kholmsk exit to sea |date=2 April 2021 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence}}</ref>
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Muromets||2}} || 064 || 1982 || 1,055 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Suzdalets||2}} || 071 || 1983 || 1,055 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Kasimov||2}} || 055 || 1986 || 1,055 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|MPK-221||2}} || 354 || 1987 || 1,055 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Brest||2}} || 199 || 1988 || 1,055 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Povorino||2}} || 053 || 1989 || 1,055 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Koryeyets||2}} || 390 || 1989 || 1,055 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Yeysk||2}} || 054 || 1989 || 1,055 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Yunga||2}} || 113 || 1989 || 1,055 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Naryan-Mar||2}} || 138 || 1990 || 1,055 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Sovetskaya Gavan||2}} || 350 || 1990 || 1,055 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|MPK-107||2}} || 332 || 1990 || 1,055 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Onega||2}} || 164 || 1990 || 1,055 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Metel||2}} || 323 || 1990 || 1,055 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|MPK-82||2}} || 375 || 1991 || 1,055 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Ust-Ilimsk||2}} || 362 || 1991 || 1,055 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Monchegorsk||2}} || 190 || 1993 || 1,055 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1124M || {{ship|Soviet corvette|Snezhnogorsk||2}} || 196 || 1994 || 1,055 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="9"| {{sclass2|Nanuchka|corvette|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1234.htm |title=Small Missile Ships - Project 1234 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202231350/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1234.htm |archive-date=2018-12-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 12341 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Aysberg||2}} || 535 || 1979 || 730 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 12341 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Smerch||2}} || 423 || 1984 || 730 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12341 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Iney?||2}} || 418 || 1987 || 730 t || Pacific Fleet ||Status unclear; planned to decommission in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1234.htm|title=Small Missile Ships - Project 1234}}</ref> but still reported active as of early 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seawaves.com/?p=19200|title = JMSDF Lists Russian Warships in Nearby Waters – SeaWaves Magazine}}</ref>
|-
| 12341 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Rassvet||2}} || 520 || 1988 || 730 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 12341 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Zyb||2}} || 560 || 1989 || 730 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12341 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Geyzer||2}} || 555 || 1989 || 730 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12341 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Passat||2}} || 570 || 1990 || 730 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12341 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Liven||2}} || 551 || 1991 || 730 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12341 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Razliv?||2}} || 450? || 1991 || 730 t || Pacific Fleet ||Status unclear; planned to decommission in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1234.htm|title=Small Missile Ships - Project 1234}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="22"| {{sclass2|Tarantul|corvette|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warfareboats/project_12411.htm |title=Missile boat - Project 12411 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112012321/http://russianships.info/eng/warfareboats/project_12411.htm |archive-date=2018-11-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 12411T || {{ship|Russian corvette|Stupinets (ex R-101)||2}} || 705 || 1985 || 540 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 12411T || {{ship|Russian corvette|Kuznetsk (ex R-129)||2}} || 852 || 1985 || 540 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12411T || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-257||2}} || 833 || 1986 || 540 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-60||2}} || 955 || 1987 || 540 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-261||2}} || 991 || 1988 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Zarechnyy (ex R-187)||2}} || 855 || 1989 || 540 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Naberezhnye Chelny (ex R-239)||2}} || 953 || 1989 || 540 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Ivanovets (ex R-334)||2}} || 954 || 1989 || 540 t || Black Sea Fleet || Active in 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.militarynews.ru/story.asp?rid=1&nid=552676&lang=RU |title=Российский ракетный катер направляется к украинскому рыболовецкому судну, подавшего сигнал бедствия в Черном море |website=militarynews.ru|language=ru |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-109||2}} || 952 || 1990 || 540 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-297||2}} || 951 || 1990 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-298||2}} || 971 || 1990 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Dimitrovgrad (ex R-291)||2}} || 825 || 1991 || 540 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-11||2}} || 940 || 1991 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-14||2}} || 924 || 1991 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Morshansk (ex R-293)||2}} || 874 || 1992 || 540 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-18||2}} || 937 || 1992 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-19||2}} || 978 || 1992 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-20||2}} || 921 || 1993 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-24||2}} || 946 || 1994 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Chuvashiya (ex R-2)||2}} || 870 || 2000 || 540 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12411 || {{ship|Russian corvette|R-29||2}} || 916 || 2003 || 540 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 12417 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Shuya (ex R-71)||2}} || 962 || 1985 || 540 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sclass2|Parchim|corvette|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1331m.htm |title=Small Anti-Submarine Ships - Project 1331M |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018181600/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1331m.htm |archive-date=2018-10-18 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1331M || [[Russian corvette MPK-192|''Urengoy'']] || 304 || 1986 || 950 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1331M || [[Russian corvette MPK-205|''Kazanets'']] || 311 || 1986 || 950 t || Baltic Fleet ||{{#tag:ref|Damaged in collision Sept 2020 but repaired by 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maritimebulletin.net/2020/09/23/russian-navy-frigate-collided-with-swiss-reefer-in-oresund-denmark/ |title=Russian Navy frigate collided with Swiss reefer |first=Erofey |last=Schkvarkin |date=September 25, 2020 |website=Maritime Bulletin}}</ref>|group=N}}
|-
| 1331M || [[Russian corvette MPK-99|''Zelenodolsk'']] || 308 || 1987 || 950 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1331M || [[Russian corvette MPK-224|''Aleksin'']] || 218 || 1989 || 950 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1331M || [[Russian corvette MPK-227|''Kabardino-Balkariya'']] || 243 || 1989 || 950 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1331M || [[Russian corvette MPK-229|''Kalmykiya'']] || 232 || 1990 || 950 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[Bora-class guided missile hovercraft|Bora]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1239.htm |title=Air Cushion Missile Ship - Project 1239 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004124156/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1239.htm |archive-date=2018-10-04 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1239 || {{ship|Russian missile hovercraft|Bora||2}} || 615 || 1989 || 1,050 t || Black Sea Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Missile [[hovercraft]].|group=N}}
|-
| 1239 || {{ship|Russian missile hovercraft|Samum||2}} || 616 || 2000 || 1,050 t || Black Sea Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Missile hovercraft.|group=N}}
|-
! rowspan="3"| {{sclass2|Buyan|corvette|5}}<ref name="project_21630">{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_21630.htm |title=Small Artillery Ships - Project 21630 |website=RussianShips.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165909/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_21630.htm |archive-date=2018-07-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 21630 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Astrakhan||2}} || 012,017 || 2006 || 500 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref name="project_21630" />
|-
| 21630 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Volgodonsk||2}} || 014,018 || 2012 || 500 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref name="Volgodonsk">{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=115940 |title=МАК "Волгодонск" вошел в состав ВМФ |trans-title=IAC "Volgodonsk" joined the Navy |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182704/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=115940 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21630 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Makhachkala||2}} || 015,020 || 2012 || 500 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=131366 |title=Сегодня на СФ "Алмаз" состоится подписание акта приемо-передачи МАК "Махачкала" |trans-title=The signing of the acceptance certificate of the IAC "Makhachkala" will take place today at the Almaz shipyard |date=3 December 2012 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114411/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=131366 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="9"| [[Buyan-class corvette|Buyan-M]]
| 21631 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Grad Sviyazhsk||2}} || 021,652 || 2014 || 949 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref name="auto10">{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_21631.htm |title=Small Missile Ship - Project 21631 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
| 21631 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Uglich||2}} || 022,653 || 2014 || 949 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref name="auto10"/>
|-
| 21631 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Velikiy Ustug||2}} || 023,651 || 2014 || 949 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref name="auto10"/>
|-
| 21631 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Zelenyy Dol||2}} || 602,562 || 2015 || 949 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref name="sdelanounas.ru">{{cite web |url=http://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/84513/ |title="Зелёный Дол" и "Серпухов" пришли на Мальту, а "Ярослав Мудрый" ушёл из Сеуты |trans-title='Zelenyy Dol' and 'Serpukhov' arrive at Malta, and 'Yaroslav Mudryy' leaves Ceuta |date=9 October 2016 |website=Сделано у нас |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026164802/http://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/84513/ |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21631 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Serpukhov||2}} || 603,563 || 2015 || 949 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref name="sdelanounas.ru"/>
|-
| 21631 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Vyshniy Volochek||2}} || 609 || 2018 || 949 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/june-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6258-buyan-m-corvette-vyshny-volochyok-joins-russia-s-black-sea-fleet.html |title=Buyan-M Corvette 'Vyshny Volochyok' Joins Russia's Black Sea Fleet |website=Navyrecognition.com |date=2018-06-02 |access-date=2019-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117063251/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/june-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6258-buyan-m-corvette-vyshny-volochyok-joins-russia-s-black-sea-fleet.html |archive-date=2018-11-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21631 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Orekhovo-Zuyevo||2}} || 626 || 2018 || 949 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tass.com/defense/1035218 |title=Latest cruise missile corvette accepted for service in Russian Navy |date=10 December 2018 |website=TASS |access-date=2019-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010052/http://tass.com/defense/1035218 |archive-date=2018-12-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21631 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Ingushetiya||2}} || 630 || 2019 || 949 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://crimea.ria.ru/society/20191228/1117807253/V-sostav-ChF-voshel-noveyshiy-raketnyy-korabl-Ingushetiya.html |title=В состав ЧФ вошел новейший ракетный корабль "Ингушетия" |trans-title=The newest missile ship 'Ingushetia' joins the Black Sea Fleet |date=28 December 2019 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
| 21631 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Grayvoron||2}} || 600 || 2021 || 949 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/01/eight-surface-combatants-and-two-submarines-were-delivered-to-russian-navy-in-2020/ |title=Eight surface combatants and two submarines were delivered to Russian Navy in 2020 |date=January 11, 2021 |website=Naval News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1247955 |title=New Kalibr-armed ship to join Russia's Black Sea Fleet on January 30 |date=January 22, 2021 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7"| {{sclass|Steregushchiy|corvette|5}}
| 20380 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Steregushchiy||2}} || 530,550 || 2008 || 2,200 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/stereguschiy.htm |title=Stereguschiy |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045809/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/stereguschiy.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 20380 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Soobrazitelnyy||2}} || 531 || 2011 || 2,200 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref name="rusnavy2">{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/newsofday/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=13293 |title=Corvette 'Soobrazitelny' Joins Navy on October 14 |date=11 October 2011 |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227230910/http://rusnavy.com/news/newsofday/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=13293 |archive-date=2011-12-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 20380 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Boikiy||2}}|| 532 || 2013 || 2,200 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/33094/ |title=Корвет "Бойкий" передан ВМФ России! |trans-title=Corvette 'Boyky' joins the Russian Navy! |website=Sdelanounas.ru |language=ru |date=2013-05-16 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211183054/http://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/33094/ |archive-date=2014-02-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 20380 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Stoikiy||2}}|| 545 || 2014 || 2,200 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=168501 |title=ВМФ принял "Стойкий" спустя почти два месяца |trans-title=The Navy accepts the 'Stoikiy' after almost two months |date=18 July 2014 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224173845/http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=168501 |archive-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 20380 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Sovershennyy||2}} || 333 || 2017 || 2,200 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{cite press release |url=http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12133839@egNews |title=Корвет "Совершенный" вошел в состав Тихоокеанского флота |trans-title=Corvette 'Sovershennyy' enters the Pacific Fleet |publisher=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725232812/http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12133839@egNews |archive-date=25 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 20380 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Gromkiy||2}} || 335 || 2018 || 2,200 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{cite press release |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12209542@egNews |title=Newest corvette 'Gromky' enters the Pacific Fleet's strength |publisher=Russian Ministry of Defence |date=25 December 2018 |access-date=27 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225301/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12209542@egNews |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 20380 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Hero of the Russian Federation Aldar Tsydenzhapov||2}} || 339 || 2020 || 2,200 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1239739 |title=Newly-built corvette 'Aldar Tsydenzhapov' joins Russia's Pacific Fleet |date=25 December 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1"| {{sclass|Gremyashchiy|corvette|5}}
| 20385 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Gremyashchiy||2}} || 337 || 2020 || 2,500 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/december/9462-russian-navy-to-receive-two-project-20380-and-four-project-20385-corvettes-between-2024-and-2028.html |title=Russian Navy to receive two Project 20380 and four Project 20385 corvettes between 2024 and 2028 |date=December 2020 |website=Navyrecognition.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3"| {{sclass|Karakurt|corvette|5}}
| 22800 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Mytischchi||2}} || 567 || 2018 || 800 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.com/defense/1036416 |title=Russian Navy gets lead cruise missile corvette |website=[[TASS]] |date=17 December 2018 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193425/http://tass.com/defense/1036416 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 22800 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Sovetsk||2}} || 577 || 2019 || 800 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12256391@egNews |title=На новейшем малом ракетном корабле "Советск" состоится торжественная церемония первого подъема Военно-морского флага |trans-title=The newest light missile ship 'Sovetsk' will host the solemn ceremony of the first raising of the Naval flag |date=10 October 2019 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
| 22800 || {{ship|Russian corvette|Odintsovo||2}} || 584 || 2020 || 860 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/10063645 |title=Малый ракетный корабль "Одинцово" с зенитным комплексом "Панцирь-М" приняли в состав ВМФ |trans-title=Light missile ship 'Odintsovo' with 'Pantsir-M' anti-aircraft system accepted into the Navy |date=21 November 2020 |website=TASS |language=ru}}</ref>
|}

{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:МПК Кореец.JPG|''Koryeyets'' (Grisha class)
|File:Nanuchka-I DN-SC-88-09637.jpg|(Nanuchka class)
|File:Р-29. Парад ВМФ Владивосток 2008.07.25.JPG|R-29 (Tarantul class)
|File:«Калмыкия».jpg|''Kalmykiya'' (Parchim class)
|File:Bora Class Missile Corvette Samum.jpg|''Samum'' (Bora class)
}}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:«Волгодонск».jpg|''Volgodonsk'' (Buyan class)
|File:«Великий Устюг».jpg|''Velikiy Ustug'' (Buyan-M class)
|File:Corvette Stoiky in SPB.jpg|''Stoykiy'' (''Steregushchy'' class)
|File:Ураган пр. 22800.jpg|''Mytishchi'' (Karakurt class)
}}

===Landing ships===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant no.
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
! rowspan="3"| {{sclass2|Alligator|landing ship|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1171.htm |title=Large landing ships - Project 1171 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202215222/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1171.htm |archive-date=2018-12-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1171 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Orsk||2}} || 148 || 1968 || 4,700 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 1171 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Nikolay Vilkov||2}} || 081 || 1974 || 4,700 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 1171 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Nikolay Filchenkov||2}} || 152 || 1975 || 4,700 t || Black Sea Fleet || Undergoing repair<ref name="navykorabel2022"/>
|-
! rowspan="15"| {{sclass2|Ropucha|landing ship|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_775.htm |title=Large landing ships - Project 775 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005606/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_775.htm |archive-date=2018-11-22 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Olenegorskiy Gornyak||2}} || 012 || 1976 || 4,080 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Kondopoga||2}} || 027 || 1976 || 4,080 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Aleksandr Otrakovskiy||2}} || 031 || 1978 || 4,080 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Oslyabya||2}} || 066 || 1981 || 4,080 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Admiral Nevelskoy||2}} || 055 || 1982 || 4,080 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Minsk||2}} || 127 || 1983 || 4,080 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Kaliningrad||2}} || 102 || 1984 || 4,080 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Georgiy Pobedonosets||2}} || 016 || 1985 || 4,080 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Aleksandr Shabalin||2}} || 110 || 1985 || 4,080 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 775 || {{ship|Russian ship|Caesar Kunikov|BDK-64|2}} || 158 || 1986 || 4,080 t || Black Sea Fleet || Reportedly damaged in the port of [[Berdiansk]] after an attack by Ukrainian forces on March 24th during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref name="insider">{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/video-2-russian-warships-escape-as-ukrainian-missiles-blast-a-docked-ship-2022-3|title=Video shows 2 Russian warships escaping as Ukrainian missiles blast a docked ship|website=[[Business Insider]]|last=Coleman|first=Julie|date=24 March 2022|access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Novocherkassk||2}} || 142 || 1987 || 4,080 t || Black Sea Fleet || Reportedly damaged in the port of [[Berdiansk]] after an attack by Ukrainian forces on March 24th during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref name="insider"/>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 775 || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Yamal||2}} || 156 || 1988 || 4,080 t || Black Sea Fleet || Undergoing repair<ref name="navykorabel2022"/>
|-
| 775M || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Azov||2}} || 151 || 1990 || 4,080 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 775M || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Peresvet||2}} || 077 || 1991 || 4,080 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 775M || {{ship|Russian landing ship|Korolev||2}} || 130 || 1991 || 4,080 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ic.pics.livejournal.com/navy_korabel/63221775/174054/174054_original.jpg |title=Корабельный состав ВМФ России (боевые корабли основных классов) |trans-title=Ships of the Russian Navy (Warships of the main classes) |first=A. |last=Shishkin |date=1 January 2021 |website=Navy Korabel |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass2|Ivan Gren|landing ship|5}}
| 11711 || {{ship|Landing ship|Ivan Gren||2}} || 135 || 2018 || 6,600 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.com/defense/1010313 |title=Russian Navy accepts cutting-edge amphibious assault ship for service |date=20 June 2018 |website=TASS |access-date=2019-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020075456/http://tass.com/defense/1010313 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 11711 || {{ship|Landing ship|Petr Morgunov||2}} || 117 || 2020 || 6,600 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/december/9407-admiral-golovko-project-22350-frigate-to-join-northern-fleet-of-russian-navy.html |title=Admiral Golovko project 22350 frigate to join Northern fleet of Russian Navy |date=December 2020 |website=Navyrecognition.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/742631 |title=Большой десантный корабль "Петр Моргунов" передали ВМФ России |trans-title=Large landing ship 'Pyotr Morgunov' handed over to the Russian Navy |date=23 December 2020 |website=[[Interfax]] |language=ru}}</ref>
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:NikoraiFil'chenkov2007Sevastopol.jpg|(Alligator class)
|File:Russian Ropucha II Class landing craft.JPEG|(Ropucha class)
|File:«Иван Грен».jpg|(Ivan Gren class)
}}

===Landing craft===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant no.
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass2|Zubr|LCAC|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_12322.htm |title=Air cushion small landing ships - Project 12322 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202222341/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_12322.htm |archive-date=2018-12-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 12322 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|Evgeniy Kocheshkov||2}} || 770 || 1990 || 555 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 12322 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|Mordoviya||2}} || 782 || 1991 || 555 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sclass2|Serna|landing craft|5}}<ref name="Project11770">{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_11770.htm |title=Air-Cavity Landing Craft - Project 11770 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202222550/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_11770.htm |archive-date=2018-12-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-67||2}} || || 1994 || 100 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-156||2}} || || 1999 || 100 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-131||2}} || || 2002 || 100 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-172||2}} || || 2005 || 100 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-56||2}} || || 2008 || 100 t || Caspian Flotilla<ref name="Project11770"/> ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-144||2}} || || 2008 || 100 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-1441||2}} || || 2009 || 100 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-1442||2}} || || 2009 || 100 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-107||2}} || || 2010 || 100 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-809||2}} || || 2013 || 100 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-810||2}} || || 2013 || 100 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 11770 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-199||2}} || || 2014 || 100 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="5"| {{sclass2|Dyugon|landing craft|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_21820.htm |title=Landing craft - Project 21820 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202221322/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_21820.htm |archive-date=2018-12-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 21820 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|Ataman Platov||2}} || || 2010{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} || 280 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=14075 |title=Yaroslavl Shipyard Lays Down Dugon-Class Air Cavity Landing Boat |website=Rusnavy.com |date=2012-01-18 |access-date=2014-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201904/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=14075 |archive-date=2014-02-22}}</ref>
|-
| 21820 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|Denis Davydov||2}} || || 2014 || 280 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20141124/1034819928.html |title=Новый десантный катер "Денис Давыдов" вошел в состав ВМФ России |trans-title=New landing craft 'Denis Davydov' enters the Russian Navy |date=2014-11-24 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231121222/http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20141124/1034819928.html |archive-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21820 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|Ivan Kartsov||2}} || || 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsvl.ru/vlad/2015/06/12/135950/ |title=Десантный катер "Иван Карцов" вошел в состав Тихоокеанского флота во Владивостоке |trans-title=Landing craft 'Ivan Kartsov' joins the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok |date=12 June 2015 |website=VL.ru |language=ru}}</ref> || 280 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 21820 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|Lieutenant Rimskiy-Korsakov||2}} || || 2015 || 280 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/2093643 |title=Новые десантные катера, названные именами героев войны 1812 года, вошли в состав Балтфлота |trans-title=New landing craft, named after the heroes of the war of 1812, became part of the Baltic Fleet |date=4 July 2015 |website=TASS |language=ru |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830000539/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/2093643 |archive-date=30 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21820 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|Midshipman Lermontov||2}} || || 2015 || 280 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://flot.com/2015/БалтийскийФлот34/ |title=Два десантных катера вошли в состав Балтийского флота |trans-title=Two landing craft become part of the Baltic Fleet |date=4 July 2015 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051936/http://flot.com/2015/БалтийскийФлот34/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sclass2|Ondatra|landing craft|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1176.htm |title=Landing craft - Project 1176, 1176E |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201054226/http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1176.htm |archive-date=2018-12-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-704||2}} || || 1976 || 90 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-70||2}} || || 1981 || 90 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-464||2}} || || 1985 || 90 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-465||2}} || || 1986 || 90 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-325||2}} || || 1991 || 90 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-148||2}} || || 1993 || 90 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-365||2}} || || 1994 || 90 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-182||2}} || || 1996 || 90 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-185||2}} || || 2000 || 90 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-163||2}} || || 2005 || 90 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-57||2}} || || 2007 || 90 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1176 || {{ship|Russian landing craft|D-106||2}} || || 2009 || 90 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="7"| {{sclass2|BK-16|ship|5}}
| 02510 || [[Russian ship D-296|''D-296'']] || || 2015 || 22 t || Black Sea Fleet|| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201507030735-8wl4.htm |title="Калашников" выходит в море: безотказный катер |trans-title='Kalashnikov' goes to sea: a trouble-free boat |date=3 July 2015 |website=Zvezda |language=ru |access-date=2016-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724103709/http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201507030735-8wl4.htm |archive-date=2016-07-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 02510 || [[Russian ship D-297|''D-297'']] || || 2015 || 22 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 02510 || [[Russian ship D-308|''D-308'']] || || 2018 || 22 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 02510 || [[Russian ship D-2110|''D-2110'']] || || 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nevskii-bastion.ru/bk-16/ |title=Боевой Катер Специального Назначения Бк-16 |trans-title=Special Purpose Combat Boat BK-16 |date=3 July 2015 |website=Nevskii-bastion.ru |language=ru}}</ref> || 22 t || Northern Fleet || {{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
|-
| 02510 || [[Russian ship D-???|''D-???'']] || || 2021 || 22 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0601/142062979/detail.shtml |title=На Северном флоте впервые поднят Андреевский флаг на новейшем транспортно-десантном катере типа "БК-16" |trans-title=The St. Andrew's flag was raised for the first time on the newest transport and landing boat of the BK-16 type in the Northern Fleet |language=ru |date=1 June 2021 |website=Armstrade.org}}</ref>
|-
| 02510 || [[Russian ship D-???|''D-???'']] || || 2021 || 22 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 02510 || [[Russian ship D-???|''D-???'']] || || 2021 || 22 t || Baltic Fleet ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1314389|title = Two high-speed amphibious assault boats enter service with Russia's Baltic Fleet}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass2|BK-18|ship|5}}
| 02511 || || || 2017 || 25 t || Black Sea Fleet||
|-
| 02511 || || || 2017 || 25 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://politpuzzle.ru/63727-v-vodah-kryma-zametili-novejshie-katera-bk-18/ |title=В водах Крыма заметили новейшие катера БК-18 |trans-title=The newest BK-18 boats spotted in Crimean waters |first=Ilya |last=Alexandrov |date=16 May 2017 |website=Political Puzzle |language=ru |access-date=2017-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014034833/https://politpuzzle.ru/63727-v-vodah-kryma-zametili-novejshie-katera-bk-18/ |archive-date=2017-10-14 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:«Мордовия» и «Евгений Кочешков».jpg|(Zubr class)
|File:«Д-131».jpg|(Serna class)
|File:«Мичман Лермонтов».jpg|(Dyugon class)
|File:ДКА Д-704 в Амурском заливе 2010.07.25.JPG|(Ondatra class)
}}

===Special-purpose ships===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant no.
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass2|Moma|intelligence ship|5}}
| 861M || {{ship|Russian ship|Kil'din||2}} || 512 || 1979 || 1,560 t || Black Sea Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Medium intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
| 861M || {{ship|Russian ship|Ekvator||2}} || || 1980 || 1,560 t || Black Sea Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Medium intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass2|Alpinist|intelligence ship|5}}
| 503R || {{ship|Russian ship|Syzran||2}} || || 1981 || 1,202 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://fleetphoto.ru/ship/30632/ |title=Сызрань |trans-title=Syzran |website=Fleetphoto.ru |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011075156/http://fleetphoto.ru/ship/30632/ |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Medium intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
| 503R || {{ship|Russian ship|Zhigulevsk||2}} || || 1982 || 1,202 t || Baltic Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Medium intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
! rowspan="7"| {{sclass2|Vishnya|intelligence ship|5}}
| 864 || {{ship|Russian ship|Fedor Golovin||2}} || 520 || 1985 || 3,470 t || Baltic Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
| 864 || {{ship|Russian ship|Kurily||2}} || 208 || 1986 || 3,470 t || Northern Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
| 864 || {{ship|Russian ship|Tavriya||2}} || 169 || 1986 || 3,470 t || Northern Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
| 864 || {{ship|Russian ship|Kareliya||2}} || 535 || 1986 || 3,470 t || Pacific Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
| 864 || {{ship|Russian ship|Priazovye||2}} || 201 || 1987 || 3,470 t || Black Sea Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
| 864 || {{ship|Russian ship|Viktor Leonov||2}} || 175 || 1988 || 3,470 t || Northern Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
| 864 || {{ship|Russian ship|Vasiliy Tatishchev||2}} || 231 || 1988 || 3,470 t || Baltic Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
!| {{sclass2|Balzam|intelligence ship|5}}
| 1826 || {{ship|Russian ship|Pribaltika||2}} || 80|| 1983 || 4,900 t || Pacific Fleet<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/intelligence/project_1826.htm |title=Large intelligence ship - Project 1826 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref> || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence and communications ship.|group=N}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass|Yuriy Ivanov|intelligence ship|5}}
| 18280 || {{ship|Russian ship|Yuriy Ivanov||2}} || || 2015 || 4,000 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/2144616 |title=ВМФ России пополнился новейшим судном связи 'Юрий Иванов' |trans-title=The Russian Navy has added the newest communications ship 'Yuri Ivanov' |date=26 July 2015 |website=TASS |language=ru |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011600/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/2144616 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Intelligence and communications ship.|group=N}}
|-
| 18280 || {{ship|Russian ship|Ivan Khurs||2}} || || 2018 || 4,000 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/june-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6310-russian-navy-commissioned-second-project-18280-reconnaissance-ship-ivan-khurs.html |title=Russian Navy Commissioned Second Project 18280 Reconnaissance Ship 'Ivan Khurs' |website=Navyrecognition.com |date=2018-06-28 |access-date=2019-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309003422/http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/june-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6310-russian-navy-commissioned-second-project-18280-reconnaissance-ship-ivan-khurs.html |archive-date=2019-03-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!| {{sclass|Baklan|intelligence ship|5}}
| 1388NZ || {{ship|Russian ship|KSV-2168||2}} || || 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12208262@egNews |title=В Балтийске на новейшем катере связи Балтийского флота торжественно поднят Военно-морской флаг |trans-title=In Baltiysk the Naval Flag is solemnly raised on the newest communication boat of the Baltic Fleet |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru |date=2018-12-15 |access-date=2019-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193922/https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12208262@egNews |archive-date=2018-12-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> || 500 t || Baltic Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence and communications ship.|group=N}}
|-
!| {{sclass|Marshal Nedelin|intelligence ship|5}}
| 1914 || {{ship|Russian ship|Marshal Krylov||2}} || || 1990 || 23,780 t || Pacific Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Intelligence and communications ship.|group=N}}
|-
!| [[Project 7452]]
| 7452 || {{ship|Russian ship|Chusuvoy||2}} || || 1987 || 1,300 t || Northern Fleet<ref name="auto2019">{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/vspomog/745.htm |title=Морские буксиры проектов 745, 745МБ, спасательное буксирное судно проекта 745МБС, пограничные сторожевые корабли проекта 745П, опытовое судно проекта 07452 |trans-title=Sea tugs of projects 745, 745MB, rescue tugboat of project 745MBS, border patrol ships of project 745P, experimental vessel of project 07452 |website=Russianships.info |language=ru |access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>||{{#tag:ref|Intelligence ship.|group=N}}
|-
!| [[Project 22010]]
| 22010 || {{ship|Russian ship|Yantar||2}} || || 2013 || 5,200 t || Northern Fleet || <ref name="PortNews">{{cite web |url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/209005/ |title=Brand new oceanographic research vessel 'Yantar' joins Russia's Northern Fleet |date=29 October 2015 |website=PortNews |access-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207224945/http://en.portnews.ru/news/209005/ |archive-date=7 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Oceanographic research ship.|group=N}}
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:SSV-416 "Jupiter" 1.jpg|(Moma class)
|File:Разведывательный корабль Приазовье.jpg|(Vishnya class)
|File:Balzam-class general intelligence collector ship - Ocean Sarafi 85 - DN-ST-86-02553.JPEG|(Balzam class)
|File:Missile range instrumentation ship "Marshal Krylov" in 1991.jpeg|(''Marshal Nedelin'' class)
}}

===Patrol ships===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant no.
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="3"| [[Project 22160 patrol ship|Project 22160]]
| 22160 || ''[[Russian patrol boat Vasily Bykov|Vasily Bykov]]'' || 368 || 2018 || 1,500 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://navaltoday.com/2018/12/21/russia-commissions-first-project-22160-patrol-ship-vasily-bykov/ |title=Russia commissions first Project 22160 patrol ship Vasily Bykov |website=Navaltoday.com |date=21 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221150529/https://navaltoday.com/2018/12/21/russia-commissions-first-project-22160-patrol-ship-vasily-bykov/ |archive-date=21 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 22160 || [[Russian ship Dmitry Rogachev|''Dmitry Rogachev '']] || 375 || 2019 || 1,500 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/6528667/ |title=Russia commissions second Project 22160 patrol ship Dmitry Rogachev |website=TASS |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=11 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610225220/https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/6528667/ |archive-date=10 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 22160 || [[Russian ship Pavel Derzhavin|''Pavel Derzhavin '']] || 363 || 2020 || 1,500 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1228689/ |title=Latest patrol ship accepted for service in Russia's Black Sea Fleet |date=27 November 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|}

===Patrol boats===
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2018}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant no.
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="19"| {{sclass2|Grachonok|anti-saboteur ship|5}}
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-104|''P-104'']] || 889 || 2010 || 139 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=114558 |title=Зеленодольцы спустят на воду второй серийный "Грачонок" для ВМФ |trans-title=Zelenodoltsy will launch the second 'Grachonok' for the Navy |date=15 June 2012 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114356/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=114558 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-191|''P-191'']] || 840 || 2012 || 139 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-349|''P-349'']] || 841 || 2012 || 139 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sdelanounas.ru/blogs/25137/ |title=Третий "Грачонок" принят в состав ВМФ России |trans-title=The third 'Grachonok' accepted into the Russian Navy |website=Sdelanounas.ru |language=ru |date=2012-11-14 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061511/http://www.sdelanounas.ru/blogs/25137/ |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-350|''P-350'']] || 842 || 2013 || 139 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-377|''P-377'']] || 996 || 2014 || 139 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-351|''P-351'']] || 930 || 2013 || 139 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zdship.ru/press-center/news-events/982/ |title=Пятый катер проекта 21980 успешно завершил государственные испытания |trans-title=The fifth boat of project 21980 has successfully completed state tests |date=16 October 2013 |website=Zdship.ru |language=ru |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224173739/http://www.zdship.ru/press-center/news-events/982/ |archive-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-420|''P-420'']] || || 2014 || 139 t || Pacific Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Shipyard No. 8003|group=N}}
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-417|''P-417'']] || || 2014 || 139 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref name="flotprom.6">{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=119264 |title=Черноморский флот пополнится тремя противодиверсионными катерами |trans-title=The Black Sea Fleet will be replenished with three anti-sabotage boats |date=31 July 2012 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114104/http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=119264 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-424|''P-424'']] || || 2014 || 139 t || Black Sea Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Shipyard No. 987|group=N}}
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-340|''P-340'']] || || 2016 || 139 t || Northern Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Shipyard No. 669|group=N}}
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-433|''P-433'']] || || 2017 || 139 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/0912/155543118/detail.shtml |title=В Севастополь прибыл еще один новейший противодиверсионный катер П-433 проекта "Грачонок" |trans-title=Another new anti-sabotage boat P-433 of the Grachonok project has arrived in Sevastopol |date=12 September 2017 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914215843/http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/0912/155543118/detail.shtml |archive-date=14 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-421|''P-421'']] || || 2017 || 139 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-429|''P-429'']] || || 2017 || 139 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-430|''P-430'']] || || 2017 || 139 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 21980 || [[Russian ship P-431|''P-431'']] || || 2017 || 139 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 21980 || ''[[P-]]'' || 989 || 2018 || 139 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 21980 || ''P-445'' || || 2019 || 139 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/013414/105050496/detail.shtml |title=На противодиверсионном катере Тихоокеанского флота торжественно поднят Андреевский флаг |trans-title=The St. Andrew's flag is solemnly raised on an anti-sabotage boat of the Pacific Fleet |date=14 January 2019 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |access-date=2019-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115234208/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0114/105050496/detail.shtml |archive-date=2019-01-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 21980 || ''[[P-449]]'' || 990 || 2019 || 139 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 21980 || ''[[P-]] Yunarmeets Sakhalina'' || || 2020 || 139 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0521/094062831/detail.shtml |title=Командующий ТОФ адмирал Сергей Авакянц сообщил об основных программах модернизации Тихоокеанского флота |trans-title=Pacific Fleet Commander Admiral Sergei Avakyants announced the main modernization programs for the Pacific Fleet |language=ru |date=May 21, 2021 |website=Armstrade.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.russianships.info/katera/21980.htm |title=Противодиверсионные катера, большие сторожевые катера проекта 21980 |trans-title=Anti-sabotage boats, large patrol boats - project 21980 |website=Russianships.info |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="17" | [[Raptor-class patrol boat]]
| 03160 || [[Russian ship PM-15|''PM-15'']] || || 2014 || 43 t || Black Sea Fleet || {{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-274|''P-274'']] || || 2015 || 43 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-275|''P-275'']] || || 2015 || 43 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-276|''P-276'']] || || 2015 || 43 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-281|''P-281'']] || || 2015 || 43 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-271|''P-271'']] || || 2015 || 43 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-282|''P-282'']] || || 2015 || 43 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-288|''P-288'']] || || 2015 || 43 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-334|''P-334'']] || || 2016 || 43 t || Baltic Fleet || Used as VIP for [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|MoD]]{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-415|''P-415'']] || || 2017 || 43 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-425|''P-425'']] || || 2017 || 43 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12106326@egNews |title=В Санкт-Петербурге спущены на воду два новых патрульных катера "Раптор", строящиеся для ВМФ России |trans-title=Two new Raptor patrol boats under construction for the Russian Navy launched in St. Petersburg |date=15 December 2016 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073738/http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12106326@egNews |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-712|''P-712'']] || || 2017 || 43 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/2017/278191/ |title=Балтийский флот получил новый патрульный катер "Раптор" |trans-title=The Baltic Fleet received a new Raptor patrol boat |date=10 October 2017 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-|''P-'']] || || 2018 || 43 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 03160 || [[Russian ship P-|''P-'']] || || 2018 || 43 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1012/101049104/detail.shtml |title=Санкт-Петербургское предприятие "Пелла" передало в состав ВМФ России два новейших патрульных катера "Раптор" |trans-title=The St. Petersburg company Pella transfers two new 'Raptor' patrol boats to the Russian Navy |date=12 October 2018 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |access-date=2019-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021151555/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1012/101049104/detail.shtml |archive-date=2018-10-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|03160
|[[Russian ship P-|''P-'']]
|
|2020
|43 t
|Baltic Fleet
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warfareboats/project_03160.htm |title=Patrol boats - Project 03160 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>
|-
|03160
|[[Russian ship P-|''P-'']]
|
|2020
|43 t
|Baltic Fleet
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1179163 |title=Shipbuilders deliver two latest fast-speed patrol boats to Russian Navy |date=16 July 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|-
|03160
|[[Russian ship P-|''P-'']]
|
|2020
|43 t
|Baltic Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/1116/095560454/detail.shtml |title=Новый серийный патрульный катер "Раптор" принят в состав ВМФ России |trans-title=New serial patrol boat 'Raptor' accepted into the Russian Navy |date=16 November 2020 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
! [[Mangust class patrol boat|Mangust-class patrol boat]]
| 12150/A || 2 in service, P-389<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/borderguard/project_12150.htm |title=Coast guard patrol boat - Project 12150 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>|| || 2013 || 31 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="12" | {{sclass2|Dockstavarvet IC16M|ship|5}}
| IC16MII || [[Russian ship P-569|''P-569'']] || || 2011 || 22 t || Black Sea Fleet|| <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warfareboats/ic16m2.htm |title=Boat - IC16MII Type |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>
|-
| IC16MII || [[Russian ship P-570|''P-570'']] || || 2011 || 22 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref name=":4" />
|-
|IC16MII
|[[Russian ship P-570|''P-5734'']]
|
|2004
|22 t
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|IC16MII
|P-548
|
|2007
|22 t
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|IC16MII
|P-549
|
|2008
|22 t
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|IC16MII
|P-550
|
|2008
|22 t
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|IC16MII
|P-558
|
|2009
|22 t
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|IC16MII
|P-571
|
|2012
|22 t
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|IC16MII
|P-572
|
|2012
|22 t
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|IC16MII
|P-573
|
|2012
|22 t
|
|
|-
|IC16MII
|P-574
|
|2012
|22 t
|
|
|-
|IC16MII
|P-576
|
|2013
|22 t
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4"| {{sclass2|Shmel|Gunboats Project 1204 Shmel|5}}
| 1204 || [[Russian ship Ak-209|''Ak-209'']] || 045 || 1982 || 77 t || Caspian Flotilla || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://russ-flot.narod.ru/x-0026_pr-1204.htm |title=проект 1204 "Шмель" |trans-title=Project 1204 "Shmel" |website=Russian Navy of the 20th century |language=ru |access-date=2016-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822033546/http://russ-flot.narod.ru/x-0026_pr-1204.htm |archive-date=2016-08-22 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1204 || [[Russian ship Ak-223|''Ak-223'']] || 047 || 1982 || 77 t || Caspian Flotilla|| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/borderguard/project_1204.htm |title=Coast guard patrol ships and gun boats - Project 1204 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>
|-
| 1204 || [[Russian ship Ak-201|''Al-201'']] || 042 || 1983 || 77 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|-
| 1204 || [[Russian ship Ak-248|''Ak-248'']] || 044 || 1983 || 77 t || Caspian Flotilla ||
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:«П-351».jpg|(Grachonok class)
|File:Russian Navy Raptor near Kronstadt.jpg|(Raptor class)
|File:АртКатер.jpg|(Shmel class)
}}

===Mine countermeasures===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant no.
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:8%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="7" | {{sclass2|Natya|minesweeper|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_266m.htm|title=Natya Class Minesweepers|access-date=6 January 2022|website=russianships.info}}</ref>
| 266M || ''Kovrovets'' || || 1974 || 800 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 266M || ''Ivan Golubets'' || || 1973 || 800 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 266M || ''Turbinist'' || || 1975 || 800 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 266ME || ''Valentin Pikul'' || || 2001 || 804 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 266ME || ''MT-264'' || || 1989 || 804 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 266ME || ''MT-265'' || || 1989 || 804 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 02668 || ''Vice-admiral Zakharin'' || || 2008 || 804 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{sclass2|Alexandrit|minesweeper|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_12700.htm|title=Alexandrit Class Minesweepers|access-date=6 January 2022|website=russianships.info}}</ref>
| 12700 || ''Alexandr Obukhov'' || || 2016 || 620 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 12700 || ''Georgy Kurbatov'' || || 2021 || 620 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 12700 || ''Vladimir Emelyanov'' || || 2019 || 620 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 12700 || ''Ivan Antonov'' || || 2018 || 620 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 12700 || ''Yakov Balyaev'' || || 2020 || 620 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="19" | {{sclass2|Sonya|minesweeper|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1265.htm|title=Sonya Class Minesweepers|access-date=6 January 2022|website=russianships.info}}</ref>
| 1265 || ''Leonid Sobolev'' || || 1990 || 460 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''Novocheboksarsk'' || || 1991 || 460 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''Sergey Kolbasev'' || || 1992 || 460 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''BT-115'' || || 1993 || 460 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''Polyarny'' || || 1984 || 460 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''Elynya'' || || 1986 || 460 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''Kotelnich'' || || 1987 || 460 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''Solovetskiy Yunga'' || || 1988 || 460 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''Kolomna'' || || 1990 || 460 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''Yadrin'' || || 1991 || 460 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''BT-100'' || || 1984 || 460 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''BT-325'' || || 1985 || 460 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''BT-114'' || || 1987 || 460 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''BT-232'' || || 1988 || 460 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''BT-245'' || || 1989 || 460 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''BT-256'' || || 1990 || 460 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''BT-215'' || || 1991 || 460 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''German Ugryumov'' || || 1988 || 460 t || Caspian Fleet ||
|-
| 1265 || ''Magomed Gadzhiev'' || || 1997 || 460 t || Caspian Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="7" | {{sclass2|Lida|minesweeper|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_10750.htm|title=Lida Class Minesweepers|access-date=6 January 2022|website=russianships.info}}</ref>
| 10750 || ''RT-57'' || || 1989 || 135 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 10750 || ''RT-248'' || || 1990 || 135 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 10750 || ''Vasily Polyakov'' || || 1991 || 135 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 10750 || ''Viktor Sigalov'' || || 1992 || 135 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 10750 || ''Leonid Perepech'' || || 1993 || 135 t || Baltic Fleet ||
|-
| 10750 || ''RT-233'' || || 1989 || 135 t || Caspian Fleet ||
|-
| 10750 || ''RT-234'' || || 1989 || 135 t || Caspian Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{sclass2|Gorya|minesweeper|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_12660.htm|title=Gorya Class Minesweepers|access-date=6 January 2022|website=russianships.info}}</ref>
| 12660 || ''Zheleznyakov'' || || 1988 || 1,150 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 12660 || ''Gumanenko'' || || 2000 || 1,150 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{sclass2|Yevgenya|minesweeper|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1258.htm|title=Yevgenya Class Minesweepers|access-date=6 January 2022|website=russianships.info}}</ref>
| 1258 || ''RT-471'' || || 1979 || 91 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 1258 || ''RT-71'' || || 1981 || 91 t || Caspian Fleet ||
|-
| 1258E || ''RT-236'' || || 1985 || 97 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{sclass2|697TB|minesweeper|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_697tb.htm|title=697TB Class Minesweepers|access-date=6 January 2022|website=russianships.info}}</ref>
| 697TB || ''RT-59'' || || 1976 || 157 t || Caspian Fleet ||
|-
| 697TB || ''RT-181'' || || 1980 || 157 t || Caspian Fleet ||
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:IvanGolubets2005Sevastopol.jpg|(Natya class)
|File:Zheleznyakov1989.jpg|(Gorya class)
|File:RT-57 in Kronstadt 2014-06-09.jpg|(Lida class)
|File:Тральщик "Александр Обухов".jpg|(Aleksandrit class)
}}

===Ballistic missile submarines (SSBN)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Boat
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Note
|-
!| {{sclass2|Typhoon|submarine|5}}
| 941UM || [[Russian submarine TK-208 Dmitri Donskoi|''Dmitriy Donskoy'']] || TK-208 || 1981 || 33,800 t || Northern Fleet || Now a test platform, will be disposed of after 2025<ref name="navykorabel2022"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/donskoy.htm |title=TK-208 Dmitry Donskoy |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114053229/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/donskoy.htm |archive-date=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In service as test bed for [[RSM-56 Bulava|Bulava]] missile.|group=N}}
|-
!| {{sclass2|Delta III|submarine|5}}
| 667BDR || [[Russian submarine K-44 Ryazan|''Ryazan'']] || K-44 || 1982 || 13,700 t || Pacific Fleet || Reclassified as a multipurpose SSN in 2020<ref name="navykorabel2022"/><ref name="KristensenKorda2021">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |title=Russian nuclear weapons, 2021 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=77 |issue=2 |year=2021 |pages=90–108 |issn=0096-3402 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2021.1885869 |bibcode=2021BuAtS..77b..90K |quote=Two Delta III nuclear submarines (K-223 Podolsk and K-433 Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets) were reportedly decommissioned in early 2018, leaving one Delta III – Ryazan (K-44) – operational with Russia's Pacific Fleet on the Kamchatka Peninsula (Podvig 2018b).|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Operational as of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/october/9101-nuclear-ssbn-submarines-of-russian-pacific-fleet-conduct-asw-mission-training.html |title=Nuclear SSBN submarines of Russian Pacific Fleet conduct ASW mission training |date=October 2020 |website=Navyrecognition.com}}</ref>|group=N}}
|-
! rowspan="5"| {{sclass2|Delta IV|submarine|5}}
| 667BDRM || [[Russian submarine K-51 Verkhoturye|''Verkhoturye'']] || K-51 || 1984 || 18,200 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 667BDRM || [[Russian submarine K-114 Tula|''Tula'']] || K-114 || 1987 || 18,200 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 667BDRM || [[Russian submarine K-117 Bryansk|''Bryansk'']] || K-117 || 1988 || 18,200 t || Northern Fleet || Undergoing repair<ref name="navykorabel2022"/>
|-
| 667BDRM || [[Russian submarine K-18 Karelia|''Karelia'']] || K-18 || 1989 || 18,200 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-18.htm |title=K-18 Karelia |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203142641/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-18.htm |archive-date=2012-02-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 667BDRM || [[Russian submarine K-407 Novomoskovsk|''Novomoskovsk'']] || K-407 || 1990 || 18,200 t || Northern Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Planned to be operational through to 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15634 |title=Northern Fleet Official: SSBN Novomoskovsk to Stay in Navy till 2020 |website=Rusnavy.com |date=2012-08-14 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106200948/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15634 |archive-date=2014-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|group=N}}
|-
! rowspan="5"| {{sclass2|Borei|submarine|5}}
| 955 || [[Russian submarine Yury Dolgorukiy|''Yuriy Dolgorukiy'']] || K-535 || 2013 || 24,000 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 955 || [[Russian submarine Alexander Nevsky (K-550)|''Aleksandr Nevskiy'']] || K-550 || 2013 || 24,000 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131230/186086621/Russias-Northern-Fleet-Deploys-New-Borey-Class-Nuclear-Subs.html |title=Russia's Northern Fleet Deploys New Borey-Class Nuclear Subs |website=RIA Novosti |date=2013-12-30 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210062745/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131230/186086621/Russias-Northern-Fleet-Deploys-New-Borey-Class-Nuclear-Subs.html |archive-date=2014-02-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 955 || [[Russian submarine Vladimir Monomakh|''Vladimir Monomakh'']] || K-551 || 2014 || 24,000 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/january-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/2300-new-russian-navy-borei-class-ssbn-arrives-at-northern-fleet-base-in-murmansk.html |title=New Russian Navy Borei class SSBN arrives at Northern Fleet base in Murmansk |date=2 January 2015 |website=Navyrecognition.com |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212104056/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/january-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/2300-new-russian-navy-borei-class-ssbn-arrives-at-northern-fleet-base-in-murmansk.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 955A || [[Russian submarine Knyaz Vladimir|''Knyaz Vladimir'']] || K-549 || 2020 || 24,000 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hisutton.com/Russian-Navy-Submarines-Surface-In-Artic.html |title=Russian Navy Submarines Surface in Arctic |first=H.I. |last=Sutton |date=27 March 2021 |website=Covert Shores}}</ref>
|-
| 955A || [[Russian submarine Knyaz Oleg|''Knyaz Oleg'']] || K-552 || 2021 || 24,000 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1378805 |title=Putin joins video linkup ceremony of delivering latest nuclear subs to Russian Navy |date=21 December 2021 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Typhoon3.jpg|(Typhoon-class)
|File:К-433.jpg|(Delta III-class)
|File:Submarine Delta IV class.jpg|(Delta IV-class)
|File:«Александр Невский» в Вилючинске.jpg|(Borey-class)
}}

===Cruise missile submarines (SSGN)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Boat
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Note
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
! rowspan="7"| [[Oscar-class submarine|Oscar II]]
| 949A || [[Russian submarine K-132 Irkutsk|''Irkutsk'']] || K-132 || 1988 || 19,400 t || Pacific Fleet || In refit since 2001, will be upgraded in 2022<ref name="russianrefits2021"/><ref name="navykorabel2022"/><ref name="tass_2022vesselupgrades"/>

|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 949A || [[Russian submarine K-442 Chelyabinsk|''Chelyabinsk'']] || K-442 || 1990 || 19,400 t || Pacific Fleet || Awaiting refit which will begin in 2023, expected to return to service no earlier than 2025<ref name="russianrefits2021"/><ref name="navykorabel2022"/>
|-
| 949A || [[Russian submarine K-410|''Smolensk'']] || K-410 || 1990 || 19,400 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201610171319-vtjj.htm |title=Атомная субмарина "Смоленск" осуществила пуск крылатой ракеты |trans-title=Nuclear submarine 'Smolensk' launched a cruise missile |website=Zvezda |date=17 October 2016 |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011130836/https://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201610171319-vtjj.htm |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 949A || [[Russian submarine Orel (K-266)|''Orel'']] || K-266 || 1992 || 19,400 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.navaltoday.com/2017/04/11/nuclear-powered-oscar-class-submarine-returns-to-russian-fleet/ |title=Nuclear-powered Oscar-class submarine returns to Russian fleet |date=November 4, 2017 |website=Naval Today}}</ref>
|-
| 949A || [[Russian submarine K-456|''Tver'']]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12104509@egNews |title=В Санкт-Петербурге состоялось заседание Военного совета ВМФ России, посвященное итогам учебного года |trans-title=A meeting of the Military Council of the Russian Navy was held in St. Petersburg, dedicated to the results of the academic year |date=22 November 2016 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807025340/http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12104509@egNews |archive-date=7 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> (ex.Vilyuchinsk ) || K-456 || 1992 || 19,400 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 949A || [[Russian submarine K-186|''Omsk'']] || K-186 || 1993 || 19,400 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 949A || [[Russian submarine K-150|''Tomsk'']] || K-150 || 1996 || 19,400 t || Pacific Fleet || Will be upgraded in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0809/100553803/detail.shtml |title=Атомный подводный крейсер "Омск" вернулся на Камчатку после модернизации |trans-title=Nuclear submarine "Omsk" returns to Kamchatka after modernization |date=9 August 2019 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="tass_2022vesselupgrades"/>
|-
! rowspan="3"| {{sclass2|Yasen|submarine|5}}
| 885 || [[Russian submarine Severodvinsk|''Severodvinsk'']] || K-560 || 2014 || 13,800 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131230/186089851/Russia-Commissions-New-Attack-Submarine.html |title=Russia Commissions New Attack Submarine |website=RIA Novosti |date=2013-12-30 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232447/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131230/186089851/Russia-Commissions-New-Attack-Submarine.html |archive-date=2013-12-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 885M || [[Russian submarine Kazan (K-561)|''Kazan'']] || K-561 || 2021 || 13,800 t || Northern Fleet || <ref name="mil521">{{cite web|author=mil.ru|url=https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12360071@egNews
|title=Атомный подводный ракетный крейсер "Казань" (проекта "Ясень-М") приказом Главкома ВМФ принят в состав Военно-Морского Флота в Северодвинске |website=Structure.mil.ru|date=7 May 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 885M || [[Russian submarine Novosibirsk (K-573)|''Novosibirsk'']] || K-573 || 2021 || 13,800 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref name="auto"/>
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Oscar class submarine 2.JPG|(Oscar II-class)
|File:АПКР "Северодвинск".jpg|(Yasen-class)
}}

===Nuclear attack submarines (SSN)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Boat
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Sierra-class submarine|Sierra II]]
| 945A || [[Russian submarine K-336|''Nizhny Novgorod'']] || K-336 || 1990 || 9,100 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 945A || [[Russian submarine K-534|''Pskov'']] || K-534 || 1993 || 9,100 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/pskov.htm |title=Pskov |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204061143/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/pskov.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Victor-class submarine|Victor III]]
| 671RTMK ||[[Russian submarine K-138|''Obninsk'']]|| K-138 || 1990 || 7,250 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 671RTMK || [[Russian submarine K-448|''Tambov'']] || K-448 || 1992 || 7,250 t || Northern Fleet || Undergoing repair<ref name="navykorabel_april2022"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/tambov.htm |title=Tambov |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205023400/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/tambov.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
! rowspan="11"| {{sclass2|Akula|submarine|5}}
| 971 || [[Russian submarine K-391|''Bratsk'']] || K-391 || 1989 || 12,770 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref name="K-419 Kuzbass">{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-419.htm |title=K-419 Kuzbass |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204064702/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-419.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Undergoing maintenance since August 2014.<ref name="flotprom.ru1">{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=170535 |title=Сразу три атомные подлодки отправятся с Камчатки на ремонт |trans-title=Three nuclear submarines will leave Kamchatka for repairs at once |date=28 August 2014 |language=ru |website=Flotprom.ru |access-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716133450/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=170535 |archive-date=16 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}|group=N}} Undergoing refit: Old equipment dismantled, main refit has not yet started. Will be leased to India in 2026<ref name="russianrefits2021"/><ref name="navykorabel2022"/>
|-
| 971 || [[Russian submarine K-317|''Pantera'']] || K-317 || 1990 || 12,770 t || Northern Fleet || In reserve<ref name="navykorabel_april2022"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-317.htm |title=K-317 Pantera |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418225646/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-317.htm |archive-date=2012-04-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 971 || [[Russian submarine K-331|''Narval'']] || K-331 || 1990 || 12,770 t || Pacific Fleet || Nicknamed ''Magadan'', undergoing refit until 2023<ref name="navykorabel_april2022"/> <ref name="auto5">{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-331.htm |title=K-331 Magadan |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205003529/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-331.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 971I || [[Russian submarine K-419|''Kuzbass'']] || K-419 || 1992 || 12,770 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref name="auto5"/>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 971I || [[Russian submarine K-461|''Volk'']] || K-461 || 1992 || 12,770 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-461.htm |title=K-461 Volk |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205023722/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-461.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Upgrade to 971M.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=142888 |title=В Северодвинске модернизируют шесть атомных "Щук" |trans-title=Six nuclear-powered Schuks are being modernized in Severodvinsk |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114453/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=142888 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=N}} Undergoing refit: Expected to be complete in 2023<ref name="navykorabel2022"/><ref name="russianrefits2021"/>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 971I || [[Russian submarine K-328|''Leopard'']] || K-328 || 1993 || 12,770 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-328.htm |title=K-328 Leopard |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204064524/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-328.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Upgrade to 971M.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=13696 |title=SSN Voronezh Passed Modernization |website=Rusnavy.com |date=2011-11-24 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201939/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=13696 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|group=N}} Undergoing refit: Sea trials scheduled for 2022<ref name="russianrefits2021"/><ref name="navykorabel2022"/>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 971I || [[Russian submarine K-154|''Tigr'']] || K-154 || 1994 || 12,770 t || Northern Fleet || Undergoing refit until 2023<ref name="navykorabel_april2022"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-154.htm |title=K-154 Tigr |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204065238/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-154.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 971I || [[Russian submarine K-295|''Samara'']] || K-295 || 1995 || 12,770 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-295.htm |title=K-295 Samara |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204225415/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-295.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Undergoing maintenance since August 2014.<ref name="flotprom.ru1"/>|group=N}} Undergoing refit: Old equipment dismantled, main refit has not yet started<ref name="russianrefits2021"/><ref name="navykorabel2022"/>
|-
| 971U || [[Russian submarine K-157|''Vepr'']] || K-157 || 1996 || 13,400 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-157.htm |title=K-157 Vepr |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204223721/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-157.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 971M || [[Russian submarine Gepard (K-335)|''Gepard'']] || K-335 || 2000 || 13,800 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-335.htm |title=K-335 Gepard |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204060242/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-335.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 971I || [[Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)|''Nerpa'']] || K-152 || 2009 || 12,770 t || Pacific Fleet || Unknown status, transferred from Indian Navy in 2021<ref name="navykorabel_april2022"/>
|}

{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Sierra class SSN.jpg|(Sierra II-class)
|File:Victor III class submarine.jpg|(Victor III-class)
|File:Submarine Vepr by Ilya Kurganov crop.jpg|(Akula-class)
}}

===Conventional attack submarines (SSK)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Boat
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Note
|-
! rowspan="11"| {{sclass2|Kilo|submarine|5}}<ref name="russianships1">{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/submarines/project_877.htm |title=Large submarines - Project 877, 636 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202221318/http://russianships.info/eng/submarines/project_877.htm |archive-date=2018-12-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 877 || [[Russian submarine B-394|''Nurlat'']] || B-394 || 1988 || 3,075 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 877 || [[Russian submarine B-464|''Ust'-Kamchatsk'']] || B-464 || 1990 || 3,075 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 877 || [[Russian submarine B-459|''Vladikavkaz'']] || B-459 || 1990 || 3,075 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 877 || [[Russian submarine B-471|''Magnitogorsk'']] || B-471 || 1990 || 3,075 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 877 || [[Russian submarine B-494|''Ust´-Bolsheretsk'']] || B-494 || 1990 || 3,075 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 877 || [[Russian submarine B-177|''Lipetsk'']] || B-177 || 1991 || 3,075 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 877 || [[Russian submarine B-187|''Komsomolsk-na-Amure'']] || B-187 || 1991 || 3,075 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfax.ru/russia/507001 |title=Подлодка "Комсомольск-на-Амуре" спущена на воду после ремонта |trans-title=Submarine "Komsomolsk-on-Amur" launched after repair |date=5 May 2016 |website=Interfax |language=ru |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506142359/http://www.interfax.ru/russia/507001 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 877 || [[Russian submarine B-190|''Krasnokamensk'']] || B-190 || 1992 || 3,075 t || Pacific Fleet ||
|-
| 877EKM || [[Russian submarine B-806|''Dmitrov'']] || B-806 || 1986 || 3,075 t || Baltic Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/dts/877/B-806/B-806.htm |title=Б-806 Проект 877ЭКМ |trans-title=B-806 Project 877ECM |website=Deepstorm.ru |language=ru |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305095842/http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/dts/877/B-806/B-806.htm |archive-date=2012-03-05 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 877LPMB || [[Russian submarine B-800|''Kaluga'']] || B-800 || 1989 || 3,075 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/b-800.htm |title=B-800 Kaluga |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042117/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/b-800.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-style="background: #FFE4B5
| 877V || [[Russian submarine B-871|''Alrosa'']] || B-871 || 1990 || 3,075 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/b-871.htm |title=B-871 Alrosa |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042240/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/b-871.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Undergoing refit, expected to finish in 2022<ref name="navykorabel2022"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kchf.ru/photos/photo_submarines/b871_63.htm|title=Подводная лодка "Алроса" у причала судоремонтного завода в Севастополе|date=12 February 2022|language=ru|website=kchf.ru}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="9"| [[Kilo-class submarine|Improved Kilo]]<ref name="russianships1"/>
| 636.3 || [[Russian submarine B-261|''Novorossiysk'']] || B-261 || 2014 || 3,100 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=170176 |title=Госкомиссия приняла подлодку "Новороссийск" |trans-title=The State Commission accepts the submarine "Novorossiysk" |date=21 August 2014 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822070131/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=170176 |archive-date=22 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 636.3 || [[Russian submarine B-237|''Rostov na Donu'']] || B-237 || 2014 || 3,100 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 636.3 || [[Russian submarine B-262|''Staryy Oskol'']] || B-262 || 2015 || 3,100 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/2015/199573/ |title=На ДЭПЛ "Старый Оскол" поднят Андреевский флаг |trans-title=St. Andrew's flag was raised on diesel-electric submarine "Staryy Oskol" |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112321/http://flot.com/2015/199573/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 636.3 || [[Russian submarine B-265|''Krasnodar'']] || B-265 || 2015 || 3,100 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 636.3 || [[Russian submarine B-268|''Velikiy Novgorod'']] || B-268 || 2016 || 3,100 t || Black Sea Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://admship.ru/?p=9395 |title=Подводная Лодка "великий Новгород" Передана В Состав Военно-Морского Флота Российской Федерации |trans-title=Submarine "Veliky Novgorod" transferred to the Russian Naval Fleet |date=26 October 2016 |website=Admship.ru |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073624/http://admship.ru/?p=9395 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 636.3 || [[Russian submarine B-271|''Kolpino'']] || B-271 || 2016 || 3,100 t || Black Sea Fleet ||
|-
| 636.3 || [[Russian submarine B-274|''Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky'']] || B-274 || 2019 || 3,100 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ria.ru/20191125/1561549868.html |title=ВМФ передали неатомную подлодку "Петропавловск-Камчатский" |trans-title=The Navy handed over the non-nuclear submarine "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" |date=25 November 2019 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
| 636.3 || [[Russian submarine B-603|''Volkhov'']] || B-603 || 2020 || 3,100 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/october/9193-project-636-3-diesel-electric-submarine-volkhov-entered-service-with-russian-navy.html |title=Project 636.3 diesel-electric submarine Volkhov entered service with Russian Navy |date=October 2020 |website=Navyrecognition.com}}</ref>
|-
| 636.3 || [[Russian submarine B-602|''Magadan'']] || B-602 || 2021 || 3,100 t || Pacific Fleet || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flotprom.ru/2021/%C0%E4%EC%E8%F0%E0%EB%F2%E5%E9%F1%EA%E8%E5%C2%E5%F0%F4%E814/|title=Третья "Варшавянка" для Тихоокеанского флота прошла госприемку|website=Flotprom.ru|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
!| {{sclass2|Lada|submarine|5}}
| 677 || [[Russian submarine Sankt Peterburg (B-585)|''Sankt Peterburg'']] || B-585 || 2010 || 2,700 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/20100508/232060077.html |title=Военно-морской флаг поднят на подлодке "Санкт-Петербург" |trans-title=Naval flag is raised on the submarine "St. Petersburg" |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru |date=2010-05-08 |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513004404/http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/20100508/232060077.html |archive-date=2010-05-13 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Submarine Kilo class.jpg|(Kilo-class)
|File:«Ростов-на-Дону».jpg|(Improved Kilo-class)
|File:B-585 Sankt-Peterburg in 2010.jpg|(Lada-class)
}}

===Special-purpose submarines===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Project
! style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|Boat
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Pennant No.
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;"|Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;"|Note
|-
!| ex [[Delta-class submarine|Delta III]]
| 09786 || [[Russian submarine BS-136 Orenburg|''Orenburg'']] || || 1981 (2002) || 13,700 t || Northern Fleet || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nbrs/667BDR/K-129/K-129.htm |title=К-129, КС-129, Оренбург Проект 667БДР |trans-title=K-129, KS-129, Orenburg Project 667BDR |website=Deepstorm.ru |language=ru |date=2008-02-25 |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929004900/http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nbrs/667BDR/K-129/K-129.htm |archive-date=2011-09-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Mother-ship for UUVs.|group=N}}
|-
!| ex [[Delta-class submarine|Delta IV]]
| 09787 || [[Russian submarine BS-64 Podmoskovye|''Podmoskovye'']] || || 1986 (2016) || 18,200 t || Northern Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Mother-ship for UUVs.|group=N}}
|-
!| {{sclass|Sarov|submarine|5}}
| 20120 || [[Russian submarine Sarov (B-90)|''Sarov'']] || || 2008 || 3,950 t || Northern Fleet || {{#tag:ref|Universal test platform for new designs, weapons and military equipment.|group=N}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass|Paltus|submarine|5}}
| 18511 || [[Russian submarine AS-21|''AS-21'']] || || 1991 || about 600 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 18511 || [[Russian submarine AS-35|''AS-35'']] || || 1995 || about 600 t || Northern Fleet ||
|-
! rowspan="2"| {{sclass|Kashalot|submarine|5}}
| 1910 || ''[[AS-13]]'' || || 1986 || about 2000 t submerged || Northern Fleet ||
|-
| 1910 || ''[[Kashalot-class submarine|AS-15]]'' || || 1991 || about 2000 t submerged || Northern Fleet ||
|}
{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Delta Stretch class SSN.svg|''Orenburg'' silhouette (Delta III-class)
|File:Delta IV class SSBN.svg|(Delta IV-class silhouette)
|File:Sarov class SS.svg|''Sarov'' silhouette (Sarov-class)
|File:Losharik.svg|''Losharik'' silhouette (Losharik-class)
}}

===Auxiliaries===
{{More citations needed section |date=August 2018}}

{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;" |Class
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;" |Project
! style="text-align:center; width:18%;" |Type
!Ship
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;" |Name
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;" |Commissioned
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;" |Fleet
! style="text-align:center; width:12%;" |Note


|-
! colspan="8" | Icebreakers
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Project 97 icebreaker|Project 97]]
| rowspan="4" | 97
| rowspan="4" | Diesel-electric icebreaker
| rowspan="4" |4
|''Buran''
| 24 October 1966
| Baltic Fleet
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_97.htm |title=Icebreakers |website=Russianships.info |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Sadko''
| 6 November 1968
| Pacific Fleet
| Active in 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12348301@egNews |title=Военный ледокол и буксиры очистили ото льда судоходный фарватер в Авачинской губе на Камчатке |trans-title=Tugs and a military icebreaker have cleared the ice from the navigable fairway in Avachinskaya Bay, Kamchatka |date=11 March 2021 |language=ru |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Ivan Susanin''
| 30 December 1973
| Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|''Ruslan''
| 26 September 1975
| Northern Fleet
|
|-
||[[Ilya Muromets (2016 icebreaker)|Project 21180]]
| 21180
| Diesel-electric icebreaker
|1
|''[[Ilya Muromets (2016 icebreaker)|Ilya Muromets]]''
| 2017
| Northern Fleet
|
|-
! colspan="8" | Hospital ships
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Ob-class hospital ship|''Ob'' class]]
| rowspan="3" | 320
| rowspan="3" | Hospital ship
| rowspan="3" |3
|[[Russian hospital ship Yenisey|''Yenisey'']]
| 30 January 1981
| Black Sea Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_320.htm |title=Hospital ships - Project 320 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|[[Russian hospital ship Svir|''Svir'']]
| 5 June 1989
| Northern Fleet
|
|-
|[[Russian hospital ship Irtysh|''Irtysh'']]
| 31 July 1990
| Pacific Fleet
| Active in 2021<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tvzvezda.ru/news/20216101134-5PRPN.html|title=Крейсер, фрегат, корветы: кадры больших Тихоокеанских учений российского флота |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" | Logistic support vessels
|-
|[[Vytegrales-class logistics vessel|Vytegrales]]
| 596
| Logistic Vessel
|1
|''Yamal''
| 1964
|Baltic Fleet
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/razvedka/596.htm |title=Поисково-спасательные корабли прокта 596П |trans-title=Search and rescue ships of Project 596P |website=Russianships.info |language=ru |access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Muna-class coastal munitions transport|Muna]]
| rowspan="6" | 1823
| rowspan="6" | Coastal Munitions Transport
| rowspan="6" |6
|BTP 89
| 1965
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|BTP 91
|1965
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|BTP 85
|1967
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|BTP 87
|1967
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|BTP 94
|1971
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|BTP 76<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_1823.htm |title=Seagoing armament transport - Project 1823 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|1985
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Luza-class missile fuel tanker|Luza]]
| rowspan="3" |1541
| rowspan="3" |Missile fuel tanker
| rowspan="3" |3
|''Selenga''
|1966
|Baltic Fleet
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_1541.htm |title=Small seagoing tanker - Project 1541 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>
|-
|''Barguzin''
|1967
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|''Alambay''
| 1968
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Val-class special wastes tanker|Vala]]
| rowspan="2" | 1783
| rowspan="2" | Special Waste Tanker
| rowspan="2" |2
| TNT-11
| 1966
| Pacific Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_1783a.htm |title=Special wastes tanker - Project 1783A |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|TNT-27
|1968
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|[[Amguema-class polar logistics vessel|Amguema]]
| 550
| Polar Logistic Vessel
|1
|''Yauza''
| 1974
|Northern Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_550.htm |title=Large seagoing dry-cargo transport - Project 550 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|[[Yuniy Partizan-class logistic vessel|Yunyy Partizan]]
| 740
| Logistic Vessel
|1
|''Pechora''
| 1976<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/vspomog/740.htm |title=Средние морские сухогрузные транспорты проектов 740, 740/2В, 740/3, 740/3РУМ |trans-title=Medium sea dry cargo transports; Project 740, 740/2B, 740/3, 740/3RUM |website=Russianships.info |language=ru}}</ref>
|Northern Fleet
|
|-
|[[Project 1807-class weapons transport|Project 1807]]
| 1807
| Weapons Transport
|1
|''BTR-139''
| 1978
| Caspian Flotilla
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_1807.htm |title=Floating workshop - Project 1807 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|[[AMGA/Daugava-class ballistic missile transport|AMGA/Daugava]]
| 1791
| Ballistic Missile Transport
|1
|''Daugava''
| 1980
|Pacific Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_1791.htm |title=Seagoing armament transport - Project 1791 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Dubnyak class Ammunition transport vessel|Dubnyak class]]
| rowspan="2" | 20360
| rowspan="2" | Ammunition transport
| rowspan="2" |2
|''VTR 79''
| 2010
| Caspian Flotilla
|
|-
|''Viktor Cherokov''
|2016
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|[[Project 20181 Ammunition transport vessel|Project 20181]]
| 20181
| Ammunition transport
|1
|''Akademik Kovalyov''
| 2015
| Pacific Fleet
|Transports Bulava missiles<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/zvezdochka-shipyard-to-start-construction-of-russian-navy-new-transport-ship/ |title=Zvezdochka Shipyard to Start Construction of Russian Navy New Transport Ship |date=2011-11-18 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US |access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
|-
|
|
| Refrigerated Cargo Ship
|1
|''Kazan-60''
| 2015
| Black Sea Fleet
|previously named Georgiy Agafanov<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/de/vessels/KAZAN-60-IMO-8805494-MMSI-0|title=KAZAN-60, Refrigerated Cargo Ship - Schiffsdaten und aktuelle Position - IMO 8805494 |website=Vesselfinder.com|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> bought as supply ship for Russian troops in Syria<ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-syria-ships-idUSKBN0TY2BG20151215|title=Russia supplies Syria mission with old cargo ships bought from Turkey|date=15 December 2015|access-date=16 January 2022|website=Reuters.com}}</ref>
|-
|
|
| General Cargo Ship
|1
|''Dvinitsa-50''
| 2015
| Black Sea Fleet
|previously named Alican Deval<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/de/vessels/DVINITSA-50-IMO-7500578-MMSI-0|title=DVINITSA-50, General Cargo Ship - Schiffsdaten und aktuelle Position - IMO 7500578|website=Vesselfinder.com|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> bought as supply ship for Russian troops in Syria<ref name="reuters.com"/>
|-
|
|
| General Cargo Ship
|1
|''Kyzyl-60''
| 2015
| Black Sea Fleet
|previously named Smyrna<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/de/vessels/KYZYL-60-IMO-9149952-MMSI-0|title=KYZYL-60, General Cargo Ship - Schiffsdaten und aktuelle Position - IMO 9149952|website=Vesselfinder.com|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> bought as supply ship for Russian troops in Syria<ref name="reuters.com"/>
|-
|
|
| General Cargo Ship
|1
|''Vologda-50''
| 2015
| Black Sea Fleet
|previously named Dadali<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/de/vessels/VOLOGDA-50-IMO-8220759-MMSI-0|title=VOLOGDA-50, General Cargo Ship - Schiffsdaten und aktuelle Position - IMO 8220759 |website=Vesselfinder.com|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> bought as supply ship for Russian troops in Syria<ref name="reuters.com"/>
|-
|
|
| RoRo ship
|1
|''Alexander Tkachenko''
| 2015
| Black Sea Fleet
|previously named Robur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=2752664|title=ALEXANDER TKACHENKO - IMO 8716954 - Callsign ICIN - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker|website=Shipspotting.com|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> chartered as supply ship for Russian troops in Syria<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-40643453 |title=Watching Russia's Syrian build-up from central Istanbul |work=BBC News |date=19 July 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Longvinik-class Ice-way logistics vessel|Longvinik]]
| rowspan="2" | 23120
| rowspan="2" |Logistic Vessel
| rowspan="2" |2
|''Elbrus''
| 2018
|Northern Fleet
|
|-
|''Vsevolod Bobrov''
| 6 August 2021
|Black Sea Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/12076339|title=Судостроительный завод "Северная верфь" передал ВМФ судно "Всеволод Бобров"|website=ТАСС}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" | Salvage Vessels / Submersible Supports
|-
|[[Kommuna-class salvage vessel|Kommuna]]
|
|[[Salvage tug|Salvage vessel/ Submersible Support]]
|1
|''Kommuna''
| 1915
| Black Sea Fleet
|Probably will be decommissioned and refited into museum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11591 |title=Russia's oldest warship to be refitted into museum |website=Rusnavy.com |date=2011-02-25 |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128044445/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11591 |archive-date=2012-01-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Project 23040
| 23040
|[[Salvage tug|Boat of comprehensive rescue support]]
|24
| RVK 933–937, RVK 1045-1049 and others
|
|
|6 Black sea fleet
8 Baltic fleet 4 Pacific fleet 4 Northern fleet 2 Caspian flotilla<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/rescue/project_23040.htm |title=Rescue boats - Project 23040 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/august-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/5460-russian-defense-ministry-receives-two-project-23040-boats.html |title=Russian defence ministry receives two Project 23040 boats |website=Navyrecognition.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805222743/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/august-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/5460-russian-defense-ministry-receives-two-project-23040-boats.html |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/0922/100043265/detail.shtml |title=На Северном флоте подняты флаги на двух рейдовых водолазных катерах |trans-title=The Northern Fleet raised flags on two offshore diving boats |date=22 September 2017 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195150/http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/0922/100043265/detail.shtml |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171884@egNews |title=National Centre for State Defence Control hosts Military Acceptance Day chaired by Russian Minister of Defence |date=2018-04-18 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229221013/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171884@egNews |archive-date=2018-12-29 |access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0118/103550567/detail.shtml |title=В первой половине 2019 года спасатели ТОФ получат два новейших спасательных катера |trans-title=In the first half of 2019, Pacific Fleet rescuers will receive two new rescue boats |date=18 January 2019 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174528/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0118/103550567/detail.shtml |archive-date=2019-01-19 |access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0228/105551240/detail.shtml |title=В состав Тихоокеанского флота вошли сразу два рейдовых водолазных катера |trans-title=The Pacific Fleet gains two raid diving boats |date=February 28, 2019 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013422/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0228/105551240/detail.shtml |archive-date=2019-03-01 |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/1130/121560658/detail.shtml |title=В состав Беломорской военно-морской базы вошел новый водолазный катер "Павел Симонов" |trans-title=New diving boat "Pavel Simonov" joins the White Sea naval base |date=November 30, 2020 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/1130/111060656/detail.shtml |title=На рейдовых водолазных катерах ТОФ РВК-1264 и "Александр Шеремет" подняты флаги поисково-спасательной службы |trans-title=The flags of the search and rescue service were raised on the offshore diving boats of the Pacific Fleet RVK-1264 and "Alexander Sheremet" |date=November 30, 2020 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/1101/104565051/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / Беломорскую базу Северного флота пополнил водолазный катер|website=armstrade.org}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | Project 5360
| rowspan="4" | 5360
| rowspan="4" |[[Salvage tug|Salvage Vessel/ Submersible Support]]
| rowspan="4" |4
|''Mikhail Rudnitskiy''
| 1978
|Northern Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/rescue/project_05360.htm |title=Rescue ship - Project 05360, 05361 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|''Georgiy Koz'min''
|1979
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|''Georgiy Titov''
|1982
|Northern Fleet
|
|-
|''Sayany''
|1983
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|[[El'brus-class large submarine salvage vessel|El'brus]]
| 537
|[[Salvage tug|Large Submarine Salvage Vessel]]
|1
|''Alagez''
| 1989
|Pacific Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/rescue/project_537.htm |title=Rescue ship - Project 537 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kashtan-class salvage submersible support vessel|Kashtan]]
| 141
|[[Salvage tug|Salvage Vessel/ Submersible Support]]
|1
| SS-750
| 1990
|Baltic Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_141.htm |title=Mooring-buoy tender - Project 141 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|[[Belousov-class Submarine salvage vessel|Belousov]]
| 21300
|[[Salvage tug|Submarine Salvage Vessel]]
|1
|''Igor Belousov''
| 2015
|Pacific Fleet
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/igor-belousov-project-21300-search-and-rescue-vessel/ |title=Igor Belousov (Project 21300) Search and Rescue Vessel |website=Naval Technology |date=2019-02-22 |access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" | Tenders
|-
|[[Pelym-class Deperming vessel|Pelym]]{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
|
|[[Deperming|Degaussing/ Deperming Vessel]]
|17
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bereza-class Depermng Vessel|Bereza]]{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
|
|[[Deperming|Degaussing/Deperming Vessel]]
|16
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Malina-class submarine tender|Malina]]
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| rowspan="3" |[[Submarine tender]]
| rowspan="3" |3
| PTB-5
| 1984
|Northern Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/vspomog/2020.htm |title=Плавучие технические базы проекта 2020 |trans-title=Floating technical bases -Project 2020 |website=Russianships.info |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|PTB-6
|1985
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|PTB-7
|1990
|Northern Fleet
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Oskol-class light repair vessel|Oskol]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Auxiliary ship|Light Repair Vessel]]
| rowspan="2" |2
| PM-24
|
|
|
|-
|PM-148
|
|
|
|-
|[[Project 304 repair vessel|Project 304]]{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
|
|[[Auxiliary ship|Repair Vessel]]
|19
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="8" | Tugs
|-
|[[Project 527 salvage vessel|Project 527]]
|
|[[Ocean salvage tug|Ocean Salvage Vessel]]
|1
|''Epron''
| 1959
|Black Sea Fleet
|Active in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12342471@egNews |title=С экипажем спасательного судна Черноморского флота "Эпрон" проведено учение по спуску телеуправляемого подводного аппарата |trans-title=The crew of the Black Sea Fleet rescue vessel "Epron" conducted an exercise on the descent of a remotely controlled underwater vehicle |date=2 May 2021 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Okhtenskiy /Goliat class Salvage tug|Okhtenskiy /Goliat]]
| rowspan="3" | 733
| rowspan="3" |[[Ocean salvage tug|Ocean Salvage Tug]]
| rowspan="3" |3
| SB-4
| 1959
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|SB-5
|1965
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|SB-9
|1964
|Northern Fleet
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Pamir/Ingul-class ocean salvage tug vessel|Pamir/Ingul]]
| rowspan="3" | 1452
| rowspan="3" |[[Ocean Salvage Tug]]
| rowspan="3" |3
|''Pamir''
| 1974
|Northern Fleet
|
|-
|''Alatau''
|1983
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|''Altay''
|1987
|Northern Fleet
|Active in 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12345054@egNews |title=Фрегат "Адмирал Горшков" вышел в Баренцево море для выполнения учебно-боевых задач |language=Russian |website=mil.ru |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Project P-5757 ocean salvage tug|Project P-5757]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Ocean tug|Ocean salvage/rescue tug]]
| rowspan="2" |2
|''Nikolay Chiker''<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=116981 |title=Отряд боевых кораблей Северного флота вышел из Североморска и взял курс на Северную Атлантику |trans-title=A detachment of warships of the Northern Fleet left Severomorsk and headed for the North Atlantic |date=11 July 2012 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182426/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=116981 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> 
| 1989
|Northern Fleet
|
|-
|''Fotiy Krylov''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=114192 |title=Корабли Тихоокеанского флота отправились на Гавайи |trans-title=Ships of the Pacific Fleet went to Hawaii |date=13 June 2012 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182534/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=114192 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
|1989
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|[[Project 745 sea salvage tug|Project 745]]
|
|[[Sea salvage tug|Sea Tug]]
|16
|
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=112194 |title=Начался сбор-поход отряда боевых кораблей Каспийской флотилии |trans-title=The assembling of the detachment of warships of the Caspian Flotilla has begun |date=16 May 2012 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182922/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=112194 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=117853 |title=Корабль Северного флота "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" вышел в Средиземное море |trans-title=The ship "Vice-Admiral Kulakov" of the Northern Fleet entered the Mediterranean Sea |date=19 July 2012 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182926/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=117853 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 745 MB sea salvage tug|Project 745 MB]]
| 745 MB
|[[Sea Salvage Tug]]
|1
|''MB-12''
| 2011
|Northern Fleet
|<ref name="auto2019"/>
|-
|[[Project 745 MBS sea salvage tug|Project 745 MBS]]
| 745 MBS
|[[Sea Salvage Tug]]
|1
|''Viktor Koneckiy''
| 2013
|Baltic Fleet<ref name="auto2019"/>
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Project 563 sea salvage tug|Project 563]]
| rowspan="4" |563
| rowspan="4" |[[Sea Salvage Tug]]
| rowspan="4" |4
| ''MB-15''
| 23 June 1977
| Northern Fleet
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_714.htm |title=Seagoing tugs |website=Russianships.info |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''SB-391''
| 1977
| Pacific Fleet
|
|-
| ''MB-105''
| 1978
| Pacific Fleet
|
|-
| ''Yakov Grebelskiy''
| 20 March 1978
| Baltic Fleet
| Active in 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1243061 |title=Russian naval detachment calls at Syria's Tartus |date=9 January 2021 |website=TASS |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 714 sea salvage tug|Project 714]]
|
|[[Sea salvage tug|Sea Rescue Tug]]
|7
|
|
|
|<ref name="Volgodonsk"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=113514 |title=Спасатели Северного флота готовятся к российско-норвежскому учению "Баренц-2012" |trans-title=Northern Fleet rescuers prepare for Russian-Norwegian exercise "Barents 2012" |date=May 29, 2012 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182919/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=113514 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
|-
| [[Neftegaz-class sea salvage tug|Neftegaz]]
| V92
|[[Sea Salvage Tug]]
| 1
|''Kalar''
|1990
|Pacific Fleet
|Active in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontierindia.com/nuclear-submarine-ins-chakra-aka-nerpa-sent-back-to-russia-for-conventional-reasons/ |title=nuclear submarine INS Chakra aka Nerpa sent back to Russia for conventional reasons |date=9 June 2021 |website=frontierindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sliva-class sea salvage tug|Project 712 Sliva]]
| rowspan="3" |712
| rowspan="3" |[[Sea salvage tug|Sea Rescue Tug]]
| rowspan="3" |3
| SB-406
| 20 February 1984
|Northern Fleet
|Active in 2020<ref name="auto22">{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1092347 |title=Drills involving Russian, Chinese and South African ships kick off in Cape Town |work=TASS |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| SB-921<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15094 |title=Baltic Fleet Rescue Tug Completed Tasks of Baltic SAREX 2012 Exercise |date=11 May 2012 |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2014-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222202326/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15094 |archive-date=2014-02-22}}</ref>
| 5 July 1985
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|''Shakhter''<ref name="flot.com">{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=120000 |title=Дизельная подводная лодка Черноморского флота "Алроса" выполняет межфлотский переход из Кронштадта в Севастополь |trans-title=Diesel submarine "Alrosa" of the Black Sea Fleet performs inter-fleet passage from Kronstadt to Sevastopol |website=Flot.com |language=ru |date=2012-08-22 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182430/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=120000 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 20 December 1985
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Project 22870 sea salvage tug|Project 22870]]
| rowspan="6" |22870
| rowspan="6" |[[Auxiliary ship|Sea tug]]
| rowspan="6" |6
|''SB-45''
|27 June 2014
|Caspian Flotilla
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.star.ru/Filiali/Astrahanskiy-SRZ/Lenta-novostey |title=Подписание приёмного акта |trans-title=Signing the acceptance certificate |date=16 January 2017 |website=Star.ru |language=ru |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227151633/https://www.star.ru/Filiali/Astrahanskiy-SRZ/Lenta-novostey |archive-date=2017-02-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/august-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4288-project-22870-rescue-tug-delivered-to-russian-navys-caspian-flotilla.html |title=Project 22870 Rescue Tug Delivered to Russian Navy's Caspian Flotilla |date=August 2016 |website=Navyrecognition.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073309/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/august-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4288-project-22870-rescue-tug-delivered-to-russian-navys-caspian-flotilla.html |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''Nikolay Muru''
|28 December 2014
|Black Sea Fleet
| Active in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://flot.com/2021/СредиземноеМоре2/ |title=Прошедшая ремонт "Варшавянка" вернулась в Средиземное море |trans-title=Repaired "Varshavyanka" returns to the Mediterranean Sea |date=9 March 2021 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''SB-738''
|4 July 2016
|Caspian Flotilla
|
|-
|''SB-739''
|16 January 2017
|Black Sea Fleet
| Active in 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/0322/102040122/detail.shtml |title="Известия": уникальный подводный аппарат появился у Черноморского флота |trans-title="Izvestia": a unique underwater vehicle appeared at the Black Sea Fleet |date=March 22, 2017 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073259/http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/0322/102040122/detail.shtml |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1256469 |title=Three Russian ships enter Arabian Sea for Aman-2021 exercise |date=15 February 2021 |website=TASS |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Kapitan Guryev''
|5 December 2018
|Black Sea Fleet
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1221/100050222/detail.shtml |title=В состав ЧФ приняты патрульный корабль "Василий Быков" и спасательное буксирное судно "Капитан Гурьев" |trans-title=The patrol ship "Vasily Bykov" and the rescue tugboat "Kapitan Guryev" were accepted into the Black Sea Fleet |date=21 December 2018 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230439/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1221/100050222/detail.shtml |archive-date=2018-12-21 |access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>
|-
|''SB-742''
|19 December 2019
|Black Sea Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weaponews.com/news/65357897-new-rescue-tug-sb-742-joined-the-black-sea-fleet.html |title=New rescue tug "SB-742" joined the Black Sea Fleet |date=2019-12-21 |website=WeapoNews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12267713@egNews |title=На новом спасательном буксирном судне Черноморского флота "СБ-742" поднят Андреевский флаг |trans-title=The new rescue tug of the Black Sea Fleet SB-742 raised the St. Andrews flag |date=20 December 2019 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Project 02980 sea tug|Project 02980]]
| rowspan="4" |02980
| rowspan="4" |[[Auxiliary ship|Sea tug]]
| rowspan="4" |4
| SB-121<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Pike |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/02980.htm |title=Project 02980 rescue tug |date=22 August 2016 |website=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>
| August 2016
| Baltic Fleet
| Leningradskaya naval base
|-
| SB-123
| August 2016
| Baltic Fleet
| Baltiysk
|-
| SB-736
| August 2017
| Northern Fleet
| Belomorskaya naval base<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Pike |url=https://www.weaponews.com/news/12385-the-russian-navy-sent-two-tugboats-of-project-02980.html |title=The Russian Navy sent two tugboats of project 02980 |date=7 August 2017 |website=Weaponews.com |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| SB-737
| August 2017
| Baltic Fleet
| Baltiysk<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Pike |url=https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12137012@egNews |title=Third ice-class tug entered service with the Baltic Fleet |date=8 August 2017 |website=Mil.ru |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 90600 harbour tug|Project 90600]]
|
|[[Harbour tug]]
|12
|
| 2009-2017
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11644 |title=Newest harbor tug was commissioned into Black Sea Fleet |date=2011-03-03 |website=Rusnavy.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211014252/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11644 |archive-date=2012-02-11 |access-date=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref name="rusnavy3">{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=12200 |title=Pella Shipyard, Russian Navy tied a contract for 7 tugboats |date=10 May 2011 |website=Rusnavy.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203143106/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=12200 |archive-date=2012-02-03 |access-date=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref name="flotprom.ru">{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=110980 |title=В состав Балтийского флота войдет новый буксир РБ-42 |trans-title=The new tug RB-42 will join the Baltic Fleet |date=28 April 2012 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114115/http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=110980 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref><ref name="armstrade.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1121/143544227/detail.shtml |title=На новом буксире Балтийского флота поднят флаг вспомогательного флота ВМФ |trans-title=The flag of the auxiliary fleet of the Navy was raised on the new tug of the Baltic Fleet |date=November 21, 2017 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 16609 harbour tug|Project 16609]]
|
|[[Harbour tug]]
|15
|''Delfin'',<ref name="rusnavy1">{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15307 |title=Navy Commander Sailed Down Neva River on Tugboat |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2014-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201950/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15307 |archive-date=2014-02-22}}</ref> ''Kasatka''<ref name="rusnavy1"/> ''Belukha'', ''Aphalina''<ref name="vpk-34253">{{cite web |url=https://vpk-news.ru/news/34253 |title=ВМФ РФ получил комплексы для создания 3D-модели морского дна |trans-title=The Russian Navy received complexes for creating a 3D model of the seabed |date=13 December 2016 |website=Vpk-news.ru |language=ru |access-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012204520/http://vpk-news.ru/news/34253 |archive-date=2017-10-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2012-2018
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Project 23470 sea tug|Project 23470]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Auxiliary ship|Sea tug]]
| rowspan="2" |2
| ''Sergei Balk''
| February 2020
|Black Sea Fleet
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12277095@egNews |title=В состав Черноморского флота принят новый морской буксир "Сергей Балк" |trans-title=A new sea tug "Sergei Balk" was accepted into the Black Sea Fleet |date=21 February 2020 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|''Andrey Stepanov''
|June 2020
|Pacific Fleet
|<ref name="auto14">{{Cite web |title=Seagoing tugs - Project 23470 |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_23470.htm |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 1893 firefighting tug|Project 1893 Plamya]]
|
|[[Fireboat|Firefighting Tugboat]]
|6
|
| 1970-1976
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=113139 |title=В Севастополе началась активная фаза российско-украинского учения "Фарватер мира-2012" |trans-title=The active phase of the Russian-Ukrainian exercise "Fairway of Peace 2012" began in Sevastopol |date=25 May 2012 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221183021/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=113139 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" |Fleet Oilers
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Boris Chilikin-class fleet oiler|Project 1559V Morskoy prostor]]
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Replenishment oiler|Large Seagoing Tanker]]
| rowspan="3" |3
| ''Sergey Osipov''<ref name="autogenerated3"/>
| 1973
|Northern Fleet
|
|-
|''Ivan Bubnov''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=110392 |title=Танкер "Иван Бубнов" Черноморского флота вышел в поход для обеспечения сил ВМФ России в Аденском заливе |trans-title=Tanker "Ivan Bubnov" of the Black Sea Fleet went on a campaign to support the forces of the Russian Navy in the Gulf of Aden |date=24 April 2012 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182422/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=110392 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
|1975
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|''Boris Butoma''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15148 |title=Pacific Fleet Ships to Attend RIMPAC Exercise for First Time Ever |date=2012-05-18 |website=Rusnavy.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201853/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15148 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
|1978
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|[[Dora class medium seagoing tanker|''Dora'']]
|
|[[Replenishment oiler|Medium seagoing tanker]]
|1
| ''Istra''
| 1942
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uda class oiler|Uda]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Replenishment oiler|Medium seagoing tanker]]
| rowspan="2" |2
| ''Dunay''
| 1965
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|''Koyda''
|1966
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|[[Project 6404 Medium Seagoing Tanker|Project 6404]]
|
|[[Replenishment oiler|Medium Seagoing Tanker]]
|1
|''Iman''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russian-ships.info/vspomog/6404.htm |title=Средние морские танкеры проекта 6404 |trans-title=Medium sea tankers - Project 6404 |website=Russian-ships.info |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222194859/http://www.russian-ships.info/vspomog/6404.htm |archive-date=2014-02-22}}</ref>
| 1966
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Altay-class oiler|Altay]]
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Replenishment oiler|Medium Seagoing Tanker]]
| rowspan="4" |4
|''Kola''
| 1967
|Baltic Fleet
|Active in 2020<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12330458@egNews |title=A detachment of ships of the Baltic Fleet went on a long campaign |date=16 December 2020 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref>
|-
|''Yel'nya''
|1968
|Baltic Fleet
|
|-
|''Izhora''
|1970
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
| ''Ilim''
|1972
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Dubna class Medium Seagoing Tanker|Dubna]]
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Replenishment oiler|Medium Seagoing Tanker]]
| rowspan="3" |3
|''Dubna''
| 1974
|Northern Fleet
|
|-
|''Irkut''
|1975
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|''Pechenga ''
|1979
|Pacific Fleet
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kaliningradneft' class medium seagoing tanker|Kaliningradneft']]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Replenishment oiler|Medium seagoing tanker]]
| rowspan="2" |2
| ''Kama''
| 1982
|Northern Fleet
|Active in 2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12236631@egNews |title=Northern Fleet frigate Admiral Gorshkov makes a call at the port of Ecuador |date=13 June 2019 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref>
|-
|''Vyazma''
|1982
|Northern Fleet
|Active in 2020<ref name="auto22"/>
|-
|[[Project 23130 replenishment oiler|Project 23130]]
| 23130
|[[Replenishment oiler|Medium seagoing tanker]]
|1
| [[Russian replenishment oiler Academic Pashin|''Akademik Pashin'']]
| 2019
|Northern Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nssz.ru/novosti/2019/ooo-nevskiy-ssz-peredal-zakazchiku-sredniy-morskoy-tanker-akademik-pashin.html |title=ООО "Невский ССЗ" передал заказчику средний-морской танкер "Академик Пашин" |trans-title=LLC Nevsky Shipyard hands over to the customer the medium-sea tanker "Akademik Pashin" |date=25 December 2019 |website=[[Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard]] |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 03182 replenishment oiler|Project 03182]]
| 03182
|[[Replenishment oiler|Small seagoing tanker]]
|1
| ''Vice-admiral Paromov''
| 29 May 2021
|Black Sea Fleet
|First ship of the class<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/769045 |title=В состав ВМФ России примут малый морской танкер "Вице-адмирал Паромов" |trans-title=The Russian Navy will accept the small sea tanker "Vice-Admiral Paromov" |language=ru |date=27 May 2021 |website=[[Interfax]]}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" | Trial Support Vessel
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Project 11982]]
| rowspan="3" | 11982
| rowspan="3" | Trial Vessel/Research vessel
| rowspan="3" |3
|''Seliger''
| 2012
|Black Sea Fleet<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=132600 |title=Назначена дата подъема флага ВМФ на опытовом судне "Селигер" |trans-title=Date of raising the flag of the Navy on the experimental ship "Seliger" |date=14 December 2012 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114700/http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=132600 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Ladoga''
|October 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/october-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6544-new-test-vessel-ladoga-commissioned-with-russian-navy.html |title=New Test Vessel 'Ladoga' Commissioned with Russian Navy |date=2018-10-05 |website=Navyrecognition.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006114544/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/october-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6544-new-test-vessel-ladoga-commissioned-with-russian-navy.html |archive-date=2018-10-06 |access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>
|Baltic Fleet<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20121205/913533027.html |title=Второе опытовое судно типа "Селигер" начнут строить в 2013 году |trans-title=Construction of the second experimental vessel of the "Seliger" type will begin in 2013 |date=2012-12-05 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222030025/http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20121205/913533027.html |archive-date=2014-02-22 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Ilmen''
|
|Black Sea Fleet
|Launched 5 December 2017
|-
! colspan="8" | Hydrographic ship
|-
|[[Project 860 hydrographic ship|Project 860]]
|
|[[research vessel|Hydrographic ship]]
|1
|''Gigrometer''
| 1965
|Baltic Fleet
|
|-
|[[Project 861 hydrographic ship|Project 861]]
|
|[[research vessel|Hydrographic ship]]
|13
|
| 1968-1973
|
| <ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=112551 |title=Российский корабль "Сметливый" оставили у берегов Сирии |trans-title=Russian ship "Smetlivy" left the coast of Syria |date=21 May 2012 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182530/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=112551 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 852 hydrographic ship|Project 852]]
| 852
|[[research vessel|Hydrographic ship]]
|1
| ''Admiral Vladimirskiy''
| 1975
|Baltic Fleet
|
|-
|[[Project 862 hydrographic ship|Project 862]]
|
|[[research vessel|Hydrographic ship]]
|12
|
| 1979-1983
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15130 |title=Black Sea Fleet Hydrographic Ship Donuzlav Returned to Sevastopol |date=2012-05-16 |website=Rusnavy.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222202303/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15130 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Project 865 hydrographic ship|Project 865]]
| rowspan="2" | 865
| rowspan="2" | [[research vessel|Hydrographic ship]]
| rowspan="2" |2
|''Sibiryakov''
| April 1990
| Baltic Fleet
| Active in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2021/02/baltic-fleet-deployments-wk-072021.html |title=Baltic Fleet Deployments - Wk 07/2021 |date=15 February 2021 |website=Russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Romuald Muklevich''
| December 1991
| Northern Fleet
| Modernized in 2020<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12289127@egNews |title=Гидрографическое судно "Ромуальд Муклевич" возвращается на Северный флот после ремонта и модернизации |trans-title=Hydrographic vessel "Romuald Muklevich" returns to the Northern Fleet after repair and modernization |date=27 April 2020 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 872 hydrographic ship|Project 872]]
|
|[[research vessel|Hydrographic ship]]
|21
|
| 1978-1983
|
|
|-
|[[Project 872E special ecologistic shipl|Project 872E]]
|
| Special ecologistic ship
|1
|''Petr Gradov''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=113906 |title=Проведенные мероприятия по обеспечению экологической безопасности позволили улучшить состояние морской среды в местах базирования сил Черноморского флота |trans-title=The measures taken to ensure environmental safety made it possible to improve the state of the marine environment in the locations of the Black Sea Fleet forces |date=8 June 2012 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221183025/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=113906 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|[[Project V19910 Hydrographic ship|Project V19910]]
|
| Hydrographic ship
|1
|''Viktor Faleev''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=135925 |title=Гидрографическое судно "Виктор Фалеев" принято флотом |trans-title=Hydrographic vessel "Victor Faleev" accepted by the fleet |date=28 January 2013 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114704/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=135925 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2013
|
|
|-
|[[Project 23370Г]]
| 23370Г
| Hydrographic catamaran-type boat
|3
|''Mikhail Kazanskii'', ''Alexander Firsov'', ''Georgiy Shadrin''
| 2019-2021
|Baltic Fleet, Black Sea Fleet, Northern Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/1226/103556014/detail.shtml |title=В состав Ленинградской военно-морской базы вошел уникальный гидрографический катер "Михаил Казанский" |trans-title=The unique hydrographic boat "Mikhail Kazansky" entered the Leningrad Naval Base |date=26 December 2019 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/rescue/project_23370.htm|title=Rescue boat - Project 23370|website=russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 20180 Ocean rescue tug|Project 20180]]
|
| Ocean rescue tug/Search and rescue ship
|1
|''Zvezdochka''<ref name="military.tomsk.ru">{{cite web |url=http://military.tomsk.ru/blog/topic-542.html |title=пр.20180 Звездочка |trans-title=Project 20180 Asterisk |website=Militaryrussia.ru |language=ru |date=2011-05-11 |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227190920/http://military.tomsk.ru/blog/topic-542.html |archive-date=2013-12-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 24 July 2010
|Northern Fleet
|Used for testing [[Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System|Poseidon]]
|-
|[[Project 20183 Ocenographic research support vessel|Project 20183]]
| 20183
| Oceanographic research search and rescue ice-way tug
|1
|''Akademik Aleksandrov''
| 2020
|Northern Fleet
|Used for testing Poseidon<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.korabel.ru/news/comments/zao_smm_osnastil_ois_akademik_aleksandrov_sudovymi_kranami.html |title=ЗАО СММ оснастило ОИС Академик Александров судовыми кранами |trans-title=CJSC SMM has equipped the OIS "Akademik Aleksandrov" with ship cranes |date=25 March 2020 |website=Korabel.ru |language=ru |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>
|-
| [[Project 02670 Oceanographic research ship|Project 02670]]
| 02670
| Oceanographic research ship
| 1
|''Yevgeniy Gorigledzhan''
| 1983 (2021)
|Northern Fleet
|Tug rebuilt into ship for underwater work<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2021/06/04/reg-szfo/nachalis-ispytaniia-issledovatelskogo-sudna-dlia-minoborony-rf.html |title=Начались испытания исследовательского судна для Минобороны РФ |date=4 June 2021 |website=rg.ru |language=ru |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 19910 Small hydrographic vessel|Project 19910]]
| 19910
| Small hydrographic vessel
|1
|''Nikolay Skosyrev''
| 2020
|Northern Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0629/095058491/detail.shtml |title=На Северном флоте поднят флаг гидрографической службы ВМФ на малом гидрографическом судне "Николай Скосырев" |trans-title=The Northern Fleet raised the flag of the Hydrographic Service of the Navy on the small hydrographic vessel "Nikolay Skosyrev" |date=29 June 2020 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 19920 Large hydrographic survey boat|Project 19920]]
| 19920
| Large hydrographic survey boat
|10
|
| 2008-2020
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_19920.htm |title=Large hydrographic survey boat - Project 19920 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12325961@egNews |title=На Северном флоте поднят флаг гидрографической службы ВМФ на большом гидрографическом катере "Александр Макорта" |trans-title=The Northern Fleet raised the flag of the Hydrographic Service of the Navy on the large hydrographic boat "Alexander Makorta" |date=21 November 2020 |website=Russian Ministry of Defence |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|Project 23040G
| 23040G
| Large hydrographic survey boat
|5
|''Georgy Zima'', ''Aleksandr Yevlanov'', ''Vladimir Kozitsky'', ''Boris Slobodnik'', Leonid Senchura
| 2018-2021
|Baltic Fleet, Black Sea Fleet, Northern Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0901/121559421/detail.shtml |title=Два новых больших гидрографических катера, построенные для ЧФ, прошли государственные испытания |trans-title=Two new large hydrographic boats built for the Black Sea Fleet passed state tests |date=1 September 2020 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0112/084061207/detail.shtml |title=В 2020 году в состав и на вооружение Черноморского флота поступили новые корабли и военная техника |trans-title=In 2020, new ships and military equipment entered the composition and armament of the Black Sea Fleet |date=12 January 2021 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portnews.ru/news/print/323200/|title=На гидрографическом катере проекта 23040Г "Леонид Сенчура" поднят флаг|website=portnews.ru}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" | Training Ships
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Smolnyy-class training ship|Project 887]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | Training Ship
| rowspan="2" | 2
|''Smolnyy''
| 1976
|Baltic Fleet
|
|-
|''Perekop''
|1977
|Baltic Fleet
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=86981 |title=Более 150 курсантов ВУНЦ ВМФ вышли в дальний поход на учебном корабле Балтийского флота "Перекоп" |trans-title=More than 150 cadets of the VUNC of the Navy went on a long voyage on the training ship of the Baltic Fleet "Perekop" |date=9 August 2011 |website=Flot.com |language=ru |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605141931/http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=86981 |archive-date=2012-06-05 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" | Other
|-
|[[Russian cruiser Aurora|''Aurora'']]
|
| Museum ship with active crew, formerly armored cruiser
|1 example remaining
|''Aurora''
|[[Keel laying|Laid down]] in 1897
|
|
|}

{{gallery |align=center |height=150 |width=200
|File:Russian Navy 310 Perekop MOD 45164814.jpg|(''Smolnyy''-class training ship)
|File:PSKR-Sadko(DN-SC-92-01837).jpg|''Project 97 Diesel electric icebreaker''
|File:Ледокол проекта 21180 "Илья Муромец".jpg|''Project 21180 Ilya Muromets''
}}

==Ships and submarines planned or under construction==

===Amphibious assault ships===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Pennant number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Project 23900-class amphibious assault ship|Project 23900]]
| rowspan="2"|
|
| ''Ivan Rogov''
| 20 July 2020
|
| ''2028''
| Pacific Fleet
|<ref name="navykorabel2022b">{{Cite web|url=https://navy-korabel.livejournal.com/257030.html#cutid1|title=Строительство боевых кораблей основных классов для ВМФ России на 01.01.2022|date=1 January 2022|language=ru|website=navy-korabel}}</ref>
|-
|
| ''Mitrofan Moskalenko''
| 20 July 2020
|
| ''2029''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| [[Black Sea Fleet|Black Sea]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1347055|title=Mitrofan Moskalenko helicopter carrier to become Russian Black Sea Fleet flagship — source|website=TASS}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1180437 |title=Russia lays down two universal helicopter carriers for first time |date=20 July 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|}

===Frigates===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="8"| [[Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate|Project 22350 Admiral Gorshkov]]
| rowspan="8"| [[File:Admiral Gorshkov frigate 03.jpg|100px|Admiral Gorshkov class]]
|
| ''[[Russian frigate Admiral Golovko|Admiral Golovko]]''
| 1 February 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20120130/552332825.html |title=Сразу два боевых корабля заложат на "Северной верфи" в Петербурге |trans-title=Two warships will be immediately laid down at the Severnaya Verf in St. Petersburg |date=30 January 2012 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831083605/https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20120130/552332825.html |archive-date=2017-08-31 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 22 May 2020<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/05/severnaya-shipyard-launched-3rd-gorshkov-class-frigate-for-russian-navy/ |title=Severnaya Shipyard Launches 3rd Gorshkov-class Frigate for Russian Navy |first=Martin |last=Manaranche |date=May 25, 2020 |website=Naval News}}</ref>
| ''2022''<ref name="auto23">{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_22350.htm|title=Frigates - Project 22350|website=russianships.info}}</ref><ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Northern Fleet
| Sea trials<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/july/10422-admiral-golovko-frigate-to-be-first-armed-ship-of-tsirkon.html|title=Admiral Golovko frigate to be first armed ship of Tsirkon|website=Navy Recognition}}</ref>
|-
|
| ''[[Russian frigate Admiral Isakov|Admiral Isakov]]''
| 14 November 2013<ref name="auto23"/>
|
| ''2023''<ref name="auto23"/><ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian frigate Admiral Amelko|Admiral Amelko]]''
| 23 April 2019<ref name="Putin frigate">{{cite press release |url=https://www.aoosk.ru/press-center/news/vladimir-putin-prinyal-uchastie-v-zakladke-korabley-na-verfyakh-osk/ |title=Владимир Путин принял участие в закладке кораблей на верфях ОСК |trans-title=Vladimir Putin took part in the laying down of ships at USC shipyards |language=ru |publisher=United Shipbuilding Corporation |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424041630/https://www.aoosk.ru/press-center/news/vladimir-putin-prinyal-uchastie-v-zakladke-korabley-na-verfyakh-osk/ |archive-date=24 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| ''2025''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]]<ref name="fleets">{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/june/8599-three-latest-frigates-admiral-gorshkov-class-of-project-22350-will-join-the-russian-navy-pacific-fleet.html |title=Three latest frigates Admiral Gorshkov class of Project 22350 will join the Russian Navy Pacific fleet |website=Navyrecognition.com |date=16 June 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>
|<ref name="upgraded frigates">{{cite web |url=https://flotprom.ru/2019/СевернаяВерфь12/ |title=Пятый и шестой фрегаты типа "Адмирал Горшков" вооружат 24 "Калибрами" |trans-title=The fifth and sixth frigates of the "Admiral Gorshkov" class will be armed with 24 Kalibrs |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423120213/https://flotprom.ru/2019/СевернаяВерфь12/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| ''[[Russian frigate Admiral Chichagov|Admiral Chichagov]]''
| 23 April 2019<ref name="Putin frigate"/>
|
| ''2025''<ref name="upgraded frigates"/><ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet<ref name="fleets"/>
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian frigate Admiral Yumashev|Admiral Yumashev]]''
| 20 July 2020
|
| ''2026''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Black Sea Fleet
|<ref name="7th and 8th frigate">{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1078861 |title=Russia to lay keels for 22 combat, supply ships in 2020 |website=[[TASS]] |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| ''[[Russian frigate Admiral Spiridonov|Admiral Spiridonov]]''
| 20 July 2020
|
| ''2026''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
|<ref name="7th and 8th frigate"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/russian-navy-sees-surge-in-naval-shipbuilding-milestones-in-july |title=Russian Navy sees surge in naval shipbuilding milestones in July |date=21 July 2020 |website=Janes.com}}</ref>
|-
|
| TBA
| 2022<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|
|''2027''
| Northern Fleet
|Ordered<ref name="navy_korabel.63221775">{{Cite web |url=https://ic.pics.livejournal.com/navy_korabel/63221775/173143/173143_original.jpg |title=Строительство боевых кораблей океанской и дальней морской зоны для ВМФ России на 01.01.2021 |trans-title=Construction of warships of the ocean and far sea zone for the Russian Navy on 01/01/2021 |first=A. |last=Shishkin |date=1 January 2021 |website=Navy Korabel |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/8994-analysis-latest-russian-navy-contracts-offer-development-conclusions.html |title=Analysis: Latest Russian Navy contracts offer development conclusions |date=16 September 2020 |website=Navyrecognition.com}}</ref>
|-
|
| TBA
| 2022<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|
|''2027''
| Pacific Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="navy_korabel.63221775"/><ref name="auto15"/>
|}

===Corvettes===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="13" | [[Karakurt-class corvette|Project 22800 Karakurt]]
| rowspan="13" | [[File:Ураган пр. 22800.jpg|100px|Karakurt class]]
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Shtorm|Kozelsk]]''
| 10 May 2016{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
| 9 October 2019
| ''2022?''
| Baltic Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Tsiklon|Tsiklon]]''
| 26 July 2016
| 24 July 2020<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1182153 |title=Crimean Shipyard floats out advanced cruise missile corvette |date=24 July 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|''2022?''
| Black Sea Fleet
| Sea trials<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/06/russias-black-sea-fleet-to-get-two-karakurt-class-corvettes-this-year/|title = Russia's Black Sea Fleet to Get Two Karakurt-class Corvettes This Year|date = 3 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Musson|Askold]]''
| 18 November 2016
| 21 September 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1340759|title=Crimean Shipyard floats out advanced missile corvette for Russian Navy|date=21 September 2021|access-date=1 January 2022|website=TASS}}</ref>
|
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Burya|Burya]]''
| 24 December 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/3903401 |title=Малый ракетный корабль "Буря" заложен на верфи в Санкт-Петербурге |trans-title=Small missile ship "Burya" laid down at the shipyard in St. Petersburg |date=24 December 2016 |website=TASS |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234138/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/3903401 |archive-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 23 October 2018
|
| Baltic Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Okhotsk|Okhotsk]]''
| 17 March 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ria.ru/arms/20170317/1490260198.html |title=В Феодосии заложили малый ракетный корабль проекта "Каракурт" |trans-title=A small missile ship of the Karakurt project was laid down in Feodosia |date=17 March 2017 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>
| 29 October 2019
|
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Passat|Amur]]''
| 30 July 2017
|
|
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Vikhr|Vikhr]]''
| 19 December 2017
| 13 November 2019
|
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Tucha|Tucha]]''
| 26 February 2019
|
|
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Rzhev|Rzhev]]''
| 1 July 2019
|
|
| Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Udomlya|Udomlya]]''
| 1 July 2019
|
|
| Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Taifun|Taifun]]''
| 11 September 2019
|
|
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Ussuriysk|Ussuriysk]]''
| 26 December 2019
|
|
| Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Pavlovsk|Pavlovsk]]''
| 29 July 2020<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1183543 |title=Shipyard in Russian Far East lays down advanced cruise missile corvette |date=29 July 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|
|
| Pacific Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aoosk.ru/press-center/news/na-amurskom-sudostroitelnom-zavode-zalozhili-malyy-raketnyy-korabl/ |title=На Амурском судостроительном заводе заложили малый ракетный корабль |trans-title=A small missile ship was laid down at the Amur shipyard |date=26 December 2019 |website=United Shipbuilding Corporation |language=ru |access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7"| [[Steregushchy-class corvette|Project 20380 Steregushchiy]]
| rowspan="7"| [[File:Corvette Stoiky in SPB.jpg|100px|Steregushchy class]]
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Retiviy|Merkuriy]]''
| 20 February 2015<ref name="flotprom.ru4">{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/2015/186213/ |title=В Санкт-Петербурге заложили корветы "Ретивый" и "Строгий" |trans-title=Corvettes "Zetivy" and "Strogy" are laid down in St. Petersburg |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318184011/http://flotprom.ru/2015/186213/ |archive-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 12 March 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/7958111 |title=В Петербурге судостроители спустили на воду корвет "Ретивый" |trans-title=In St. Petersburg shipbuilders launch the corvette "Retivyy" |date=12 March 2020 |website=TASS |language=ru |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Black sea
| Mooring trials<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12386960@egNews|title=В Санкт-Петербурге начаты швартовные испытания корвета "Ретивый" : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации|website=structure.mil.ru}}</ref>
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Strogiy|Strogiy]]''
| 20 February 2015<ref name="flotprom.ru4"/>
|
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Black Sea<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/05/russias-black-sea-fleet-completes-the-first-stage-of-its-modernization/ |title=Russia's Black Sea Fleet Completes the First Stage of its Modernization |date=May 21, 2020 |website=Naval News}}</ref>
| Under construction
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Rezkiy|Rezkiy]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vestidv.ru/news/16/05/23/16085?video=1 |title=Строительство четвертого корвета на Амурском судостроительном заводе |trans-title=Construction of the fourth corvette at the Amur shipyard |date=23 May 2016 |website=[[VGTRK]] |language=ru |access-date=2016-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012212220/http://vestidv.ru/news/16/05/23/16085?video=1 |archive-date=2016-10-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1 July 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sdelanounas.ru/blogs/79805/ |title=На Амурском судостроительном заводе заложили корвет "Резкий" |trans-title=Corvette "Rezky" laid down at the Amur shipyard |date=1 July 2016 |website=Sdelanounas.ru |language=ru |access-date=2016-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704033020/http://www.sdelanounas.ru/blogs/79805 |archive-date=2016-07-04 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1 July 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/11794569|title=Новейший корвет для ТОФ "Резкий" вывели со стапеля в Комсомольске-на-Амуре|website=ТАСС}}</ref>
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Mooring trials<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seawaves.com/?p=17253|title = Amur Shipyard Begins Mooring Trials of Project 20380 Rezkiy – SeaWaves Magazine}}</ref>
|-
|
| ''Groznyy''
|23 August 2021<ref name="auto21">{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1283555 |title=Russia to lay out six warships and submarines on occasion of WWII Victory Day |date=27 April 2021 |website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1329121 |title=Putin launches construction of six warships for Russian Navy |language=en |website=tass.com |date=23 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| ''2026''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Under construction<ref name="auto15"/>
|-
|
| ''Bravyy''
| 29 September 2021
|
| ''2026''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Under construction<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/09/russian-shipyard-lays-keel-of-steregushchiy-class-corvette-bravy/|title=Russian Shipyard Lays Keel of Steregushchiy-class corvette Bravyy|date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
| TBA
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|
| ''2026''
|
| Ordered<ref name="auto15"/>
|-
|
| TBA
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|
| ''2026''
|
| Ordered<ref name="auto15"/>
|-
| rowspan="7"| [[Gremyashchy-class corvette|Project 20385 Gremyashchiy]]
| rowspan="7"| [[File:Gremyashchy (ship, 2017).jpg|100px|Gremyashchiy class]]
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Provornyy|Provornyy]]''
| 25 July 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=144562 |title=Закладка шестого корвета на "Северной верфи" будет приурочена ко Дню ВМФ |trans-title=The laying down of the sixth corvette at Severnaya Verf will be timed to coincide with Navy Day |date=30 April 2013 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114401/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=144562 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="flotprom2">{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=148319 |title=ВМФ РФ в 2015-2016 гг получит модернизированные корветы проекта 20385 |trans-title=The Russian Navy will receive upgraded Project 20385 corvettes in 2015-2016 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114404/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=148319 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| September 2019
|''2026''<ref name="auto25">{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1381131|title=Russian Navy corvette Provorny may be restored in five years after shipyard fire — source|website=TASS}}</ref><ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Under construction; severe fire damage December 2021; rebuild may take five years<ref name="auto25"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.overtdefense.com/2021/12/20/gremyashchiy-class-corvette-provornyi-engulfed-in-flames/|title=Gremyashchiy-class corvette "Provornyi" Engulfed in Flames|date=20 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
| ''Buynyy''
| 23 August 2021
|
| ''2027''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Under construction<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_20380.htm |title=Guard Ships - Project 20380, 20385 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1235589 |title=Shipbuilders to launch construction of latest corvettes for Russian Navy in 2021 |date=16 December 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|-
|
| TBA
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|
| ''2027''
| Northern Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="auto13"/>
|-
|
| TBA
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|
| ''2027''
| Northern Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="auto13"/>
|-
|
| TBA
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|
| ''2027''
| Pacific Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="auto13"/>
|-
|
| TBA
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|
| ''2028''
| Pacific Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="auto13"/>
|-
|
| TBA
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|
| ''2028''
| Pacific Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="auto13"/>
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[Buyan-class corvette|Project 21631 Buyan-M]]
| rowspan="4"| [[File:Град Свияжск.jpg|100px|Buyan-M class]]
|-
|
| [[Russian corvette Grad|''Grad'']]
| 24 April 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/2017/04/24/550008/ |title=Рогозин: "Зеленодольский завод помог Крыму восстановить свою промышленность" |trans-title=Rogozin: "Zelenodolsk plant helped Crimea to restore its industry" |date=24 April 2017 |website=Tatar-Inform.ru |language=ru |access-date=2017-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175449/http://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/2017/04/24/550008/ |archive-date=2017-04-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 17 September 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seawaves.com/?p=15234|title = Project 21631 Grad Launched at Zelenodolsk – SeaWaves Magazine}}</ref>
|
| Black Sea Fleet or Baltic<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/september/8934-russian-grad-corvette-to-operate-in-baltic-fleet.html |title=Russian Grad corvette to operate in Baltic fleet |date=September 2020 |website=Navyrecognition.com}}</ref>
| Fitting out
|-
|
| [[Russian corvette Naro-Fominsk|''Naro-Fominsk'']]
| 23 February 2018
|
|
| Black Sea Fleet
| Under construction
|-
|
| [[Russian corvette Stavropol|''Stavropol'']]
| 12 July 2018
|
|
| Black Sea Fleet
| Under construction
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Project 20386-class corvette|Project 20386 Derzkiy]]
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Model corvette project 20386 to «Army 2016» 3.jpg|100px|Project 20386]]
|-
|
| ''[[Project 20386 corvette|Derzkiy]]''
| 28 October 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/2016/%D1%E5%E2%E5%F0%ED%E0%FF%C2%E5%F0%F4%FC22/ |title=На "Северной верфи" заложили корвет "Дерзкий" |trans-title=Corvette "Derzkiy" laid down at Severnaya Verf |date=28 October 2016 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
| March 2021<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1274179 |title=Russian shipbuilders float out latest multi-purpose corvette |website=TASS}}</ref>
| ''2023''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Black Sea<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Under construction/Fitting out
|}

===Landing ships===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ivan Gren-class landing ship|Project 11711 Ivan Gren]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ivan Gren landing ship (1).jpg|100px|Ivan Gren class]]
|
| [[Russian landing ship Vladimir Andreyev|''Vladimir Andreyev'']]
| 23 April 2019<ref name="Putin frigate" />
|
| ''2023''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Modified project 11711<ref name="Upgraded landing ships">{{cite web |url=https://flotprom.ru/2019/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C59/ |title=Новая пара БДК проекта 11711 будет отличаться от "Ивана Грена" и "Петра Моргунова" |trans-title=The new pair of Project 11711 large landing craft will differ from "Ivan Gren" and "Petr Morgunov" |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423151056/https://flotprom.ru/2019/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C59/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Russian landing ship Vasily Trushin|''Vasily Trushin'']]
| 23 April 2019<ref name="Putin frigate"/>
|
| ''2024''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Modified project 11711<ref name="Upgraded landing ships"/>
|}

===Special-purpose ships===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Project 22010 Oceanographic research vessel|Project 22010]]
| rowspan="2" |
|
| [[Oceanographic research vessel Almaz|''Almaz'']]
| 9 June 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ria.ru/arms/20160607/1443815954.html#ixzz4AsrooWUA |title=На заводе "Янтарь" 9 июня состоится закладка судна "Алмаз" |trans-title=The ship "Almaz" will be laid down at the Yantar shipyard on June 9 |date=2016-06-07 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru |access-date=2016-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608142709/http://ria.ru/arms/20160607/1443815954.html#ixzz4AsrooWUA |archive-date=2016-06-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| October 2019
|
|Pacific Fleet
| Undergoing factory trials<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/2019/%DF%ED%F2%E0%F0%FC64/ |title="Янтарь" спустил на воду два океанографа |trans-title=Yantar launched two oceanographic ships |date=October 28, 2019 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/22010.htm |title=Project 22010 Kruys Oceanographic research vessel |website=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Oceanographic research vessel Vice-Admiral Burilichev|''Vice-Admiral Burilichev'']]
| 6 February 2021
|
|
|
| Modified Project 22011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_22010.htm |title=Oceanographic research vessel |date=8 February 2021 |website=Russianships.info |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Patrol ships===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Project 23550 patrol ship|Project 23550]]
| rowspan="2"|
|
| ''[[Russian patrol ship Ivan Papanin|Ivan Papanin]]''
| 19 April 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.korabel.ru/news/comments/na_admiralteyskih_verfyah_zalozhili_dlya_vmf_patrulnyy_korabl_ivan_papanin.html |title=На "Адмиралтейских верфях" заложили для ВМФ патрульный корабль Иван Папанин |trans-title=Patrol ship "Ivan Papanin" laid down for the Navy at the Admiralty shipyards |date=19 April 2017 |website=Korabel.ru |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072947/https://www.korabel.ru/news/comments/na_admiralteyskih_verfyah_zalozhili_dlya_vmf_patrulnyy_korabl_ivan_papanin.html |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 25 October 2019
|
|
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian patrol ship Nikolai Zubov|Nikolai Zubov]]''
| 27 November 2019
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Project 22160 patrol ship|Project 22160]]
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Model corvette project 22160 to «Army 2015».jpg|100px|Project 22160 corvette]]
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Sergey Kotov|Sergey Kotov]]''
| 8 May 2016
| 29 January 2021
|
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|
| ''[[Russian corvette Viktor Velikiy|Viktor Velikiy]]''
| 25 November 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/2016/%C7%E5%EB%E5%ED%EE%E4%EE%EB%FC%F1%EA%E8%E9%C7%E0%E2%EE%E45/ |title=На Зеленодольском заводе заложили патрульный корабль "Виктор Великий" |trans-title=The patrol ship "Viktor Velikiy" was laid down at the Zelenodolsk plant |date=25 November 2016 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
|
|
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|-
|
|''[[Russian corvette Nikolay Sipyagin|Nikolay Sipyagin]]''
| 13 January 2018
|
|
| Black Sea Fleet
|
|}

===Minesweepers===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="7"| [[Alexandrit-class minesweeper|Project 12700 Aleksandrit]]
| rowspan="7"| [[File:Тральщик "Александр Обухов".jpg|100px]]
|
| [[Russian minesweeper Pyotr Ilyichev|''Pyotr Ilyichev'']]
| 25 July 2018<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://snsz.ru/?p=5456 |title="Средне-Невский судостроительный завод" заложил шестой корабль противоминной обороны проекта 12700 |trans-title=Sredne-Nevsky shipyard laid down the keel of the sixth mine defense ship of project 12700 |website=Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard |language=ru |date=25 July 2018 |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726162239/http://snsz.ru/?p=5456 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|28 April 2021<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://snsz.ru/Press-centr/Novosti/Na-SNSZ-spustili-na-vodu-korabl-PMO-Petr-Ilichev|title=На СНСЗ спустили на воду корабль противоминной обороны "Пётр Ильичёв"|publisher=Sredne-Nevsky shipyard|lang=ru|date=28 April 2021|access-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429085852/https://snsz.ru/Press-centr/Novosti/Na-SNSZ-spustili-na-vodu-korabl-PMO-Petr-Ilichev|archive-date=29 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| Pacific
| Sea trials
|-
|
| [[Russian minesweeper Anatoly Shlemov|''Anatoly Shlemov'']]
| 12 July 2019<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://snsz.ru/?p=6558 |title=На СНСЗ заложен седьмой корабль противоминной обороны проекта 12700 |trans-title=The seventh Project 12700 mine defense ship was laid down at SNSZ |publisher=Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard |language=ru |date=12 July 2019 |access-date=20 January 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225074602/http://snsz.ru/?p=6558 |archive-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>
| 26 November 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snsz.ru/Press-centr/Novosti/NA-SNSZ-SPUSTILI-NA-VODU-KORABL-PROTIVOMINNOY-OBORONI-ANATOLIY-ShLEMOV|title=СНСЗ - На СНСЗ спустили на воду корабль противоминной обороны "Анатолий Шлемов"|website=snsz.ru}}</ref>
|
| Pacific
| Fitting out
|-
|
| [[Russian minesweeper Lev Chernavin|''Lev Chernavin'']]
| 24 July 2020
|
|
|
| Under construction<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0724/144058864/detail.shtml |title=На СНСЗ заложен восьмой корабль противоминной обороны проекта 12700 |trans-title=The eighth mine defense ship of Project 12700 was laid down at SNSZ |date=24 July 2020 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref>
|}

===Ballistic missile submarines (SSBN)===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Pennant number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="7"| [[Borei-class submarine|Project 955A Borei-A]]
| rowspan="7"|
|
| [[Russian submarine Generalissimus Suvorov|''Generalissimus Suvorov'']]
| 26 December 2014<ref name="auto24">{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1380871|title=Generalissimus Suvorov Borey-A-class submarine to reinforce Russia's Pacific Fleet|website=TASS}}</ref>
| 25 December 2021<ref name="auto24"/>
| ''2022''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1381841|title=Shipbuilders to deliver strategic nuclear-powered sub to Russian Navy in 2023|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/september/10735-russian-project-955a-submarine-generalissimo-suvorov-to-start-sea-trials-in-2022.html|title=Russian Project 955A submarine Generalissimo Suvorov to start sea trials in 2022|website=Navy Recognition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2021/12/russia-launches-new-borey-class-ballistic-missile-sub|title=Russia launches new Borei-A class ballistic missile sub|website=The Independent Barents Observer}}</ref><ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Launched
|-
|
| [[Russian submarine Imperator Aleksandr III|''Imperator Aleksandr III'']]
| 18 December 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/2015/%D1%E5%E2%EC%E0%F833/ |title=Седьмую АПЛ проекта "Борей" заложат 18 декабря |trans-title=The seventh nuclear submarine of the "Borey" project will be laid down on 18 December |date=14 December 2015 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
|
| ''2023''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1373065|title=Shipbuilders to deliver Project 955A next nuclear-powered sub to Russian Navy in 2023|website=TASS}}</ref><ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|
| [[Russian submarine Knyaz Pozharskiy|''Knyaz Pozharskiy'']]
| 23 December 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20161223/1484389864.html |title=На "Севмаше" заложили последнюю из восьми атомных подлодок "Борей" |trans-title=The last of the eight Borey nuclear submarines was laid down at Sevmash |date=23 December 2016 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011130406/https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20161223/1484389864.html |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| ''2024''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Northern Fleet
|
|-
|
| [[Russian submarine Knyaz Potjómkin|''Knyaz Potjómkin'']]<ref name="auto16"/>
| 23 August 2021<ref name="auto12"/>
|
| ''2028''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Northern Fleet
| Under construction<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/744812 |title=Минобороны заказало еще две стратегические атомные подлодки "Борей-А" |trans-title=The Ministry of Defence has ordered two more "Borey-A" strategic nuclear submarines |date=12 January 2021 |website=Interfax |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Russian submarine Dmitry Donskoy|''Dmitry Donskoy'']]<ref name="auto16">{{Cite web |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/10443709 |title=Новые подлодки проекта "Борей-А" получат имена "Дмитрий Донской" и "Князь Потемкин" |trans-title=The new submarines of the Borey-A project will be named "Dmitry Donskoy" and "Prince Potemkin" |date=12 January 2021 |website=TASS |language=ru}}</ref>
| 23 August 2021<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1241183 |title=Two Borei-A strategic nuclear subs to be laid down in 2021 — Defense Ministry |date=30 December 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|
| ''2029''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Northern Fleet
| Under construction
|}

===Cruise missile submarines (SSGN)===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="5"| [[Yasen-class submarine|Project 885M Yasen-M]]
| rowspan="5"|
|
|''Krasnoyarsk''
| 27 July 2014<ref name="navyrecognition.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/july-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1917-russias-sevmash-shipyard-lays-down-5th-borey-class-ssbn-and-4th-yasen-class-ssn.html |title=Russia's Sevmash shipyard lays down 5th Borey class SSBN and 4th Yasen class SSN |date=July 27, 2014 |website=Navyrecognition.com |access-date=July 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114053859/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/july-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1917-russias-sevmash-shipyard-lays-down-5th-borey-class-ssbn-and-4th-yasen-class-ssn.html |archive-date=January 14, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 30 July 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1321039|title = Shipbuilders float out advanced Project 885M nuclear-powered sub for Russian Navy}}</ref>
| ''2022''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1265251 |title=Russian shipbuilders to float out 2nd Yasen-M-class nuclear-powered sub in August |date=12 March 2021 |website=TASS}}</ref><ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|
|''Arkhangelsk''
| 19 March 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1749468 |title=Пятую атомную подлодку типа "Ясень-М" заложат 19 марта: АПЛ проекта 885 получит имя "Архангельск" |trans-title=The fifth Yasen-M nuclear submarine will be laid down on March 19: Project 885 nuclear submarine will be named "Arkhangelsk" |date=6 February 2015 |website=TASS |language=ru |access-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324044923/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1749468 |archive-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| ''2023''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Northern Fleet
|
|-
|
|''Perm''
| 29 July 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/3496273 |title=Шестая атомная подлодка проекта "Ясень" заложена на Севмаше |trans-title=The sixth nuclear submarine of the Yasen project was laid down at Sevmash |date=29 July 2016 |website=TASS |language=ru |access-date=2016-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801221643/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/3496273 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| ''2024''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
|
|-
|
|''Voronezh''
| 20 July 2020
|
| ''2027''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Northern Fleet
|
|-
|
|''Vladivostok''
| 20 July 2020
|
| ''2028''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1180493 |title=Two Russian latest nuclear-powered subs to carry hypersonic weapons |date=20 July 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|}

===Conventional attack submarines (SSK)===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[Kilo-class submarine#Project 636.3 units|Project 636.3 Improved Kilo]]
| rowspan="4"| [[File:Kilo class SS.svg|100px|Kilo-class submarine]]
|
| [[Russian submarine Ufa|''Ufa'']]
| 1 November 2019<ref name="Magadan and Ufa"/>
| 31 March 2022<ref>https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2022/april/11591-russian-navy-launches-the-fourth-project-636-3-submarine-ufa.html</ref>
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
|<ref name="Magadan and Ufa">{{cite press release |url=http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-zalozhilo-podvodnye-lodki-magadan-i-ufa/ |title=АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Заложило Подводные Лодки "Магадан" И "Уфа" |trans-title=JSC Admiralty Shipyard laid down the submarines "Magadan" and "Ufa" |publisher=Admiralty Shipyard |language=ru |date=1 November 2019 |access-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101175931/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-zalozhilo-podvodnye-lodki-magadan-i-ufa/ |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{Cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/03/russias-admiralty-shipyards-launches-project-636-3-submarine-magadan-for-pacific-fleet/ |title=Russia's Admiralty Shipyards launches Project 636.3 submarine 'Magadan' for Pacific Fleet |date=March 27, 2021 |website=Naval News}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Russian submarine Mozhaysk|''Mozhaysk'']]
| 23 August 2021
|
| ''2023''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Under construction
|-
|
|[[Russian submarine Yakutsk|''Yakutsk'']]
| 23 August 2021
|
| ''2024''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Under construction{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
|-
|
| ''TBA''
| ''2022''
|
| ''2025''
| Baltic Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|-
| rowspan="5"| [[Lada-class submarine|Project 677 Lada]]
| rowspan="5"| [[File:Lada class S.Peterburg.svg|100px|Lada-class submarine]]
|
| [[Russian submarine Kronshtadt|''Kronshtadt'']]
| 28 July 2005
| 20 September 2018
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Northern Fleet
| Sea trials in the Baltic as of December 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/december/11136-russian-project-677-submarine-kronstadt-starts-sea-trials.html|title=Russian Project 677 submarine Kronstadt starts sea trials|website=Navy Recognition}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=144186 |title=В России началось проектирование неатомной подводной лодки пятого поколения |trans-title=The design of a fifth generation non-nuclear submarine began in Russia |date=24 April 2013 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114203/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=144186 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Russian submarine Velikiye Luki|''Velikiye Luki'']]
| 19 March 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1796279 |title=Источник: третью подлодку типа "Лада" перезаложат в Петербурге 19 марта |trans-title=The third "Lada" type submarine will be re-laid in St. Petersburg on 19 March |date=27 February 2015 |website=[[TASS]] |language=ru |access-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713183203/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1796279 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| ''2023''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Northern Fleet
| Construction resumed after a thorough redesign<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=118652 |title=Решено возобновить строительство неатомных подводных лодок "Лада" |trans-title=Construction of non-nuclear submarine "Lada" resumed |date=27 July 2012 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114159/http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=118652 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| ''TBA''
| ''2022''
|
| ''2025''
| Northern Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|-
|
| ''TBA''
| ''2023''
|
| ''2026''
| Northern Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|-
|
| ''TBA''
| ''2024''
|
| ''2027''
| Northern Fleet
| Ordered<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|}

===Special purpose submarines===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
| [[Khabarovsk-class submarine|Project 09851]]
|
|
| [[Khabarovsk-class submarine|''Khabarovsk'']]
| 27 July 2014
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| ''2024''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2022/01/bustling-sevmash-shipyard-enters-new-year-post-soviet-high-construction-peak|title=Russia's nuclear submarine construction reaches post-Soviet high|website=The Independent Barents Observer|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
| Pacific Fleet
| Designed to carry the [[Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System|Poseidon]] nuclear torpedo<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hisutton.com/Analysis%20-%20Russian%20Status-6%20aka%20KANYON%20nuclear%20deterrence%20and%20Pr%2009851%20submarine.html |title=Analysis - Russian Status-6 aka KANYON nuclear deterrence and Pr 09851 submarine |website=HISutton.com |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Russian submarine Belgorod (K-329)|Belgorod]]
|
|
| [[Russian submarine Belgorod (K-329)|''Belgorod'']]
| 1992 (re-laid as SSAN 20 December 2012)
| 23 April 2019
| ''2022''<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
| Pacific Fleet
| Extensively redesigned from ''Oscar-class''; designed to carry the Poseidon nuclear torpedo; may also act as "mothership" for smaller special purpose submarines<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seawaves.com/?p=8177 |title=Sevmash General Director Updates Belgorod Trials |date=13 January 2021 |website=Seawaves.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Khabarovsk-class submarine|Project 09853]]
|
|
| [[Russian submarine Ulyanovsk|''Ulyanovsk'']]
| 28 July 2017
|
| ''2025''
| Northern Fleet
| Converted from [[Yasen-class]] SSGN<ref name="navykorabel2022b"/>
|}

===Auxiliaries===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;" | Class
! style="width:9%;" | Side view
! style="width:5%;" | Hull number
! style="width:13%;" | Name
! style="width:9%;" | Laid down
! style="width:9%;" | Launched
! style="width:9%;" | Estimated Commission
! style="width:9%;" | Fleet
! style="width:24%;" | Note
|-
|Project 21180M
|
|
|[[Yevpaty Kolovrat (icebreaker)|''Yevpaty Kolovrat'']]
|12 December 2018
|
|2022<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1220769 |title=Russian Navy to get latest icebreaker in 2022 |date=6 November 2020 |website=TASS}}</ref>
|Pacific Fleet
|Diesel icebreaker<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portnews.ru/news/269254/ |title=Судостроительная фирма "Алмаз" заложила ледокол проекта 21180М "Евпатий Коловрат" для ВМФ России |trans-title=Almaz shipbuilding company lays down the Project 21180M icebreaker "Yevpatiy Kolovrat" for the Russian Navy |date=12 December 2018 |website=Portnews.ru |language=ru |access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
|-
|Project 23130
|
|
|''Vasily Nikitin''
|26 March 2021
|
|2024
|Northern Fleet
|Laid down<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1111321 |title=Shipbuilders to build five more Project 23130 logistic support tankers for Russian Navy |date=21 January 2020 |website=TASS |access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Project 23131 replenishment oiler|Project 23131]]
| rowspan="2" |
|301
|
|26 December 2014
|
|
|
|Under construction<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sevastopol.su/news/ochen-strannaya-istoriya-na-zavode-v-krymu-poteryali-tankery |title=Очень странная история: на заводе в Крыму потеряли танкеры |trans-title=A very strange story: tankers were lost at a plant in Crimea |date=27 October 2018 |website=Sevastopol.su |language=ru |access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref>
|-
|302
|
|26 December 2014
|
|
|
|Under construction
|-
|rowspan="3"|Project 03182
|
|
|''Mikhail Barskov''
|27 October 2015
|27 August 2019
|
|
|Small sea tanker<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/35579 |title=Второй малый морской танкер для ВМФ заложили в Нижнем Новгороде |trans-title=The second small sea tanker for the Navy laid down in Nizhny Novgorod |date=13 March 2017 |website=Vpk-news.ru |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220336/http://vpk-news.ru/news/35579 |archive-date=2017-04-04 |access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/eng/support/project_03182.htm |title=Small seagoing tanker - Project 03182 |website=Russianships.info}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|''Vasily Nikitin''
|10 March 2017
|
|
|
|Small sea tanker
|-
|
|
|''Boris Averkin''
|6 February 2018
|
|
|
|Small sea tanker
|-
| rowspan="4" |Project 23470
| rowspan="4" |
|-
|412
|''Kapitan Nayden''
|2016
|28 November 2019
|
|
|Seagoing tug
|-
|413
|''Kapitan Sergeyev''
|
|14 May 2021
|
|
|Seagoing tug<ref name="auto14"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://konar.ru/news/morskoj-buksir-kapitan-sergeev-spushhen-na-vodu/|title = Морской буксир "Капитан Сергеев" спущен на воду}}</ref>
|-
|414
|
|
|
|
|
|Seagoing tug
|-
|Project 22870
|
|021
|''Mikhail Chekov''
|25 March 2021
|
|
|
|Seagoing tug<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://portnews.ru/news/310643/ |title=Астраханский СРЗ заложил спасательный буксир проекта 22870 "Михаил Чеков" |trans-title=Astrakhan Shipyard laid down the rescue tug of project 22870 "Mikhail Chekov" |date=25 March 2021 |website=Portnews.ru |language=ru |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Project 20360M
|
|
|[[Gennadiy Dmitriyev (munitions transport)|''Gennadiy Dmitriyev'']]
|5 May 2017
|1 June 2021
|
|Black Sea Fleet
|Munitions transport<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russianships.info/vspomog/20630m.htm |title=Морские транспорты вооружения проекта 20360М |trans-title=Munitions transport ship - Project 20360M |language=ru |website=Russianships.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/11493701 |title=Судно для перевозки боеприпасов "Геннадий Дмитриев" для ВМФ РФ спустят на воду 1 июня |trans-title=The "Gennady Dmitriev", ammunition carrier of the Russian Navy, will be launched on June 1 |language=ru |date=27 May 2021 |website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://flotprom.ru/2021/377647/|title=В Рыбинске спустят на воду первый транспорт вооружения проекта 20360М |language=ru |date=28 May 2021 |website=flotprom.ru}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|[[Vladimir Pyalov (munitions transport)|''Vladimir Pyalov'']]
|15 March 2018
|
|
|Baltic Fleet
|Munitions transport
|-
|}
* BK-16 amphibious assault boats - 30 built, building or contracted<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.com/defense/1043197 |title=Kalashnikov gunmaker launches production of BK-16 boat's diving and patrol versions |date=4 February 2019 |website=TASS |access-date=2019-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013406/http://tass.com/defense/1043197 |archive-date=2019-02-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Project 20180 family, 5-6 ice-class ships planned for a variety of support functions
** Project 20183TV Akademik Makeyev - ammunition ship, laid down in 2015
* Project 03180 (BSA-1000) multipurpose harbour ship – 4 ordered<ref name="flotprom7">{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=110726 |title="Пелла" загружена заказами для ВМФ |trans-title="Pella" is loaded with orders for the Navy |date=26 April 2012 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114303/http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=110726 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** No.1 – launched 25 December 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=133889 |title=Спущено на воду головное судно комплексного портового обслуживания на базе проекта 03180 |trans-title=The lead ship of integrated port services on the basis of project 03180 launched |date=25 December 2012 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114315/http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=133889 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> will be commissioned in 2013
** No.2 – launched 14 June 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pellaship.ru/оsushhestvlen-spusk-na-vodu-vtorogo-iz-serii-sudov-kompleksnogo-portovogo-obsluzhivanija-na-baze-pr-skpo-1000.html |title="PELLA" 2004-2016 |website=Pellaship.ru |language=ru |access-date=June 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121163846/http://www.pellaship.ru/%D0%BEsushhestvlen-spusk-na-vodu-vtorogo-iz-serii-sudov-kompleksnogo-portovogo-obsluzhivanija-na-baze-pr-skpo-1000.html |archive-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref>
** No.3 – Launched spring 2014 for Black Sea Fleet
** VTK-74 – Launched 5 September 2014 for Baltic Fleet<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pellaship.ru/osushhestvlen-spusk-na-vodu-chetvertogo-iz-serii-sudov-kompleksnogo-portovogo-obsluzhivanija-na-baze-pr-03180.html |title=Осуществлен спуск на воду четвертого из серии судов комплексного портового обслуживания на базе пр. 03180 |trans-title=The fourth out of a series of integrated port service vessels was launched on the basis of project 03180 |date=4 September 2014 |website=Pellaship.ru |language=ru |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906155207/http://pellaship.ru/osushhestvlen-spusk-na-vodu-chetvertogo-iz-serii-sudov-kompleksnogo-portovogo-obsluzhivanija-na-baze-pr-03180.html |archive-date=6 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Project 90600 harbour tug -<ref name="rusnavy3"/><ref name="armstrade.org"/><ref name="vpk-34253"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/247003/ |title=Pella Shipyard delivers tugboat of project 90600, RB-393, to the state customer (photo) |date=10 October 2017 |website=Portnews.ru |access-date=2017-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012203003/http://en.portnews.ru/news/247003/ |archive-date=2017-10-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** RB-391 - Laid down 9.6.2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=114004 |title=На "Пелле" спущен на воду очередной буксир для ВМФ России |trans-title=Another tugboat for the Russian Navy was launched by Pella |date=8 June 2012 |website=Flotprom.ru |language=ru |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223114154/http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=114004 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Project 23040 sea tug - 24 ordered, 24 delivered<ref name="auto8"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/1012/102059955/detail.shtml |title=Завершены испытания и подписан приемный акт по двум новейшим катерам проекта 23040 |trans-title=Tests completed and acceptance certificates signed for the two newest boats of Project 23040 |date=12 October 2020 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/1105/100560292/detail.shtml |title=Новейший катер комплексного аварийно-спасательного обеспечения "Павел Симонов" прибыл в Северодвинск |trans-title=The newest integrated rescue boat "Pavel Simonov" has arrived in Severodvinsk |date=5 November 2020 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru}}</ref>
* Project 02980 sea tug - 4 ordered, 2 delivered
** MB-121 - launched 25 October 2014, delivered August 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/32036 |title=На новейшем спасательном буксире БФ подняли Андреевский флаг |trans-title=The newest rescue tug BF raised the St Andrew's flag |date=26 August 2016 |website=Vpk-news.ru |language=ru |access-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828031442/http://vpk-news.ru/news/32036 |archive-date=28 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** MB-123 - delivered August 2016
** Dervish<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mil.today/2016/Navy9/ |title=New Russian Navy's Tug Named After Arctic Convoy Dervish |date=2 September 2016 |website=Mil.today |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916031100/http://mil.today/2016/Navy9/ |archive-date=16 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> - laid down
** No.4 - planned
* Project PE-65 tug - 1 ordered<ref name="flotprom7"/>
* Project 23370 and 23370M rescue boats - 15 completed, 15 ordered<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/0627/095035698/detail.shtml |title=К 2018 году в ВМФ России будет насчитываться 15 новейших катеров поисково-спасательного обеспечения |trans-title=By 2018, the Russian Navy will have 15 state-of-the-art search and rescue boats |date=27 June 2016 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |access-date=2016-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915030722/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/0627/095035698/detail.shtml |archive-date=2016-09-15 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/1228/101538869/detail.shtml |title=На Северном флоте поднят флаг поисково-спасательных судов ВМФ России на катере "Спасатель Кононенко" |trans-title=In the Northern Fleet, the flag of the search and rescue vessels of the Russian Navy was raised on the boat "Rescuer Kononenko" |date=28 December 2016 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073237/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/1228/101538869/detail.shtml |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1218/100544640/detail.shtml |title=На новейшем модульном водолазном катере-катамаране ТОФ торжественно поднят Андреевский флаг |trans-title=The St. Andrew's flag was solemnly raised on the newest modular diving catamaran of the Pacific Fleet |date=18 December 2017 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |access-date=2017-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221191154/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1218/100544640/detail.shtml |archive-date=2017-12-21 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0214/100050984/detail.shtml |title=За пять лет поисково-спасательные силы ВМФ пополнились 15 катерами проектов 23370 и 23370М |trans-title=Over five years the search and rescue forces of the Navy were equipped with 15 Project 23370 and 23370M boats |date=14 February 2019 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |access-date=2019-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212154/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0214/100050984/detail.shtml |archive-date=2019-02-16 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Project 02690 self-propelled floating crane -12 ordered, 12 delivered<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1224/095550245/detail.shtml |title=В состав Северного флота принят новый плавкран |trans-title=A new floating crane was accepted into the Northern Fleet |date=24 December 2018 |website=Armstrade.org |language=ru |access-date=2019-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170628/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1224/095550245/detail.shtml |archive-date=2018-12-24 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://regnum.ru/news/it/3097133.html |title=Во Владивосток прибыл новейший самоходный плавучий кран для ТОФ |trans-title=The newest self-propelled floating crane for the Pacific Fleet arrived in Vladivostok |date=23 October 2020 |website=Regnum.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/1213/100065650/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / Плавкран СПК-60150 пополнил состав Кольской флотилии Северного флота|website=Armstrade.org|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
** 904 - laid down on 30 May 2014
** 905 - laid down on 30 May 2014
** 908 - laid down on 28 November 2014

==See also==
* [[Currently active military equipment by country]]
* [[Future of the Russian Navy]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=N}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Armed Forces of the Russian Federation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ships Of The Russian Navy}}
[[Category:Ships of the Russian Navy|Active]]
[[Category:Lists of currently active military vehicles|Russia]]
[[Category:Lists of ships of Russia|Russia]]
[[Category:Russian and Soviet military-related lists]]

Kowloon

2021-12-25T21:15:34Z

Angelito7:

{{Short description|Area of Hong Kong}}
{{About|an urban area in Hong Kong}}
{{transliterationof|Kowloon|{{noitalic|{{lang|zh-hant|九龍}}}}|九龍 (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Kowloon
|native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|九龍}}}}
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_skyline = File:Union Square and Tsim Sha Tsui.jpg
|image_caption = Kowloon as viewed from [[Hong Kong Island]]
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map = Hong Kong Kowloon.svg
|map_caption = Location within [[Hong Kong]] (in green)
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name =
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_km2 = 67
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 =
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_note =
|population_total = 2,108,419 (2.1 million)
|population_density_km2 = 43033
|population_density_sq_mi =
|timezone = [[Hong Kong Time]]
|utc_offset = +8
|footnotes =
|imagesize = 250px}}
{{infobox Chinese
|pic=Kowloon (Chinese characters).svg
|piccap="Kowloon" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
|picupright=0.45
|t={{linktext|九龍}} |s=九龙
|showflag=j
|y=Gáulùhng
|ci={{IPAc-yue|g|au|2|l|ung|4}}
|j=Gau2-lung4
|h=giu3lung2
|p=Jǐulóng
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|j|iu|3|.|l|ong|2}}
|l="Nine [[Chinese dragon|Dragons]]"
}}

'''Kowloon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|aʊ|ˈ|l|uː|n}}) is an urban area in [[Hong Kong]] comprising the [[Kowloon Peninsula]] and [[New Kowloon]]. With a population of 2,019,533  and a population density of 43,033/km{{sup|2}} in 2006, it is the most populous urban area in Hong Kong. The peninsula's area is about {{convert|47|km2|0|abbr=on}}.
{{TOC limit|2}}

==Location==
Kowloon is located directly north of [[Hong Kong Island]] across [[Victoria Harbour]]. It is bordered by the [[Lei Yue Mun]] strait to the east, [[Mei Foo Sun Chuen]] and [[Stonecutters Island|Stonecutter's Island]] to the west, a mountain range, including [[Tate's Cairn]] and [[Lion Rock]] to the north, and [[Victoria Harbour]] to the south.

==Administration==
Kowloon comprises the following [[Districts of Hong Kong|districts]]:
*[[Kowloon City District|Kowloon City]]
*[[Kwun Tong District|Kwun Tong]]
*[[Sham Shui Po District|Sham Shui Po]]
*[[Wong Tai Sin District|Wong Tai Sin]]
*[[Yau Tsim Mong District|Yau Tsim Mong]]

===Politics===
Kowloon covers two geographical constituencies for the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]:
* '''Kowloon East''' includes [[Wong Tai Sin District|Wong Tai Sin]] and [[Kwun Tong District|Kwun Tong]].
*'''Kowloon West''' includes [[Yau Tsim Mong District|Yau Tsim Mong]], [[Sham Shui Po District|Sham Shui Po]] and [[Kowloon City District|Kowloon City]].

==Name==
The name 'Kowloon' ({{zh|t=九龍|l=nine dragons}}) alludes to eight mountains and a Chinese emperor: [[Kowloon Peak]], [[Tung Shan (mountain)|Tung Shan]], [[Tate's Cairn]], [[Temple Hill (Hong Kong)|Temple Hill]], [[Unicorn Ridge]], [[Lion Rock]], [[Beacon Hill, Hong Kong|Beacon Hill]], [[Crow's Nest (Hong Kong)|Crow's Nest]] and [[Emperor Bing of Song]].<ref name="Fallon">Fallon, Steve. (2006) Hong Kong and Macau. Lonely Planet Publishing. {{ISBN|981-258-246-0}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kowloon City, Mainland, opposite Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|Kowloon c. 1868, depicting the Qing-era [[Kowloon Walled City]] and [[Lion Rock]] (in the background)]]
[[File:Victoria City and Kowloon 1915.jpg|thumb|Map of Kowloon in 1915]]
[[File:Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport 1971.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong's old airport, [[Kai Tak Airport|Kai Tak]], was located in Kowloon.]]
The part of Kowloon south of [[Boundary Street]], together with [[Stonecutters Island]], was ceded by [[Qing]] China to the United Kingdom under the [[Convention of Peking]] of 1860. For many years the area remained largely undeveloped, used by the British mainly for tiger-hunting expeditions.<ref>{{Cite book
|title = 10,000 Chinese Numbers
|isbn = 9780557006212
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OSrrrgbS2v4C
|publisher = Lulu.com
|page = 207
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160823050748/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OSrrrgbS2v4C
|archive-date = 23 August 2016
|df = dmy-all
}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}
The part of Kowloon north of Boundary Street ([[New Kowloon]]) was leased by the British as part of the [[New Territories]] under the 1898 [[Convention between the United Kingdom and China, Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory|Second Convention of Peking]] for 99 years. Within New Kowloon is Kowloon City, an [[list of areas of Hong Kong|area of Hong Kong]] where the [[Kowloon Walled City]] used to be located. The Kowloon Walled City itself was demolished in 1993. The same area was called Kwun Fu Cheung({{lang|zh-hans|官富場}}) during the [[Song dynasty]] (960{{ndash}}1279). "New Kowloon" has remained part of the [[New Territories]].

Statutorily, "Kowloon" is only the area south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island, but in common use, New Kowloon is not regarded as part of the New Territories, but as an integral part of the Kowloon urban area whether north or south of Boundary Street.

Large-scale development of Kowloon began in the early 20th century, with the construction of the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation|Kowloon-Canton Railway]] and the [[Kowloon Wharf]], but because of Kowloon's close proximity to [[Kai Tak Airport]], building construction was limited by flight paths. As a result, compared to Hong Kong Island, Kowloon has a much lower skyline.<ref name="Fallon" /> After [[World War II]], Kowloon became extremely congested when [[slum]]s for [[refugee]]s from the newly established People's Republic of China gave way to [[Public housing in Hong Kong|public housing estate]]s, mixed with private residential, commercial, and industrial areas.

The area of [[Land reclamation in Hong Kong|reclaimed land]] known as [[West Kowloon]] was once home to a [[dockyard]] for the [[Royal Navy]].

The 1911 census recorded a population of 7,306, with most being [[Hakka]].<ref>James Hayes, ''The Hong Kong Region 1850{{ndash}}1911''. Hong Kong, 2012. {{ISBN|9888139118}}</ref> The [[Second Sino-Japanese War|invasion of China]] by Japan in 1937 caused the population of Kowloon to grow drastically. Between 1937 and 1939, 750,000 refugees arrived in Kowloon and nearby areas, with many not having residence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter21/21_05.html|title=Hong Kong 2003{{snd}}History|website=www.yearbook.gov.hk|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926094615/http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter21/21_05.html|archive-date=26 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}}, 2,108,419 people lived in Kowloon.<ref name="hkcensus">{{Citation|title=District Profiles|access-date=27 September 2013|date=2011|publisher=[[Hong Kong Census]]|url=http://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/district-profiles.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182828/http://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/district-profiles.html|archive-date=27 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

About 94.2% of Kowloon's residents are of [[Han Chinese]] ethnicity. The largest ethnic minority groups are [[Indonesians in Hong Kong|Indonesians]] (1.8%), [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|Filipinos]] (1.5%), [[Indians in Hong Kong|Indians]] (0.5%), [[Nepalese in Hong Kong|Nepalese]] (0.4%), and [[British people|British]] (0.3%).<ref name="hkcensus"/> Around 86% of Kowloon's residents use [[Cantonese]] as their usual language, while 2.3% use English and 1.2% use [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]].<ref name="hkcensus" />

==Localities==
Kowloon comprises these localities of Hong Kong:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Anderson Road, Hong Kong|Anderson Road]] area
*[[Ferry Point, Hong Kong|Austin]]
*[[Cha Kwo Ling]]
*[[Cheung Sha Wan]]
*[[Diamond Hill]]
*[[Jordan, Hong Kong|Jordan]]
*[[Hammer Hill (Hong Kong)|Hammer Hill]]
*[[Hung Hom]]
*[[Ho Man Tin]]
*[[Kai Tak]]
*[[Kowloon Bay]]
*[[Kowloon City]]
*[[Kowloon Tong]]
*[[Kwun Tong]]
*[[Lai Chi Kok]]
*[[Lam Tin]]
*[[Lei Yue Mun]]
*[[Ma Tau Wai]]
*[[Mong Kok]]
*[[Ngau Chi Wan]]
*[[Ngau Tau Kok]]
*[[Prince Edward, Hong Kong|Prince Edward]]
*[[San Po Kong]]
*[[Sau Mau Ping]]
*[[Sham Shui Po]]
*[[Shek Kip Mei]]
*[[Tai Kok Tsui]]
*[[To Kwa Wan]]
*[[Tsim Sha Tsui]]
*[[Tsz Wan Shan]]
*[[West Kowloon]]
*[[Wong Tai Sin]]
*[[Yau Ma Tei]]
*[[Yau Tong]]
{{div col end}}

==Education==
[[File:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University east.jpg|thumb|[[Hong Kong Polytechnic University|The Hong Kong Polytechnic University]] in [[Hung Hom]]]]
[[File:King george v school front facade 2004.jpg|thumb|[[King George V School (Hong Kong)|King George V School]], [[Ho Man Tin|Homantin]]]]
Partial list of educational institutions in Kowloon:

===Primary education===
* [[San Wui Commercial Society YMCA of Hong Kong Christian School]]
* [[St. Margaret's Co-educational English Secondary and Primary School]]

===Secondary education===
* [[The Church of Christ in China Ming Yin College]]
* [[King George V School (Hong Kong)|King George V School]]
* [[New Asia Middle School]]
* [[St. Teresa Secondary School]]

===Tertiary education===
* [[City University of Hong Kong]]
* [[Hong Kong Polytechnic University]]
* [[Hong Kong Baptist University]]
* [[Open University of Hong Kong]]
* [[Tung Wah College]]
* [[Hong Kong Nang Yan College of Higher Education]]
*Gratia Christian College

==Transportation==
[[File:Western Harbour Tunnel.JPG|thumb|[[Western Harbour Crossing]], one of the tunnels that link Kowloon with Hong Kong Island]]
Kowloon is connected to Hong Kong Island on the mainland by two road-only [[tunnel]]s (the [[Cross-Harbour Tunnel]] and the [[Western Harbour Crossing]]), two MTR railway tunnels ([[Tsuen Wan line]] and [[Tung Chung line]]/[[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]]) and one combined road and MTR rail link tunnel ([[Eastern Harbour Tunnel]], containing the [[Tseung Kwan O line]] and road traffic in separate parallel conduits). No bridges connect the island and Kowloon.

==Gallery==
{{Cleanup gallery|date=June 2019}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:The Urban Council Centenary Garden Fountain 2009.jpg|Centenary Garden Fountain, Tsim Sha Tsui
File:Maze Garden, Kowloon Park, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong - DSC06248.JPG|Maze Garden, [[Kowloon Park]], Tsim Sha Tsui
File:Boeing 747-428, Air France AN0278440.jpg|An Air France Boeing 747 passing above Kowloon, prior to landing at the old airport in 1998.
File:Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry Pier.jpg|[[Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui|Star Ferry Pier]], with the [[Hong Kong Cultural Centre]] and [[Clock Tower, Hong Kong|Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower]] in the background.
File:Kowloon Masjid and Islamic Centre from East 2.jpg|[[Kowloon Masjid and Islamic Centre]]
File:Kowloon-from-Hong-Kong-Island-2015-Luka-Peternel.jpg|Night view of Kowloon from [[Hong Kong Island]]
</gallery>
{{wide image|HK Kowloon Panorama 2009.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Kowloon Peninsula panorama}}

==References==
{{Portal|Hong Kong}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Hong_Kong/Kowloon|Kowloon}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Kowloon}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Kowloon West}}

{{Districts of Hong Kong}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|22|19|N|114|11|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Kowloon| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Asia]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Populated places in Hong Kong]]

Juanjo Guarnido

2021-11-27T13:41:12Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox comics creator
| name = Juanjo Guarnido
| image = 10.12.12JuanjoGuarnidoByLuigiNovi1.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Guarnido at the 2012 [[New York Comic Con]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{bya|1967}} 
| birth_place = [[Granada]], [[Spain]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Spanish
| area = Artist
| alias =
| notable works = ''[[Blacksad]]''
| awards = [[#Awards|full list]]
}}
'''Juanjo Guarnido''' (born 1967) is a Spanish illustrator and the co-author of the comic book series ''[[Blacksad]]''.

==Early life==
Guarnido was born in [[Granada]], [[Spain]]. He studied painting at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the [[University of Granada]].{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

==Career==
Guarnido collaborated on several [[fanzine]]s and produced work for [[Marvel Comics]]. Unfortunately, the small size of the Spanish market forced him to turn to other means of earning a living. In 1990, he left Granada and moved to [[Madrid]], where he worked on a TV series for three years. There he met [[Juan Díaz Canales]], with whom he discussed producing comics. In 1993, Guarnido applied for a job with the [[List of assets owned by Disney#Studio Entertainment|Walt Disney Studios]] in [[Montreuil, Eure-et-Loir|Montreuil]], [[France]] and consequently moved to [[Paris]].<ref name="lambiek">{{Cite web|last=Lambiek Comiclopedia|title= Juanjo Guarnido |url=http://lambiek.net/artists/g/guarnido_juanjo.htm}}</ref> He was the lead animator for the character [[Sabor (Tarzan)|Sabor]] in the Disney film ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120855/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm|title = Tarzan (1999) - IMDb}}</ref> as well as the lead animator for [[Hades (Disney)|Hades]] in ''[[Hercules (1997 film)|Hercules]]'' and Helga in ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]''.

After Guarnido left Disney, he reconnected with Canales. After contacting several editors, Guarnido and Canales finally signed on with French publisher [[Dargaud]], and in November 2000, ''Quelque part entre les ombres (Somewhere within the Shadows)'' was published.<ref name="lambiek"/> It was a success among critics and the public, and won the Prix de la Découverte at the Sierre International Comics Festival and the "Avenir" Prize at the [[Lys-lez-Lannoy]] Festival, respectively in [[Switzerland]] and [[France]].<ref name="dargaud"/> In March 2003, the second album ''Arctic-Nation'' was released. It was once again a success, winning the [[Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize Awarded by the Audience|Prize Awarded by the Audience]] and the [[Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Artwork|Prize for Artwork]] at the 2004 [[Angoulême International Comics Festival]]. The third instalment of the ''Blacksad'' series, ''Âme Rouge (Red Soul)'', was published in 2005. In 2006 it was awarded the Angoulême [[Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for a Series|Prize for a Series]].<ref name="mollat"/>

In 2009 Guarnido teamed up with writer Alain Ayroles, who is known for two hugely successful BD series in France - [[Garulfo]] and De cap et de Crocs, to begin work on a 'one shot' project that resulted in the release of ''Les Indes Fourbes'' (The treacherous Indies) by publishing house Delcourt some ten years later, in 2019.<ref>Hulley, Bart. « A Picture Isn’t Always Worth A Thousand Words ». The Comics Journal (blog), 22 septembre 2020. http://www.tcj.com/a-picture-isnt-always-worth-a-thousand-words/.</ref> Billed as the second part of [[El Buscón]] (The Swindler) by [[Francisco de Quevedo]], it is narrated by lovable rogue Don Pablos whose aim in life is to become a gentleman. Les Indes Fourbes starts with Don Pablos’ journey to the New World and the comedy of events that unfold.

==Awards==
*2000: Prize for Best First Album at the Lys-lez-Lannoy festival<ref name="dargaud">{{Cite web|last=Dargaud|title=Guarnido Juanjo|url=http://www.dargaud.com/front/auteurs/auteur.aspx?id=1147|language=French|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911045209/http://dargaud.com/front/auteurs/auteur.aspx?id=1147|archivedate=2007-09-11}}</ref>
*2000: Prix spécial at the Rœulx (Belgium) festival<ref name="dargaud"/>
*2000: Prix Némo at the Maisons-Laffitte festival<ref name="dargaud"/>
*2000: Prix découverte at Sierre International Comics Festival<ref name="bdzone">{{Cite web|last=BDzone|title= Les prix du festival de Sierre |url=http://www.bdzone.com/spip.php?article14|language=French}}</ref>
*2001: Best Artwork Award at Festival de Chambéry<ref name="catsuka">{{Cite web|last=Catsuka|title=Juanjo Guarnido|url=http://www.catsuka.com/focuson_bdillus.php?id=guarnido_juanjo|language=French}}</ref>
*2002: Best Artwork Award at Grand Prix Albert Uderzo<ref name="catsuka"/>
*2003: Prix spécial du jury au Sierre International Comics Festival<ref name="catsuka"/>
*2004: [[Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize Awarded by the Audience#2000s|Angoulême Audience Award]], for ''Arctic-Nation''
*2004: [[Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Artwork|Angoulême Best Artwork Award]], for ''Arctic-Nation''
*2004: Virgin Prize for Best Album, for ''Arctic-Nation''<ref name="ToutEnBD">{{Cite web|last= ToutEnBD |title= "Blacksad" prix Virgin Mégastore de la BD 2004|url=http://www.toutenbd.com/article.php3?id_article=640|language=French}}</ref>
*2006: [[Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for a Series|Angoulême Best Series Award]], for the ''Blacksad'' series<ref name="mollat">{{Cite web|last=Mollat libraire|title= Dossier : Angoulême 2006, le palmarès|url=http://www.mollat.com/dossiers/angouleme-2006-palmares-532.html|language=French}}</ref>
*2006: Bédéis Causa - Prix Maurice Petitdier for the best foreign comic at the Festival de la BD francophone de Québec for ''Blacksad''<ref>{{cite web|title=Bédéis Causa 2006 remis lors de la 19e édition du FBDFQ|url=http://www.fbdfq.com/?rub=9&id_sous_rub=2|publisher=Festival de la BD francophone de Québec|accessdate=25 May 2011|language=French}}</ref>
*2008: Iluminart Artward, for the ''Blacksad'' series<ref name="Iluminart">{{Cite web|last=Iluminart |title=Iluminart Artward|url=http://www.iluminart.blogspot.com|language=Spanish}}</ref>
*2011: [[Eisner Award]], [[List of Eisner Award winners#Best Painter/Digital Artist|Best Painter/Multimedia Artist (Interior Art)]], for the ''Blacksad'' series
*2019: The ''Landerneau Prize'' (France) awarded by [[Régis Loisel]] for ''[[Les Indes fourbes]]''.<ref>Didier Pasamonik, « Les Indes fourbes d’Alain Ayroles et Juanjo Guarnido (Delcourt) Prix Landerneau 2019 », on Actua BD, 26 November 2019.</ref>
*2019: The ''RTL Grand Prix'' for comics (France) for ''Les Indes fourbes''.<ref>VS, [https://www.actuabd.com/+Les-Indes-fourbes-d-Ayroles-et-Guarnido-rafle-encore-la-mise-en-remportant-le+ « Les Indes fourbes d’Ayroles et Guarnido rafle encore la mise en remportant le Grand prix RTL de la BD »], on Actua BD, 29 November 2019.</ref>
*2019: Comic booksellers (France) prize for ''Les Indes fourbes''.<ref>[https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/alain-ayroles-et-juanjo-guarnido-laureats-du-prix-des-libraires-de-bd « Alain Ayroles et Juanjo Guarnido, lauréats du prix des libraires de BD »], on Livres Hebdo (consulted 31 January 2020)</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Blacksad'' series (Dargaud) with [[Juan Díaz Canales]]
**''Somewhere Within the Shadows'' (2000)
**''Arctic Nation'' (2003)
**''Red Soul'' (2005)
**''A Silent Hell'' (2010)
**''Amarillo'' (2013)
*[https://www.editions-delcourt.fr/serie/indes-fourbes.html ''Les Indes fourbes'' (2019)] with [[Alain Ayroles]]

==Independent Animations==
* ''Freak of the Week'' (Director) (2014)<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2vzBdIejVY</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[http://bdoubliees.com/journalpilote/auteurs2/guarnido.htm Guarnido publications in ''Pilote''] BDoubliées {{in lang|fr}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://lambiek.net/artists/g/guarnido_juanjo.htm Juanjo Guarnido biography] on Lambiek Comiclopedia
*[http://www.blacksadmania.com Blacksadmania.com] (French)
{{Eisner Award for Best Painter/Digital Artist}}

{{ACArt|country=ES}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guarnido, Juanjo}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Granada]]
[[Category:Spanish animators]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios people]]
[[Category:Spanish comics artists]]
[[Category:French graphic novelists]]
[[Category:Eisner Award winners for Best Painter/Multimedia Artist (Interior)]]

Morocco–Yugoslavia relations

2021-07-16T19:05:54Z

Angelito7: Undid revision 1030779363 by 41.251.225.50 (talk)

{{Infobox bilateral relations|Morocco-Yugoslavia|Morocco|Yugoslavia}}

{{multiple image
| width = 120
| image1 = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg
| alt1 = Moroccoa
| image2 = SFR Yugolsavia.png
| alt2 = Yugoslavia 1956-1990
| footer = Morocco and Yugoslavia
}}
[[File:Predsednik Tito u razgledanju starog grada Meknesa.jpg|thumb|President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito in [[Meknes]] in 1961.]]

'''Morocco–Yugoslavia relations''' were historical foreign relations between [[Morocco]] and now [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|split-up]] [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. Two countries established formal bilateral relations on 2 March 1957.<ref name="mfa.rs">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/spoljna-politika/bilateralni-odnosi/117-bilateralni-odnosi/11494-maroko?lang=cyr |title= Мароко |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Serbia)]] |access-date=13 November 2020 }}</ref> Both countries were founding members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Moroccan king Hassan II supported Yugoslav bid to host the first conference of the movement in 1961 even over the candidacy of [[Cairo]].<ref name="YU Historija">{{cite web |url=https://yuhistorija.com/int_relations_txt01.html |title= Yugoslavia on the International Scene: The Active Coexistence of Non-Aligned Yugoslavia |last=Jakovina |first=Tvrtko |publisher=YU Historija |access-date=13 November 2020 }}</ref> The belief was that Yugoslav bid will ''“increase the possibility of wider Arab participation”'' irrespective of some internal divisions.<ref name="YU Historija"/> Yugoslav diplomacy on its part gave high priority to country's relations with non-bloc [[Mediterranean]] countries.

==The issue of Western Sahara in bilateral relations==
Friendly initial relations between the two countries suffered from the unresolved issue of the [[Western Sahara]] which gained prominence among some Non-Aligned countries, including some of the major Yugoslav partners. As Yugoslavia was the first European country which recognized the independence of [[Algeria]] some NAM member states believed that they will be able to pressure Belgrade to be the first European country to recognize the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]].<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana">{{cite book |author=Tvrtko Jakovina |author-link=Tvrtko Jakovina |date=2011|title=Treća strana Hladnog rata |publisher=Fraktura |isbn=978-953-266-203-0 }}</ref> During the [[Polisario Front]] visit to Belgrade led by [[Mustafa Ould Salek]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Yugoslavia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia]] [[Miloš Minić]] excused Yugoslav president from the meeting by his heavy workload burden at the time.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> Minić and president Tito subsequently met [[Prime Minister of Morocco]] [[Maati Bouabid]] where the Western Sahara was discussed.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> While Yugoslav side showed some dissatisfaction with perceived Moroccan rigidity over the issue, Moroccan side appreciated the friendly atmosphere in which concerns were shared.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> On 28 November 1984 Yugoslavia recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.<ref name="list">{{cite web |url=https://www.arso.org/03-2.htm |title= RECONOCIMIENTOS DE LA RASD - Reconnaissances de la RASD - Recognitions of the SADR |publisher=[[Universidad de Santiago de Compostela]] |access-date=13 November 2020 }}</ref> Yugoslav recognition was [[International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|61 recognition]] and the first one (and alongside 1987 Albanian the only one) in Europe. This led to a 4 years long period of rupture in formal relations between the two countries. Yugoslav decision was subsequently recalled by [[Serbia and Montenegro]] (one of the successor states) in early 2000's which led to development of relations between Serbia and Morocco centered over the shared views on the [[International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|status of Western Sahara]] and [[International recognition of Kosovo|Kosovo]].

==List of bilateral state visits==
===Yugoslav visits to Morocco===
* '''1-6 March 1961''': [[Josip Broz Tito]]<ref name="Slika Afrike">{{cite thesis |last=R. Radonić |first=Nemanja |date=2020 |title=Слика Африке у Југославији (1945-1991) |type=Doctoral Thesis |publisher=[[University of Belgrade]] |url=https://uvidok.rcub.bg.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/3929/Doktorat.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement]]
*[[Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity]]
*[[Morocco–European Union relations]]
*[[Yugoslavia–European Communities relations]]
*[[Mediterranean Games]]
*[[Agadir Crisis]]
*[[July Crisis]]
*[[Morocco in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
*[[Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
*[[Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito]]
*[[Morocco at the 1984 Winter Olympics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of Morocco}}
{{Foreign relations of Yugoslavia}}

[[Category:Bilateral relations of Yugoslavia|Morocco]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Morocco|Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina–Morocco relations]]
[[Category:Croatia–Morocco relations]]
[[Category:Morocco–Serbia relations]]

List of companies in Morocco

2021-07-16T19:04:59Z

Angelito7: Undid revision 1030778572 by 41.251.225.50 (talk)

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
[[File:Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg|thumb|Location of [[Morocco]]]]

[[Morocco]] is a sovereign country located in the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]]. Morocco's economy is considered a relatively [[liberal economy]] governed by the [[Supply and demand|law of supply and demand]]. Since 1993, the country has followed a policy of [[privatization|privatisation]] of certain economic sectors which used to be in the hands of the [[Politics of Morocco|government]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Thomas M. |title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-415-97663-4 |page=1085 }}</ref> Morocco has become a major player in the African economic affairs,<ref>[http://www.moroccobusinessnews.com/Content/Article.asp?idr=18&id=1299 Morocco major economic player in Africa, researcher]. Moroccobusinessnews.com (16 December 2009). Retrieved 17 April 2015.</ref> and is the [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|5th African economy]] by GDP (PPP). Morocco was ranked the 1st African country by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]' [[quality-of-life index]], ahead of [[South Africa]]. However, Morocco has since then slipped into fourth place behind [[Egypt]], but ahead of [[Angola]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

== Notable firms ==
This list includes notable [[company|companies]] with primary [[headquarters]] located in the country. The industry and sector follow the [[Industry Classification Benchmark]] taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
{{Company-list table start}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[2M (TV channel)|2M TV]]
| Consumer services
| Broadcasting & entertainment
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1989
| State television
| state=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Acima]]
| Consumer services
| Food retailers & wholesalers
| [[Rabat]]
| 2002
| Supermarket chain, part of [[Marjane (business)|Marjane]]
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Agma Lahlou-Tazi]]
| Financials
| Full line insurance
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1964
| Life insurance
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Air Arabia Maroc]]
| Consumer services
| Travel & leisure
| [[Casablanca]]
| 2009
| Low cost airline
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Akwa Group]]
| Oil & gas
| Exploration & production
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1932
| Oil and gas
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Attijariwafa Bank]]
| Financials
| Banks
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1904
| Bank
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Banque Commerciale du Maroc]]
| Financials
| Banks
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1911
| Bank, defunct 2004
| defunct=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Banque Populaire du Maroc]] (BCP)
| Financials
| Banks
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1961
| Bank
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[BMCE Bank]]
| Financials
| Banks
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1959
| Bank
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[BMCI]]
| Financials
| Banks
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1943
| Bank
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Casa Air Service]]
| Consumer services
| Airlines
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1995
| Private airline
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Casablanca Stock Exchange]]
| Financials
| Investment services
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1929
| Exchange
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Comarit]]
| Industrials
| Marine transportation
| [[Tangier]]
| 1984
| Ferry operator, defunct 2012
| defunct=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Compagnie de Transports au Maroc]] (CTM)
| Consumer services
| Travel & tourism
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1919
| Public transportation
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Compagnie Générale Immobiliere]]
| Financials
| Real estate holding & development
| [[Rabat]]
| 1960
| Real estate
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Compagnie Marocaine de Navigation]]
| Industrials
| Marine transportation
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1946
| Shipping
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Eco-Médias]]
| Consumer services
| Publishing
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1991
| Publisher
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[El Alami Group]]
| Industrials
| Heavy construction
| [[Tangier]]
| 1950
| Construction
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Ferrimaroc]]
| Industrials
| Marine transportation
| [[Nador]]
| 1994
| Ferry operator
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Free Media]]
| Consumer services
| Publishing
| [[Casablanca]]
| ?
| Publisher
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[FRS Iberia/Maroc]]
| Industrials
| Marine transportation
| [[Tangier]]
| 2000
| Ferry operator
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Inwi]]
| Telecommunications
| Fixed line telecommunications
| [[Casablanca]]
| 2009
| Telecommunications, internet
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Jet4you]]
| Consumer services
| Airlines
| [[Casablanca]]
| 2006
| Low cost airline, defunct 2012
| defunct=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Laraki]]
| Consumer goods
| Automobiles
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1999
| Automotive
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Les Domaines Agricoles]]
| Consumer goods
| Farming & fishing
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1960
| Agribusiness
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Marjane (business)|Marjane]]
| Consumer services
| Food retailers & wholesalers
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1990
| Supermarket chain
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Maroc Soir Group]]
| Consumer services
| Publishing
| [[Casablanca]]
| ?
| Publishing
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Maroc Telecom]]
| Telecommunications
| Fixed line telecommunications
| [[Rabat]]
| 2013
| Telecommunications
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[MarsaMaroc]]
| Industrials
| Transportation services
| [[Casablanca]]
| 2006
| Ports
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Med Airlines]]
| Industrials
| Delivery services
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1997
| Cargo airline
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Orange Morocco]]
| Telecommunications
| Mobile telecommunications
| [[Casablanca]]
| 2000
| Mobile
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Mena Media Consulting]]
| Industrials
| Business support services
| [[Rabat]]
| 2004
| Public relations
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Mondair]]
| Consumer services
| Airlines
| [[Agadir]]
| 2002
| Charter airline, defunct 2004
| defunct=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Nareva]]
| Oil & gas
| Exploration & production
| [[Casablanca]]
| ?
| Energy
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Nemotek Technologie]]
| Industrials
| Industrial machinery
| [[Rabat]]
| 2008
| Manufacturing
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[OCP Group]]
| Basic materials
| General mining
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1920
| Phosphates
| state=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[ONA Group]]
| Conglomerates
| -
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1934
| Conglomerate, defunct 2010
| defunct=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[ONCF]]
| Industrials
| Railroads
| [[Rabat]]
| 1963
| Railway
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Poste Maroc]]
| Industrials
| Delivery services
| [[Rabat]]
| ?
| Postal services
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[RAM Cargo]]
| Industrials
| Delivery services
| [[Casablanca]]
| 2010
| Cargo airline, part of [[Royal Air Maroc]]
| state=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Royal Air Maroc]]
| Consumer services
| Airlines
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1957
| Flag carrier
| state=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Royal Air Maroc Express]]
| Consumer services
| Airlines
| [[Casablanca]]
| 2009
| Airline, part of [[Royal Air Maroc]]
| state=y
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Siger]]
| Conglomerates
| -
| [[Casablanca]]
| 2002
| Holding company
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Société Automobiles Ménara]]
| Consumer goods
| Automobiles
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1972
| Automotive
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Société Nationale d'Investissement]]
| Conglomerates
| -
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1966
| Holding company
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Somaca]]
| Consumer goods
| Automobiles
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1959
| Automotive
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[SOMED]]
| Conglomerates
| -
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1982
| Mining, tourism, real estate
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Sonasid]]
| Basic materials
| Iron & steel
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1974
| Steel
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Sopriam]]
| Consumer goods
| Automobiles
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1977
| Automotive
}}
{{Company-list table entry
| [[Wafa Assurance]]
| Financials
| Full line insurance
| [[Casablanca]]
| 1972
| Insurance
}}
{{Company-list table end}}

<gallery mode=packed>
File:Bank in marocco.jpg|The central bank of Morocco, [[Bank Al-Maghrib]].
File:Isofoton Marruecos.JPG|[[Solar cell]] panels in eastern Morocco.
File:Immeuble Liberté à Casablanca.jpg|Jacobs Group Industries built in 1998.

</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of airlines of Morocco]]
* [[List of banks in Morocco]]
* [[MADEX index]]
* [[MASI index]]

{{portalbar|Morocco|Companies|Africa}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=25em}}

{{MADEX}}
{{Economy of Morocco}}
{{Africa topic|List of companies of}}

[[Category:Lists of companies of Morocco| ]]

Reincarnation research

2019-12-28T09:20:29Z

Angelito7: ←Changed redirect target from Reincarnation#Reincarnation research to Reincarnation#Research into claims of reincarnation

#REDIRECT [[Reincarnation#Research into claims of reincarnation]]

Oskar Pfister Award

2018-01-08T23:23:57Z

Angelito7:

The '''Oskar Pfister Award''' was established by the [[American Psychiatric Association]] (APA), with the Association of Mental Health Clergy (now the Association of Professional Chaplains), in 1983 to honor those who have made significant contributions to the field of religion and psychiatry. The recipient delivers a lecture at an APA conference during the year of award, although the 2002 lecture was delivered by Susan Larson on behalf of her late husband. The award is named in honor of [[Oskar Pfister]], a chaplain who discussed the religious aspects of psychology with [[Sigmund Freud]].<ref>Association of Professional Chaplains. [http://www.professionalchaplains.org/content.asp?pl=41&sl=24&contentid=112 Award Recipients by Organization] (includes Oskar Pfister Award recipients and titles of their lectures)</ref>

==Award winners==
*1983 - [[Jerome Frank (psychiatrist)|Jerome D. Frank]]
*1984 - [[Wayne Oates]]
*1985 - [[Viktor Frankl]]
*1986 - [[Hans Küng]]
*1987 - [[Robert Jay Lifton]]
*1988 - [[Oliver Sacks]]
*1989 - [[William W. Meissner]]
*1990 - [[Peter Gay]]
*1991 - [[Robert Coles]]
*1992 - [[Paulos Mar Gregorios]]
*1993 - [[Paul R. Fleischman]]
*1994 - [[James W. Fowler III]]
*1995 - [[Prakash Desai]]
*1996 - [[Ann Belford Ulanov]]
*1997 - [[Ana-Maria Rizzuto]]
*1998 - [[Allen Bergin]]
*1999 - [[Don S. Browning]]
*2000 - [[Paul Ricoeur]]
*2001 - [[Irvin D. Yalom]]
*2002 - [[David Larson]]
*2003 - [[Abraham Twerski]]
*2004 - [[Elizabeth Bowman]]
*2005 - [[Armand Nicholi]]
*2006 - [[Ned H. Cassem]]
*2007 - [[William R. Miller (psychologist)|William R. Miller]]
*2008 - [[Dan G. Blazer]]
*2009 - [[Kenneth I. Pargament]]
*2010 - [[George Eman Vaillant|George E. Vaillant]]
*2011 - [[Clark S. Aist]]
*2012 - [[Harold G. Koenig]]
*2013 - [[Marc Galanter (psychiatrist)|Marc Galanter]]

==See also==
*[[List of prizes, medals and awards]]
*[[List of prizes named after people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:American awards]]
[[Category:Psychiatry awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1983]]

List of best-selling books

2017-09-30T23:59:24Z

Angelito7: adding reference

{{dynamic list}}
This page provides '''lists of best-selling individual books and book series''' to date and in any language. ''"Best selling"'' refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book, rather than the number of books printed or currently owned. Comics and textbooks are not included in this list. The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent sources. This list is incomplete because there are many books, such as ''[[The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)|The Betrothed]]'' by [[Alessandro Manzoni]],<ref name="Archibald Colquhoun 1954">Archibald Colquhoun. ''Manzoni and his Times.'' J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1954.</ref> ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' by [[Alexandre Dumas]], or ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'' by [[Charles Dickens]], that are commonly cited as "best-selling books" yet have no reliable sales figures because of the many [[public domain]] re-releases.

According to ''[[Guinness World Records]]'', the [[Bible]] is the best-selling book of all time with over 5 billion copies sold and distributed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best selling book of non-fiction|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-book-of-non-fiction|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> However, the ''[[Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung]]'', also known as the ''Little Red Book'', has produced a wide array of sales and distribution figures — with some sources claiming over 6.5 billion printed volumes,<ref>Zhengyuan Fu, ''Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics'', Cambridge University Press 1994, p. 186. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uGZIziWmlmsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=autocratic+tradition+and+chinese+politics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMI56TJyKv6yAIViXE-Ch0DEQvm#v=onepage&q=autocratic%20tradition%20and%20chinese%20politics&f=false Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics]</ref> others claiming the distribution ran into the "billions,"<ref>[[Allen Kent]], Harold Lancour, Jay E. Daily, ''Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Volume 22'', CRC Press 1977, p.31. [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Science%3A+Volume+22 Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science]</ref> and others citing "over a billion" official volumes between 1966 and 1969 alone as well as "untold numbers of unofficial local reprints and unofficial translations."<ref>Alexander C. Cook, ''Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History'', Cambridge University Press 2014, p. xiii [https://books.google.com/books?id=ttjSAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=mao%27s+little+red+book:+a+global+history&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIwsfq57T6yAIVSfI-Ch0XggzB#v=onepage&q=mao's%20little%20red%20book%3A%20a%20global%20history&f=false Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History]</ref><ref>Daniel Leese, ''Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution'', Cambridge University Press 2013, p. 108 [https://books.google.com/books?id=iqjviY6aFloC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mao+Cult:+Rhetoric+and+Ritual+in+China%27s+Cultural+Revolution&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIzqqJwq_6yAIVgTI-Ch3k6wSv#v=onepage&q=Mao%20Cult%3A%20Rhetoric%20and%20Ritual%20in%20China's%20Cultural%20Revolution&f=false Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution]</ref> The [[Qur'an]] is also widely reported to be one of the most printed and distributed books worldwide,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/30/the-15-biggest-bestseller_n_664029.html#s115965 | work=Huffington Post | first=Alexandra | last=Carr | title=After The Bible | date=30 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/21-best-sellers.htm#page=0|title=The 21 Best-selling Books of All Time|work=HowStuffWorks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publishingperspectives.com/2010/09/top-25-bestselling-books-of-all-time/|title=The Bible vs. Mao: A "Best Guess" of the Top 25 Bestselling Books of All Time - Publishing Perspectives|work=Publishing Perspectives}}</ref> with billions of copies believed to be in existence. Exact print figures for these and other books may also be missing or unreliable since these kinds of books may be produced by many different and unrelated publishers, in some cases over many centuries. All books of a religious, ideological, philosophical or political nature have been excluded from this list of best-selling books for these reasons.

Having sold more than 500 million copies worldwide,<ref>
[https://www.forbes.com/pictures/lml45effkg/j-k-rowling-founder-of-the-harry-potter-empire/ Forbes] on ''Harry Potter'': "It and the six subsequent books have now sold 500 million copies worldwide." (22 May 2013)</ref> ''[[Harry Potter]]'' by [[J. K. Rowling]] is the best-selling book series in history. The first novel in the series, ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'', has sold in excess of 120 million copies,<ref>{{cite book|last=Chalton|first=Nicola|author2=MacArdle, Meredith |title=20th Century in Bite-Sized Chunks|publisher=Chartwell Books|year=2017|page=129|isbn=978-0-7858-3510-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF8HDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=philosopher%27s+stone+120+million&source=bl&ots=xcuvqK2qLp&sig=GFDBLllrb6LEkISCOroWndKwemc&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj69Nu5z-3VAhUyS5oKHftkBawQ6AEITDAL#v=onepage&q=philosopher's%20stone%20120%20million&f=false|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref> making it one of the best-selling books of all time. As of June 2017, the series has been translated into 80 languages,<ref>[https://www.jkrowling.com/harry-potter-translated-scots/ J.K. Rowling] on ''Harry Potter'': "20 years after it was first published in the UK in 1997, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone is to be translated into its 80th language – Scots!" (28 June 2017)</ref> placing Harry Potter among history's [[List of literary works by number of translations|most translated literary works]], with it being one of the first texts to be translated into [[Ancient Greek]] since the BC era. The last four books in the series consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books of all time, where the final instalment, ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'', sold roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release.
== List of best-selling individual books ==

=== More than 100 million copies ===


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales !! Genre
|-

|''[[Don Quixote]]'' || [[Miguel de Cervantes]] || Spanish || 1605 || 500 million<ref name="stylist.co.uk">{{Cite news|url=http://www.stylist.co.uk/books/the-all-time-most-popular-books-in-the-world-revealed|title=The all-time most popular books in the world revealed|newspaper=Stylist Magazine|language=en|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref><ref name="21best" />|| fiction (novel)
|-

|''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'' || [[Charles Dickens]] || English || 1859 || 200 million<ref name="stylist.co.uk"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-28854998|title=Charles Dickens inscribed book offered for £275,000 sale|date=2014-08-19|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-29|quote=A Tale of Two Cities is believed to be the best-selling novel of all time, having sold more than 200 million copies.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/7685510/David-Mitchell-on-Historical-Fiction.html|title=David Mitchell on Historical Fiction|last=Mitchell|first=By David|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-01-29|quote=Charles Dickens’ second stab at a historical novel, A Tale of Two Cities, has sold more than 200 million copies to date, making it the bestselling novel – in any genre – of all time.}}</ref><ref name="21best">{{Cite news |url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/21-best-sellers3.htm |title=The 21 Best-selling Books of All Time |date=2011-12-19 |work=HowStuffWorks |access-date=2017-01-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/international-literacy-day-2014-what-are-bestselling-books-all-time-1464474|title=International Literacy Day 2014: What Are the Bestselling Books of All Time?|last=Smith|first=Lydia|date=2014-09-08|newspaper=International Business Times UK|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://publishingperspectives.com/2010/09/top-25-bestselling-books-of-all-time/|title=The Bible vs. Mao: A "Best Guess" of the Top 25 Bestselling Books of All Time - Publishing Perspectives|date=2010-09-07|newspaper=Publishing Perspectives|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biblio.co.uk/a-tale-of-two-cities-by-dickens-charles/work/64|title=A Tale Of Two Cities by Dickens, Charles|website=biblio.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thecircumlocutionoffice.com/a-tale-of-two-cities/|title=A Tale of Two Cities|newspaper=The Circumlocution Office|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013192344/http://thecircumlocutionoffice.com/a-tale-of-two-cities/|archivedate=2016-10-13|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/aug/21/charles-dickens-george-eliot-a-tale-of-two-cities|title=Charles Dickens novel inscribed to George Eliot up for sale|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2014-08-21|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>|| fiction: [[historical fiction]] (novel)
|-

|''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' || [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] || English || 1954–1955 || 150 million<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is considered by most people to be a single book, because it was written and planned by the author to be such. It is written in the preface to many editions that the book is sometimes 'erroneously' referred to as a trilogy, and goes on to state that it is one book in three volumes. Some people consider it to instead be a trilogy or series of three books, because it was originally published as a series of three volumes: ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', and ''[[The Return of the King]]''. [http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/displayProductDetails.do?sku=5007234 ''Lord of the Rings''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071938/http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/displayProductDetails.do?sku=5007234 |date=2007-09-28 }}, Waterstones.com: This move by the publishing house was due largely to post-war paper shortages as well as to minimize the price of the first volume to aid sales. Wagner, Vit. [https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/203389 "Tolkien proves he's still the king"], ''[[The Toronto Star]]'', 16 April 2007: In subsequent printings the book has sometimes appeared as a single volume, and in at least one case was split into seven. The figure of 150 million is a 2007 estimate of copies of the full story sold, whether published as one volume, three, or some other configuration.</ref>|| fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-

|''Le Petit Prince'' (''[[The Little Prince]]'') || [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]] || French{{#tag:ref|
Some confusion and controversy is commonly attached to the publication data for ''Le Petit Prince''. Saint-Exupéry, its author, spoke almost no English and wrote exclusively in French. His handwritten (and almost illegible) French manuscript was converted by his secretary into a French typescript, which he submitted to his New York City publisher Reynal & Hitchcock in late 1942, which was then translated to English by their own translator. The story was first published in New York City in English in April 1943, followed a week later by its French counterpart. It was also licensed for publication in other countries by Reynal & Hitchcock before being published by Saint-Exupéry's normal publisher in France after the end of the Second World War. ''Le Petit Prince'' would not be published in France until its liberation, with Gallimard's first French printing in November 1945, which they say they did not release for sale until 1946. In approximately 1947 Gallimard sued Reynal & Hitchcock claiming it had an 'exclusive' publishing agreement with Saint-Exupéry (who was killed during the war), and later reached a rights agreement with them.|group = "Note"}} || 1943 || 140 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/little-prince-discovery-offers-new-insight-into-classic-book-1.1310195|title='Little Prince' discovery offers new insight into classic book|author=THOMAS ADAMSON (Associated Press)|work=thetimes-tribune.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcocreate.com/3025693/why-the-little-prince-is-actually-a-new-york-classic#3|title=Why "The Little Prince" Is Actually A New York Classic|work=Co.Create}}</ref>|| fiction (novel)
|-

|''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' || [[J. K. Rowling]] || English || 1997 || 120 million<ref>{{cite book|last=Chalton|first=Nicola|author2=MacArdle, Meredith |title=20th Century in Bite-Sized Chunks|publisher=Chartwell Books|year=2017|page=129|isbn=978-0-7858-3510-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF8HDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=philosopher%27s+stone+120+million&source=bl&ots=xcuvqK2qLp&sig=GFDBLllrb6LEkISCOroWndKwemc&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj69Nu5z-3VAhUyS5oKHftkBawQ6AEITDAL#v=onepage&q=philosopher's%20stone%20120%20million&f=false|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref>|| fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-

|''[[The Hobbit]]'' || [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] || English || 1937 || 100 million<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9555838/The-Hobbit-What-has-made-the-book-such-an-enduring-success.html "The Hobbit: What has made the book such an enduring success?"], The Telegraph, 20 September 2012.</ref>|| fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|''[[And Then There Were None]]'' || [[Agatha Christie]] || English || 1939 || 100 million<ref name="stylist.co.uk"/>|| fiction: [[Mystery_fiction|mystery]] (novel)
|-
|{{zh||c=紅樓夢/红楼梦|labels=no}} (''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]'') || [[Cao Xueqin]] || Chinese || 1754<ref>{{cite book|title=Literati and Self-Re/Presentation: Autobiographical Sensibility in the Eighteenth-Century Chinese Novel|last=Huang|first=Martin|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=1995|page=212|isbn=9780804724623}}</ref>–1791 || 100 million<ref name="stylist.co.uk"/><ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/151884.htm "Betting on ''The Red Mansions''"], China.org: "Sun said that the book has sold over 100 million copies worldwide so far." 14 December 2005</ref>|| fiction: [[family saga]] (novel)
|-
|''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'' || [[Lewis Carroll]] || English || 1865 || 100 million<ref name="stylist.co.uk"/>|| fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|}

=== Between 50 million and 100 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales !! Genre
|-
|''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' || [[C. S. Lewis]] || English || 1950 || 85 million<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/books-life/7545438/The-20-greatest-childrens-books-ever.html The Telegraphy] on ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'': "This classic story has sold more than 85 million copies in 29 different languages since its publication in 1950." (3 April 2010)</ref>||fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|''[[She: A History of Adventure]]'' || [[H. Rider Haggard]] || English || 1887 || 83 million<ref name="stylist.co.uk"/>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2016}} to 100 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smashwords.com/extreader/read/349212/2/a-quick-guide-to-she|title=Smashwords – A Quick Guide to "She" - A book by Students' Academy - page 2|last=Academy|first=Students'|website=www.smashwords.com|language=en|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2016}}||fiction: [[fantasy]], [[adventure]], [[Romance novel|romance]] and [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]] (novel)
|-
|''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'' || [[Dan Brown]] || English || 2003 || 80 million<ref>[http://www.mercurynews.com/celebrities/ci_12530761 San José Mercury News] on ''The Da Vinci Code'': "That earlier book has sold more than 80 million copies worldwide, was adapted into a movie and made hits out of Brown's previous novels, including "Angels & Demons," whose film version is now in theaters." (5 June 2009)</ref>||fiction: [[Mystery (fiction) | mystery]], [[Thriller (genre) | thriller]] (novel)
|-
|''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' || [[J. K. Rowling]] || English || 1998 || 77 million<ref>[https://www.hypable.com/harry-potter/book-history Hypable] on ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'': "As of 2012, the book has sold 77 million copies worldwide and been translated into 72 languages." (April 2012)</ref>||fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' || [[J. K. Rowling]] || English || 1999 || 65 million<ref name="fansided.com">[https://fansided.com/fandom250/harry-potter-jk-rowling FanSided] on ''Harry Potter'': "The success of the books — every one of which has sold over 65 million copies — and the films — which have done billions of dollars worth of box office sales worldwide — is perhaps the easiest way to demonstrate the sheer size of the Harry Potter fandom." (November 2016)</ref>||fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' || [[J. K. Rowling]] || English || 2000 || 65 million<ref name="fansided.com"/>||fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' || [[J. K. Rowling]] || English || 2003 || 65 million<ref name="fansided.com"/>||fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' || [[J. K. Rowling]] || English || 2005 || 65 million<ref name="fansided.com"/>||fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' || [[J. K. Rowling]] || English || 2007 || 65 million<ref name="fansided.com"/>||fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'' || [[J. D. Salinger]] || English || 1951 || 65 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foyles.co.uk/display.asp?K=9780140237504&aub=J%20D%20Salinger&m=7&dc=9 |title=Foyles |publisher=Foyles |date=1994-08-04 |accessdate=2009-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919025004/http://www.foyles.co.uk/display.asp?K=9780140237504&aub=J%20D%20Salinger&m=7&dc=9 |archivedate=2009-09-19 |df= }}</ref>||fiction: realistic fiction, [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age fiction]]
|-
|''[[Think and Grow Rich]]'' || [[Napoleon Hill]] || English || 1937 || 60 million<ref>[https://www.bookdepository.com/Think-Grow-Rich-from-Smartercomics-Napoleon-Hill/9781610820073 Book Depository] on ''Think and Grow Rich'': "Originally written in 1937, Think and Grow Rich has sold over 60 million copies." (10 October 2012)</ref>||[[non-fiction]] (novel)
|-
|''[[The Bridges of Madison County]]'' || [[Robert James Waller]] || English || 1992 || 60 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://triblive.com/aande/theaterarts/9886121-74/county-bridges-stanley|title='The Bridges of Madison County' novel springs to life as a musical|last=Carter|first=Alice T.|website=TribLIVE.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref>||
|-
|''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'' || [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] || English || 1887 || 60 million <ref name="stylist.co.uk"/>||fiction: [[detective fiction]], [[Short story|short stories]] (novel)
|-
|''[[20,000 Leagues under the Sea]]'' || [[Jules Verne]] || French || 1870 || 60 million <ref name="stylist.co.uk"/>||fiction: [[Adventure fiction|adventures]] (novel)
|-
|''Cien años de soledad'' (''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'') || [[Gabriel García Márquez]] || Spanish || 1967 || 50 million<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21601223-gabriel-garc-m-rquez-latin-americas-literary-colossus-died-april-17th-aged-87] April 26, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.walrusmagazine.com/articles/2007.12-books-one-hundred-years-of-solitude-marquez/ The Walrus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513143403/http://www.walrusmagazine.com/articles/2007.12-books-one-hundred-years-of-solitude-marquez/ |date=2008-05-13 }} December 2007 issue</ref><ref>[http://granmai.co.cu/ingles/2007/marzo/mar6/10gabo.html granma.cu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163601/http://granmai.co.cu/ingles/2007/marzo/mar6/10gabo.html |date=2011-07-18 }} March 6, 2007</ref>||fiction: magic realism (novel)
|-
|''[[Lolita]]'' || [[Vladimir Nabokov]] || English || 1955 || 50 million<ref>''http://www.salon.com/entertainment/audiofile/2005/10/31/listens''</ref>||fiction: general fiction (novel)
|-
|''Heidis Lehr- und Wanderjahre'' (''[[Heidi|Heidi's Years of Learning and Travel]]'') || [[Johanna Spyri]] || German || 1880 || 50 million<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/stories/s549261.htm ABC Australia] on ''Heidi'': "Johanna Spyri's story has been translated into fifty languages and sold fifty million copies, but the marketing juggernaut shows no signs of slowing down - fat from it. Heidi now has her own theme park." (5 August 2002)</ref>||fiction: [[Children's literature|children's fiction]] (novel)
|-
|''[[The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care]]'' || Dr. [[Benjamin Spock]] || English || 1946 || 50 million<ref name=RussellAsh>''The Top 10 of Everything 2002'' by Russell Ash</ref>||[[Non-fiction novel|non-fiction]] (novel)
|-
|''[[Anne of Green Gables]]'' || [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]] || English || 1908 || 50 million<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN1754861220080319 Reuters] on ''Anne of Green Gables'': ""Anne of Green Gables" has sold more than 50 million copies and been translated into 20 languages, according to Penguin." (19 March 2008)</ref>||fiction: general fiction (novel)
|-
|''[[Black Beauty]]'' || [[Anna Sewell]] || English || 1877 || 50 million<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/children/article3459873.ece The Times] on ''Black Beauty'': "Fifty million copies of Black Beauty have been sold in the years since Anna Sewell's publisher paid her £20 for the story." (29 February 2008)</ref>||fiction: [[children's literature]] (novel)
|-
|''Il Nome della Rosa'' (''[[The Name of the Rose]]'') || [[Umberto Eco]] || Italian || 1980 || 50 million<ref>[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/The-Name-of-the-Rose/Umberto-Eco/e/9780156001311 Library Journal] (no date)</ref>||[[Historical fiction|historical novel]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]]
|-
|''[[The Eagle Has Landed (novel)|The Eagle Has Landed]]'' || [[Jack Higgins]] || English || 1975 || 50 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2010/jul/31/jack-higgins-life-harry-patterson|title=A life in writing: Jack Higgins|last=Crace|first=John|date=2010-07-30|work=|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2017-01-29|via=}}</ref>||fiction: [[War novel|war]], [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] (novel)
|-
|''[[Watership Down]]'' || [[Richard Adams]] || English || 1972 || 50 million<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-16142667 BBC News - Watership Down author Richard Adams criticises homes plan] on Watership Down'': "Watership Down sold more than 50 million copies." (13 December 2011)</ref>||fiction: [[fantasy]] (novel)
|-
|''[[The Hite Report]]'' || [[Shere Hite]] || English || 1976 || 50 million<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-499995/Why-women-worst-ENEMIES.html Daily Mail] on The Hite Report'': "Author of the groundbreaking 1976 Hite Report: A Nationwide Study Of Female Sexuality, Shere Hite has sold more than 50 million copies worldwide." (06 December 2007)</ref>||
|-
|''[[Charlotte's Web]]'' || [[E.B. White]]; illustrated by [[Garth Williams]] || English || 1952 || 50 million<ref>[http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070706/NEWS/707060353 Pocono Record] on ''Charlotte's Web'': " It has sold over 50 million copies, been translated into 23 languages, and shown in three major movie versions." (06 July 2007)</ref>||fiction: [[Children's literature|children's fiction]] (novel)
|-
|''[[The Ginger Man]]'' || [[J. P. Donleavy]] || English || 1955 || 50 million<ref>[http://www.sundayworld.com/entertainment/showbiz/here-s-johnny-5-8-2008 Sunday World] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140118200632/http://www.sundayworld.com/entertainment/showbiz/here-s-johnny-5-8-2008 |date=2014-01-18 }} on ''The Ginger Man'': "Donleavy, who lives near Mullingar, has previously rejected repeated attempts by Hollywood to make a film version of his book, which has sold 50 million copies worldwide and been translated into 18 languages." (5 August 2008)</ref>||
|-
|''[[Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ]]'' || [[Lew Wallace]] || English || 1880 || 50 million<ref name="HowStuffWorks">{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/21-best-selling-books-of-all-time.htm#page=5 |title=21 Best-Selling Books of All Time |last1=Davies |first1=Helen |last2=Dorfman |first2=Marjorie |last3=Fons |first3=Mary |last4=Hawkins |first4=Deborah |last5=Hintz |first5=Martin |last6=Lundgren |first6=Linnea |last7=Priess |first7=David |last8=Clark Robinson |first8=Julia |last9=Seaburn |first9=Paul |last10=Stevens |first10=Heidi |last11=Theunissen |first11=Steve |date=14 September 2007 |publisher=Editors of Publications International, Ltd. |accessdate=2009-03-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407002704/http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/21-best-selling-books-of-all-time.htm |archivedate=7 April 2009}}</ref>||[[historical fiction]] (novel)
|-
|''[[The Curse of Capistrano|The Mark of Zorro]]'' || [[Johnston McCulley]] || English || 1924 || 50 million<ref name=HowStuffWorks/>||californio (novel)
|-
|}

=== Between 30 million and 50 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''[[The Tale of Peter Rabbit]]'' || [[Beatrix Potter]] || English || 1902 || 45 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=105175 |title=Worker's Press acknowledge Frederick Warne's intellectual property rights |publisher=Prnewswire.co.uk |date=2003-07-10 |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Odyssey]]'' || [[Homer]] || Ancient Greek || 8th Century BC || 45 million<ref name="stylist.co.uk"/>
|-
|''[[Jonathan Livingston Seagull]]'' || [[Richard Bach]] || English || 1970 || 44 million<ref>{{Cite web|title = Best-Sellers Initially Rejected|url = http://www.literaryrejections.com/best-sellers-initially-reject|website = www.literaryrejections.com|accessdate = 2015-09-01}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Very Hungry Caterpillar]]'' || [[Eric Carle]] || English || 1969 || 43 million <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hungrycaterpillarshow.com/about-the-show|title=The Very Hungry Caterpillar Show|website=The Very Hungry Caterpillar Show|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref>
|-
|''[[A Message to Garcia]]'' || [[Elbert Hubbard]] || English || 1899 || 40 million<ref name=RussellAsh />
|-
|''Sofies verden'' (''[[Sophie's World]]'') || [[Jostein Gaarder]] || Norwegian || 1991 || 40 million<ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/sophies-world-author-turns-from-philosophy-to-climate-change The National: Sophie's World author turns from philosophy to climate change] on ''Sophie's World'': "The novel has now been translated into 59 languages, and has sold an estimated 40 million copies." (14 March 2011)</ref>
|-
|''[[Flowers in the Attic]]'' || [[V. C. Andrews]] || English || 1979 || 40 million<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20777037,00.html People] on ''Flowers in the Attic'': "Since the late 1970s, Andrews's Flowers novel has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide, has been translated into 22 languages and was banned by schools across the country – all while being passed from bunk to bunk at sleepaway camp." (17 January 2014)</ref>
|-
|''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' || [[Harper Lee]] || English || 1960 || 40 million<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2015/02/03/harper-lee-to-publish-sequel-to-to-kill-a-mockingbird/ on ''To Kill a Mockingbird'': "...has sold more than 40 million copies globally since it was published in 1960." (03 Feb 2015)]</ref>
|-
|''[[Angels & Demons]]'' || [[Dan Brown]] || English || 2000 || 39 million<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118002603.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |work=Variety Online |title=Columbia moves on 'Symbol' |author=Michael Fleming |date=20 April 2009 |accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kane and Abel (novel)|Kane and Abel]]'' || [[Jeffrey Archer]] || English || 1979 ||37 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/media/best-selling-novelist-charmed-the-audience-at-the-emirates-airline-festival-of-literature-1.1156025|title=Best selling novelist charmed the audience at the Emirates Airline Festival of Literature|last=Reporter|first=Noorhan Barakat, Staff|date=2013-03-09|work=GulfNews|access-date=2017-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|''Как закалялась сталь'' (''Kak zakalyalas' stal'; [[How the Steel Was Tempered]]'') || [[Nikolai Ostrovsky]] || Russian || 1932 || 36.4 million copies in USSR<ref name="compuart.ru">{{cite web|author=Евгений Немировский |url=http://www.compuart.ru/article.aspx?id=8496&iid=346 |title=Журнал "КомпьюАрт" | Подводя итоги XX столетия: книгоиздание. Бестселлер – детище рекламы |publisher=Compuart.ru |date=2000-01-03 |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''Война и мир'' (''Voyna i mir; [[War and Peace]]'') || [[Leo Tolstoy]] || Russian || 1869 || 36.0 million copies in USSR<ref name="compuart.ru"/>
|-
|''Het Achterhuis'' (''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'', ''The Diary of Anne Frank'') || [[Anne Frank]] || Dutch || 1947 || 35 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/05/nyregion/recalling-anne-frank-as-icon-and-human-being.html|title=Recalling Anne Frank, as Icon and Human Being|last=Berger|first=Joseph|date=2014-11-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-04|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|''Le avventure di Pinocchio. Storia di un burattino'' (''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'') || [[Carlo Collodi]] || Italian || 1881 ||35 million<ref>[http://www.repubblicaletteraria.it/Collodi_Pinocchio.htm Repubblica Italiana] on ''Le Avventure di pinocchio'': "“The Adventures of Pinocchio” translated in more of 260 languages." (1 July 2001)</ref>
|-
|''[[You Can Heal Your Life]]'' || [[Louise Hay]] || English || 1984 ||35 million<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/04/magazine/04Hay-t.html The New York Times] on ''You Can Heal Your Life'': "“You Can Heal Your Life” immediately landed on the New York Times best-seller list. More than 35 million copies are now in print around the world." (4 May 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Your Erroneous Zones]]'' || [[Wayne Dyer]] || English || 1976 ||35 million<ref>{{cite book|last1=Comfort|first1=David|title=An Insider's Guide to Publishing|date=14 November 2013|publisher=Writer's Digest Books|isbn=9781599637815|page=244|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=gPpDAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref><ref>''[https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nationals/to-bryce-harper-and-davey-johnson-play-me-or-trade-me-is-just-a-healthy-joke/2013/07/07/80af5a18-e73c-11e2-a301-ea5a8116d211_story.html To Bryce Harper and Davey Johnson, ‘play me or trade me’ is just a healthy joke]''. [[Thomas Boswell]] for [[The Washington Post]]: "If [Johnson] has to call on the wisdom of an old ’70s self-help bestseller like “Your Erroneous Zones,” he’ll whip it out. He’s still got one of the 35 million copies sold." (8 July 2013)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Late, Great Planet Earth]]'' || [[Hal Lindsey]], [[C. C. Carlson]] || English || 1970 || 35 million<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/WolfFiles/story?id=2073602&page=2 ABC News] on ''The Late, Great Planet Earth'': "Hal Lindsey's "The Late Great Planet Earth" was one of the best-selling nonfiction works of the 1970s, according to The New York Times, with publishers shipping out more than 35 million copies in 52 languages." (6 June 2006)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Thorn Birds]]'' || [[Colleen McCullough]] || English || 1977 || 33 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/people-are-going-nuts-over-this-obituary-for-author-colleen-mccullough-which-called-her-plain-and-overweight-2015-1|title=People Are Going Nuts Over This Obituary For Author Colleen McCullough Which Called Her 'Plain' And 'Overweight'|last=Thomsen|first=Simon|date=2015-01-30|work=Business Insider Australia|access-date=2017-04-13|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Kite Runner]]'' || [[Khaled Hosseini]] || English || 2003 || 31.5 million<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/article/stage-version-of-the-kite-runner-to-have-west-end-run-in-january Playbill] on ''The Kite Runner'': "The Kite Runner, which has been published in 70 countries, selling 31.5 million copies in 60 languages." (2 September 2016)</ref>
|-
|''[[Valley of the Dolls]]'' || [[Jacqueline Susann]] || English || 1966 || 31 million<ref>Symonds, Alexandria. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/09/t-magazine/valley-of-the-dolls-book-by-the-numbers.html?_r=0 'Valley of the Dolls,' by the numbers.] ''T: The New York Times Style Magazine''. February 9, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2017.</ref>
|-
|''[[In His Steps|In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do?]]'' || [[Charles M. Sheldon]] || English || 1896 || 30 million<ref name=RussellAsh />
|-
|''[[The Lost Symbol]]'' || [[Dan Brown]] || English || 2009 || 30 million<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/15/entertainment/la-et-mn-dan-brown-whats-the-film-status-of-his-last-book-the-lost-symbol-20130115 |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Dan Brown: What's the film status of his book 'The Lost Symbol'? |author=Nicole Sperling |date=15 January 2013 |accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone with the Wind]]'' || [[Margaret Mitchell]] || English || 1936 || 30 million<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/bazbamigboye.html?in_page_id=1794&in_article_id=556688 The Daily Mail] on ''Gone with the Wind'': "The book has sold more than 30 million copies in the decades since the publication of Margaret Mitchell's gripping tale of the Old South gasping its last breath, as the U.S. was torn apart by Civil War and its bitter aftermath." (4 April 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]]'' || [[George Orwell]] || English || 1949 || 30 million<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/summer-broadway-opening-set-1984-971662 Summer Broadway Opening Set for 1984] [[The Hollywood Reporter]] 2017</ref>
|-
|''[[The Purpose Driven Life]]'' || [[Rick Warren]] || English || 2002 || 30 million<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=2914953&page=1 ABC News] on ''The Purpose-Driven Life'': "His book, "The Purpose Driven Life," has been translated into 56 languages and has sold 30 million copies." (7 March 2007)</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Revolt of Mamie Stover]]'' || [[William Bradford Huie]] || English || 1951 || 30 million<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LyJqIfNPSgcC&pg=PA421&dq=%22perry+mason%22+%22million+copies%22&as_brr=3&ei=Ve9CS-LFBYGGzgTx__WxBQ&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22million%20copies%22&f=false The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature], p. 559, on ''The Revolt of Mamie Stover'': "''The Revolt of Mamie Stover'' (1951), which sold almost thirty million copies worldwide, [...]" (2005)</ref>
|-
|''Män som hatar kvinnor'' (''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]'') || [[Stieg Larsson]] || Swedish || 2005 || 30 million<ref>[http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/entertainment/the_tab/swede-success-or-tattooed-failure-90919119.html Winnipeg Free Press] on ''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'': "The first book sold 30 million copies and is available in 44 languages." (15 April 2010)</ref>
|}

=== Between 20 million and 30 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''Молодая гвардия'' (''Molodaya Gvardiya''; ''[[The Young Guard (novel)|The Young Guard]]'') || [[Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeyev]] || Russian || 1945 || 26 million copies in USSR<ref name="compuart.ru"/>
|-
|''[[Who Moved My Cheese?]]'' || [[Spencer Johnson (writer)|Spencer Johnson]] || English || 1998 || 26 million<ref>[http://life.globaltimes.cn/art/2009-11/486848.html The Global Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722155419/http://life.globaltimes.cn/art/2009-11/486848.html |date=2012-07-22 }} on ''Who Moved My Cheese'': "Who Moved My Cheese has sold over 26 million copies, staying on the New York Times bestseller list since its release in 1998." (23 November 2009</ref>
|-
|''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' || [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] || English || 1925 || 25 million<ref name=usatodaysales>{{cite news |last=Donahue |first=Deirdre |title=''The Great Gatsby'' by the numbers |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/05/07/the-great-gatsby-is-a-bestseller-this-week/2133269/|publisher=''[[USA Today]]''|date=7 May 2013|accessdate=12 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'' || [[Kenneth Grahame]] || English || 1908 || 25 million<ref>[http://www.columbusdispatch.com/live/content/arts/stories/2008/05/04/2_WILLOWS_100.ART_ART_05-04-08_E4_RPA2K8F.html?sid=101 The Columbus Dispatch]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on ''The Wind in the Willows'': "More than 25 million copies of the book have been sold in 70 countries since 1908, according to the Copyrights Group, which is presently promoting a new edition." (4 May 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People]]'' || [[Stephen R. Covey]] || English || 1989 || 25 million<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinkruse/2012/07/16/the-7-habits/ Forbes] on Covey: "Stephen Covey will be remembered most as the author of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, which sold over 25 million copies." (16 July 2012)</ref>
|-
|''Поднятая целина'' (''Podnyataya Tselina''; ''[[Virgin Soil Upturned]]'') || [[Mikhail Sholokhov]] || Russian || 1935 || 24 million copies in USSR<ref name="compuart.ru"/>
|-
|''[[The Celestine Prophecy]]'' || [[James Redfield]] || English || 1993 || 23 million<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/strongselfhelpstrong-celestine-prophecy-author-coming-to-town/2008/03/21/1205602651103.html The Age] on ''The Celestine Prophecy'': "it has sold in the vicinity of 23 million copies since its publication in 1993" (22 March 2008</ref>
|-
|''[[The Hunger Games (novel)|The Hunger Games]]''||[[Suzanne Collins]]||English||2008|| 23 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecelebritycafe.com/feature/2012/07/hunger-games-trilogy-reaches-50-million-copies-print-milestone|title=‘The Hunger Games’ trilogy reaches 50 million copies in print milestone|work=thecelebritycafe.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723125232/http://thecelebritycafe.com/feature/2012/07/hunger-games-trilogy-reaches-50-million-copies-print-milestone|archivedate=2012-07-23|df=}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Shack]]''|| [[William P. Young]] || English || 2007 || 22 million<ref>([http://www.gracewalkcanada.org/ Grace Walk Canada]) http://www.rapzilla.com/rz/news/38-backstage/14634-ny-times-best-selling-christian-novel-the-shack-to-become-a-movie (21 February 2017)</ref>
|-
|''Дядя Степа'' (''Dyadya Styopa''; ''[[Uncle Styopa]]'') || [[Sergey Mikhalkov]] || Russian || 1936 || 21 million copies in USSR<ref name="compuart.ru"/>
|-
| ''[[The Godfather (novel)|The Godfather]]'' || [[Mario Puzo]] || English || 1969 || 21 million<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/Unassigned/article/238311 The Toronto Star] on Mario Puzo: "According to the Official Mario Puzo Library website, the book sold 21 million copies in hardback and paper by 1997." (21 July 2007)</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Story (novel)|Love Story]]'' || [[Erich Segal]] || English || 1970 || 21 million<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/141436-Michael-Ball-to-Make-Producing-Debut-with-Love-Story-at-West-Ends-Duchess Playbill] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726224620/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/141436-Michael-Ball-to-Make-Producing-Debut-with-Love-Story-at-West-Ends-Duchess |date=2010-07-26 }} on ''Love Story'': "Erich Segal's best-selling novel, which has sold 21 million copies worldwide in 33 languages[...]" (23 July 2010)</ref>
|-
|[[Gone Girl (novel)|''Gone Girl'']]
|[[Gillian Flynn]]
|English
|2012
|20 million<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.fr/Gone-Girl-Gillian-Flynn/dp/0753827662|title=Gone Girl|last=Flynn|first=Gillian|date=2013-01-03|publisher=W&N|isbn=9780753827666|location=London|language=Anglais}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Girl on the Train (novel)|''The Girl on the Train'']]
|[[Paula Hawkins (author)|Paula Hawkins]]
|English
|2015
|20 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/event/article-4447904/Girl-Train-author-Paula-Hawkins-talks-success.html|title=Why success derailed Girl On The Train author Paula Hawkins|work=Mail Online|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[All Quiet on the Western Front|''All Quiet on the Western Front'']]
|[[Erich Maria Remarque]]
|German
|1929
|20 million<ref>Marcel Behling: [http://www.die-besten-aller-zeiten.de/die-besten-buecher/meistverkauften/index.php ''Bestsellerliste: Die meistverkauften Bücher aller Zeiten'']</ref>
|-
|[[The Bermuda Triangle (book)|''The Bermuda Triangle'']]
|[[Charles Berlitz]]
|English
|1974
|20 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/12031649/Whatever-happened-to-the-Bermuda-Triangle.html|title=The Bermuda Triangle: Whatever became of the myth|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Things Fall Apart]] || [[Chinua Achebe]] || English || 1958 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/565351/things-fall-apart-by-chinua-achebe/9780385474542/</ref>
|-
|''[[Animal Farm]] || [[George Orwell]] || English || 1945 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170508-how-the-pink-floyd-pig-was-a-sign-of-protest The Floating Pig That Became a Sign of Protest] [[BBC Online]] 2017</ref>
|-
|狼图腾 (''[[Wolf Totem]]'') || [[Jiang Rong]] || Chinese || 2004 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/afc7e59c-ee43-11dc-a5c1-0000779fd2ac.html The Financial Times] on ''Wolf Totem'': "Since it first appeared in 2004, Jiang Rong’s Wolf Totem has sold as many as 20 million copies." (15 March 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Happy Hooker]]: My Own Story'' || [[Xaviera Hollander]] || English || 1971 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20080626_Philmadelphia.html The Philadelphia Inquirer] on ''The Happy Hooker'': "He said he found it fascinating that her book, which has sold 20 million copies to date, is still being picked up today." (26 June 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Jaws (novel)|Jaws]]'' || [[Peter Benchley]] || English || 1974 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article730440.ece The Times] on ''Jaws'': "Jaws stayed for 40 weeks in the bestseller charts of The New York Times, eventually selling 20 million copies [...]" (13 February 2006)</ref>
|-
|''[[Love You Forever]]'' || [[Robert Munsch]] || English || 1986 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.huntsvilleforester.com/article/120556 The Huntsville Forester] on ''Love You Forever'': "The children’s classic Love You Forever has sold over 20 million copies worldwide and is in its 65th printing." (29 October 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Women's Room]]'' || [[Marilyn French]] || English || 1977 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/arts/books/story/2009/05/05/marilyn-french-obit.html CBC] on ''The Women's Room'': "It sold 20 million copies and was widely translated, despite poor reviews." (5 May 2009)</ref>
|-
|''[[What to Expect When You're Expecting]]'' || [[Arlene Eisenberg]] and [[Heidi Murkoff]] || English || 1984 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/influential-pregnancy-book-what-to-expect-when-youre-expecting-to-become-movie/story-fn3dxity-1225944076975 The Australian] on ''What to Expect When You're Expecting'': "What to Expect When You're Expecting, in its fourth edition, was first published in 1984 and has sold more than 20 million copies." (27 October 2010)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' || [[Mark Twain]] || English || 1885 || 20 million<ref>[http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/upfront/features/index.asp?article=f030110_twain New York Times Upfront] on ''The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'': "This year marks the 125th anniversary of the publication of Huckleberry Finn in the U.S., and the book is still selling—more than 20 million copies worldwide to date—and still generating controversy." (10 March 2010)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾]]'' || [[Sue Townsend]] || English || 1982 || 20 million<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/eureka-inventors-describe-the-moment-they-realised-theyd-created-a-hit-6251893.html?pageToolsFontSize=130%25 Eureka!: Inventors describe the moment they realised they’d created a hit] on ''The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾'': " 'The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13¾' has sold more than 20 million copies." (29 October 2011)</ref>
|-
|''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' || [[Jane Austen]] || English || 1813 || 20 million <ref name="stylist.co.uk"/>
|-
|''[[The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas|Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft]]'' || [[Thor Heyerdahl]] || Norwegian || 1950 || 20 million<ref>[http://old.nationalreview.com/miller/miller041902.asp John J. Miller on Thor Heyerdahl on National Review Online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615071921/http://old.nationalreview.com/miller/miller041902.asp |date=2013-06-15 }} on Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft'': ""Our intention was to test the performance and quality of the Inca raft, its seaworthiness and loading capacity, and to ascertain whether the elements would really propel it across the sea to Polynesia with its crew still on board," he wrote in Kon-Tiki, a book that has sold 20 million copies." (April 19, 2002)</ref>
|-
|''Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války'' (''[[The Good Soldier Švejk]]'') || [[Jaroslav Hašek]] || Czech || 1923 || 20 million<ref>[http://czech.ruvr.ru/2013_04_26/Svejkuv-otec-stoji-v-Moskve-mezi-svetovou-elitou/ The Voice of Russia: Švejkův otec stojí v Moskvě mezi světovou elitou] "Jaroslav Hašek and his Švejk are still popular in Russia. More than 20 million copies were already produced."</ref>
|-
|''[[Where the Wild Things Are]]'' || [[Maurice Sendak]] || English || 1963 || 20 million<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/11/20/where-the-wild-things-are-by-maurice-sendak/3532135/ USA Today] on ''Where the Wild Things are'': "More than 20 million copies have been sold in 32 languages." (November 21, 2013)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Power of Positive Thinking]]'' || [[Norman Vincent Peale]] || English || 1952 || 20 million<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/25/AR2007062500032.html The New York Times] on ''The Power of Positive Thinking'': "Ruth Stafford Peale, the author's widow (he died last Christmas Eve) feels that the book is as viable today as it was 20 million copies ago." (May 31, 1994)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Secret (book)|The Secret]]'' || [[Rhonda Byrne]] || English || 2006 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/books/booksellers-hoping-the-power-will-top-the-secret-28553596.html Belfast Telegraph] on ''The Secret'': "Publishers Simon & Schuster expect sales to be on a par with -- if not bigger than -- 'The Secret', which has so far notched up 20 million copies in 46 languages." (19 August 2010)</ref>
|-
|''[[Fear of Flying (novel)|Fear of Flying]]'' || [[Erica Jong]] || English || 1973 || 20 million<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/fear-of-flying-author-erica-jong-zips-along-40-years-after-dropping-her-literary-bombshell/2013/10/07/23fb65f8-29ce-11e3-b139-029811dbb57f_story.html Washington Post] on ''Fear of Flying
'': "It has been 40 years since “Fear” and its glamorous author landed like feminist blonde bombshells on American culture, selling 20 million copies here and abroad." (7 October 2013)</ref>
|-
|''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'' || [[Frank Herbert]] || English || 1965 || 20 million<ref>[http://us.macmillan.com/mobile/author/frankherbert ][[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] on ''Dune'': "Today the novel is more popular than ever, with new readers continually discovering it and telling their friends to pick up a copy. It has been translated into dozens of languages and has sold almost 20 million copies;"</ref>
|-
|''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' || [[Roald Dahl]] || English || 1964 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/pa/article-2719885/Chocolate-Factory-book-cover-furore.html Chocolate Factory book cover furore] (8 August 2014)</ref>
|}

=== Between 10 million and 20 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''[[The Fault in Our Stars]]''||[[John Green (author)|John Green]]|| English || 2012 ||18.5 million<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/business/media/the-barbed-pen-behind-the-best-sellers-of-young-adult-fiction.html] on ''The Fault in Our Stars'': "There are 18.5 million copies in print worldwide"</ref>
|-
|窓ぎわのトットちゃん (''[[Totto-chan, the Little Girl at the Window]]'') || [[Tetsuko Kuroyanagi]] || Japanese || 1981 || 18 million (in Japan and China)<ref>[http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASK5D62Q7K5DUCVL018.html 「窓ぎわのトットちゃん」、中国で1千万部突破], [[Asahi Shimbun]] (12 May 2017)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Horse Whisperer (book)|The Horse Whisperer]]'' || [[Nicholas Evans]] || English || 1995 || 16 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=223415|title=Nicholas Evans: The Smoke Jumper|last=Hawtin|first=Fiona|date=2001-10-18|work=New Zealand Herald|access-date=2017-04-23|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Goodnight Moon]]'' || [[Margaret Wise Brown]] || English || 1947 || 16 million<ref>"[http://www.playthings.com/article/CA6431998.html Playthings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205013020/http://www.playthings.com/article/CA6431998.html |date=2008-12-05 }}". ''[[Playthings (magazine)|Playthings]]''. (1 April 2007)</ref>
|-
|''Die unendliche Geschichte'' (''[[The Neverending Story]]'') || [[Michael Ende]] || German || 1979 || 16 million<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituarymichael-ende-1598926.html OBITUARY: Michael Ende - People - News - The Independent] on ''The Neverending Story'': "Translated into 30 languages and selling over 16 million copies, it starts when 10-year-old Bastian, overweight and undervalued, decides he will read a fantastic book rather than endure another day's bullying at school." (Friday 01 September 1995)</ref>
|-
|[[The Outsiders (novel)|''The Outsiders'']]
|[[S. E. Hinton]]
|English
|1967
|15 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/12/books/the-outsiders-s-e-hinton-book.html|title=Why ‘The Outsiders’ Lives On: A Teenage Novel Turns 50|last=Krischer|first=Hayley|date=2017-03-12|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Guess How Much I Love You]]'' || [[Sam McBratney]] || English || 1994 || 15 million<ref name=rjmlicensing>[http://www.rjmlicensing.com/clients.html RJM Licensing] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207214907/http://www.rjmlicensing.com/clients.html |date=December 7, 2007 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shōgun (novel)|Shōgun]]'' || [[James Clavell]] || English || 1975 || 15 million<ref>[[Time (magazine)|Time]] 26 November 1990.</ref>
|-
|''[[The Poky Little Puppy]]'' || [[Janette Sebring Lowrey]] || English || 1942 || 15 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jp.bookmooch.com/detail/0307748057 |title=Golden Books : Poky Little Puppy (Little Golden Book) |publisher=Jp.bookmooch.com |date=1992-06-01 |accessdate=2009-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120529130750/http://jp.bookmooch.com/detail/0307748057 |archivedate=2012-05-29 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Pillars of the Earth]]'' || [[Ken Follett]] || English || 1989 || 15 million<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/10/07/sunday/main3339866.shtml?source=search_story CBS] on Ken Follett: "But since it was published in 1989, "The Pillars of the Earth" has become an international sensation, selling 15 million copies worldwide." (7 October 2007)</ref>
|-
|''[[How to Win Friends and Influence People]]'' || [[Dale Carnegie]] || English || 1936 || 15 million<ref>[http://www.financialpost.com/money/story.html?id=423190 The Financial Post] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009212912/http://www.financialpost.com/money/story.html?id=423190 |date=2008-10-09 }} on Dale Carnegie: "Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends and Influence People, the gold standard of the genre, has sold more than 15 million copies since it was first published in 1937." (5 April 2008)</ref>
|-
|''Das Parfum'' (''[[Perfume (novel)|Perfume]]'') || [[Patrick Süskind]] || German || 1985 || 15 million<ref>[http://ledger.southofboston.com/articles/2007/01/05/life/life01.txt The Patriot Ledger]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on ''Perfume'': "Yet the scene, like the movie, is so daring, so challenging, you cannot help but respect Tykwer’s unerring desire to remain true to the source novel, a book that has sold 15 million copies and has been credited with inspiring Kurt Cobain to write the Nirvana classic ‘‘Scentless Apprentice.’’" (5 January 2007)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' || [[John Steinbeck]] || English || 1939 || 15 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/the-grapes-of-wrath-john-steinbeck--ltsd/#gsc.tab=0|title=Research The Grapes of Wrath - John Steinbeck - 1939 {{!}} Literary Themes: The American Dream|website=www.bookrags.com|language=en|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|''La sombra del viento'' (''[[The Shadow of the Wind]]'') || [[Carlos Ruiz Zafón]] || Spanish || 2001 || 15 million<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2009/0613/1224248732329.html?via=mr Irish Times] on ''The Shadow of the Wind'': "[...]his novel The Shadow of the Wind has sold more than 15 million copies worldwide, writes Arminta Wallace" (13 June 2009)</ref>
|-
|''[[Interpreter of Maladies]] || [[Jhumpa Lahiri]] || English || 2000|| 15 million<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0710/071098.feat.feat.4.html The 30 Best Pulitzer Prize-Winning Novels and Short Story Collections] [[Paste Magazine|Paste (Magazine)]] 2017</ref>
|-
|''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]''||[[Douglas Adams]] || English || 1979|| 14 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://contemporarylit.about.com/od/memoir/fr/dontPanic.htm |title=Don't Panic: Douglas Adams and the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Neil Gaiman |publisher=Contemporarylit.about.com |date=2005-04-29 |accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tuesdays with Morrie]]'' || [[Mitch Albom]] || English || 1997 || 14 million<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2008-04-07-pausch_N.htm USA Today] on ''Tuesdays with Morrie'': "The book has sold more than 14 million copies worldwide since 1997 and became an Oprah Winfrey-produced TV movie. " (8 April 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[God's Little Acre]]'' || [[Erskine Caldwell]] || English || 1933 || 14 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://id.mind.net/~fletch/biography.html |title=Erskine Caldwell Biography |publisher=Id.mind.net |date=1987-04-11 |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''Va' dove ti porta il cuore'' (''[[Follow Your Heart (novel)|Follow Your Heart]]'') || [[Susanna Tamaro]] || Italian || 1994 || 14 million<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/business/worldbusiness/03iht-publish04.1.14962745.html?_r=0 The International Herald Tribune] on ''Follow Your Heart'': "But Susanna Tamaro's "Follow Your Heart," the biggest selling Italian postwar novel, with more than 14 million copies sold, according to its publisher, Baldini Castoldi, as it was known then, sold barely 25,000 copies in the United States." (3 August 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[A Wrinkle in Time]]'' || [[Madeleine L'Engle]] || English || 1962 || 14 million<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-new-wrinkle-in-time-1429219305 The Wall Street Journal] on ''A Wrinkle in Time'': "Madeleine L’Engle’s ‘A Wrinkle in Time’ has sold 14 million copies since its publication in 1962." (16 April 2015)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Old Man and the Sea]]'' || [[Ernest Hemingway]] || English || 1952 || 13 million<ref name="compuart.ru"/>
|-
|''[[Life After Life (book)|Life After Life]]'' || [[Raymond Moody]] || English || 1975 || 13 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/22/1079939578423.html|title=Towards the light|work=theage.com.au}}</ref>
|-
|[[Me Before You|''Me Before You'']]
|[[Jojo Moyes]]
|English
|2012
|12 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/travel/2017030937220/me-before-you-fans-jojo-moyes-confirms-third-instalment-in-works/|title=Me Before You fans! JoJo Moyes confirms third instalment in the works|date=2017-03-09|work=HOLA|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|ノルウェイの森 (''Noruwei no Mori''; ''[[Norwegian Wood (novel)|Norwegian Wood]]'') || [[Haruki Murakami]] || Japanese || 1987 || 12 million<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iaNUeQjpbAcjtQCYKo8eXLGn9IyQD9HVP6J00 Associated Press] on ''Norwegian Wood'': "More than 10 million copies of the book have been sold in Japan alone, with 2.6 million more sold in another 33 languages." (2 September 2010)</ref>
|-
| ''[[Peyton Place (novel)|Peyton Place]] '' || [[Grace Metalious]] || English || 1956 || 12 million<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/Unassigned/article/238311 The Toronto Star] on Grace Metalious: "It sold 100,000 copies in its first month and went on to sell another 12 million copies, was made into a film and eventually into a prime-time television series that made the young Mia Farrow a star." (21 July 2007)</ref>
|-
|''La Peste'' (''[[The Plague]]'') || [[Albert Camus]] || French || 1947 || 12 million<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/09/content_7944793.htm China View] on ''La Peste'': "Translated into 28 languages, the book has sold more than 12 million copies around the world." (9 April 2008)</ref>
|-
|人間失格 (''Ningen Shikkaku''; ''[[No Longer Human]]'') || [[Osamu Dazai]] || Japanese || 1948 || 12 million<ref>[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/entertainment/cinema/topics/20090821et08.htm Yomiuri Shimbun] (21 April 2009)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Naked Ape]]'' || [[Desmond Morris]] || English || 1968 || 12 million<ref>[http://www.sundayherald.com/life/people/display.var.1945224.0.monkey_man.php?act=login The Sunday Herald] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111163632/http://www.sundayherald.com/life/people/display.var.1945224.0.monkey_man.php?act=login |date=2008-01-11 }} on ''The Naked Ape'': "Morris is still flabbergasted that the book caused such a furore, although the publicity helped it sell 12 million copies." (11 March 2008)</ref>
|-
|''Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager'' (''[[Man's Search for Meaning]]'') || [[Viktor Frankl]] || German || 1946 || 12 million<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/refusing-the-life-rafts/story-e6frg8nf-1226054074631 The Australian] on ''Man's Search for Meaning'': "It's the 75th edition of a book that has sold 12 million copies and is one of the most read Holocaust texts." (14 May 2011)</ref>
|-
|''Divina Commedia'' (''[[Divine Comedy]]'') || [[Dante Alighieri]] || Italian || 1304 || 11-12 million (during 20th century)<ref>[http://www.pinocchioamarcord.it/i_libri_di_pinocchio_1.htm estimate of Giuliano Vigini ] (1999)</ref>
|-
|[[The Prophet (book)|''The Prophet'']]
|[[Kahlil Gibran]]
|English
|1923
|11 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/01/07/prophet-motive|title=Prophet Motive|website=The New Yorker|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Exorcist (novel)|The Exorcist]]'' || [[William Peter Blatty]] || English || 1971 || 11 million<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118972984449527200?mod=googlenews_wsj The Wall Street Journal] on ''The Exorcist'': "Back in the 1970s, those smaller, rack-sized paperbacks were the blockbusters of the business, led by such best sellers as William Peter Blatty's "The Exorcist" (11 million copies sold); Peter Benchley's "Jaws" (more than nine million copies), and Sidney Sheldon's "The Other Side of Midnight" (six million copies plus)." (14 September 2007)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Gruffalo]]'' || [[Julia Donaldson]] || English || 1999 || 10.5 million<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/books-life/7545438/The-20-greatest-childrens-books-ever.html The Telegraph] on ''The Gruffalo'': "''The Gruffalo'' has sold more than 10.5 million copies, been adapted for stage in both the West End and Broadway, and in 2009 was made into a 30-minute animated film" (3 April 2010)</ref>
|-
|''Diana: Her True Story''
|[[Andrew Morton (writer)|Andrew Morton]]
|English
|1992
|10 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nypost.com/2017/08/26/my-secret-life-as-princess-dianas-confidant/|title=My secret life as Princess Diana’s confidant|date=2017-08-26|work=New York Post|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Help|''The Help'']]
|[[Kathryn Stockett]]
|English
|2009
|10 million<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=3d76DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=stockett+the+help+million+copies+sold&source=bl&ots=aDLbnkb57c&sig=vNsjIaAgXiA4owxiuC87brzj8vo&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwnozu0qXWAhWGWBoKHc2kAIwQ6AEITTAH|title=Like One of the Family: Domestic Workers, Race, and In/Visibility in The Help|last=Mills|first=Fiona|date=2016-06-22|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443896399|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Catch-22]]'' || [[Joseph Heller]] || English || 1961 || 10 million<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pmextra/dec99/13/heller.htm |title='Catch-22' Author Joseph Heller Dies |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=1999-12-13 |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''L'Étranger'' (''[[The Stranger (novel)]]'')|| [[Albert Camus]] || French || 1942 || 10 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rusoffagency.com/authors/kaplan_a/looking/looking_for_the_stranger.htm|title=Looking for the Stranger|website=rusoffagency.com|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Eye of the Needle (novel)|Eye of the Needle]]'' || [[Ken Follett]] || English || 1978 || 10 million<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xkGlUNW09eEC&pg=PA44&dq=%22eye+of+the+needle%22+%2210+million+copies%22&ei=lI70R7TpJYWwzgSGgvnIAQ&sig=_3n61rMQugtQjVN8U--Wd2Cvw7g Carlos Ramet in ''Ken Follett: The Transformation of a Writer''] page 44 on Ken Follett: "The first two editions alone sold over 10 million copies worldwide" (1999)</ref>
|-
| ''[[A Brief History of Time]]'' || [[Stephen Hawking]] || English || 1988 || 10 million<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/04/26/whawking126.xml The Telegraph] on Stephen Hawking: "Prof Hawking is the author of A Brief History of Time — which has sold 10 million copies — and is currently writing two books." (27 April 2007)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Cat in the Hat]]'' || [[Dr. Seuss]] || English || 1957 || 10 million<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=590928 The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on ''The Cat in the Hat'': "There are more than 10 million copies in print today in more than a dozen languages, including the Latin, "Cattus Petasatus."" (14 April 2007)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Lovely Bones]]'' || [[Alice Sebold]] || English || 2002 || 10 million<ref>[http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/1098660 TVNZ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925100537/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/1098660 |date=2009-09-25 }} on ''The Lovely Bones'': "Published in 2002, Lovely Bones is the second novel by Alice Sebold, and has sold over 10 million copies worldwide, remaining on the New York Times hardback bestseller list for over a year." (5 May 2007)</ref>
|-
|''[[Wild Swans]]'' || [[Jung Chang]] || English || 1992 || 10 million<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/07/21/nosplit/bochina121.xml The Telegraph] on ''Wild Swans'': "Selling more than 10 million copies and topping the "most borrowed historical biography" chart in British libraries year after year, it proved a publishing phenomenon" (21 July 2007)</ref>
|-
|''[[Santa Evita]]'' || [[Tomás Eloy Martínez]] || Spanish || 1995 || 10 million<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9389979/Martinez-Tomas-Eloy Britannica] on ''Santa Evita'': "Martínez was best known as the author of two classics of Argentine and Latin American literature: La novela de Perón (1985, The Perón Novel, 1988) and Santa Evita (1995, Eng. trans., 1995); the latter was translated into 30 languages and sold more than 10 million copies." (22 November 2007)</ref>
|-
|''Un di Velt Hot Geshvign'' (''[[Night (book)|Night]]'') || [[Elie Wiesel]] || Yiddish || 1958 || 10 million<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/books/review/Donadio-t.html?_r=1&ref=books&pagewanted=all The New York Times] on ''Night'': "Indeed, since it appeared in 1960, “Night” has sold an estimated 10 million copies — three million of them since Winfrey chose the book in January 2006 (and traveled with Wiesel to Auschwitz)." (20 January 2008)</ref>
|-
|于丹《论语》心得 (''[[Confucius from the Heart]]'') || [[Yu Dan (academic)|Yu Dan]] || Chinese || 2006 || 10 million<ref>{{cite news|last1=Flood|first1=Alison|title=Macmillan's 100k Chinese deal|url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/macmillans-100k-chinese-deal|work=The Bookseller|date=April 14, 2008}}</ref>

|-
|''[[The Total Woman]]'' || [[Marabel Morgan]] || English || 1974 || 10 million<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=4651272&page=1 ABC News] on ''The Total Woman'': "One of the first books to address the issue was Marabel Morgan's "The Total Woman," which sold more than 10 million copies to women of all religious persuasions, making it the best-selling nonfiction book of 1974." (15 April 2008)</ref>
|-
|知価革命 (''[[Knowledge-value Revolution]]'') || [[Taichi Sakaiya]] || Japanese || 1985 || 10 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waseda.jp/wnfs/magazine/special/070108/index.html |title=Waseda University |publisher=Waseda.jp |accessdate=2009-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605043055/http://www.waseda.jp/wnfs/magazine/special/070108/index.html |archivedate=2011-06-05 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|中国社会主义经济问题研究 (''Problems in China's Socialist Economy'') || [[Xue Muqiao]] || Chinese || 1979 || 10 million<ref>[http://finance.people.com.cn/GB/42774/3586529.html people.com.cn] (2 August 2005)</ref>
|-
|''[[What Color is Your Parachute?]]'' || [[Richard Nelson Bolles]] || English || 1970 || 10 million<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/articles/business/careers/2008/10/01/richard-bolles-stays-on-the-job.html U.S. News & World Report] on ''What Color is Your Parachute'': "Today, Parachute is one of the all-time bestselling careers books, with more than 10 million copies of 37 editions snapped up since 1970. " (1 October 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Dukan Diet]]'' || [[Pierre Dukan]] || French || 2000 || 10 million<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/living/article/974396--royal-connection-drives-interest-in-dukan-diet The Toronto Star] on ''The Dukan Diet'': "The book has sold 10 million copies worldwide, but didn’t really make an impression on North America until [...]" (18 April 2011)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Joy of Sex]]''||[[Alex Comfort]]|| English || 1972 ||10 million<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15309357 BBC Magazine] on ''The Joy of Sex'': "The Joy of Sex ended up selling more than 10 million copies around the world - more than five million in the United States alone, where it stayed in the New York Times best-seller list for a decade." (26 October 2011).</ref>
|-
|''[[The Gospel According to Peanuts]]''||[[Robert L. Short]]|| English || 1965 ||10 million<ref>[http://www.nwfdailynews.com/articles/seller-21424-gospel-ago.html] on ''The Gospel according to Peanuts'': "The Gospel according to Peanuts ended up selling more than 10 million copies around the world."</ref>
|-
|''[[Life of Pi]]''||[[Yann Martel]]|| English || 2001 ||10 million<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-life-of-pi-20130218,0,3559592.story] on ''Life of Pi'': "It was based on a popular novel by Yann Martel that has sold more than 10 million copies around the world."</ref>
|-
|''[[The Giver]]''||[[Lois Lowry]]|| English || 1993 ||10 million<ref>[http://www.latino-review.com/news/new-trailer-hits-for-the-giver New Trailer hits for 'The Giver'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606203306/http://www.latino-review.com/news/new-trailer-hits-for-the-giver |date=2014-06-06 }} on ''The Giver'': "The film is based on Lois Lowry’s beloved young adult novel of the same name, which was the winner the 1994 Newbery Medal and has sold over 10 million copies worldwide."</ref>
|-
|''[[The Front Runner]]''||[[Patricia Nell Warren]] || English || 1974 || 10 million<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93465294 Author Examines Gay Athletes] on ''The Front Runner'': "The Front Runner long ago leapt from the shelves of so-called 'gay fiction' to become one of the best-selling novels of recent times, selling 10 million copies in eight languages."</ref>
|-
|''[[The Goal]]''||[[Eliyahu M. Goldratt]] || English || 1984 || 10 million<ref>[http://www.booksapart.com/review/the-goal Books Apart] on ''The Goal'': "The Goal is one of the best selling business novels. It has sold around 10 million copies and has been translated in over 35 languages."</ref>
|}

== List of best-selling book series ==
{{See also|List of best-selling comics|List of best-selling manga}}

=== More than 100 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book series !! Author !! Original language !! No. of installments !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-

|''[[Harry Potter]]'' || [[J. K. Rowling]] || English ||7 + 8 supplements|| 1997–present|| 510 million<ref>
[https://www.forbes.com/pictures/lml45effkg/j-k-rowling-founder-of-the-harry-potter-empire/ Forbes] on ''Harry Potter'': "It and the six subsequent books have now sold 500 million copies worldwide." (22 May 2013)</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2017/06/27/stunning-nighttime-lights-give-the-harry-potter-franchise-new-life/ Forbes] on ''Harry Potter and the Cursed Child'': "In June 2016, J.K. Rowling’s latest book, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, not only shifted 8.3 million units in the first 24 hours and 11.5 million in the first 10 days but, according to Barnes & Noble, it also became the most pre-ordered book since Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows." (27 June 2017)</ref>
|-
|''[[Goosebumps]]'' || [[R. L. Stine]] || English || 62 + spin-off series || 1992–present|| 350 million<ref>[http://www.thebookseller.com/news/scholastic-gets-goosebumps Bookseller] on ''Goosebumps'': "Goosebumps is the second- bestselling series of all time globally, selling over 350 million books across 32 languages [...]" (14 October 2014)</ref>
|-
|''[[Perry Mason bibliography|Perry Mason]]'' || [[Erle Stanley Gardner]] || English || 82 + 4 short stories || 1933–1973 || 300 million<ref>{{cite book|last=Serafin|first=Steven R.|author2=Bendixen, Alfred |title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2005|page=1305|isbn=978-0-8264-1777-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyJqIfNPSgcC&pg=PA421&dq=%22perry+mason%22+%22million+copies%22&as_brr=3&ei=Ve9CS-LFBYGGzgTx__WxBQ&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22perry%20mason%22%20%22million%20copies%22&f=false|accessdate=5 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Berenstain Bears]]'' || [[Stan and Jan Berenstain]] || English || over 300 || 1962–present || 260 million<ref>[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117864900.html?categoryid=1242&cs=1 Variety] on the ''Berenstain Bears'': "The company also is offering a new animated series based on the Berenstain Bears, the hugely popular children's brand that has sold more than 260 million books worldwide." (7 April 2002)</ref>
|-
|''[[Choose Your Own Adventure]]'' || various authors || English || 185 || 1979–1998 || 250 million<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060822.gtstory0822/BNStory/Technology/?cid=al_gam_nletter_dtechal The Globe and Mail] on ''Choose Your Own Adventure'': "The Choose Your Own Adventure DVD movies are adaptations of the original books, which sold more than 250 million copies. " (22 August 2006)</ref>
|-
|''[[Sweet Valley High]]'' || [[Francine Pascal]] and ghostwriters || English || 400 || 1983–2003 || 250 million<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2002/1028/114.html Forbes] on ''Sweet Valley High'': "But despite 250 million copies in print, in 25 languages, Sweet Valley's sugar rush has been on the decline. " (28 October 2002)</ref>
|-
|''[[Noddy (character)|Noddy]]'' || [[Enid Blyton]] || English || 24 || 1949–present || 200 million<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/531557.stm |title=Happy 50th birthday Noddy |publisher=BBC News |date=1999-11-22 |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nancy Drew]]'' || various authors as [[Carolyn Keene]] || English || 175 || 1930–present || 200 million<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/2002/2002-05-29-nancy-drew-author-obit.htm USA Today] on ''Nancy Drew'': "The series is still in print and has sold over 200 million books in 17 languages." (29 May 2002)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Railway Series]]'' || [[Wilbert Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]], [[Christopher Awdry]] || English || 41 || 1945–2011 || 200 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1039364 |title=Thomas the Tank Engine's new friend Hiro |publisher=ninemsn.com.au |date=2010-04-14 |accessdate=2010-04-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417123348/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1039364 |archivedate=2010-04-17 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|''[[San-Antonio]]'' || [[Frédéric Dard]] || French || 173 || 1949–2001 || 200 million<ref>{{cite news|last=Keslassy|first=Elsa|title=AB lines up 'Waterloo' miniseries: English-lingo battle drama to cost up to $15 million|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/sns-201202201207reedbusivarietynvr1118050502feb20,0,4298706.story|accessdate=12 March 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=20 February 2012|quote=Published between 1949 and 2001, the San Antonio anthology is one of the best-selling French novel series of all times, having sold an estimated 200 million copies.}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Robert Langdon]]'' || [[Dan Brown]] || English || 5 || 2000–present || 200 million<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/dan-browns-inferno-publishers-poised-for-biggestsales-since-harry-potter-as-da-vinci-code-authors-latest-robert-langdon-story-hits-shelves-8614082.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=James | last=Legge | title=Dan Brown's Inferno: Publishers poised for biggest-sales since Harry Potter as Da Vinci Code author's latest Robert Langdon story hits shelves | date=14 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Baby-sitters Club]]'' || [[Ann M. Martin|Ann Martin]] || English || 335 || 1986–present || 172 million<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=edrVnwGPUfEC&pg=PA115&dq=million-books&lr=&ei=WYriR76UD4HwjAGVp9nWBA&sig=K1mXEngkQ06dgnel3UPb16Eb-fs Benjamin M. Compaine and Douglas Gomery], 'Who Owns the Media?: Competition and Concentration in the Mass Media Industry' page 115"</ref>
|-
|''[[Diary of a Wimpy Kid (series)|Diary of a Wimpy Kid]]'' || [[Jeff Kinney (writer)|Jeff Kinney]] || English || 11
|| 2007–present || 164 million<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/18/diary-of-a-wimpy-kid-boasts-strong-worldwide-sales/|author=Kelly, Keith |title=‘Diary of a Wimpy Kid’ boasts strong worldwide sales |date=18 November 2015|accessdate=14 December 2015|publisher=New York Post|quote=The serial chronicles middle schooler Gregory Heffley and his troubles with family, friends, and school. Author Jeff Kinney, with 164 million copies in print, is a reluctant author, having first aspired to be a newspaper cartoonist, but it did not work out.}}</ref>
|-
|''[[List of Star Wars books|Star Wars]]'' || various authors || English || over 300 || 1977–present || 160 million<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111238313723995681?mod=googlewsj The Wall Street Journal] on the ''Star Wars'' books: "According to a Random House spokesman, the publisher has more than 160 million copies of "Star Wars" books in print." (1 April 2005)</ref>
|-
|''[[Little Critter]]'' || [[Mercer Mayer]] || English || over 200 || 1975–present || 150 million<ref>{{citation | title=Mercer Mayer | publisher=[[HarperCollins]] | url=http://www.harpercollins.com/cr-100745/mercer-mayer | accessdate=24 October 2014 | quote=His most recognized character, the lovable and charismatic Little Critter®, was born in 1975 in the book Just for You. Mercer's Little Critter has since starred in more than two hundred books, which have sold over one hundred and fifty million copies.}}</ref>

|-
|''[[Peter Rabbit]]'' || [[Beatrix Potter]] || English || 6 || 1902–1930 || 150 million<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/3014176.stm |title=Peter Rabbit in China copyright stew |publisher=BBC News |date=2003-06-23 |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[American Girl (company)|American Girl]]'' || various authors || English || {{How much|date=November 2016}} || 1986–present || 140 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vault.com/company-profiles/toy-games/american-girl-brands,-llc/company-overview.aspx|title=American Girl Brands, LLC{{!}}Company Profile{{!}}Vault.com|newspaper=Vault|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Geronimo Stilton]]'' || [[Elisabetta Dami]] || Italian || over 200 || 2000–present || 140 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://se.distribuzionelibrimondadori.it/media/2010/09/comunicato-10anni.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-06-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214214854/http://se.distribuzionelibrimondadori.it/media/2010/09/comunicato-10anni.pdf |archivedate=2010-12-14 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chicken Soup for the Soul]]'' || [[Jack Canfield]], [[Mark Victor Hansen]] || English || 105 || 1997–present || 130 million<ref>[http://www.citywire.co.uk/personal/-/news/other/content.aspx?ID=311197 CityWire] on ''Chicken Soup'': "His Chicken Soup for the Soul series, co-authored with Jack Canfield, has sold over 130 million copies in 54 languages and spans 105 different titles." (17 August 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' || [[Norman Bridwell]] || English || over 80 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/bookfest/author/norman_bridwell|title=Norman Bridwell {{!}} National Book Festival - Library of Congress|website=www.loc.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>|| 1963–2014 || 129 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/books/norman-bridwell-creator-of-clifford-the-big-red-dog-books-dies-at-86.html|title=Norman Bridwell, Creator of ‘Clifford the Big Red Dog’ Books, Dies at 86|last=Weber|first=Bruce|date=2014-12-16|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Frank Merriwell]]''||[[Gilbert Patten]]||English||209||1896–||125 million<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dVSElxOM3K8C&pg=PA53&dq=125-million-copies&lr=&ei=x4LzR9zABYKWzATf_fHJCw&sig=8KN8zuhqePX8USPJ5SCwaip4i2s Susan Edgerton e.a. in ''Imagining the Academy: Higher Education and Popular Culture''] page 53, on Gilbert Patten: "It is estimated that at least 125 million copies of the Frank Merriwell series (which
itself ran to at least 209 books) were sold." (2004)</ref>
|-
|''[[Fifty Shades of Grey]]''||[[E. L. James]]||English||4||2011–2015||125 million<ref>[http://variety.com/2015/biz/news/fifty-shades-spinoff-grey-stolen-from-publisher-1201516843/ ‘Fifty Shades’ Spinoff ‘Grey’ Copy Reportedly Stolen From Publisher] on ''Fifty Shades of Grey'': "James’ “Fifty Shades” trilogy has told 125 million copies worldwide, and the movie based on the first book has grossed more than $500 million at the global box office." (10 June 2015)</ref>
|-
|''[[Dirk Pitt]]'' || [[Clive Cussler]] || English || 24 || 1973–present || 120 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.penguingroup.com/static/packages/us/clivecussler/news3.html|title=Crusader Entertainment Acquires the Rights to Clive Cussler's Best-Selling Dirk Pitt Book Series|date=2001-05-14|publisher=Us.penguingroup.com|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|宮本武蔵 (''[[Musashi (novel)|Musashi]]'') || [[Eiji Yoshikawa]] || Japanese || 7 || 1935–1939 || 120 million<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E0D61639F930A2575AC0A967948260&sec=&pagewanted=all|title=Way Of The Samurai, Path Of The Tedious|date=1981-09-13|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' || [[C. S. Lewis]] || English || 7 || 1949–1954 || 120 million<ref>[http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_chicsuntimes-hollywood.htm Hollywood's liberal losses] (20 November 2005)</ref>
|-
|''[[Mr. Men]]'' || [[Roger Hargreaves]], [[Adam Hargreaves]] || English ||43 || 1971–present || 120 million<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14492706 BBC News] on ''Mr. Men'': "The famous books have gone on to sell 120 million copies and have been translated into 15 different languages. " (11 August 2011)</ref>
|-
|''[[Twilight (novel series)|Twilight]]'' || [[Stephenie Meyer]] || English ||5 + 1 Novella + 1 Guide|| 2005–2015 || 120 million<ref>[https://www.biography.com/people/stephenie-meyer-456668] on ''Twilight'': "Stephanie Meyer dwarfed the success of Brown’s work with the Twilight series, selling over 120 million copies in less than seven years." (26 April 2012)</ref>
|-
|''[[James Bond]]'' || [[Ian Fleming]] || English || 14 || 1953–1966 || 100 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.007.info/News88.asp |title=James Bond 007 - News |publisher=007.info |accessdate=2009-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406162050/http://www.007.info/News88.asp |archivedate=2010-04-06 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Martine (book)|Martine]]'' || [[Gilbert Delahaye]], [[Marcel Marlier]] || French || 60 || 1954–present || 100 million<ref>[http://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/enfance/marcel-marlier-le-dessinateur-de-martine-est-mort-297287 RTBF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124052122/http://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/enfance/marcel-marlier-le-dessinateur-de-martine-est-mort-297287 |date=2011-01-24 }} on ''Martine'': "Soixante albums de "Martine" ont été publiés dans la collection "Farandole" et 100 millions d'exemplaires vendus dans le monde." (21 January 2011)</ref>
|}

=== Between 50 million and 100 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book series!! Author !! Original language !! No. of installments !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''Nijntje'' (''[[Miffy]]'') || [[Dick Bruna]] || Dutch || 119 || 1955–present || 85 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?subchannel_id=34&story_id=43185 |title=Nijntje’s creator turns 80 |publisher=Expatica.com |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Alex Cross (novel series)#Novel Series|Alex Cross]]''|| [[James Patterson]] || English || 21 || 1993–present || 81 million<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/11/27/alex-cross-by-james-patterson/3665579/ USA Today] on ''James Patterson's Alex Cross by the numbers'': "81 million: Copies sold of series, starting with Along Came a Spider in 1993.""with Alex, it just seems to come together so naturally that I've kept him for myself. I suppose you could say Alex is the co-author." (27 November 2013)</ref>
|-
|''[[Fear Street]]'' || [[R. L. Stine]] || English || 114 || 1989–present || 80 million<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jibjFgTYKKcC&pg=RA9-PA8&dq=%22220+million+copies%22&lr=&ei=nJj0R9KXB4zcygT5rdDLAQ&sig=YHH8Ivavon9oxJAsC0O7S1QWONc Luisa Gerasimo e.a. in ''The Teacher's Calendar of Famous Birthdays''] page 8, on R. L. Stine: "That year he also created ''Fear Street'', the first horror series for teenagers, which sold 80 million copies." (2003)</ref>
|-
|''[[Millennium series]]'' || [[Stieg Larsson]] || Swedish || 3 || 2005–2007 || 80 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Here’s the Cover for the New Book in Stieg Larsson’s Millennium Series|url=http://time.com/3765229/girl-in-the-spiders-web/|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=21 March 2015|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''Pippi Långstrump'' (''[[Pippi Longstocking]]'')||[[Astrid Lindgren]]||Swedish||3 + 3 picture books||1945–2001|| 80 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/children_s_writer_told_163_200_000_prize_is_no_fantasy_1_740026|title=Children's writer told £200,000 prize is no fantasy|work=Scotsman.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Vampire Chronicles]]'' || [[Anne Rice]] || English || 13 || 1976–present || 80 million<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/donotmigrate/3562792/Anne-Rice-interview-with-the-vampire-writer.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Stuart | last=Husband | title=Anne Rice: interview with the vampire writer | date=2 November 2008}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Wheel of Time]]'' || [[Robert Jordan]], [[Brandon Sanderson]] || English || 15 || 1990–2013 || 80 million<ref>[http://www.bragelonne.fr/auteurs/view/robert-jordan Robert Jordan] Bragelonne -- Jordan's French publisher, 2017</ref>
|-
|''[[OSS 117]]'' || [[Jean Bruce]] || French || 265 || 1949–1992 || 75 million<ref>[http://www.ohio.com/entertainment/movies/26168654.html The Los AngelesDaily News] on ''OSS 117'': "Jean Bruce wrote 265 OSS 117 novels, selling some 75 million copies and spawning seven movies between 1956 and 1970." (1 August 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Winnie-the-Pooh]]'' || [[A. A. Milne]]; illustrated by [[E. H. Shepard]] || English || 2 || 1926–1928 || 70 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyvideos/newsletter/jul2001/index.html |title=Disney Video and DVD Insider |publisher=Disney.go.com |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Discworld]]'' || [[Terry Pratchett]] || English || 41 || 1983–2015 || 70 million<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sir-Terry-Pratchett/e/B000AQ0NN8 Amazon] on Terry Pratchett: "Sir Terry Pratchett was the acclaimed creator of the global bestselling Discworld series, the first of which, The Colour of Magic, was published in 1983. In all, he was the author of fifty bestselling books. His novels have been widely adapted for stage and screen, and he was the winner of multiple prizes, including the Carnegie Medal, as well as being awarded a knighthood for services to literature. Worldwide sales of his books now stand at 70 million, and they have been translated into thirty-seven languages. Sir Terry Pratchett died on 12th March 2015.</ref>
|-
|''[[Magic Tree House series]]'' || [[Mary Pope Osborne]] || English || 56<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.MagicTreeHouse.com|title=Join the Magic Tree House!|work=magictreehouse.com}}</ref> || 1992–present || 70 million<ref>[http://www.kentucky.com/2010/11/25/1540188/play-games-and-find-out-more-about.html Lexington Herald-Leader] on the ''Magic Tree House'' series: "The series has sold 70 million copies in North America and has been translated into 28 different languages in 31 countries." (25 November 2010)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Hunger Games trilogy]]'' || [[Suzanne Collins]] || English || 3 || 2008–2010 ||65 million in U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/hungergames|title=The Hunger Games {{!}} Scholastic Media Room|website=mediaroom.scholastic.com|language=en|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Left Behind (series)|Left Behind]]'' || [[Tim LaHaye]], [[Jerry B. Jenkins]] || English || 16 || 1996–2007 || 65 million<ref>{{cite web|author=Jerry B. Jenkins and Tim LaHaye |url=http://www.leftbehind.com/ |title=Home |publisher=Left Behind |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[A Series of Unfortunate Events]]'' || [[Lemony Snicket]] aka [[Daniel Handler]] || English || 13 || 1999–2006 || 65 million<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/books/daniel-handler-stepping-out-of-snickets-shadow/article2297535/ The Globe and Mail] on ''A Series of Unfortunate Events'': "whose 13 “A Series of Unfortunate Events” books for children have sold an astonishing 65 million copies." (10 January 2012)</ref>
|-
|''[[Little House on the Prairie]]'' || [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]] || English || 12 || 1932–2006 || 60 million<ref>[http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/article/20100724/GPG04/7240410/-Little-House-stars-relive-days-on-prairie The Green Bay Press Gazette] on ''Little House on the Prairie'': "If there was any doubt that a love for "Little House'' is an everlasting one, consider not only that 60 million copies of the Wisconsin-born Wilder's books have been sold since 1932[...]" (24 July 2010)</ref>
|-
|''[[Jack Reacher]]'' || [[Lee Child]] || English || 22 Novels + 11 Short Stories || 1997–present || 60 million<ref>[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/books/lee-child-pops-into-belfast-easons-for-book-signing-16208093.html The Belfast Telegraph] on the ''Jack Reacher'' books: "2012 marks a landmark year for Lee Child, whose Jack Reacher thrillers have now sold in excess of 60 million copies worldwide." (7 September 2012)</ref>
|-
|''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' || [[George R. R. Martin]] || English || Currently 5; 7 Planned; 3 novellas + 1 guide || 1996–present || 60 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/03/business/media/winds-of-winter-excerpt-published-by-george-rr-martin-on-his-site.html|title=‘Game of Thrones’ Writer George R.R. Martin Posts ‘Winds of Winter’ Novel Excerpt|date=3 April 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Where's Wally?]]''<ref>U.S. title: Where's Waldo?</ref> || [[Martin Handford]] || English || 13 || 1987–present || 55 million<ref>[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118045729 Variety] on ''Where's Waldo'': "The books have sold more than 55 million copies in more than 38 countries and been translated into more than 30 languages" (7 November 2011)</ref>
|-
|''[[Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus]]'' || [[John Gray (U.S. author)|John Gray]] || English || 15 || 1992–present || 50 million<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2008/2/24/lifebookshelf/20404808&sec=lifebookshelf The Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521141426/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F2%2F24%2Flifebookshelf%2F20404808&sec=lifebookshelf |date=2011-05-21 }} on the ''Mars Venus'' series: " You must be from another planet if you have not heard of Gray and his Mars Venus universe. Fifty million of his books have been sold in 40 different languages." (24 February 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Hardy Boys]]'' || various authors as [[Franklin W. Dixon]] || English || 190 || 1927–present|| 50 million<ref>[http://hardyboysunofficial.blogspot.com/ The Unofficial Hardy Boys Home Page, "from the publisher McFarland & Company":] In its 80 year history, the Hardy Boys series has sold over 50 million books in over 25 languages (20 February 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Bobbsey Twins]]'' || various authors as [[Laura Lee Hope]] || English || 72 || 1904–1979 || 50 million<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2D6123AF934A2575BC0A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 The New York Times: The Bobbsey Twins Carry On (And On and On)] "...a series of more than 70 books for children 7 to 9 years old that has sold more than 50 million copies worldwide." (17 August 1987)</ref>
|-
|''[[Tarzan]]'' || [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || English || 26 || 1914–1995 || 50 million<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kd8WqdD7qIUC&pg=PA70&dq=Tarzan+%22million+copies%22&lr=&as_brr=3&hl=ja&sig=L4WqSuBNtDE-pPtPMMGguDtsA6g Screening Difference: How Hollywood's Blockbuster Films Imagine Race] [[Jaap van Ginneken]], 2007</ref>
|}

=== Between 30 million and 50 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book series!! Author !! Original language !! No. of installments !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''[[Earth's Children]]'' || [[Jean M. Auel]] || English || 6 || 1980–2011 || 45 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/book-deals/article/43338-new-jean-m-auel.html |title= New Jean Auel |publisher=Publishers Weekly |accessdate=2015-07-25}}</ref>
|-
|''[[A Child's First Library Of Learning]]'' || various authors || English || 29 || 1980– || 45 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.english-time.com/revamp/region/en/aboutus/index.asp |title=A Child's First Library of Learning |publisher=English-time.com |accessdate=2009-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531033200/http://www.english-time.com/revamp/region/en/aboutus/index.asp |archivedate=2009-05-31 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Junie B. Jones]]'' || [[Barbara Park]] || English || 30 || 1992– || 44 million<ref>[http://alamedasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3501&Itemid=31 The Alameda Sun] on ''Junie B. Jones'': "The series, launched in 1992, offers 27 books and an interactive journal, and has sold 44 million copies around the world." (27 June 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Harry Bosch]]'' || [[Michael Connelly]] || English || 15 || 1992– || 42 million<ref>[http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/arts/bish-bash-bosch-its-the-return-of-hardboiled-harry-2926560.html The Irish Independent] on ''Harry Bosch'': "Crime writer Michael Connelly's Hieronymous 'Harry' Bosch thrillers have sold 42 million copies, [...]" (5 November 2011)</ref>
|-
|''[[Harry Hole]]'' || [[Jo Nesbø]] || Norwegian || 9 || 1997–present || 40 million<ref>[http://annistonstar.com/view/full_story/14875181/article-Book-review--The-Snowman-by-Jo-Nesbo?instance=entertainment_secondary The Anniston Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222618/http://annistonstar.com/view/full_story/14875181/article-Book-review--The-Snowman-by-Jo-Nesbo?instance=entertainment_secondary |date=2011-10-08 }} on ''Harry Hole'': "The series has been translated into 40 languages and has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide." (29 July 2011)</ref>
|-
|连环画铁道游击队 (''Picture-and-story book [[Railway Guerilla]]'') || original author: [[:zh:刘知侠|Liu Zhixia]] || Chinese || 10 || 1955–1962 || 36.52 million<ref>[http://www.rmhb.com.cn/chpic/htdocs/english/200610/6-2.htm China Pictorial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304202841/http://www.rmhb.com.cn/chpic/htdocs/english/200610/6-2.htm |date=2008-03-04 }} October 2006</ref>
|-
|かいけつゾロリ (''[[Kaiketsu Zorori]]'') || [[Yutaka Hara]] || Japanese || 60 || 1987–present || 35 million<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2087369/full/ ORICON NEWS] (13 March 2017)</ref>
|-
|''[[Paddington Bear]]'' || [[Michael Bond]] || English || 70 || 1958–present || 35 million<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1023569/Bear--Paddington-celebrates-50th-new-book.html Daily Mail] on ''Paddington Bear'': "To date, Paddington books have sold more than 35 million copies worldwide and are available in more than 40 languages." (2 June 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Divergent trilogy]]'' ||[[Veronica Roth]]||English||3||2011–2013||35 million<ref>[http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-book-news/article/69569-movie-alert-the-divergent-series-allegiant.html Movie Alert: "The Divergent Series - Allegiant"] [[Publishers Weekly]] 2016</ref>
|-
|''[[The Inheritance Cycle]]'' || [[Christopher Paolini]] || English || 4 || 2002–2011 || 33 million<ref>{{cite news|last=Fortini|first=Amanda|title=The Prince of Dragons: Christopher Paolini and the Rise of 'Inheritance'|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-prince-of-dragons-christopher-paolini-and-the-rise-of-inheritance-20120308|accessdate=12 March 2012|newspaper=Rolling Stone|date=8 March 2012|quote=His four books have collectively sold more than 33 million copies worldwide.}}</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:徳川家康 (山岡荘八)|徳川家康]] (''[[Tokugawa Ieyasu (Sohachi Yamaoka's novel)|Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'') || [[Sohachi Yamaoka]] || Japanese || 26 || 1950–1967 || 30 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp/guest/cgi-bin/indexp.cgi?AC=1-101100 |title=徳川家康（1）出生乱離の巻 |publisher=Bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp |accessdate=2009-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630212142/http://bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp/guest/cgi-bin/indexp.cgi?AC=1-101100 |archivedate=2009-06-30 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ramona (novel series)|Ramona]]'' || [[Beverly Cleary]] || English || 8 || 1955–1999 || 30 million<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=11239986 ABC News] on ''Ramona'': "The film is adapted from Beverly Cleary's series of "Ramona" books, which go back more than 50 years and have sold 30 million copies." (23 July 2010)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Dark Tower (series)|The Dark Tower]]'' || [[Stephen King]] || English || 8 || 1982–2012 || 30 million<ref>{{cite web|author=SuperHeroHype |url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/articles/106842-the-dark-tower-to-become-a-film-trilogy-and-tv-series-read-more-the-dark-tower-to-become-a-film-trilogy-and-tv-series |title=The Dark Tower to Become a Film Trilogy and TV Series |publisher=Superhero Hype |accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Destroyer (fiction)|The Destroyer]]''||[[Warren Murphy]] and [[Richard Sapir]], various authors|| English ||150||1971–present|| 30 million<ref>[http://articles.mcall.com/1985-10-11/features/2504158_1_grey-s-character-james-bond-elderly-man "From Grey To Gray In His New Film, Joel Grey Piles On Years With Makeup"] on ''The Destroyer'': "The movie, by Dick Clark, Larry Spiegel and Mel Bergman Productions, is based on the ''Destroyer'' novel series of some 62 books which has sold 30 million copies." (11 October 1985)</ref>
|}

=== Between 20 million and 30 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book series!! Author !! Original language !! No. of installments !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|[[:ja:ノンタン|ノンタン]] (''[[Nontan]]'') || [[Sachiko Kiyono]] || Japanese || 25 || 1976–2006 || 28 million<ref>[http://www.asahi.com/kids/news/TKY200812120107.html Asahi.com Kids] (11 December 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Curious George]]'' || [[Hans Augusto Rey]] and [[Margret Rey]] || English || 58 || 1941–present || 27 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/13/books/13geor.html|title=How Curious George Escaped the Nazis|date=13 September 2005|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
|-
|グイン・サーガ (''[[Guin Saga]]'') || [[Kaoru Kurimoto]] || Japanese || 118 || 1979–2009 || 26 million<ref>[http://book.asahi.com/news/TKY200504090221.html Asahi Shimbun] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302195719/http://book.asahi.com/news/TKY200504090221.html |date=2016-03-02 }} (9 April 2005)</ref>
|-
|''[[Captain Underpants]]'' || [[Dav Pilkey]] || English || || 1997–present || 26 million<ref>[http://www.bigtent.tv/dragon.html Big Tent Entertainment] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:三毛猫ホームズシリーズ|三毛猫ホームズシリーズ]] (''[[Calico Cat Holmes series]]'') || [[Jirō Akagawa]] || Japanese || 43 || 1978–present || 26 million<ref>[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/junior/articles_2003/030303.htm Yomiuri Shimbun] (3 March 2003)</ref>
|-
|''[[Rich Dad, Poor Dad]]'' || [[Robert Kiyosaki]], [[Sharon Lechter]] || English || 18 || 1997– || 26 million<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/guruspeak-robert-kiyosaki/331974/ The Financial Express] on ''Rich Dad, Poor Dad'': "He has written 18 books, which have sold over 26 million copies." (6 July 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Kurt Wallander]]'' || [[Henning Mankell]] || Swedish || 10 || 1991–2002 || 25 million<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/sep/21/theatre.branagh The Guardian] on ''Wallander'': "[...] the crime novels by Swedish author Henning Mankell, which have sold 25 million copies worldwide." (21 September 2008)</ref>
|-
|''Sagaen om Isfolket'' (''[[The Legend of the Ice People]]'') || [[Margit Sandemo]] || Norwegian || 47 || 1982–1989 || 25 million<ref>[http://www.norway.org.uk/News_and_events/culture/literature/margitsandemo/ Norwegian best selling author to cast spell on the UK]</ref>
|-
|''[[The Sword of Truth]]''||[[Terry Goodkind]]||English||12||1998–present||25 million<ref>{{cite web|last1=Barnes|first1=Brooks|title=Swords and Sorcery Return to Syndication|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/26/arts/television/26barn.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Outlander series|Outlander]]''|| [[Diana Gabaldon]] || English || 8 || 1991–present || 25 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/outlander-is-this-the-new-game-of-thrones-9685662.html|title=Outlander: Is this the new ‘Game of Thrones’?|work=The Independent}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dork Diaries]] || [[Rachel Renee Russell|Rachel Renée Russell]]|| English || 9 || 2009–present || 25 million<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/rachel-renee-russell-and-daughters-erin-nikki-on-dork-diaries-best-selling-series/ The real-life family and tales behind best-seller "Dork Diaries"] [[CBS News]] October 28, 2015</ref>
|-
|鬼平犯科帳 (''[[Onihei Hankachō]]'') || [[Shōtarō Ikenami]] || Japanese || 24 || 1968–1990 || 24.4 million, only [[bunkobon]]<ref>[http://homepage1.nifty.com/shimizumon/walk/course1/walk_01.html Nifty.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915125825/http://homepage1.nifty.com/shimizumon/walk/course1/walk_01.html |date=2010-09-15 }} (Gokujo No Tabi October 2003)</ref>
|-
|''[[Brain Quest]]'' || various authors || English || || 1992–present || 23.7 million<ref>[http://www.storybookcove.com/NASApp/store/Product;jsessionid=abcSzlpRBCl9BdJio5A8q?s=showproduct&isbn=0761137769 Storybook Cove] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928134744/http://www.storybookcove.com/NASApp/store/Product%3Bjsessionid%3DabcSzlpRBCl9BdJio5A8q?s=showproduct&isbn=0761137769 |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[South Beach Diet]]'' || [[Arthur Agatston]] || English || 6 || 2003–present || 22 million<ref>[http://www.miamiherald.com/1185/story/378534.html The Miami Herald] on the South Beach Diet books: "The South Beach Diet became a No. 1 New York Times Bestseller and the six books in the series have sold 22 million copies." (15 January 2008</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:竜馬がゆく|竜馬がゆく]] (''[[Ryoma ga Yuku]]'') || [[Ryōtarō Shiba]] || Japanese || 5 || 1963–1966 || 21.5 million<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-16256264_ITM Japan Inc.] (22 June 2006)</ref>
|-
|''[[Artemis Fowl (series)|Artemis Fowl]]'' || [[Eoin Colfer]] || English || 8 || 2001–2012 || 21 million<ref>[http://variety.com/2013/film/news/disney-developing-artemis-fowl-movie-with-harvey-weinstein-1200569446/ Variety] on ''Artemis Fowl'': "The “Artemis Fowl” books have sold more than 21 million copies in print in 44 languages worldwide." (29 July 2013)</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:ズッコケ三人組|ズッコケ三人組]] (''[[Zukkoke Sanningumi]]'') || [[Masamoto Nasu]] || Japanese || 50 || 1978–2004 || 21 million<ref>[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/book/author/20070116bk01.htm Yomiuri Shimbun] (16 January 2007)</ref>
|-
|''[[Shannara]]'' || [[Terry Brooks]] || English || 20 || 1977–present || 26 million<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/shannara-series-works-at-mtv-663313 'Shannara' Series in the works at MTV] [[The Hollywood Reporter]] 2013</ref>
|-
|ソードアート・オンライン (''[[Sword Art Online]]'') || [[Reki Kawahara]] || Japanase || 23 || 2009-present || 20 million<ref>[https://mantan-web.jp/2017/04/05/20170404dog00m200029000c.html] (5 January 2017)</ref>
|-
|''[[Redwall]]'' || [[Brian Jacques]] || English || 22 || 1986–2011 || 20 million<ref>[http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2009/05/08/23661/] on ''Redwall'': "Brian Jacques’ award-winning books, which have sold more than 20 million copies worldwide in 28 languages." (8 May 2009)</ref>
|-
|''[[Maisy Mouse|Maisy]]'' || [[Lucy Cousins]] || English || 23 || 1990–present || 20 million<ref name=rjmlicensing />
|-
|''[[Dragonlance]]'' || various authors || English || more than 150 || 1984–present || 20 million<ref>[http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4260&Itemid=99 IESB.net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024031858/http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content |date=2008-10-24 }} (4 February 2008)</ref>
|-
|幻魔大戦 (''[[Genma Taisen]]'') || [[Kazumasa Hirai (author)|Kazumasa Hirai]] || Japanese || 20 || 1979–1983 || 20 million<ref>[http://plusd.itmedia.co.jp/mobile/articles/0504/04/news072.html IT Media Mobile] (4 April 2005)</ref>
|-
|青春の門 (''[[The Gate of Youth (novel)|The Gate of Youth]]'') || [[Hiroyuki Itsuki]] || Japanese || || 1970–present || 20 million<ref>
[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050320cs.html The Japan Times] (20 March 2005)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Foundation Trilogy]]'' || [[Isaac Asimov]] || English || 3<ref>However further 'Foundation' books were written by Asimov from 1982, extending the direct series to seven books, however these four further novels tell two largely independent stories. Ultimately many of Asimov's works join to form a single time line encompassing 20,000 years of future-history. To further add the extent of the series, a 'Second Foundation Trilogy' of books by contemporary Sci-Fi writers also explicitly join with the series.</ref> || 1950–1953 || 20 million<ref>[http://movies.ign.com/articles/036/036229p1.html IGN] 27 June 2000</ref>
|-
|''[[Percy Jackson & the Olympians]] || [[Rick Riordan]] || English || 5 || 2005–2009 || 20 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/percy-jackson-problem|title=The Percy Jackson Problem|date=2014-10-22|website=The New Yorker|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Horrible Histories]]'' || [[Terry Deary]] || English || 24 || 1993–present || 20 million<ref>[http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/21934/horrible-histories-the-terrible-tudors The Stage] on ''Horrible Histories'': "[...] based on the hugely successful (20 million copies sold worldwide) series of children’s books by Terry Deary, who also wrote this adaptation." (1 October 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Rainbow Magic]]'' || [[Daisy Meadows]] || English || 80+ || 2003–present || 20 million<ref>[http://www.bradenton.com/2010/11/23/2760832/hit-entertainment-and-rosettabooks.html Brandeton.com]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on ''Rainbow Magic'': "A publishing phenomenon, “Rainbow Magic” has sold 20+ million copies in 31 languages worldwide, including over 6 million books in print in the U.S." (23 November 2010)</ref>
|-
|''[[Morgan Kane]]'' || [[Louis Masterson]] || Norwegian || 90 || 1966– || 20 million<ref>[http://www.stavangeravisen.com/art.asp?id=17482 Stavangeravisen.no] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006192641/http://www.stavangeravisen.com/art.asp?id=17482 |date=2011-10-06 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.stavangeravisen.com/art.asp?id=17482 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-04-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006192641/http://www.stavangeravisen.com/art.asp?id=17482 |archivedate=2011-10-06 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Southern Vampire Mysteries]]''||[[Charlaine Harris]]||English||13||2001–2013||20 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovelycitizen.com/story/1728855.html|title=Lovely County Citizen: Entertainment: Dinner with a vampire author? (05/18/11)|work=Lovely County Citizen}}</ref>
|}

=== Between 15 million and 20 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book series!! Author !! Original language !! No. of installments !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''[[Doc Savage]] || [[Lester Dent]], various authors || English || 203 || 1933-present || 20 million<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=K9P1T0doSpkC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=%22doc+savage%22+%22million+copies%22&source=bl&ots=WSPGvjK82A&sig=fiyoIBn5u45n3Xitu65gYfCNugA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjiLSCq-_TAhUI92MKHf28DfMQ6AEIVTAJ#v=onepage&q=%22doc%20savage%22%20%22million%20copies%22&f=false Science Fiction & Fantasy Book Review] Feb. 1979 issue</ref>
|-
|科学のアルバム (''Kagaku no album'') || various authors || Japanese || || 1970–present || 19 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hon10.com/07cts/h_about/1_akanesyobo.html |title=Akane Shobo |publisher=Hon10.com |accessdate=2009-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630220756/http://www.hon10.com/07cts/h_about/1_akanesyobo.html |archivedate=2009-06-30 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:剣客商売|剣客商売]] (''[[Kenkaku Shobai]]'') || [[Shotaro Ikenami]] || Japanese || 18 || 1972–1989 || 18 million<ref>[http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/kenkaku5/ Fuji T.V.] (2004)</ref>
|-
|''[[Erast Fandorin]]'' || [[Boris Akunin]] || Russian || 12 || 1998–present || 18 million<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/02/25/boaku18.xml The Telegraph] on ''Erast Fandorin'': "The two authors share a quality that has seen Akunin shift 18 million copies of his Fandorin stories" (25 February 2007)</ref>
|-
|吸血鬼ハンターD (''[[Vampire Hunter D]]'') || [[Hideyuki Kikuchi]] || Japanese || 17 || 1983–present || 17 million<ref>[http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6600565.html Publishers Weekly] on ''Vampire Hunter D'': "The books have sold more than 17 million copies around the world." (30 September 2008)</ref>
|-

|[[:ja:涼宮ハルヒシリーズ|涼宮ハルヒシリーズ]] (''[[Haruhi Suzumiya|Haruhi Suzumiya Series]]'') || [[Nagaru Tanigawa]] || Japanese || 11 || 2003–present || 16.5 million<ref>[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-04-20/next-haruhi-novel-gets-record-513000-set-1st-printing Anime News Network] "over 16.5 million copies of the Haruhi Suzumiya light novel series have been published in 15 countries" (20 April 2011)</ref>
|-
|''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' || [[Douglas Adams]], plus a final book by [[Eoin Colfer]] || English || 6 || 1979–2008 || 16 million<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7619000/7619708.stm BBC] on ''The Hichhiker's Guide'': "About 16 million copies of the books have been sold worldwide" (17 September 2008)</ref>
|-
|''[[Bridget Jones]] || [[Helen Fielding]] || English || 3 || 1996–present || 15 million<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/helen-fielding-beyond-bridget-582224.html Helen Fielding: Beyond Bridget] [[The Independent]] 2003</ref>
|-
|''[[The Riftwar Cycle]] || [[Raymond E. Feist]] || English || 25 || 1982–present || 15 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fantasybookreview.co.uk/Raymond-E-Feist/biography.html|title=Raymond E Feist biography, bibliography and reviews|website=www.fantasybookreview.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency]]'' || [[Alexander McCall Smith]] || English || 9 || 1999–present || 15 million<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7284357.stm BBC] on Alexander McCall Smith: "His books, featuring the unconventional No.1 Ladies Detective Agency, have sold 15 million copies in English, not counting the 42 languages they've been published in elsewhere." 7 March 2008</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:ぼくらの七日間戦争|ぼくらシリーズ]] (''Bokura series'') || [[Osamu Soda]] || Japanese || 36 || 1985–present || 15 million<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030320190359/http://ch-k.kyodo.co.jp/17kyodo/number05/newsdigest.html Kyodo Tsushin](archive.org) (20 December 2001)</ref>
|-
|''[[His Dark Materials]]'' || [[Philip Pullman]] || English || 3 || 1995–2000 || 15 million<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E7D7133DF930A25752C0A96E9C8B63&scp=1&sq=sophie+gee&st=nyt The New York Times] on ''His Dark Materials'': "''His Dark Materials,'' Philip Pullman's trilogy inspired by ''Paradise Lost,'' has sold 15 million copies worldwide, while the film version of the first volume, ''The Golden Compass,'' has earned more than $150 million." (13 January 2008)</ref>
|-
|銀河英雄伝説 (''[[Legend of the Galactic Heroes]]'') || [[Yoshiki Tanaka]] || Japanese || 14 || 1982–1989 || 15 million<ref>[http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/game/docs/20080424/ginga.htm Impress Watch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430090425/http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/game/docs/20080424/ginga.htm |date=2008-04-30 }} (24 April 2008)</ref>
|-
|''Der Regenbogenfisch'' (''[[Rainbow Fish]]'') || [[Marcus Pfister]] || German || || 1992–present || 15 million<ref>[http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6359151.html?nid=2788&rid=#reg_visitor_id Publishers Weekly] (24 August 2006)</ref>
|}

=== Notes ===


The ''[[Perry Rhodan]]'' series has sold more than 1 billion copies,<ref>[http://www.perry-rhodan-usa.com/web1998/rdnpres.htm Perry Rhodan 35th anniversary Press Release] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430072534/http://www.perry-rhodan-usa.com/web1998/rdnpres.htm |date=April 30, 2008 }} (July 1996)</ref> but is not listed because that figure includes [[Pulp magazine|magazine]] sales, not novels alone.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} Similarly, the ''[[Jerry Cotton]]'' series has sold over 300 million copies, but most of these were in magazine format.<ref name="German">{{cite book|last=Stoehr|first=Ingo Roland|title=German literature of the twentieth century|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=2001|series=History of German Literature|volume=10|page=529|isbn=978-1-57113-157-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Vi3vz7qbtwC&pg=PA258&dq=%22million+copies%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1995&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=2010&as_brr=3&ei=0vNCS_HVCpzWyATF6vD-Bw&cd=10#v=onepage&q=%22million%20copies%22&f=false|accessdate=5 January 2010}}</ref>

The figures given for some books are for the number printed instead of confirmed sales.{{which|date=September 2015}}

== List of best-selling regularly updated books ==

=== More than 100 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|新华字典 ([[Xinhua Zidian]] / Xinhua Dictionary) || Chief editor: Wei Jiangong || Chinese || 1957 || 400 million<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200402/13/eng20040213_134741.shtml 400 million copies of Chinese-character dictionary] — ''People's Daily''</ref>
|-
|''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' || [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]] || English || 1908 || 100–150 million<ref>Extrapolation for global range of other language publications, and related to the number of [[Scouting|Scouts]], make a realistic estimate of 100 to 150 million books.{{cite book | first = Tim | last = Jeal | authorlink = Tim Jeal | title = Baden-Powell | location = London | publisher = [[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]] | isbn = 0-09-170670-X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The McGuffey Readers]]'' || [[William Holmes McGuffey]] || English || 1853 || 125 million<ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BtGzlMatpUUC&pg=PA439&dq=125-million-copies&lr=&ei=x4LzR9zABYKWzATf_fHJCw&sig=ZrvbFvcxhs05I1Cs4E1h-ZiGjYo | first = William Joseph | last = Federer | title = America's God and Country: Encyclopedia of Quotations | page = 439 | contribution = William Holmes McGuffey | quote = As of 1963, 125 million copies had been sold | year = 1996}}.</ref>
|-
|''[[Guinness World Records]]'' (published every year)|| various authors || English || 1955–present || 115 million<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.licensing.biz/news/6235/Guinness-World-Records-earmarks-licensing-growth | title = Licensing | contribution = Guinness World Records earmarks licensing growth | quote = The Guinness Book of World Records has been published in 30 languages in more than 100 countries and has sold in excess of 115 million copies, becoming the biggest selling copyright book of all time. | date = 26 October 2010}}.</ref>
|-
|''[[American Spelling Book]]'' ([[Webster's Dictionary]]) || [[Noah Webster]] || English || 1783 || 100 million<ref name=RussellAsh />
|}

=== Between 50 million and 100 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''[[World Almanac]]'' (published every year)|| various authors || English || 1868–76; 1886–present || 80 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldalmanac.com/world-almanac.aspx |title= Book of Facts |publisher=The World Almanac | year = 2008 |accessdate= 2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|六星占術によるあなたの運命 (''[[Rokusei Senjutsu]] (Six-Star Astrology) Tells Your Fortune'') || [[Kazuko Hosoki]] || Japanese || 1986–present || 79 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shinbunka.co.jp/news2009/07/090731-01.htm |title=Shinbunka | date = 31 July 2009 |publisher=Shinbunka | place = [[Japan|JP]] | accessdate =2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Webster's Dictionary|''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]]'' || [[Merriam-Webster]] || English || 1898 || 55 million<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/info/pr/eleventh.htm | edition = 11th | publisher = Merriam-Webster | title = Collegiate Dictionary | year = 2003}}.</ref>
|}

=== Between 30 million and 50 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''[[Roget's Thesaurus]]'' || [[Peter Mark Roget]] || English || 1852– || 40 million<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/03/25/entertainment/e124825D83.DTL | newspaper = The San Francisco Chronicle | title = Peter Mark Roget | quote = More than 40 million copies have been sold | date = 25 March 2008}}.</ref>
|-
|できるシリーズ (''Dekiru Series'') || [[:ja:インプレス|Impress]] Dekiru Series Editorial Desk || Japanese || 1994–present || 40 million<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.news2u.net/releases/43884 | title = News2u | date = 6 February 2009}}.</ref>
|-
|''[[Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book]]'' || various authors || English || 1930– || 38 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=72940&p=irol-newsArticle_Print&ID=970136&highlight= |title=Meredith Corporation |publisher=Phx.corporate-ir.net |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[:ko:수학의 정석|수학의 정석]]'' (''[[The Art of Mathematics (series)|The Art of Mathematics]]'') || [[Hong Sung-dae]] || Korean || 1966–present|| 37 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.joins.com/article/article.asp?Total_ID=2432384 |title=`정석` 40년 3700만 권 팔려 … 에베레스트 125개 높이 |publisher=Joongang Daily|accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> ~ 40 million<ref>[http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2005011053091&ltype=1&nid=102&sid=01191026&page=6 한국경제(The Korean Financial Newspaper)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011902/http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2005011053091&ltype=1&nid=102&sid=01191026&page=6 |date=2007-09-27 }} (10 January 2005)</ref>
|-
|''[[Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary]]'' || [[A. S. Hornby]] || English || 1948 || 30 million<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/03/06/boll.xml The Telegraph] on the ''Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary'': "Thirty million copies of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary have been sold since it was first published in 1948. " (3 June 2005)</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Big Book (Alcoholics Anonymous)|Alcoholics Anonymous Big Book]]'' || [[Bill W.|Bill Wilson]] || English || 1939 || 30 million<ref>[http://www.ohio.com/news/47810287.html Akron Beacon Journal] on ''The Alcoholics Anonymous Big Book'': While the title of the book is actually Alcoholics Anonymous, the members of AA refer to it as the Big Book. This is the basic text of Alcoholics Anonymous, AA's text on how to stay sober. "And this year is also the 70th anniversary of the publication of A.A.'s Big Book, which has sold nearly 30 million copies since 1939." (11 June 2009)</ref><ref>[http://12steps.co.nz/The_Big_Book.php Twelve Step Programs Worldwide] about "Alcoholics Anonymous", the book affectionately known as "The Big Book". The 25 millionth copy of the Big Book was published in 2005, and about 1 million copies are sold each year. This means that as at 2010 there have been about 30 million copies sold, ranking it high on the list of best-selling books ever. More impressive still, it has sold this many copies even though it is available free online in English, Spanish and French - links provided."</ref>
|-
|''Le guide Michelin France'' (''[[Michelin Guide|The Michelin Guide]] France'') (published every year)|| various authors || French || 1900–present || 30 million<ref>[http://www.maptrade.org/docs/mapreport/2004-05-MapReport.pdf Map Repoat May 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923085621/https://www.maptrade.org/docs/mapreport/2004-05-mapreport.pdf |date=2006-09-23 }} "The Michelin Guide France 2004 Celebrates Its. 30 Millionth Copy", p.20</ref>
|}

=== Between 20 million and 30 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''[[Betty Crocker Cookbook]]'' || various authors as [[Betty Crocker]] || English || 1955– || 27 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/Betty-Crockers-Cookbook-Everything-You-Betty-Crocker-Editors/9780764560798-item.html |title=chapters.indigo.ca |publisher=chapters.indigo.ca |date=2000-08-01 |accessdate=2009-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623203453/http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/Betty-Crockers-Cookbook-Everything-You-Betty-Crocker-Editors/9780764560798-item.html |archivedate=2009-06-23 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|超図解シリーズ (''Cho-Zukai series'') || [[:ja:エクスメディア|X media]] || Japanese || 1996–2007 || 25 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.junkudo.co.jp/detail2.jsp?ID=0106947626 |title=Junkdo Shoten |publisher=Junkudo.co.jp |accessdate=2009-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005105039/http://www.junkudo.co.jp/detail2.jsp?ID=0106947626 |archivedate=2011-10-05 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:自由自在 (参考書)|自由自在]] (''Jiyu Jizai'') || various authors || Japanese || 1953–present || 24 million<ref>[http://www.zoshindo.co.jp/Gakusan/syoudocA.htm Zoshindo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212104619/http://www.zoshindo.co.jp/Gakusan/syoudocA.htm |date=February 12, 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|新明解国語辞典 (''[[Shin Meikai kokugo jiten]]'') || [[Tadao Yamada]] || Japanese || 1972 || 20.4 million<ref name=asashi2008>[http://book.asahi.com/clip/TKY200801160127.html Asahi Shimbun] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153841/http://book.asahi.com/clip/TKY200801160127.html |date=2008-04-01 }} 16 January 2008</ref>
|-
|''[[An Abridgment of Murray's English Grammar|English Grammar]]'' || [[Lindley Murray]] || English || 1795 || 20 million<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/09/books/review/09DERESIE.html The New York Times] (9 January 2005)</ref>
|}

=== Between 10 million and 20 million copies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Book !! Author(s) !! Original language !! First published !! Approximate sales
|-
|''[[The Joy of Cooking]]'' || various authors || English || 1936 || 18 million<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/01/dining/01joy.html New York Times] 1 November 2006</ref>
|-
|スーパーマップル (''Super Mapple'') || various authors || Japanese || 1991–present || 18 million<ref>[http://www.mapple.co.jp/publ/sm.html Shobunsha] (2007)</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:チャート式|チャート式]] (Chart Shiki) || various authors || Japanese || 1927–present || 17.44 million, only for the first grade of high-school<ref name=NKS2005 />
|-
|英語基本単語集 (''Eigo Kihon Tangoshu'') "Compilation of basic English vocabulary" || [[Yoshio Akao]] || Japanese, English || 1942 || 17.2 million<ref name=NKS2005>[[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]] morning edition, 10 January 2005.</ref>
|-
|試験に出る英単語 (''Siken Ni Deru Eitango'') "English vocabulary in examinations" || [[Ichiro Mori]] || Japanese, English || 1967 || 15 million<ref>[http://www.okwave.co.jp/news/press_log/2006/1006.html OK Wave] (6 October 2006)</ref>
|-
|新英和中辞典 (''Shin Eiwa Chu Jiten'') "New English-Japanese Dictionary" || [[Shigeru Takebayashi]] || Japanese, English || 1967 || 12 million<ref>[http://www.technocraft.co.jp/press/2006/0210_yakushi.html Techno Craft] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122063800/http://www.technocraft.co.jp/press/2006/0210_yakushi.html |date=2008-01-22 }} (10 February 2006)</ref>
|-
|広辞苑 (''[[Kōjien]]'') || [[Izuru Shinmura]] || Japanese || 1955 || 11 million<ref name=asashi2008 /><ref>[http://www.j-cast.com/2007/10/24012504.html J-CAST News] (24 October 2007)</ref>
|-
|旺文社古語辞典 (''Obunsha Kogo Jiten'') "Obunsha Dictionary of Archaisms" || [[Akira Matsumura]] || Japanese || 1960 || 11 million<ref>[http://www.obunsha.co.jp/service/jisho-2007/kogo/kogo_35.html Obunsha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329231911/http://www.obunsha.co.jp/service/jisho-2007/kogo/kogo_35.html |date=2008-03-29 }} (2007)</ref>
|-
|三省堂国語辞典 (''[[Sanseido Kokugo Jiten]]'') "Sanseido Dictionary of the Japanese Language" || [[Kenbō Hidetoshi]] || Japanese || 1960 || 10 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanseido-publ.co.jp/publ/dicts/fuku_meikoku.html |title=Sanseido |publisher=Sanseido-publ.co.jp |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|家庭に於ける實際的看護の秘訣 (''Katei Ni Okeru Jissaiteki Kango No Hiketsu'') "Key to Practical Personal Care at Home" || [[Takichi Tsukuda]] || Japanese || 1925 || 10 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ne.jp/asahi/matsukinpapa/ucd/tukudaT1.html |title=Tsukuda Takichi Akahon No Page |publisher=Ne.jp |accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>
|-
|''C程序设计'' (''C Program Design'') || [[Tan, Haoqiang]] || Chinese || 1991 || 10 million<ref>[http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2009-06/29/content_284606.htm Paper.people.com.cn] (June 29, 2009)</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Books}}
* [[List of best-selling manga]]
* [[List of best-selling comics]]
* [[List of best-selling fiction authors]]
* [[List of bestselling novels in the United States]]
* [[List of literary works by number of languages translated into]]
* [[Lists of books]]
* [[Literature]]
* [[Novel]]

== References ==
''' Footnotes '''

{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

''' Citations '''

{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ipl.org/div/farq/bestsellerFARQ.html The Internet Public Library]
* [http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/mott.htm Frank Luther Mott Collection of American Best Sellers, 1662-1945] at the [[University of Missouri]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Best-Selling Books}}
[[Category:Top book lists|Best-selling]]
[[Category:Lists of bestsellers|Books]]
[[Category:Literature records]]

Wayne Dyer

2017-09-30T23:51:56Z

Angelito7: adding reference

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Wayne Dyer
|image = WayneDyerByPhilKonstantin.jpg
|image_size = 220px
|caption = Dyer in 2009
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|5|10}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|8|29|1940|5|10}}
|death_place = [[Maui County, Hawaii]], US
|birth_place = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], US
|children = 8
|nationality =
|known_for =
|employer =
|occupation = Teacher, author, Philosopher
|spouse = }}
'''Wayne Walter Dyer''' (May 10, 1940 – August 29, 2015) was an American philosopher, [[self-help]] author, and a [[motivational speaker]]. His first book, ''[[Your Erroneous Zones]]'' (1976), is one of the [[List of best-selling books|best-selling books of all time]], with an estimated 35 million copies sold to date.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Comfort|first1=David|title=An Insider's Guide to Publishing|date=14 November 2013|publisher=Writer's Digest Books|isbn=9781599637815|page=244|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=gPpDAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dyer was born in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], to Melvin Lyle Dyer and Hazel Irene Vollick, and spent much of his first ten years in an orphanage on the east side of Detroit,<ref name="St. James">{{cite book
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_241920034
|title=St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture
|author=Dan Coffey
|publisher=Gale Group7TV
|year=2002}}{{dead link|date=August 2016}}</ref> after his father walked out on the family, leaving his mother to raise three small boys.<ref>{{cite book|publisher= YouTube|title=Wayne Dyer and Oprah Winfrey - The Wisdom of the Tao |edition=Full|accessdate=August 23, 2015}}</ref> His parents had moved from [[Ontario]], Canada, and were members of [[Baptist]] Church.<ref>http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=151462266</ref><ref>http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=35084658</ref><ref>http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=94169042</ref> After graduating from [[Denby High School]], Dyer served in the [[United States Navy]] from 1958 to 1962. He received his [[Doctor of Education|Ed.D.]] degree in counseling from [[Wayne State University]]<ref name=HayHouse>{{cite web|url=http://www.hayhouse.com/authorbio.php?id=89 |title=Author Biography|website= [[Hay House]]}}</ref> for a dissertation titled ''Group Counseling Leadership Training in Counselor Education'', under the supervision of Mildred Peters.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wayne, Dyer|url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/288309779 |title=Group Counseling Leadership Training in Counselor Education|publisher= ProQuest|accessdate=July 25, 2014}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dyer, a Detroit native,<ref name="spokesman.com">{{cite news|work=Spokesman|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2015/sep/01/wayne-dyer-author-of-erroneous-zones-dies-at-75/|date=September 1, 2015|title=Wayne Dyer, author of 'Erroneous Zones', dies at 75}}</ref> worked as a high school guidance counselor there and as a professor of counseling psychology at [[St. John's University (New York City)|St. John's University]] in New York City.<ref name="St. James"/> He pursued an academic career, published in journals, and established a private therapy practice. His lectures at St. John's, which focused on [[positive thinking]] and [[motivational speaking]] techniques, attracted many students. A literary agent persuaded Dyer to document his theories in his first book, called ''[[Your Erroneous Zones]]'' (1976). Dyer quit his teaching job and began a publicity tour of the United States, doggedly pursuing bookstore appearances and media interviews ("out of the back of his station wagon", according to [[Michael Korda]], making the best-seller lists "before book publishers even noticed what was happening"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isnf42j5rRUC&pg=PR15&dq=wayne.dyer+self.help|title=Making the List: A Cultural History of the American Bestseller, 1900–1999|author=[[Michael Korda]]|year=2001|publisher=[[Barnes & Noble]] Publishing}}</ref>). After ''[[Your Erroneous Zones]]'' dozens more books followed, many of them also best-sellers.<ref name="spokesman.com"/> Among them were ''Wishes Fulfilled'', ''Excuses Begone'' and ''The Sky’s the Limit''. The success of these books eventually led to national television talk show appearances including ''[[The Merv Griffin Show]]'', ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', and ''[[The Phil Donahue Show]]''.<ref name="St. James"/>

Dyer proceeded to build on his success with lecture tours, a series of audiotapes, PBS programs, and regular publication of new books. Dyer's message resonated with many in the [[New Thought Movement]] and beyond. He often recounted anecdotes from his family life and repeatedly used his own life experience as an example. His [[wikt:self-made|self-made man]] success story was a part of his appeal.<ref name="St. James"/> Dyer told readers to pursue [[self actualization]], calling reliance on the self a guide to "religious" experience, and suggested that readers emulate [[Jesus Christ]], whom he termed both an example of a self-actualized person and a "preacher of self-reliance".<ref name="McAdams">{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKsMZxwux7wC&pg=PA121 |title=The Redemptive Self: Stories Americans Live by |author=Dan P. McAdams |year=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> Dyer criticized societal focus on [[guilt (emotion)|guilt]], which he saw as an unhealthy immobilization in the present due to actions taken in the past. He encouraged readers to see how parents, institutions, and even they, themselves, had imposed [[wikt:guilt trip|guilt trips]] upon themselves.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETKoWzNyupwC&pg=PA61
|title=Exploring Medical Ethics
|author=Henlee Huxlee Barnette
|year=1982
|publisher=[[Mercer University]] Press}}</ref>

Although Dyer initially resisted the [[Spirituality|spiritual]] tag, by the 1990s he had altered his message to include more components of [[spirituality]] when he wrote the book ''Real Magic'' and discussed [[higher consciousness]] in the book ''Your Sacred Self''.<ref name="St. James"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bocaratonnews.com/index.php?src=news&prid=3072&category=LOCAL%20NEWS |work=Boca Raton News|date= November 13, 2002|title=Local News}}</ref>

== Influences ==
Wayne Dyer stated [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]] to be his Teacher and cited the quotation, "Love says: 'I am everything'. Wisdom says: 'I am nothing' from a compilation of talks on Shiva Advaita (Nondualism) philosophy [[I Am That]]. He was influenced by [[Abraham Maslow]]'s concept of [[self-actualization]] and by the teachings of [[Muktananda|Swami Muktananda]], whom he considered to be his Master.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drwaynedyer.com/press/interview-new-age-retailer/ |title=Interview With New Age Retailer|date= November 2005|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tD-6NW9-gCY|title=YouTube|date=May 16, 2014|work=YouTube|accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref> In his book, ''Wishes Fulfilled; Mastering the Art of Manifesting'', Dr. Dyer also credited [[Saint Francis of Assisi]] and the Chinese philosopher [[Lao Tzu]] as foundational influences in his work.<ref name=Wishes>{{cite book|last1=Dyer|first1=Wayne|title=Wishes Fulfilled, Mastering the Art of Manifesting}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Dyer was sometimes criticized by [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] viewers for his appearances on PBS during their [[fundraising|pledge drives]]. An [[ombudsman]] once summarized the essence of the complaints as being "that PBS might be seen as lending its prestige to Dyer's spiritual views and aligning itself with his teachings."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2006/03/pledging_allegiance_or_march_madness.html|title=PBS - Ombudsman - Pledging Allegiance, or March Madness?|author=PBS|publisher=|accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>

In May 2010, author [[Stephen Mitchell (translator)|Stephen Mitchell]] filed a suit against Dyer for [[plagiarism]], accusing him of taking 200 lines of his interpretation of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' for his books ''Living the Wisdom of the Tao'' and ''Change Your Thoughts – Change Your Life''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/thr-esq/guru-wayne-dyer-sued-stealing-63925 |title=Self-help guru Wayne Dyer sued for stealing from Tao book|work=Hollywood Reporter|author=Matt Belloni|date=May 24, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209040113/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/thr-esq/guru-wayne-dyer-sued-stealing-63925|archive-date=February 9, 2012|access-date=March 13, 2016}}</ref> The suit was dismissed in 2011. <ref>http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/MSNBC/Sections/NEWS/z-pdf-archive/111018-dyer-lawsuit.pdf</ref>

Psychologist [[Albert Ellis]] wrote that Dyer's book ''Your Erroneous Zones'' was probably "the worst example" of plagiarism of Ellis' [[Rational Emotive Therapy]] (RET).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Albert|title=All out!: An Autobiography|date=2010|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, N.Y.|isbn=9781591024521|page=485}}</ref> In a 1985 letter to Dyer, Ellis claimed that Dyer had participated in an Ellis workshop on RET before he published ''Your Erroneous Zones'', in which Dyer appeared to understand RET very well. Ellis added that "300 or more people have voluntarily told me... that [the book] was clearly derived from RET." Dyer never apologized nor expressed any sense of wrongdoing. Ellis admonished Dyer for unethically and unprofessionally failing to credit Ellis's work as the book's primary source, but expressed overall gratitude for Dyer's work, writing: "''Your Erroneous Zones'' is a good book, ... it has helped a great number of people, and ... it outlines the main principles of RET quite well,... with great simplicity and clarity."<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Albert|title=All out!: An Autobiography|date=2010|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, N.Y.|isbn=9781591024521|pages=486–490}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dyer was married three times. With his first wife, Judy, he had a daughter, Tracy. With his second wife, Susan Casselman, he had no children. With his third wife, Marcelene, he had five children (Skye, Summer, Serena, Sands, and Saje), and two stepchildren (Shane and Stephanie) from Marcelene's prior marriage. Wayne and Marcelene legally separated in 2001, after 20 years of marriage.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hayhouse.com/details.php?id=6035 |title=''DVD no. 1 of 4-DVD set'': Experiencing the Miraculous''|author=Dyer, Wayne W. |date= 2012}}</ref>

===Credos===
{{quote|''My beliefs are that the truth is a truth until you organize it, and then it becomes a lie. I don't think that Jesus was teaching Christianity, Jesus was teaching kindness, love, concern, and peace. What I tell people is don't be Christian, be Christ-like. Don't be Buddhist, be Buddha-like.''<ref name=interview>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifedynamix.com/articles/Total-Health/Wayne_Dyer_Interview.html|title=Health & Wellness Articles - Anti Aging - Fitness - Detoxification - Inspiration - Mental Health - Nutrition - Medicine - Relationships - Weight Loss - Success - Anti Aging|publisher=|accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>

''Religion is orthodoxy, rules and historical scriptures maintained by people over long periods of time. Generally people are raised to obey the customs and practices of that religion without question. These are customs and expectations from outside the person and do not fit my definition of spiritual.''<ref name=excerpt>{{cite web|url=http://www.hayhouse.com/details.php?id=127|title=There's A Spiritual Solution To Every Problem|publisher=|accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>}}

==Death==
Dyer died from a [[heart attack]], said his publicist, Lindsay McGinty on Maui, Hawaii<ref name="spokesman.com"/> on August 29, 2015, at age 75.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eonline.com/news/691190/wayne-dyer-dead-at-75-ellen-degeneres-portia-de-rossi-and-more-stars-remember-self-help-guru | title=Wayne Dyer Dead at 75—Ellen DeGeneres, Portia de Rossi and More Stars Remember Self-Help Guru | publisher=[[E! Online News]] | date=August 30, 2015 | accessdate=August 31, 2015 | author=Aiello, McKenna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/self-help-pioneer-dr-wayne-dyer-dies-75-n418556 | title=Self-Help Pioneer Dr. Wayne Dyer Dies at 75, Family and Publisher Say | publisher=[[NBC News|NBCNews.com]] | date=August 30, 2015 | accessdate=August 31, 2015 | author=Johnson, M. Alex}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/geri-hearne/dads-never-die-even-in-de_b_11540834.html | title=Dads Never Die: In Death, Wayne Dyer Teaches His Children And Us About Love | publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=August 16, 2016 | accessdate=September 4, 2016 | author=Hearne, Geri}}</ref> He had been diagnosed with leukemia in 2009.<ref>http://www.inquisitr.com/2380302/dr-wayne-dyer-confirmed-dead-self-help-guru-battled-leukemia/</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Nonfiction books===
* ''[[Your Erroneous Zones]]''
* ''Pulling Your Own Strings''
* ''The Sky's the Limit''
* ''Gifts from Eykis''
* ''What Do You Really Want For Your Children''
* ''Happy Holidays''
* ''No More Holiday Blues''
* ''Everyday Wisdom''
* ''You'll See It When You Believe It''
* ''Real Magic''
* ''Your Sacred Self''
* ''A Promise is a Promise'' (with Marcelene Dyer)
* ''Manifest Your Destiny''
* ''Wisdom of the Ages''
* ''There's a Spiritual Solution to Every Problem''
* ''10 Secrets for Success and Inner Peace''
* ''The Power of Intention''
* ''Inspiration'' (Renamed ''Living an Inspired Life,'' March 2016)
* ''Being in Balance''
* ''Change Your Thoughts - Change Your Life''
* ''Getting in the Gap''
* ''The Invisible Force''
* ''Living the Wisdom of the Tao''
* ''My Greatest Teacher'' (with Lynn Lauber)
* ''Staying on the Path''
* ''The Shift''
* ''Excuses Begone''
* ''Wishes Fulfilled''
* ''Co-creating at Its Best'' (with Esther Hicks)
* ''Don't Die with Your Music Still in You'' (with Serena J. Dyer)
* ''I Can See Clearly Now''
* ''Memories of Heaven'' (with Dee Garnes)

===Children's books===
* ''Good-bye, Bumps!'' (with Saje Dyer)
* ''I Am'' (with Kristina Tracy)
* ''Incredible You!'' (with Kristina Tracy)
* ''It's Not What You've Got!'' (with Kristina Tracy)
* ''No Excuses!'' (with Kristina Tracy)
* ''Unstoppable Me!'' (with Kristina Tracy)

== Films ==
* ''[[Ambition to Meaning]]'' (January 2009), rereleased as ''The Shift'' (April 2009) by [[Hay House]]
* ''[[Day & Night (2010 film)|Day & Night]]'' (2010), an animated short film created by [[Pixar]], featuring an excerpt from one of Dyer's lectures and voiced by Dyer, which was shown with ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' (2010) during the latter movie's opening in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pixartalk.com/2010/06/day-night-the-quote/|title=Day & Night: The Quote|work=Pixar Talk|accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of New Thought writers]]
* [[New Thought]]
* [[Spirituality]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official}}
* {{findagrave}}

{{New Age Movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dyer, Wayne}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American writers]]
[[Category:American male writers]]
[[Category:American motivational speakers]]
[[Category:American motivational writers]]
[[Category:American psychologists]]
[[Category:American self-help writers]]
[[Category:American spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:American spiritual writers]]
[[Category:New Thought writers]]
[[Category:United States Navy sailors]]
[[Category:Wayne State University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Detroit]]

Incudomalleolar joint

2017-06-11T21:43:34Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Incudomallear joint
| Latin = Articulatio incudomallearis
| GraySubject =
| GrayPage =
| Image = Illu_auditory_ossicles-en.svg
| Caption =
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| Image2 = Auditory ossicles-en.svg
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}}
'''Incudomalleolar joint''' (more correctly called incudomallear joint) or articulatio incudomallearis is a small [[synovial joint]] between the [[malleus|malleus (hammer)]] and the [[incus|incus (anvil)]]. The joint's function is to transfer vibrations between the [[ossicles]] in the [[middle ear]], which is perceived as sound. Contrary to other synovial joints the movement is very limited. All of the ossicles move more or less as a unit, at least at low frequencies.

When the [[eardrum]] is moved inward due to sound vibrations, transferred through the [[outer ear]], it transmits to the handle or manubrium of the malleus which is connected to the ear drum. The head of the malleus (caput mallei) moves with it and transfers energy/movement to the corpus of the incus (corpus incudis), which is located directly behind. The sound vibrations are then transferred to the [[stapes|stapes (stirrup)]] through the [[incudostapedial joint]].

==See also==
[[Incudostapedial joint]]

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Rostgaard |first1=Jørgen |last2=Tranum-Jensen |first2=Jørgen |last3=Qvortrup |first3=Klaus |last4=Holm-Nielsen |first4=Peter |year=2009 |title=Hovedets, halsens & de indre organers anatomi |edition=10th |language=Danish |trans_title=The Head, Neck & Internal organs anatomy |isbn= 978-87-628-0534-7|pages=72–73 }}

{{Joints of head and neck}}

[[Category:Joints of the head and neck]]
[[Category:Ear]]
[[Category:Joints]]
[[Category:Human head and neck]]

Incudostapedial joint

2017-06-11T21:43:13Z

Angelito7: image

{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Incudostapedial joint
| Latin = Articulatio incudostapedia
| GraySubject =
| GrayPage =
| Image = Illu_auditory_ossicles-en.svg
| Caption =
| Width =
| Image2 = Auditory ossicles-en.svg
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| System =
| Artery =
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| Lymph =
| MeshName =
| MeshNumber =
| Code =
| Dorlands =
| DorlandsID =
}}
'''Incudostapedial joint''' or articulatio incudostapedia is a small [[synovial joint]] between the [[incus|incus (anvil)]] and the [[stapes|stapes (stirrup)]]. The joint's function is to transfer vibrations between the [[ossicles]] in the [[middle ear]], which is perceived as sound. Contrary to other synovial joints the moment is very limited and is usually only of springy character. All of the ossicles move as a unit.

The incudostapedial joint lies between the long leg (long crus or crus longum incudis) and the head of the stapes (caput stapedis).

When the [[eardrum]] is moved inward due to sound vibrations, transferred through the [[outer ear]], it transmits to the [[malleus]] and then to the incus via the [[incudomalleolar joint]]. The long leg (long crus or crus longum incudis) moves with the rest of the incus and a small knob, the lenticular process, articulates with the head of the stapes. The stapes then transfers the vibration to [[oval window]].

==See also==
[[Incudomalleolar joint]]

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Rostgaard |first1=Jørgen |last2=Tranum-Jensen |first2=Jørgen |last3=Qvortrup |first3=Klaus |last4=Holm-Nielsen |first4=Peter |year=2009 |title=Hovedets, halsens & de indre organers anatomi |edition=10th |language=Danish |trans_title=The Head, Neck & Internal organs anatomy |isbn= 978-87-628-0534-7|pages=72–73 }}

{{Joints of head and neck}}

[[Category:Joints of the head and neck]]
[[Category:Ear]]
[[Category:Joints]]
[[Category:Human head and neck]]

Anterior grey column

2017-06-05T13:31:59Z

Angelito7: SVG version

{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Anterior grey column (Anterior horn of spinal cord)
| Latin = Cornu anterius medullae spinalis
| GraySubject = 185
| GrayPage = 753
| Image = Medulla spinalis - Section - English.svg
| Caption =
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| Width = 250
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| DorlandsPre = c_55
| DorlandsSuf = 12259735
}}
The '''anterior grey column''' (also called the '''anterior cornu''', '''anterior horn of spinal cord''' or '''ventral horn''') is the front column of [[grey matter]] in the [[spinal cord]]. It is one of the three [[grey column]]s. The anterior grey column contains [[motor neuron]]s that affect the [[skeletal muscle]]s while the [[posterior grey column]] receives information regarding touch and sensation. The anterior grey column is the column where the [[cell (biology)|cell]] [[soma (biology)|bodies]] of alpha motor neurons are located.

==Structure==
[[File:Polio spinal diagram-en.svg|thumb|left|The location of [[motor neuron]]s in the anterior grey column of the [[spinal column]]]]
The anterior grey column, directed forward, is broad and of a rounded or quadrangular shape. Its posterior part is termed the base, and its anterior part the head, but these are not differentiated from each other by any well-defined constriction. It is separated from the surface of the medulla spinalis by a layer of white substance which is traversed by the bundles of the anterior nerve roots. In the thoracic region, the postero-lateral part of the anterior column projects laterally as a triangular field, which is named the [[lateral grey column]].

==Clinical significance==
It is these cells that are affected in the following diseases,{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} – [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease]], [[progressive muscular atrophy]], all [[spinal muscular atrophies]], [[poliomyelitis]], and [[West Nile virus]].

===Pharmacological interaction===
The anterior grey column is the target for some [[Antispasmodic|spasmolytic]] medications. [[Norepinephrine]] release here, (as induced by [[cyclobenzaprine]]) reduces spasms by innervation (reducing nerve activity) of [[alpha motor neurons]] via interaction with [[gamma motor neurons|gamma fibers]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyclobenzaprine|website=[[DrugBank]]|url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00924}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Alpha motor neuron]]
* [[Beta motor neuron]]
* [[Gamma motor neuron]]

==Additional images==
<gallery>
Image:Gray687.png|Section of the [[medulla oblongata]] through the lower part of the [[decussation of the pyramids]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Gray's}}
<references />

{{Spinal cord}}
[[Category:Spinal cord]]

Spinal muscular atrophies

2017-06-05T13:31:22Z

Angelito7: SVG version

{{about|a category of rare disorders|the most common form|Spinal muscular atrophy}}
{{Infobox medical condition |
| Name = Spinal muscular atrophies
| Image = Polio spinal diagram-en.svg
| Caption = Location of neurons affected in spinal muscular atrophies
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|12||g|10}}
| MeshID = D009134
}}
'''Spinal muscular atrophies''' ('''SMAs''') are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of rare debilitating disorders characterised by the degeneration of [[lower motor neuron]]s ([[neuron]]al cells situated in the [[anterior horn of the spinal cord]]) and subsequent [[muscular atrophy|atrophy]] (wasting) of various [[muscle]] groups in the body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/spinal-muscular-atrophy|title=Spinal muscular atrophy|date=2016-03-21|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=2016-03-26}}</ref> While some SMAs lead to early infant death, other types permit normal adult life with only mild weakness.

== Classification ==

Based on the '''type of muscles''' affected, spinal muscular atrophies can be divided into:{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
* ''Proximal spinal muscular atrophies'', i.e., conditions that affect primarily [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|proximal]] muscles;
* ''Distal spinal muscular atrophies'' (which significantly overlap with [[distal hereditary motor neuronopathies]]) where they affect primarily [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] muscles.

When taking into account '''[[prevalence]]''', spinal muscular atrophies are traditionally divided into:{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
* ''[[spinal muscular atrophy|Autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy]]'', responsible for 90-95% of cases and usually called simply ''spinal muscular atrophy'' (SMA) – a disorder associated with a [[genetic mutation]] on the ''[[SMN1]]'' gene on [[chromosome 5]]q ([[locus (genetics)|locus]] 5q13), affecting people of any age but in its most severe form being the most common genetic cause of infant death;
* ''Localised spinal muscular atrophies'' – much more rare conditions, in some instances described in but a few patients in the world, which are associated with [[genetic mutation|mutations]] of genes other than ''SMN1'' and for this reason sometimes termed simply ''non-5q spinal muscular atrophies''.

A more detailed classification is based on the '''[[gene]]''' associated with the condition (where identified) and is presented in table below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Group
! style="width:27em"|Name Alternate names
! [[OMIM]]
! [[Gene]]
! style="width:5em"|[[Locus (genetics)|Locus]]
! style="width:10em"|[[Heredity|Mode of inheritance]]
! Characteristics
|-
| '''SMA'''
| [[Spinal muscular atrophy]] (SMA)
* Autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy
* Werdnig–Hoffmann disease / Kugelberg–Welander disease
| {{OMIM2|253300}} {{OMIM2|253550}} {{OMIM2|253400}} {{OMIM2|271150}}
| ''[[SMN1]]''
| [[Chromosome 5|5q13.2]]
| [[Autosomal recessive]]
| Affects primarily proximal muscles in people of all ages, progressive, relatively common
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''{{abbr|XLSMA||X-linked spinal muscular atrophies}}'''
| [[X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 1]] (SMAX1)
* Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA)
* Kennedy's disease (KD)
| {{OMIM2|313200}}
| ''[[NR3C4]]''
| [[X chromosome|Xq12]]
| [[X-linked recessive]]
| Affects primarily [[bulbar]] muscles as well as [[sensory nerve]]s mainly in adult men, progressive
|-
| [[X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2]] (SMAX2)
* Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita – X-linked type 1 (AMCX1)
| {{OMIM2|301830}}
| ''[[UBA1]]''
| [[X chromosome|Xp11.23]]
| [[X-linked recessive]]
| Characterised by bone fractures, affects mainly distal muscles in newborn boys, usually fatal in infancy
|-
| [[X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 3]] (SMAX3)
* Distal spinal muscular atrophy – X-linked (DSMAX)
| {{OMIM2|300489}}
| ''[[ATP7A]]''
| [[X chromosome|Xq21.1]]
| [[X-linked recessive]]
| Affects distal muscles of all extremities mainly in boys, slowly progressive
|-
| rowspan="13" | '''{{abbr|DSMA|Distal spinal muscular atrophies}}'''
| [[Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1]] (DSMA1)
* Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1)
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type 6 (DHMN6)
| {{OMIM2|604320}}
| ''[[IGHMBP2]] ''
| [[Chromosome 11|11q13.3]]
| [[Autosomal recessive]]
| Affects mainly infant boys, similar to [[spinal muscular atrophy|SMA type 1]] but with [[thoracic diaphragm|diaphragmatic]] paralysis
|-
| [[Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 2]] (DSMA2)
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy – Jerash type (DHMN-J)
| {{OMIM2|605726}}
| ''[[SIGMAR1]]''
| [[Chromosome 19|19p13.3]]
| [[Autosomal recessive]]
| Slowly progressive
|-
| [[Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 3]] (DSMA3)
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy types 3 & 4 (DHMN3/DHMN4)
| {{OMIM2|607088}}
| ?
| [[Chromosome 11|11q13.3]]
| [[Autosomal recessive]]
| Slowly progressive
|-
| [[Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 4]] (DSMA4)
| {{OMIM2|611067}}
| ''[[PLEKHG5]]''
| [[Chromosome 1|1p36.31]]
| [[Autosomal recessive]]
| Slowly progressive, described only in one family
|-
| [[Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 5]] (DSMA5)
| {{OMIM2|614881}}
| ''[[DNAJB2]]''
| [[Chromosome 2|2q35]]
| [[Autosomal recessive]]
| Young adult onset, slowly progressive
|-
| [[Distal spinal muscular atrophy type VA]] (DSMAVA)
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type 5A (DHMN5A)
| {{OMIM2|600794}}
| ''[[GARS]]''
| [[Chromosome 7|7p14.3]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| With upper limb predominance; allelic and overlapping with [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease|CMT2D]], phenotype overlapping with [[Silver syndrome]]
|-
| [[Distal spinal muscular atrophy type VB]] (DSMAVB)
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type 5B (DHMN5B)
| {{OMIM2|614751}}
| ''[[REEP1]]''
| [[Chromosome 2|2p11]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| With upper limb predominance; allelic and overlapping with [[Hereditary spastic paraplegia|HSP]]-31
|-
| [[Distal spinal muscular atrophy with calf predominance]]
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type 2D (DHMN2D)
| {{OMIM2|615575}}
| ''[[FBXO38]]''
| [[Chromosome 5|5q32]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| Juvenile- or adult-onset, slowly progressive, affects both proximal and distal muscles, initially manifests with calf weakness which progresses to hands
|-
| [[Distal spinal muscular atrophy with vocal cord paralysis]]
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type 7A (DHMN7A)
* Harper–Young myopathy
| {{OMIM2|158580}}
| ''[[SLC5A7]]''
| [[Chromosome 2|2q12.3]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| Adult-onset with vocal cord paralysis, very rare
|-
| [[Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy]]
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type 8 (DHMN8)
| {{OMIM2|600175}}
| ''[[TRPV4]]''
| [[Chromosome 12|12q24.11]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| Affects primarily distal muscles of lower limbs, non-progressive, rare, allelic with [[scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy|SPSMA]] and [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease|CMT2C]]
|-
| [[Scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy]] (SPSMA)
* Scapuloperoneal neurogenic amyotrophy
| {{OMIM2|181405}}
| ''[[TRPV4]]''
| [[Chromosome 12|12q24.11]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]] or [[X-linked dominant]]
| Affects muscles of lower limbs, non-progressive, rare, allelic with [[congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy]] and [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease|CMT2C]]
|-
| [[Autosomal dominant distal spinal muscular atrophy]]
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type 2A (DHMN2A)
| {{OMIM2|158590}}
| ''[[HSPB8]]''
| [[Chromosome 12|12q24.23]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| Adult-onset. Allelic with [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease]] type 2L (CMT2L)
|-
| [[Autosomal dominant juvenile distal spinal muscular atrophy]]
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type 1 (DHMN1)
| {{OMIM2|182960}}
| ?
| [[Chromosome 7|7q34–q36]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| Juvenile-onset
|-
| rowspan="7" |
| [[Juvenile segmental spinal muscular atrophy]] (JSSMA)
| {{OMIM2|183020}}
| ?
| [[Chromosome 18|18q21.3]]
| ?
| Juvenile-onset, progressive with stabilisation after 2–4 years, affects primarily hands, very rare
|-
| [[Finkel-type proximal spinal muscular atrophy]] (SMA-FK)
| {{OMIM2|182980}}
| ''[[VAPB]]''
| [[Chromosome 20|20q13.32]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| Late-onset, affects proximal muscles in adults
|-
| [[Jokela-type spinal muscular atrophy]] (SMA-J)
| {{OMIM2|615048}}
| ''[[CHCHD10]]''
| [[Chromosome 22|22q11.2–q13.2]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| Late-onset, slowly progressive, affects both proximal and distal muscles in adults
|-
| [[Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1]] (SMALED1)
| {{OMIM2|158600}}
| ''[[DYNC1H1]]''
| [[Chromosome 14|14q32]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| Affects proximal muscles in infants
|-
| [[Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2]] (SMALED2)
| {{OMIM2|615290}}
| ''[[BICD2]]''
| [[Chromosome 9|9q22.31]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| Congenital or early-onset, primarily affecting lower limbs, nonprogressive, very rare
|-
| [[Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy]] (SMA-PME)
| {{OMIM2|159950}}
| ''[[ASAH1]]''
| [[Chromosome 8|8p22]]
| [[Autosomal recessive]]
|
|-
| [[Spinal muscular atrophy with congenital bone fractures]]
| {{OMIM2|271225}}
| ?
| ?
| [[Autosomal recessive]]
| Characterised by severe muscle wasting as in [[spinal muscular atrophy|SMA type I]] accompanied by congenital bone fractures
|-
| '''PCH'''
| [[Spinal muscular atrophy with pontocerebellar hypoplasia]] (SMA-PCH)
* Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1A (PCH1A)
| {{OMIM2|607596}}
| ''[[VRK1]]''
| [[Chromosome 14|14q32]]
| [[Autosomal dominant]]
| → see ''[[Pontocerebellar hypoplasia]]''
|-
| '''MMA'''
| [[Juvenile asymmetric segmental spinal muscular atrophy]] (JASSMA)
* Monomelic amyotrophy
* Hirayama disease
* Sobue disease
| {{OMIM2|602440}}
| ?
| ?
| ?
| → see ''[[Monomelic amyotrophy]]''
|-
| '''PMA'''
| Progressive spinal muscular atrophy
* Progressive muscular atrophy
* Duchenne-Aran muscular atrophy
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| → see ''[[Progressive muscular atrophy]]''
|-
|}

In all forms of SMA (with an exception of [[X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 1]]), only [[motor neuron]]s, located at the [[anterior horn of spinal cord]], are affected; [[sensory neuron]]s, which are located at the [[posterior horn of spinal cord]], are not affected. By contrast, hereditary disorders that cause both weakness due to motor denervation along with ''sensory'' impairment due to sensory denervation are known as [[hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies]] (HMSN).

== Symptoms ==

In all spinal muscular atrophies, the primary feature is muscle weakness accompanied by [[muscle atrophy|atrophy]] of muscle. This is the result of [[denervation]], or loss of the signal to contract that is transmitted by the [[motor neuron]]s in the [[spinal cord]]. The signal is normally transmitted from the spinal cord to muscle via the motor neuron's [[axon]], but in spinal muscular atrophies either the entire motor neuron or the motor neuron's axon loses the ability to transmit signals to muscles.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

The symptoms are strongly related to the exact disease (see above) and, sometimes, to the age of onset. Certain conditions (e.g., [[spinal muscular atrophy]] or [[spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy]]) have a wide range, from infancy to adult, fatal to trivial, with different affected individuals manifesting every shade of impairment between these two extremes. Other muscular atrophies have a different and often very severe course. Some of them are extremely rare and described only in a handful of individuals. However, in all cases the majority of symptoms are a consequence of muscle weakness.

== Diagnosis ==

While the presence of several symptoms may point towards a particular genetic disorder of the spinal muscular atrophy group, the actual disease can be established with full certainty only by [[genetic testing]] which detects the underlying [[genetic mutation]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

==Treatment==

Since December 2016, autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy can be treated with [[nusinersen]]. No cure is known to any of the remaining disorders of the spinal muscular atrophies group. The main objective there is to improve quality of life which can be measured using specific questionnaires.<ref name="Dany2015"/> [[palliative care|Supportive therapies]] are widely employed for patients who often also require comprehensive medical care involving multiple disciplines, including [[pulmonology]], [[neurology]], [[orthopedic surgery]], [[intensive care medicine|critical care]], and [[clinical nutrition]]. Various forms of [[physiotherapy]] and [[occupational therapy]] are frequently able to slow down the pace of nerve degeneration and [[muscle wasting]]. Patients also benefit greatly from the use of [[assistive technology]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

==See also==
* [[Distal hereditary motor neuropathies]]
* [[Motor neuron disease]]
* [[Polyneuropathy in dogs and cats]]

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dany2015">{{cite journal|last1=Dany|first1=Antoine|last2=Barbe|first2=Coralie|last3=Rapin|first3=Amandine|last4=Réveillère|first4=Christian|last5=Hardouin|first5=Jean-Benoit|last6=Morrone|first6=Isabella|last7=Wolak-Thierry|first7=Aurore|last8=Dramé|first8=Moustapha|last9=Calmus|first9=Arnaud|last10=Sacconi|first10=Sabrina|last11=Bassez|first11=Guillaume|last12=Tiffreau|first12=Vincent|last13=Richard|first13=Isabelle|last14=Gallais|first14=Benjamin|last15=Prigent|first15=Hélène|last16=Taiar|first16=Redha|last17=Jolly|first17=Damien|last18=Novella|first18=Jean-Luc|last19=Boyer|first19=François Constant|title=Construction of a Quality of Life Questionnaire for slowly progressive neuromuscular disease|journal=Quality of Life Research|volume=24|issue=11|year=2015|pages=2615–2623|issn=0962-9343|doi=10.1007/s11136-015-1013-8}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite journal | last1 = Van Den Berg-Vos | first1 = R. M. | last2 = Van Den Berg | first2 = L. H. | last3 = Visser | first3 = J. | last4 = De Visser | first4 = M. | last5 = Franssen | first5 = H. | last6 = Wokke | first6 = J. H. J. | doi = 10.1007/s00415-003-0235-9 | title = The spectrum of lower motor neuron syndromes | journal = Journal of Neurology | volume = 250 | issue = 11 | pages = 1279–1292 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14648143| pmc = }}
*{{Cite journal | last1 = Guillot | first1 = N. | last2 = Cuisset | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Cuvellier | first3 = J. C. | last4 = Hurtevent | first4 = J. F. O. | last5 = Joriot | first5 = S. | last6 = Vallee | first6 = L. | doi = 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.07.008 | title = Unusual clinical features in infantile Spinal Muscular Atrophies | journal = Brain and Development | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 169–178 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17804187| pmc = }}
{{refend}}

{{Diseases of the nervous system}}
{{Medicine}}

[[Category:Motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:Genetic disorders by system]]
[[Category:Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system]]
[[Category:Genetic diseases and disorders]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Spinal muscular atrophy]]

Myelitis

2017-06-05T13:30:56Z

Angelito7: SVG version

{{Infobox disease |
Name = Myelitis |
Image = |
Caption = |
DiseasesDB = 29461 |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|04||g|00}}-{{ICD10|G|05||g|00}}|
ICD9 = {{ICD9|323}} |
ICDO = |
OMIM = |
MedlinePlus = |
eMedicineSubj = |
eMedicineTopic = |
MeshID = D009187 |
}}
[[File:Transverse myelitis MRI.jpg|thumb|Transverse myelitis MRI|MRI image of Transverse Myelitis patient's spinal cord]]
'''Myelitis''' involves the infection or the inflammation of the [[white matter]] or [[gray matter]] of the [[spinal cord]] which is a part of the central nervous system that acts as a bridge between the brain and the rest of the body. During an inflammatory response in the spinal cord, the [[myelin]] and [[axon]] may be damaged causing symptoms such as paralysis and sensory loss. Myelitis is classified to several categories depending on the area or the cause of the lesion; however, people often refer to any inflammatory attack on the spinal cord as transverse myelitis.
[[File:Nerve.nida.jpg|thumb|alt=Myelination surrounding the axon|Myelitis damages myelin sheath that wraps the axon]]

==Types of Myelitis==
Myelitis lesions usually occur in a narrow region but can be spread and affect many areas.
*[[Poliomyelitis]]:<ref>Kelly, H. (2006). Evidence for a causal association between oral polio vaccine and transverse myelitis: A case history and review of the Literature. Journal Of Paediatrics And Child Health, 42(4), 155-159.</ref> disease caused by viral infection in the gray matter with symptoms of muscle paralysis or weakness
*Leukomyelitis: lesions in the white matter
*[[Transverse Myelitis]]: caused by axonal demyelination encompassing both sides of the spinal cord
*Meningococcal Myelitis (or meningomyelitis): lesions occurring in the region of [[meninges]] and the spinal cord

==Symptoms==
Depending on the cause of the disease, such clinical conditions manifest different speed in progression of symptoms in a matter of hours to days. Most myelitis manifests fast progression in muscle weakness or paralysis starting with the legs and then arms with varying degrees of severity. Sometimes the dysfunction of arms or legs cause instability of posture and difficulty in walking or any movement. Also symptoms generally include [[paresthesia]] which is a sensation of tickling, tingling, burning, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect. Adult patients often report pain in the back, extremities, or abdomen.<ref>Thomas, M., & Thomas, J. (1997). Acute transverse myelitis. The Journal Of The Louisiana State Medical Society: Official Organ Of The Louisiana State Medical Society, 149(2), 75-77.</ref> Patients also present increased urinary urgency, bowel or bladder dysfunctions such as bladder incontinence, difficulty or inability to void, and incomplete evacuation of bowel or constipation. Others also report fever, respiratory problems and intractable vomiting.<ref>Wasay, M., Arif, H., Khealani, B., & Ahsan, H. (2006). Neuroimaging of tuberculous myelitis: analysis of ten cases and review of literature. Journal Of Neuroimaging: Official Journal Of The American Society Of Neuroimaging, 16(3), 197-205.</ref>

==Cause==
Myelitis occurs due to various reasons such as infections. Direct infection by viruses, bacteria, mold, or parasites such as human immunodeficiency virus ([[HIV]]), [[human T-lymphotropic virus]] types I and II (HTLV-I/II), [[syphilis]], lyme disease, and [[tuberculosis]] can cause myelitis but it can also be caused due to non-infectious or inflammatory pathway. Myelitis often follows after the infections or after vaccination. These phenomena can be explained by a theory of autoimmune attack which states that the autoimmune bodies attack its spinal cord in response to immune reaction.

===Mechanism of Myelitis===
The theory of autoimmune attack claims that a person with neuroimmunologic disorders have genetic predisposition to auto-immune disorder, and the environmental factors would trigger the disease. The specific genetics in myelitis is not completely understood. It is believed that the immune system response could be to viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection; however, it is not known why the immune system attacks itself. Especially, for immune system to cause inflammatory response anywhere in the central nervous system, the cells from immune system must pass through the [[blood brain barrier]]. In the case of myelitis, not only is the immune system dysfunctional, but the dysfunction also crosses this protective blood brain barrier to affect the spinal cord.<ref>http://myelitis.org</ref>

===Infectious Myelitis<ref name = "Infectious myelitis">Mihai, C., & Jubelt, B. (2012). Infectious myelitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 12(6), 633-641. doi: 10.1007/s11910-012-0306-3</ref>===
[[Image:Polio spinal diagram-en.svg|thumb|The location of [[motor neuron]]s in the [[Anterior horn (spinal cord)|anterior horn cells]] of the [[spinal column]] will be affected by the polioviruses causing poliomyelitis]]
*Viral Myelitis
Most viral myelitis is acute, but the [[retrovirus]] (HIV, HTLV) can cause chronic myelitis. [[Poliomyelitis]], or gray matter myelitis, is usually caused by infection of [[anterior horn of the spinal cord]] by the enteroviruses (polioviruses, enteroviruses (EV) 70 and 71, echoviruses, coxsackieviruses A and B) and the flaviviruses (West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis). On the other hand, transverse myelitis or leukomyelitis, or white matter myelitis, are often caused by the herpesviruses and influenza virus. It can be due to direct viral invasion or via immune mediated mechanisms.
*Bacterial Myelitis
Bacterial myelitis includes Mycoplasma Pneumoniae, which is a common agent for respiratory tract. Studies have shown respiratory tract infections within 4–39 days prior to the onset of transverse myelitis. Or, [[tuberculosis]], [[syphilis]], and [[brucellosis]] are also known to cause myelitis in immune-compromised individuals. Myelitis is a rare manifestation of bacterial infection.
*Fungal Myelitis
Fungi have been reported to cause spinal cord disease either by forming [[abscesses]] inside the bone or by [[granuloma]]. In general there are two groups of fungi that may infect the CNS and cause myelitis - Primary and Secondary pathogens. Primary pathogens include following: Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidiodes immitis, Blastomyces dermatitides, Hystoplasma capsulatum; Secondary pathogens are opportunistic agens that primarily infect immunocompromised hosts such as candida species, aspergillus species, and zygomycetes.
*Parasitic Myelitis
Parasitic species infect human hosts through larvae that penetrate the skin. Then they enter the lymphatic and circulatory system, and migrate to liver and lung. Some reach the spinal cord. Parasitic infections have been reported with Schistosoma species, Toxocara canis, Echinococcus species, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, and Plasmodium species.

==Diseases Associated With Myelitis==
Conditions associated with myelitis include:
*[[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]]: autoimmune demyelination of the brain causing severe neurological signs and symptoms
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]: [[demyelination]] of the brain and spinal cord
*[[Neuromyelitis optica]] or Devic's disease: immune attack on [[optic nerve]] and [[spinal cord]]
*[[Sjögren's syndrome]]: destruction of the exocrine system of the body
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]: a systemic autoimmune disease featuring a wide variety of neurological signs and symptoms
*[[Sarcoidosis]]:<ref>Baum, J., Solomon, M., & Alba, A. (1981). Sarcoidosis as a cause of transverse myelitis: case report. Paraplegia, 19(3), 167-169.</ref> chronic inflammatory cells form as nodules in multiple organs
*[[Atopy]]: an immune disorder of children manifesting as [[eczema]] or other allergic conditions.<ref>Stenius, B., Wide, L., Seymour, W.M., Holford-Strevens, V. and Pepys, J. (1971) Clinical significance of specific IgE to common allergens. I. Relationship of specific IgE against Dermatophagoides spp. and grass pollen to skin and nasal tests and history. Clin. Allergy, 1: 37–55</ref> It can include atopic myelitis, which causes weakness.<ref>Yoon, J. H., Joo, I. S., Li, W. Y., & Sohn, S. Y. (2009). Clinical and laboratory characteristics of atopic myelitis: Korean experience. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 285(1-2), 154-158. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.06.033</ref>

==Diagnosis==
Myelitis has an extensive differential diagnosis. The type of onset (acute versus subacute/chronic) along with associated symptoms such as the presence of pain, constitutional symptoms that encompass fever, [[malaise]], weight loss or a cutaneous rash may help identify the cause of myelitis. In order to establish a diagnosis of myelitis, one has to localize the spinal cord level, and exclude cerebral and neuromuscular diseases. Also a detailed medical history, a careful neurologic examination, and imaging studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are needed. In respect to the cause of the process, further work-up would help identify the cause and guide treatment. Full spine MRI is warranted, especially with acute onset myelitis, to evaluate for structural lesions that may require surgical intervention, or disseminated disease.<ref>Kitley, J., Leite, M., George, J., & Palace, J. (2012). The differential diagnosis of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 18(3), 271-285.</ref> Adding gadolinium further increases diagnostic sensitivity. A brain MRI may be needed to identify the extent of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Lumbar puncture is important for the diagnosis of acute myelitis when a tumoral process, inflammatory or infectious cause are suspected, or the MRI is normal or non-specific. Complementary blood tests are also of value in establishing a firm diagnosis. Rarely, a biopsy of a mass lesion may become necessary when the cause is uncertain. However, in 15–30% of people with subacute or chronic myelitis, a clear cause is never uncovered.<ref name = "Infectious myelitis"/>

==Treatment==
Since each case is different, the following are possible treatments that patients might receive in the management of myelitis.
*Intravenous Steroids
High-dose intravenous methyl-prednisolone for 3–5 days is considered as a standard of care for patients suspected to have acute myelitis, unless there are compelling reasons otherwise. The decision to offer continued steroids or add a new treatment is often based on the clinical course and MRI appearance at the end of 5 days of steroids.<ref name = "Johns Hopkins TM">http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/specialty_areas/transverse_myelitis/about-tm/treatment.html</ref>
*Plasma Exchange (PLEX)<ref>Scott, T., Frohman, E., De Seze, J., Gronseth, G., & Weinshenker, B. (2011). Evidence-based guideline: clinical evaluation and treatment of transverse myelitis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 77(24), 2128-2134.</ref>
Patients with moderate to aggressive forms of disease who don’t show much improvement after being treated with intravenous and oral steroids will be treated with PLEX. Retrospective studies of patients with TM treated with IV steroids followed by PLEX showed a positive outcome. It also has been shown to be effective with other autoimmune or inflammatory central nervous system disorders. Particular benefit has been shown with patients who are in the acute or subacute stage of the myelitis showing active inflammation on MRI. However, because of the risks implied by the lumbar puncture procedure, this intervention is determined by the treating physician on a case-by-case basis.<ref name = "Johns Hopkins TM"/>
*Immunosuppressants/Immunomodulatory Agents
Myelitis with no definite cause seldom recurs, but for others, myelitis may be a manifestation of other diseases that are mentioned above. In these cases, ongoing treatment with medications that modulate or suppress the immune system may be necessary. Sometimes there is no specific treatment. Either way, aggressive rehabilitation and long-term symptom management are an integral part of the healthcare plan.

===Prospective Research Direction===
Central Nervous System Nerve Regeneration would be able to repair or regenerate the damage caused to the spinal cord. It would restore functions lost due to the disease.<ref>Karumbaiah, L., Bellamkonda, R. . Neural Tissue Engineering.</ref>
*Engineering Endogenous Repair
Currently, there exists a [[hydrogel]] based scaffold which acts as a channel to deliver nerve growth-enhancing substrates while providing structural support. These factors would promote nerve repairs to the target area. Hydrogels' macroporous properties would enable attachment of cells and enhance ion and nutrient exchange. In addition, hydrogels' biodegradability or bioresolvability would prevent the need for surgical removal of the hydrogel after drug delivery. It means that it would be dissolved naturally by the body's enzymatic reaction.
*Biochemical Repair
Neurotropic Factor Therapy and Gene Therapy
Neurotropic growth factors regulate growth, survival, and [[Neuroplasticity|plasticity]] of the [[axon]]. They benefit nerve regeneration after injury to the nervous system. They are a potent initiator of sensory axon growth and are up-regulated at the lesion site. The continuous delivery of neurotropic growth factor (NGF) would increase the nerve regeneration in the spinal cord. However, the excessive dosing of NGF often leads to undesired plasticity and sprouting of uninjured sensory nerves. Gene therapy would be able to increase the NGF efficacy by the controlled and sustained delivery in a site-specific manner.
*Stem Cell Based Therapies
The possibility for nerve regeneration after injury to the spinal cord was considered to be limited because of the absence of major [[neurogenesis]]. However, Joseph Altman showed that cell division does occur in the brain which allowed potential for stem cell therapy for nerve regeneration.<ref>Altman J, Das GD (1965) Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. J Comp Neurol 124(3):319-335</ref><ref>Reynolds BA, Weiss S (1992) Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells from the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science 255(5052):1707-1710</ref> The stem cell-based therapies are used in order to replace cells lost and injured due to inflammation, to modulate the immune system, and to enhance regeneration and remyelination of axons.<ref>Rowland JW, Hawryluk GW, Kwon B, Fehlings MG (2008) Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon. Neurosurg Focus 25(5):E2</ref> [[Neural stem cells]] (NSC) have the potential to integrate with the spinal cord because in the recent past investigations have demonstrated their potential for differentiation into multiple cell types that are crucial to the spinal cord. Studies show that NSCs that were transplanted into a demyelinating spinal cord lesion were found to regenerate [[oligodendrocytes]] and [[Schwann cells]], and completely remyelinated axons.<ref>Keirstead HS, Ben-Hur T, Rogister B, O'Leary MT, Dubois-Dalcq M, Blakemore WF (1999) Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule-positive CNS precursors generate both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells to remyelination the CNS after transplantation. J Neurosci 19(17):7529-7536</ref>

==See also==
* [[Encephalomyelitis]]
* Myalgic encephalomyelitis aka [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
* [[Transverse myelitis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Diseases of the nervous system}}
{{Inflammation}}

[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Spinal cord disorders]]

Motor neuron diseases

2017-06-05T07:05:34Z

Angelito7: SVG version

{{About2|a category of neurological disorders|The term "[[motor neurone disease]]" is also used to refer to the specific motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox disease
| Name = Motor neuron disease
| Image = Polio spinal diagram-en.svg
| Caption = spinal diagram
| Field = [[Neurology]]
| synonyms = motor neurone disease<ref>{{cite book|last1=Neilson|first1=Stuart|last2=Rose|first2=Frank Clifford|title=Motor Neurone Disease: The 'at Your Fingertips' Guide|publisher=Class Publishing Ltd|isbn=9781859590478|page=2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=_DbLzj_-DiYC&lpg=PP2|accessdate=4 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>
| DiseasesDB = 8358
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|12|2|g|10}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|335.2}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D016472
}}

A '''motor neuron disease''' ('''MND''') is any of several [[neurological disorder]]s that selectively affect [[motor neuron]]s, the cells that control [[voluntary muscles]] of the body. They include [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS), [[hereditary spastic paraplegia]] (HSP), [[primary lateral sclerosis]] (PLS), [[progressive muscular atrophy]] (PMA), [[progressive bulbar palsy]] (PBP) and [[pseudobulbar palsy]]; [[spinal muscular atrophies]] are also sometimes included in the group.<ref name=NINDS2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/motor_neuron_diseases/detail_motor_neuron_diseases.htm|title=Motor Neuron Diseases Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)|publisher=www.ninds.nih.gov|accessdate=7 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413093035/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/motor_neuron_diseases/detail_motor_neuron_diseases.htm|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kimura|first1=Jun|title=Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle: Principles and Practice|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199969296|page=599|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=semMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA599|language=en}}</ref> They are [[neurodegenerative]] in nature and cause increasing disability and eventually, death.<ref name=El2008/>

==Terminology==
In the United States, the term is often used to denote ALS, the most common disorder in the group.<ref name=NINDS2014/> In the United Kingdom, the term is also spelt ''motor neurone disease'' (MND) and is sometimes used for the entire group;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mndassociation.org/what-is-mnd/different-types-of-mnd/ |title=Different types of MND |website=motor neurone disease association|date= |author= |accessdate= 4 August 2016}}</ref> but mostly it refers to ALS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mndassociation.org/what-is-mnd/ |title=About MND |website=motor neurone disease association|date= |author= |accessdate= 4 August 2016}}</ref>

While MND refers to a specific subset of similar diseases, there are numerous other diseases of [[motor neuron]]s that are referred to collectively as "motor neuron disorders", for instance disease belonging to [[spinal muscular atrophies]].<ref name=El2008>{{cite book|last1=Ellison|first1=edited by Seth Love, David N. Louis, David W.|title=Greenfield's neuropathology|date=2008|publisher=Hodder Arnold|location=London|isbn=9780340906811|page=947|edition=8th|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=nrEWkAc7W7IC&pg=PA947}}</ref> However, they are not classified as "motor neuron diseases" by the [[ICD-10|tenth International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]] (ICD-10), which is the definition followed in this article.

== Classification ==

Motor neuron diseases affect either [[upper motor neuron]]s (UMN) or [[lower motor neuron]]s (LMN), or both:

{| class="wikitable"
! Type !! UMN degeneration !! LMN degeneration
|-
| [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS) || Yes || Yes
|-
| [[Hereditary spastic paraplegia]] (HSP) || Yes<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rareconnect.org/uploads/documents/a-look-at-upper-motor-neuron-diseases-hereditary-spastic-paraparesis-and-primary-lateral-sclerosis-en.pdf|title=A Look at Upper Motor Neuron Diseases Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis and Primary Lateral Sclerosis|last=|first=|date=|website=sp-foundation.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325205355/https://www.rareconnect.org/uploads/documents/a-look-at-upper-motor-neuron-diseases-hereditary-spastic-paraparesis-and-primary-lateral-sclerosis-en.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2017|dead-url=|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> || No<ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[Primary lateral sclerosis]] (PLS) || Yes || No
|-
| [[Progressive muscular atrophy]] (PMA) || No || Yes
|-
| [[Progressive bulbar palsy]] (PBP) || No || Yes, [[bulbar]] region
|-
| [[Pseudobulbar palsy]] || Yes, bulbar region || No
|}

== See also ==
* [[Fasciculation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Motor neuron disease}}
* {{NINDS|motor_neuron_diseases|Motor neuron diseases}}

{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Motor Neurone Disease}}
[[Category:Motor neurone disease| ]]
[[Category:Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]

Polio

2017-06-05T00:04:57Z

Angelito7: SVG version

{{redirect|Polio|the virus|Poliovirus}}
{{distinguish2|[[poliosis]], a condition of the hair being or becoming white or grey}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Poliomyelitis
| synonyms = Polio, infantile paralysis
| image = Polio lores134.jpg
| caption = A man with a [[atrophied|smaller]] right leg due to poliomyelitis
| field = [[Neurology]], [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|oʊ|l|i|oʊ|ˌ|m|aɪ|ə|'|l|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}}
| symptoms = [[Muscle weakness]] resulting in an [[flaccid paralysis|inability to move]]<ref name = PinkBook2009/>
| complications = [[Post-polio syndrome]]<ref name=NIH2014Post/>
| onset = Few hours to days<ref name = PinkBook2009/><ref name=WHO2014/>
| duration =
| causes = [[Poliovirus]] spread by [[fecal-oral route]]<ref name = PinkBook2009/>
| risks =
| diagnosis = Finding the virus in the [[feces]] or [[antibodies]] in the blood<ref name = PinkBook2009/>
| differential =
| prevention = [[Polio vaccine]]<ref name=WHO2014/>
| treatment = [[Supportive care]]<ref name=WHO2014/>
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency = 42 people (2016)<ref name=WHO2014/>
| deaths =
}}

'''Poliomyelitis''', often called '''polio''' or '''infantile paralysis''', is an [[infectious disease]] caused by the [[poliovirus]]. In about 0.5 percent of cases there is [[muscle weakness]] resulting in an [[flaccid paralysis|inability to move]].<ref name = PinkBook2009/> This can occur over a few hours to a few days.<ref name = PinkBook2009/><ref name=WHO2014/> The weakness most often involves the legs but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head, neck and [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]]. Many but not all people fully recover. In those with muscle weakness about 2 to 5 percent of children and 15 to 30 percent of adults die.<ref name = PinkBook2009>{{Citation | veditors = Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C | chapter = Poliomyelitis | title = Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) | edition = 13th | at= (chap. 18) | publisher = Public Health Foundation | location =Washington DC | year = 2015 | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html | url= https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html}}.</ref> Another 25 percent of people have minor symptoms such as fever and a sore throat and up to 5 percent have [[headache]], neck stiffness and pains in the arms and legs.<ref name = PinkBook2009/><ref name=WHO2014/> These people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks. In up to 70 percent of infections [[asymptomatic|there are no symptoms]].<ref name = PinkBook2009/> Years after recovery [[post-polio syndrome]] may occur, with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection.<ref name=NIH2014Post>{{cite web|title=Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/post_polio/detail_post_polio.htm|publisher=NIH|accessdate=4 November 2014|date=April 16, 2014}}</ref>


Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through [[fecal-oral route|infected fecal matter entering the mouth]].<ref name = PinkBook2009/> It may also be spread by food or water containing human feces and less commonly from infected [[saliva]].<ref name = PinkBook2009/><ref name=WHO2014/> Those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms are present. The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the [[feces]] or detecting [[antibodies]] against it in the blood. The disease only occurs naturally in humans.<ref name = PinkBook2009/>


The disease is preventable with the [[polio vaccine]]; however, a number of doses are required for it to be effective.<ref name=WHO2014/> The US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] recommends polio vaccination boosters for travelers and those who live in countries where the disease is occurring.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guidance to US Clinicians Regarding New WHO Polio Vaccination Requirements for Travel by Residents of and Long-term Visitors to Countries with Active Polio Transmission|url=http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00362.asp|website=CDC|accessdate=4 June 2014|date=June 2, 2014}}</ref> Once infected there is no specific treatment.<ref name=WHO2014/> In 2016, polio affected 42 people, while there were about 350,000 cases in 1988.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Poliomyelitis Fact sheet N°114|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=3 November 2014|date=October 2014}}</ref><ref name="PolioThisWeek">{{cite web|url=http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/this-week/|title=Polio This Week|publisher=Global Polio Eradication Initiative}}</ref> In 2014 the disease was only spreading between people in [[Afghanistan]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=WHO2014/> In 2015 Nigeria had stopped the spread of wild poliovirus but it reoccurred in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = WHO Removes Nigeria from Polio-Endemic List|url = http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/nigeria-polio/en/|website = www.who.int|accessdate = 2015-09-28}}</ref><ref name=Nigeria2016>{{cite web|title=Government of Nigeria reports 2 wild polio cases, first since July 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/nigeria-polio/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=15 August 2016|date=11 August 2016}}</ref>


Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of the disease in ancient art. The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by [[Michael Underwood (physician)|Michael Underwood]] in 1789<ref name = PinkBook2009/> and the virus that causes it was first identified in 1908 by [[Karl Landsteiner]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Daniel|editor-first1=Thomas M.|editor-last2=Robbins|editor-first2=Frederick C.|title=Polio|date=1999|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, N.Y.|isbn=9781580460668|page=11|edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTQKnkpN6qQC&pg=PA11}}</ref> Major [[epidemic|outbreak]]s started to occur in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States.<ref name = PinkBook2009/> In the 20th century it became one of the most worrying [[List of childhood diseases|childhood diseases]] in these areas.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Wheeler|editor-first1=Derek S.|editor-last2=Wong|editor-first2=Hector R.|editor-first3=Thomas P.|editor-last3=Shanley|title=Science and practice of pediatric critical care medicine|date=2009|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=9781848009219|pages=10–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p7jezlQ0zgC&pg=PA11}}</ref> The first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s by [[Jonas Salk]].<ref name=Aylward_2006>{{cite journal |author=Aylward R |title=Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy |journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol |volume=100 |issue=5–6 |pages=401–13 |year=2006 |pmid=16899145 | doi = 10.1179/136485906X97354}}</ref> It is hoped that [[vaccination]] efforts and early detection of cases will result in global [[Poliomyelitis eradication|eradication]] of the disease by 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global leaders support new six-year plan to deliver a polio-free world by 2018|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/polio_six_year_plan_20130425/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=4 November 2014|date=25 April 2013}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}

== Signs and symptoms ==
{| class = "wikitable" style = "float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:15px"
|+'''Outcomes of poliovirus infection'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Outcome
! style="background:#efefef" | Proportion of cases<ref name = PinkBook2009/>
|-
| No symptoms
| style="text-align:center;"|72%
|-
| Minor illness
| style="text-align:center;"|24%
|-
|Nonparalytic aseptic meningitis
| style="text-align:center;"|1–5%
|-
|Paralytic poliomyelitis
| style="text-align:center;"|0.1–0.5%
|-
|— Spinal polio
| style="text-align:center;"|79% of paralytic cases
|-
|— Bulbospinal polio
| style="text-align:center;"|19% of paralytic cases
|-
|— Bulbar polio
| style="text-align:center;"|2% of paralytic cases
|}

The term "poliomyelitis" is used to identify the disease caused by any of the three [[Serovar|serotypes]] of poliovirus. Two basic patterns of polio infection are described: a minor illness which does not involve the [[central nervous system]] (CNS), sometimes called abortive poliomyelitis, and a major illness involving the CNS, which may be paralytic or nonparalytic.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Falconer M, Bollenbach E |title=Late functional loss in nonparalytic polio |journal=American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |year=2000 |pmid=10678598 |doi=10.1097/00002060-200001000-00006}}</ref> In most people with a [[immunocompetent|normal immune system]], a poliovirus infection is [[Subclinical infection|asymptomatic]]. Rarely, the infection produces minor symptoms; these may include upper [[respiratory tract]] infection ([[Pharyngitis|sore throat]] and fever), [[Human gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] disturbances (nausea, vomiting, [[abdominal pain]], constipation or, rarely, diarrhea), and [[influenza-like illness]].<ref name="PinkBook2009" />

The virus enters the central nervous system in about 1 percent of infections. Most patients with CNS involvement develop nonparalytic [[aseptic meningitis]], with symptoms of headache, neck, back, abdominal and extremity pain, fever, vomiting, [[lethargy]], and irritability.<ref name=Chamberlin_2005 /><ref name=Late>{{cite book | author=Leboeuf C | title=The late effects of Polio: Information For Health Care Providers. | url = http://www.health.qld.gov.au/polio/gp/GP_Manual.pdf| format=PDF | publisher=Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health |year = 1992 |isbn=1-875412-05-0| accessdate=23 August 2008|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625212726/http://www.health.qld.gov.au/polio/gp/GP_Manual.pdf |archivedate = 25 June 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> About one to five in 1000 cases progress to [[paralytic]] disease, in which the muscles become weak, floppy and poorly controlled, and, finally, completely paralyzed; this condition is known as [[Flaccid paralysis|acute flaccid paralysis]].<ref name=Henry1 /> Depending on the site of paralysis, paralytic poliomyelitis is classified as spinal, [[medulla oblongata|bulbar]], or bulbospinal. [[Encephalitis]], an infection of the brain tissue itself, can occur in rare cases, and is usually restricted to infants. It is characterized by confusion, changes in mental status, headaches, fever, and, less commonly, [[seizure]]s and [[spastic paralysis]].<ref name= Encephalitis>{{cite book |author1=Wood, Lawrence D. H. |author2=Hall, Jesse B. |author3=Schmidt, Gregory D. |title=Principles of Critical Care |edition=3rd |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |location= |year=2005 |page=870 |isbn=0-07-141640-4 }}</ref>

== Cause ==
{{main article|Poliovirus}}
[[File:Polio EM PHIL 1875 lores.PNG|thumb|right|A [[Transmission electron microscopy|TEM]] [[micrograph]] of poliovirus]]

Poliomyelitis is caused by infection with a member of the [[genus]] ''[[Enterovirus]]'' known as [[poliovirus]] (PV). This group of [[RNA virus]]es colonize the [[Human gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal tract]]<ref name=Harrison>{{cite book| author = Cohen JI| chapter = Chapter 175: Enteroviruses and Reoviruses| title = [[Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine]]|editor1=Kasper DL |editor2=Braunwald E |editor3=Fauci AS |display-editors=etal | edition = 16th | publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional| year = 2004| page = 1144| isbn = 0-07-140235-7 }}</ref> — specifically the [[oropharynx]] and the [[intestine]]. The incubation time (to the first signs and symptoms) ranges from three to 35 days, with a more common span of six to 20 days.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> PV [[pathogen|infects and causes disease]] in humans alone.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | chapter = Enteroviruses | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 535–7 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Its [[Virus structure|structure]] is very simple, composed of a single [[sense (molecular biology)|(+) sense]] [[RNA]] [[genome]] enclosed in a protein shell called a [[capsid]].<ref name=Sherris /> In addition to protecting the virus’s genetic material, the capsid proteins enable poliovirus to infect certain types of cells. Three [[serovar|serotypes]] of poliovirus have been identified—poliovirus type 1 (PV1), type 2 (PV2), and type 3 (PV3)—each with a slightly different capsid protein.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Katz, Samuel L. |author2=Gershon, Anne A. |author3=Krugman, Saul |author4=Hotez, Peter J. |title=Krugman's infectious diseases of children |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2004 |pages=81–97 |isbn=0-323-01756-8 }}</ref> All three are extremely [[virulence|virulent]] and produce the same disease symptoms.<ref name=Sherris /> PV1 is the most commonly encountered form, and the one most closely associated with paralysis.<ref name= Ohri/>

Individuals who are exposed to the virus, either through infection or by [[immunization]] with polio vaccine, develop [[immunity (medical)|immunity]]. In immune individuals, [[IgA]] [[antibodies]] against poliovirus are present in the [[tonsil]]s and gastrointestinal tract, and are able to block virus replication; [[IgG]] and [[IgM]] antibodies against PV can prevent the spread of the virus to motor neurons of the [[central nervous system]].<ref name=Kew_2005/> Infection or vaccination with one serotype of poliovirus does not provide immunity against the other serotypes, and full immunity requires exposure to each serotype.<ref name=Kew_2005/>

A rare condition with a similar presentation, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus [[enterovirus]]es.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gorson KC, Ropper AH |title=Nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis simulating Guillain–Barré syndrome |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=58 |issue=9 |pages=1460–4 |date=September 2001 |pmid=11559319 |doi= 10.1001/archneur.58.9.1460|url=http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=780244}}</ref>

=== Transmission ===
Poliomyelitis is highly contagious via the fecal-oral (intestinal source) and the oral-oral (oropharyngeal source) routes.<ref name=Kew_2005>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kew O, Sutter R, de Gourville E, Dowdle W, Pallansch M |title=Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |issue= |pages=587–635 |year=2005 |pmid=16153180 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625}}</ref> In endemic areas, wild polioviruses can infect virtually the entire human population.<ref name=McGraw>{{cite book |editor = Parker SP | title = McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=1998 | isbn=0-07-052659-1| page= 67}}</ref> It is seasonal in [[temperate climate]]s, with peak transmission occurring in summer and autumn.<ref name=Kew_2005 /> These seasonal differences are far less pronounced in [[tropical climate|tropical]] areas.<ref name=McGraw /> The time between first exposure and first symptoms, known as the [[incubation period]], is usually 6 to 20 days, with a maximum range of 3 to 35 days.<ref name=Racaniello>{{cite journal |author=Racaniello V |title=One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis |journal=[[Virology (journal)|Virology]] |volume=344 |issue=1 |pages=9–16 |year=2006 |pmid = 16364730 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.015}}</ref> Virus particles are excreted in the [[feces]] for several weeks following initial infection.<ref name=Racaniello /> The disease is [[Transmission (medicine)|transmitted]] primarily via the [[fecal-oral route]], by ingesting contaminated food or water. It is occasionally transmitted via the oral-oral route,<ref name= Ohri>{{cite journal |last= Ohri |first=Linda K. |author2=Jonathan G. Marquess |year=1999 |title= Polio: Will We Soon Vanquish an Old Enemy? |journal= Drug Benefit Trends |volume= 11 |issue= 6|pages=41–54 |id= |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/416890 |accessdate= 23 August 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040204232019/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/416890 |archivedate=4 February 2004 |deadurl=yes}} (Available free on [[Medscape]]; registration required.)</ref> a mode especially visible in areas with good sanitation and hygiene.<ref name=Kew_2005 /> Polio is most infectious between 7 and 10 days before and after the appearance of symptoms, but transmission is possible as long as the virus remains in the saliva or feces.<ref name= Ohri/>

Factors that increase the risk of polio infection or affect the severity of the disease include [[immune deficiency]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJM197708042970503 |vauthors=Davis L, Bodian D, Price D, Butler I, Vickers J |title=Chronic progressive poliomyelitis secondary to vaccination of an immunodeficient child |journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine|N Engl J Med]] |volume=297 |issue=5 |pages=241–5 |year=1977 |pmid = 195206}}</ref> [[malnutrition]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chandra R |title=Reduced secretory antibody response to live attenuated measles and poliovirus vaccines in malnourished children |pmc=1673535 |journal=[[British Medical Journal|Br Med J]] |volume=2 |issue=5971 |pages=583–5 |pmid=1131622 |date=14 June 1975 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5971.583}}</ref> physical activity immediately following the onset of paralysis,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Horstmann D |title=Acute poliomyelitis relation of physical activity at the time of onset to the course of the disease |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|J Am Med Assoc]] |volume=142 |issue=4 |pages=236–41 |year=1950 |pmid=15400610 |doi=10.1001/jama.1950.02910220016004}}</ref> skeletal muscle injury due to [[intramuscular injection|injection]] of vaccines or therapeutic agents,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gromeier M, Wimmer E |title=Mechanism of Injury-Provoked Poliomyelitis |pmc=110068 | journal=J. Virol. |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=5056–60 |year=1998 |pmid=9573275 }}</ref> and [[pregnancy]].<ref name= Evans_1960>{{cite journal |author=Evans C |title=Factors influencing the occurrence of illness during naturally acquired poliomyelitis virus infections | url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/24/4/341.pdf | format = PDF | journal=Bacteriol Rev |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=341–52 |year=1960 |pmid=13697553 |pmc=441061}}</ref> Although the virus can cross the [[placenta|maternal-fetal barrier]] during pregnancy, the fetus does not appear to be affected by either maternal infection or polio vaccination.<ref name=UK>{{cite book |veditors=((Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation)), Salisbury A, Ramsay M, Noakes K |title = Chapter 26:Poliomyelitis. ''in:'' Immunisation Against Infectious Disease, 2006 | url=http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk/files/GB_26_polio.pdf | format = PDF |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|Stationery Office]] |location=Edinburgh |year=2006 |pages = 313–29 |isbn = 0-11-322528-8}}</ref> Maternal antibodies also cross the [[placenta]], providing [[passive immunity]] that protects the infant from polio infection during the first few months of life.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sauerbrei A, Groh A, Bischoff A, Prager J, Wutzler P |title=Antibodies against vaccine-preventable diseases in pregnant women and their offspring in the eastern part of Germany |journal=Med Microbiol Immunol |volume=190 |issue=4 |pages=167–72 |year=2002 |pmid=12005329 |doi=10.1007/s00430-001-0100-3}}</ref>

As a precaution against infection, public [[swimming pool]]s were often closed in affected areas during poliomyelitis epidemics.

== Pathophysiology ==
[[File:Polio spine.png|thumb|left|A blockage of the [[lumbar]] anterior spinal cord [[artery]] due to polio (PV3)]]

Poliovirus enters the body through the mouth, infecting the first cells with which it comes in contact — the [[human pharynx|pharynx]] and [[intestinal mucosa]]. It gains entry by binding to an [[Immunoglobulin|immunoglobulin-like]] receptor, known as the poliovirus receptor or [[CD155]], on the cell membrane.<ref name=He>{{cite journal |vauthors=He Y, Mueller S, Chipman P, etal |title=Complexes of Poliovirus Serotypes with Their Common Cellular Receptor, CD155 | url= http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/77/8/4827?view=long&pmid=12663789 |journal=[[Journal of Virology|J Virol]] |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages = 4827–35 |year=2003 |pmid = 12663789 |doi=10.1128/JVI.77.8.4827-4835.2003 |pmc=152153}}</ref> The virus then hijacks the [[Host (biology)|host cell's]] own machinery, and begins to [[viral replication|replicate]]. Poliovirus divides within gastrointestinal cells for about a week, from where it spreads to the [[tonsils]] (specifically the [[follicular dendritic cell]]s residing within the tonsilar [[germinal center]]s), the intestinal [[lymphoid tissue]] including the [[Microfold cell|M cells]] of [[Peyer's patches]], and the deep [[Cervical lymph nodes|cervical]] and [[Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes|mesenteric lymph nodes]], where it multiplies abundantly. The virus is subsequently absorbed into the bloodstream.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book |vauthors=Yin-Murphy M, Almond JW | chapter = Picornaviruses: The Enteroviruses: Polioviruses | title = Baron's Medical Microbiology| editor = Baron S| display-editors = etal| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996| url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.2862 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref>

Known as [[viremia]], the presence of a virus in the bloodstream enables it to be widely distributed throughout the body. Poliovirus can survive and multiply within the blood and lymphatics for long periods of time, sometimes as long as 17 weeks.<ref>{{cite web| author = Todar K | title = Polio | work = Ken Todar's Microbial World | publisher = University of Wisconsin - Madison | year = 2006 | url=http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/Polio.html | accessdate = 23 April 2007}}</ref> In a small percentage of cases, it can spread and replicate in other sites, such as [[brown fat]], the [[reticuloendothelial]] tissues, and muscle.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sabin A |title=Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis; reappraisal in the light of new data |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=123 |issue=3209 |pages=1151–7 |year=1956 |pmid=13337331 |doi=10.1126/science.123.3209.1151}}</ref> This sustained replication causes a major viremia, and leads to the development of minor influenza-like symptoms. Rarely, this may progress and the virus may invade the central nervous system, provoking a local [[inflammatory response]]. In most cases, this causes a self-limiting inflammation of the [[meninges]], the layers of tissue surrounding the [[Human brain|brain]], which is known as nonparalytic aseptic meningitis.<ref name=Chamberlin_2005 /> Penetration of the CNS provides no known benefit to the virus, and is quite possibly an incidental deviation of a normal gastrointestinal infection.<ref name= Mueller>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mueller S, Wimmer E, Cello J |title=Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: a tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event |journal=Virus Res |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=175–93 |year=2005 |pmid = 15885840 | doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.008}}</ref> The mechanisms by which poliovirus spreads to the CNS are poorly understood, but it appears to be primarily a chance event—largely independent of the age, gender, or [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] position of the individual.<ref name=Mueller />

=== Paralytic polio ===
[[File:PHIL 2767 Poliovirus Myotonic dystrophic changes.jpg|thumb|right|Denervation of [[skeletal muscle]] tissue secondary to poliovirus infection can lead to paralysis.]]

In around 1 percent of infections, poliovirus spreads along certain nerve fiber pathways, preferentially replicating in and destroying [[motor neuron]]s within the [[spinal cord]], [[brain stem]], or [[motor cortex]]. This leads to the development of paralytic poliomyelitis, the various forms of which (spinal, bulbar, and bulbospinal) vary only with the amount of neuronal damage and inflammation that occurs, and the region of the CNS affected.

The destruction of neuronal cells produces [[lesion]]s within the [[Dorsal root ganglion|spinal ganglia]]; these may also occur in the [[reticular formation]], [[vestibular nuclei]], [[cerebellar vermis]], and deep [[cerebellar nuclei]].<ref name=Mueller /> Inflammation associated with [[Neuron|nerve cell]] destruction often alters the color and appearance of the gray matter in the [[spinal column]], causing it to appear reddish and swollen.<ref name=Chamberlin_2005/> Other destructive changes associated with paralytic disease occur in the [[forebrain]] region, specifically the [[hypothalamus]] and [[thalamus]].<ref name=Mueller /> The molecular mechanisms by which poliovirus causes paralytic disease are poorly understood.

Early symptoms of paralytic polio include high fever, headache, stiffness in the back and neck, asymmetrical weakness of various muscles, sensitivity to touch, [[Dysphagia|difficulty swallowing]], [[Myalgia|muscle pain]], loss of superficial and deep [[reflex]]es, [[paresthesia]] (pins and needles), irritability, constipation, or difficulty urinating. Paralysis generally develops one to ten days after early symptoms begin, progresses for two to three days, and is usually complete by the time the fever breaks.<ref name= Silverstein>{{cite book |vauthors=Silverstein A, Silverstein V, Nunn LS |title=Polio | series = Diseases and People | publisher=Enslow Publishers |location=Berkeley Heights, NJ |year=2001| isbn=0-7660-1592-0 |page= 12 }}</ref>

The likelihood of developing paralytic polio increases with age, as does the extent of paralysis. In children, nonparalytic meningitis is the most likely consequence of CNS involvement, and paralysis occurs in only one in 1000 cases. In adults, paralysis occurs in one in 75 cases.<ref name="Gawne_1995">{{cite journal|year=1995|title=Post-polio syndrome: pathophysiology and clinical management|url=http://www.poliosurvivorsnetwork.org.uk/archive/lincolnshire/library/gawne/ppspandcm.html|journal=Critical Review in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation|volume=7|pages=147–88|vauthors=Gawne AC, Halstead LS}} Reproduced online with permission by Lincolnshire Post-Polio Library; retrieved on 10 November 2007.</ref> In children under five years of age, paralysis of one leg is most common; in adults, extensive paralysis of the [[chest]] and [[abdomen]] also affecting all four limbs—[[quadriplegia]]—is more likely.<ref name= Young>{{cite journal |author=Young GR |title=Occupational therapy and the postpolio syndrome | url= http://www.ott.zynet.co.uk/polio/lincolnshire/library/gryoung/otapps.html |journal=The American Journal of Occupational Therapy |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |year=1989 |pmid=2522741 |doi=10.5014/ajot.43.2.97 }}</ref> Paralysis rates also vary depending on the serotype of the infecting poliovirus; the highest rates of paralysis (one in 200) are associated with poliovirus type 1, the lowest rates (one in 2,000) are associated with type 2.<ref name=Nathanson>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nathanson N, Martin J |title=The epidemiology of poliomyelitis: enigmas surrounding its appearance, epidemicity, and disappearance |journal=Am J Epidemiol |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=672–92 |year=1979 |pmid=400274}}</ref>

==== Spinal polio ====
[[File:Polio spinal diagram-en.svg|thumb|left|The location of [[motor neuron]]s in the [[Anterior horn (spinal cord)|anterior horn cells]] of the [[spinal column]]]]

Spinal polio, the most common form of paralytic poliomyelitis, results from viral invasion of the motor neurons of the [[Anterior horn (spinal cord)|anterior horn cells]], or the [[ventral]] (front) [[grey matter]] section in the [[spinal column]], which are responsible for movement of the muscles, including those of the [[torso|trunk]], [[limb (anatomy)|limbs]], and the [[intercostal muscle]]s.<ref name= Henry1>{{cite book |vauthors=Frauenthal HW, Manning JV | title = Manual of infantile paralysis, with modern methods of treatment.| publisher = Philadelphia Davis | year = 1914| pages= 79–101 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=piyLQnuT-1YC&printsec=titlepage | oclc= 2078290}}</ref> Virus invasion causes inflammation of the nerve cells, leading to damage or destruction of motor neuron [[ganglion|ganglia]]. When spinal neurons die, [[Wallerian degeneration]] takes place, leading to weakness of those muscles formerly [[innervate]]d by the now-dead neurons.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp?pid=2760|title = A photomicrograph of the thoracic spinal cord depicting degenerative changes due to Polio Type III.|date = 18 March 2005|accessdate = 24 January 2014|website = Public Health Image Library (PHIL)|publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|last = Karp|first = Dr.}}</ref> With the destruction of nerve cells, the muscles no longer receive signals from the brain or spinal cord; without nerve stimulation, the muscles [[atrophy]], becoming weak, floppy and poorly controlled, and finally completely paralyzed.<ref name=Henry1 /> Maximum paralysis progresses rapidly (two to four days), and usually involves fever and muscle pain. Deep [[Stretch reflex|tendon]] [[reflex]]es are also affected, and are typically absent or diminished; [[Sense|sensation]] (the ability to feel) in the paralyzed limbs, however, is not affected.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt12-polio.html|title = Chapter 12: Poliomyelitis|date = 13 April 2013|accessdate = 24 January 2014|website = Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (5th Edition, 2012)|publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|last = Wallace|first2 = M. Stephen|last2 = Oberste|first = Gregory S}}</ref>

The extent of spinal paralysis depends on the region of the cord affected, which may be [[neck|cervical]], [[human thorax|thoracic]], or [[lumbar]].<ref name=Guide>{{cite book |title=Professional Guide to Diseases (Professional Guide Series) |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year= 2005|pages=243–5 |isbn=1-58255-370-X }}</ref> The virus may affect muscles on both sides of the body, but more often the paralysis is [[Asymmetry|asymmetrical]].<ref name=Baron /> Any [[Limb (anatomy)|limb]] or combination of limbs may be affected—one leg, one arm, or both legs and both arms. Paralysis is often more severe [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal distal|proximally]] (where the limb joins the body) than [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal distalDistally|distally]] (the [[fingertip]]s and [[toe]]s).<ref name=Baron />

==== Bulbar polio ====
[[File:Brain bulbar region.svg|thumb|right|The location and anatomy of the bulbar region (in orange)]]

Making up about 2 percent of cases of paralytic polio, bulbar polio occurs when poliovirus invades and destroys nerves within the [[bulbar]] region of the [[brain stem]].<ref name = PinkBook2009 /> The bulbar region is a [[white matter]] pathway that connects the [[cerebral cortex]] to the brain stem. The destruction of these nerves weakens the muscles supplied by the [[cranial nerve]]s, producing symptoms of [[encephalitis]], and causes [[Dyspnea|difficulty breathing]], speaking and swallowing.<ref name=Late /> Critical nerves affected are the [[glossopharyngeal nerve]] (which partially controls swallowing and functions in the throat, tongue movement, and taste), the [[vagus nerve]] (which sends signals to the heart, intestines, and lungs), and the [[accessory nerve]] (which controls upper neck movement). Due to the effect on swallowing, secretions of [[mucus]] may build up in the airway, causing suffocation.<ref name = Silverstein /> Other signs and symptoms include [[facial weakness]] (caused by destruction of the [[trigeminal nerve]] and [[facial nerve]], which innervate the cheeks, [[tear duct]]s, gums, and muscles of the face, among other structures), [[diplopia|double vision]], difficulty in chewing, and abnormal [[respiratory rate]], depth, and rhythm (which may lead to [[respiratory arrest]]). [[Pulmonary edema]] and [[shock (circulatory)|shock]] are also possible and may be fatal.<ref name=Guide/>

==== Bulbospinal polio ====
Approximately 19 percent of all paralytic polio cases have both bulbar and spinal symptoms; this subtype is called respiratory or bulbospinal polio.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Here, the virus affects the upper part of the cervical spinal cord ([[cervical vertebrae]] C3 through C5), and paralysis of the [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]] occurs. The critical nerves affected are the [[phrenic nerve]] (which drives the diaphragm to inflate the [[human lung|lungs]]) and those that drive the muscles needed for swallowing. By destroying these nerves, this form of polio affects breathing, making it difficult or impossible for the patient to breathe without the support of a [[medical ventilator|ventilator]]. It can lead to paralysis of the arms and legs and may also affect swallowing and heart functions.<ref name= Hoyt/>

== Diagnosis ==
Paralytic poliomyelitis may be clinically suspected in individuals experiencing acute onset of flaccid paralysis in one or more limbs with decreased or absent tendon reflexes in the affected limbs that cannot be attributed to another apparent cause, and without sensory or [[cognitive]] loss.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url= ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Publications/mmwr/rr/rr4610.pdf |format=PDF|journal= Morbidity and mortality weekly report |volume=46 |issue=RR–10 |pages=26–7 |year=1997 |pmid=9148133 }}</ref>

A laboratory diagnosis is usually made based on recovery of poliovirus from a stool sample or a swab of the [[human pharynx|pharynx]]. [[antibody|Antibodies]] to poliovirus can be diagnostic, and are generally detected in the blood of infected patients early in the course of infection.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Analysis of the patient's [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), which is collected by a [[lumbar puncture]] ("spinal tap"), reveals an increased number of [[white blood cell]]s (primarily [[lymphocyte]]s) and a mildly elevated protein level. Detection of virus in the CSF is diagnostic of paralytic polio, but rarely occurs.<ref name = PinkBook2009/>

If poliovirus is isolated from a patient experiencing acute flaccid paralysis, it is further tested through [[oligonucleotide]] mapping ([[genetic fingerprint]]ing), or more recently by [[polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] amplification, to determine whether it is "[[wild type]]" (that is, the virus encountered in nature) or "vaccine type" (derived from a strain of poliovirus used to produce polio vaccine).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chezzi C |title=Rapid diagnosis of poliovirus infection by PCR amplification |pmc=229102 | journal=[[Journal of Clinical Microbiology|J Clin Microbiol]] |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=1722–5 |pmid=8784577 |date=July 1996}}</ref> It is important to determine the source of the virus because for each reported case of paralytic polio caused by wild poliovirus, an estimated 200 to 3,000 other contagious [[asymptomatic carrier]]s exist.<ref>{{cite journal |authorlink = Atul Gawande |author= Gawande A |title = The mop-up: eradicating polio from the planet, one child at a time | work = [[The New Yorker]] | issn = 0028-792X | pages = 34–40 | date = 12 January 2004}}</ref>

== Prevention ==

=== Passive immunization ===
In 1950, [[William Hammon]] at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] purified the [[gamma globulin]] component of the [[blood plasma]] of polio survivors.<ref name=Hammon_1955>{{cite journal |author=Hammon W |title=Passive immunization against poliomyelitis |journal=Monogr Ser World Health Organ |volume=26 |issue= |pages=357–70 |year = 1955 |pmid=14374581}}</ref> Hammon proposed the gamma globulin, which contained antibodies to poliovirus, could be used to halt poliovirus infection, prevent disease, and reduce the severity of disease in other patients who had contracted polio. The results of a large [[clinical trial]] were promising; the gamma globulin was shown to be about 80 percent effective in preventing the development of paralytic poliomyelitis.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hammon W, Coriell L, Ludwig E, etal |title=Evaluation of Red Cross gamma globulin as a prophylactic agent for poliomyelitis. 5. Reanalysis of results based on laboratory-confirmed cases |journal=J Am Med Assoc |volume=156 |issue=1 |pages=21–7 |year=1954 |pmid=13183798 |doi=10.1001/jama.1954.02950010023009}}</ref> It was also shown to reduce the severity of the disease in patients who developed polio.<ref name=Hammon_1955 /> Due to the limited supply of blood plasma gamma globulin was later deemed impractical for widespread use and the medical community focused on the development of a polio vaccine.<ref name=Rinaldo>{{cite journal |author=Rinaldo C |title=Passive Immunization Against Poliomyelitis: The Hammon Gamma Globulin Field Trials, 1951–1953 |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health|Am J Public Health]] |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=790–9 |year=2005 |pmid=15855454 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2004.040790 |pmc=1449257}}</ref>

=== Vaccine ===
{{main article|Polio vaccine}}
[[File:Poliodrops.jpg|thumb|right|A child receiving an oral polio vaccine]]

Two types of vaccine are used throughout the world to combat polio. Both types induce immunity to polio, efficiently blocking person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community (so-called [[herd immunity]]).<ref name=Fine>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fine P, Carneiro I |title=Transmissibility and persistence of oral polio vaccine viruses: implications for the global poliomyelitis eradication initiative |url= http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/150/10/1001| journal=Am J Epidemiol |volume=150 |issue=10 |pages=1001–21 |date=15 November 1999|pmid=10568615 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009924 }}</ref>

The first candidate [[polio vaccine]], based on one serotype of a live but [[attenuated vaccine|attenuated (weakened) virus]], was developed by the [[virologist]] [[Hilary Koprowski]]. Koprowski's prototype vaccine was given to an eight-year-old boy on 27 February 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/polio | title = Interview with Hilary Koprowski, sourced at History of Vaccines website | first=Hilary |last=Koprowski | date=15 October 2010 | accessdate=15 October 2010| publisher=[[College of Physicians of Philadelphia]]}}</ref> Koprowski continued to work on the vaccine throughout the 1950s, leading to large-scale trials in the then [[Belgian Congo]] and the vaccination of seven million children in Poland against serotypes PV1 and PV3 between 1958 and 1960.<ref name=Sanofi>{{cite web|url=http://www.polio.info/polio-eradication/front/templates/index.jsp?siteCode=POLIO&codeRubrique=34&lang=EN |title=Archived copy |accessdate=1 November 2011 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007095443/http://www.polio.info/polio-eradication/front/templates/index.jsp?siteCode=POLIO&codeRubrique=34&lang=EN |archivedate=7 October 2007 }} Accessed 16 December 2009.</ref>

The second inactivated virus vaccine was developed in 1952 by [[Jonas Salk]] at the University of Pittsburgh, and announced to the world on 12 April 1955.<ref name= Spice>{{cite news | author = Spice B |title=Tireless polio research effort bears fruit and indignation |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05094/482468.stm |work=The Salk vaccine: 50 years later/ second of two parts |publisher= [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date= 4 April 2005 |accessdate= 23 August 2008 }}</ref> The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), is based on poliovirus grown in a type of monkey kidney [[tissue culture]] ([[vero cell]] [[cell culture|line]]), which is chemically inactivated with [[formalin]].<ref name=Kew_2005 /> After two doses of IPV (given by [[injection (medicine)|injection]]), 90 percent or more of individuals develop protective antibody to all three [[serotype]]s of poliovirus, and at least 99 percent are immune to poliovirus following three doses.<ref name = PinkBook2009 />

Subsequently, [[Albert Sabin]] developed another live, oral polio vaccine (OPV). It was produced by the repeated passage of the virus through nonhuman cells at sub[[physiological]] temperatures.<ref name=Sabin_1973>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sabin AB, Boulger LR | title = History of Sabin attenuated poliovirus oral live vaccine strains | journal = J Biol Stand | year = 1973 | volume = 1 | pages = 115–8 |doi=10.1016/0092-1157(73)90048-6 | issue = 2}}</ref> The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of wild poliovirus infection and replication, but the vaccine strain is unable to replicate efficiently within [[nervous system]] tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sabin A, Ramos-Alvarez M, Alvarez-Amezquita J, etal |title=Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine. Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]] |volume=173 |issue= 14|pages=1521–6 |year=1960 |pmid =14440553 |doi=10.1001/jama.1960.03020320001001}}</ref> A single dose of Sabin's oral polio vaccine produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in about 50 percent of recipients. Three doses of live-attenuated OPV produce protective antibody to all three poliovirus types in more than 95 percent of recipients.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> [[Clinical trial|Human trials]] of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957,<ref name=ScienceOdyssey>{{cite web | title = A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries | publisher = PBS | year = 1998 | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm52sa.html | accessdate = 23 August 2008}}</ref> and in 1958 it was selected, in competition with the live vaccines of Koprowski and other researchers, by the US National Institutes of Health.<ref name=Sanofi/> Licensed in 1962,<ref name=ScienceOdyssey/> it rapidly became the only polio vaccine used worldwide.<ref name=Sanofi/>

Because OPV is inexpensive, easy to administer, and produces excellent immunity in the intestine (which helps prevent infection with wild virus in areas where it is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]]), it has been the vaccine of choice for controlling poliomyelitis in many countries.<ref name=Peds>{{cite journal |title=Poliomyelitis prevention: recommendations for use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine and live oral poliovirus vaccine. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases | url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/99/2/300 |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=300–5 |year=1997 |pmid=9024465 |doi=10.1542/peds.99.2.300}}</ref> On very rare occasions (about one case per 750,000 vaccine recipients), the attenuated virus in OPV reverts into a form that can paralyze.<ref name=Racaniello/> Most [[Developed country|industrialized countries]] have switched to IPV, which cannot revert, either as the sole vaccine against poliomyelitis or in combination with oral polio vaccine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/2007_routine_use/en/index11.html |title=WHO: Vaccines for routine use |accessdate=23 August 2008 |page= 12|work= International travel and health|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606170542/http://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/2007_routine_use/en/index11.html |archivedate = 6 June 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref>

== Treatment ==
There is no [[cure]] for polio. The focus of modern treatment has been on providing relief of symptoms, speeding recovery and preventing complications. Supportive measures include [[antibiotics]] to prevent infections in weakened muscles, [[analgesics]] for pain, moderate exercise and a nutritious diet.<ref name=Daniel>{{cite book |author1=Daniel, Thomas M. |author2=Robbins, Frederick C. |title=Polio |publisher=University of Rochester Press |location=Rochester, N.Y., USA |year= 1997 |pages= 8–10 |isbn=1-58046-066-6 }}</ref> Treatment of polio often requires long-term rehabilitation, including [[occupational therapy]], [[physical therapy]], braces, corrective shoes and, in some cases, [[orthopedic surgery]].<ref name=Guide />

Portable [[ventilator]]s may be required to support breathing. Historically, a noninvasive, negative-pressure ventilator, more commonly called an [[Negative pressure ventilator|iron lung]], was used to artificially maintain respiration during an acute polio infection until a person could breathe independently (generally about one to two weeks). Today, many polio survivors with permanent respiratory paralysis use modern [[Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation|jacket-type]] negative-pressure ventilators worn over the chest and abdomen.<ref name= Goldberg />

Other [[History of poliomyelitis#Historical treatments|historical treatments for polio]] include [[hydrotherapy]], [[electrotherapy]], massage and passive motion exercises, and surgical treatments, such as tendon lengthening and nerve grafting.<ref name=Henry1 />

== Prognosis ==
[[File:Polio sequelle.jpg|thumb|A girl with a deformity of her right leg due to polio]]
Patients with abortive polio infections recover completely. In those who develop only aseptic meningitis, the symptoms can be expected to persist for two to ten days, followed by complete recovery.<ref name=Neumann/> In cases of spinal polio, if the affected nerve cells are completely destroyed, paralysis will be permanent; cells that are not destroyed, but lose function temporarily, may recover within four to six weeks after onset.<ref name=Neumann>{{cite journal |author=Neumann D |title=Polio: its impact on the people of the United States and the emerging profession of physical therapy |url= http://www.post-polio.org/edu/hpros/Aug04HistPersNeumann.pdf | format = PDF | journal=The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=479–92 |year=2004 |pmid=15373011 |doi=10.2519/jospt.2004.0301}} Reproduced online with permission by Post-Polio Health International; retrieved on 10 November 2007.</ref> Half the patients with spinal polio recover fully; one-quarter recover with mild disability, and the remaining quarter are left with severe disability.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cuccurullo SJ |title=Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=physmedrehab.table.8357 | publisher=Demos Medical Publishing | year = 2004 |isbn=1-888799-45-5}}</ref> The degree of both acute paralysis and residual paralysis is likely to be proportional to the degree of [[viremia]], and [[inversely proportional]] to the degree of [[immunity (medical)|immunity]].<ref name= Mueller/> Spinal polio is rarely fatal.<ref name=Silverstein />

Without respiratory support, consequences of poliomyelitis with [[Respiration (physiology)|respiratory]] involvement include [[suffocation]] or [[aspiration pneumonia|pneumonia from aspiration of secretions]].<ref name= Goldberg>{{cite journal |author=Goldberg A |title=Noninvasive mechanical ventilation at home: building upon the tradition |doi=10.1378/chest.121.2.321 |journal=[[Chest (journal)|Chest]] |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=321–4 |year=2002 |pmid=11834636}}</ref> Overall, 5 to 10 percent of patients with paralytic polio die due to the paralysis of muscles used for breathing. The [[case fatality rate]] (CFR) varies by age: 2 to 5 percent of children and up to 15 to 30 percent of adults die.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Bulbar polio often causes death if respiratory support is not provided;<ref name= Hoyt /> with support, its CFR ranges from 25 to 75 percent, depending on the age of the patient.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller AH, Buck LS |title=Tracheotomy in bulbar poliomyelitis |pmc=1520308 |journal=California medicine |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=34–6 |year=1950 |pmid=15398892 }}</ref> When intermittent positive pressure ventilation is available, the fatalities can be reduced to 15 percent.<ref name=Wackers>{{cite journal| author = Wackers, G.| title = Constructivist Medicine| version = PhD-thesis| publisher = Maastricht: Universitaire Pers Maastricht| year = 1994| url = http://www.fdcw.unimaas.nl/personal/WebSitesMWT/Wackers/proefschrift.html#h4| accessdate = 4 January 2008 }}</ref>

=== Recovery ===
Many cases of poliomyelitis result in only temporary paralysis.<ref name=Henry1 /> Nerve impulses return to the formerly paralyzed muscle within a month, and recovery is usually complete in six to eight months.<ref name=Neumann /> The [[neurophysiology|neurophysiological]] processes involved in recovery following acute paralytic poliomyelitis are quite effective; muscles are able to retain normal strength even if half the original motor neurons have been lost.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandberg A, Hansson B, Stålberg E |title=Comparison between concentric needle EMG and macro EMG in patients with a history of polio |journal=Clinical Neurophysiology |volume=110 |issue=11 |pages=1900–8 |year=1999 |pmid=10576485 |doi=10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00150-9}}</ref> Paralysis remaining after one year is likely to be permanent, although modest recoveries of muscle strength are possible 12 to 18 months after infection.<ref name=Neumann />

One mechanism involved in recovery is nerve terminal sprouting, in which remaining brainstem and spinal cord motor neurons develop new branches, or axonal sprouts.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cashman NR, Covault J, Wollman RL, Sanes JR |title=Neural cell adhesion molecule in normal, denervated, and myopathic human muscle |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=481–9 |year=1987 |pmid=3296947 |doi=10.1002/ana.410210512}}</ref> These sprouts can [[reinnervate]] orphaned muscle fibers that have been denervated by acute polio infection,<ref name=Agre>{{cite journal |vauthors=Agre JC, Rodríquez AA, Tafel JA |title=Late effects of polio: critical review of the literature on neuromuscular function |journal=Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation |volume=72 |issue=11 |pages=923–31 |year=1991 |pmid=1929813 |doi=10.1016/0003-9993(91)90013-9}}</ref> restoring the fibers' capacity to contract and improving strength.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Trojan DA, Cashman NR |title=Post-poliomyelitis syndrome |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=6–19 |year=2005 |pmid=15599928 |doi=10.1002/mus.20259}}</ref> Terminal sprouting may generate a few significantly enlarged motor neurons doing work previously performed by as many as four or five units:<ref name=Gawne_1995 /> a single motor neuron that once controlled 200 muscle cells might control 800 to 1000 cells. Other mechanisms that occur during the rehabilitation phase, and contribute to muscle strength restoration, include [[muscle hypertrophy|myofiber hypertrophy]]—enlargement of muscle fibers through exercise and activity—and transformation of [[Muscle fiber#Type II|type II muscle fibers]] to [[Muscle fiber#Type I|type I muscle fibers]].<ref name=Agre /><ref name = Grimby_1989>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grimby G, Einarsson G, Hedberg M, Aniansson A |title=Muscle adaptive changes in post-polio subjects |journal=Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=19–26 |year=1989 |pmid=2711135}}</ref>

In addition to these physiological processes, the body possesses a number of compensatory mechanisms to maintain function in the presence of residual paralysis. These include the use of weaker muscles at a higher than usual intensity relative to the [[Muscle contraction#Contractions, by muscle type|muscle's maximal capacity]], enhancing athletic development of previously little-used muscles, and using [[ligament]]s for stability, which enables greater mobility.<ref name = Grimby_1989 />

=== Complications ===
Residual complications of paralytic polio often occur following the initial recovery process.<ref name= Late /> Muscle [[paresis]] and paralysis can sometimes result in [[skeletal]] deformities, tightening of the joints and movement disability. Once the muscles in the limb become flaccid, they may interfere with the function of other muscles. A typical manifestation of this problem is [[equinus foot]] (similar to [[club foot]]). This deformity develops when the muscles that pull the toes downward are working, but those that pull it upward are not, and the foot naturally tends to drop toward the ground. If the problem is left untreated, the [[Achilles tendon]]s at the back of the foot retract and the foot cannot take on a normal position. Polio victims that develop equinus foot cannot walk properly because they cannot put their heel on the ground. A similar situation can develop if the arms become paralyzed.<ref name= Aftereffects>{{cite web | author = Sanofi Pasteur | title = Poliomyelitis virus (picornavirus, enterovirus), after-effects of the polio, paralysis, deformations | work = Polio Eradication | url = http://www.polio.info/polio-eradication/front/index.jsp?siteCode=POLIO&lang=EN&codeRubrique=14 | accessdate = 23 August 2008|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007100336/http://www.polio.info/polio-eradication/front/index.jsp?siteCode=POLIO&lang=EN&codeRubrique=14 |archivedate = 7 October 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In some cases the growth of an affected leg is slowed by polio, while the other leg continues to grow normally. The result is that one leg is shorter than the other and the person limps and leans to one side, in turn leading to deformities of the spine (such as [[scoliosis]]).<ref name= Aftereffects /> [[Osteoporosis]] and increased likelihood of [[bone fracture]]s may occur. An intervention to prevent or lessen length disparity can be to perform an [[epiphysiodesis]] on the distal femoral and proximal tibial/fibular condyles, so that limb's growth is artificially stunted, and by the time of [[epiphyseal plate|epiphyseal (growth) plate]] closure, the legs are more equal in length. Alternatively, a person can be fitted with custom made footwear which corrects the difference in leg lengths. Other surgery to re-balance muscular agonist/antagonist imbalances may also be helpful. Extended use of braces or wheelchairs may cause [[nerve compression syndrome|compression neuropathy]], as well as a loss of proper function of the [[vein]]s in the legs, due to pooling of blood in paralyzed lower limbs.<ref name= Hoyt>{{cite book |author1=Hoyt, William Graves |author2=Miller, Neil |author3=Walsh, Frank |title=Walsh and Hoyt's clinical neuro-ophthalmology |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year=2005 |pages=3264–65 |isbn=0-7817-4814-3 }}</ref><ref name=MayoComps>{{cite web |author = Mayo Clinic Staff | date=19 May 2005 | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/polio/DS00572/DSECTION=complications | title = Polio: Complications| publisher = Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)| accessdate=26 February 2007}}</ref> Complications from prolonged immobility involving the [[lungs]], [[kidney]]s and [[heart]] include [[pulmonary edema]], [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[urinary tract infection]]s, [[kidney stone]]s, [[paralytic ileus]], [[myocarditis]] and [[cor pulmonale]].<ref name= Hoyt/><ref name=MayoComps />

=== Post-polio syndrome ===
{{main article|Post-polio syndrome}}
Between 25 percent and 50 percent of individuals who have recovered from paralytic polio in childhood can develop additional symptoms decades after recovering from the acute infection,<ref name="NINDS Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet">{{cite web |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/post_polio/detail_post_polio.htm |title=Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) |work= |accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref> notably new muscle weakness and extreme fatigue. This condition is known as [[post-polio syndrome]] (PPS) or post-polio sequelae.<ref name=Cashman>{{cite journal |vauthors=Trojan D, Cashman N |title=Post-poliomyelitis syndrome |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=6–19 |year=2005 |pmid=15599928 |doi=10.1002/mus.20259}}</ref> The symptoms of PPS are thought to involve a failure of the oversized [[motor unit]]s created during the recovery phase of the paralytic disease.<ref name=Ramlow_1992>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramlow J, Alexander M, LaPorte R, Kaufmann C, Kuller L |title=Epidemiology of the post-polio syndrome |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=136 |issue=7 |pages=769–86 |year=1992 |pmid=1442743 |doi=10.1093/aje/136.7.769}}</ref><ref name= Annals>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin K, Lim Y |title=Post-poliomyelitis syndrome: case report and review of the literature| url= http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/34VolNo7200508/V34N7p447.pdf | format = PDF |journal=Ann Acad Med Singap |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=447–9 |year=2005 |pmid = 16123820}}</ref> Contributing factors that increase the risk of PPS include aging with loss of neuron units, the presence of a permanent residual impairment after recovery from the acute illness, and both overuse and disuse of neurons. PPS is a slow, progressive disease, and there is no specific treatment for it.<ref name=Cashman /> Post-polio syndrome is not an infectious process, and persons experiencing the syndrome do not shed poliovirus.<ref name="PinkBook2009" />

==Epidemiology==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px"
| colspan=5 |<center>'''Reported polio cases in 2016'''<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="PolioThisWeek"/><ref name="WhoIntCaseCount">https://extranet.who.int/polis/public/CaseCount.aspx</ref>
[[File:Polio worldwide 2016.svg|thumb|center]]
</center>
|-
! Country !! Wild cases !! Circulating vaccine- derived cases !! Transmission status !! Type(s)
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|20
|1
|{{color|#f00|endemic}}
|{{color|#f00|WPV1}} {{color|#00f|cVDPV2}}
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} ||13||0|| {{color|#f00|endemic}} || {{color|#f00|WPV1}}
|-
| {{flag|Nigeria}} ||4||1||{{color|#f00|endemic}}||{{color|#f00|WPV1}} {{color|#00f|cVDPV2}}
|-
| {{flag|Laos}} ||0||3||{{color|#00f|cVDPV only}}|| {{color|#00f|cVDPV1}}
|-
| '''Total''' ||37||5|| ||
|}
{{See also|Poliomyelitis eradication}}

Following the widespread use of poliovirus vaccine in the mid-1950s, the incidence of poliomyelitis declined dramatically in many industrialized countries. A global effort to [[Eradication of infectious disease|eradicate]] polio began in 1988, led by the [[World Health Organization]], [[UNICEF]], and [[The Rotary Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vaught|first1=Maureen|title=Polio Vaccine Celebrates 60th Anniversary|url=https://www.rotary.org/en/polio-vaccine-celebrates-60th-anniversary|website=Rotary International|accessdate=11 November 2015|date=10 April 2015}}</ref> These efforts have reduced the number of annual diagnosed cases by 99.9 percent; from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1988 to a low of 483 cases in 2001, after which it remained at a level of about 1,000 - 2000 cases per year for a number of years.<ref name=eradication>{{cite journal |title=Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=40 |pages=1093–7 |year=2006 |pmid=17035927 |author1= Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref><ref name=morbidity>{{cite journal |title=Progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission—worldwide, January 2007–April 2008 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=57 |issue=18 |pages=489–94 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18463607 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5718a4.htm |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> In 2015, cases decreased to 98 and further decreased in 2016 to 37 wild cases and 5 circulating vaccine-derived cases.<ref name="WhoIntCaseCount" /><ref name="WHO2015casecount">{{cite web|url = http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/en/diseases/poliomyelitis/case_count.cfm|title = Polio Case Count|date = 2016-07-18|accessdate = 2016-07-18|publisher = [[World Health Organisation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Progress Toward Eradication of Polio — Worldwide, January 2011–March 2013|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6217a4.htm|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=11 November 2015|date=3 May 2013}}</ref>
Polio is one of only two diseases currently the subject of a global [[eradication of infectious diseases|eradication program]], the other being [[Guinea worm disease]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Akst|first1=Jef|title=Driven to Extinction|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/43382/title/Driven-to-Extinction/|website=The Scientist|accessdate=11 November 2015|date=1 July 2015}}</ref> So far, the only diseases completely eradicated by humankind are [[smallpox]], declared so, in 1980,<ref name=WHO_smallpox>{{cite web|title=Smallpox |work=WHO Factsheet |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ |accessdate=23 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ |archivedate=21 September 2007 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Smallpox Eradication Programme - SEP (1966-1980)|url=http://www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref> and [[rinderpest]], likewise, in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=No more deaths from rinderpest|url=http://www.oie.int/for-the-media/press-releases/detail/article/no-more-deaths-from-rinderpest/|website=OIE|accessdate=11 November 2015|date=25 May 2011}}</ref>
A number of eradication milestones have already been reached, and several regions of the world have been certified polio-free.

A concern is the presence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV). The OPV is not perfect: while the genetic characteristics are carefully balanced to maximize efficacy and minimize virulence, it is possible for the OPV to mutate. As a result, persons given the OPV can acquire acute or chronic infections; or can transmit (circulate) mutated OPV to other people. It is likely that cVDPV cases will exceed wild cases in the near future, making it desirable to discontinue use of the OPV as soon as safely possible.<ref name="circulating">{{cite web|author1=Olen M. Kew |author2=Peter F. Wright |author3=Vadim I. Agol |author4=Francis Delpeyroux |author5=Hiroyuki Shimizu |author6=Neal Nathanson |author7=Mark A. Pallansch | title = Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses: current state of knowledge | publisher = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | date = 24 October 2003 | url = http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S0042-96862004000100006&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es | accessdate = 28 October 2015}}</ref>

===Emergency declaration===

In April 2012, the World Health Assembly declared the completion of polio eradication a programmatic emergency for global public health.<ref>{{cite book |author=World Health Assembly |year=2012 |title=Poliomyelitis: intensification of the global eradication initiative. Agenda item A65/20 |url=http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/wha65/A65_20-en.pdf |location=Geneva, Switzerland |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn= |accessdate=7 December 2013 }}</ref>

===Americas===

The [[Americas]] were declared polio-free in 1994.<ref name=MMWR_1994>{{cite journal | title = International Notes Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication—the Americas, 1994 | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | volume= 43 | issue= 39 | pages = 720–2 | year=1994 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00032760.htm | pmid = 7522302 | author1 = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) }}</ref>

===Western Pacific===

In 2000 polio was declared to have been officially eliminated in 37 Western Pacific countries, including China and Australia.<ref name= Pacific>{{cite journal | author = | title = General News. Major Milestone reached in Global Polio Eradication: Western Pacific Region is certified Polio-Free | journal = Health Educ Res | year = 2001 | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | page = 109 | url= http://her.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/16/1/109.pdf | format = PDF |doi=10.1093/her/16.1.109}}</ref><ref name="D'Souza_2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=D'Souza R, Kennett M, Watson C |title=Australia declared polio free |journal=Commun Dis Intell |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=253–60 |year=2002 |pmid=12206379}}</ref>

Despite eradication ten years prior, an outbreak was confirmed in China in September 2011 involving a strain prevalent in neighboring Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/21/health/china-polio-outbreak/index.html | work=CNN | title=New polio outbreak hits China - CNN.com | date=21 September 2011}}</ref>

===Europe===

[[Europe]] was declared polio-free in 2002.<ref name=WHO_Europe_2002>{{cite press release | title = Europe achieves historic milestone as Region is declared polio-free | publisher = European Region of the World Health Organization | date = 21 June 2002 | url = http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/releaseeuro02/en/index.html | accessdate = 23 August 2008 }}</ref> On 1 September 2015, WHO confirmed 2 cases of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 in Ukraine.<ref name=WHO_Europe_2015>{{cite web | title = Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus – Ukraine | publisher = World Health Organization | url = http://www.who.int/csr/don/01-september-2015-polio/en/ | accessdate=9 September 2015|date = 1 September 2015}}</ref>

===South-East Asia===

The last case of polio in the region was in India in January 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.searo.who.int/entity/immunization/topics/polio/eradication/sea-polio-free/en/| title =Polio-free certification: WHO South-East Asia |publisher =WHO|date=27 March 2014| accessdate =27 March 2014}}</ref> Since January 2011, there have been no reported cases of the wild polio infections in India, and in February 2012 the country was taken off the WHO list of polio endemic countries. It was reported that if there are no cases of wild polio in the country for two more years, it would be declared as a polio-free country.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ray|first=Kalyan|title=India wins battle against dreaded polio|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=26 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India polio-free for a year: ‘First time in history we’re able to put up such a map’|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120226/jsp/frontpage/story_15181357.jsp|accessdate=26 February 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=26 February 2012|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

On 27 March 2014 the WHO announced the eradication of poliomyelitis in the South-East Asia Region, which includes eleven countries: [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[North Korea]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Maldives]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]] and [[Timor-Leste]].<ref name="eradication1">{{cite web | url =http://www.searo.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2014/pr1569/en/| title =WHO South-East Asia Region certified polio-free|publisher =WHO|date=27 March 2014| accessdate =27 March 2014}}</ref> With the addition of this region, 80 per cent of the world population lives in polio-free regions.<ref name="eradication1"/>

===Syria===

In 2015, polio was believed to remain [[Endemic (epidemiology)|naturally spreading]] in only two countries, [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]],<ref name=eradication1/><ref name=GlobalPolio2015>{{cite web|title=Wild poliovirus type 1 and Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus cases|url=http://www.polioeradication.org/dataandmonitoring/poliothisweek.aspx|website=Global Polio Eradication Initiative|accessdate=26 December 2015|date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6139a4.htm |title=Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Afghanistan and Pakistan, January 2011–August 2012 |date=19 October 2012 |website=CDC |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Fine PEM|title=Polio: Measuring the protection that matters most|journal=J Infect Dis|year=2009|volume=200|issue=5|pmid=19624277|pages=673–675|doi=10.1086/605331}}</ref> although it continued to cause epidemics in other nearby countries due to hidden or reestablished transmission.<ref>Wild Poliovirus case list 2000-2010; data in WHO/HQ as of 9 November 2010 http://www.polioeradication.org/tabid/167/iid/80/Default.aspx</ref>

In [[Syria]] difficulties in executing immunization programs in the ongoing [[Syrian Civil War|civil war]] led to a return of polio, probably in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26734465|title=Polio in Syria: An outbreak that threatens the Middle East|work=BBC News}}</ref> acknowledged by the WHO in 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-syria-polio-cases-spread-to-damascus-and-aleppo-who-1925221 | work=DNA | title=Syria polio cases spread to Damascus and Aleppo - WHO | date=26 November 2013|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/29/health/syria-polio/index.html | title=WHO: Polio cases confirmed in Syria | date=29 October 2013|last = Watkins|first = Tom|newspaper = CNN.com|accessdate = 24 January 2014}}</ref> 15 cases were confirmed among children in [[Syria]] between October and November 2013 in [[Deir Ezzor]]. Later, two more cases, each one in rural [[Damascus]] and [[Aleppo]], were identified. It was the first outbreak in Syria since 1999. Doctors and international public health agencies report more than 90 cases of polio in Syria, with fears of contagion in rebel areas from lack of sanitation and safe-water services.<ref name=Suppressed>{{cite journal|last=Sparrow|first=Annie|title=Syria’s Polio Epidemic: The Suppressed Truth|journal=New York Review|date=20 February 2014|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/feb/20/syrias-polio-epidemic-suppressed-truth/?insrc=hpma&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_term=*Mideast%20Brief&utm_campaign=Mideast%20Brief%201-22-2014|accessdate=23 January 2014|quote=Ninety or so afflicted children may sound like a small number, but they are only a tiny manifestation of an enormous problem, since for each crippled child up to one thousand more are silently infected. Polio is so contagious that a single case is considered a public health emergency. Ninety cases could mean some 90,000 people infected, each a carrier invisibly spreading the disease to others for weeks on end.}}</ref> In May 2014, the World Health Organization declared polio's renewed spread a [[PHEIC|world health emergency]].<ref name="newscientist.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25518-global-emergency-declared-as-polio-cases-surge.html|title=Global emergency declared as polio cases surge|author=Debora MacKenzie|work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-27284389# | title=World facing polio health emergency | work=BBC | date=5 May 2014 | accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref>

A vaccination campaign in Syria operated literally under fire and led to the deaths of several vaccinators,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150305-polio-syria-iraq-islamic-state-refugees-vaccination-virus-jihad/|title=Fighting Polio Amid the Chaos of Syria’s Civil War|author=Photographs Hosam Katan, Reuters|publisher=}}</ref> but returned vaccination coverage to pre-war levels.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/28/mideast-crisis-syria-polio-idUSL6N0V70ZW20150128 | work=Reuters | first=Sylvia | last=Westall | title=Polio immunisation rate in Syria close to pre-war level -WHO | date=28 January 2015}}</ref> No new cases have been reported since January 2014; vaccination continues, and Iraq is also being closely monitored.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-01-polio-cases-syria-year.html|title=No new polio cases in Syria reported for a year: WHO|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/29/polio-vaccines-syria_n_6562368.html | work=Huffington Post | title=WHO: Syria Had Only 1 Recorded Polio Case Last Year | date=29 January 2015}}</ref>

===Africa===

In 2003 in [[Northern Region, Nigeria|northern Nigeria]]—a country which at that time was considered provisionally polio free—a [[fatwa]] was issued declaring that the polio vaccine was designed to render children sterile.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.unicef.org/cbsc/index_49534.html|title = Polio Eradication Efforts in Nigeria and India|accessdate = 25 December 2013|website = UNICEF}}</ref> Subsequently, polio reappeared in Nigeria and spread from there to several other countries. In 2013, nine health workers administering polio vaccine were targeted and killed by gunmen on motorcycles in [[Kano]], but this was the first<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21381773|title=Nigeria polio vaccinators shot dead in Kano|work=BBC News}}</ref> and last attack.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-33650543 | work=BBC News | title=Nigeria marks one year without recorded polio case | date=24 July 2015}}</ref> Local traditional and religious leaders and polio survivors worked to revive the campaign,<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/23/us-health-polio-nigeria-idUSKCN0PX2RF20150723 | work=Reuters | title=Nigeria marks polio-free year, raising global eradication hopes | date=23 July 2015}}</ref> and Nigeria has not had a polio case since July 24, 2014. In September 2015, Nigeria was removed from the polio-endemic list.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/nigeria-polio/en/ | work=[[WHO]] | title=WHO Removes Nigeria from Polio-Endemic List | date=2015-09-26 |accessdate = 2016-01-08}}</ref> In 2016 two cases recurred.<ref name=Nigeria2016/>

In 2013 the Center for Disease Control received reports of 183 cases of polio in [[Somalia]], 14 in [[Kenya]] and 8 cases in the [[Somali Region]] of Ethiopia,<ref name=cdcp>{{cite web|title=Polio in Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/polio-somalia-kenya|work=January 22, 2014|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref> but Africa had no confirmed cases of wild poliovirus (WPV) in 2015.<ref name = GlobalPolio2015/> A case of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) type 2 was detected in [[Siguiri]] in [[Guinea]]'s [[Kankan]] region, in August 2014.<ref name="gpe2015">{{cite news|url=http://www.polioeradication.org/mediaroom/newsstories/Circulating-vaccine-derived-poliovirus-in-Mali-/tabid/526/news/1280/Default.aspx|title=Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus in Mali|work=The Global Polio Eradication Initiative|accessdate=September 9, 2015|date=September 9, 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, a case of cVDPV in Mali was confirmed by the WHO.<ref name=gpe2015 />

===Afghanistan and Pakistan===

This is the last remaining region with wild polio cases. Both major sides of the Afghan civil war support polio vaccination<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-26121732 | work=BBC News | title=Afghanistan polio: First case in Kabul since 2001 | date=11 February 2014}}</ref> and polio rates are declining rapidly in Afghanistan, with 19 cases in 2015<ref name = GlobalPolio2015/><ref name="reuters.com"/> and 13 in 2016.<ref name="cases2016">{{cite news|title=Polio in Afghanistan: 'Americans bomb our children daily, why would they care?'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/apr/10/polio-afghanistan-taliban-health-chief-americans-bomb-children|author=Sune Engel Rasmussen|date=10 April 2017|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref>

In [[Pakistan]] there were 53 cases in 2015, the highest number for any country,<ref name = GlobalPolio2015/><ref name="reuters.com"/> and 20 in 2016.<ref name="cases2016"/> Vaccination in Pakistan is hindered by conflict and organizational problems. The militant [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Pakistani Taliban]] claims vaccination is a Western plot to [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilise]] local children.<ref name=BBC2016/> 66 vaccinators were killed in 2013 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/south-asia/pakistans-fight-against-polio-clashes-with-battle-against-taliban#page2|title=Pakistan's fight against polio clashes with battle against Taliban - The National|author=Taimur Khan|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="thenational.ae">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/health/uae-polio-campaign-vaccinates-millions-of-pakistani-children|title=UAE polio campaign vaccinates millions of Pakistani children|author=The National staff|publisher=}}</ref> Cases have dropped by 70 percent in 2015; reasons include Dh440 million support from the [[United Arab Emirates]] to vaccinate more than ten million children,<ref name="thenational.ae"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/health/17-million-children-to-be-vaccinated-against-polio-in-pakistan|title=17 million children to be vaccinated against polio in Pakistan|author=The National staff|publisher=}}</ref> changes in the military situation, and arrests of some of those who attacked polio workers.<ref name = BBC2016>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36300034|title=Pakistan could beat polio in months, says WHO|date=2016-05-16|website=BBC News|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32996624|title=Polio in Pakistan: Drop of 70% recorded this year|work=BBC News}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|History of poliomyelitis|Timeline of poliomyelitis|List of poliomyelitis survivors}}
[[File:Polio Egyptian Stele.jpg|thumb|left|An [[Egypt]]ian [[stele]] thought to represent a polio victim, [[18th Dynasty]] (1403–1365 BC)]]

The effects of polio have been known since [[prehistory]]; [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] paintings and carvings depict otherwise healthy people with withered limbs, and children walking with canes at a young age.<ref name=Paul_1971>{{cite book| author = Paul JR| title=A History of Poliomyelitis| publisher=Yale University Press| location= New Haven, Conn| year=1971| pages=16–18| isbn= 0-300-01324-8| series= Yale studies in the history of science and medicine}}</ref> The first clinical description was provided by the English physician [[Michael Underwood (physician)|Michael Underwood]] in 1789, where he refers to polio as "a debility of the lower extremities".<ref name=Underwood_1789>{{cite book | last = Underwood | first = Michael | chapter = Debility of the lower extremities|title=A treatise on the diseases of children, with general directions for the management of infants from the birth (1789) | volume = 2 | publisher = J. Mathews | location=London | year = 1789 | pages = 88–91 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/b21516728_0002#page/n103/mode/2up}}</ref> The work of physicians [[Jakob Heine]] in 1840 and [[Karl Oskar Medin]] in 1890 led to it being known as ''Heine–Medin disease''.<ref name=Pearce_2005>{{cite journal |author=Pearce J |title=Poliomyelitis (Heine-Medin disease) |journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |volume=76 |issue=1 |page=128 |year=2005 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2003.028548 | pmid=15608013 |pmc=1739337}}</ref> The disease was later called ''infantile paralysis'', based on its propensity to affect children.

Before the 20th century, polio infections were rarely seen in infants before six months of age, most cases occurring in children six months to four years of age. Poorer [[sanitation]] of the time resulted in a constant exposure to the virus, which enhanced a natural [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] within the population. In developed countries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, improvements were made in community sanitation, including better [[sewage]] disposal and clean water supplies. These changes drastically increased the proportion of children and adults at risk of paralytic polio infection, by reducing childhood exposure and immunity to the disease.<ref name="Robertson_1993">{{cite web | author = Robertson S | title = Module 6: Poliomyelitis | work = The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series| publisher = World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. | url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1993/WHO_EPI_GEN_93.16_mod6.pdf?ua=1 | format = PDF | year = 1993 | accessdate = 23 August 2008}}</ref>

Small localized paralytic polio [[epidemic]]s began to appear in Europe and the United States around 1900.<ref name = Trevelyan>{{cite journal |vauthors=Trevelyan B, Smallman-Raynor M, Cliff A |title=The Spatial Dynamics of Poliomyelitis in the United States: From Epidemic Emergence to Vaccine-Induced Retreat, 1910–1971 |pmc=1473032 |journal=Ann Assoc Am Geogr |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=269–93 |year=2005 |pmid=16741562 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00460.x}}</ref> Outbreaks reached [[pandemic]] proportions in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand during the first half of the 20th century. By 1950 the peak age incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States had shifted from infants to children aged five to nine years, when the risk of paralysis is greater; about one-third of the cases were reported in persons over 15 years of age.<ref name=Melnick_1990>{{cite book | author = Melnick JL | title = Poliomyelitis. In: Tropical and Geographical Medicine | edition = 2nd | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year =1990 | pages = 558–76 | isbn = 0-07-068328-X }}</ref> Accordingly, the rate of paralysis and death due to polio infection also increased during this time.<ref name = Trevelyan/> In the United States, the 1952 polio epidemic became the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of nearly 58,000 cases reported that year 3,145 died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis.<ref name="Zamula">{{cite journal |author= Zamula E|title=A New Challenge for Former Polio Patients | url= http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-10942759/a-new-challenge-for-former-polio-patients |journal= FDA Consumer |volume = 25 |issue = 5 |pages = 21–5 |year=1991 }}</ref> [[Intensive care medicine]] has its origin in the fight against polio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B7CdB217pf6yN2QxOGI5NTUtZWIzYS00N2NhLWFhODQtOGZjMjdhZTlkZGE5&hl=de |title= Louise Reisner-Sénélar (2009) The Danish anaesthesiologist Björn Ibsen a pioneer of long-term ventilation on the upper airways}}</ref> Most hospitals in the 1950s had limited access to [[Negative pressure ventilator|iron lung]]s for patients unable to breathe without mechanical assistance. Respiratory centers designed to assist the most severe polio patients, first established in 1952 at the Blegdam Hospital of [[Copenhagen]] by [[Denmark|Danish]] [[anesthesia|anesthesiologist]] [[Bjørn Aage Ibsen|Bjørn Ibsen]], were the harbingers of subsequent [[intensive care unit]]s (ICU). (A year later, Ibsen would establish the world's first dedicated ICU.)<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Pincock S |title=Bjørn Aage Ibsen|journal=The Lancet|editor=Elsevier|year=2007|volume=370|issue=9598|page=1538
|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61650-X|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)61650-X/fulltext?version=printerFriendly}}</ref>

The polio epidemics not only altered the lives of those who survived them, but also brought profound cultural changes, spurring [[grassroots]] fund-raising campaigns that would revolutionize medical [[philanthropy]], and giving rise to the modern field of [[Physical therapy|rehabilitation therapy]]. As one of the largest disabled groups in the world, polio survivors also helped to advance the modern [[disability rights movement]] through campaigns for the social and civil rights of the [[disabled]]. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 10 to 20 million polio survivors worldwide.<ref name= NewsDesk>{{cite web | title = After Effects of Polio Can Harm Survivors 40 Years Later | publisher = March of Dimes | url = http://www.marchofdimes.org/news/after-effects-of-polio-can-harm-survivors-40-years-later.aspx | date = 1 June 2001 | accessdate = 14 November 2014}}</ref> In 1977 there were 254,000 persons living in the United States who had been paralyzed by polio.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Frick NM, Bruno RL | title = Post-polio sequelae: physiological and psychological overview | journal = Rehabilitation literature | volume = 47 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 106–11 | year = 1986 | pmid = 3749588 }}</ref> According to doctors and local polio support groups, some 40,000 polio survivors with varying degrees of paralysis live in Germany, 30,000 in Japan, 24,000 in France, 16,000 in Australia, 12,000 in Canada and 12,000 in the United Kingdom.<ref name= NewsDesk/> Many [[List of polio survivors|notable individuals have survived polio]] and often credit the prolonged immobility and residual paralysis associated with polio as a driving force in their lives and careers.<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard L. Bruno |title=The Polio Paradox: Understanding and Treating "Post-Polio Syndrome" and Chronic Fatigue |publisher=Warner Books |location=New York |year=2002 |pages= 105–6|isbn=0-446-69069-4 }}</ref>

The disease was very well publicized during the polio epidemics of the 1950s, with extensive media coverage of any scientific advancements that might lead to a cure. Thus, the scientists working on polio became some of the most famous of the century. Fifteen scientists and two laymen who made important contributions to the knowledge and treatment of poliomyelitis are honored by the [[Polio Hall of Fame]], which was dedicated in 1957 at the [[Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation]] in [[Warm Springs, Georgia]], US. In 2008 four organizations (Rotary International, the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and UNICEF) were added to the Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite news | first=Winston | last=Skinner | title=Four added to Polio Hall of Fame at Warm Springs | date=15 November 2008 | publisher= | url =http://www.times-herald.com/Local/Four-added-to-Polio-Hall-of-Fame-at-Warm-Springs-589785 | work =The Times-Herald (Newnan, GA) | pages = | accessdate = 29 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=CDC Inducted into Polio Hall of Fame | date=23 January 2009 | publisher= | url =http://www.cdc.gov/news/2009/01/polio_hof/ | work =CDC In the News | pages = | accessdate = }}</ref>

World Polio Day (24 October) was established by [[Rotary International]] to commemorate the birth of [[Jonas Salk]], who led the first team to develop a vaccine against poliomyelitis. Use of this inactivated poliovirus vaccine and subsequent widespread use of the oral poliovirus vaccine developed by [[Albert Sabin]] led to establishment of the [[Global Polio Eradication Initiative]] (GPEI) in 1988. Since then, GPEI has reduced polio worldwide by 99 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6141a6.htm |title=Announcement: World Polio Day — October 24, 2012 |date=19 October 2012 |website=CDC |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref>

===Etymology===
The term derives from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{transl|grc|''poliós''}} ({{lang|grc|πολιός}}), meaning "grey", {{transl|grc|''myelós''}} ({{lang|grc|µυελός}} “marrow”), referring to the grey matter of the [[spinal cord]], and the suffix ''[[wikt:-itis|-itis]]'', which denotes [[inflammation]].,<ref name=Chamberlin_2005>{{cite book | veditors = Chamberlin SL, Narins B | title = The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders | publisher = Thomson Gale | location = Detroit | year = 2005 | pages = 1859–70| isbn = 0-7876-9150-X}}</ref> i.e., inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter, although a severe infection can extend into the brainstem and even higher structures, resulting in [[polioencephalitis|polio''encephal''itis]], producing a [[apnea|lack of ability to breathe]] that requires mechanical assistance such as an [[Negative pressure ventilator|iron lung]].

==Research==
The Poliovirus Antivirals Initiative was launched in 2007 with the aim of developing [[antiviral medication]]s for polio, but while several promising candidates were identified, none have progressed beyond Phase II clinical trials.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thibaut|first1=HJ|last2=De Palma|first2=AM|last3=Neyts|first3=J|title=Combating enterovirus replication: state-of-the-art on antiviral research.|journal=Biochemical pharmacology|date=15 January 2012|volume=83|issue=2|pages=185–92|pmid=21889497}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=McKinlay|first1=MA|last2=Collett|first2=MS|last3=Hincks|first3=JR|last4=Oberste|first4=MS|last5=Pallansch|first5=MA|last6=Okayasu|first6=H|last7=Sutter|first7=RW|last8=Modlin|first8=JF|last9=Dowdle|first9=WR|title=Progress in the development of poliovirus antiviral agents and their essential role in reducing risks that threaten eradication.|journal=The Journal of infectious diseases|date=1 November 2014|volume=210 Suppl 1|pages=S447-53|pmid=25316866}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author = Kluger Jefferey|title=Splendid Solution - Jonas Salk and the Conquest of Polio |url= https://books.google.com/?id=PE6rXNMlwmkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Splendid+Solution+-+Jonas+Salk+and+the+Conquest+of+Polio&cd=1#v=onepage&q |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York |year=2004 |pages= |isbn=0-399-15216-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Oshinsky, David M. |title=Polio: an American story |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-19-515294-8 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=cTliwSU62KIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=polio&cd=2#v=onepage&q |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book |author1=Shaffer, Mary M. |author2=Bernard Seytre |title=The death of a disease: a history of the eradication of poliomyelitis |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, N.J |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-8135-3677-4 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=iKidtL80imMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=polio&q=polio |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book |author=Shell, Marc |title=Polio and its aftermath: the paralysis of culture |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-674-01315-8 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=yk40sRCHF7IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=polio&cd=50#v=onepage&q |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book |author=Wilson, Daniel J. |title=Living with polio: the epidemic and its survivors |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-226-90103-3 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=Ejvjfo_K-IQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=polio&cd=3#v=onepage&q |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book |author1=Wilson, Daniel J. |author2=Julie Silver |title=Polio voices: an oral history from the American polio epidemics and worldwide eradication efforts |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-275-99492-9 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=RomvGee67tUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=polio&cd=13&q |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}

== External links ==
{{Medical condition classification and resources

|ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|80||a|80}}, {{ICD10|B|91||b|90}}, {{ICD10|P|35.8||p|35}}
|ICD9 = {{ICD9|045}}, {{ICD9|138}}
|DiseasesDB = 10209
|MedlinePlus = 001402
|eMedicineSubj = ped
|eMedicineTopic = 1843
|eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|pmr|6}}
|MeshName = Poliomyelitis
|MeshNumber = C02.182.600.700
}}

{{commons category|Polio}}
{{wiktionary}}
* {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Infectious_Diseases/Viral/Poliomyelitis/}}
{{portal bar|Medicine|Viruses}}
{{Viral diseases}}
{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Featured article}}

[[Category:Poliomyelitis| ]]
[[Category:Infectious diseases with eradication efforts]]
[[Category:RTT]]

Ossicles

2017-06-04T11:13:32Z

Angelito7:

{{about|the bones in the human ear|elements embedded in the body wall of echinoderms|Ossicle (echinoderm)}}
{{Infobox bone
| Name = Ossicles
| Latin = Ossicula auditus, ossicula auditoria
| GraySubject = 231
| GrayPage = 1044
| Image = File:Temporal bone - The Hungry Artist Multimedia.jpg
| Caption = Auditory ossicles: [[Malleus]], [[incus]] and [[stapes]]
| Width = 300
| Image2 = Illu auditory ossicles-en.svg
| Caption2 =
| MeshName = Ear+Ossicles
| MeshNumber = A09.246.397.247
| Dorlands = six/000076265
| DorlandsID = Ossicles
| FMA = 52750
}}
{{Ear series|expanded=Middle}}
The '''ossicles''' (also called '''auditory ossicles''') are three [[bone]]s in either [[middle ear]] that are among the smallest bones in the human body. They serve to transmit [[sound]]s from the air to the fluid-filled [[labyrinth (inner ear)|labyrinth]] ([[cochlea]]). The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe [[hearing loss]]. The term "ossicle" literally means "tiny bone" and, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body, it typically refers to the [[malleus]], [[incus]], and [[stapes]] (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) of the middle ear.

== Structure ==
{{See also|Malleus|Incus|Stapes}}
[[File:Slide1ghe.JPG|thumb|left|Anatomy of the three ossicles.]]
The ossicles are, in order from the eardrum to the inner ear (from superficial to deep): the [[malleus]], [[incus]], and [[stapes]], terms that in [[Latin]] are translated as "the [[hammer]], [[anvil]], and [[stirrup]]".
* The [[malleus]] ({{lang-la|"hammer"}}) articulates with the incus through the [[incudomalleolar joint]] and is attached to the [[tympanic membrane]] ([[eardrum]]), from which vibrational sound pressure motion is passed.
* The [[incus]] ({{lang-la|"anvil"}}) is connected to both the other bones.
* The [[stapes]] ({{lang-la|"stirrup"}}) articulates with the incus through the [[incudostapedial joint]] and is attached to the membrane of the ''[[fenestra ovalis]]'', the elliptical or [[oval window]] or opening between the middle ear and the [[Vestibule of the ear|vestibule]] of the [[inner ear]]. It is the smallest bone in the body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/bones.html|title=Your Bones|work=kidshealth.org}}</ref>

=== Development ===
Studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the [[dentary]], which is part of the [[jaw]]. These are ossified portions of [[cartilage]]—called [[Meckel's cartilage]]—that are attached to the jaw. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. The structure is known as the [[middle ear]], and is made up of the [[stapes]], [[incus]], [[malleus]], and [[tympanic membrane]]. These correspond to the [[columella]], [[Quadrate bone|quadrate]], [[articular]], and [[angular bone|angular]] structures in the amphibian, bird or reptile jaw. For this reason, researchers believe that mammals and reptiles share a common ancestry.<ref>Meng, Jin. "The Journey From Jaw to Ear." Biologist. vol. 50. (2003) p. 154-158.</ref>

=== Evolution ===
{{Main|Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles}}

== Function ==
As sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane (eardrum), it in turn moves the nearest ossicle, the malleus, to which it is attached. The malleus then transmits the vibrations, via the incus, to the stapes, and so ultimately to the membrane of the fenestra ovalis, the opening to the vestibule of the inner ear.

Sound traveling through the air is mostly reflected when it comes into contact with a liquid medium; only about 1/30 of the sound energy moving through the air would be transferred into the liquid.<ref>Hill, R.W., Wyse, G.A. & Anderson, M. (2008). ''Animal Physiology, 2nd ed..''</ref> Think about the abrupt cessation of sound that occurs on a busy summer's day at the pool when you submerge your head underwater. This is because the relative incompressibility of a liquid presents resistance to the force of the sound waves traveling through the air. The ossicles give the eardrum a [[mechanical advantage]] via lever action and a reduction in the area of force distribution; the resulting vibrations would be much weaker if the sound waves were transmitted directly from the outer ear to the oval window. This reduction in the area of force application allows a large enough increase in [[pressure]] to transfer most of the sound energy into the liquid. The increased pressure will compress the fluid found in the cochlea and transmit the stimulus. Thus, the presence of the ossicles to concentrate the force of the vibrations improves the sensitivity to sound and is a form of [[impedance matching]].

However, the extent of the movements of the ossicles is controlled (and constricted) by two muscles attached to them (the ''[[tensor tympani]]'' and the ''[[stapedius]]''). It is believed that these muscles can contract to dampen the vibration of the ossicles, in order to protect the inner ear from excessively loud noise (theory 1) and that they give better frequency resolution at higher frequencies by reducing the transmission of low frequencies (theory 2) (see [[acoustic reflex]]). These muscles are more highly developed in [[bat]]s and serve to block outgoing cries of the bats during [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]] (SONAR).

== Clinical relevance ==
Occasionally the joints between the ossicles become rigid. One condition, [[otosclerosis]], results in the fusing of the stapes to the oval window. This reduces hearing and may be treated surgically.

== History ==
There is some doubt as to the discoverers of the auditory ossicles and several anatomists from the early 16th century have the discovery attributed to them with the two earliest being [[Alessandro Achillini]] and [[Jacopo Berengario da Carpi]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14480894|year=1961|author1=O'Malley|first1=C. D.|title=The discovery of the auditory ossicles|journal=Bulletin of the history of medicine|volume=35|pages=419–41|last2=Clarke|first2=E}}</ref> Several sources, including [[Bartolomeo Eustachi|Eustachi]] and [[Giulio Cesare Casseri|Casseri]],<ref>Alidosi, GNP. ''I dottori Bolognesi di teologia, filosofia, medicina e d'arti liberali dall'anno 1000 per tutto marzo del 1623'', Tebaldini, N., Bologna, 1623. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51029z/f35.image#</ref> attribute the discovery of the malleus and incus to the anatomist and philosopher [[Alessandro Achillini|Achillini]].<ref>Lind, L. R. ''Studies in pre-Vesalian anatomy. Biography, translations, documents'', American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1975. p.40</ref> The first written description of the malleus and incus was by [[Berengario da Carpi]] in his ''Commentaria super anatomia Mundini'' (1521),<ref>Jacopo Berengario da Carpi,''Commentaria super anatomia Mundini'', Bologna, 1521. https://archive.org/details/ita-bnc-mag-00001056-001</ref> although he only briefly described two bones and noted their theoretical association with the transmission of sound.<ref name="auto">O'Malley, C.D. ''Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. p. 120</ref> [[Niccolo Massa]]'s ''Liber introductorius anatomiae''<ref>Niccolo Massa, ''Liber introductorius anatomiae'', Venice, 1536. p.166. http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/fs1/object/display/bsb10151904_00001.html</ref> described the same bones in slightly more detail and likened them both to little hammers.<ref name="auto" /> A much more detailed description of the first two ossicles followed in [[Andreas Vesalius]]' ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]''<ref>Andreas Vesalius, ''De humani corporis fabrica''. Johannes Oporinus, Basle, 1543.</ref> in which he devoted a chapter to them. Vesalius was the first to compare the second element of the ossicles to an anvil although he offered the molar as an alternative comparison for its shape.<ref>O'Malley, C.D. ''Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. p. 121</ref> The first published description of the stapes came in Pedro Jimeno's ''Dialogus de re medica'' (1549)<ref>Pedro Jimeno, ''Dialogus de re medica'', Johannes Mey, Valencia, 1549. https://archive.org/details/dialogusderemed00jimegoog</ref> although it had been previously described in public lectures by [[Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia]] at the [[University of Naples]] as early as 1546.<ref>A Mudry, ''Disputes surrounding the discovery of the stapes in the mid 16th century.'', Otology and Neurotology, 2013 Apr;34(3):588-92.</ref>

The term ''ossicle'' derives from {{lang|la|ossiculum}}, a [[diminutive]] of "bone" ({{lang-la|os}}; [[genitive]] {{lang|la|ossis}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ossicle|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|work=etymonline.com}}</ref> The malleus gets its name from Latin ''malleus'', meaning "hammer",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=malleus|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|work=etymonline.com}}</ref> the incus gets its name from Latin ''incus'' meaning "anvil" from incudere meaning "to forge with a hammer",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=incus|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|work=etymonline.com}}</ref> and the stapes gets its name from Modern Latin "stirrup," probably an alteration of Late Latin ''stapia'' related to stare "to stand" and pedem, an accusative of pes "foot", so called because the bone is shaped like a stirrup – this was an invented Modern Latin word for "stirrup," for which there was no classical Latin word, as the ancients did not use stirrups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=stapes|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|work=etymonline.com}}</ref>

== Additional images ==
<gallery>
File:Stapes human ear.jpg|[[Stapes]] and [[10 cent euro coin]]
File:Gray919.png|Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the tympanum
File:Blausen 0330 EarAnatomy MiddleEar.png|Diagram of middle ear ossicles
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
* [[Hearing]]
* [[Ear]]
* [[Incudomalleolar joint]]
* [[Incudostapedial joint]]
* [[Middle ear]]
* [[Otolith]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ossicles}}
* [http://audilab.bmed.mcgill.ca/~daren/3Dear/mid1.html The middle ear and the ossicles]

{{Auditory system}}
{{HumanBones}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Auditory system]]
[[Category:Bones of the head and neck]]

Periodontium

2017-06-04T04:46:30Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Periodontium
| Latin = periodontium
| GraySubject =
| GrayPage =
| Image = Periodontium.svg
| Caption = The tissues of the '''periodontium''' combine to form an active, dynamic group of tissues. The [[alveolar bone]] ''(C)'' is surrounded for the most part by the subepithelial [[connective tissue]] of the gingiva, which in turn is covered by the various characteristic gingival epithelia. The [[cementum]] overlaying the tooth root is attached to the adjacent cortical surface of the alveolar bone by the alveolar crest ''(I)'', horizontal ''(J)'' and oblique ''(K)'' fibers of the [[periodontal ligament]].
| Image2 =
| Caption2 =
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
| MeshName =
| MeshNumber =
| Code =
}}
The '''periodontium''' is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the [[teeth]], maintaining them in the [[maxilla]]ry and [[human mandible|mandibular]] bones. The word comes from the Greek terms περί ''peri''-, meaning "around" and -''odont'', meaning "tooth". Literally taken, it means that which is "around the tooth". [[Periodontics]] is the dental specialty that relates specifically to the care and maintenance of these tissues. It provides the support necessary to maintain teeth in function. It consists of four principal components, namely:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/?id=weo4yihNCQkC&pg=PA172|title=Orban's Oral Histology and Embryology|editor1-last=Kumar|editor1-first=G.S. |date=2011|publisher=Elsevier|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131228197|page=172|edition=13th |accessdate=22 April 2016|chapter=8}}</ref>
* [[Gingiva]]
* [[Periodontal fiber|Periodontal ligament]] (PDL)
* [[Cementum]]
* [[Alveolar process|Alveolar bone proper]]

Each of these components is distinct in location, architecture, and biochemical properties, which adapt during the life of the structure. For example, as teeth respond to forces or migrate [[Medial (anatomy)|medially]], bone resorbs on the pressure side and is added on the tension side. Cementum similarly adapts to wear on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth by apical deposition. The periodontal ligament in itself is an area of high turnover that allows the tooth not only to be suspended in the alveolar bone but also to respond to the forces. Thus, although seemingly static and having functions of their own, all of these components function as a single unit.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/?id=BspTzxVK6-kC|title=Carranza's Clinical Periodontology| |editor1-last=Newman|editor1-first=Michael G.|editor2-last=Takei|editor2-first=Henry|editor3-last=Klokkevold|editor3-first=Perry R.|editor4-last=Carranza|editor4-first=Fermin A. |date=2012|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=St. Louis, MO|isbn=9781455706389|edition=11th|accessdate=22 April 2016}}</ref>

==External forces and the periodontium==

The periodontium exists for the purpose of supporting teeth during their function and it depends on the stimulation it receives from the function for preservation of its structure. Therefore, a constant state of balance always exists between the periodontal structures and the external forces.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0889540687902320 | doi=10.1016/0889-5406(87)90232-0 | volume=92 | title=Three-dimensional finite element analysis for stress in the periodontal tissue by orthodontic forces | journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics | pages=499–505 |last1=Tanne |first1=Kazuo |last2=Sakuda |first2=Mamoru |last3=Burstone |first3=Charles J. |date=December 1987 |issue=6}}</ref>

Alveolar bone undergoes constant physiologic [[Bone remodeling|remodeling]] in response to external forces particularly occlusal forces. Bone is removed from areas where it is no longer needed and added to areas where it is needed. The socket wall reflects the responsiveness to the external forces. [[Osteoblast]]s and newly formed osteoid line the areas of tension whereas line of compression are lined by [[osteoclasts]]. The forces also influence the number density and alignment of [[trabecula]]e inside the bone. The bony trabeculae are aligned in the path of tensile and compressive stresses to provide maximum resistance to occlusal forces with a minimum of bone substance. When forces are increased the bony trabeculae also increase in number and thickness and bone is added to the external surfaces.

The periodontal ligament depends on stimulation provided by function to preserve its structure. Within physiologic limits the PDL can accommodate increased function with increase in its width. Forces that exceed the adaptive capacity of the periodontium produce injury called ''trauma from occlusion''. When occlusal forces are reduced the PDL atrophies, appearing thinned. This phenomenon is called ''[[Atrophy|disuse atrophy]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Periodontology}}
{{Mouth anatomy}}
{{Cranial fibrous joints}}

[[Category:Periodontology]]
[[Category:Human mouth anatomy]]
[[Category:Dental anatomy]]

Incus

2017-06-02T11:41:09Z

Angelito7: SVG version

{{about|ossicle||Incus Records}}
{{Infobox bone
| Name = Anvil, Incus
| Latin = Incus
| GraySubject = 231
| GrayPage = 1044
| Image = Gray917.png
| Caption = Left incus. A. From within. B. From the front.
| Image2 = Gray915.png
| Caption2 = [[Auditory tube]], laid open by a cut in its long axis.
| ImageMap = {{Middle ear map|Incus|Inline=yes}}
| MapCaption = [[ossicles|Bones]] and muscles in the [[tympanic cavity]] in the [[middle ear]]
| Precursor = 1st [[branchial arch]]<ref>{{EmbryologyUNC|hednk|023}}</ref>
| Origins =
| Insertions =
| Articulations = [[Incudomalleolar joint|Incudomalleolar]] and [[incudostapedial joint]]
| MeshName = Incus
| MeshNumber = A09.246.397.247.362
}}
{{Ear series|expanded=Middle}}
The '''anvil''' or '''incus''' {{IPAc-en|'|I|N|k|@|s}} is a [[bone]] in the [[middle ear]]. The [[anvil|anvil-shaped]] small bone is one of three [[ossicles]] in the middle ear. The incus receives vibrations from the [[malleus]], to which it is connected laterally, and transmits these to the [[stapes]], medially. The incus is so-called because of its resemblance to an [[anvil]] ({{lang-la|Incus}}).

==Structure==
{{See also|Ossicles}}
The incus is the second of the [[ossicles]], three bones in the [[middle ear]] which act to transmit sound. It is shaped like an [[anvil]], and has a ''long limb'' and a ''short limb'' that protrude from the point of articulation with the [[malleus]].<ref name=GRAYS2005>{{cite book|last=Drake|first=Richard L.|title=Gray's anatomy for students|year=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8089-2306-0|author2=Vogl, Wayne |author3=Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell |author4=illustrations by Richard |author5= Richardson, Paul }}</ref>{{rp|862}}

==Function==
{{Main|Hearing}}
Vibrations in the [[middle ear]] are received via the [[tympanic membrane]]. The [[malleus]], resting on the membrane, conveys vibrations to the incus. This in turn conveys vibrations to the [[stapes]].<ref name=GRAYS2005 />{{rp|862}}

==History==
Incus means "anvil" in Latin. Several sources attribute the discovery of the incus to the anatomist and philosopher [[Alessandro Achillini]].<ref>Alidosi, GNP. ''I dottori Bolognesi di teologia, filosofia, medicina e d'arti liberali dall'anno 1000 per tutto marzo del 1623'', Tebaldini, N., Bologna, 1623. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51029z/f35.image#</ref><ref>Lind, L. R. ''Studies in pre-Vesalian anatomy. Biography, translations, documents'', American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1975. p.40</ref> The first brief written description of the incus was by [[Berengario da Carpi]] in his ''Commentaria super anatomia Mundini'' (1521).<ref> Jacopo Berengario da Carpi,''Commentaria super anatomia Mundini'', Bologna, 1521. https://archive.org/details/ita-bnc-mag-00001056-001</ref> [[Andreas Vesalius]], in his ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]],''<ref>Andreas Vesalius, ''De humani corporis fabrica''. Johannes Oporinus, Basle, 1543.</ref> was the first to compare the second element of the ossicles to an anvil, thereby giving it the name incus.<ref>O'Malley, C.D. ''Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. p. 121</ref> The final part of the long limb, was once described as a "fourth ossicle" by [[Pieter Paaw]] in 1615.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graboyes|first=Evan M.|author2=Chole, Richard A. |author3=Hullar, Timothy E. |title=The Ossicle of Paaw|journal=Otology & Neurotology|date=September 2011|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1185–1188|doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e31822a28df}}</ref>

==Additional images==
<gallery>
File:Gray43.png|Head and neck of a human embryo eighteen weeks old, with Meckel’s cartilage and hyoid bar exposed.
File:Gray907.png|External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right side.
File:Gray919.png|Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the tympanum.
File:Illu auditory ossicles-en.svg|Ossicles
File:Occipital bone dissection.jpg|Tympanic cavity. Facial canal. Internal carotid artery.
File:Slide1ghe.JPG|Auditory ossicles. Tympanic cavity. Deep dissection.
File:Slide2ghe2.JPG|Aditory ossicles.Incus and malleus.Deep dissection.
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
* [[Hearing]]
* [[Ear]]
* [[Ossicles]]

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* [http://www.anatomywiz.com?Incus1 The Anatomy Wiz] Incus

{{Auditory system}}
{{HumanBones}}

[[Category:Bones of the head and neck]]
[[Category:Auditory system]]
[[Category:Ear]]

Malleus

2017-06-02T11:40:39Z

Angelito7: SVG version

{{about|the ossicle}}
{{Infobox bone
| Name = Malleus
| Latin = Malleus
| Image = Gray916.png
| Caption = Left malleus. A. From behind. B. From within.
| Image2 = Gray912.png
| Caption2 = The right [[membrana tympani]] with the hammer and the [[chorda tympani]], viewed from within, from behind, and from above. (Malleus visible at center.)
| ImageMap = {{Middle ear map|Malleus|Inline=yes}}
| MapCaption = Bones and muscles in the tympanic cavity in the middle ear
| Precursor = 1st [[branchial arch]]<ref>{{EmbryologyUNC|hednk|023}}</ref>
| Origins =
| Insertions =
| Articulations =
| GraySubject = 231
| GrayPage = 1044
| MeshName = Malleus
| MeshNumber = A09.246.397.247.524
}}
{{Ear series|expanded=Middle}}
The '''malleus''' {{IPAc-en|'|m|ae|l|i|@|s}} or '''hammer''' is a hammer-shaped small bone or [[ossicles|ossicle]] of the [[middle ear]] which connects with the [[incus]] and is attached to the inner surface of the [[eardrum]]. The word is Latin for ''hammer'' or ''mallet''. It transmits the sound vibrations from the [[eardrum]] to the ''[[incus]]''.

==Structure==
{{See also|Ossicles}}
The malleus is a bone situated in the middle ear. It is the first of the three [[ossicles]], and attached to the [[tympanic membrane]]. The ''head of the malleus'' is the large protruding section, which attaches to the [[incus]]. The head connects to the ''neck of malleus'', and the bone continues as the ''handle of malleus'', which connects to the tympanic membrane. Between the neck and handle of the malleus, ''lateral'' and ''anterior processes'' emerge from the bone.<ref name=GRAYS2005>{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Richard L. Drake, Wayne Vogl, Adam W. M.|title=Gray's anatomy for students|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-0-8089-2306-0|page=862}}</ref>

The malleus is unique to mammals, and [[Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles|evolved from a lower jaw bone]] in basal [[Amniota|amniotes]] called the [[articular]], which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles and birds.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Ramachandran | first1 = V. S. | author1-link = Vilayanur S. Ramachandran | last2 = Blakeslee | first2 = S. | title = [[Phantoms in the Brain]] | pages = 210 | year =1999 | publisher = Quill | isbn = 9780688172176}}</ref>

===Development===
Embryologically it is derived from the first [[pharyngeal arch]] along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the [[maxilla]] and [[Human mandible|mandible]].

==Function==
{{Main|Hearing}}
The malleus is one of three [[ossicles]] in the [[middle ear]] which transmit sound from the [[ear drum|tympanic membrane (ear drum)]] to the [[inner ear]]. The malleus receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and transmits this to the incus.<ref name=GRAYS2005 />

==History==
Several sources attribute the discovery of the malleus to the anatomist and philosopher [[Alessandro Achillini]].<ref>Alidosi, GNP. ''I dottori Bolognesi di teologia, filosofia, medicina e d'arti liberali dall'anno 1000 per tutto marzo del 1623'', Tebaldini, N., Bologna, 1623. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51029z/f35.image#</ref><ref>Lind, L. R. ''Studies in pre-Vesalian anatomy. Biography, translations, documents'', American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1975. p.40</ref> The first brief written description of the malleus was by [[Berengario da Carpi]] in his ''Commentaria super anatomia Mundini'' (1521).<ref> Jacopo Berengario da Carpi,''Commentaria super anatomia Mundini'', Bologna, 1521. https://archive.org/details/ita-bnc-mag-00001056-001</ref> [[Niccolo Massa]]'s ''Liber introductorius anatomiae''<ref>Niccolo Massa, ''Liber introductorius anatomiae'', Venice, 1536. p.166. http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/fs1/object/display/bsb10151904_00001.html</ref> described the malleus in slightly more detail and likened both it and the [[incus]] to little hammers terming them ''malleoli''.<ref>O'Malley, C.D. ''Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. p. 120</ref>

==Additional images==
{{Gallery|width=120|height=120|lines=5
|File:Illu auditory ossicles-en.svg|Ossicles
|File:Gray43.png|Head and neck of a human embryo eighteen weeks old, with [[Meckel's cartilage]] and [[hyoid bone]] exposed.
|File:Gray907.png|External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right side.
|File:Gray919.png|Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the [[Eardrum|tympanum]].
|File:Malleus-Coronal Section of right Tempoporal bone.png|CT image of malleus
|File:Slide1ghe.JPG|Auditory ossicles. Tympanic cavity. Deep dissection.
|File:Slide2ghe2.JPG|Auditory ossicles. Incus and malleus. Deep dissection.
}}

==See also==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
* [[Bone#Terminology|Bone terminology]]
* [[Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles]]
* [[Ligaments of malleus]]
* [[Terms for anatomical location]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Auditory system}}
{{HumanBones}}

[[Category:Auditory system]]
[[Category:Bones of the head and neck]]
[[Category:Ear]]

Incudostapedial joint

2017-06-02T11:39:37Z

Angelito7: SVG version

{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Incudostapedial joint
| Latin = Articulatio incudostapedia
| GraySubject =
| GrayPage =
| Image = Illu_auditory_ossicles-en.svg
| Caption =
| Width =
| Image2 =
| Caption2 =
| ImageMap =
| MapCaption =
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
| MeshName =
| MeshNumber =
| Code =
| Dorlands =
| DorlandsID =
}}
'''Incudostapedial joint''' or articulatio incudostapedia is a small [[synovial joint]] between the [[incus|incus (anvil)]] and the [[stapes|stapes (stirrup)]]. The joint's function is to transfer vibrations between the [[ossicles]] in the [[middle ear]], which is perceived as sound. Contrary to other synovial joints the moment is very limited and is usually only of springy character. All of the ossicles move as a unit.

The incudostapedial joint lies between the long leg (long crus or crus longum incudis) and the head of the stapes (caput stapedis).

When the [[eardrum]] is moved inward due to sound vibrations, transferred through the [[outer ear]], it transmits to the [[malleus]] and then to the incus via the [[incudomalleolar joint]]. The long leg (long crus or crus longum incudis) moves with the rest of the incus and a small knob, the lenticular process, articulates with the head of the stapes. The stapes then transfers the vibration to [[oval window]].

==See also==
[[Incudomalleolar joint]]

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Rostgaard |first1=Jørgen |last2=Tranum-Jensen |first2=Jørgen |last3=Qvortrup |first3=Klaus |last4=Holm-Nielsen |first4=Peter |year=2009 |title=Hovedets, halsens & de indre organers anatomi |edition=10th |language=Danish |trans_title=The Head, Neck & Internal organs anatomy |isbn= 978-87-628-0534-7|pages=72–73 }}

{{Joints of head and neck}}

[[Category:Joints of the head and neck]]
[[Category:Ear]]
[[Category:Joints]]
[[Category:Human head and neck]]

Incudomalleolar joint

2017-06-02T11:39:02Z

Angelito7: SVG version

{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Incudomallear joint
| Latin = Articulatio incudomallearis
| GraySubject =
| GrayPage =
| Image = Illu_auditory_ossicles-en.svg
| Caption =
| Width =
| Image2 =
| Caption2 =
| ImageMap =
| MapCaption =
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
| MeshName =
| MeshNumber =
| Code =
| Dorlands =
| DorlandsID =
}}
'''Incudomalleolar joint''' (more correctly called incudomallear joint) or articulatio incudomallearis is a small [[synovial joint]] between the [[malleus|malleus (hammer)]] and the [[incus|incus (anvil)]]. The joint's function is to transfer vibrations between the [[ossicles]] in the [[middle ear]], which is perceived as sound. Contrary to other synovial joints the movement is very limited. All of the ossicles move more or less as a unit, at least at low frequencies.

When the [[eardrum]] is moved inward due to sound vibrations, transferred through the [[outer ear]], it transmits to the handle or manubrium of the malleus which is connected to the ear drum. The head of the malleus (caput mallei) moves with it and transfers energy/movement to the corpus of the incus (corpus incudis), which is located directly behind. The sound vibrations are then transferred to the [[stapes|stapes (stirrup)]] through the [[incudostapedial joint]].

==See also==
[[Incudostapedial joint]]

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Rostgaard |first1=Jørgen |last2=Tranum-Jensen |first2=Jørgen |last3=Qvortrup |first3=Klaus |last4=Holm-Nielsen |first4=Peter |year=2009 |title=Hovedets, halsens & de indre organers anatomi |edition=10th |language=Danish |trans_title=The Head, Neck & Internal organs anatomy |isbn= 978-87-628-0534-7|pages=72–73 }}

{{Joints of head and neck}}

[[Category:Joints of the head and neck]]
[[Category:Ear]]
[[Category:Joints]]
[[Category:Human head and neck]]

Ruby (programming language)

2016-10-07T17:35:03Z

Angelito7:

{{about|the programming language||Ruby (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Ruby on Rails}}
{{infobox programming language
| name = Ruby
| logo = [[File:Ruby logo.svg|frameless|100px]]
| slogan = ''A programmer's best friend''
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[Object-oriented programming|Object-oriented]], [[Imperative programming|imperative]], [[Functional programming|functional]], [[Reflective programming|reflective]]
| scope = Lexical, sometimes dynamic
| year = {{start date and age|1995}}
| designer = [[Yukihiro Matsumoto]]
| developer = Yukihiro Matsumoto, et al.
| latest_release_version = 2.3.1
| latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2016|04|26}}<ref name="ruby-announce">{{Cite web
|url=https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2016/04/26/ruby-2-3-1-released/
|title=Ruby 2.3.1 Released
|first=Yui
|last=Naruse
|website=Ruby Programming Language
|publisher=
|date=2016-04-26
|accessdate=2016-04-26
}}</ref>
| typing = [[Duck typing|Duck]], [[Dynamic typing|dynamic]]
| implementations = [[Ruby MRI]], [[YARV]], [[Rubinius]], [[MagLev (software)|MagLev]], [[JRuby]], [[MacRuby]], [[RubyMotion]], [[HotRuby]], [[IronRuby]], [[Mruby]]
| programming_language = [[C (programming language)|C]]
| influenced_by = [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]],<ref name="nov2pro"/> [[C++]],<ref name="nov2pro"/> [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]],<ref name="bini"/> [[Dylan (programming language)|Dylan]],<ref name="bini"/> [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]],<ref name="nov2pro">
{{cite book
| last=Cooper
| first=Peter
| title=Beginning Ruby: From Novice to Professional
| edition=2nd
| series=Beginning from Novice to Professional
| year=2009
| publisher=APress
| location=Berkeley
| isbn=1-4302-2363-4
| page=101
| quote=To a lesser extent, Python, LISP, Eiffel, Ada, and C++ have also influenced Ruby.}}
</ref> [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]], [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]],<ref name="bini"/> [[Perl]],<ref name="bini"/> [[Python (programming language)|Python]],<ref name="bini"/> [[Smalltalk]]<ref name="bini">
{{cite book
| last=Bini
| first=Ola
| title=Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: Bringing Ruby on Rails to Java
| year=2007
| publisher=APress
| location=Berkeley
| isbn=1-59059-881-4
| page=3
| quote=It draws primarily on features from Perl, Smalltalk, Python, Lisp, Dylan, and CLU.}}
</ref>
| influenced = [[Coffeescript]], [[Clojure]], [[Crystal (programming language)|Crystal]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Elixir (programming language)|Elixir]], [[Falcon (programming language)|Falcon]], [[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy]], [[Ioke (programming language)|Ioke]],<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://ioke.org/
| title=Ioke
| last=Bini
| first=Ola
| work=Ioke.org
| accessdate=2011-07-21
| quote=inspired by Io, Smalltalk, Lisp and Ruby}}
</ref> [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.julialang.org/en/stable/manual/introduction/ |title=Introduction — Julia Language 0.4.1 documentation |publisher= |accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref> [[Mirah (programming language)|Mirah]], [[Nu (programming language)|Nu]],<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://programming.nu/about
| title=About Nu™
| last=Burks
| first=Tim
| work=Programming Nu™
| publisher=Neon Design Technology, Inc.
| accessdate=2011-07-21}}
</ref> potion, [[Reia (programming language)|Reia]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]<ref name="lattner2014">{{cite web|url=http://nondot.org/sabre/|title=Chris Lattner's Homepage|last=Lattner|first=Chris|date=2014-06-03|accessdate=2014-06-03|publisher=Chris Lattner|quote=The Swift language is the product of tireless effort from a team of language experts, documentation gurus, compiler optimization ninjas, and an incredibly important internal dogfooding group who provided feedback to help refine and battle-test ideas. Of course, it also greatly benefited from the experiences hard-won by many other languages in the field, drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.}}</ref>
| operating_system = [[Cross-platform]]
| license = [[Ruby License|Ruby]], [[GNU GPL|GPLv2]] or [[2-clause BSD]] license<ref>{{cite web|url=http://svn.ruby-lang.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/trunk/COPYING?view=markup|title=[ruby] Contents of /trunk/COPYING|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://svn.ruby-lang.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/trunk/GPL?view=markup|title=[ruby] Contents of /trunk/GPL|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://svn.ruby-lang.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/trunk/BSDL?view=markup|title=[ruby] Contents of /trunk/BSDL|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>
| website = {{url|www.ruby-lang.org}}
| file_ext = .rb, .rbw
| wikibooks = Ruby Programming
}}

'''Ruby''' is a [[dynamic programming language|dynamic]], [[reflection (computer science)|reflective]], [[object-oriented programming language|object-oriented]], [[general-purpose programming language]]. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by [[Yukihiro Matsumoto|Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto]] in [[Japan]].

According to its creator, Ruby was influenced by [[Perl]], [[Smalltalk]], [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], and [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/about/|title=About Ruby|accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref> It supports multiple [[programming paradigm]]s, including [[Functional programming|functional]], [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], and [[Imperative programming|imperative]]. It also has a [[dynamic type]] system and automatic [[memory management]].

== History ==

=== Early concept ===
Ruby was conceived on February 24, 1993. In a 1999 post to the ''ruby-talk'' mailing list, Ruby author Yukihiro Matsumoto describes some of his early ideas about the language:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ruby-doc-bundle/FAQ/FAQ.html|title=The Ruby Language FAQ|author=Shugo Maeda|date=17 December 2002|accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref>

{{quote|I was talking with my colleague about the possibility of an object-oriented scripting language. I knew Perl (Perl4, not Perl5), but I didn't like it really, because it had the smell of a [[toy language]] (it still has). The object-oriented language seemed very promising. I knew [[Python (programming language)|Python]] then. But I didn't like it, because I didn't think it was a true object-oriented language — OO features appeared to be add-on to the language. As a language maniac and OO fan for 15 years, I really wanted a genuine object-oriented, easy-to-use scripting language. I looked for but couldn't find one. So I decided to make it.}}

Matsumoto describes the design of Ruby as being like a simple [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by [[higher-order function]]s, and practical utility like that of Perl.<ref>{{citation|url=http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/179642|title=ruby-talk: Re: Ruby's lisp features|author=Yukihiro Matsumoto|date=13 February 2006|accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref>

=== The name "Ruby" ===
The name "Ruby" originated during an online chat session between Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka on February 24, 1993, before any code had been written for the language.<ref name="rubyconf-history-of-ruby">http://blog.nicksieger.com/articles/2006/10/20/rubyconf-history-of-ruby History of Ruby</ref> Initially two names were proposed: "[[Coral]]" and "[[Ruby]]". Matsumoto chose the latter in a later e-mail to Ishitsuka.<ref>http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/88819 "[FYI: historic] The decisive moment of the language name Ruby. (Re: [ANN] ruby 1.8.1)" — E-mail from Hiroshi Sugihara to ruby-talk</ref> Matsumoto later noted a factor in choosing the name "Ruby" – it was the [[birthstone]] of one of his colleagues.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ruby-doc-bundle/FAQ/FAQ.html
| title=The Ruby Language FAQ – 1.3 Why the name 'Ruby'?
| publisher=Ruby-Doc.org
| accessdate=April 10, 2012}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite mailing list
| url=http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/394
| title=Re: the name of Ruby?
| mailinglist=Ruby-Talk
| date=June 11, 1999
| author=[[Yukihiro Matsumoto]]
| accessdate=April 10, 2012}}
</ref>

=== First publication ===
The first public release of Ruby 0.95 was announced on Japanese domestic [[newsgroup]]s on December 21, 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eigenclass.org/hiki/ruby+0.95|title=More archeolinguistics: unearthing proto-Ruby|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/382|title=[ruby-talk:00382] Re: history of ruby|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, three more versions of Ruby were released in two days.<ref name="rubyconf-history-of-ruby"/> The release coincided with the launch of the [[Japanese language|Japanese-language]] ''ruby-list'' mailing list, which was the first mailing list for the new language.

Already present at this stage of development were many of the features familiar in later releases of Ruby, including [[object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] design, [[class (computer science)|classes]] with inheritance, [[mixin]]s, [[iterator]]s, [[Closure (computer science)|closures]], [[exception handling]] and [[Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-list/124|title=[ruby-list:124] TUTORIAL - ruby's features|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>

=== Early releases ===
Following the release of Ruby 0.95 in 1995, several stable versions of Ruby were released in the following years:
* Ruby 1.0: December 25, 1996<ref name="rubyconf-history-of-ruby"/>
* Ruby 1.2: December 1998
* Ruby 1.4: August 1999
* Ruby 1.6: September 2000

In 1997, the first article about Ruby was published on the Web. In the same year, Matsumoto was hired by netlab.jp to work on Ruby as a full-time developer.<ref name="rubyconf-history-of-ruby"/>

In 1998, the [[Ruby Application Archive]] was launched by Matsumoto, along with a simple English-language homepage for Ruby.<ref name="rubyconf-history-of-ruby"/>

In 1999, the first English language mailing list ''ruby-talk'' began, which signaled a growing interest in the language outside Japan.<ref name="linuxdevcenter">http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html An Interview with the Creator of Ruby</ref> In this same year, Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka wrote the first book on Ruby, ''The Object-oriented Scripting Language Ruby'' (オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語 Ruby), which was published in Japan in October 1999. It would be followed in the early 2000s by around 20 books on Ruby published in Japanese.<ref name="rubyconf-history-of-ruby"/>

By 2000, Ruby was more popular than Python in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ruby-doc.com/docs/ProgrammingRuby/html/foreword.html|title=Programming Ruby: Forward|author=Yukihiro Matsumoto|date=October 2000|accessdate=5 March 2014}}</ref> In September 2000, the first English language book ''[[Programming Ruby]]'' was printed, which was later freely released to the public, further widening the adoption of Ruby amongst English speakers. In early 2002, the English-language ''ruby-talk'' mailing list was receiving more messages than the Japanese-language ''ruby-list'', demonstrating Ruby's increasing popularity in the English-speaking world.

=== Ruby 1.8 ===
Ruby 1.8 was initially released in August 2003, was stable for a long time, and was retired June 2013.<ref name="1.8.7-retirement"/> Although deprecated, there is still code based on it. Ruby 1.8 is only partially compatible with Ruby 1.9.

Ruby 1.8 has been the subject of several industry standards. The language specifications for Ruby were developed by the Open Standards Promotion Center of the Information-Technology Promotion Agency (a [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]] agency) for submission to the [[Japanese Industrial Standards Committee]] (JISC) and then to the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO). It was accepted as a Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS X 3017) in 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipa.go.jp/about/press/20110322.html|title=IPA 独立行政法人情報処理推進機構：プレス発表　プログラム言語RubyのJIS規格（JIS X 3017）制定について|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref> and an international standard ([[ISO/IEC 30170]]) in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipa.go.jp/about/press/20120402_2.html|title=IPA 独立行政法人情報処理推進機構：プレス発表　プログラム言語Ruby、国際規格として承認|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>

Around 2005, interest in the Ruby language surged in tandem with [[Ruby on Rails]], a [[web framework]] written in Ruby. Rails is frequently credited with increasing awareness of Ruby.<ref>[http://www.devarticles.com/c/a/Ruby-on-Rails/Web-Development-Ruby-on-Rails/ Web Development: Ruby on Rails]. Devarticles.com (2007-03-22). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref>

=== Ruby 1.9 ===
Ruby 1.9 was released in December 2007. Effective with Ruby 1.9.3, released October 31, 2011,<ref>
{{cite web
| title=Ruby 1.9.3 p0 is released
| url=http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2011/10/31/ruby-1-9-3-p0-is-released/
| publisher=ruby-lang.org
| date=October 31, 2011
| accessdate=February 20, 2013}}
</ref> Ruby switched from being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the GPL to being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the two-clause BSD license.<ref>
{{cite web
| title=v1_9_3_0/NEWS
| url=http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/tags/v1_9_3_0/NEWS
| work=Ruby [[Apache Subversion|Subversion]] source repository
| publisher=ruby-lang.org
| date=September 17, 2011
| accessdate=February 20, 2013}}
</ref> Adoption of 1.9 was slowed by changes from 1.8 that required many popular third party [[#Repositories and libraries|gems]] to be rewritten.

Ruby 1.9 introduces many significant changes over the 1.8 series.<ref>[http://slideshow.rubyforge.org/ruby19.html Ruby 1.9: What to Expect]. Slideshow.rubyforge.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref> Examples:
* [[Local variable|block local]] variables (variables that are local to the [[block (programming)|block]] in which they are declared)
* an additional [[Anonymous function|lambda]] syntax: {{code|2=ruby|1=f = ->(a,b) {{(}} puts a + b {{)}}}}
* per-string [[character encoding]]s are supported
* new socket API ([[IPv6]] support)
* <code>require_relative</code> import security

Ruby 1.9 has been obsolete since February 23, 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2015/02/23/support-for-ruby-1-9-3-has-ended/|title=Support for Ruby 1.9.3 has ended|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref> and it will no longer receive bug and security fixes. Users are advised to upgrade to a more recent version.

=== Ruby 2.0 ===
Ruby 2.0 added several new features, including:
* method keyword arguments,
* a new method, <code>Module#prepend</code>, for extending a class,
* a new literal for creating an array of symbols,
* new API for the [[lazy evaluation]] of Enumerables, and
* a new convention of using #to_h to convert objects to Hashes.<ref>Endoh, Yusuke. (2013-02-24) [http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/02/24/ruby-2-0-0-p0-is-released/ Ruby 2.0.0-p0 is released]. Ruby-lang.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref>

Ruby 2.0 is intended to be fully backward compatible with Ruby 1.9.3. As of the official 2.0.0 release on February 24, 2013, there were only five known (minor) incompatibilities.<ref name="2-0-release-incompatibilities">Endoh, Yusuke. (2013-02-24) [http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/02/24/ruby-2-0-0-p0-is-released/#label-8 Ruby 2.0.0-p0 is released]. Ruby-lang.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref>

It has been obsolete since February 22, 2016 [https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2016/02/24/support-plan-of-ruby-2-0-0-and-2-1/] and it will no longer receive bug and security fixes. Users are advised to upgrade to a more recent version.

=== Ruby 2.1 ===
Ruby 2.1.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2013.<ref name="2-1-0-release">{{cite web| url=https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/12/25/ruby-2-1-0-is-released/|title=Ruby 2.1.0 is released|date=December 25, 2013|accessdate=December 26, 2013}}</ref> The release includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates.

Starting with 2.1.0, Ruby's versioning policy is more like [[semantic versioning]].<ref name="semantic-versioning">{{cite web| url=http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/12/21/semantic-versioning-after-2-1-0/|title=Semantic Versioning starting with Ruby 2.1.0|date=December 21, 2013|accessdate=December 27, 2013}}</ref> Although similar, Ruby's versioning policy is not compatible with semantic versioning:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ruby !! Semantic versioning
|-
| '''MAJOR''': Increased when incompatible change which can’t be released in MINOR. Reserved for special events. || '''MAJOR''': Increased when you make incompatible API changes.
|-
| '''MINOR''': increased every Christmas, ''may be'' API incompatible. || '''MINOR''': increased when you add functionality in a ''backwards-compatible'' manner.

|-
| '''TEENY''': security or bug fix which maintains API compatibility. May be increased more than 10 (such as 2.1.11), and will be released every 2–3 months. || '''PATCH''': increased when you make backwards-compatible bug fixes.
|-
| '''PATCH''': number of commits since last MINOR release (will be reset at 0 when releasing MINOR).
|| -
|}

Semantic versioning also provides additional labels for pre-release and build metadata are available as extensions to the MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH format, not available at Ruby.

=== Ruby 2.2 ===
Ruby 2.2.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2014.<ref name="2-2-0-release">{{cite web| url=https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2014/12/25/ruby-2-2-0-released/|title=Ruby 2.2.0 Released|date=December 25, 2014|accessdate=January 4, 2015}}</ref> The release includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs. Most notably, Ruby 2.2.0 introduces changes to memory handling{{snd}} an incremental garbage collector, support for garbage collection of symbols and the option to compile directly against jemalloc. It also contains experimental support for using [[vfork]](2) with system() and spawn(), and added support for the [[Unicode]] 7.0 specification.

Features that were made obsolete or removed include callcc, the DL library, Digest::HMAC, lib/rational.rb, lib/complex.rb, GServer, Logger::Application as well as various C API functions.<ref name="obsolete-or-gone-in-2.2">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/v2_2_0/NEWS|title=ruby/NEWS at v2_2_0 · ruby/ruby · GitHub|work=GitHub|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>

;PowerPC64 performance: Since version 2.2.1,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2015/03/03/ruby-2-2-1-released|title=Ruby 2.2.1 Released|accessdate=12 July 2016|author=Gustavo Frederico Temple Pedrosa, Vitor de Lima, Leonardo Bianconi|year=2015}}</ref> Ruby MRI performance on [[ppc64|PowerPC64]] was improved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/tags/v2_2_1/ChangeLog|title=v2.2.1 ChangeLog|accessdate=12 July 2016|author=Gustavo Frederico Temple Pedrosa, Vitor de Lima, Leonardo Bianconi|year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9997|title=Specifying non volatile registers for increase performance in ppc64|accessdate=12 July 2016|author=Gustavo Frederico Temple Pedrosa, Vitor de Lima, Leonardo Bianconi|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10081|title=Specifying MACRO for increase performance in ppc64|accessdate=12 July 2016|author=Gustavo Frederico Temple Pedrosa, Vitor de Lima, Leonardo Bianconi|year=2014}}</ref>

=== Ruby 2.3 ===
Ruby 2.3.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2015. A few notable changes include:
* The ability to mark all strings literals as frozen by default with consequently large performance increase in string operations.<ref>[http://dev.mensfeld.pl/2015/11/ruby-2-3-0-changes-and-features/#frozen Ruby 2.3.0 changes and features – Frozen string literals]</ref>
* Hash comparison to allow direct checking of key/value pairs instead of just keys.
* A new [[safe navigation operator]] <code>&.</code> that can ease nil handling (e.g. instead of {{code|lang=ruby|code=if obj && obj.foo && obj.foo.bar}}, we can use <code>if obj&.foo&.bar</code>).
* The ''did_you_mean'' gem is now bundled by default and required on startup to automatically suggest similar name matches on a ''NameError'' or ''NoMethodError''.
* ''Hash#dig'' and ''Array#dig'' to easily extract deeply nested values (e.g. given {{code|lang=ruby|code=profile = { social: { wikipedia: { name: 'Foo Baz' } } }<nowiki />}}, the value ''Foo Baz'' can now be retrieved by <code>profile.dig(:social, :wikipedia, :name)</code>).
* <code>.grep_v(regexp)</code> which will match all negative examples of a given regular expression in addition to other new features.

The 2.3 branch also includes many performance improvements, updates, and bugfixes including changes to Proc#call, Socket and IO use of exception keywords, Thread#name handling, default passive Net::FTP connections, and Rake being removed from stdlib.<ref name="Ruby 2.3.0 NEWS">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/v2_3_0/NEWS|title=Ruby/NEWS at v.2_3_0 - ruby/ruby - Github|work=GitHub|accessdate=25 December 2015}}</ref>

== Table of versions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Version
! Latest teeny version
! Initial release date
! End of support phase
! End of security maintenance phase
|-
| {{Version |o |1.8}}
| 1.8.7-p375<ref>[https://blog.heroku.com/archives/2013/12/5/a_patch_in_time_securing_ruby A Patch in Time: Securing Ruby]</ref>
| 2003-08-04<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2003/08/04/ruby-180-released/ ruby-1.8.0 released!]</ref>
| 2012-06<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2011/10/06/plans-for-1-8-7/ Plans for 1.8.7]</ref>
| 2014-07-01<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2014/07/01/eol-for-1-8-7-and-1-9-2/ EOL for Ruby 1.8.7 and 1.9.2]</ref>
|-
| {{Version |o |1.9}}
| 1.9.3-p551<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2014/11/13/ruby-1-9-3-p551-is-released/ Ruby 1.9.3-p551 Released]</ref>
| 2007-12-25<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2007/12/25/ruby-1-9-0-released/ Ruby 1.9.0 Released]</ref>
| 2014-02-23<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2014/01/10/ruby-1-9-3-will-end-on-2015/ Support for Ruby version 1.9.3 will end on February 23, 2015]</ref>
| 2015-02-23<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2015/02/23/support-for-ruby-1-9-3-has-ended/ Support for Ruby 1.9.3 has ended]</ref>
|-
| {{Version |o |2.0}}
| 2.0.0-p648<ref name="Ruby 2.0.0-p648 Released">[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2015/12/16/ruby-2-0-0-p648-released/ Ruby 2.0.0-p648 Released]</ref>
| 2013-02-24<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/02/24/ruby-2-0-0-p0-is-released/ Ruby 2.0.0-p0 is released]</ref>
| 2015-02-24<ref name="Ruby 2.0.0-p648 Released"/>
| 2016-02-24<ref name="Ruby 2.0.0-p648 Released"/>
|-
| {{Version |co |2.1}}
| 2.1.10<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2016/04/01/ruby-2-1-10-released/ Ruby 2.1.10 Released]</ref>
| 2013-12-25<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/12/25/ruby-2-1-0-is-released/ Ruby 2.1.0 is released]</ref>
| 2016-03-30<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2016/02/24/support-plan-of-ruby-2-0-0-and-2-1/ Support plans for Ruby 2.0.0 and Ruby 2.1]</ref><ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2016/03/30/ruby-2-1-9-released/ Ruby 2.1.9 Released]</ref>
| {{TBA}}
|-
| {{Version |co |2.2}}
| 2.2.5<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2016/04/26/ruby-2-2-5-released/ Ruby 2.2.5 Released]</ref>
| 2014-12-25<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2014/12/25/ruby-2-2-0-released/ Ruby 2.2.0 Released]</ref>
| {{TBA}}
| {{TBA}}
|-
| {{Version |c |2.3}}
| 2.3.1<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2016/04/26/ruby-2-3-1-released/ Ruby 2.3.1 Released]</ref>
| 2015-12-25<ref>[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2015/12/25/ruby-2-3-0-released/ Ruby 2.3.0 Released]</ref>
| {{TBA}}
| {{TBA}}
|-
| {{Version |p |2.4}}
|
| 2016-12-25
|
|
|-
| {{Version |p |3.0}}
|
| {{TBA}}<ref>[http://www.mangrove.com/en/journal/2015-11-17-whats-coming-in-ruby-3-and-rails-5/ What’s coming in Ruby 3 and Rails 5]</ref>
|
|
|-
| colspan=5 | {{Version|l|show=111101}}
|}

== Philosophy ==
[[File:Yukihiro Matsumoto.JPG|thumb|[[Yukihiro Matsumoto]], the creator of Ruby]]

Matsumoto has said that Ruby is designed for programmer productivity and fun, following the principles of good [[user interface]] design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=18225|title=The Ruby Programming Language|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref> At a Google Tech Talk in 2008 Matsumoto further stated, "I hope to see Ruby help every programmer in the world to be productive, and to enjoy programming, and to be happy. That is the primary purpose of Ruby language."<ref name="googletechtalk">{{YouTube|oEkJvvGEtB4|Google Tech Talks – Ruby 1.9}}</ref> He stresses that systems design needs to emphasize human, rather than computer, needs:<ref name="artima">{{cite web|url=http://www.artima.com/intv/ruby4.html|title=The Philosophy of Ruby|author=Bill Venners|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>

{{quote|Often people, especially computer engineers, focus on the machines. They think, "By doing this, the machine will run fast. By doing this, the machine will run more effectively. By doing this, the machine will something something something." They are focusing on machines. But in fact we need to focus on humans, on how humans care about doing programming or operating the application of the machines. We are the masters. They are the slaves.}}

Ruby is said to follow the [[principle of least astonishment]] (POLA), meaning that the language should behave in such a way as to minimize confusion for experienced users. Matsumoto has said his primary design goal was to make a language that he himself enjoyed using, by minimizing programmer work and possible confusion. He has said that he had not applied the principle of least astonishment to the design of Ruby,<ref name="artima"/> but nevertheless the phrase has come to be closely associated with the Ruby programming language. The phrase has itself been a source of surprise, as novice users may take it to mean that Ruby's behaviors try to closely match behaviors familiar from other languages. In a May 2005 discussion on the newsgroup comp.lang.ruby, Matsumoto attempted to distance Ruby from POLA, explaining that because any design choice will be surprising to someone, he uses a personal standard in evaluating surprise. If that personal standard remains consistent, there would be few surprises for those familiar with the standard.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.rubyweeklynews.org/20050529 Ruby Weekly News 23rd – 29th May 2005]</ref>

Matsumoto defined it this way in an interview:<ref name="artima"/>

{{quote|Everyone has an individual background. Someone may come from [[Python (programming language)|Python]], someone else may come from [[Perl]], and they may be surprised by different aspects of the language. Then they come up to me and say, 'I was surprised by this feature of the language, so Ruby violates the principle of least surprise.' Wait. Wait. The principle of least surprise is not for you only. The principle of least surprise means principle of least ''my'' surprise. And it means the principle of least surprise after you learn Ruby very well. For example, I was a [[C++]] programmer before I started designing Ruby. I programmed in [[C++]] exclusively for two or three years. And after two years of C++ programming, it still surprises me.}}

== Features ==
* Thoroughly [[object-oriented]] with [[Inheritance (computer science)|inheritance]], [[mixin]]s and [[metaclass]]es<ref name="stewart">{{cite web|url=http://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html|title=An Interview with the Creator of Ruby - O'Reilly Media|author=Bruce Stewart|date=29 November 2001|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>
* [[Dynamic typing]] and [[duck typing]]
* Everything is an [[Expression (programming)|expression]] (even [[Statement (programming)|statements]]) and everything is executed [[Imperative programming|imperatively]] (even [[Declaration (computer science)|declarations]])
* Succinct and flexible syntax<ref name="venners-productivity">{{cite web|url=http://www.artima.com/intv/tuesday3.html|title=Dynamic Productivity with Ruby|author=Bill Venners|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref> that minimizes [[syntactic noise]] and serves as a foundation for [[domain-specific languages]]<ref name="fowler-dsl">{{cite web|url=http://martinfowler.com/articles/languageWorkbench.html|title=Language Workbenches: The Killer-App for Domain Specific Languages?|work=martinfowler.com|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>
* Dynamic [[Reflection (computer science)|reflection]] and [[Dynamic programming language#Object runtime alteration|alteration]] of objects to facilitate [[metaprogramming]]<ref name="codeproject-dynamic">[http://www.codeproject.com/useritems/Ruby_Dynamic_Methods.asp Ruby – Add class methods at runtime]</ref>
* [[Closure (computer science)|Lexical closures]], [[iterator]]s and [[Generator (computer science)|generators]], with a unique [[#Blocks and iterators|block syntax]]<ref name="venners-closures">{{cite web|url=http://www.artima.com/intv/closures.html|title=Blocks and Closures in Ruby|author=Bill Venners|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>
* Literal notation for [[Dynamic array|arrays]], [[Associative array|hashes]], [[regular expression]]s and [[Symbol (Lisp)|symbols]]
* Embedding code in strings ([[Variable interpolation|interpolation]])
* [[Default argument]]s
* Four levels of variable scope ([[Global variable|global]], [[Class variable|class]], [[Instance variable|instance]], and [[Local variable|local]]) denoted by [[Sigil (computer programming)|sigils]] or the lack thereof
* [[Garbage collection (computer science)|Garbage collection]]
* [[First-class continuation]]s
* Strict boolean [[Implicit type conversion|coercion]] rules (everything is ''true'' except <code>false</code> and <code>[[Null pointer|nil]]</code>)
* [[Exception handling]]
* [[Operator overloading]]
* Built-in support for [[rational number]]s, [[complex number]]s and [[arbitrary-precision arithmetic]]
* Custom dispatch behavior (through <code>method_missing</code> and <code>const_missing</code>)
* Native [[Thread (computer science)|threads]] and cooperative [[Fiber (computer science)|fibers]] (fibers are a 1.9/[[YARV]] feature)
* Initial support for [[Unicode]] and multiple [[character encoding]]s (no [[International Components for Unicode|ICU]] support)<ref name="rubyunicodesupport">{{cite web|url=https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/2034|title=Feature #2034: Consider the ICU Library for Improving and Expanding Unicode Support - Ruby trunk - Ruby Issue Tracking System|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>
* Native [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-in]] API in [[C (programming language)|C]]
* [[Interactive Ruby Shell]] (a [[Read–eval–print loop|REPL]])
* Centralized package management through [[RubyGems]]
* Implemented on all major platforms
* Large standard library, including modules for [[YAML]], [[JSON]], [[XML]], [[Common Gateway Interface|CGI]], [[OpenSSL]], [[HTTP]], [[FTP]], [[RSS]], [[curses (programming library)|curses]], [[zlib]], and [[Tk]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/ | title = Ruby 2.0.0 Standard Library Documentation | accessdate = 2013-12-09 | last = Britt | first = James}}</ref>

== Semantics ==
Ruby is [[object-oriented]]: every value is an object, including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives (such as [[Integer (computer science)|integers]], booleans, and "[[null pointer|null]]"). Variables always hold references to objects. Every [[function (programming)|function]] is a [[method (programming)|method]] and methods are always called on an object. Methods defined at the top level scope become members of the Object class. Since this class is an ancestor of every other class, such methods can be called on any object. They are also visible in all scopes, effectively serving as "global" procedures. Ruby supports [[inheritance (object-oriented programming)|inheritance]] with [[dynamic dispatch]], [[mixin]]s and singleton methods (belonging to, and defined for, a single [[instance (computer science)|instance]] rather than being defined on the class). Though Ruby does not support [[multiple inheritance]], classes can import [[module (programming)|modules]] as mixins.

Ruby has been described as a [[multi-paradigm programming language]]: it allows procedural programming (defining functions/variables outside classes makes them part of the root, 'self' Object), with object orientation (everything is an object) or [[functional programming]] (it has [[anonymous function]]s, [[Closure (computer science)|closures]], and [[continuation]]s; statements all have values, and functions return the last evaluation). It has support for [[Introspection (computer science)|introspection]], [[Reflection (computer science)|reflection]] and [[metaprogramming]], as well as support for interpreter-based<ref>[[Green threads]]</ref> [[Thread (computer science)|threads]]. Ruby features [[Type system|dynamic typing]], and supports [[parametric polymorphism]].

According to the Ruby [[FAQ]], the syntax is similar to [[Perl]] and the semantics are similar to [[Smalltalk]] but it differs greatly from [[Python (programming language)|Python]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rootr.net/rubyfaq-2.html|title=The Ruby Language FAQ: How Does Ruby Stack Up Against...?|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>

== Syntax ==
The syntax of Ruby is broadly similar to that of [[Perl]] and [[Python (programming language)|Python]]. Class and method definitions are signaled by keywords, whereas code blocks can be both defined by keywords or braces. In contrast to Perl, variables are not obligatorily prefixed with a [[sigil (computer programming)|sigil]]. When used, the sigil changes the semantics of scope of the variable. For practical purposes there is no distinction between [[expression (programming)|expressions]] and [[statement (programming)|statements]].<ref>''In Ruby's syntax, statement is just a special case of an expression that cannot appear as an argument (e.g. multiple assignment).'' http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/1120 ''statement [...] can not be part of expression unless grouped within parentheses.'' http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/2460</ref> Line breaks are significant and taken as the end of a statement; a semicolon may be equivalently used. Unlike Python, indentation is not significant.

One of the differences of Ruby compared to [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[Perl]] is that Ruby keeps all of its instance variables completely private to the class and only exposes them through accessor methods (<code>attr_writer</code>, <code>attr_reader</code>, etc.). Unlike the "getter" and "setter" methods of other languages like [[C++]] or [[Java (programming language)|Java]], accessor methods in Ruby can be created with a single line of code via [[metaprogramming]]; however, accessor methods can also be created in the traditional fashion of [[C++]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]. As invocation of these methods does not require the use of parentheses, it is trivial to change an instance variable into a full function, without modifying a single line of code or having to do any refactoring achieving similar functionality to [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] and [[VB.NET]] property members.

Python's property descriptors are similar, but come with a tradeoff in the development process. If one begins in Python by using a publicly exposed instance variable, and later changes the implementation to use a private instance variable exposed through a property descriptor, code internal to the class may need to be adjusted to use the private variable rather than the public property. Ruby’s design forces all instance variables to be private, but also provides a simple way to declare <code>set</code> and <code>get</code> methods. This is in keeping with the idea that in Ruby, one never directly accesses the internal members of a class from outside the class; rather, one passes a message to the class and receives a response.

See the [[#Examples|Examples]] section below for samples of code demonstrating Ruby syntax.

== Differences from other languages ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2016}}
Some features that differ notably from languages such as [[C (programming language)|C]] or [[Perl]]:
* The language [[Syntax (programming languages)|syntax]] is sensitive to the capitalization of identifiers, in all cases treating capitalized variables as constants. Class and module names are constants and refer to objects derived from <code>Class</code> and <code>Module</code>.
* The [[sigil (computer programming)|sigils]] <code>$</code> and <code>@</code> do not indicate variable [[data type]] as in Perl, but rather function as [[scope resolution operator]]s.
* Floating point literals must have digits on both sides of the decimal point: neither <code>.5</code> nor <code>2.</code> are valid floating point literals, but <code>0.5</code> and <code>2.0</code> are.
:(In Ruby, integer literals are objects that can have methods apply to them, so requiring a digit after a decimal point helps to clarify whether <code>1.e5</code> should be parsed analogously to <code>1.to_f</code> or as the exponential-format floating literal <code>1.0e5</code>. The reason for requiring a digit before the decimal point is less clear; it might relate either to method invocation again, or perhaps to the <code>..</code> and <code>...</code> operators, for example in the fragment <code>0.1...3</code>.)
* [[Boolean datatype|Boolean]] non-boolean datatypes are permitted in boolean contexts (unlike in e.g. Smalltalk and Java), but their mapping to boolean values differs markedly from some other languages: <code>0</code> and "empty" (e.g. empty list, string or associative array) all evaluate to ''true'', thus changing the meaning of some common idioms in related or similar languages such as Lisp, Perl and Python.
:A consequence of this rule is that Ruby methods by convention — for example, [[regular expression|regular-expression]] searches — return numbers, strings, lists, or other non-''false'' values on success, but <code>nil</code> on failure.
* Versions prior to 1.9 use plain integers to represent single characters, much like [[C (programming language)|C]]. This may cause surprises when slicing strings: <code>"abc"[0]</code> yields 97 (the [[ASCII]] code of the first character in the string); to obtain <code>"a"</code> use <code>"abc"[0,1]</code> (a substring of length 1) or <code>"abc"[0].chr</code>.
* The notation <code>statement until expression</code> does not run the statement if the expression is already ''true''. (The behavior is like Perl, but unlike other languages' equivalent statements, e.g. {{code|lang=c++|code=do { statement } while (!(expression));}} in [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]]/...). This is because <code>statement until expression</code> is actually [[syntactic sugar]] over <code>until expression; statement; end</code>, the equivalent of which in [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]] is <code>while (!(expression)) { statement; }</code>, just as <code>statement if expression</code> is equivalent to <code>if (expression) { statement; }</code>. However, the notation <code>begin statement end until expression</code> in Ruby will in fact run the statement once even if the expression is already ''true'', acting similar to the <code>do-while</code> of other languages. (Matsumoto has expressed a desire to remove the special behavior of <code>begin statement end until expression</code>,<ref>[http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-core/6745 Re: semenatics of if/unless/while statement modifiers]. Blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp (2005-11-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref> but it still exists as of Ruby 2.0.)
* Because constants are references to objects, changing what a constant refers to generates a warning, but modifying the object itself does not. For example, {{code|lang=ruby|code=Greeting << " world!" if Greeting == "Hello"}} does not generate an error or warning. This is similar to final variables in Java or a const pointer to a non-const object in [[C++]].
* Ruby provides the functionality to [http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.3.0/Object.html#method-i-freeze freeze] an object.
* The usual conjunctive and disjunctive operators for conditional expressions have the same precedence, so <code>and</code> does not bind tighter than <code>or</code> in Ruby, a behaviour similar to languages such as [[APL (programming language)|APL]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[VHDL]], [[Mathematica]], zkl and others. However, Ruby also has C-like operators <code>||</code> and <code>&&</code> that work as in C-like languages.

A list of so-called [[gotcha (programming)|gotchas]] may be found in Hal Fulton's book ''The Ruby Way'', 2nd ed (ISBN 0-672-32884-4), Section 1.5. A similar list in the 1st edition pertained to an older version of Ruby (version 1.6), some problems of which have been fixed in the meantime. For example, <code>retry</code> now works with <code>while</code>, <code>until</code>, and <code>for</code>, as well as with iterators.

== Interaction ==
{{See also|Interactive Ruby Shell}}

The Ruby official distribution also includes <code>irb</code>, an interactive command-line interpreter that can be used to test code quickly. The following code fragment represents a sample session using <code>irb</code>:

<source lang="irb">
$ irb
irb(main):001:0> puts 'Hello, World'
Hello, World
=> nil
irb(main):002:0> 1+2
=> 3
</source>

== Examples ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2014}}
The following examples can be run in a Ruby shell such as [[Interactive Ruby Shell]], or saved in a file and run from the command line by typing <code>ruby ''<filename>''</code>.

Classic [[Hello world]] example:

<source lang="ruby">
puts 'Hello World!'
</source>

Some basic Ruby code:

<source lang="ruby">
# Everything, including a literal, is an object, so this works:
-199.abs # => 199
'ice is nice'.length # => 11
'ruby is cool.'.index('u') # => 1
"Nice Day Isn't It?".downcase.split('').uniq.sort.join # => " '?acdeinsty"
</source>

Input:
<source lang="ruby">
print 'Please type name >'
name = gets.chomp
puts "Hello #{name}."
</source>
Conversions:

<source lang="ruby">
puts 'Give me a number'
number = gets.chomp
puts number.to_i
output_number = number.to_i + 1
puts output_number.to_s + ' is a bigger number.'
</source>

=== Strings ===
There are a variety of ways to define strings in Ruby.

The following assignments are equivalent:

<source lang="ruby">
a = "\nThis is a double-quoted string\n"
a = %Q{\nThis is a double-quoted string\n}
a = %{\nThis is a double-quoted string\n}
a = %/\nThis is a double-quoted string\n/
a = <<-BLOCK

This is a double-quoted string
BLOCK
</source>

Strings support [[variable interpolation]]:

<source lang="ruby">
var = 3.14159
"pi is #{var}"
=> "pi is 3.14159"
</source>

The following assignments are equivalent and produce [[raw string]]s:

<source lang="ruby">
a = 'This is a single-quoted string'
a = %q{This is a single-quoted string}
</source>

=== Collections ===
Constructing and using an [[Array data type|array]]:

<source lang="ruby">
a = [1, 'hi', 3.14, 1, 2, [4, 5]]

a[2] # => 3.14
a.[](2) # => 3.14
a.reverse # => [[4, 5], 2, 1, 3.14, 'hi', 1]
a.flatten.uniq # => [1, 'hi', 3.14, 2, 4, 5]
</source>

Constructing and using an [[associative array]] (in Ruby, called a ''hash''):

<source lang="ruby">
hash = Hash.new # equivalent to hash = {}
hash = { :water => 'wet', :fire => 'hot' } # makes the previous line redundant as we are now
# assigning hash to a new, separate hash object
puts hash[:fire] # prints "hot"

hash.each_pair do |key, value| # or: hash.each do |key, value|
puts "#{key} is #{value}"
end
# returns {:water=>"wet", :fire=>"hot"} and prints:
# water is wet
# fire is hot

hash.delete :water # deletes the pair :water => 'wet' and returns "wet"
hash.delete_if {|key,value| value == 'hot'} # deletes the pair :fire => 'hot' and returns {}
</source>

=== Control structures ===
If statement:

<source lang="ruby">
# Generate a random number and print whether it's even or odd.
if rand(100) % 2 == 0
puts "It's even"
else
puts "It's odd"
end
</source>

=== Blocks and iterators ===
The two syntaxes for creating a code block:

<source lang="ruby">
{ puts 'Hello, World!' } # note the braces
# or:
do
puts 'Hello, World!'
end
</source>

A code block can be passed to a method as an optional block argument. Many built-in methods have such arguments:

<source lang="ruby">
File.open('file.txt', 'w') do |file| # 'w' denotes "write mode"
file.puts 'Wrote some text.'
end # file is automatically closed here

File.readlines('file.txt').each do |line|
puts line
end
# => Wrote some text.
</source>

Parameter-passing a block to be a [[Closure (computer science)|closure]]:

<source lang="ruby">
# In an object instance variable (denoted with '@'), remember a block.
def remember(&a_block)
@block = a_block
end

# Invoke the preceding method, giving it a block that takes a name.
remember {|name| puts "Hello, #{name}!"}

# Call the closure (note that this happens not to close over any free variables):
@block.call('Jon') # => "Hello, Jon!"
</source>

Creating an [[anonymous function]]:

<source lang="ruby">
proc {|arg| puts arg}
Proc.new {|arg| puts arg}
lambda {|arg| puts arg}
->(arg) {puts arg} # introduced in Ruby 1.9
</source>

Returning [[Closure (computer science)|closures]] from a method:

<source lang="ruby">
def create_set_and_get(initial_value=0) # note the default value of 0
closure_value = initial_value
[ Proc.new {|x| closure_value = x}, Proc.new { closure_value } ]
end

setter, getter = create_set_and_get # returns two values
setter.call(21)
getter.call # => 21

# Parameter variables can also be used as a binding for the closure,
# so the preceding can be rewritten as:

def create_set_and_get(closure_value=0)
[ proc {|x| closure_value = x } , proc { closure_value } ]
end
</source>

Yielding the flow of program control to a block that was provided at calling time:

<source lang="ruby">
def use_hello
yield "hello"
end

# Invoke the preceding method, passing it a block.
use_hello {|string| puts string} # => 'hello'
</source>

Iterating over enumerations and arrays using blocks:

<source lang="ruby">
array = [1, 'hi', 3.14]
array.each {|item| puts item }
# prints:
# 1
# 'hi'
# 3.14

array.each_index {|index| puts "#{index}: #{array[index]}" }
# prints:
# 0: 1
# 1: 'hi'
# 2: 3.14

# The following uses a (a..b) Range
(3..6).each {|num| puts num }
# prints:
# 3
# 4
# 5
# 6

# The following uses a (a...b) Range
(3...6).each {|num| puts num }
# prints:
# 3
# 4
# 5
</source>

A method such as <code>inject</code> can accept both a parameter and a block. The <code>inject</code> method iterates over each member of a list, performing some function on it while retaining an aggregate. This is analogous to the <code>[[foldl]]</code> function in [[functional programming languages]]. For example:

<source lang="ruby">
[1,3,5].inject(10) {|sum, element| sum + element} # => 19
</source>

On the first pass, the block receives 10 (the argument to inject) as <code>sum</code>, and 1 (the first element of the array) as <code>element</code>. This returns 11, which then becomes <code>sum</code> on the next pass. It is added to 3 to get 14, which is then added to 5 on the third pass, to finally return 19.

Using an enumeration and a block to square the numbers 1 to 10 (using a ''range''):

<source lang="ruby">
(1..10).collect {|x| x*x} # => [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
</source>

Or invoke a method on each item (<code>map</code> is a synonym for <code>collect</code>):

<source lang="ruby">
(1..5).map(&:to_f) # => [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]
</source>

=== Classes ===
The following code defines a class named <code>Person</code>. In addition to <code>initialize</code>, the usual constructor to create new objects, it has two methods: one to override the <code><=></code> comparison operator (so <code>Array#sort</code> can sort by age) and the other to override the <code>to_s</code> method (so <code>Kernel#puts</code> can format its output). Here, <code>attr_reader</code> is an example of metaprogramming in Ruby: <code>attr_accessor</code> defines getter and setter methods of instance variables, but <code>attr_reader</code> only getter methods. The last evaluated statement in a method is its return value, allowing the omission of an explicit <code>return</code> statement.

<source lang="ruby">
class Person
attr_reader :name, :age
def initialize(name, age)
@name, @age = name, age
end
def <=>(person) # the comparison operator for sorting
@age <=> person.age
end
def to_s
"#{@name} (#{@age})"
end
end

group = [
Person.new("Bob", 33),
Person.new("Chris", 16),
Person.new("Ash", 23)
]

puts group.sort.reverse
</source>

The preceding code prints three names in reverse age order:

<source lang="text">
Bob (33)
Ash (23)
Chris (16)
</source>

<code>Person</code> is a constant and is a reference to a <code>Class</code> object.

==== Open classes ====
In Ruby, classes are never closed: methods can always be added to an existing class. This applies to ''all'' classes, including the standard, built-in classes. All that is needed to do is open up a class definition for an existing class, and the new contents specified will be added to the existing contents. A simple example of adding a new method to the standard library's <code>Time</code> class:

<source lang="ruby">
# re-open Ruby's Time class
class Time
def yesterday
self - 86400
end
end

today = Time.now # => 2013-09-03 16:09:37 +0300
yesterday = today.yesterday # => 2013-09-02 16:09:37 +0300
</source>

Adding methods to previously defined classes is often called [[monkey patch|monkey-patching]]. If performed recklessly, the practice can lead to both behavior collisions with subsequent unexpected results and code scalability problems.

=== Exceptions ===
An exception is raised with a <code>raise</code> call:

<source lang="ruby">
raise
</source>

An optional message can be added to the exception:

<source lang="ruby">
raise "This is a message"
</source>

Exceptions can also be specified by the programmer:

<source lang="ruby">
raise ArgumentError, "Illegal arguments!"
</source>

Alternatively, an exception instance can be passed to the <code>raise</code> method:

<source lang="ruby">
raise ArgumentError.new("Illegal arguments!")
</source>

This last construct is useful when raising an instance of a custom exception class featuring a constructor that takes more than one argument:

<source lang="ruby">
class ParseError < Exception
def initialize input, line, pos
super "Could not parse '#{input}' at line #{line}, position #{pos}"
end
end

raise ParseError.new("Foo", 3, 9)
</source>

Exceptions are handled by the <code>rescue</code> clause. Such a clause can catch exceptions that inherit from <code>StandardError</code>. Other flow control keywords that can be used when handling exceptions are <code>else</code> and <code>ensure</code>:

<source lang="ruby">
begin
# do something
rescue
# handle exception
else
# do this if no exception was raised
ensure
# do this whether or not an exception was raised
end
</source>

It is a common mistake to attempt to catch all exceptions with a simple rescue clause. To catch all exceptions one must write:

<source lang="ruby">
begin
# do something
rescue Exception
# Exception handling code here.
# Don't write only "rescue"; that only catches StandardError, a subclass of Exception.
end
</source>

Or catch particular exceptions:

<source lang="ruby">
begin
# do something
rescue RuntimeError
# handle only RuntimeError and its subclasses
end
</source>

It is also possible to specify that the exception object be made available to the handler clause:

<source lang="ruby">
begin
# do something
rescue RuntimeError => e
# handling, possibly involving e, such as "puts e.to_s"
end
</source>

Alternatively, the most recent exception is stored in the magic global <code>$!</code>.

Several exceptions can also be caught:

<source lang="ruby">
begin
# do something
rescue RuntimeError, Timeout::Error => e
# handling, possibly involving e
end
</source>

=== Metaprogramming ===
{{refimprove section|date=January 2014}}
Ruby code can programmatically modify, at [[Run time (program lifecycle phase)|runtime]], aspects of its own structure that would be fixed in more rigid languages, such as class and method definitions. This sort of [[metaprogramming]] can be used to write more concise code and effectively extend the language.

For example, the following Ruby code generates new methods for the built-in <code>String</code> class, based on a list of colors. The methods wrap the contents of the string with an HTML tag styled with the respective color.

<source lang="ruby">
COLORS = { black: "000",
red: "f00",
green: "0f0",
yellow: "ff0",
blue: "00f",
magenta: "f0f",
cyan: "0ff",
white: "fff" }

class String
COLORS.each do |color,code|
define_method "in_#{color}" do
"#{self}"
end
end
end
</source>

The generated methods could then be used like this:

<source lang="ruby">
"Hello, World!".in_blue
=> "Hello, World!"
</source>

To implement the equivalent in many other languages, the programmer would have to write each method (<code>in_black</code>, <code>in_red</code>, <code>in_green</code>, etc.) separately.

Some other possible uses for Ruby metaprogramming include:
* intercepting and modifying method calls
* implementing new inheritance models
* dynamically generating classes from parameters
* automatic object serialization
* interactive help and debugging

=== More examples ===
More sample Ruby code is available as algorithms in the following article:
* [[Exponentiating by squaring]]

== Implementations ==
{{See also|Ruby MRI#Operating systems}}

=== Matz's Ruby Interpreter ===
The official Ruby [[interpreter (computer software)|interpreter]] often referred to as the [[Ruby MRI|Matz's Ruby Interpreter]] or MRI. This implementation is written in C and uses its own Ruby-specific [[virtual machine]].

The standardized and retired Ruby 1.8 [[Ruby MRI|implementation]] was written in [[C (programming language)|C]], as a single-pass [[interpreted language]].<ref name="1.8.7-retirement">{{cite web|url=http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/06/30/we-retire-1-8-7/|title=We retire Ruby 1.8.7|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref>

Starting with Ruby 1.9, and continuing with Ruby 2.x and above, the official Ruby interpreter has been [[YARV]] ("Yet Another Ruby VM"), and this implementation has superseded the slower virtual machine used in previous releases of MRI.

=== Alternate implementations ===
{{As of|2010}}, there are a number of alternative implementations of Ruby, including [[JRuby]], [[Rubinius]], [[MagLev (software)|MagLev]], [[IronRuby]], [[MacRuby]] (and its iOS counterpart, [[RubyMotion]]), [[mruby]], [[HotRuby]], [[Topaz (Ruby implementation)|Topaz]] and [[Opal (Ruby implementation)|Opal]]. Each takes a different approach, with IronRuby, JRuby, MacRuby and Rubinius providing [[just-in-time compilation]] and MacRuby and mruby also providing [[ahead-of-time compilation]].

Ruby has two major alternate implementations:
* [[JRuby]], a [[Java (programming language)|Java]] implementation that runs on the [[Java virtual machine]]. JRuby currently targets Ruby 2.2,
* [[Rubinius]], a [[C++]] bytecode virtual machine that uses [[LLVM]] to compile to machine code at runtime. The bytecode compiler and most core classes are written in pure Ruby. Rubinius currently targets Ruby 2.1,

Other Ruby implementations include:
* [[MagLev (software)|MagLev]], a [[Smalltalk]] implementation that runs on [[GemTalk Systems]]' [[Gemstone (database)|GemStone/S]] VM
* [[mruby]], an implementation designed to be embedded into C code, in a similar vein to [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]. It is currently being developed by [[Yukihiro Matsumoto]] and others
* [http://opalrb.org/ Opal], a web-based interpreter that compiles Ruby to [[JavaScript]]
* RGSS, or Ruby Game Scripting System, a [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] implementation that is used by the [[RPG Maker]] series of software for game design and modification of the RPG Maker engine
* A [[transpiler]] (partial) from Ruby to [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [https://github.com/remore/julializer julializer] is available. It can be used for a large speedup over e.g. Ruby or JRuby implementations (may only be useful for numerical code).<ref>https://github.com/remore/virtual_module</ref>

Other now defunct Ruby implementations were:
* [[MacRuby]], an OS X implementation on the [[Objective-C]] runtime
* [[IronRuby]] an implementation on the [[.NET Framework]]
* Cardinal, an implementation for the [[Parrot virtual machine]]
* [http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/ Ruby Enterprise Edition], often shortened to ''ree'', an implementation optimized to handle large-scale [[Ruby on Rails]] projects

The maturity of Ruby implementations tends to be measured by their ability to run the [[Ruby on Rails]] (Rails) framework, because it is complex to implement and uses many Ruby-specific features. The point when a particular implementation achieves this goal is called "the Rails singularity". The reference implementation [[Ruby MRI|(MRI)]], [[JRuby]], and [[Rubinius]]<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.rubyinside.com/the-why-what-and-how-of-rubinius-1-0-s-release-3261.html
| title = The Why, What, and How of Rubinius 1.0's Release
| author = Peter Cooper
| date=2010-05-18}}
</ref> are all able to run Rails unmodified in a production environment.

=== Platform support ===
Matsumoto originally did Ruby development on the [[BSD|4.3BSD]]-based [[Sony NEWS|Sony NEWS-OS]] 3.x, but later migrated his work to [[SunOS]] 4.x, and finally to [[Linux]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-4.ibm.com/software/developer/library/ruby.html |title=IBM developerWorks – Ruby: a new language |author=Maya Stodte |date=February 2000 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818164241/http://www-4.ibm.com/software/developer/library/ruby.html |archivedate=August 18, 2000 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://osdir.com/ml/lang-ruby-general/2002-08/msg02494.html|title=lang-ruby-general: Re: question about Ruby initial development|author=Yukihiro Matsumoto|date=August 2002|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref>

By 1999, Ruby was known to work across many different [[operating system]]s, including NEWS-OS, SunOS, [[AIX]], [[SVR4]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[NEC]] [[UP-UX]], [[NeXTSTEP]], BSD, Linux, [[Classic Mac OS|Mac OS]], [[DOS]], [[Windows (operating system)|Windows]], and [[BeOS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/170|title=ruby-talk: Re: hah, check these errors|author=Yukihiro Matsumoto|date=5 January 1999|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref>

Modern Ruby versions and implementations are available on many operating systems, such as Linux, BSD, Solaris, AIX, [[OS X]], Windows, [[Windows Phone]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/ff960707.aspx|title=Iron Ruby on Windows Phone 7}}</ref> [[Windows CE]], [[Symbian OS]], BeOS, and [[IBM i]].

== Repositories and libraries ==
[[RubyGems]] is Ruby's package manager. A Ruby package is called a "gem" and can easily be installed via the command line. Most gems are libraries, though a few exist that are applications, such as [[integrated development environment|IDEs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ruby-toolbox.com |title=The Ruby Toolbox |accessdate=2015-04-04 }}</ref> There are over 124,000 Ruby gems hosted on [http://rubygems.org RubyGems.org].

Many new and existing Ruby libraries are hosted on [[GitHub]], a service that offers [[Revision control|version control]] repository hosting for [[Git (software)|Git]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software|Computer programming}}
* [[Comparison of programming languages]]
* [[Why's (poignant) Guide to Ruby]] — an online ruby textbook in graphic novel format
* [[Metasploit Project]] — the world's largest Ruby project, with over 700,000 lines of code
* [[XRuby]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Sandi
| last1 = Metz
| date = September 5, 2012
| title = Practical Object-Oriented Design in Ruby
| edition = First
| publisher = [[Addison-Wesley]]
| page = 272
| isbn = 0-321-72133-0
| url = http://www.informit.com/store/practical-object-oriented-design-in-ruby-an-agile-primer-9780321721334
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Jeremy
| last1 = McAnally
| first2 = Assaf
| last2 = Arkin
| date = March 28, 2009
| title = Ruby in Practice
| edition = First
| publisher = [[Manning Publications]]
| page = 360
| isbn = 1-933988-47-9
| url =
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Dave
| last1 = Thomas
| first2 = Chad
| last2 = Fowler
| first3 = Andy
| last3 = Hunt
| date = April 28, 2009
| title = Programming Ruby 1.9: The Pragmatic Programmers' Guide
| edition = Third
| publisher = [[Pragmatic Bookshelf]]
| page = 1000
| isbn = 1-934356-08-5
| url = http://pragprog.com/titles/ruby3/programming-ruby-1-9
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = David
| last1 = Black
| date = June 4, 2009
| title = The Well-Grounded Rubyist
| edition = First
| publisher = [[Manning Publications]]
| page = 520
| isbn = 1-933988-65-7
| url =
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = David
| last1 = Flanagan
| first2 = Yukihiro
| last2 = Matsumoto
| date = January 25, 2008
| title = The Ruby Programming Language
| edition = First
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| page = 446
| isbn = 0-596-51617-7
| url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596516178/
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Kevin
| last1 = Baird
| date = June 8, 2007
| title = Ruby by Example: Concepts and Code
| edition = First
| publisher = [[No Starch Press]]
| page = 326
| isbn = 1-59327-148-4
| url = http://nostarch.com/ruby.htm
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Michael
| last1 = Fitzgerald
| date = May 14, 2007
| title = Learning Ruby
| edition = First
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| page = 255
| isbn = 0-596-52986-4
| url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596529864
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Peter
| last1 = Cooper
| date = March 26, 2007
| title = Beginning Ruby: From Novice to Professional
| edition = First
| publisher = [[Apress]]
| page = 664
| isbn = 1-59059-766-4
| url = http://apress.com/book/view/9781590597668
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Hal
| last1 = Fulton
| date = November 4, 2006
| title = The Ruby Way
| edition = Second
| publisher = [[Addison-Wesley]]
| page = 888
| isbn = 0-596-52369-6
| url = http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0672328844
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Lucas
| last1 = Carlson
| first2 = Leonard
| last2 = Richardson
| date = July 19, 2006
| title = Ruby Cookbook
| edition = First
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| page = 906
| isbn = 0-596-52369-6
| url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596523695/
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Ruby programming language}}
{{Wikibooks|Ruby Programming}}
{{Wikiversity|Topic:Ruby}}
* {{official website|http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/}}
* [http://www.ruby-doc.org Official Ruby documentation]
* [http://www.rubyist.net/~slagell/ruby/index.html Ruby User Guide] — by Yukihiro Matsumoto, the creator of Ruby
* [https://github.com/bbatsov/ruby-style-guide A community-driven Ruby coding style guide]
* [http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/ruby-from-other-languages/ Ruby From Other Languages]
* [http://www.ruby-forum.com/forum/ruby Ruby Forum] — gateway to the ruby-talk mailing list
* [http://tryruby.org/ Try Ruby!] — web-based Ruby [[REPL]]
* [http://www.ipa.go.jp/osc/english/ruby/index.html Ruby Draft Specification, September 2010]
* {{dmoz|Computers/Programming/Languages/Ruby|Ruby}}

{{Ruby programming language}}
{{Programming languages}}
{{FOSS}}
{{ISO standards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruby (Programming Language)}}
[[Category:Ruby (programming language)| ]]
[[Category:Articles with example Ruby code]]
[[Category:Class-based programming languages]]
[[Category:Dynamically typed programming languages]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C]]
[[Category:ISO standards]]
[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]
[[Category:Programming languages created in 1995]]
[[Category:Scripting languages]]
[[Category:Software using the BSD license]]
[[Category:Text-oriented programming languages]]

Parkinson's disease

2016-09-30T04:48:59Z

Angelito7:

{{Redirect|Parkinson's}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| Name = Parkinson's disease
| Image = Paralysis agitans (1907, after St. Leger).png
| Caption = Illustration of Parkinson's disease by [[William Richard Gowers]], which was first published in ''A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System'' (1886)
| Alt = Two sketches (one from the front and one from the right side) of a man, with an expressionless face. He is stooped forward and is presumably having difficulty walking.
| Field = [[Neurology]]
| synonyms = idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans
| DiseasesDB = 9651
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|20||g|20}}, {{ICD10|F|02|3|f|00}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|332}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM = 168600
| OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|556500}}
| MedlinePlus = 000755
| eMedicineSubj = neuro
| eMedicineTopic = 304
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|neuro|635}} in young {{eMedicine2|pmr|99}} rehab
|MeSH=D010300
| GeneReviewsNBK = NBK1223
| GeneReviewsName = Parkinson Disease Overview
}}

'''Parkinson's disease''' ('''PD''') is a long term disorder of the [[central nervous system]] that mainly affects the [[motor system]].<ref name=NIH2016/> The symptoms generally come on slowly over time. Early in the disease, the most obvious are [[tremor|shaking]], [[Spasticity|rigidity]], [[bradykinesia|slowness of movement]], and [[gait abnormality|difficulty with walking]].<ref name=NIH2016/> [[Cognition|Thinking]] and behavioral problems may also occur. [[Dementia]] becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease. [[major depressive disorder|Depression]] and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD.<ref name=Sv2016>{{cite journal|last1=Sveinbjornsdottir|first1=S|title=The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease.|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|date=11 July 2016|pmid=27401947|doi=10.1111/jnc.13691}}</ref> Other symptoms include sensory, [[Sleep disorder|sleep]], and [[emotion]]al problems.<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=Sv2016/> The main motor symptoms are collectively called "[[parkinsonism]]", or a "parkinsonian syndrome".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=H. Royden|title=The Netter collection of medical illustrations. a compilation of paintings|date=2013|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781455733873|page=161|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&pg=PA161}}</ref><ref name=Lancet2015>{{cite journal|last1=Kalia|first1=LV|last2=Lang|first2=AE|title=Parkinson's disease.|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=29 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9996|pages=896–912|pmid=25904081|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3}}</ref>


The cause of Parkinson's disease is generally [[idiopathy|unknown]], but believed to involve both [[Heredity|genetic]] and environmental factors. Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves.<ref name=Lancet2015/> There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain [[pesticide]]s and among those who have had prior [[head injuries]] while there is a reduced risk in [[tobacco smoker]]s and those who drink [[coffee]] or [[tea]].<ref name=Lancet2015/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barranco Quintana|first1=JL|last2=Allam|first2=MF|last3=Del Castillo|first3=AS|last4=Navajas|first4=RF|title=Parkinson's disease and tea: a quantitative review.|journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition|date=February 2009|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–6|pmid=19571153|doi=10.1080/07315724.2009.10719754}}</ref> The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the [[substantia nigra]], a region of the [[midbrain]]. This results in not enough [[dopamine]] in these areas.<ref name=NIH2016/> The reason for this [[cell death]] is poorly understood but involves the build-up of [[protein]]s into [[Lewy bodies]] in the [[neuron]]s.<ref name=Lancet2015/> Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms, with tests such as [[neuroimaging]] being used to rule out other diseases.<ref name=NIH2016/>


There is no cure for Parkinson's disease.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Parkinson's Disease Information Page|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm|website=NINDS|accessdate=18 July 2016|date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> Initial treatments is typically with the [[antiparkinson medication]] [[levodopa]], with [[dopamine agonist]]s being used once levodopa becomes less effective. As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost, these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a [[side effect|complication]] marked by [[dyskinesia|involuntary writhing movements]].<ref name=Sv2016/> Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms.<ref name="pmid19691125">{{cite journal |authors=Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G |title=Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease|journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=24 |issue=13 |pages=1881–92 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19691125 |doi=10.1002/mds.22705}}</ref><ref name=Neuro2011>{{cite journal|last1=Ahlskog|first1=JE|title=Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?|journal=Neurology|date=19 July 2011|volume=77|issue=3|pages=288–94|pmid=21768599|doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66|pmc=3136051}}</ref> [[Neurosurgery|Surgery]] to place the [[microelectrode]]s for [[deep brain stimulation]] has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective.<ref name=NIH2016/> Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD, such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems, is less strong.<ref name=Lancet2015/>


In 2013 PD was present in 53 million people and resulted in about 103,000 deaths globally.<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|pages=117–71|url=http://www.thelancet.com/action/showFullTableImage?tableId=tbl2&pii=S0140673614616822|pmc=4340604}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Parkinson's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of which about one percent are affected.<ref name=NIH2016/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Carroll|first1=William M.|title=International Neurology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118777367|page=188|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188}}</ref> Males are more often affected than females.<ref name=Lancet2015/> When it is seen in people before the age of 40 or 50, it is called young onset PD.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mosley|first1=Anthony D.|title=The encyclopedia of Parkinson's disease|date=2010|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=9781438127491|page=89|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&pg=PA89}}</ref> The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years.<ref name=Sv2016/> The disease is named after the English doctor [[James Parkinson]], who published the first detailed description in ''An Essay on the Shaking Palsy,'' in 1817.<ref name="An Essay on the Shaking Palsy">{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23777/23777-h/23777-h.htm|title=An Essay on the Shaking Palsy|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|name-list-format=vanc|last1=Shulman |first1=Joshua M. |last2=De Jager | first2=Philip L. | last3=Feany | first3=Mel B.|title=Parkinson's disease: genetics and pathogenesis.|journal=Annual Review of Pathology |date=February 2011 |origyear=25 October 2010 | volume=6 |pages=193–222 |pmid=21034221 |doi=10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130242}}</ref> Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson's Day (on the birthday of James Parkinson, 11 April) and the use of a red [[tulip]] as the symbol of the disease.<ref name="pmid18175393">{{cite journal |author=Lees AJ |title=Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=22 |issue=Suppl 17 |pages=S327–34 |date=September 2007 |pmid=18175393 |doi=10.1002/mds.21684 |url=}}</ref> People with parkinsonism who have increased the public's awareness of the condition include actor [[Michael J. Fox]], Olympic cyclist [[Davis Phinney]], and late professional boxer [[Muhammad Ali]].<ref name="MJF_TIME">{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1615754_1615882,00.html | title=Michael J. Fox| date=3 May 2007| author=Davis P|work=The TIME 100|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=2 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=Mac2008>{{cite web|last=Macur|first=Juliet|title=For the Phinney Family, a Dream and a Challenge|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/26/sports/othersports/26cycling.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=25 May 2013|date=26 March 2008|quote=About 1.5 million Americans have received a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, but only 5 to 10 percent learn of it before age 40, according to the National Parkinson Foundation. Davis Phinney was among the few.}}</ref><ref name="Ali_NN_comment">{{cite journal| url=http://www.aan.com/elibrary/neurologynow/?event=home.showArticle&id=ovid.com:/bib/ovftdb/01222928-200602020-00003| title=Muhammad Ali's Message: Keep Moving Forward| date=April 2006|work=Neurology Now |publisher=American Academy of Neurology|author=Brey RL|volume=2|issue=2|page=8|accessdate=2 April 2011| doi=10.1097/01222928-200602020-00003}}</ref>

==Classification==
The term [[parkinsonism]] is used for a motor [[syndrome]] whose main symptoms are tremor at rest, stiffness, slowing of movement and postural instability. Parkinsonian syndromes can be divided into four subtypes, according to their origin:
# primary or [[Idiopathy|idiopathic]]
# secondary or acquired
# [[heredity|hereditary]] parkinsonism, and
# [[Parkinson plus syndrome]]s or multiple system degeneration.<ref name=Jankovic2008/>
Parkinson's disease is the most common form of parkinsonism and is usually defined as "primary" parkinsonism, meaning parkinsonism with no external identifiable cause.<ref name="pmid15172778"/><ref name="Jankovic_book-Epidemiology">{{cite book |name-list-format=vanc | last = Schrag | first = Anette |chapter=Epidemiology of movement disorders |editor1-last=Tolosa | editor1-first=E | editor2-last= Jankovic | editor2-first=Joseph J. | title=Parkinson's disease and movement disorders |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, Maryland |year=2007 |pages= 50–66 |isbn=0-7817-7881-6}}</ref> In recent years several genes that are directly related to some cases of Parkinson's disease have been discovered. As much as this conflicts with the definition of Parkinson's disease as an idiopathic illness, genetic parkinsonism disorders with a similar clinical course to PD are generally included under the Parkinson's disease label. The terms "familial Parkinson's disease" and "sporadic Parkinson's disease" can be used to differentiate genetic from truly idiopathic forms of the disease.<ref name="pmid18398010"/>

Usually classified as a [[movement disorder]], PD also gives rise to several non-motor types of symptoms such as sensory deficits,<ref name="pmid20206672">{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Barnett-Cowan |first1=M. | last2=Dyde |first2=R. T. | last3=Foxe | first3=S. H. | last4=Moro | first4=E. | last5=Hutchison | first5=W. D. | last6=Harris | first6=L. R. |title=Multisensory determinants of orientation perception in Parkinson's disease |journal=Neuroscience |volume=167 |issue=4 |pages=1138–1150 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20206672 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.065 }}</ref> cognitive difficulties, and sleep problems. [[Parkinson plus syndrome|Parkinson plus diseases]] are primary parkinsonisms which present additional features.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> They include [[multiple system atrophy]], [[progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[corticobasal degeneration]], and [[dementia with Lewy bodies]].<ref name="pmid15172778">{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Samii | first1=Ali | last2=Nutt | first2=John G. | last3=Ransom | first3=Bruce R. |title=Parkinson's disease |journal=[[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]] |volume=363 |issue=9423 |pages=1783–1193 |date=29 May 2004 |pmid=15172778 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16305-8 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20506312">{{Cite journal | journal=[[Human Mutation]] | date=July 2010 | origyear=18 May 2010 | volume=31 | issue=7 | pages=763–780 | title=Genetic etiology of Parkinson disease associated with mutations in the ''SNCA'', ''PARK2'', ''PINK1'', ''PARK7'', and ''LRRK2'' genes: a mutation update | name-list-format=vanc | last1=Nuytemans | first1=Karen | last2=Theuns | first2=Jessie | last3=Cruts | first3=Marc | last4=Van Broeckhoven | first4=Christine | pmid=20506312 | pmc=3056147 | doi=10.1002/humu.21277}}</ref>

In terms of [[pathophysiology]], PD is considered a [[synucleinopathies|synucleiopathy]] due to an abnormal accumulation of [[alpha-synuclein]] protein in the brain in the form of [[Lewy body|Lewy bodies]], as opposed to other diseases such as [[Alzheimer's disease]] where the brain accumulates [[tau protein]] in the form of [[neurofibrillary tangle]]s.<ref name="pmid16489609">{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Galpern | first1=Wendy R. | last2=Lang | first2=Anthony E. | title=Interface between tauopathies and synucleinopathies: a tale of two proteins |journal=[[Annals of Neurology]] |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=449–458 |date=March 2006 | origyear=17 February 2006 |pmid=16489609 |doi=10.1002/ana.20819 }}</ref> Nevertheless, there is clinical and pathological overlap between [[tauopathy|tauopathies]] and synucleinopathies. The most typical symptom of Alzheimer's disease, [[dementia]], occurs in advanced stages of PD, while it is common to find neurofibrillary tangles in brains affected by PD.<ref name="pmid16489609"/>

[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]] (DLB) is another synucleinopathy that has similarities with PD, and especially with the subset of PD cases with dementia. However, the relationship between PD and DLB is complex and still has to be clarified.<ref name="pmid19173762"/> They may represent parts of a continuum or they may be separate diseases.<ref name="pmid19173762">{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Aarsland | first1=Dag | last2=Londos | first2=E. | last3=Ballard | first3=Clive |title=Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: different aspects of one entity |journal=[[International Psychogeriatrics|Int. Psychogeriatr.]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=216–219 |date=April 2009 | origyear=28 January 2009 |pmid=19173762 |doi=10.1017/S1041610208008612 }}</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Paralysis agitans-Male Parkinson's victim-1892.jpg|thumb|A man with Parkinson's disease displaying a flexed walking posture pictured in 1892.<ref>Photo by Arthur Londe from ''Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpètrière'', vol. 5., p.226</ref> |alt=Black and white picture of a male with PD stooping forward as he walks. He is viewed from the left side and there is a chair behind him.]]
[[File:Writing by a Parkinson's disease patient.png|thumb|Handwriting of a person affected by PD<ref>{{cite book |title=Lectures on the diseases of the nervous system |last=Charcot |first=Jean-Martin |last2=Sigerson |first2=George |date=1879 |location=Philadelphia |publisher= Henry C. Lea |edition=Second |page=113 |quote=The strokes forming the letters are very irregular and sinuous, whilst the irregularities and sinuosities are of a very limited width. (...) the down-strokes are all, with the exception of the first letter, made with comparative firmness and are, in fact, nearly normal — the finer up-strokes, on the contrary, are all tremulous in appearance (...).}}</ref>|alt=French signature reads "Catherine Metzger 13 Octobre 1869"]]
{{Main article|Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease}}
Parkinson's disease affects movement, producing motor symptoms.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Non-motor symptoms, which include [[autonomic nervous system|autonomic dysfunction]], [[neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] problems (mood, cognition, behavior or thought alterations), and sensory and sleep difficulties, are also common. Some of these non-motor symptoms are often present at the time of diagnosis and can precede motor symptoms.<ref name=Jankovic2008/>

===Motor===
{{further|Parkinsonian gait}}
Four motor symptoms are considered [[Cardinal sign (pathology)|cardinal]] in PD: tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability.<ref name=Jankovic2008>{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc | last=Jankovic | first=Joseph |title=Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis |journal=[[Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry]] |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=368–376 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18344392 |url=http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/79/4/368.full|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045}}</ref>

[[Tremor]] is the most apparent and well-known symptom.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> It is the most common; though around 30% of individuals with PD do not have tremor at disease onset, most develop it as the disease progresses.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> It is usually a rest tremor: maximal when the limb is at rest and disappearing with voluntary movement and sleep.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> It affects to a greater extent the most [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] part of the limb and at onset typically appears in only a single arm or leg, becoming bilateral later.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Frequency of PD tremor is between 4 and 6 [[hertz]] (cycles per second). A feature of tremor is ''pill-rolling'', the tendency of the index finger of the hand to get into contact with the thumb and perform together a circular movement.<ref name=Jankovic2008/><ref name="Cooper"/> The term derives from the similarity between the movement of people with PD and the earlier pharmaceutical technique of manually making pills.<ref name="Cooper">{{cite book |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Cooper | first1=G. | last2=Eichhorn | first2=G. | last3=Rodnitzky | first3=R. L. |chapter=Parkinson's disease | editor-last=Conn | editor-first=P. Michael | title=Neuroscience in medicine|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ|year=2008 |pages= 508–512|isbn=978-1-60327-454-8}}</ref>

[[Hypokinesia]] (slowness of movement) is another characteristic feature of PD, and is associated with difficulties along the whole course of the movement process, from planning to initiation and finally execution of a movement.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Performance of sequential and simultaneous movement is hindered.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Bradykinesia is commonly a very disabling symptom in the early stages of the disease.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> Initial manifestations are problems when performing daily tasks which require fine motor control such as writing, sewing or getting dressed.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Clinical evaluation is based on similar tasks such as alternating movements between both hands or both feet.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> Bradykinesia is not equal for all movements or times. It is modified by the activity or emotional state of the subject, to the point that some people are barely able to walk yet can still ride a bicycle.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Generally people with PD have less difficulty when some sort of external cue is provided.<ref name=Jankovic2008/><ref name="pmid19909911">{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Rodriguez-Oroz | first1=Maria C. | last2=Jahanshahi | first2=Marjan | last3=Krack | first3=Paul | first4=Irene | last4=Litvan | first5=Raúl | last5=Macias | first6=Erwan | last6=Bezard | first7=José A. | last7=Obeso |title=Initial clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease: features and pathophysiological mechanisms |journal=[[Lancet Neurol]] |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=1128–1139 |date=December 2009 |pmid=19909911 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70293-5 |url=}}</ref>

[[Hypokinesia|Rigidity]] is stiffness and resistance to limb movement caused by increased [[muscle tone]], an excessive and continuous contraction of muscles.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> In parkinsonism the rigidity can be uniform (lead-pipe rigidity) or ratchety (cogwheel rigidity).<ref name=Jankovic2008/><ref name="pmid15172778"/><ref name="Banich">{{cite book |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Banich | first1=Marie T. | last2=Compton | first2=Rebecca J. |chapter=Motor control | title=Cognitive neuroscience|publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage learning|location=Belmont, CA|year=2011 |pages= 108–144|isbn=0-8400-3298-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine|page=486 |date=4 January 2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |name-list-format=vanc | last1= Longmore|first1=Murray|last2= Wilkinson|first2=Ian B.|last3= Turmezei|first3=Tom|last4=Cheung|first4=Chee Kay |isbn=978-0-19-856837-7}}</ref> The combination of tremor and increased tone is considered to be at the origin of cogwheel rigidity.<ref name="Jankovic_book-Rigidity">{{Cite book |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Fung | first1=Victor S. C. | last2=Thompson | first2=Philip D. | chapter=Rigidity and spasticity | editor1-last=Tolosa | editor1-first=Eduardo | editor2-last=Jankovic | title=Parkinson's disease and movement disorders | publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location=Hagerstown, MD | year=2007 | pages= 504–13 | isbn=0-7817-7881-6}}</ref> Rigidity may be associated with joint pain; such pain being a frequent initial manifestation of the disease.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> In early stages of Parkinson's disease, rigidity is often asymmetrical and it tends to affect the neck and shoulder muscles prior to the muscles of the face and extremities.<ref>{{cite book |name-list-format=vanc | last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Susan B |last2=Schmitz |first2=Thomas J |title=Physical Rehabilitation |edition=5th |chapter=Parkinson's Disease |year=2007|publisher=F.A. Davis|location=Philadelphia |pages=856–7 |ref=harv}}</ref> With the progression of the disease, rigidity typically affects the whole body and reduces the ability to move.

[[Postural instability]] is typical in the late stages of the disease, leading to [[Balance disorder|impaired balance]] and frequent falls,<ref name="OFP"/> and secondarily to bone fractures.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Instability is often absent in the initial stages, especially in younger people.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> Up to 40% may experience falls and around 10% may have falls weekly, with the number of falls being related to the severity of PD.<ref name=Jankovic2008/>

Other recognized motor signs and symptoms include gait and posture disturbances such as [[Parkinsonian gait|festination]] (rapid shuffling steps and a [[camptocormia|forward-flexed posture]] when walking),<ref name=Jankovic2008/> speech and swallowing disturbances including [[dysphonia|voice disorders]],<ref name=pmid20233583>{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Russell | first1=John A. | last2=Ciucci | first2=Michelle R. | last3=Connor | first3=Nadine P. | last4=Schallert | first4=Timothy |title=Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson's disease |journal=[[Brain Research (journal)|Brain Research]] |volume=1341 |pages=3–11 |date=23 June 2010 |pmid=20233583 |pmc=2908992 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.029}}</ref> [[hypomimia|mask-like face expression]] or [[micrographia (handwriting)|small handwriting]], although the range of possible motor problems that can appear is large.<ref name=Jankovic2008/>

===Neuropsychiatric===
Parkinson's disease can cause [[Neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] disturbances which can range from mild to severe. This includes disorders of speech, cognition, mood, behaviour, and thought.<ref name=Jankovic2008/>

Cognitive disturbances can occur in the early stages of the disease and sometimes prior to diagnosis, and increase in prevalence with duration of the disease.<ref name=Jankovic2008/><ref name="pmid18175397">{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc | last1=Caballol | first1=Nuria | last2=Martí | first2=Maria J. | last3=Tolosa | first3=Eduardo |title=Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease |journal=[[Movement Disorders (journal)|Movement Disorders]] |volume=22 |issue=Suppl 17 |pages=S358–S366 |date=September 2007 |pmid=18175397 |doi=10.1002/mds.21677 }}</ref> The most common cognitive deficit in affected individuals is [[executive dysfunction]], which can include problems with planning, [[cognitive flexibility]], abstract thinking, rule acquisition, initiating appropriate actions and [[inhibitory control|inhibiting inappropriate actions]], [[working memory]], and [[selective attention|selecting relevant sensory information]].<ref name="pmid18175397"/><ref name="PD timing review">{{cite journal | vauthors = Parker KL, Lamichhane D, Caetano MS, Narayanan NS | title = Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and timing deficits | journal = Front. Integr. Neurosci. | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 75 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24198770 | pmc = 3813949 | doi = 10.3389/fnint.2013.00075 | quote = }}</ref> Fluctuations in [[attention]], impaired perception and estimation of time, [[bradyphrenia|slowed cognitive processing speed]] are among other cognitive difficulties.<ref name="pmid18175397"/><ref name="PD timing review" /> Memory is affected, specifically in [[Recall (memory)|recalling]] learned information.<ref name="pmid18175397"/> Nevertheless, improvement appears when recall is aided by cues.<ref name="pmid18175397"/> Visuospatial difficulties are also part of the disease, seen for example when the individual is asked to perform tests of facial recognition and perception of the orientation of drawn lines.<ref name="pmid18175397"/><ref name="PD timing review" />

A person with PD has two to six times the risk of dementia compared to the general population.<ref name=Jankovic2008/><ref name="pmid18175397"/> The prevalence of dementia increases with duration of the disease.<ref name="pmid18175397"/> Dementia is associated with a reduced [[quality of life]] in people with PD and their [[caregiver]]s, increased mortality, and a higher probability of needing [[nursing home]] care.<ref name="pmid18175397"/>

Behavior and mood alterations are more common in PD without cognitive impairment than in the general population, and are usually present in PD with dementia. The most frequent mood difficulties are [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[apathy]] and [[anxiety]].<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Establishing the diagnosis of depression is complicated by symptoms that often occur in Parkinson's including dementia, decreased facial expression, [[bradykinesia|decreased movement]], [[apathy|a state of indifference]], and [[hypophonia|quiet speech]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice: Expert Consult – Online and Print, 6e (Bradley, Neurology in Clinical Practice e-dition 2v Set)|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1-4377-0434-4|name-list-format=vanc | first1=Evan D. | last1=Murray | first2=Edgar A. | last2=Buttner | first3=Bruce H. | last3=Price|volume=1|edition=6th|pages=102–103 | editor1-last=Bradley | editor1-first=Walter George | editor2-last=Daroff | editor2-first=Robert B. | editor3-last=Fenichel | editor3-first=Gerald M. | editor4-last=Jankovic | editor4-first=Joseph |chapter=Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice}}</ref> [[Impulse control disorders|Impulse control]] behaviors such as [[Dopamine dysregulation syndrome|medication overuse and craving]], [[binge eating]], [[hypersexuality]], or [[pathological gambling]] can appear in PD and have been related to the medications used to manage the disease.<ref name=Jankovic2008/><ref name="pmid20123548">{{cite journal |authors=Ceravolo R, Frosini D, Rossi C, Bonuccelli U |title=Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, neurobiology and management |journal=Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=S111–5 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20123548 |doi=10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70847-8}}</ref> [[Psychosis|Psychotic]] symptoms—[[hallucination]]s or [[delusion]]s—occur in 4% of people with PD, and it is assumed that the main precipitant of psychotic phenomena in Parkinson's disease is dopaminergic excess secondary to treatment; it therefore becomes more common with increasing age and levodopa intake.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Shergill SS, Walker Z, Le Katona C |title=A preliminary investigation of laterality in Parkinson's disease and susceptibility to psychosis |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=610–1 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9771806 |pmc=2170290 |url=http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9771806 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.65.4.610}}</ref><ref name="pmid20538500">{{cite journal |author=Friedman JH |title=Parkinson's disease psychosis 2010: A review article |journal=Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. |volume= 16|issue= 9|pages= 553–60|date=June 2010 |pmid=20538500 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.05.004 |url=}}</ref>

===Other===
In addition to cognitive and motor symptoms, PD can impair other body functions.

Sleep problems are a feature of the disease and can be worsened by medications.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Symptoms can manifest as daytime [[somnolence|drowsiness]], disturbances in [[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]] sleep, or [[insomnia]].<ref name=Jankovic2008/> A systematic review shows that sleep attacks occur in 13.0% of patients with Parkinson's disease on dopaminergic medications.<ref name=Yeung_2014>{{cite journal|authors=Yeung EYH, Cavanna AE |title=Sleep Attacks in Patients With Parkinson's Disease on Dopaminergic Medications: A Systematic Review |journal=Movement Disorders Clinical Practice|volume=1|issue=4|pages=307–316|year=2014 |doi=10.1002/mdc3.12063|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mdc3.12063/abstract}}</ref>

Alterations in the [[autonomic nervous system]] can lead to [[orthostatic hypotension]] (low blood pressure upon standing), [[Human skin#Oily skin|oily skin]] and [[Hyperhidrosis|excessive sweating]], [[urinary incontinence]] and [[Sexual dysfunction|altered sexual function]].<ref name=Jankovic2008/> [[Constipation]] and [[gastrointestinal dysmotility|gastric dysmotility]] can be severe enough to cause discomfort and even endanger health.<ref name="pmid19691125"/> PD is related to several eye and vision abnormalities such as decreased [[blink]] rate, [[dry eye]]s, deficient [[smooth pursuit|ocular pursuit]] (eye tracking) and [[Saccade|saccadic movements]] (fast automatic movements of both eyes in the same direction), difficulties in directing gaze upward, and [[Blurred vision|blurred]] or [[double vision]].<ref name=Jankovic2008/><ref name="pmid18271776">{{cite journal |author=Armstrong RA |title=Visual signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease |journal=Clin. Exp. Optom. |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=129–38 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18271776 |doi=10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00211.x |url=}}</ref> Changes in perception may include an impaired sense of [[olfaction|smell]], sensation of pain and [[paresthesia]] (skin tingling and numbness).<ref name=Jankovic2008/> All of these symptoms can occur years before diagnosis of the disease.<ref name=Jankovic2008/>

==Causes==
{{Main article|Causes of Parkinson's disease}}
Parkinson's disease in most people is [[idiopathic]] (having no specific known cause). However, a small proportion of cases can be attributed to known genetic factors. Other factors have been associated with the risk of developing PD, but no causal relationships have been proven.

===Environmental factors===
[[File:US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|U.S. Army helicopter spraying [[Agent Orange]] over Vietnamese agricultural land during the [[Vietnam war]]]]
A number of environmental factors have been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's including: pesticide exposure, head injuries, and living in the country or farming.<ref name=Noy2012>{{cite journal |authors=Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, Schrag A |title=Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease|journal=Annals of Neurology |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=893–901 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23071076 |pmc=3556649|doi=10.1002/ana.23687}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Van Maele-Fabry G, Hoet P, Vilain F, Lison D|title=Occupational exposure to pesticides and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Environ Int |volume=46 |issue= |pages=30–43 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22698719|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.004}}</ref> Rural environments and the drinking of well water may be risks as they are indirect measures of exposure to pesticides.<ref name="pmid16713924"/><ref name="Veterans">{{cite book |chapter= Neurologic disorders|editor=IOM (Institute of Medicine)| title=Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2008|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12662| publisher=The National Academies press|location=Washington D.C.|year=2009| isbn=0-309-13884-1|pages= 510–45}}</ref>

Implicated agents include [[insecticides]], primarily [[chlorpyrifos]] and [[organochlorines]]<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Freire C, Koifman S |title=Pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease: epidemiological evidence of association|journal=Neurotoxicology |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=947–71 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22627180|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2012.05.011}}</ref> and [[pesticide]]s, such as [[rotenone]] or [[paraquat]], and [[herbicide]]s, such as [[Agent Orange]] and [[ziram]].<ref name="pmid16713924"/><ref name="Veterans"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moretto|first1=A|last2=Colosio|first2=C|title=The role of pesticide exposure in the genesis of Parkinson's disease: epidemiological studies and experimental data.|journal=Toxicology|date=10 May 2013|volume=307|pages=24–34|pmid=23246862|doi=10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|authors=Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, Hoppin JA, Goldman SM, Korell M, Marras C, Bhudhikanok GS, Kasten M, Chade AR, Comyns K, Richards MB, Meng C, Priestley B, Fernandez HH, Cambi F, Umbach DM, Blair A, Sandler DP, Langston JW |title=Rotenone, Paraquat and Parkinson's Disease |journal=[[Environ Health Perspect]]|date=January 2011 |pmid=21269927 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1002839 |volume=119 |issue=6 |pmc=3114824 |pages=866–72}}</ref> [[Heavy metal (chemistry)|Heavy metals]] exposure has been proposed to be a risk factor, through possible accumulation in the substantia nigra; however, studies on the issue have been inconclusive.<ref name="pmid16713924"/>

===Genetics===
[[File:Structure of parkin.png|thumb|left| Parkin crystal structure]]
PD traditionally has been considered a non-genetic disorder; however, around 15% of individuals with PD have a first-degree relative who has the disease.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> At least 5% of people are now known to have forms of the disease that occur because of a mutation of one of several specific genes.<ref name=lesage>{{cite journal |authors=Lesage S, Brice A |title=Parkinson's disease: from monogenic forms to genetic susceptibility factors |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=18 |issue=R1 |pages=R48–59 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19297401 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddp012}}</ref>

Mutations in specific genes have been conclusively shown to cause PD. These genes code for [[alpha-synuclein]] (SNCA), [[Parkin (ligase)|parkin]] (PRKN), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ([[LRRK2]] or dardarin), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 ([[PINK1]]), [[PARK7|DJ-1]] and [[ATP13A2]].<ref name="pmid18398010">{{cite journal |author=Davie CA |title=A review of Parkinson's disease |journal=Br. Med. Bull. |volume=86 |issue= 1|pages=109–27 |year=2008 |pmid=18398010 |doi=10.1093/bmb/ldn013 }}</ref><ref name=lesage/> In most cases, people with these mutations will develop PD. With the exception of LRRK2, however, they account for only a small minority of cases of PD.<ref name="pmid18398010"/> The most extensively studied PD-related genes are SNCA and LRRK2. Mutations in genes including SNCA, LRRK2 and [[glucocerebrosidase]] (GBA) have been found to be risk factors for sporadic PD. Mutations in GBA are known to cause [[Gaucher's disease]].<ref name=lesage/> [[Genome-wide association study|Genome-wide association studies]], which search for mutated [[allele]]s with low penetrance in sporadic cases, have now yielded many positive results.<ref name=IPDGC>{{Cite journal | author=IPDGC | title=Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies | journal=Lancet | volume=377 | pages= 641–49 | year=2011 | pmid= 21292315 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62345-8 | issue=9766 | last2=Nalls | first2=MA | last3=Plagnol | first3=V | last4=Hernandez | first4=DG | last5=Sharma | first5=M | last6=Sheerin | first6=UM | last7=Saad | first7=M | last8=Simón-Sánchez | first8=J | last9=Schulte | first9=C | last10=Lesage | first10=S | last11=Sveinbjörnsdóttir | first11=S | last12=Stefánsson | first12=K | last13=Martinez | first13=M | last14=Hardy | first14=J | last15=Heutink | first15=P | last16=Brice | first16=A | last17=Gasser | first17=T | last18=Singleton | first18=A. B. | last19=Wood | first19=N. W. | pmc=3696507| display-authors=8 }}</ref>

The role of the SNCA gene is important in PD because the alpha-synuclein protein is the main component of [[Lewy body|Lewy bodies]].<ref name=lesage/> [[Missense mutation]]s of the gene (in which a single [[nucleotide]] is changed), and [[Gene duplication|duplications]] and triplications of the [[Locus (genetics)|locus]] containing it have been found in different groups with familial PD.<ref name=lesage/> Missense mutations are rare.<ref name=lesage/> On the other hand, multiplications of the SNCA locus account for around 2% of familial cases.<ref name=lesage/> Multiplications have been found in [[asymptomatic carrier]]s, which indicate that [[penetrance]] is incomplete or age-dependent.<ref name=lesage/>

The LRRK2 gene (PARK8) encodes a protein called [[dardarin]]. The name dardarin was taken from a [[Basque language|Basque]] word for tremor, because this gene was first identified in families from England and the north of Spain.<ref name="pmid18398010"/> Mutations in LRRK2 are the most common known cause of familial and sporadic PD, accounting for approximately 5% of individuals with a family history of the disease and 3% of sporadic cases.<ref name="pmid18398010"/><ref name=lesage/> There are many mutations described in LRRK2, however unequivocal proof of causation only exists for a few.<ref name=lesage/>

Several Parkinson-related genes are involved in the function of [[lysosome]]s, organelles that digest cellular waste products. It has been suggested that some forms of Parkinson may be caused by lysosome dysfunctions that reduce the ability of cells to break down alpha-synuclein.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Genetic perspective on the role of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in Parkinson disease|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2015.1067364|journal = Autophagy|date = 2 September 2015|issn = 1554-8627|pmc = 4590678|pmid = 26207393|pages = 1443–1457|volume = 11|issue = 9|doi = 10.1080/15548627.2015.1067364|first = Ziv|last = Gan-Or|first2 = Patrick A.|last2 = Dion|first3 = Guy A.|last3 = Rouleau}}</ref>

==Pathology==
[[File:Lewy Body alphaSynuclein.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Lewy body]] (stained brown) in a brain cell of the [[substantia nigra]] in Parkinson's disease. The brown colour is positive [[immunohistochemistry]] staining for [[alpha-synuclein]].|alt=Several brain cells stained in blue. The largest one, a neurone, with an approximately circular form, has a brown circular body inside it. The brown body is about 40% the diameter of the cell in which it appears.]]

===Anatomical===
The [[basal ganglia]], a group of brain structures [[wikt:innervated|innervated]] by the dopaminergic system, are the most seriously affected brain areas in PD.<ref name="pmid18781672">{{cite journal |authors=Obeso JA, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, Benitez-Temino B, Blesa FJ, Guridi J, Marin C, Rodriguez M |title=Functional organization of the basal ganglia: therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=23 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S548–59 |year=2008 |pmid=18781672 |doi=10.1002/mds.22062}}</ref> The main [[Pathology|pathological]] characteristic of PD is cell death in the [[substantia nigra]] and, more specifically, the ventral (front) part of the [[pars compacta]], affecting up to 70% of the cells by the time death occurs.<ref name="pmid18398010"/>

[[Macroscopic]] alterations can be noticed on cut surfaces of the brainstem, where neuronal loss can be inferred from a reduction of [[neuromelanin]] pigmentation in the substantia nigra and [[locus coeruleus]].<ref name="Jankovic_book-Neuropathology">{{cite book |author=Dickson DV|chapter=Neuropathology of movement disorders |veditors=Tolosa E, Jankovic JJ | title=Parkinson's disease and movement disorders|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year=2007 |pages= 271–83|isbn=0-7817-7881-6}}</ref> The [[histopathology]] (microscopic anatomy) of the substantia nigra and several other brain regions shows [[neuron]]al loss and [[Lewy body|Lewy bodies]] in many of the remaining nerve cells. Neuronal loss is accompanied by death of [[astrocytes]] (star-shaped [[neuroglia|glial]] cells) and activation of the [[microglia]] (another type of glial cell). Lewy bodies are a key pathological feature of PD.<ref name="Jankovic_book-Neuropathology"/>

===Pathophysiology===
[[File:Journal.pone.0008247.g001.png|thumb|A. Schematic initial progression of Lewy body deposits in the first stages of Parkinson's disease, as proposed by Braak and colleagues B. Localization of the area of significant brain [[Voxel-based morphometry|volume reduction]] in initial PD compared with a group of participants without the disease in a neuroimaging study, which concluded that [[brain stem]] damage may be the first identifiable stage of PD [[neuropathology]]<ref name="pmid20011063">{{cite journal |authors=Jubault T, Brambati SM, Degroot C |editor1-last=Gendelman |editor1-first=Howard E. |title=Regional brain stem atrophy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease detected by anatomical MRI |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=4 |issue=12 |page=e8247 |year=2009 |pmid=20011063 |pmc=2784293 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0008247 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.8247J }}</ref>|alt=Composite of three images, one in top row (referred to in caption as A), two in second row (referred to as B). Top shows a mid-line [[sagittal plane]] of the brainstem and [[cerebellum]]. There are three circles superimposed along the brainstem and an arrow linking them from bottom to top and continuing upward and forward towards the frontal lobes of the brain. A line of text accompanies each circle: lower is "1. Dorsal Motor X Nucleus", middle is "2. Gain Setting Nuclei" and upper is "3. Substantia Nigra/Amygdala". The fourth line of text above the others says "4. ...". The two images at the bottom of the composite are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, one sagittal and the other transverse, centred at the same brain coordinates (x=-1, y=-36, z=-49). A colored blob marking volume reduction covers most of the brainstem.]]

The primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease result from greatly reduced activity of [[dopamine]]-secreting cells caused by cell death in the [[pars compacta]] region of the [[substantia nigra]].<ref name="pmid18781672"/>

There are five major pathways in the brain connecting other brain areas with the basal ganglia. These are known as the [[Motor cortex|motor]], [[Frontal eye fields|oculo-motor]], [[Cerebral cortex#Association areas|associative]], [[Limbic system|limbic]] and [[orbitofrontal]] circuits, with names indicating the main projection area of each circuit.<ref name="pmid18781672"/> All of them are affected in PD, and their disruption explains many of the symptoms of the disease since these circuits are involved in a wide variety of functions including movement, attention and learning.<ref name="pmid18781672"/> Scientifically, the motor circuit has been examined the most intensively.<ref name="pmid18781672"/>

A particular conceptual model of the motor circuit and its alteration with PD has been of great influence since 1980, although some limitations have been pointed out which have led to modifications.<ref name="pmid18781672"/> In this model, the basal ganglia normally exert a constant inhibitory influence on a wide range of motor systems, preventing them from becoming active at inappropriate times. When a decision is made to perform a particular action, [[Inhibitory postsynaptic potential|inhibition]] is reduced for the required motor system, thereby releasing it for activation. Dopamine acts to facilitate this release of inhibition, so high levels of dopamine function tend to promote motor activity, while low levels of dopamine function, such as occur in PD, demand greater exertions of effort for any given movement. Thus, the net effect of dopamine depletion is to produce [[hypokinesia]], an overall reduction in motor output.<ref name="pmid18781672"/> Drugs that are used to treat PD, conversely, may produce excessive dopamine activity, allowing motor systems to be activated at inappropriate times and thereby producing [[dyskinesia]]s.<ref name="pmid18781672"/>

===Brain cell death===
There is speculation of several mechanisms by which the brain cells could be lost.<ref name="pmid20495568"/> One mechanism consists of an abnormal accumulation of the protein [[alpha-synuclein]] bound to [[ubiquitin]] in the damaged cells. This insoluble [[protein]] accumulates inside neurones forming inclusions called [[Lewy bodies]].<ref name="pmid18398010"/><ref name="pmid20563819">{{cite journal |author=Schulz-Schaeffer WJ |title=The synaptic pathology of alpha-synuclein aggregation in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia |journal=Acta Neuropathol. |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=131–43 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20563819 |pmc=2892607 |doi=10.1007/s00401-010-0711-0 |url=}}</ref> According to the [[Braak staging]], a classification of the disease based on pathological findings, Lewy bodies first appear in the [[olfactory bulb]], [[medulla oblongata]] and [[pontine tegmentum]], with individuals at this stage being asymptomatic. As the disease progresses, Lewy bodies later develop in the substantia nigra, areas of the [[midbrain]] and basal [[forebrain]], and in a last step the [[neocortex]].<ref name="pmid18398010"/> These brain sites are the main places of neuronal degeneration in PD; however, Lewy bodies may not cause cell death and they may be protective.<ref name="pmid20495568"/><ref name="pmid20563819"/> In people with dementia, a generalized presence of Lewy bodies is common in cortical areas. [[Neurofibrillary tangles]] and [[senile plaque]]s, characteristic of [[Alzheimer's disease]], are not common unless the person is demented.<ref name="Jankovic_book-Neuropathology"/>

Other cell-death mechanisms include [[proteosome|proteosomal]] and [[Lysosome|lysosomal]] system dysfunction and reduced [[mitochondria]]l activity.<ref name="pmid20495568"/> Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra is typically observed in conjunction with the protein inclusions. It may be related to [[oxidative stress]], [[protein aggregation]] and neuronal death, but the mechanisms are not fully understood.<ref name="pmid20082992">{{cite journal |author=Hirsch EC |title=Iron transport in Parkinson's disease |journal=Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S209–11 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20082992 |doi=10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70816-8 |url=}}</ref>

==Diagnosis==
[[File:PET-image.jpg|upright|thumb|left|[[Fludeoxyglucose]] (18F) (FDG) [[Positron emission tomography|PET scan]] of a healthy brain. Hotter areas reflect higher glucose uptake. A decreased activity in the [[basal ganglia]] can aid in diagnosing Parkinson's disease.|alt=Sagittal PET scan at the level of the striatum. Hottest areas are the cortical grey matter and the striatum. ]]
A physician will [[Medical diagnosis|diagnose]] Parkinson's disease from the [[medical history]] and a [[neurological examination]].<ref name=Jankovic2008/> There is no [[Diagnostic test|lab test]] that will clearly identify the disease, but brain scans are sometimes used to rule out disorders that could give rise to similar symptoms. People may be given levodopa and resulting relief of motor impairment tends to confirm the diagnosis. The finding of [[Lewy bodies]] in the midbrain on [[autopsy]] is usually considered proof that the person had Parkinson's disease. The progress of the illness over time may reveal it is not Parkinson's disease, and some authorities recommend that the diagnosis should be periodically reviewed.<ref name=Jankovic2008/><ref name="Nice-Diagnosis">{{cite book |chapter=Diagnosing Parkinson's Disease |editor=The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions| title=Parkinson's Disease| url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35/Guidance/pdf/English| publisher=Royal College of Physicians|location=London| year=2006| isbn= 1-86016-283-5|pages= 29–47}}</ref>

Other causes that can secondarily produce a parkinsonian syndrome are [[Alzheimer's disease]], multiple [[cerebral infarction]] and drug-induced parkinsonism.<ref name="Nice-Diagnosis"/> [[Parkinson plus syndrome]]s such as [[progressive supranuclear palsy]] and [[multiple system atrophy]] must be [[Differential diagnosis|ruled out]].<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Anti-Parkinson's medications are typically less effective at controlling symptoms in Parkinson plus syndromes.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Faster progression rates, early cognitive dysfunction or postural instability, minimal tremor or symmetry at onset may indicate a Parkinson plus disease rather than PD itself.<ref name="pmid12464118">{{cite journal |authors=Poewe W, Wenning G |title=The differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease |journal=Eur. J. Neurol. |volume=9 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=23–30 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12464118 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-1331.9.s3.3.x}}</ref> Genetic forms are usually classified as PD, although the terms ''familial Parkinson's disease'' and ''familial parkinsonism'' are used for disease entities with an [[autosomal dominant]] or [[Autosomal recessive|recessive]] pattern of inheritance.<ref name="pmid15172778"/>

Medical organizations have created [[diagnostic criteria]] to ease and standardize the diagnostic process, especially in the early stages of the disease. The most widely known criteria come from the UK [[Parkinson's UK|Parkinson's Disease Society]] Brain Bank and the U.S. [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]].<ref name=Jankovic2008/> The PD Society Brain Bank criteria require slowness of movement (bradykinesia) plus either rigidity, resting tremor, or postural instability. Other possible causes of these symptoms need to be ruled out. Finally, three or more of the following features are required during onset or evolution: unilateral onset, tremor at rest, progression in time, asymmetry of motor symptoms, response to levodopa for at least five years, clinical course of at least ten years and appearance of [[dyskinesia]]s induced by the intake of excessive levodopa.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> [[Accuracy and precision|Accuracy]] of diagnostic criteria evaluated at autopsy is 75–90%, with specialists such as neurologists having the highest rates.<ref name=Jankovic2008/>

[[Computed tomography]] (CT) and conventional [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) brain scans of people with PD usually appear normal.<ref name="pmid20351351">{{cite journal |author=Brooks DJ |title=Imaging approaches to Parkinson disease |journal=J. Nucl. Med. |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=596–609 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20351351 |doi=10.2967/jnumed.108.059998 }}</ref> These techniques are nevertheless useful to rule out other diseases that can be secondary causes of parkinsonism, such as basal ganglia [[tumor]]s, [[vascular]] pathology and [[hydrocephalus]].<ref name="pmid20351351"/> A specific technique of MRI, [[diffusion MRI]], has been reported to be useful at discriminating between typical and atypical parkinsonism, although its exact diagnostic value is still under investigation.<ref name="pmid20351351"/> Dopaminergic function in the basal ganglia can be measured with different [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] and [[Single photon emission computed tomography|SPECT]] [[radiotracer]]s. Examples are [[ioflupane (123I)|ioflupane (123I)]] (trade name ''DaTSCAN'') and [[RTI-55|iometopane]] (''Dopascan'') for SPECT or [[Fludeoxyglucose (18F)|fluorodeoxyglucose (18F)]]<ref name="pmid20351351"/> and [[DTBZ]]<ref name ="pmid24840973">{{cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=H|title=Parkinson disease: 18F-DTBZ PET tracks dopaminergic degeneration in patients with Parkinson disease.|journal=Nature reviews. Neurology|date=June 2014|volume=10|issue=6|pages=305|pmid=24840973|doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.81}}</ref> for PET. A pattern of reduced dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia can aid in diagnosing PD.<ref name="pmid20351351"/>

==Prevention==
Exercise in [[middle age]] reduces the risk of Parkinson's disease later in life.<ref name=Neuro2011/> [[Caffeine]] also appears protective with a greater decrease in risk occurring with a larger intake of caffeinated beverages such as coffee.<ref name="pmid20182023">{{cite journal |authors=Costa J, Lunet N, Santos C, Santos J, Vaz-Carneiro A|title=Caffeine exposure and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies |journal=J. Alzheimers Dis.|volume=20 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S221–38 |year=2010 |pmid=20182023 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2010-091525|url=http://iospress.metapress.com/content/r817357v22l37j8w/fulltext.html}}</ref> Although tobacco smoke causes adverse [[Health effects of tobacco|health effects]], decreases life expectancy and quality of life, it may reduce the risk of PD by a third when compared to non-smokers.<ref name="pmid16713924"/> The basis for this effect is not known, but possibilities include an effect of [[nicotine]] as a dopamine stimulant.<ref name="pmid16713924"/><ref>{{cite journal|authors=Quik M, Huang LZ, Parameswaran N, Bordia T, Campos C, Perez XA|title=Multiple roles for nicotine in Parkinson's disease|journal=Biochem Pharmacol|date=1 October 2009|volume=78|issue=7|pages=677–85|pmid=19433069|doi=10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.003|pmc=2815339}}</ref> Tobacco smoke contains compounds that act as MAO inhibitors that also might contribute to this effect.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Neurotoxicology |date=January 2004|volume=25 |issue=1–2 |pages=279–91 |title=Tobacco leaf, smoke and smoking, MAO inhibitors, Parkinson's disease and neuroprotection; are there links?|authors=Castagnoli K, Murugesan T |pmid=14697903 |doi=10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00107-4}}</ref>

[[Antioxidant]]s, such as vitamins C and D, have been proposed to protect against the disease but results of studies have been contradictory and no positive effect has been proven.<ref name="pmid16713924"/> The results regarding fat and [[fatty acid]]s have been contradictory, with various studies reporting protective effects, risk-increasing effects or no effects.<ref name="pmid16713924"/> Also, there have been preliminary indications of a possible protective role of [[estrogen]]s and [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|anti-inflammatory]] drugs.<ref name="pmid16713924"/>

==Management==
{{Main article|Management of Parkinson's disease}}
[[File:Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease.png|thumb|Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease]]
There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but medications, surgery, and multidisciplinary management can provide relief from the symptoms. The main families of drugs useful for treating motor symptoms are levodopa (usually combined with a [[dopa decarboxylase inhibitor]] or [[COMT inhibitor]] which does not cross the [[blood–brain barrier]]), [[dopamine agonist]]s and [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor|MAO-B inhibitors]].<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> The stage of the disease determines which group is most useful. Two stages are usually distinguished: an initial stage in which the individual with PD has already developed some disability for which he needs pharmacological treatment, then a second stage in which an individual develops motor complications related to levodopa usage.<ref name="Nice-pharma">{{cite book |chapter= Symptomatic pharmacological therapy in Parkinson's disease|editor=The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions| title=Parkinson's Disease| url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35/Guidance/pdf/English| publisher=Royal College of Physicians|location=London| year=2006| isbn= 1-86016-283-5|pages= 59–100}}</ref> Treatment in the initial stage aims for an optimal tradeoff between good symptom control and side-effects resulting from improvement of dopaminergic function. The start of levodopa (or [[L-DOPA]]) treatment may be delayed by using other medications such as MAO-B inhibitors and dopamine agonists, in the hope of delaying the onset of dyskinesias.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> In the second stage the aim is to reduce symptoms while controlling fluctuations of the response to medication. Sudden withdrawals from medication or overuse have to be managed.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> When medications are not enough to control symptoms, surgery, and deep brain stimulation can be of use.<ref name="pmid20937936"/> In the final stages of the disease, [[palliative care]] is provided to improve quality of life.<ref name="Nice-palliative">{{cite book | chapter=Palliative care in Parkinson's disease | editor=The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions | title=Parkinson's Disease | url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35/Guidance/pdf/English | publisher=Royal College of Physicians | location=London | year=2006 | isbn=1-86016-283-5 | pages=147–51 }}</ref>

===Levodopa===
Levodopa has been the most widely used treatment for over 30 years.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> L-DOPA is converted into dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons by [[Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase|dopa decarboxylase]].<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Since motor symptoms are produced by a lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra, the administration of L-DOPA temporarily diminishes the motor symptoms.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/>

Only 5–10% of L-DOPA crosses the blood–brain barrier. The remainder is often metabolized to dopamine elsewhere, causing a variety of side effects including [[nausea]], [[dyskinesia]]s and joint stiffness.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> [[Carbidopa]] and [[benserazide]] are peripheral [[dopa decarboxylase inhibitor]]s,<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> which help to prevent the metabolism of L-DOPA before it reaches the dopaminergic neurons, therefore reducing side effects and increasing [[bioavailability]]. They are generally given as combination preparations with levodopa.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Existing preparations are [[carbidopa/levodopa]] (co-careldopa) and [[benserazide|benserazide/levodopa]] (co-beneldopa). Levodopa has been related to [[dopamine dysregulation syndrome]], which is a [[addiction|compulsive overuse of the medication]], and [[punding]].<ref name="pmid20123548"/> There are controlled [[Slow-release|release]] versions of levodopa in the form [[intravenous]] and intestinal infusions that spread out the effect of the medication. These slow-release levodopa preparations have not shown an increased control of motor symptoms or motor complications when compared to immediate release preparations.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/><ref name="Jankovic_book-Pharma">{{cite book |authors=Tolosa E, Katzenschlager R|chapter=Pharmacological management of Parkinson's disease|veditors=Tolosa E, Jankovic JJ | title=Parkinson's disease and movement disorders|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2007 |pages= 110–45|isbn=0-7817-7881-6}}</ref>

[[Tolcapone]] inhibits the [[COMT]] enzyme, which degrades dopamine, thereby prolonging the effects of levodopa.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> It has been used to complement levodopa; however, its usefulness is limited by possible side effects such as liver damage.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> A similarly effective drug, [[entacapone]], has not been shown to cause significant alterations of liver function.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Licensed preparations of entacapone contain entacapone alone or in combination with carbidopa and levodopa.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/>

Levodopa preparations lead in the long term to the development of motor complications characterized by involuntary movements called [[dyskinesia]]s and fluctuations in the response to medication.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> When this occurs a person with PD can change from phases with good response to medication and few symptoms ("on" state), to phases with no response to medication and significant motor symptoms ("off" state).<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> For this reason, levodopa doses are kept as low as possible while maintaining functionality.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Delaying the initiation of therapy with levodopa by using alternatives (dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors) is common practice.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> A former strategy to reduce motor complications was to withdraw L-DOPA medication for some time. This is discouraged now since it can bring dangerous side effects such as [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]].<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Most people with PD will eventually need levodopa and later develop motor side effects.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/>

===Dopamine agonists===
Several [[dopamine agonist]]s that bind to dopaminergic post-synaptic receptors in the brain have similar effects to levodopa.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> These were initially used for individuals experiencing on-off fluctuations and dyskinesias as a complementary therapy to levodopa; they are now mainly used on their own as an initial therapy for motor symptoms with the aim of delaying motor complications.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldenberg MM |title=Medical management of Parkinson's disease |journal=P & T |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=590–606 |date=October 2008 |pmid=19750042 |pmc=2730785}}</ref> When used in late PD they are useful at reducing the off periods.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Dopamine agonists include [[bromocriptine]], [[pergolide]], [[pramipexole]], [[ropinirole]], [[piribedil]], [[cabergoline]], [[apomorphine]] and [[lisuride]].

Dopamine agonists produce significant, although usually mild, side effects including [[somnolence|drowsiness]], hallucinations, insomnia, nausea, and constipation.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Sometimes side effects appear even at a minimal clinically effective dose, leading the physician to search for a different drug.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Compared with levodopa, dopamine agonists may delay motor complications of medication use but are less effective at controlling symptoms.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Nevertheless, they are usually effective enough to manage symptoms in the initial years.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> They tend to be more expensive than levodopa.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> Dyskinesias due to dopamine agonists are rare in younger people who have PD, but along with other side effects, become more common with age at onset.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> Thus dopamine agonists are the preferred initial treatment for earlier onset, as opposed to levodopa in later onset.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> Agonists have been related to impulse control disorders (such as compulsive sexual activity and eating, and pathological gambling and shopping) even more strongly than levodopa.<ref name="pmid20123548"/>

[[Apomorphine]], a non-orally administered dopamine agonist, may be used to reduce off periods and dyskinesia in late PD.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> It is administered by intermittent injections or continuous [[subcutaneous infusion]]s.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Since secondary effects such as confusion and hallucinations are common, individuals receiving apomorphine treatment should be closely monitored.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Two dopamine agonists that are administered through skin patches ([[lisuride]] and [[rotigotine]]) and are useful for people in the initial stages and possibly to control off states in those in the advanced state.<ref name="Jankovic_book-Pharma"/>

===MAO-B inhibitors===
[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor|MAO-B inhibitors]] ([[safinamide]], [[selegiline]] and [[rasagiline]]) increase the level of dopamine in the basal ganglia by blocking its metabolism. They inhibit [[monoamine oxidase B]] (MAO-B) which breaks down dopamine secreted by the dopaminergic neurons. The reduction in MAO-B activity results in increased L-DOPA in the [[striatum]].<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> Like dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors used as monotherapy improve motor symptoms and delay the need for levodopa in early disease, but produce more adverse effects and are less effective than levodopa. There are few studies of their effectiveness in the advanced stage, although results suggest that they are useful to reduce fluctuations between on and off periods.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> An initial study indicated that selegiline in combination with levodopa increased the risk of death, but this was later disproven.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/>

===Other drugs===
{{Main article|Antiparkinson medication}}
Other drugs such as [[amantadine]] and [[anticholinergic]]s may be useful as treatment of motor symptoms. However, the evidence supporting them lacks quality, so they are not first choice treatments.<ref name="Nice-pharma"/> In addition to motor symptoms, PD is accompanied by a diverse range of symptoms. A number of drugs have been used to treat some of these problems.<ref name="Nice-NonMotor">{{cite book | chapter=Non-motor features of Parkinson's disease|editor=The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions | title=Parkinson's Disease | url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35/Guidance/pdf/English | publisher=Royal College of Physicians|location=London | year=2006 | isbn=1-86016-283-5 | pages=113–33 }}</ref> Examples are the use of [[quetiapine]] for psychosis, [[cholinesterase inhibitors]] for dementia, and [[modafinil]] for [[excessive daytime sleepiness|daytime sleepiness]].<ref name="Nice-NonMotor"/><ref name="pmid19559160">{{cite journal |authors=Hasnain M, Vieweg WV, Baron MS, Beatty-Brooks M, Fernandez A, Pandurangi AK |title=Pharmacological management of psychosis in elderly patients with parkinsonism |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=122 |issue=7 |pages=614–22 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19559160 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.025}}</ref> A 2010 [[meta-analysis]] found that [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (apart from [[aspirin]]), have been associated with at least a 15 percent (higher in long-term and regular users) reduction of incidence of the development of Parkinson's disease.<ref name="Gagne-2010">{{Cite journal | authors=Gagne JJ, Power MC | title =Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis | journal = Neurology | volume = 74 | issue = 12 | pages=995–1002 |date=March 2010 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d5a4a3 | pmid=20308684 | pmc=2848103}}</ref>

===Surgery===
[[File:Parkinson surgery.jpg|upright|thumb|Placement of an electrode into the brain. The head is stabilised in a frame for [[stereotactic surgery]]. ]]
Treating motor symptoms with surgery was once a common practice, but since the discovery of levodopa, the number of operations declined.<ref name="Nice-surgery">{{cite book |chapter= Surgery for Parkinson's disease|editor=The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions| title=Parkinson's Disease| url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35/Guidance/pdf/English| publisher=Royal College of Physicians|location=London| year=2006| isbn= 1-86016-283-5|pages= 101–11}}</ref> Studies in the past few decades have led to great improvements in surgical techniques, so that surgery is again being used in people with advanced PD for whom drug therapy is no longer sufficient.<ref name="Nice-surgery"/> Surgery for PD can be divided in two main groups: lesional and [[deep brain stimulation]] (DBS). Target areas for DBS or lesions include the [[thalamus]], the [[globus pallidus]] or the [[subthalamic nucleus]].<ref name="Nice-surgery"/> [[Deep brain stimulation]] (DBS) is the most commonly used surgical treatment, developed in the 1980s by [[Alim-Louis Benabid]] and others. It involves the implantation of a medical device called a [[neurostimulator]] which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. DBS is recommended for people who have PD with motor fluctuations and tremor inadequately controlled by medication, or to those who are intolerant to medication, as long as they do not have severe [[wikt:neuropsychiatric|neuropsychiatric]] problems.<ref name="pmid20937936">{{cite journal |last1=Bronstein|first1=M.|last2=Tagliati|first2=M.|title=Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |page=165 |date=February 2011 |pmid=20937936 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2010.260 |displayauthors=1 |last3=Alterman |first3=R. L. |last4=Lozano |last5=Volkmann |last6=Stefani |last7=Horak |last8=Okun |last9=Foote |last10=Krack |last11=Pahwa |last12=Henderson |last13=Hariz |last14=Bakay |last15=Rezai |last16=Marks Jr |last17=Moro |last18=Vitek |last19=Weaver |last20=Gross |last21=Delong }}</ref> Other, less common, surgical therapies involve intentional formation of lesions to suppress overactivity of specific [[wikt:subcortical|subcortical]] areas. For example, [[pallidotomy]] involves surgical destruction of the globus pallidus to control dyskinesia.<ref name="Nice-surgery"/>

===Rehabilitation===
{{Further|Rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease}}
Exercise programs are recommended in people with Parkinson's disease.<ref name=Neuro2011/> There is some evidence that speech or mobility problems can improve with rehabilitation, although studies are scarce and of low quality.<ref name="Nice-rehab">{{cite book |chapter= Other key interventions|editor=The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions| title=Parkinson's Disease| url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35/Guidance/pdf/English| publisher=Royal College of Physicians|location=London| year=2006| isbn= 1-86016-283-5|pages= 135–46}}</ref><ref name="pmid18181210">{{cite journal |authors=Goodwin VA, Richards SH, Taylor RS, Taylor AH, Campbell JL |title=The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=631–40 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18181210 |doi=10.1002/mds.21922}}</ref> Regular [[physical exercise]] with or without [[physiotherapy]] can be beneficial to maintain and improve mobility, flexibility, strength, gait speed, and quality of life.<ref name="pmid18181210"/> When an exercise program is performed under the supervision of a physiotherapist, there are more improvements in motor symptoms, mental and emotional functions, daily living activities, and quality of life compared to a self-supervised exercise program at home.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Dereli EE, Yaliman A |title=Comparison of the effects of a physiotherapist-supervised exercise programme and a self-supervised exercise programme on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease |journal=Clin Rehabil |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=352–62 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20360152 |doi=10.1177/0269215509358933 |url=http://cre.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20360152}}</ref> In terms of improving flexibility and range of motion for people experiencing [[Hypokinesia|rigidity]], generalized relaxation techniques such as gentle rocking have been found to decrease excessive muscle tension. Other effective techniques to promote relaxation include slow rotational movements of the extremities and trunk, rhythmic initiation, [[diaphragmatic breathing]], and [[meditation]] techniques.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Sullivan|Schmitz|2007|pp=873, 876}}</ref> As for gait and addressing the challenges associated with the disease such as [[hypokinesia]] (slowness of movement), shuffling and decreased arm swing; physiotherapists have a variety of strategies to improve functional mobility and safety. Areas of interest with respect to gait during rehabilitation programs focus on but are not limited to improving gait speed, the base of support, stride length, trunk and arm swing movement. Strategies include utilizing assistive equipment (pole walking and treadmill walking), verbal cueing (manual, visual and auditory), exercises (marching and PNF patterns) and altering environments (surfaces, inputs, open vs. closed).<ref>{{harvnb|O'Sullivan|Schmitz|2007|p=879}}</ref> Strengthening exercises have shown improvements in strength and motor function for people with primary muscular weakness and weakness related to inactivity with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. However, reports show a significant interaction between strength and the time the medications was taken. Therefore, it is recommended that people with PD should perform exercises 45 minutes to one hour after medications when they are at their best.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Sullivan|Schmitz|2007|p=877}}</ref> Also, due to the forward flexed posture, and respiratory dysfunctions in advanced Parkinson's disease, deep diaphragmatic breathing exercises are beneficial in improving chest wall mobility and vital capacity.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Sullivan|Schmitz|2007|p=880}}</ref> Exercise may improve constipation.<ref name="pmid19691125"/>

One of the most widely practiced [[Speech therapy|treatments for speech]] disorders associated with Parkinson's disease is the [[Lee Silverman voice treatment]] (LSVT).<ref name="Nice-rehab"/><ref name="pmid17117354">{{cite journal |authors=Fox CM, Ramig LO, Ciucci MR, Sapir S, McFarland DH, Farley BG |title=The science and practice of LSVT/LOUD: neural plasticity-principled approach to treating individuals with Parkinson disease and other neurological disorders |journal=Semin. Speech. Lang. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=283–99 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17117354 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-955118}}</ref> Speech therapy and specifically LSVT may improve speech.<ref name="Nice-rehab"/> [[Occupational therapy]] (OT) aims to promote health and quality of life by helping people with the disease to participate in as many of their [[Daily living skills|daily living activities]] as possible.<ref name="Nice-rehab"/> There have been few studies on the effectiveness of OT and their quality is poor, although there is some indication that it may improve motor skills and quality of life for the duration of the therapy.<ref name="Nice-rehab"/><ref name="pmid17636709">{{cite journal |authors=Dixon L, Duncan D, Johnson P, Kirkby L, O'Connell H, Taylor H, Deane KH|editor1-last=Deane |editor1-first=Katherine |title=Occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |page=CD002813 |year=2007 |pmid=17636709 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002813.pub2}}</ref>

===Palliative care===
[[Palliative care]] is specialized medical care for people with serious illnesses, including Parkinson's. The goal of this speciality is to improve quality of life for both the person suffering from Parkinson's and the family by providing relief from the symptoms, pain, and stress of illnesses.<ref name="pmid17531914">{{cite journal| authors=Ferrell B, Connor SR, Cordes A, Dahlin CM, Fine PG, Hutton N, Leenay M, Lentz J, Person JL, Meier DE, Zuroski K; National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care Task Force Members| title=The national agenda for quality palliative care: the National Consensus Project and the National Quality Forum | journal=J Pain Symptom Manage | year= 2007 | volume= 33 | issue= 6 | pages= 737–44 | pmid=17531914 | doi=10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.02.024}}</ref> As Parkinson's is not a curable disease, all treatments are focused on slowing decline and improving quality of life, and are therefore palliative in nature.<ref name="pmid24182372">{{cite journal| authors=Lorenzl S, Nübling G, Perrar KM, Voltz R| title=Palliative treatment of chronic neurologic disorders | journal=Handb Clin Neurol | year= 2013 | volume= 118 | issue= | pages= 133–9 | pmid=24182372 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00010-X | series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology | isbn=9780444535016 }}</ref>

Palliative care should be involved earlier, rather than later in the disease course.<ref name="pmid22771241">{{cite journal| author=Ghoche R| title=The conceptual framework of palliative care applied to advanced Parkinson's disease. | journal=Parkinsonism Relat Disord | year= 2012 | volume= 18 | issue=Suppl 3 | pages= S2–5 | pmid=22771241 | doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.06.012}}</ref><ref name="pmid20081638">{{cite journal| author=Wilcox SK| title=Extending palliative care to patients with Parkinson's disease | journal=Br J Hosp Med (Lond) | year= 2010 | volume= 71 | issue= 1 | pages= 26–30 | pmid=20081638 | doi=10.12968/hmed.2010.71.1.45969}}</ref> Palliative care specialists can help with physical symptoms, emotional factors such as loss of function and jobs, depression, fear, and existential concerns.<ref name="pmid22771241" /><ref name="pmid20081638"/><ref name="pmid24801658">{{cite journal| authors=Moens K, Higginson IJ, Harding R, EURO IMPACT | title=Are there differences in the prevalence of palliative care-related problems in people living with advanced cancer and eight non-cancer conditions? A systematic review | journal=J Pain Symptom Manage | year= 2014 | volume=Online first | issue= 4| pages= 660–677| pmid=24801658 | doi=10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.11.009}}</ref>

Along with offering emotional support to both the patient and family, palliative care serves an important role in addressing goals of care. People with Parkinson's may have many difficult decisions to make as the disease progresses such as wishes for [[feeding tube]], [[non-invasive ventilation|non-invasive ventilator]], and [[tracheostomy]]; wishes for or against [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]; and when to use [[hospice]] care.<ref name="pmid24182372"/> Palliative care team members can help answer questions and guide people with Parkinson's on these complex and emotional topics to help them make the best decision based on their own values.<ref name="pmid20081638"/><ref name="pmid24195263">{{cite journal| author=Casey G| title=Parkinson's disease: a long and difficult journey. | journal=Nurs N Z | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 7 | pages= 20–4 | pmid=24195263}}</ref>

===Other treatments===
Muscles and nerves that control the digestive process may be affected by PD, resulting in [[constipation]] and [[gastroparesis]] (food remaining in the stomach for a longer period than normal).<ref name="pmid19691125"/> A balanced diet, based on periodical nutritional assessments, is recommended and should be designed to avoid weight loss or gain and minimize consequences of gastrointestinal dysfunction.<ref name="pmid19691125"/> As the disease advances, swallowing difficulties ([[dysphagia]]) may appear. In such cases it may be helpful to use [[thickening agent]]s for liquid intake and an upright posture when eating, both measures reducing the risk of choking. [[Gastrostomy]] to deliver food directly into the stomach is possible in severe cases.<ref name="pmid19691125"/>

Levodopa and [[protein]]s use the same transportation system in the intestine and the blood–brain barrier, thereby competing for access.<ref name="pmid19691125"/> When they are taken together, this results in a reduced effectiveness of the drug.<ref name="pmid19691125"/> Therefore, when levodopa is introduced, excessive [[Protein (nutrient)|protein consumption]] is discouraged and well balanced [[Mediterranean diet]] is recommended. In advanced stages, additional intake of low-protein products such as bread or pasta is recommended for similar reasons.<ref name="pmid19691125"/> To minimize interaction with proteins, levodopa should be taken 30 minutes before meals.<ref name="pmid19691125"/> At the same time, regimens for PD restrict proteins during breakfast and lunch, allowing protein intake in the evening.<ref name="pmid19691125"/>

[[Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation]] temporarily improves levodopa-induced dyskinesias.<ref name="pmid20714078">{{cite journal |author=Koch G |title=rTMS effects on levodopa induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease patients: searching for effective cortical targets |journal=Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=561–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20714078 |doi=10.3233/RNN-2010-0556}}</ref> Its usefulness in PD is an open research topic,<ref name="pmid20714064">{{cite journal |authors=Platz T, Rothwell JC |title=Brain stimulation and brain repair—rTMS: from animal experiment to clinical trials—what do we know? |journal=Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=387–98 |year=2010 |pmid=20714064 |doi=10.3233/RNN-2010-0570}}</ref> although recent studies have shown no effect by rTMS.<ref name="pmid20669300">{{cite journal |authors=Arias P, Vivas J, Grieve KL, Cudeiro J |title=Controlled trial on the effect of 10 days low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on motor signs in Parkinson's disease |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=1830–8 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20669300 |doi=10.1002/mds.23055}}</ref> Several [[nutrient]]s have been proposed as possible treatments; however there is no evidence that [[vitamin]]s or [[food additive]]s improve symptoms.<ref name="pmid16606908">{{cite journal |authors=Suchowersky O, Gronseth G, Perlmutter J, Reich S, Zesiewicz T, Weiner WJ |title=Practice Parameter: neuroprotective strategies and alternative therapies for Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology |journal=Neurology |volume=66 |issue=7 |pages=976–82 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16606908 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000206363.57955.1b}}</ref> There is no evidence to substantiate that [[acupuncture]] and practice of [[Qigong]], or [[T'ai chi ch'uan|T'ai chi]], have any effect on the course of the disease or symptoms. Further research on the viability of Tai chi for balance or motor skills are necessary.<ref name="pmid18374620">{{cite journal |authors=Lee MS, Lam P, Ernst E |title=Effectiveness of tai chi for Parkinson's disease: a critical review |journal=Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=589–94 |date=December 2008 |pmid=18374620 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.02.003}}</ref><ref name="pmid18973253">{{cite journal |authors=Lee MS, Ernst E |title=Qigong for movement disorders: A systematic review |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=301–3 |date=January 2009 |pmid=18973253 |doi=10.1002/mds.22275}}</ref><ref name="pmid18618661">{{cite journal |authors=Lee MS, Shin BC, Kong JC, Ernst E |title=Effectiveness of acupuncture for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=1505–15 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18618661 |doi=10.1002/mds.21993}}</ref> [[Fava bean]]s and [[Mucuna pruriens|velvet bean]]s are natural sources of levodopa and are eaten by many people with PD. While they have shown some effectiveness in clinical trials,<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Katzenschlager R, Evans A, Manson A, Patsalos PN, Ratnaraj N, Watt H, Timmermann L, Van der Giessen R, Lees AJ |title=Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson's disease: a double blind clinical and pharmacological study |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=75 |issue=12 |pages=1672–7 |year=2004 |pmid=15548480 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2003.028761 |pmc=1738871}}</ref> their intake is not free of risks. Life-threatening adverse reactions have been described, such as the [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]].<ref name="pmid15719433">{{cite journal |authors=Ladha SS, Walker R, Shill HA |title=Case of neuroleptic malignant-like syndrome precipitated by abrupt fava bean discontinuance |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=630–1 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15719433 |doi=10.1002/mds.20380}}</ref><ref name="pmid19678834">{{cite journal |authors=Raguthu L, Varanese S, Flancbaum L, Tayler E, Di Rocco A |title=Fava beans and Parkinson's disease: useful 'natural supplement' or useless risk? |journal=Eur. J. Neurol. |volume=16 |issue=10 |page=e171 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19678834 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02766.x}}</ref>

==Prognosis==
{{See also|Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale}}
[[File:Parkinson disease world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Global burden of Parkinson's disease, measured in [[disability-adjusted life year]]s per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
{{Multicol}}
{{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}}
{{legend|#ffff65|< 5}}
{{legend|#fff200|5–12.5}}
{{legend|#ffdc00|12.5–20}}
{{legend|#ffc600|20–27.5}}
{{legend|#ffb000|27.5–35}}
{{legend|#ff9a00|35–42.5}}
{{Multicol-break}}
{{legend|#ff8400|42.5–50}}
{{legend|#ff6e00|50–57.5}}
{{legend|#ff5800|57.5–65}}
{{legend|#ff4200|65–72.5}}
{{legend|#ff2c00|72.5–80}}
{{legend|#cb0000|> 80}}
{{Multicol-end}}]]

PD invariably progresses with time. A severity rating method known as the [[Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale]] (UPDRS) is the most commonly used metric for clinical study. A modified version known as the MDS-UPDRS is also sometimes used. An older scaling method known as the [[Hoehn and Yahr scale]] (originally published in 1967), and a similar scale known as the Modified Hoehn and Yahr scale, have also been commonly used. The Hoehn and Yahr scale defines five basic stages of progression.

Motor symptoms, if not treated, advance aggressively in the early stages of the disease and more slowly later. Untreated, individuals are expected to lose independent [[ambulation]] after an average of eight years and be bedridden after ten years.<ref name="pmid17131223"/> However, it is uncommon to find untreated people nowadays. Medication has improved the prognosis of motor symptoms, while at the same time it is a new source of disability because of the undesired effects of levodopa after years of use.<ref name="pmid17131223"/> In people taking levodopa, the progression time of symptoms to a stage of high dependency from caregivers may be over 15 years.<ref name="pmid17131223"/> However, it is hard to predict what course the disease will take for a given individual.<ref name="pmid17131223"/> Age is the best predictor of disease progression.<ref name="pmid20495568"/> The rate of motor decline is greater in those with less impairment at the time of diagnosis, while cognitive impairment is more frequent in those who are over 70 years of age at symptom onset.<ref name="pmid20495568"/>

Since current therapies improve motor symptoms, disability at present is mainly related to non-motor features of the disease.<ref name="pmid20495568"/> Nevertheless, the relationship between disease progression and disability is not linear. Disability is initially related to motor symptoms.<ref name="pmid17131223">{{cite journal |author=Poewe W |title=The natural history of Parkinson's disease |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=253 |issue=Suppl 7 |pages=VII2–6 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17131223 |doi=10.1007/s00415-006-7002-7 }}</ref> As the disease advances, disability is more related to motor symptoms that do not respond adequately to medication, such as swallowing/speech difficulties, and gait/balance problems; and also to motor complications, which appear in up to 50% of individuals after 5 years of levodopa usage.<ref name="pmid17131223"/> Finally, after ten years most people with the disease have autonomic disturbances, sleep problems, mood alterations and cognitive decline.<ref name="pmid17131223"/> All of these symptoms, especially cognitive decline, greatly increase disability.<ref name="pmid20495568"/><ref name="pmid17131223"/>

The [[life expectancy]] of people with PD is reduced.<ref name="pmid17131223"/> [[Standardized mortality ratio|Mortality ratios]] are around twice those of unaffected people.<ref name="pmid17131223"/> Cognitive decline and dementia, old age at onset, a more advanced disease state and presence of swallowing problems are all mortality [[risk factor]]s. On the other hand, a disease pattern mainly characterized by tremor as opposed to rigidity predicts an improved survival.<ref name="pmid17131223"/> Death from [[aspiration pneumonia]] is twice as common in individuals with PD as in the healthy population.<ref name="pmid17131223"/>

In 2013 PD resulted in about 103,000 deaths globally, up from 44,000 deaths in 1990.<ref name="GDB2013" /> The death rate increased from an average of 1.5 to 1.8 per 100,000 during that time.<ref name=GDB2013/>

==Epidemiology==
[[File:Parkinsons disease world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deaths from Parkinson disease per million persons in 2012 {{refbegin|3}}{{legend|#ffff20|0-1}}{{legend|#ffe820|2-4}}{{legend|#ffd820|5-6}}{{legend|#ffc020|7-8}}{{legend|#ffa020|9-10}}{{legend|#ff9a20|11-12}}{{legend|#f08015|13-17}}{{legend|#e06815|18-36}}{{legend|#d85010|37-62}}{{legend|#d02010|63-109}}{{refend}}]]
PD is the second most common [[neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative disorder]] after [[Alzheimer's disease]] and affects approximately seven million people globally and one million people in the United States.<ref name="OFP">{{cite journal |last1=Yao|first1=S.C.|last2=Hart|first2=A.D.|last3=Terzella|first3=M.J.|title=An evidence-based osteopathic approach to Parkinson disease |journal=Osteopathic Family Physician |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=96–101 |date=May 2013 |pmid= |doi=10.1016/j.osfp.2013.01.003 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16713924">{{cite journal |authors=de Lau LM, Breteler MM |title=Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease |journal=Lancet Neurol. |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=525–35 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16713924 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70471-9}}</ref> The [[prevalence|proportion in a population at a given time]] is about 0.3% in industrialized countries. PD is more common in the elderly and rates rises from 1% in those over 60 years of age to 4% of the population over 80.<ref name="pmid16713924"/> The mean age of onset is around 60 years, although 5–10% of cases, classified as young onset PD, begin between the ages of 20 and 50.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> PD may be less prevalent in those of African and Asian ancestry, although this finding is disputed.<ref name="pmid16713924"/> Some studies have proposed that it is more common in men than women, but others failed to detect any differences between the two sexes.<ref name="pmid16713924"/> The [[incidence (epidemiology)|number of new cases per year]] of PD is between 8 and 18 per 100,000 person–years.<ref name="pmid16713924"/>

Many risk factors and protective factors have been proposed, sometimes in relation to theories concerning possible mechanisms of the disease, however, none have been conclusively related to PD by empirical evidence. When epidemiological studies have been carried out in order to test the relationship between a given factor and PD, they have often been flawed and their results have in some cases been contradictory.<ref name="pmid16713924"/> The most frequently replicated relationships are an increased risk of PD in those exposed to pesticides, and a reduced risk in smokers.<ref name="pmid16713924"/>

==History==
{{Main article|History of Parkinson's disease}}
[[File:Charcot1893.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Jean-Martin Charcot]], who made important contributions to the understanding of the disease and proposed its current name honoring [[James Parkinson]]]]
Several early sources, including an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[papyrus]], an [[ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medical treatise, the [[Bible]], and [[Galen]]'s writings, describe symptoms resembling those of PD.<ref name="pmid15568171">{{cite journal |author=García Ruiz PJ|title=Prehistoria de la enfermedad de Parkinson |trans_title=[Prehistory of Parkinson's disease] |language=Spanish|journal=Neurologia |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=735–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15568171 }}</ref> After Galen there are no references unambiguously related to PD until the 17th century.<ref name="pmid15568171"/> In the 17th and 18th centuries, several authors wrote about elements of the disease, including [[Franciscus Sylvius|Sylvius]], [[Hieronymus David Gaubius|Gaubius]], [[John Hunter (surgeon)|Hunter]] and [[Auguste François Chomel|Chomel]].<ref name="pmid15568171"/><ref name="pmid19892136">{{cite journal |author=Lanska DJ |title=Chapter 33: the history of movement disorders |journal=Handb. Clin. Neurol. |volume=95 |pages=501–46 |year=2010 |pmid=19892136 |doi=10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |isbn=9780444520098 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9380070">{{cite journal |authors=Koehler PJ, Keyser A |title=Tremor in Latin texts of Dutch physicians: 16th–18th centuries |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=798–806 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9380070 |doi=10.1002/mds.870120531}}</ref>

In 1817 an English doctor, [[James Parkinson]], published his essay reporting six cases of paralysis agitans.<ref name="pmid18175393"/> ''An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'' described the characteristic resting tremor, abnormal posture and gait, paralysis and diminished muscle strength, and the way that the disease progresses over time.<ref name="An Essay on the Shaking Palsy"/><ref name="pmid9399240">{{cite journal |author=Louis ED |title=The shaking palsy, the first forty-five years: a journey through the British literature |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1068–72 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9399240 |doi=10.1002/mds.870120638 |url=}}</ref> Early neurologists who made further additions to the knowledge of the disease include [[Armand Trousseau|Trousseau]], [[William Richard Gowers|Gowers]], [[Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson|Kinnier Wilson]] and [[Wilhelm Heinrich Erb|Erb]], and most notably [[Jean-Martin Charcot]], whose studies between 1868 and 1881 were a landmark in the understanding of the disease.<ref name="pmid18175393"/> Among other advances, he made the distinction between rigidity, weakness and bradykinesia.<ref name="pmid18175393"/> He also championed the renaming of the disease in honor of James Parkinson.<ref name="pmid18175393"/>

In 1912 [[Frederic Lewy]] described microscopic particles in affected brains, later named "[[Lewy body|Lewy bodies]]".<ref name="pmid18175393"/> In 1919 [[Konstantin Tretiakoff]] reported that the substantia nigra was the main cerebral structure affected, but this finding was not widely accepted until it was confirmed by further studies published by [[Rolf Hassler]] in 1938.<ref name="pmid18175393"/> The underlying [[biochemical]] changes in the [[brain]] were identified in the 1950s, due largely to the work of [[Arvid Carlsson]] on the neurotransmitter dopamine and [[Oleh Hornykiewicz]] on its role on PD.<ref name="pmid18781671"/> In 1997, alpha-synuclein was found to be the main component of Lewy bodies by [[Maria Grazia Spillantini|Spillantini]], [[John Q. Trojanowski|Trojanowski]], [[Michel Goedert|Goedert]] and others.<ref name="pmid20563819"/>

Anticholinergics and surgery (lesioning of the [[corticospinal pathway]] or some of the basal ganglia structures) were the only treatments until the arrival of levodopa, which reduced their use dramatically.<ref name="pmid19892136"/><ref name="pmid9361073">{{cite journal |authors=Guridi J, Lozano AM |title=A brief history of pallidotomy |journal=Neurosurgery |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=1169–80; discussion 1180–3 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9361073 |doi= 10.1097/00006123-199711000-00029}}</ref> [[Levodopa]] was first synthesized in 1911 by [[Casimir Funk]], but it received little attention until the mid 20th century.<ref name="pmid18781671"/> It entered clinical practice in 1967 and brought about a revolution in the management of PD.<ref name="pmid18781671">{{cite journal |author=Fahn S |title=The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=23 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S497–508 |year=2008 |pmid=18781671 |doi=10.1002/mds.22028 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hornykiewicz O |title=L-DOPA: from a biologically inactive amino acid to a successful therapeutic agent |journal=Amino Acids |volume=23 |issue=1–3 |pages=65–70 |year=2002 |pmid=12373520 |doi=10.1007/s00726-001-0111-9}}</ref> By the late 1980s [[deep brain stimulation]] introduced by [[Alim-Louis Benabid]] and colleagues at [[Grenoble]], France, emerged as a possible treatment.<ref name="pmid18684199">{{cite journal |author=Coffey RJ |title=Deep brain stimulation devices: a brief technical history and review |journal=Artif. Organs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=208–20 |date=March 2009 |pmid=18684199 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1594.2008.00620.x |url=}}</ref>

==Society and culture==

===Cost===
[[File:Pdtulip-aware3-72dpi.jpg|thumb|125px|"Parkinson's awareness" logo with red tulip symbol.]]
The costs of PD to society are high, but precise calculations are difficult due to methodological issues in research and differences between countries.<ref name="pmid17702630">{{cite journal |author=Findley LJ |title=The economic impact of Parkinson's disease |journal=Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. |volume=13 |issue=Suppl |pages=S8–S12 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17702630 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.06.003 |url=}}</ref> The annual cost in the UK is estimated to be between 449 million and 3.3 billion pounds, while the cost per patient per year in the U.S. is probably around $10,000 and the total burden around 23 billion dollars.<ref name="pmid17702630"/> The largest share of direct cost comes from [[inpatient care]] and nursing homes, while the share coming from medication is substantially lower.<ref name="pmid17702630"/> Indirect costs are high, due to reduced productivity and the burden on caregivers.<ref name="pmid17702630"/> In addition to economic costs, PD reduces [[quality of life]] of those with the disease and their caregivers.<ref name="pmid17702630"/>

===Advocacy===
11 April, the birthday of James Parkinson, has been designated as World Parkinson's Day.<ref name="pmid18175393"/> A red tulip was chosen by international organizations as the symbol of the disease in 2005: it represents the James Parkinson Tulip [[cultivar]], registered in 1981 by a Dutch horticulturalist.<ref name="tulip">{{cite web| url=http://www.gsk.com/infocus/parkinsons.htm| title=Parkinson's – 'the shaking palsy'| date=1 April 2009|publisher=GlaxoSmithKline}}</ref> Advocacy organizations include the [[National Parkinson Foundation]], which has provided more than $180 million in care, research and support services since 1982,<ref name="urlNational Parkinson Foundation – Mission">{{cite web |url=http://www.parkinson.org/About-Us/Mission |title=National Parkinson Foundation – Mission |accessdate=28 March 2011}}</ref> [[Parkinson's Disease Foundation]], which has distributed more than $115 million for research and nearly $50 million for education and advocacy programs since its founding in 1957 by William Black;<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828597,00.html |title=Education: Joy in Giving| date=18 January 1960|accessdate=2 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdf.org/en/about_pdf|title=About PDF |publisher=Parkinson's Disease Foundation|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref> the [[American Parkinson Disease Association]], founded in 1961;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apdaparkinson.org/userND/index.asp|title= American Parkinson Disease Association: Home |publisher=American Parkinson Disease Association |accessdate=9 August 2010}}</ref> and the [[European Parkinson's Disease Association]], founded in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epda.eu.com/about-us/|title=About EPDA|year=2010|publisher= European Parkinson's Disease Association |accessdate=9 August 2010}}</ref>

===Notable cases===
{{main article|List of people diagnosed with Parkinson's disease}}
[[File:Muhammad Ali, Davos.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Muhammad Ali]] at the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], at the age of 64. He had shown signs of parkinsonism from the age of 38 until his death.]]
Actor [[Michael J. Fox]] has PD and has greatly increased the public awareness of the disease.<ref name="MJF_TIME"/> After diagnosis, Fox embraced his Parkinson's in television roles, sometimes acting without medication, in order to further illustrate the effects of the condition. He has written two autobiographies in which his fight against the disease plays a major role,<ref name="MJF_guardian">{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/apr/11/michael-j-fox-parkinsons | title='It's the gift that keeps on taking'| date=11 April 2009| author=Brockes E|work=The Guardian|accessdate=25 October 2010}}</ref> and appeared before the [[United States Congress]] without medication to illustrate the effects of the disease.<ref name="MJF_guardian" /> [[The Michael J. Fox Foundation]] aims to develop a cure for Parkinson's disease.<ref name="MJF_guardian" /> Fox received an [[honorary doctorate]] in medicine from [[Karolinska Institutet]] for his contributions to research in Parkinson's disease.<ref name="doctorate_Fox">{{cite news| url=http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=25844&a=96573&l=en&newsdep=25844 | title=Michael J. Fox to be made honorary doctor at Karolinska Institutet| date=5 March 2010| publisher=Karolinska Institutet|accessdate=2 April 2011 }}</ref>

Professional cyclist and Olympic medalist [[Davis Phinney]], who was diagnosed with young onset Parkinson's at age 40, started the [[Davis Phinney Foundation]] in 2004 to support Parkinson's research, focusing on quality of life for people with the disease.<ref name=Mac2008/><ref name="DPF">{{cite web|url=http://davisphinneyfoundation.org/dpf/who-we-are/ |title=Who We Are |publisher=Davis Phinney Foundation |accessdate=18 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Phinney2">{{cite press release| url=http://www.davisphinneyfoundation.org/atf/cf/%7B79AE86BA-CFD7-437E-A98E-2A5F5429BA65%7D/Exercise%20Video%20Release%20FNL.pdf| title=Davis Phinney foundation launches exercise-focused tools to help people live well with Parkinson's | date=19 October 2010|publisher=Davis Phinney foundation|author= Emanuel, W|accessdate=2 April 2011 }}</ref>

[[Muhammad Ali]] showed signs of Parkinson's when he was 38, but was not diagnosed until he was 42, and has been called the "world's most famous Parkinson's patient".<ref name="Ali_NN_comment"/> Whether he had PD or a [[parkinsonism]] [[Dementia pugilistica|related to boxing]] is unresolved.<ref name="Ali_NN">{{cite journal| url=http://journals.lww.com/neurologynow/Fulltext/2006/02020/Ali_s_Fighting_Spirit.4.aspx| title=Ali's Fighting Spirit| date=April 2006|work=Neurology Now |publisher=American Academy of Neurology|author=Matthews W|volume=2|issue=2|pages=10–23|accessdate=2 April 2011| doi=10.1097/01222928-200602020-00004}}</ref><ref name="Ali_NYT">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/17/magazine/ali-still-magic.html| title=Ali: Still Magic| date=17 July 1988| author= Tauber P|work=New York Times|accessdate=2 April 2011}}</ref>

==Research==
{{See also|Parkinson's disease clinical research}}
There is little prospect of significant new PD treatments in the near future.<ref name=Dimond/> Currently active research directions include the search for new [[animal model]]s of the disease and studies of the potential usefulness of [[gene therapy]], [[stem cell]] transplants and [[neuroprotective]] agents.<ref name="pmid20495568"/>

===Animal models===
PD is not known to occur naturally in any species other than humans, although animal models which show some features of the disease are used in research. The appearance of parkinsonian symptoms in a group of drug addicts in the early 1980s who consumed a contaminated batch of the synthetic [[opiate]] [[MPPP]] led to the discovery of the chemical [[MPTP]] as an agent that causes a parkinsonian syndrome in non-human primates as well as in humans.<ref name="pmid6823561">{{cite journal |authors=Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I |title=Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis |journal=Science |volume=219 |issue=4587 |pages=979–80|date=February 1983 |pmid=6823561 |doi= 10.1126/science.6823561|bibcode=1983Sci...219..979L }}</ref> Other predominant toxin-based models employ the insecticide [[rotenone]], the herbicide [[paraquat]] and the fungicide [[maneb]].<ref name="pmid19729209">{{cite journal|authors=Cicchetti F, Drouin-Ouellet J, Gross RE |title=Environmental toxins and Parkinson's disease: what have we learned from pesticide-induced animal models? |journal=Trends Pharmacol. Sci. |volume=30 |issue=9 |pages=475–83 |date=September 2009|pmid=19729209 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2009.06.005 }}</ref> Models based on toxins are most commonly used in [[primate]]s. [[Transgenic]] rodent models that replicate various aspects of PD have been developed.<ref name="pmid18642640">{{cite journal |authors=Harvey BK, Wang Y, Hoffer BJ |title=Transgenic rodent models of Parkinson's disease |journal=Acta Neurochir. Suppl. |volume=101 |pages=89–92 |year=2008 |pmid=18642640 |pmc=2613245 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-211-78205-7_15|url= |series=Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum |isbn=978-3-211-78204-0}}</ref> Using the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, also known as 6-OHDA, it creates a model of Parkinson's disease in rats by targeting and destroying dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway when injected into the substantia nigra.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blum|first=D|last2=Torch|first2=S|title=Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson's disease|journal=Progress in Neurobiology|date=October 2001|volume=65|issue=2|pages=135–172|doi=10.1016/S0301-0082(01)00003-X|pmid=11403877|last3=Lambeng|first3=N|last4=Nissou|first4=M|last5=Benabid|first5=AL|last6=Sadoul|first6=R|last7=Verna|first7=JM}}</ref>

===Gene therapy===
Gene therapy typically involves the use of a non-infectious [[virus]] (i.e., a [[viral vector]] such as the [[adeno-associated virus]]) to shuttle genetic material into a part of the brain. The gene used leads to the production of an [[enzyme]] that helps to manage PD symptoms or protects the brain from further damage.<ref name="pmid20495568"/><ref name="pmid20155994">{{cite journal |authors=Feng, LR, Maguire-Zeiss KA |title=Gene Therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Rationale and Current Status |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=24 |issue=3|pages=177–92 |year=2010|pmid=20155994 |pmc=2886503|doi=10.2165/11533740-000000000-00000}}</ref> In 2010 there were four clinical trials using gene therapy in PD.<ref name="pmid20495568"/> There have not been important adverse effects in these trials although the clinical usefulness of gene therapy is still unknown.<ref name="pmid20495568"/> One of these reported positive results in 2011,<ref name="pmid21419704">{{cite journal |authors=Lewitt PA, Rezai AR, Leehey MA|title=AAV2-GAD gene therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, sham-surgery controlled, randomised trial |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=309–19|date=April 2011 |pmid=21419704 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70039-4}}</ref> but the company filed for bankruptcy in March 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-16/neurologix-files-to-liquidate-under-chapter-7-bankruptcy-1-.html |title=Neurologix Files to Liquidate Under Chapter 7 Bankruptcy}}</ref>

===Neuroprotective treatments===
[[File:GDNF.jpg|thumb|Several chemical compounds such as [[GDNF]] (chemical structure pictured) have been proposed as neuroprotectors in PD, but their effectiveness has not been proven.]]
Investigations on [[neuroprotective|neuroprotection]] are at the forefront of PD research. Several molecules have been proposed as potential treatments.<ref name="pmid20495568"/> However, none of them have been conclusively demonstrated to reduce degeneration.<ref name="pmid20495568"/> Agents currently under investigation include [[apoptosis|anti-apoptotics]] ([[omigapil]], [[CEP-1347]]), [[glutamate|antiglutamatergics]], [[monoamine oxidase]] inhibitors ([[selegiline]], [[rasagiline]]), [[mitochondrial|promitochondrials]] ([[coenzyme Q10]], [[creatine]]), [[calcium channel blocker]]s ([[isradipine]]) and [[growth factor]]s ([[GDNF]]).<ref name="pmid20495568"/> Preclinical research also targets [[alpha-synuclein]].<ref name=Dimond>{{cite web|url=http://www.genengnews.com/analysis-and-insight/no-new-parkinson-disease-drug-expected-anytime-soon/77899336/|title=No New Parkinson Disease Drug Expected Anytime Soon |author=Dimond PF|date=16 August 2010|work=GEN news highlights |publisher=GEN-Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News }}</ref> A [[vaccine]] that primes the human immune system to destroy [[alpha-synuclein]], PD01A (developed by Austrian company, Affiris), has entered clinical trials in humans.<ref name=NS1>{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428682.000-worlds-first-parkinsons-vaccine-is-trialled.html |title=World's first Parkinson's vaccine is trialled |date=7 June 2012 |work=|publisher=New Scientist }}</ref>

===Neural transplantation===
Since early in the 1980s, [[fetus|fetal]], [[pig|porcine]], [[Common carotid artery|carotid]] or [[retina]]l tissues have been used in cell transplants, in which dissociated cells are injected into the substantia nigra in the hope that they will incorporate themselves into the brain in a way that replaces the dopamine-producing cells that have been lost.<ref name="pmid20495568"/>
Although there was initial evidence of [[Mesencephalon|mesencephalic]] dopamine-producing cell transplants being beneficial, [[Double-blind#Double-blind trials|double-blind trials]] to date indicate that cell transplants produce no long-term benefit.<ref name="pmid20495568">{{cite journal |authors=Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Goetz CG, Marin C, Kordower JH, Rodriguez M, Hirsch EC, Farrer M, Schapira AH, Halliday G |title=Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle |journal=Nat. Med. |volume= 16|issue= 6|pages= 653–61|date=May 2010 |pmid=20495568 |doi=10.1038/nm.2165}}</ref> An additional significant problem was the excess release of dopamine by the transplanted tissue, leading to [[dystonia]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Redmond DE |title=Cellular replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease—where we are today? |journal=The Neuroscientist|volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=457–88 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12374430|doi=10.1177/107385802237703}}</ref> [[Stem cell]] transplants are a recent research target, because stem cells are easy to manipulate and stem cells transplanted into the brains of rodents and monkeys have been found to survive and reduce behavioral abnormalities.<ref name="pmid20495568"/><ref name="Science Daily">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061204123212.htm |title=Stem Cell Research Aims to Tackle Parkinson's Disease |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> Nevertheless, use of fetal stem cells is [[Stem cell controversy|controversial]].<ref name="pmid20495568"/> It has been proposed that effective treatments may be developed in a less controversial way by use of [[induced pluripotent stem cell]]s taken from adults.<ref name="pmid20495568"/>
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Research help|Med}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Sisterproject}}
* {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Parkinson's_Disease/|Parkinson's Disease}}
* [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease: Hope Through Research (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke)]
* [http://www.wpda.org/ World Parkinson Disease Association]
* [http://www.pdgene.org/ PDGENE – Database for Parkinson's Disease genetic association studies]

{{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected = neurological}}
{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}
{{Antiparkinson}}

{{featured article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parkinson's Disease}}
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Parkinson's disease|*]]
[[Category:Cytoskeletal defects]]
[[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]]
[[Category:RTT]]

Arthur Flowerdew

2016-09-28T05:46:39Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox person
| name = James Arthur Flowerdew
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|12|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date|2002|10||df=yes}}
| death_place =
| nationality = English
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''James Arthur Flowerdew''' (1 December 1906 – October 2002) was a [[England|English]] Captain from [[Norfolk, England]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?ei=HNhjSpKwGoSszgTEu6TrBw&id=9II7AAAAMAAJ&dq=flowerdew+petra&q=petra+flowerdew&redir_esc=y#search_anchor Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), ''New Civil Engineer''], July-September 1978, p. 20.</ref> whose unique recollections of the ancient city of [[Petra]] in [[Jordan]] strongly suggest to some the existence of [[reincarnation]].

== Life ==
From his adolescence, Flowerdew experienced strange visions of a stone city carved into a cliff, which were particularly strong when he played in the multicolored pebbles on a beach near his home. The clarity of his visions grew as he did.

One day, as an adult, he watched a [[BBC]] documentary on the ancient city of Petra in Jordan and immediately recognized it as the city of his visions. He became convinced that he had lived a previous life in Petra and contacted the BBC. They filmed and broadcast a documentary on Flowerdew, which the Jordanian government saw and was intrigued by. They offered to fly Flowerdew out to Petra to examine its remains and perhaps offer insights on analyzing the city.<ref name="The Golden Shore">{{cite book|last1=Forman|first1=Joan|title=The Golden Shore|publisher=Futura|location=London|pages=160-162|edition=1990}}</ref>

Before he left for Jordan, Flowerdew was interviewed by an archaeological expert excavating Petra to test his knowledge of the ancient city. Flowerdew described the city with astounding accuracy and pointed out three landmarks prominent in his memory. He went directly to these landmarks upon his arrival at Petra (including his purported place of murder), explained a very plausible use for a device whose explanation had baffled archaeologists, and even correctly identified the locations of many landmarks that had yet to be excavated. Many experts said that Flowerdew had more knowledge of the city than many professionals studying it, and they did not believe him to be an incredible con man (a feat which, in this case, they felt would have taken extraordinary skill). The archeological expert on Petra who accompanied Flowerdew to Jordan said,
{{quote|He's filled in details and a lot of it is very consistent with known archeological and historical facts and it would require a mind very different from his to be able to sustain a fabric of deception on the scale of his memories—at least those he's reported to me. I don't think he's a fraud. I don't think he has the capacity to be a fraud on this scale.<ref name=SR/>}}

Flowerdew himself maintained that he had never seen or heard of Petra before the BBC documentary and had never read any literature on the city.<ref name=SR>[[Sogyal Rinpoche|Rinpoche, Sogyal]]. ''[[The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying]]''. San Francisco: Harper, 1993. pp. 88-90. ISBN 0-06-073495-7.</ref>

Many spiritual leaders, such as [[Tibetan Buddhist]] [[lama]] [[Sogyal Rinpoche]], believe that Flowerdew's experience offers highly suggestive evidence for the existence of [[rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]] or [[reincarnation]].

Mircea Eliade may have used the theme of Flowerdew' experience for the thread of his novel "Youth without youth" (1976), which will be adapted to the screen by F. F. Coppola (2007).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/AnEnglishmansExperienceofReincarnation.pdf Zoroastrian publication's account of Flowerdew's experience]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flowerdew, Arthur}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Norfolk]]
[[Category:Reincarnation]]
[[Category:Petra]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]

Arthur Flowerdew

2016-09-27T20:47:28Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox person
| name = James Arthur Flowerdew
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|12|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date|2002|10||df=yes}}
| death_place =
| nationality = English
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''James Arthur Flowerdew''' (1 December 1906 – October 2002) was a [[England|English]] Captain from [[Norfolk, England]]<ref>Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), ''New Civil Engineer'', July-September 1978, p. 20.</ref> whose unique recollections of the ancient city of [[Petra]] in [[Jordan]] strongly suggest to some the existence of [[reincarnation]].

== Life ==
From his adolescence, Flowerdew experienced strange visions of a stone city carved into a cliff, which were particularly strong when he played in the multicolored pebbles on a beach near his home. The clarity of his visions grew as he did.

One day, as an adult, he watched a [[BBC]] documentary on the ancient city of Petra in Jordan and immediately recognized it as the city of his visions. He became convinced that he had lived a previous life in Petra and contacted the BBC. They filmed and broadcast a documentary on Flowerdew, which the Jordanian government saw and was intrigued by. They offered to fly Flowerdew out to Petra to examine its remains and perhaps offer insights on analyzing the city.<ref name="The Golden Shore">{{cite book|last1=Forman|first1=Joan|title=The Golden Shore|publisher=Futura|location=London|pages=160-162|edition=1990}}</ref>

Before he left for Jordan, Flowerdew was interviewed by an archaeological expert excavating Petra to test his knowledge of the ancient city. Flowerdew described the city with astounding accuracy and pointed out three landmarks prominent in his memory. He went directly to these landmarks upon his arrival at Petra (including his purported place of murder), explained a very plausible use for a device whose explanation had baffled archaeologists, and even correctly identified the locations of many landmarks that had yet to be excavated. Many experts said that Flowerdew had more knowledge of the city than many professionals studying it, and they did not believe him to be an incredible con man (a feat which, in this case, they felt would have taken extraordinary skill). The archeological expert on Petra who accompanied Flowerdew to Jordan said,
{{quote|He's filled in details and a lot of it is very consistent with known archeological and historical facts and it would require a mind very different from his to be able to sustain a fabric of deception on the scale of his memories—at least those he's reported to me. I don't think he's a fraud. I don't think he has the capacity to be a fraud on this scale.<ref name=SR/>}}

Flowerdew himself maintained that he had never seen or heard of Petra before the BBC documentary and had never read any literature on the city.<ref name=SR>[[Sogyal Rinpoche|Rinpoche, Sogyal]]. ''[[The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying]]''. San Francisco: Harper, 1993. pp. 88-90. ISBN 0-06-073495-7.</ref>

Many spiritual leaders, such as [[Tibetan Buddhist]] [[lama]] [[Sogyal Rinpoche]], believe that Flowerdew's experience offers highly suggestive evidence for the existence of [[rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]] or [[reincarnation]].

Mircea Eliade may have used the theme of Flowerdew' experience for the thread of his novel "Youth without youth" (1976), which will be adapted to the screen by F. F. Coppola (2007).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/AnEnglishmansExperienceofReincarnation.pdf Zoroastrian publication's account of Flowerdew's experience]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flowerdew, Arthur}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Norfolk]]
[[Category:Reincarnation]]
[[Category:Petra]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]

Arthur Flowerdew

2016-09-27T19:23:40Z

Angelito7: adding reference

{{Infobox person
| name = James Arthur Flowerdew
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|12|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date|2002|10||df=yes}}
| death_place =
| nationality = English
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''James Arthur Flowerdew''' (1 December 1906 – October 2002) was a [[England|English]] Captain from [[Norfolk, England]]<ref>Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), ''New Civil Engineer'', July-September 1978, p. 20.</ref> whose unique recollections of the ancient city of [[Petra]] in [[Jordan]] strongly suggest to some the existence of [[reincarnation]].

== Life ==
From his adolescence, Flowerdew experienced strange visions of a stone city carved into a cliff, which were particularly strong when he played in the multicolored pebbles on a beach near his home. The clarity of his visions grew as he did.

One day, as an adult, he watched a [[BBC]] documentary on the ancient city of Petra in Jordan and immediately recognized it as the city of his visions. He became convinced that he had lived a previous life in Petra and contacted the BBC. They filmed and broadcast a documentary on Flowerdew, which the Jordanian government saw and was intrigued by. They offered to fly Flowerdew out to Petra to examine its remains and perhaps offer insights on analyzing the city.<ref name="The Golden Shore">{{cite book|last1=Forman|first1=Joan|title=The Golden Shore|publisher=Futura|location=London|pages=160-162|edition=1990|accessdate=27 September 2016}}</ref>

Before he left for Jordan, Flowerdew was interviewed by an archaeological expert excavating Petra to test his knowledge of the ancient city. Flowerdew described the city with astounding accuracy and pointed out three landmarks prominent in his memory. He went directly to these landmarks upon his arrival at Petra (including his purported place of murder), explained a very plausible use for a device whose explanation had baffled archaeologists, and even correctly identified the locations of many landmarks that had yet to be excavated. Many experts said that Flowerdew had more knowledge of the city than many professionals studying it, and they did not believe him to be an incredible con man (a feat which, in this case, they felt would have taken extraordinary skill). The archeological expert on Petra who accompanied Flowerdew to Jordan said,
{{quote|He's filled in details and a lot of it is very consistent with known archeological and historical facts and it would require a mind very different from his to be able to sustain a fabric of deception on the scale of his memories—at least those he's reported to me. I don't think he's a fraud. I don't think he has the capacity to be a fraud on this scale.<ref name=SR/>}}

Flowerdew himself maintained that he had never seen or heard of Petra before the BBC documentary and had never read any literature on the city.<ref name=SR>[[Sogyal Rinpoche|Rinpoche, Sogyal]]. ''[[The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying]]''. San Francisco: Harper, 1993. pp. 88-90. ISBN 0-06-073495-7.</ref>

Many spiritual leaders, such as [[Tibetan Buddhist]] [[lama]] [[Sogyal Rinpoche]], believe that Flowerdew's experience offers highly suggestive evidence for the existence of [[rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]] or [[reincarnation]].

Mircea Eliade may have used the theme of Flowerdew' experience for the thread of his novel "Youth without youth" (1976), which will be adapted to the screen by F. F. Coppola (2007).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/AnEnglishmansExperienceofReincarnation.pdf Zoroastrian publication's account of Flowerdew's experience]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flowerdew, Arthur}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Norfolk]]
[[Category:Reincarnation]]
[[Category:Petra]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]

Lebršnik

2016-08-15T03:03:33Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox mountain
|name=Lebršnik
|map =
|photo= Izgori pogled na Lebršnik.jpg
|photo_caption=
|location = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|range = [[Dinaric Alps]]
|region_type=
|region=
|region1=
|highest=
|highest_elevation= 2017
|geology= | period= | orogeny=
|lat_d=| lat_m=| lat_s = | lat_NS = N|
|long_d=| long_m=| long_s=| long_EW = E
}}
'''Lebršnik''' ({{lang-sr-cyrl|Лебршник}}) is a mountain in the municipality of [[Gacko]], [[Republika Srpska]] in [[East Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|East Herzegovina]]. It has an altitude of {{Convert|1985|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307061052/http://www.fzs.ba/Statisticki%20godisnjak%202009.pdf |title=Statistical Yearbook of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |page=28 |publisher=Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federal Office of Statistics| year=2009}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of mountains in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|43|12|07|N|18|38|16|E|source:kolossus-srwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lebrsnik}}
[[Category:Mountains of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

{{Gacko-geo-stub}}

Alba (disambiguation)

2016-08-14T11:56:12Z

Angelito7: /* Spain */

{{Wiktionary|Alba|alba}}
'''[[Alba]]''' is the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland.

'''[[ALBA]]''' is the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of our Americas.

'''Alba''' ''(Latin: white)'' or '''ALBA''' may also refer to:

{{TOC right}}

== Places ==

===Italy===
* [[Alba, Piedmont]], a ''comune'' in the Province of Cuneo
* [[Alba Adriatica]], a ''comune'' in the province of Teramo, Abruzzo
* [[Alba Fucens]], an ancient town in the Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo
* [[Alba Longa]], an ancient city in the Province of Rome, Lazio
* [[Baldissero d'Alba]], a ''comune'' in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont
* [[Diano d'Alba]], a ''comune'' in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont
* [[Morro d'Alba]], ''comune'' in the Province of Ancona, Marche
* [[Republic of Alba]], a French revolutionary municipality in Piedmont
* [[Republic of Alba (1944)]], a short-lived state in Piedmont
* [[Serralunga d'Alba]], a ''comune'' in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont
* [[Vezza d'Alba]], a ''comune'' in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont

===Romania===
* [[Alba County]], a county in Transylvania
* [[Alba Iulia]], a city in Alba County, Transylvania
* Alba, a village in [[Hudești, Botoșani|Hudeşti]] Commune, Botoşani County
* Alba, a village in [[Izvoarele, Tulcea|Izvoarele]] Commune, Tulcea County

===Spain===
* [[Alba, Aragon]], a ''municipio'' in the Province of Teruel
* [[Alba de Cerrato]], a ''municipio'' in the Province of Palencia
* [[Alba de Tormes]], a ''municipio'' in the Province of Salamanca, Castile and León
* [[Alba de Yeltes]], a ''municipio'' in the Province of Salamanca, Castile and León

===Ukraine===
* ''[[Cetatea Alba]]'', a former name (in Romanian) of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, a fortress, regional city and port on the Dniester
* [[Bila Krynytsia, Chernivtsi Oblast]], a village in Hlyboka Raion, known in Romanian as ''Fântâna Albă''
* [[Ostriv Zmiinyi]], an island in Kiliya Raion, Odessa, known as ''Alba'' to the Romans

===United States===
* [[Alba, Michigan]], an unincorporated community in Antrim County
* [[Alba, Missouri]], a city in Jasper County
* [[Alba, Pennsylvania]], a borough in Bradford County
* [[Alba, Texas]], a town divided between Wood County and Rains County
* [[Alba Township, Illinois]], a township in Henry County
* [[Alba Township, Minnesota]], a township in Jackson County

== Companies ==
* [[Aluminium Bahrain]], a large aluminum smelter in Bahrain
* [[Alba (electronics)]], a British consumer electronics manufacturing company
* [[Alba Vineyard]], a winery in New Jersey

== People ==
* [[Alba (given name)]]
* [[Alba (surname)]]

==Entertainment==
* [[Alba (medieval music ensemble)]]
* [[Alba (Darkstalkers)]], a character in the Japanese video game ''Darkstalkers''
* [[Alba (novel)|''Alba'' (novel)]], a novel by Swiss author Daniel Odier
* [[Alba (album)|''Alba'' (album)]], a 1996 album by [[Alba Parietti]] (AKA Alba)
* [[Alba (The Time Traveler's Wife)]], a character in the novel ''The Time Traveler's Wife'' by American author Audrey Niffenegger
* [[Alba Meira]], a character in the Japanese video game series ''King of Fighters''
* [[Alba Trueba]], a character in the novel ''The House of the Spirits'' by Chilean author Isabel Allende
* [[BBC Alba (TV channel)]], the Scottish Gaelic department of ''BBC Scotland''

==Sport==
* [[Alba Berlin]], a German basketball club
* [[Sport Clube Alba]], a Portuguese football club

== Species, varieties and cultivars ==

* a common sage (''[[Salvia officinalis]]'') cultivar
* [[Bergenia stracheyi 'Alba'|''Bergenia stracheyi'' 'Alba']], a bergenia cultivar
* ''[[Cattleya elongata f. alba]]'', a Brazilian orchid variety

==Motor vehicles==
* [[Alba (1907 automobile)]], an Austrian vintage car
* [[Alba (1913 automobile)]], a French vintage car
* [[Alba (1952 automobile)]], a Portuguese car
* Alba Engineering, an Italian manufacturer of sports racing cars designed by [[Giorgio Stirano]]
* [[Alba (motorcycle)]], a 1920s German motorcycle

== Other uses ==
* [[Alba (brand)]], a UK electronics brand
* [[Alba (poetry)]], a genre of Occitan poetry
* [[Alba (rabbit)]], a genetically modified, fluorescent rabbit
* [[Alba (watch)]], a Japanese wristwatch
* [[ALBA-1]], a submarine communications cable between Cuba and Venezuela used for [[Internet in Cuba]]
* [[Alba Mons]], a shield volcano on Mars
* SS ''Alba'', a Chilean ship [[List of shipwrecks in 1928#September|wrecked in 1928]]
* [[SS Alba|SS ''Alba'']], a Panamanian ship wrecked off Cornwall, England, in 1938 and painted by Alfred Wallis
* [[Ulmus × hollandica 'Alba'|''Ulmus × hollandica'' 'Alba']], a hybrid tree
* [[Operation Alba]], an Italian peacekeeping operation
* [[ALBA (synchrotron)]], a Spanish synchrotron radiation facility
* [[ALBA Graduate Business School]], a Greek academic institution
* ALBA, an American milk products company owned by the [[Hain Celestial Group]]
* [[Autogestión Liberadora Buenos Aires]], an Argentinian political party
* [[Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas]], an international cooperation organization
* [[Harvard International]] or Alba, an English electronics company
* [[Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts]], a Lebanese university faculty
* [[Monobenzone]] or Alba

==See also==
*[[Alban (disambiguation)]]
*[[Albion]], oldest name of the island of Great Britain
*[[Albus (disambiguation)]]
*[[Album (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|geo}}

Parotid duct

2016-08-12T06:59:32Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Parotid duct
| Latin = Ductus parotideus
| GraySubject = 242
| GrayPage = 1134
| Image = Gray1023.png
| Caption = Right parotid gland. Deep and anterior aspects. (Parotid duct labeled at center left.)
| Image2 = Gray1024.png
| Caption2 = Dissection, showing salivary glands of right side. (Parotid duct visible at center.)
| System =
| MeshName = Stensen's+Duct
| MeshNumber = A03.556.500.760.640
| DorlandsPre = d_29
| DorlandsSuf = 12315033
}}
The '''parotid duct '''or''' Stensen duct '''is a duct and the route that [[saliva]] takes from the major salivary gland, the [[parotid gland]] into the mouth.'''<ref>Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 255</ref> '''

==Eponym==
[[Image:Steensen - Elementorum myologiae specimen, 1669 - 4715289.tif|thumb|''Elementorum myologiae specimen'', 1669]]
It is named after [[Nicolas Steno]] (1638–1686), a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[anatomy|anatomist]] credited with its detailed description in 1660.

==Structure==
The parotid duct is formed when several [[interlobular duct]]s—the largest ducts inside the parotid gland—join. It emerges from the gland and runs forward along the [[Anatomical terms of location#Medial and lateral|lateral]] side of the [[masseter muscle]]. In this course, the duct is surrounded by the [[buccal fat pad]].<ref name=LATARJET>{{cite book|last=Latarjet |first=Michel |author2= Ruiz Liard, Alfredo |title=Human Anatomy (Spanish Edition) |year=2005 |publisher=Editorial Médica Panamericana |isbn=978-950-06-1368-2|page= }}</ref> It takes a steep turn at the border of the masseter and passes through the [[buccinator muscle]], opening into the [[vestibule of the mouth]], the region of the mouth between the [[cheek]] and the [[gingiva|gum]]s, at the parotid papilla, which lies across the second superior [[molar tooth]].<ref>Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 135</ref>

The buccinator acts as a valve that prevents air forcing into the duct, which would cause [[parotitis#Diseases of uncertain etiology|pneumoparotitis]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.aimshospital.org/medical_journal/medicine/vol8_July-Dec2012/Pneumoparotitis.pdf | title=Pneumoparotitis | author=Faizal B, Chandran MP | journal=Amrita Journal of Medicine | year=2012 | volume=8 | issue=2 | pages=1–44}}</ref> Running along with the duct superiorly is the [[transverse facial artery]] and upper [[buccal nerve]]; running along with the duct inferiorly is the lower buccal nerve.

The exit of the parotid ducts can be felt as small bumps ([[:wikt:papilla|Papillae]]) on both sides of the mouth, and are usually positioned next to the [[maxillary second molar]]s.

== Clinical relevance ==
Blockage, whether caused by [[Salivary duct calculus|salivary duct stones]] or external compression, may cause pain and swelling of the parotid gland ([[parotitis]]).

== Additional images ==
<gallery>
File:Gray1200.png|Outline of side of face, showing chief surface markings.
File:Parotid-interlobular duct.JPG|Microscopic slide of a human interlobular duct.
File:Parotid-striated duct.JPG|Microscopic slide of a human striated duct.
File:Parotid duct papillae.JPG|The left papilla (soft tissue protuberance at the exit) of the parotid duct is clearly visible on the cheek in the right of the photo.
File:Slide6rrrr.JPG|Parotid duct
File:Slide7yyyy.JPG|Parotid duct
File:Slide3BBB.JPG|Parotid duct
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Parotid gland]]
* [[Parotitis]]

== References ==
<references />
* {{cite book|last=Casseri|first=Giulio Cesare|authorlink=Giulio Cesare Casseri|title=Tabulae anatomicae, lxxiix|year=1627|location=Venetis}}
* {{cite book |last=Stensen|first=Niels|authorlink=Nicolas Steno|title=Observationes anatomicae, quibus varia oris, oculorum & narium vas describuntur novique salivae, lacrymarum & muci fontes deteguntur|year=1662|publisher= J. Chouët|location=[[Leiden|Lugduni Batavorum]]}}

== External links ==
* [http://kobiljak.msu.edu/CAI/ANT551/Unit02/Topic08/U2_L8_O2.html Diagram at MSU]
* {{eMedicine|ent|178}} - Parotid duct injuries
* {{WhoNamedIt|doctor|2052}}

{{Mouth anatomy}}

[[Category:Glands of mouth]]
[[Category:Saliva]]

Tuberculous meningitis

2016-08-04T09:03:52Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox medical condition
| Name = Tuberculous meningitis
| Image = Tuberculous-meningitis-scan.jpg
| Caption = CT scan showing tuberculous meningitis
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|17|0|a|15}}, {{ICD10|G|01||g|00}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|013.0}}, {{ICD9|322.9}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 000650
| eMedicineSubj = neuro
| eMedicineTopic = 385
| MeshID = D014390
}}
'''Tuberculous meningitis''' is also known as '''TB meningitis''' or '''tubercular meningitis'''. Tuberculous [[meningitis]] is ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' infection of the [[meninges]]—the system of [[Mesothelium|membrane]]s which envelop the [[central nervous system]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Meningitis - tuberculous: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000650.htm|website = www.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate = 2015-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Tuberculous Meningitis -- Medical Definition|url = http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=54120|website = www.medilexicon.com|accessdate = 2015-06-02}}</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
[[Fever]] and [[headache]] are the cardinal features, confusion is a late feature and [[coma]] bears a poor prognosis. [[Meningism]] is absent in a fifth of patients with TB meningitis. Patients may also have focal neurological deficits.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Handbook of Pharmacy Healthcare: Diseases and Patient Advice|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=syfXLjpnLuQC&pg=PA93&dq=tuberculosis+meningitis+symptoms&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HrRtVdqqE4TNsAX07oLwBw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=tuberculosis%252520meningitis%252520symptoms&f=false|publisher = Pharmaceutical Press|date = 2002-01-01|page=93|isbn = 9780853695073|first = Robin J.|last = Harman|first2 = Pamela|last2 = Mason}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaKpstergO0C&pg=PA101&dq=tuberculous+meningitis+meningism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=usBtVYLFHY7toASK74DADg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=tuberculous%252520meningitis%252520meningism&f=false|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|date = 2010-06-11|page=101|isbn = 9781444327229|first = Richard M.|last = Leach}}</ref>

==Causes==
[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] of the meninges is the cardinal feature and the inflammation is concentrated towards the base of the [[brain]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Meningitis: Cellular and Molecular Basis|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXFcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&dq=tuberculous+meningitis+cause&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uLRtVfCfD8zXsAX2uoGoAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tuberculous%252520meningitis%252520cause&f=false|publisher = CABI|date = 2013|page=154|isbn = 9781780641621|first = Myron|last = Christodoulides}}</ref> When the inflammation is in the brain stem subarachnoid area, cranial nerve roots may be affected. The symptoms will mimic those of space-occupying lesions.<ref>p1301 Robbins and Cotran, ''Pathologic Basis of Disease'', 8th edition</ref>

Blood-borne spread certainly occurs, presumably by crossing the [[blood–brain barrier]]; but a proportion of patients may get TB meningitis from rupture of a cortical focus in the brain;<ref>{{Cite book|title = Adams & Graham's Introduction to Neuropathology 3Ed|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU34j4z2GCMC&pg=PA129 |publisher = CRC Press|date = 2006-11-24|page=127|isbn = 9780340811979|first = J. A. R.|last = Nicoll|first2 = Ian|last2 = Bone|first3 = David|last3 = Graham}}</ref> an even smaller proportion get it from rupture of a bony focus in the spine.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA505 |publisher = Jaypee Brothers Publishers|date = 2010|page=505|isbn = 9788184487497|first = D.|last = Behera}}</ref>

==Pathophysiology==
The pathophysiology of tuberculous meningitis has bacilli root itself to the brain [[parenchyma]], which causes the formation of small subpial focus. Then there is an increase in size of [[Rich focus]] until rupture. Tubercles rupture in [[subarachnoid]] area causes meningitis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Tuberculous Meningitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology|url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1166190-overview#a3}}</ref>

==Diagnosis==
[[File:Tuberculous-meningitis-autopsy.jpg|thumb|Tuberculous-meningitis-autopsy, showing associated brain oedema and congestion]]
Diagnosis of TB meningitis is made by analysing [[cerebrospinal fluid]] collected by [[lumbar puncture]]. When collecting CSF for suspected TB meningitis, a minimum of 1[[millilitre|ml]] of fluid should be taken (preferably 5 to 10ml).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003428.htm|website = www.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate = 2015-06-02}}</ref> The CSF usually has a high protein, low glucose and a raised number of lymphocytes. [[Acid-fast bacilli]] are sometimes seen on a CSF smear, but more commonly, ''M. tuberculosis'' is grown in culture.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Cerebrospinal Fluid in Clinical Practice|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=o6SoJYPnyTQC&pg=PA196 |publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences|date = 2008|page=196|isbn = 1416029087|first = David N.|last = Irani}}</ref> A spiderweb clot in the collected CSF is characteristic of TB meningitis, but is a rare finding. [[ELISPOT]] testing is not useful for the diagnosis of acute TB meningitis and is often false negative,<ref>{{Cite book|title = Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x1hvPZXVwZsC&pg=PA77 |publisher = ScholarlyEditions|date = 2012-01-09|page=77|isbn = 9781464929717}}</ref> but may paradoxically become positive after treatment has started, which helps to confirm the diagnosis.

===Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)===
This is a group of tests that use [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) to detect mycobacterial nucleic acid.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The PCR-Based Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: Up to Date|url = http://www.hindawi.com/journals/trt/2012/831292/|website = www.hindawi.com|accessdate = 2015-06-02}}</ref> These test vary in which nucleic acid sequence they detect and vary in their accuracy. The two most common commercially available tests are the amplified mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test (MTD, Gen-Probe) and Amplicor.<ref>{{Cite web|title = CDC {{!}}TB {{!}} ...the Uses of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for the Diagnosis of TB: Background|url = http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/guidelines/amplification_tests/background.htm|website = www.cdc.gov|accessdate = 2015-06-02}}</ref> In 2007, review concluded that for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis "Individually, the AMTD test appears to perform the best (sensitivity 74% and specificity 98%)", they found the pooled prevalence of TB meningitis to be 29%.<ref name="pmid17266837">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dinnes J, Deeks J, Kunst H, Gibson A, Cummins E, Waugh N, Drobniewski F, Lalvani A |title=A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of tuberculosis infection |journal=Health Technol Assess |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=85, 87 |year=2007 |pmid=17266837 | url = http://www.hta.nhsweb.nhs.uk/project/1247.asp |doi=10.3310/hta11030}}</ref>

==Treatment==
{{See also|Tuberculosis treatment}}
The treatment of TB meningitis is [[isoniazid]], [[rifampicin]], [[pyrazinamide]] and [[ethambutol]] for two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampicin alone for a further ten months.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Diabetes: Best Practice & Research Compendium|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UbRh4TkyK3QC&pg=PA146|publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences|date = 2006|page=146|isbn = 0323044018|first = Anthony H.|last = Barnett}}</ref> Steroids help reduce the risk of death in those without [[HIV]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Prasad|first1=Kameshwar|last2=Singh|first2=Mamta B|last3=Ryan|first3=Hannah|title=Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=28 April 2016|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd002244.pub4|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002244.pub4/full|accessdate=29 April 2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en}}</ref> Steroids can be used in the first six weeks of treatment,<ref>{{Cite book|title = Oxford Handbook of Key Clinical Evidence|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3N02Yut3ES4C&pg=PA336|publisher = OUP Oxford|date = 2009|page=336|isbn = 9780199234073|first = James|last = Harrison|first2 = Kunal|last2 = Kulkarni|first3 = Mohamed|last3 = Baguneid|first4 = Bernard|last4 = Prendergast}}</ref> A few people may require [[immunomodulator]]y agents such as [[thalidomide]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition: ScholarlyBrief|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=69s9YUskwUQC&pg=PA28|publisher = ScholarlyEditions|date = 2012-12-26|page=28|isbn = 9781481616232}}</ref> [[Hydrocephalus]] occurs as a complication in about a third of people with TB meningitis. The addition of aspirin may reduce or delay in mortality, possibly by reducing complications such as infarcts.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Management of hydrocephalus in patients with tuberculous meningitis Rajshekhar V Neurol India|url = http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2009;volume=57;issue=4;spage=368;epage=374;aulast=Rajshekhar|website = www.neurologyindia.com|accessdate = 2015-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Meningitis: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition: ScholarlyBrief|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P-rEZZCigB0C&pg=PA2|publisher = ScholarlyEditions|date = 2012-01-09|page=2|isbn = 9781464905292}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}}
{{Diseases of meninges}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuberculous Meningitis}}
[[Category:Tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Meningitis]]

Aminoaciduria

2016-08-03T11:35:29Z

Angelito7:

{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| Name = Aminoaciduria
| Image =
| Caption =
| DiseasesDB = 14901
| ICD10 =
| ICD9 =
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 003366
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID =
}}
'''Aminoaciduria''' is the presence of [[amino acid]]s in the [[urine]]. Small amounts of amino acids are also present in normal urine. Increased total urine amino acids may result from [[metabolic disorder]]s, [[chronic liver disease]] or [[renal disorder]]s. Aminoacidurias can be divided into primary and secondary aminoacidurias.

<ref>{{cite web|first1=Citation|title=Aminoacidurea and its classification|url=http://allmedicalstuff.com/aminoaciduria/|website=All Medical Stuff}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of amino acid metabolism disorders]]

{{Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine}}
{{Amino acid metabolic pathology}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine]]

{{endocrine-disease-stub}}

Diastrophic dysplasia

2016-08-02T17:06:48Z

Angelito7:

{{refimprove|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox medical condition |
Name = Diastrophic dysplasia |
Image = |
Caption = |
DiseasesDB = 30759 |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|77|5}}|
ICD9 = |
ICDO = |
OMIM = 222600 |
MedlinePlus = |
eMedicineSubj = orthoped|
eMedicineTopic = 632 |
MeshID = |
Orphanet = 628
}}
'''Diastrophic dysplasia''' (DTD) is an [[autosomal]] [[recessive]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1783404 |date=December 1991 |vauthors=Hästbacka J, Sistonen P, Kaitila I, Weiffenbach B, Kidd KK, De La Chapelle A |title=A linkage map spanning the locus for diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=968–973 |journal=Genomics |doi=10.1016/0888-7543(91)90021-6}}</ref> [[dysplasia]] which affects [[cartilage]] and [[bone]] development. ("Diastrophism" is a general word referring to a twisting.)<ref name="urldiastrophic - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary">{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diastrophic |title=diastrophic - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> Diastrophic dysplasia is due to mutations in the ''SLC26A2'' gene.

Affected individuals have short stature with very short arms and legs and joint problems that restrict mobility.

==Symptoms==
This condition is also characterized by an unusual [[clubfoot]] with twisting of the metatarsals, inward- and upward-turning [[foot]], tarsus varus, and inversion adducted appearances. Furthermore, they classically present with scoliosis (progressive curvature of the [[vertebral column|spine]]), and unusually positioned thumbs ([[Thumb#Variation|hitchhiker thumbs]]). About half of infants with diastrophic dysplasia are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth called a [[cleft palate]]. Swelling of the external [[ear]]s is also common in newborns and can lead to thickened, deformed ears.

The signs and symptoms of diastrophic dysplasia are similar to those of another skeletal disorder called [[atelosteogenesis, type 2]]; however diastrophic dysplasia tends to be less severe.

==Genetic prevalence==

[[Image:autorecessive.svg|thumb|right|Diastrophic dysplasia has an autosomal recessive pattern of [[inheritance]].]]

Diastrophic dysplasia affects about 1 in 100,000 births. It is one of a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by [[mutation]]s in the ''[[SLC26A2]]'' [[gene]]. The protein encoded by this gene is essential for the normal development of cartilage and for its conversion to bone. Cartilage is a tough, flexible tissue that makes up much of the [[skeleton]] during early development. Most cartilage is later converted to bone, but in adulthood this tissue continues to cover and protect the ends of bones and is present in the nose and external ears. Mutations in the SLC26A2 gene alter the structure of developing cartilage, preventing bones from forming properly and resulting in the skeletal problems characteristic of diastrophic dysplasia.

This condition is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that the defective gene is located on an [[autosome]], and both parents must carry one copy of the defective gene in order to have a child born with the disorder. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are usually not affected by the disorder.

==See also==

[[Matt Roloff]], a businessman and motivational speaker, has diastrophic dysplasia dwarfism. He is a vocal proponent of research and understanding of the disorder, as well as the assimilation of people with this disability into everyday life.
The [[Little People of America]] is an organization of people with all kinds of short-stature syndromes, family members and caregivers, dedicated to improving the quality of life of affected persons, and improving their integration into society.

==See also==
* [[Achondrogenesis type 1B]]

==External links==

''This article incorporates some public domain text from [http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov The U.S. National Library of Medicine]''
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=diastrophic-d GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Diastrophic Dysplasia]

==References==
{{Research help|Med}}
{{reflist}}

{{Osteochondrodysplasia}}
{{Solute carrier disorders}}

[[Category:Autosomal recessive disorders]]

MEFV

2016-07-19T00:11:28Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox_gene}}
'''''MEFV''''' ('''Mediterranean fever''') is a [[human]] [[gene]] that provides instructions for making a [[protein]] called [[pyrin]] (also known as marenostrin). Pyrin is produced in certain [[white blood cell]]s ([[neutrophil]]s, [[eosinophil]]s and [[monocyte]]s) that play a role in [[inflammation]] and in fighting [[infection]]. Inside these white blood cells, pyrin is found with the [[cytoskeleton]], the structural framework that helps to define the shape, size, and movement of a cell. Pyrin's protein structure also allows it to interact with other molecules involved in fighting infection and in the inflammatory response.

Although pyrin's function is not fully understood, it likely assists in keeping the inflammation process under control. Research indicates that pyrin helps regulate inflammation by interacting with the cytoskeleton. Pyrin may direct the migration of white blood cells to sites of inflammation and stop or slow the inflammatory response when it is no longer needed.

The ''MEFV'' gene is located on the short (p) arm of [[chromosome 16 (human)|chromosome 16]] at position 13.3, from [[base pair]] 3,292,027 to 3,306,626.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MEFV | title = MEFV - Mediterranean fever | accessdate = 2011-04-14 | date = 2011-04-07 | publisher = US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services}}</ref>

==Related conditions==
More than 80 ''MEFV'' [[mutation]]s that cause familial Mediterranean fever have been identified. A few mutations delete small amounts of DNA from the ''MEFV'' gene, which can lead to an abnormally small protein. Most ''MEFV'' mutations, however, change one of the protein building blocks ([[amino acid]]s) used to make pyrin. The most common mutation replaces the amino acid [[methionine]] with the amino acid [[valine]] at protein position 694 (written as Met694Val or M694V). Among people with familial Mediterranean fever, this particular mutation is also associated with an increased risk of developing [[amyloidosis]], a complication in which abnormal protein deposits can lead to [[kidney failure]]. Some evidence suggests that another gene, called [[SAA1]], can further modify the risk of developing amyloidosis among people with the M694V mutation.

''MEFV'' mutations lead to reduced amounts of pyrin or a malformed pyrin protein that cannot function properly. As a result, pyrin cannot perform its presumed role in controlling inflammation, leading to an inappropriate or prolonged inflammatory response. Fever and inflammation in the abdomen, chest, joints, or skin are signs of familial Mediterranean fever.

== See also ==
* {{SWL|type=mutations_associated_to|target=Familial Mediterranean fever|label=Familial Mediterranean fever}}.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dogan H, Akdemir F, Tasdemir S, Atis O, Diyarbakir E, Yildirim R, Emet M, Ikbal M | title = A novel insertion mutation identified in exon 10 of the MEFV gene associated with Familial Mediterranean Fever | journal = BMC Medical Genetics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 74 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24980720 | pmc = 4094690 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2350-15-74 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bakkaloglu A | title = Familial Mediterranean fever | journal = Pediatric Nephrology | volume = 18 | issue = 9 | pages = 853–9 | date = Sep 2003 | pmid = 12836090 | doi = 10.1007/s00467-003-1185-2 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Delibaş A, Oner A, Balci B, Demircin G, Bulbul M, Bek K, Erdoğan O, Baysun S, Yilmaz E | title = Genetic risk factors of amyloidogenesis in familial Mediterranean fever | journal = American Journal of Nephrology | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = 434–40 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16118480 | doi = 10.1159/000087824 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gershoni-Baruch R, Brik R, Zacks N, Shinawi M, Lidar M, Livneh A | title = The contribution of genotypes at the MEFV and SAA1 loci to amyloidosis and disease severity in patients with familial Mediterranean fever | journal = Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 1149–55 | date = Apr 2003 | pmid = 12687559 | doi = 10.1002/art.10944 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mansfield E, Chae JJ, Komarow HD, Brotz TM, Frucht DM, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL | title = The familial Mediterranean fever protein, pyrin, associates with microtubules and colocalizes with actin filaments | journal = Blood | volume = 98 | issue = 3 | pages = 851–9 | date = Aug 2001 | pmid = 11468188 | doi = 10.1182/blood.V98.3.851 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Medlej-Hashim M, Delague V, Chouery E, Salem N, Rawashdeh M, Lefranc G, Loiselet J, Mégarbané A | title = Amyloidosis in familial Mediterranean fever patients: correlation with MEFV genotype and SAA1 and MICA polymorphisms effects | journal = BMC Medical Genetics | volume = 5 | pages = 4 | date = Feb 2004 | pmid = 15018633 | pmc = 356915 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2350-5-4 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Notarnicola C, Didelot MN, Koné-Paut I, Seguret F, Demaille J, Touitou I | title = Reduced MEFV messenger RNA expression in patients with familial Mediterranean fever | journal = Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 46 | issue = 10 | pages = 2785–93 | date = Oct 2002 | pmid = 12384939 | doi = 10.1002/art.10575 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Telatar M, Grody WW | title = Molecular genetic testing for familial Mediterranean fever | journal = Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | volume = 71 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 256–60 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11001819 | doi = 10.1006/mgme.2000.3047 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ustek D, Ekmekci CG, Selçukbiricik F, Cakiris A, Oku B, Vural B, Yanar H, Taviloglu K, Ozbek U, Gül A | title = Association between reduced levels of MEFV messenger RNA in peripheral blood leukocytes and acute inflammation | journal = Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 345–50 | date = Jan 2007 | pmid = 17195238 | doi = 10.1002/art.22320 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{MeshName|marenostrin}}

Familial Mediterranean fever

2016-07-19T00:09:12Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox medical condition |
Name = Familial Mediterranean Fever |
Image = |
Caption = |
DiseasesDB = 9836 |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|85|0|e|70}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|277.31}} |
ICDO = |
OMIM = 249100 |
OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|608107}} |
MedlinePlus = 000363 |
eMedicineSubj = med |
eMedicineTopic = 1410 |
MeshID = D010505
| GeneReviewsNBK = NBK1227
| GeneReviewsName = Familial Mediterranean Fever
}}
'''Familial Mediterranean fever''' ('''FMF'''), also known as '''Armenian disease''',<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford Textbook of Medicine|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780192629227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_s65U1n9Lf8C&pg=RA1-PA159&dq=Armenian+disease | page=159 |edition=4th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Unsal|first=Erbil|title=Current Opinions in Pediatric Rheumatology|year=2006|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=Hauppauge, N.Y.|isbn=9781594548710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hbavi8a3NqgC&pg=PA276&dq=Armenian+disease | page=276}}</ref> is a [[genetic disorder|hereditary]] [[inflammation|inflammatory]] disorder.<ref name="Andrews">James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.</ref>{{rp|149}} FMF is an autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in [[MEFV]], a gene which encodes a 781–amino acid protein denoted [[pyrin]].<ref name="pmid">{{cite journal |author=Chae JJ |title=The familial Mediterranean fever protein, pyrin, is cleaved by caspase-1 and activates NF-kappaB through its N-terminal fragment |journal= Blood|volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=1794–1803 |date=September 2008 |pmid= 18577712|pmc=2518886 |doi=10.1182/blood-2008-01-134932 |url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/112/5/1794 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Wood G |author3=Richard K |display-authors=3 |last4=Jaffe |first4=H. |last5=Colburn |first5=N. T. |last6=Masters |first6=S. L. |last7=Gumucio |first7=D. L. |last8=Shoham |first8=N. G. |last9=Kastner |first9=D. L.}}</ref> While all ethnic groups are susceptible to FMF, it "usually occurs in people of [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] origin — including [[Sephardic Jews]], [[Arab]]s, [[Greeks]], [[Italians]], [[Armenians]] and [[Turkish people|Turks]]."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mayo Clinic Staff|title=Familial Mediterranean fever|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-mediterranean-fever/basics/definition/con-20025734|website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref>

The disorder has been given various names including familial paroxysmal polyserositis, periodic peritonitis, recurrent polyserositis, benign paroxysmal peritonitis, periodic disease or periodic fever, Reimann periodic disease or Reimann's syndrome, Siegal-Cattan-Mamou disease, and Wolff periodic disease.<ref name='pubmedhealth'>{{cite web | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001402/ | title = Familial Mediterranean fever - PubMed Health | accessdate = 2011-04-24 | last = Dugdale III | first = David C |author2=Jatin Vyas | date = 2010-09-15 | work = PubMed Health | publisher = National Centre for Biotechnology Information}}</ref><ref name='whonamedit'>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2503|Siegal-Cattan-Mamou syndrome}}</ref><ref name='ghr'>{{cite web | url = http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/familial-mediterranean-fever | title = Familial Mediterranean fever - Genetics Home Reference | accessdate = 2011-04-24 | date = 2011-04-14 | work = Genetics Home Reference | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5yBV5KJI4 | archivedate = 2011-04-24}}</ref> Note that "periodic fever" can also refer to any of the [[periodic fever syndrome]]s.

==Signs and symptoms==

===Attacks===
There are seven types of attacks. Ninety percent of all patients have their first attacks before they are 18 years old. All develop over 2–4 hours and last anywhere from 6 hours to 4 days. Most attacks involve [[fever]].<ref name=Livneh/>
# Abdominal attacks, featuring [[abdominal pain]], affect the whole abdomen with all signs of peritonitis (inflammation of abdominal lining), and acute abdominal pain like [[appendicitis]]. They occur in 95% of all patients and may lead to unnecessary [[laparotomy]]. Incomplete attacks, with local tenderness and normal blood tests, have been reported.
# Joint attacks mainly occur in large joints, especially in the legs. Usually, only one joint is affected. 75% of all FMF patients experience joint attacks.
# Chest attacks include [[pleuritis]] (inflammation of the [[pleura]]) and [[pericarditis]] (inflammation of the [[pericardium]]). Pleuritis occurs in 40% of patients, and makes it difficult to breathe or lie flat, but pericarditis is rare.
# [[Scrotum|Scrotal]] attacks due to inflammation of the [[tunica vaginalis]] occurs in up to 5% and may be mistaken for [[acute scrotum]] (i.e. [[testicular torsion]]).
# [[Myalgia]] (rare in isolation)
# [[Erysipelas|Erysipeloid]] (a skin reaction on the legs, rare in isolation)
# Fever without any of the other symptoms listed above (25%)

===Complications===
[[AA-amyloidosis]] with [[kidney failure]] is a complication and may develop without overt crises. AA amyloid protein is produced in very large quantities during attacks, and at a low rate between them, and accumulates mainly in the [[kidney]], as well as the [[heart]], [[spleen]], [[Human gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal tract]] and [[thyroid]].<ref name=Livneh/>

There appears to be an increase in the risk for developing particular [[vasculitis]]-related diseases (e.g. [[Henoch–Schönlein purpura]]), [[spondylarthropathy]], prolonged [[arthritis]] of certain joints and protracted myalgia.<ref name=Livneh/>

==Pathophysiology==
Virtually all cases are due to a mutation in the ''MEFV'' gene on the [[Chromosome 16 (human)|sixteenth chromosome]], which codes for a protein called ''pyrin'' or ''marenostrin''. Various mutations of this gene lead to FMF, although some mutations cause a more severe picture than others. Mutations occur mainly in [[exon]]s 2, 3, 5 and 10.<ref name=Livneh/>

The function of pyrin has not been completely elucidated, but it appears to be a suppressor of the activation of [[caspase 1]], the [[enzyme]] that stimulates production of [[IL1B|interleukin 1β]], a [[cytokine]] central to the process of [[inflammation]]. In other words, an ineffective pyrin doesn't inhibit inflammation normally, resulting in inflammatory episodes of membranes at differing sites. It is not conclusively known what exactly sets off the attacks, and why overproduction of IL-1 would lead to particular symptoms in particular organs (e.g. joints or the peritoneal cavity).<ref name=Livneh/>

==Diagnosis==
The diagnosis is clinically made on the basis of the history of typical attacks, especially in patients from the ethnic groups in which FMF is more highly prevalent. An [[acute phase response]] is present during attacks, with high [[C-reactive protein]] levels, an elevated [[white blood cell]] count and other markers of [[inflammation]]. In patients with a long history of attacks, monitoring the [[kidney function]] is of importance in predicting [[chronic kidney failure]].<ref name=Livneh/>

A genetic test is also available to detect mutations in the ''MEFV'' gene. Sequencing of exons 2, 3, 5, and 10 of this gene detects an estimated 97% of all known mutations.<ref name=Livneh/>

A specific and highly sensitive test for FMF is the "[[Metaraminol]] Provocative Test (MPT)," whereby a single 10 mg infusion of Metaraminol is administered to the patient. A positive diagnosis is made if the patient presents with a typical, albeit milder, FMF attack within 48 hours. As MPT is more specific than sensitive, it does not identify all cases of FMF. Although a positive MPT can be very useful.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Barakat MH, El-Khawad AO, Gumaa KA, El-Sobki NI, Fenech FF | title=Metaraminol provocative test: a specific diagnostic test for familial Mediterranean fever | journal=Lancet | year= 1984 | volume= 1 | issue= 8378 | pages= 656–7 | pmid=6142351 | doi= 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92172-x| pmc= | url= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Huppertz HI, Michels H | title=[The metaraminol provocation test in the diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever] | journal=Monatsschr Kinderheilkd | year= 1988 | volume= 136 | issue= 5 | pages= 243–5 | pmid=3405225 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>

==Genetics==
[[Image:autorecessive.svg|thumb|right|Familial Mediterranean fever has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.]]

The ''[[MEFV]]'' gene is located on the short arm of [[chromosome 16 (human)|chromosome 16]] (16p13). Many different mutations of the ''[[MEFV]]'' gene can cause the disorder. Having one mutation is unlikely to cause the condition. Having two mutations either a copy from both parents, or two different mutations, one from each parent is the threshold for a genetic diagnosis of FMF. However, the bulk of individuals who comply with the genetic diagnosis of FMF remain asymptomatic or undiagnosed. Whether this is due to modifier genes or environmental factors remains to be established.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gershoni-Baruch|first1=Ruth|title=Familial Mediterranean fever: prevalence, penetrance and genetic drift|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=August 2001|page=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v9/n8/pdf/5200672a.pdf | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200672 }}</ref>

==Treatment==
Attacks are self-limiting, and require [[analgesia]] and [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID]]s (such as [[diclofenac]]).<ref name=Livneh/>

[[Colchicine]], a drug otherwise mainly used in [[gout]], decreases attack frequency in FMF patients. The exact way in which colchicine suppresses attacks is unclear. While this agent is not without side effects (such as [[abdominal pain]] and [[myalgia|muscle pains]]), it may markedly improve quality of life in patients. The dosage is typically 1–2 mg a day. Development of amyloidosis is delayed with colchicine treatment. [[Interferon]] is being studied as a therapeutic modality.<ref name=Livneh/> Some advise discontinuation of colchicine before and during pregnancy, but the data are inconsistent, and others feel it is safe to take colchicine during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Michael O, Goldman RD, Koren G |title=Safety of colchicine therapy during pregnancy |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=49 |issue= |pages=967–9 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12943352 |pmc=2214270 |doi= |url=http://www.cfpc.ca/cfp/2003/Aug/vol49-aug-clinical-1.asp}}</ref>

Approximately 5–10% of FMF cases are resistant to colchicine therapy alone. In these cases, adding [[anakinra]] to the daily colchicine regimen has been successful.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The efficacy of anakinra in an adolescent with colchicine-resistant familial Mediterranean fever | journal = European Journal of Pediatrics | year= 2008 |vauthors=Calligaris L, Marchetti F, Tommasini A, Ventura A | volume = 167 | issue = 6 | pages = 695–696| pmid=17588171 | doi=10.1007/s00431-007-0547-3 | pmc = 2292480}}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
FMF affects groups of people originating from around the Mediterranean Sea (hence its name). It is prominently present in the Armenians, Sephardi Jews (and, to a much lesser extent, [[Ashkenazi]] Jews), [[Cyprus|Cypriots]] and Arabs.<ref name=Livneh>{{cite journal |vauthors=Livneh A, Langevitz P |title=Diagnostic and treatment concerns in familial Mediterranean fever |journal=Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=477–498 |year=2000 |pmid=10985982 |doi=10.1053/berh.2000.0089}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Chandrasen K.|title=Handbook of Pediatric Surgery|year=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9781848821323|page=192|author2=Davenport, Mark}}</ref>

==History==
A [[New York]] allergist, Dr Sheppard Siegal, first described the attacks of [[peritonitis]] in 1945; he termed this "benign paroxysmal peritonitis", as the disease course was essentially benign.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Siegal S|title=Benign paroxysmal peritonitis|journal=Ann Intern Med|year= 1945|volume=23|pages=234–47|pmid=18124924|issue=2|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-23-1-1}}</ref> Dr Hobart Reimann, working in the [[American University of Beirut|American University in Beirut]], described a more complete picture which he termed "periodic disease".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Reiman HA|title=Periodic disease. Probable syndrome including periodic fever, benign paroxysmal peritonitis, cyclic neutropenia and intermittent arthralgia|journal=J Am Med Assoc|year= 1948|volume=136|pages=239–44|pmid=18920089|issue=4|doi=10.1001/jama.1948.02890210023004}}</ref><ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2503}}</ref>

In 1972, colchicine was discovered to prevent attacks.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Colchicine for familial Mediterranean fever | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | date = 1972-12-21 | first = S.E. | last = Goldfinger | volume = 287 | issue = 25 | pages = 1302| id = | pmid=4636899 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197212212872514}}</ref>

The link to the ''MEFV'' gene was discovered in 1997 by two different groups, each working independently - the French FMF Consortium,<ref name=FConsort>{{cite journal |author=The French FMF Consortium |title=A candidate gene for familial Mediterranean fever |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 |year=1997 |pmid=9288094 |doi=10.1038/ng0997-25}}</ref> and the International FMF Consortium.<ref name=IConsort>{{cite journal |author=The International FMF Consortium |title=Ancient missense mutations in a new member of the RoRet gene family are likely to cause familial Mediterranean fever |journal=Cell |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=797–807 |year=1997 |pmid=9288758 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80539-5}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of cutaneous conditions]]
* [[Urticarial syndromes]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
* {{Proteopedia|2wl1}} information about the [[MEFV]] gene.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1227/ GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Familial Mediterranean Fever]
* [http://niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Autoinflammatory/default.asp#2 Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)] - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

{{Amyloidosis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Familial Mediterranean Fever}}
[[Category:Arthritis]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Immune system disorders]]
[[Category:Autosomal recessive disorders]]
[[Category:Autoinflammatory syndromes]]
[[Category:Mediterranean]]

Emmott

2016-01-30T15:37:25Z

Angelito7:

'''Emmott''' may refer to:

*[[Alfred Emmott, 1st Baron Emmott]] GCMG, GBE, PC (1858–1926), British businessman and Liberal Party politician
*[[Basil Emmott]] (1894–1976), prolific English cinematographer with 190 films to his credit, active from the 1920s to the 1960s
*[[Bill Emmott]] (born 1956), English journalist
*[[Charles Emmott]], Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Springburn between the 1931 and 1935 general elections
*[[Charles Emmott (rugby)]] (1869-1927), rugby union footballer of the 1890s for England, and Bradford
*[[Stephen Emmott]] (born 1960), British scientist
*[[Tony Emmott]], UK bodybuilding champion, who won the 1977 Mr. Universe (professional) competition
*[[Emmott, Lancashire]]

==See also==
*[[Emmott Hall]], country house in the village of Laneshawbridge, Colne, Lancashire
*[[Emmott Robinson]] (1883–1969), famous Yorkshire cricketer from 1919 to 1931

{{surname}}

{{disambiguation}}

Suture (joint)

2016-01-08T07:53:00Z

Angelito7: Manual undo of 68.189.222.25 edition

{{Three other uses|joints in the bones of the cranium|stitches holding tissues together|Surgical suture|natural structures of a wide range of animals|Suture (anatomical)|other uses|Suture (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Suture (joint)
| Latin = Sutura
| Greek =
| GraySubject = 70
| GrayPage = 284
| Image = Gray188.png
| Caption = Side view of the skull.
| Width =
| Image2 = Human skull side suturas right.svg
| Caption2 = Human skull side suturas right
| ImageMap =
| MapCaption =
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
| MeshName =
| MeshNumber =
| Code =
| Dorlands = s_30
| DorlandsID = 12773924
}}
A '''suture''' is a type of [[fibrous joint]] which only occurs in the [[Human skull|skull]] (or "cranium"). The bones are bound together by [[Sharpey's fibres]]. A tiny amount of movement is permitted at sutures, which contributes to the [[Compliance (physiology)|compliance]] and [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] of the skull.
These joints are [[synarthrosis|synarthroses]].<ref name="titleModule - Introduction to Joints">{{cite web |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_05.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071217080425/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_05.html |archivedate=2007-12-17 |title=Module - Introduction to Joints |accessdate=2008-01-29 |work=}}</ref> It is normal for many of the bones of the skull to remain unfused at birth. The fusion of the skull's bones at birth is known as [[craniosynostosis]]. The term "[[fontanelle]]" is used to describe the resulting "soft spots". The relative positions of the bones continue to change during the life of the adult (though less rapidly), which can provide useful information in [[forensics]] and [[archaeology]]. In old age, cranial sutures may ossify (turn to bone) completely.{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}

The joints between the teeth and the joint between the mandible and the cranium, the [[temporomandibular joint]], form the only non-sutured joints in the skull.

==List of sutures==
Most sutures are named for the bones they articulate, but some have special names of their own.

===Primarily visible from the side (norma lateralis)===
*[[Coronal suture]] - between the [[Frontal bone|frontal]] and [[parietal bone]]s
*[[Lambdoid suture]] - between the [[parietal bone|parietal]] and [[occipital bone|occipital]] bones and continuous with the occipitomastoid suture
*[[Occipitomastoid suture]] - between the [[occipital bone|occipital]] and [[temporal bone|temporal]] bones and continuous with the lambdoid suture
*[[Parietomastoid suture]]
*[[Sphenofrontal suture]]
*[[Sphenoparietal suture]]
*[[Sphenosquamosal suture]]
*[[Sphenozygomatic suture]]
*[[Squamosal suture]] - between the parietal and the [[temporal bone]]
*[[Zygomaticotemporal suture]]
*[[Zygomaticofrontal suture]]

===Primarily visible from front (norma frontalis) or above (norma verticalis) ===
*[[Frontal suture]] / [[Metopic suture]] - between the two [[frontal bones]], prior to the fusion of the two into a single bone
*[[Sagittal suture]] - along the midline, between [[parietal bone]]s

===Primarily visible from below (norma basalis) or inside===
*[[Frontoethmoidal suture]]
*[[Petrosquamous suture]]
*[[Sphenoethmoidal suture]]
*[[Sphenopetrosal suture]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Lambdoid suture.png|Lambdoid suture
File:SchaedelSeitlichSutur1.png|Coronal suture
File:SchaedelSeitlichSutur3.png|Squamosal suture
File:SchaedelSeitlichSutur4.png|Zygomaticotemporal suture
File:Sagittal suture.jpg|Sagittal suture.
File:Sagittal suture 2.jpg|Sagittal suture.
File:Sagittal suture 3.jpg|Sagittal suture.
File:Kort-lang-skalle.gif|Top view of cranial suture.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cranial sutures}}
*{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|002320}}
* [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/xerexes/Cranial_sutures.html&date=2009-10-26+00:22:53 Age at Death Estimation from Cranial Suture Closures]

*[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oa.1390040304/abstract Cranial suture closure and its implications for age estimation]
* http://commons.bcit.ca/biology/articulations/fibrous.html

{{Joints}}
{{Cranial fibrous joints}}

[[Category:Skull]]
[[Category:Joints]]
[[Category:Joints of the head and neck]]

{{musculoskeletal-stub}}

Mummy Juanita

2016-01-07T22:54:38Z

Angelito7: Reverted edits by 50.201.56.16

[[File:Juanita dama de las nieves.jpg|thumb| Mummy Juanita's body before unwrapping of her bundle.]]

'''Momia Juanita''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Mummy Juanita"), also known as the '''Inca Ice Maiden''' and '''Lady of Ampato''', is the [[mummy|well-preserved frozen body]] of an [[Inca Empire|Inca]] girl who was killed as an offering to the Inca gods sometime between 1450 and 1480 when she was approximately 11–15 years old. She was discovered on [[Mount Ampato]] (part of the [[Andes]] [[cordillera]]) in southern [[Peru]] in 1995 by [[anthropologist]] [[Johan Reinhard]] and his Peruvian climbing partner, Miguel Zárate. "Juanita" has been on display in Catholic University of Santa María's Museum of Andean Sanctuaries (Museo Santuarios Andinos) in [[Arequipa, Peru]] almost continuously since 1996, and was displayed on a tour of [[Japan]] in 1999.

The body caused a sensation in the scientific world due to its well-preserved condition. In 1995, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] chose it as one of the world's top ten discoveries. Between May and June 1996, it was exhibited in the headquarters of [[National Geographic Society]] in [[Washington D.C.]], in a specially acclimatized conservation display unit. In its June 1996 issue, ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' included an article dedicated to the discovery of Juanita.<ref>Reinhard, Johan: Peru’s Ice Maidens. ''National Geographic'' 189(6) (June): 62-81, 1996</ref>

==Discovery==
In September 1995, during an ascent of Mt. Ampato (20,700 ft, 6309 m), Reinhard and Zárate found a bundle inside the crater that had fallen from an Inca site on the summit. To their astonishment, the bundle turned out to contain the frozen body of a young girl. They also found many items that had been left as offerings to the Inca gods strewn about the mountain slope down which the body had fallen. These included statues and food items. A couple of days later, the body and the items were transported to Arequipa, where the body was initially kept in a special refrigerator at Catholic University.

Two more ice mummies, a young girl and a boy, were discovered in an archaeological expedition led by Dr. Reinhard and Prof. Jose Antonio Chavez in October 1995, and they recovered another female mummy on Ampato in December 1997. Owing to melting caused by volcanic ash from the nearby erupting volcano of [[Sabancaya]], most of the Inca burial site had collapsed down into a gully that led into the crater. Reinhard published a detailed account of the discovery in his 2006 book entitled, ''The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes''.

==Scientific analyses==

===Body===
As Reinhard and Zárate struggled to lift the heavy bundle containing Juanita's body on Ampato's summit, they realized that her body mass had probably been increased by freezing of the flesh. When initially weighed in [[Arequipa]], the bundle containing "Juanita" weighed over 90 pounds (40.82 kilos). Their realization turned out to be correct; Juanita is almost entirely frozen, making her a substantial scientific find. Like only a few other high-altitude Inca mummies, Juanita was found frozen and thus her remains and garments were not desiccated like that of mummies found in other parts of the world. She was naturally mummified, instead of being artificially mummified, such as is the case with Egyptian mummies. Her skin, organs, tissues, blood, hair, stomach contents and garments are extremely well-preserved, offering scientists a rare glimpse into Inca culture during the reign of the [[Sapa Inca]] [[Pachacuti]].

Analysis of her stomach contents revealed that she ate a meal of vegetables six to eight hours before her death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Maiden Virtual Autopsy|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/|work=Andes Expedition - Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=19 May 2011|year=1997}}</ref>

===Health===
Studies have shown that Juanita had suffered a lung infection before sacrifice.

===Clothing and adornments===
Juanita was wrapped in a brightly colored burial tapestry (or "aksu"). Her head was adorned with a cap made from the feathers of a red [[macaw]], and she wore a colorful woolen [[alpaca]] shawl fastened with a silver clasp. She was fully clothed in garments resembling the finest textiles from the Inca capital city of Cuzco. This, in addition to evidence of excellent health, suggests that she may have come from a noble Cuzco family. These were almost perfectly preserved, providing valuable insight into sacred Inca textiles and how the Inca nobility dressed.

===Tools and equipment===
Found with her in the burial tapestry was a collection of grave goods: bowls, pins, and figurines made of gold, silver, and shell.

===Genetic analysis===
According to the [[Institute for Genomic Research]] (TIGR), the closest kin they could find in the database in 1996 were the [[Ngöbe–Buglé people|Ngobe people]] of [[Panama]], but the later research has shown her to share genetic patterns found in people from the [[Andes]]. Scientists at TIGR examined two mitochondrial DNA D loop sequences and found that [[Hypervariable region]] 1 (HV1) was consistent with [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|Haplogroup A]], one of the four Native American gene groups. Hypervariable region 2 (HV2) included a unique sequence not found in any of the current mitochondrial DNA databases.<ref>{{cite web|title=DNA: The Key to the Mystery|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower3.html|work=Andes Expedition - Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=19 May 2011|year=1997}}</ref> Her [[haplotype]] is 16111T, 16223T, 16290T, 16319A.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient DNA|url=http://www.isogg.org/ancientdna.htm|website=www.isogg.org|publisher=International Society of Genetic Genealogy|accessdate=5 April 2015|date=14 May 2005}}</ref>

==Cause of death==
Radiologist Elliot Fishman concluded that she was killed by [[blunt trauma]] to the head. He observed that her cracked right eye socket and the two-inch fracture in her skull are injuries "typical of someone who has been hit by a baseball bat." The blow caused a massive [[hemorrhage]], filling her skull with blood and pushing her brain to one side.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fatal Head Injury: Cracked Eye Socket and Skull Fracture|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower6.html|work=Andes Expedition - Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=19 May 2011|year=1997}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Plomo Mummy]]
* [[Chinchorro mummies]]
* [[Children of Llullaillaco]]
* [[Ötzi the Iceman]]
* [[Pazyryk burials#Ice Maiden|Pazyryk Ice Maiden]]
* "[[Inca Mummy Girl]]"

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Reinhard, Johan:''Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes''. 2005, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society
* Reinhard, Johan: Sharp Eyes of Science Probe the Mummies of Peru. ''National Geographic'' 191 (1) (January): 36-43, 1997.
* Reinhard, Johan: ''Discovering the Inca Ice Maiden''. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 1998.
* Reinhard, Johan: New Inca Mummies. ''National Geographic'' 194 (1) (July): 128-135, 1998.

==External links==
* [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/ ''National Geographic'' - Andes Expedition]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mummy Juanita}}
[[Category:Mummies]]
[[Category:Human remains (archaeological)]]
[[Category:Archaeological artifacts]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Peru]]
[[Category:Human sacrifice]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]

Alcaraz, Spain

2015-11-16T00:09:01Z

Angelito7: Infobox settlement

{{refimprove|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alcaraz
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
| official_name = 
| native_name = 
| image_skyline = Alcaraz Plaza.-Albacete.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The Clock, and the Trinity Towers
| image_flag =
| image_shield = Escudo de Alcaraz.svg
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Albacete Alcaraz Mapa municipal.png
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Spain
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Castile-La Mancha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Albacete (province)|Albacete]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Comarcas of Spain|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sierra de Alcaraz]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = [[Commonwealth]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Sierra de Alcaraz y Campo de Montiel]]
| seat_type = 
| seat =
| latd = 38|latm = 40|lats = 5|latNS = N
| longd= 2|longm = 39|longs= 34|longEW= W
| coordinates_type = region:ES_type:city
| coordinates_display = inline
| coordinates_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 962
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 370.53
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_demonym = Alcaraceño,-ña
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Spain|Official language(s)]]
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Spain|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 02300
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|Dialing code]]
| area_code = (+34) 967 38 ** **
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Lourdes Cano Carrasco
| leader_party = PP
| website = {{official website|http://www.alcaraz.es/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Alcaraz''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[Spain|Spanish]] province of [[Albacete]]. Families all over the world who have the [[surname]] "Alcaraz" may trace their [[ancestry]] to this part of Spain.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Alcaraz}}
*[http://www.lacerca.com/noticias/turismo/ruta_don_quijote_n_5-34861-1.html De Albacete a Alcaraz y Bienservida]

{{Coord|38|40|N|2|29|W|display=title}}
{{Municipalities in Albacete}}

[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Albacete]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Province of Albacete]]

{{Albacete-geo-stub}}

Cotard's syndrome

2015-11-04T09:24:36Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox disease
| name = Cotard delusion
| image = Jules Cotard.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The neurologist Jules Cotard (1840–89) described "The Delirium of Negation" as a mental illness of varied severity.
| field = [[Psychiatry]]
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|F22}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|297.1}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| MeSH =
| GeneReviewsNBK =
| GeneReviewsName =
}}
The '''Cotard delusion''' (also '''Cotard's syndrome''' and '''walking corpse syndrome''') is a rare [[mental illness]], in which an afflicted person holds the [[delusion]] that they are [[death|dead]], either figuratively or literally; yet said delusion of negation is not a symptom essential to the syndrome proper.<ref>Berrios G.E. and Luque R. (1995) Cotard's delusion or syndrome?. ''Comprehensive Psychiatry'' 36: 218–223</ref> Statistical analysis of a hundred-patient cohort indicates that the denial of self-existence is a symptom present in 69 percent of the cases of Cotard's syndrome; yet, paradoxically, 55 percent of the patients might present delusions of [[immortality]].<ref>Berrios G.E. and Luque R. (1995) Cotard Syndrome: Clinical Analysis of 100 Cases. ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica'' 91:185–188</ref>

In 1880, the [[Neurology|neurologist]] [[Jules Cotard]] described the condition as ''Le délire des négations'' ("The Delirium of Negation"), a psychiatric syndrome of varied severity. A mild case is characterized by despair and self-loathing, and a severe case is characterized by intense delusions of negation and chronic psychiatric depression.<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2552|Cotard's syndrome}}</ref><ref>Berrios G.E. & Luque R. (1999) Cotard's 'On Hypochondriacal Delusions in a Severe form of Anxious Melancholia. ''History of Psychiatry'' 10:269–278.</ref> The case of Mademoiselle X describes a woman who denied the existence of parts of her body and of her need to eat, and said that she was condemned to [[eternity|eternal]] [[damnation]] and therefore could not die a natural death. In the course of suffering "The Delirium of Negation", Mademoiselle X died of [[starvation]].

As a mental illness, Cotard's syndrome also includes the patient's delusion that they do not exist as a person, is [[putrefaction|putrefying]], and has lost [[blood]], [[internal organs]], or both. The Cotard delusion is not included in the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM), either the DSM-IV (1994) or the DSM-IV-TR (2000) editions.<ref>Debruyne H., et al., "Cotard's syndrome: a review", Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009 Jun;11(3):197–202; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470281</ref> In the tenth edition of the ''[[International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]]'' ([[ICD-10]]), of the [[World Health Organization]], code F22 identifies the Cotard delusion as a disease of human health.<ref>Hans Debruyne, et al., "Cotard's Syndrome", Mind & Brain 2011; 2:(1). July 2011</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
The delusion of negation is the central symptom in Cotard's syndrome. The patient afflicted with this [[mental illness]] usually denies their existence, or the existence of a certain body part, or the existence of a portion of their body. Cotard's syndrome exists in three stages: (i) Germination stage—the symptoms of [[psychotic depression]] and of [[hypochondria]] appear; (ii) Blooming stage—the full development of the syndrome and the delusions of negation; and (iii) Chronic stage—continued, severe delusions and chronic psychiatric depression.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yarnada|first=K.|author2=Katsuragi, S.|author3=Fujii, I.|title=A Case Study of Cotard's syndrome: Stages and Diagnosis|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|date=13 November 2007|volume=100|issue=5|pages=396–398|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10884.x|accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref>

The Cotard syndrome withdraws the afflicted person from other people, which includes neglecting their personal hygiene and physical health. The delusion of negation of self prevents the patient from making sense of external reality, producing a distorted view of the external world. Such a delusion of negation is usually found in the [[psychosis|psychotic]] patient who also presents with [[schizophrenia]]. Although a diagnosis of Cotard's syndrome does not require the patient's having had hallucinations, the strong delusions of negation are comparable to those found in schizophrenic patients.<ref>Young, A.W., Robertson, I.H., Hellawell, D.J., de, P.K.W., & Pentland, B. (January 01, 1992). Cotard delusion after Brain Injury. ''Psychological Medicine'', 22, 3, 799–804.</ref>

===Distorted reality===
The article ''Betwixt Life and Death: Case Studies of the Cotard Delusion'' (1996) describes a contemporary case of Cotard delusion, which occurred in a Scotsman whose brain was damaged in a motorcycle accident:

{{quote|[The patient's] symptoms occurred in the context of more general feelings of unreality and [of] being dead. In January 1990, after his discharge from hospital in Edinburgh, his mother took him to South Africa. He was convinced that he had been taken to [[Hell]] (which was confirmed by the heat), and that he had died of [[septicemia|septicaemia]] (which had been a risk early in his recovery), or perhaps from [[AIDS]] (he had read a story in ''The Scotsman'' about someone with AIDS who died from septicaemia), or from an overdose of a [[yellow fever]] injection. He thought he had "borrowed [his] mother's spirit to show [him] around hell", and that she was asleep in Scotland.<ref>{{cite book|author=Young, A.W.|author2=Leafhead, K.M.|year=1996|title=Betwixt Life and Death: Case Studies of the Cotard Delusion|in=P.W. Halligan & J.C. Marshall. (eds.) ''Method in Madness: Case studies in Cognitive Neuropsychiatry''|location=Hove|publisher=Psychology Press|page=155}}</ref>}}

The article ''Recurrent Postictal Depression with Cotard Delusion'' (2005) describes the case of a fourteen-year-old [[Epilepsy|epileptic]] boy whose distorted perception of reality resulted from Cotard Syndrome. His mental-health history was of a boy expressing themes of [[death]], chronic sadness, decreased physical activity in playtime, social withdrawal, and disturbed biological functions. About twice a year, the boy suffered episodes that lasted between three weeks and three months. In the course of each episode, he said that everyone and everything was dead, including trees; described himself as a dead body; and warned that the world would be destroyed within hours. Throughout the episode, the boy showed no response to pleasurable stimuli and had no interest in social activities.<ref>Mendhekar, D. N., & Gupta, N. (January 01, 2005). "Recurrent Postictal Depression with Cotard delusion." ''Indian Journal of Pediatrics'', 72, 6, 529–31.</ref>

==Pathophysiology==
[[Image:Gray727 fusiform gyrus.png|thumb|right|Neural misfiring in the fusiform face area, in the [[Fusiform gyrus]] (orange), might be a cause of the Cotard delusion.]]
[[File:BrainLobesLabelled.jpg|thumb|right||In the cerebrum, organic lesions in the parietal lobe might cause the Cotard delusion.]]

The underlying [[neurophysiology]] and [[psychopathology]] of Cotard's Syndrome might be related to problems of delusional misidentification. Neurologically, the Cotard delusion (negation of the Self) is thought to be related to the [[Capgras delusion]] (people replaced by impostors); each type of delusion is thought to result from neural misfiring in the [[fusiform face area]] of the brain (which recognizes faces) and in the [[amygdala]]e (which associate emotions to a recognized face).<ref name = pearn />

The neural disconnection creates in the patient a sense that the face they are observing is not the face of the person to whom it belongs; therefore, that face lacks the familiarity (recognition) normally associated with it, which results in [[derealization]] — disconnection from the environment. If the observed face is that of a person known to the patient, they experience that face as the face of an impostor (the Capgras delusion). If the patient sees their own face, they might perceive no association between the face and their own sense of [[Self]] — which results in the patient believing that they do not exist (the Cotard delusion).

Cotard's syndrome is usually encountered in people afflicted with a [[psychosis]] (e.g., [[schizophrenia]]), [[neurological illness]], [[mental illness]], [[clinical depression]], [[derealization]], and with [[migraine]] headache.<ref name = pearn>{{cite journal|type = abstract|author = Pearn, J.|author2= Gardner-Thorpe, C|date = May 14, 2002|title = Jules Cotard (1840–1889) His Life and the Unique Syndrome that bears his Name|journal = Neurology|volume = 58|pages = 1400–3|pmid = 12011289|issue = 9|doi=10.1212/wnl.58.9.1400}}</ref> The medical literature indicate that the occurrence of Cotard's delusion is associated with [[lesion]]s in the [[parietal lobe]]. As such, the Cotard-delusion patient presents a greater incidence of brain atrophy — especially of the median [[frontal lobe]] — than do the people in the control groups.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Joseph|first=AB|author2=O'Leary, DH|title=Brain Atrophy and Interhemispheric fissure Enlargement in Cotard's syndrome.|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|date=Oct 1986|volume=47|issue=10|pages=518–20|pmid=3759917|accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref>

The Cotard delusion also has resulted from a patient's adverse physiological response to a [[drug]] (e.g., [[aciclovir]]) and to its [[prodrug]] precursor (e.g., [[valaciclovir]]). The occurrence of Cotard delusion symptoms was associated with a high serum-concentration of [[9-Carboxymethoxymethylguanine]] (CMMG), the principal [[metabolite]] of the drug aciclovir. As such, the patient with weak kidneys (impaired [[renal function]]) continued risking the occurrence of delusional symptoms, despite the reduction of the dose of aciclovir. [[Hemodialysis]] resolved the patient's delusions (of negating the Self) within hours of treatment, which suggests that the occurrence of Cotard-delusion symptoms might not always be cause for psychiatric hospitalization of the patient.<ref name = CMMG>{{cite journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7633/1305|format=Journal Article|author=Anders Helldén, Ingegerd Odar-Cederlöf, Kajsa Larsson, Ingela Fehrman-Ekholm, Thomas Lindén|date=December 2007|title=Death Delusion|journal=BMJ|volume=335|issue=7633|pages=1305–1305|doi=10.1136/bmj.39408.393137.BE|pmc = 2151143|pmid = 18156240}}</ref>

==Treatment==
The article ''Cotard's syndrome: A Review'' (2010) reports successful [[Pharmacology|pharmacological]] treatments (mono-therapeutic and multi-therapeutic) using [[antidepressant]], [[antipsychotic]], and [[mood stabilizer|mood stabilizing]] drugs; likewise, with the depressed patient, [[electroconvulsive therapy]] (ECT) is more effective than [[pharmacotherapy]].<ref name = Debruyne>{{cite journal
| format = review article
| author = Debruyne H., Portzky M., Van den Eynde F., Audenaert K.
| date = June 2010
| title = Cotard's syndrome: A Review
| journal = Current Psychiatric Reports
| volume = 11
| issue = 3
| pages = 197–202
| pmid = 19470281
| doi = 10.1007/s11920-009-0031-z
}}</ref> Cotard syndrome resulting from an adverse drug reaction to valacyclovir is attributed to elevated serum concentration of one of valacyclovir's metabolites, 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine (CMMG). Successful treatment warrants cessation of the drug, valacyclovir. Hemodialysis was associated with timely clearance of CMMG and resolution of symptoms.

==Popular culture==
* In Episode 10 of the 2013 first season of ''[[Hannibal (TV series)|Hannibal]]'', a character named Georgia Madchen has Cotard's syndrome.
* The 2014 dystopian novel ''Spark'' by [[John Twelve Hawks]] features a protagonist with Cotard's syndrome.
* Episode 10 of the 2014 television series ''[[Black Box (TV series)|Black Box]]'' has a character with Cotard's syndrome.
* The American TV show ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' included a comic-relief character who suffered from Cotard's syndrome in season 4, episode 14, "My Lucky Charm".
* In the Jim Jarmusch film ''[[Dead Man (film)|Dead Man]]'', everyone who meets the protagonist believes he is the dead poet William Blake or otherwise considers him already dead.
* The British crime fiction writer [[Harry Bingham]]{{disambiguation needed|date=September 2015}}'s books feature a detective who was treated for Cotard's syndrome but still has lingering symptoms.
* It is suggested that [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]]'s vocalist [[Per "Dead" Ohlin|Dead]] suffered from the condition, resulting in his suicide.
* The protagonist of the 2008 film ''[[Synecdoche, New York]]'' is Caden Cotard, who has an obsession with death.

==See also==
* [[Body without organs]]
* [[Depersonalization disorder]]
* [[Mortality salience]]
* [[Prosopagnosia]]
* [[Self-verification theory]]
* [[Solipsism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Psychosis]]
[[Category:Delusional disorders]]
[[Category:Culture-bound syndromes]]

David Villa

2015-07-28T07:52:45Z

Angelito7:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Spanish name|Villa|Sánchez}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = David Villa
| image = David Villa NYCFC vs. Houston Dynamo- 5-30-2015 (18102079848).jpg
| image_size = 260
| caption = Villa playing for [[New York City FC|New York City]] in 2015
| fullname = David Villa Sánchez<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010: List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=13 September 2013|page=29|format=PDF|date=4 June 2010}}</ref>
| height = {{height|m=1.75}}<ref name="Imdb">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2300567/bio|title=Biography for David Villa}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|12|3}}<ref name="David Villa">{{cite web|title = David Villa| url = http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=66414/profile/index.html | publisher = UEFA| accessdate = 19 June 2010}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Langreo]], Spain
| currentclub = [[New York City FC|New York City]]
| clubnumber = 7
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Striker]]
| youthyears1 = 1991–1999 | youthclubs1 = [[UP Langreo|Langreo]]
| youthyears2 = 1999–2000 | youthclubs2 = [[Sporting de Gijón|Sporting Gijón]]
| years1 = 2000–2001 | clubs1 = [[Sporting de Gijón B|Sporting Gijón B]] | caps1 = 36 |goals1 = 14
| years2 = 2001–2003 | clubs2 = [[Sporting de Gijón|Sporting Gijón]] | caps2 = 80 |goals2 = 38
| years3 = 2003–2005 | clubs3 = [[Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza]] | caps3 = 73 |goals3 = 32
| years4 = 2005–2010 | clubs4 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] | caps4 = 166 |goals4 = 107
| years5 = 2010–2013 | clubs5 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps5 = 77 |goals5 = 33
| years6 = 2013–2014 | clubs6 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | caps6 = 36 |goals6 = 13
| years7 = 2014– | clubs7 = [[New York City FC|New York City]] | caps7 = 18 |goals7 = 12
| years8 = 2014 | clubs8 = → [[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]] (loan) | caps8 = 4 |goals8 = 2
| nationalyears1 = 2002–2003 | nationalteam1 = [[Spain national under-21 football team|Spain U21]] | nationalcaps1 = 7 |nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2005–2014 | nationalteam2 = [[Spain national football team|Spain]] | nationalcaps2 = 97 |nationalgoals2 = 59
| nationalyears3 = 2001–2002 | nationalteam3 = [[Asturias autonomous football team|Asturias]] | nationalcaps3 = 2 |nationalgoals3 = 1
| club-update = 14:37, 26 July 2015 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''David Villa Sánchez''' ({{IPA-es|daˈβið ˈβiʎa}}; born 3 December 1981) is a Spanish professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]] for American club [[New York City FC]]. He is nicknamed '''El Guaje''' (''The Kid'' in [[Asturian language|Asturian]]) because as a youngster he frequently played football with children much older than him.<ref>http://www.goal.com/en/people/spain/1713/david-villa/profile#</ref><ref>http://football-tickets.barcelona.com/index.php/david_villa</ref>

Despite sustaining a serious injury as a child, Villa started his professional career with [[Sporting de Gijón]]. He moved to [[Real Zaragoza]] after two seasons, where he made his [[La Liga]] début, winning the [[Copa del Rey]] and [[Supercopa de España]]. He joined [[Valencia CF]] in 2005 for a transfer fee of €12 million and was part of the Valencia team that won the Copa del Rey in the [[2007–08 Copa del Rey|2007–08 season]]. In 2010 he moved to [[FC Barcelona]] for €40 million where he won his first [[La Liga]] and [[UEFA Champions League]] titles. After a €5.1 million transfer, he spent the 2013–14 season at [[Atlético Madrid]], winning another La Liga title before leaving for New York City.

Villa made his international début for [[Spain national football team|Spain]] in 2005. He has since participated in four major tournaments, becoming an integral member of the Spain teams that won [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]] and the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010 World Cup]]. He scored three goals at the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]], was the top scorer at Euro 2008 and earned the [[World Cup Golden Boot|Silver Boot]] at the 2010 World Cup. He is the first Spanish player to ever reach 50 international goals and retired from internationals after the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 World Cup]] with 59 in 97 matches, making him Spain's [[Top international association football goal scorers by country|all-time top goalscorer]] as well as the country's top scorer in the World Cup with 9 goals.<ref name="SIvilla">{{cite news|title = David Villa breaks Spain's scoring record | url = http://www.greenwichtime.com/default/article/David-Villa-breaks-Spain-s-scoring-record-703373.php | publisher = Stamford Advocate | date = 12 October 2010 | accessdate = 12 October 2010}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The goals-to-games ratio he has achieved for the national team has not been matched by any player since [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]].<ref name="SIvilla" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Goalscoring for Spain National Team|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/span-recintlp.html|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=12 February 2009}}</ref>

{{toclimit|3}}

==Childhood and early career==
Villa was born in [[Tuilla]], a small village in [[Langreo]], [[Asturias]], a region in northern Spain, the son of José Manuel Villa, a [[mining|miner]].<ref name="thriller">{{cite web|url=http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss3044/stories/20071103503903300.htm|title=Villa, a thriller|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=3 November 2007|accessdate=7 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=David Villa thrives on playing under pressure for Barcelona and Spain|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/sep/18/david-villa-barcelona-spain|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=18 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010 | location=London | first=Barney | last=Ronay}}</ref> When Villa was four, his chances of becoming a footballer were put in jeopardy when he suffered a fracture to the [[femur]] in his right leg, but made a complete recovery.<ref name="espnpro">{{cite web|title=David Villa – ESPN Profile|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/profile?id=28600&cc=5739|publisher=ESPN Soccernet|year=2006|accessdate=7 September 2009}}</ref> Due to the injury, he and his father worked on strengthening his left leg and Villa ultimately became [[Ambidexterity|ambidextrous]].<ref name="dvow1"/> He recalls his father being consistently supportive: "He would be there throwing me the ball over and over, making me kick it with my left leg when my right was in plaster after breaking it, I was four. I can barely remember a single training session when my dad wasn't there. I have never been alone on a football pitch."

Villa admitted that he came close to giving up football at the age of 14 after growing disillusioned and falling out with his coach. However, thanks to his parents' encouragement, he persisted in pursuing his dream, realising his talent could earn him a living.<ref name="thriller" /> "In those days I was a nobody, not earning a penny and after being made to sit on the bench all season I just wanted to get away and play with my friends" he said. "But my dad always supported me and cheered me up until my career turned round."<ref name="thriller" /><ref name="442villaPDF">{{cite news |title= DAVID VILLA – Europe's Most Wanted |url=http://davidvilla7.com/uploads/files/david_villa_feature.pdf |format=PDF |publisher= David Villa Official Website|date = June 2009|accessdate=1 September 2009 }}</ref> He went on to begin his footballing career at [[UP Langreo]] and when he turned 17 he joined the Mareo football school.<ref name="dvow1">{{cite web|url=http://www.davidvilla7.com/biografia.php?idioma=2&id=1|title=David Villa Official Website – Biography|publisher=David Villa Official Website|accessdate=7 September 2009}}</ref>

==Club career==

===Sporting de Gijón===
Villa attracted interest from many Asturian teams, but one of the province's bigger teams, [[Real Oviedo]], declared that he was too short and that they did not believe he had sufficient potential.<ref name="sidvilla">{{cite news
|title = David Villa: the born goalscorer the giants failed to net | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/blog/2009/aug/12/david-villa-valencia-worlds-best-striker | publisher = The Guardian | date = 12 August 2009 | accessdate = 29 August 2009|author=Sid Lowe | location=London}}</ref><ref name="villasportinglife"/> He subsequently got his professional breakthrough at his local club [[Sporting de Gijón]], following in the footsteps of his childhood idol [[Quini]].<ref name="dvow1"/> Starting out at the team's youth ranks, he made his first-team début in the 2000–01 season. After scoring 25 goals in two seasons, he became a first team regular.<ref name="villasportinglife">{{cite web
|title = David Villa Official Website – Sporting Life | url = http://www.davidvilla7.com/biografia.php?id=2 | publisher = David Villa Official Website| year = 2008 | accessdate = 2008}}</ref> Pepe Acebal, the Sporting Gijon manager at the time, said that Villa initially lacked the stamina to have a real impact and had to be given his chance bit by bit and that Villa's capacity for work was "unrivalled".<ref name="sidvilla" />
{{Quote box|
width=20%
|align=right
|quote="He had great technical qualities. His first touch was superb and, although you can never be sure someone will make it, you could tell he was talented. He makes very clever diagonal runs, breaking away from defenders, and he invariably made the right decisions. He is very intuitive."
|source=–Pepe Acebal, former Sporting Gijón manager<ref name="sidvilla" />}}

===Real Zaragoza===

====2003–04 season====
With his goal tally nearly reaching 40 goals after spending two full seasons in Gijón's main team,<ref name="thyntkadv">{{cite web
|title = David Villa profile: 10 Things you need to know about the Manchester City target | url = http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/David-Villa-profile-10-Things-you-need-to-know-about-the-Manchester-City-target-article38026.html | publisher = Mirror| date = 19 December 2008 | accessdate = 10 September 2009|author=Dan Silver}}</ref> Villa ultimately got his chance in Spain's top-flight when Sporting were in financial difficulty and newly promoted [[Real Zaragoza]] signed him for approximately €3 million in the summer of 2003.<ref name="442villaPDF"/><ref name="villasportinglife" /> The striker had no trouble adapting to playing at the higher level, netting 17 times in his first season at Zaragoza.<ref name="sndvstat" /> His league début came during Zaragoza's first [[La Liga]] game since his arrival where the team were defeated 1–0 away from home at the hands of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]n side [[Deportivo de La Coruña]]<ref>{{cite web
|title = Real Zaragoza 0 – 1 Deportivo La Coruña | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=118595&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =31 August 2003| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> while his first goal came two games later, an eighth minute goal against [[Real Murcia]] which put Zaragoza 2–0 up in a match which ended 3–0.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Real Zaragoza 3 – 0 Murcia | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=121573&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =14 September 2003| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> 4 December 2003 saw him net his first brace (2 goals) in a 2–2 draw against [[Athletic Bilbao]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Real Zaragoza 2 – 2 Athletic Bilbao | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=131617&cc=5739 |publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =4 December 2003| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> and on 25 April 2004, David Villa scored his first [[hat-trick]] in a tight 4–4 draw against [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] which saw Villa score all four of Zaragoza's goals, putting his team ahead on two occasions.<ref>{{cite web|title = Real Zaragoza 4 – 4 Sevilla FC | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=150138&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =25 April 2004| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref>

Zaragoza reached the [[Copa del Rey 2003-04|2004 Copa del Rey]] final where he played a big part in the team's victory, scoring a crucial goal to put the [[Aragon]]ese outfit 2–1 up against [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] in a match which eventually ended 3–2. Soon after he earned his first international call-up and cap which resulted in Zaragoza fans becoming so proud of his achievements, they invented the [[football chant]] "illa illa illa, Villa maravilla" which is a play on the words "Villa" and "maravilla" which is as "marvel" but can also mean "wonderful" or "great" in that context.<ref name="dvow1" />

====2004–05 season====
After Zaragoza's triumph in the Copa del Rey, they were granted a place in the [[UEFA Cup 2004–05|2004–05 UEFA Cup]]; this was Villa's first time playing in a European competition.<ref name="Statistics 2004-2005">{{cite web
|title = Statistics 2004–2005 | url = http://www.davidvilla7.com/estadisticas.php?temporada=2004/2005&idioma=2 | publisher = David Villa Official Website| accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref> In the team's opening group game against [[FC Utrecht|Utrecht]], Villa netted a brace in the dying minutes of the game which subsequently ended 2–0 in Zaragoza's favour. In the round of 16, Zaragoza faced [[Austria Wien]]. The first leg ended 1–1, Villa scored in the second leg, however, the match ended 2–2 which saw the team from [[Vienna]] go through to the next stage on the [[away goals rule]].<ref>{{cite web|title = UEFA Cup Qualifying 2004/05 Details | url = http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec200405det.html#uefaqdet | publisher = RSSSF| date =| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> Meanwhile, in [[La Liga 2004-05|La Liga]], Villa excited Zaragoza fans on 23 September 2004 by putting the team 1–0 up against [[FC Barcelona]] at the [[Camp Nou]], however, it was not to be as Barcelona came back to win the game 4–1.<ref>{{cite web|title = Barcelona 4 – 1 Real Zaragoza | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=163892&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =23 September 2004| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> On 17 April 2005, Villa scored a brace which helped see off Sevilla in a 3–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title = Real Zaragoza 3 – 0 Sevilla FC | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=167880&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =31 October 2004| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref>

===Valencia===

====2005–06 season====
After his success at Zaragoza, the team was in need of money,<ref name="442villaPDF" /> as a result, Villa made his big move to one of Spanish football's heavyweights, as a new look Valencia under [[Quique Sánchez Flores]] parted with €12 million to secure his services in the summer of 2005.<ref name="thyntkadv" /> During his first game in a Valencia shirt, an [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|Intertoto Cup]] match against [[Belgium|Belgian]] outfit [[K.A.A. Gent]], Villa scored the first goal in a game which Valencia won 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title = Valencia 2 – 0 KAA Gent | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=186639&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =23 July 2005| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> He made his league début for Valencia coming on as a substitute against [[Real Betis]] in a 1–0 win on 27 August 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title = Valencia 1 – 0 Real Betis | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=188337&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =27 August 2005| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> The next match would see his previous team, Real Zaragoza, leading 2–1 for the majority of the match, however, on the 81st minute, Villa came on as a late substitute for [[Rubén Baraja]] and scored the equalizer within the space of a minute, earning Valencia a point as the game ended 2–2.<ref>{{cite web|title = Real Zaragoza 2 – 2 Valencia | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=188619&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =11 September 2005| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref>

On 21 September, Villa would once again save Valencia a vital point by netting a brace against Barcelona at Camp Nou, actually giving his team the lead at one point after [[Víctor Valdés]]' clearance rebounded off Villa's back and into the net.<ref>{{cite web|title = Barcelona 2 – 2 Valencia | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=188605&cc=5739&league=ESP.1 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =21 September 2005| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Barcelona 2 – 2 Valencia – Match information | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=188605&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =21 September 2005| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> On 23 October, Villa scored the winning goal against another Spanish giant, this time Real Madrid at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Real Madrid 1 – 2 Valencia | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=188430&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =23 October 2005| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> and would once again score against Barcelona, on 12 February 2006, his one-goal proving enough to secure all three points in a 1–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title = Valencia 1 – 0 Barcelona | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=188577&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =12 February 2006| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> Villa scored a goal against Deportivo de La Coruña (at the [[Estadio Riazor|Riazor]] on 4 February 2006), described as "superb" by [[ESPN]] and "his best" by [[Sid Lowe]] who went on to credit it even more pointing out he achieved it "on the turn".<ref name="sidvilla" /> Hitting the ball from the half way line (50 yards out) it sailed over the keepers head and into the net.<ref>{{cite web|title = Deportivo La Coruña 0 – 1 Valencia | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=188583&cc=5739&league=ESP.1 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =4 February 2006| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref>

He scored his first hat-trick for Valencia against Athletic Bilbao at [[San Mamés]] in La Liga on 23 April 2006. Villa managed the hat-trick in just over five minutes (80th to the 85th minute) making it one of the quickest hat-tricks ever recorded. Valencia won that game 3–0.<ref name="thriller"/> That season saw him score 25 goals in 35 league matches for Valencia,<ref name="sndvstat" /><ref>{{cite web|title = Fernando Sanchez Morientes | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/stats?id=9610&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> finishing one goal behind the league's top scorer [[Samuel Eto'o]] of Barcelona. Villa's goal tally that year was the best that any Valencia player had ever achieved since [[Edmundo Suárez]] over 60 years beforehand.<ref name="www1.uefa.com">{{cite web|title = 7 – David Villa| url = http://www1.uefa.com/tournament/players/player=66414/index.html | publisher = UEFA| accessdate = 10 September 2009}} {{Dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref>

====2006–07 season====
Villa's form continued into the [[La Liga 2006–07|2006–07 season]], with the striker forming a partnership up front with former Real Madrid star [[Fernando Morientes]]. Between them, Villa and Morientes netted 43 goals in all competitions.<ref name="sndvstat" /> That year also saw Villa début in the [[UEFA Champions League]]; his first match was a qualifying match, coming on as a late substitute in a 1–0 first leg loss against [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]]. He went on to start the second leg and scored in a 3–0 win which saw Valencia qualify for the Champions League group stages.<ref>{{cite web|title = Valencia 3 – 0 SV Salzburg | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=204830&cc=5739&league=UEFA.CHAMPIONS | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =22 August 2006| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> Crucial goals against [[A.S. Roma|Roma]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Valencia 2 – 1 AS Roma | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=205459&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =27 September 2006| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> and [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Valencia 2 – 0 Shakhtar Donetsk | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=205472&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =18 October 2006| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> helped Valencia qualify for the knock out stages where they faced [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]]. Villa scored a free kick goal in the first leg away from home, while one of Inter's defenders complained that Villa had "made us look like idiots, all on his own".<ref name="sidvilla" /><ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/6425359.stm|title=UEFA charges Inter and Valencia|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 March 2007|accessdate=10 September 2009}}</ref> Valencia went through to the quarter finals where they faced [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]. Villa featured in both games but failed to make the score sheet. Valencia subsequently got knocked out by the London team 3–2 on aggregate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/valencia-1-chelsea-2-ichelsea-win-32-on-aggi-lastgasp-essien-seals-chelseas-sweetest-victory-444201.html|title=Valencia 1 Chelsea 2 (Chelsea win 3–2 on agg)|publisher=The Independent|date=11 April 2007|accessdate=10 September 2009 | location=London | first=Sam | last=Wallace}}</ref> In October 2006 he was included among the 50 nominees for the [[Ballon d'Or]] (often referred to as the European Footballer of the Year Award).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=6373&b=true&pn=David_Villa_Sánchez|title=David Villa Sánchez at Football Database|publisher=Football Database|accessdate=10 September 2009}}</ref>

A crucial goal against [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Valencia 3 – 2 Espanyol | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=204049&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =31 March 2007| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> and a brace against Sevilla<ref>{{cite web|title = Valencia 2 – 0 Sevilla FC | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=204068&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =15 April 2007| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> helped him reach 16 goals that season and would see him come sixth in La Liga's top scorer list that season (scoring the same amount of goals as fellow international [[Raúl Tamudo]])<ref name="socpuntliga0607">{{cite web
|title = Spain La Liga 2006–2007 Soccer Statistics and Head-to-Head Comparison | url = http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/spain/spain-la-liga-2006-2007 | publisher = SoccerPunter.com| year = 2007 | accessdate = 2007}}</ref> while he created more assists than anyone.<ref name="sidvilla" />

====2007–08 season====
[[File:David Villa scoring a penalty against Sevilla (462984160).jpg|thumb|right|David Villa after scoring a penalty against [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]].]]
The [[La Liga 2007-08|2007–08 season]] was not easy for Villa nor for his teammates. Early in the season, their manager, Quique Sánchez Flores, was fired and replaced by [[Ronald Koeman]], who ended up being fired on 22 April, after a run of poor results, even though he managed to win a trophy with [[Valencia CF|Valencia]], as the team beat [[Getafe CF]] in the [[Copa del Rey]]-final. Koeman got replaced by the highly rated [[UD Almería]] coach, [[Unai Emery]], at the end of the season.<ref name="guardian_sacking">{{Cite news| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/apr/21/europeanfootball.sport| title = King's Cup half empty for Koeman| publisher = The Guardian| date = 21 April 2008| accessdate = 22 December 2008 | location=London | first=Sid | last=Lowe}}</ref> Under Koeman, Villa managed to see the back of the net 18 times in his 26 appearances.<ref name="dvow1" /><ref name="sndvstat" /> He also won the first professional trophy of his Valencia spell, winning the [[Copa del Rey 2007–08|Copa del Rey]] for the second time in his career, beating Barcelona 3–2 in the semi-finals and then [[Getafe CF]] 3–1 in the final.<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=179139&cc=5739&league=ESP.1| title = Valencia 3 – 1 Getafe| publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date = 20 March 2005| accessdate = 11 September 2009}}</ref> giving the team a place in the [[UEFA Cup]].<ref name="dvow1" /> By the end of the season he signed a new six-year contract with Valencia, committing his future to the club until 2014.<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=566792&sec=europe&cc=5739| title = Villa delighted after penning new Valencia contract| publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date = 28 August 2008| accessdate = 11 September 2009}}</ref>

That season, Villa once again saw himself playing Champions League football. He scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against [[Schalke 04]]<ref name="espnvalsch">{{cite web
|title = Schalke 04 0 – 1 Valencia | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=228752&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet | date = 18 September 2007 | accessdate = 29 August 2009}}</ref> and went on to put Valencia 1–0 up against Chelsea, however, goals from [[Joe Cole]] and [[Didier Drogba]] saw Valencia lose 2–1.<ref name="espnvalche">{{cite web
|title = Valencia 1 – 2 Chelsea | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=228776&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet | date = 3 October 2007 | accessdate = 29 August 2009}}</ref> Valencia finished bottom of the group and were knocked out. On his 100th league appearance for Valencia, Villa scored a hat-trick against [[Levante UD|Levante]]; his 54th, 55th and 56th league goals for the club.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Levante 1 – 5 Valencia | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=226373&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet | date = 11 May 2008 | accessdate = 11 September 2009}}</ref> Another two goals on the final day of the season against Atletico Madrid completed his tally of 18 goals that season.<ref name="sndvstat" />

====2008–09 season====
After finishing as the top scorer at [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]], Villa continued his form into the [[La Liga 2008-09|2008–09 season]] where he scored the first goal in a 3–0 win against [[RCD Mallorca|Mallorca]] in what was the opening game of the season.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Che star commits future | url = http://www.clubcall.com/intl-football/che-star-commits-future-888926.html | publisher = [[ClubCall]] | date = 13 April 2009 | accessdate = 11 September 2009}}</ref> After failing to sign the player, Real Madrid manager at the time, [[Bernd Schuster]], accused Villa of having "no ambition",<ref name="442villaPDF" /> Villa responded by saying "Footballing ambition is not about your mouth, it is about your feet. You can accuse me of lots of things – of having a bad day, of missing chances, of many things- but I have always had ambition and always will have. I think I have proved that on the pitch with Zaragoza, Sporting, UD Langreo, and the national team."<ref name="442villaPDF" /> In October 2008, [[Kaká]] praised Villa, speaking to [[Canal+]], he claimed that Villa is "the best Spanish footballer" adding that "The player with whom I would most like to play is David Villa of Valencia."<ref name="dvow3">{{cite web
|title = David Villa Official Website – Potential and Safety| url = http://www.davidvilla7.com/biografia.php?idioma=2&id=3 | publisher = David Villa Official Website | year = 2008 | accessdate = 11 September 2009}}</ref> On 2 December 2008, Villa came seventh in the [[Ballon d'Or 2008]] rankings<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7758016.stm |title=Ronaldo scoops best player award |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2 December 2008 |accessdate=11 September 2009 }}</ref> and on 12 January 2009, Villa was announced as the joint ninth best player of 2008 alongside international team mate and Barcelona player [[Andrés Iniesta]], according to the [[2008 FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards.<ref name="fifaworldplrPDF">{{cite news |title=FIFA World Player of the Year – Women's votes by player |url=http://es.fifa.com/mm/document/classic/awards/99/15/27/resultswomenforfifa.combyplayer.pdf |format=PDF |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009 }}</ref>

{{Quote box|
width=25%
|align=left
|quote="David is an amazing player – he has mobility, he scores goals and is brave. I would love to have him in my team at Arsenal. He'd be amazing in the English league."
|source=–Spain team-mate [[Cesc Fàbregas]] on David Villa<ref>{{cite web
|title = David Villa Bio, Stats, News – Team Spain – FIFA World Cup – ESPN Soccernet | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/28600/david-villa?cc=5739&ver=global | publisher = ESPN| accessdate = 22 June 2010}}</ref>}}
Valencia finished second in their [[UEFA Cup 2008-09|UEFA Cup]] group, however, Villa was not featured heavily and was often an unused sub or a late sub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/gamelog?id=28600&cc=5739|title=David Villa Game Log|publisher=ESPN Soccernet |accessdate=12 September 2009 }}</ref> He scored a late winner against [[C.S. Marítimo|Maritimo]]<ref>{{cite web|title =Valencia 2 – 1 Maritimo | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=254922&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet | date = 2 October 2008 | accessdate = 12 September 2009}}</ref> and was used in the Round of 32 against [[Dynamo Kyiv]], however, he did not make the score sheet. The two legs resulted in a 3–3 aggregate score, Dynamo Kyiv went through as the away goal rule went in their favour.<ref>{{cite web|title =Kravets downs Los Che| url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=259522&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet | date = 26 February 2009 | accessdate = 12 September 2009}}</ref>

Hitting a consistent goal scoring form during mid season, he scored against Deportivo de La Coruña; however, he was sent off during the match after his second [[Penalty card|yellow card]], received due to a foul on [[Daniel Aranzubia]]<ref name="espndepval">{{cite news |title=Deportivo La Coruña 1 – 1 Valencia |url=http://soccernet-assets.espn.go.com/report?id=252969&league=ESP.1&cc=5739 |publisher=ESPN Soccernet |date=22 February 2009 |accessdate=29 August 2009 }}</ref> and as a result missed Valencia's next match against [[Real Valladolid]], a game which Valencia lost 2–1 at home. Ready to return from suspension, Villa suffered from an inflammation in the joint in his left knee due to a partial dislocation and would be out for the next 15 days, missing games against [[CD Numancia|Numancia]], [[Recreativo de Huelva]] and [[Racing de Santander]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Valencia Without David Villa For Two Weeks |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/03/10/1147535/valencia-without-david-villa-for-two-weeks |publisher=goal.com |date=10 March 2009 |accessdate=12 September 2009 |author=KS Leong}}</ref> When he finally returned from injury on 5 April 2009, he had no trouble recovering form, netting a brace in a match against Getafe, which Valencia won 4–1.<ref>{{cite news |title=Valencia 4 – 1 Getafe |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=253075&cc=5739 |publisher=ESPN Soccernet |date=5 April 2009 |accessdate=12 September 2009 }}</ref> On 12 April, Villa was set to return to [[El Molinón]], the home ground of Sporting de Gijón where he started his career. He admitted that the encounter would be very emotional for him but went on to score the second Valencia goal in a 3–2 win and kept a pre-match promise by not celebrating the goal.<ref>{{cite news |title=La Liga Round-Up: Valencia Manage Last-Gasp Win At Sporting |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/04/12/1205423/la-liga-round-up-valencia-manage-last-gasp-win-at-sporting |publisher=goal.com |date=12 April 2009 |accessdate=12 September 2009 }}</ref> His goal against [[Villarreal C.F.|Villarreal]] brought his tally to 26, he then scored another two against [[Athletic Bilbao]] finishing with 28 goals after the last game of the season, thus equalling records set by the [[Argentina|Argentinian]] [[Mario Kempes]] and the [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrin]] [[Predrag Mijatović]], who also scored 28 goals in a Valencia shirt in [[La Liga 1977-78|1978]] and [[La Liga 1995-96|1996]], respectively. Kempes reached his tally of 28 goals in 34 games while Mijatović achieved it in 40, ultimately seeing Villa beat their percentages, as he achieved the 28 goals in 33 games, recording a goal ratio of 0.84 goals per game. That season saw Villa's best season at Valencia as far as goal scoring is concerned.<ref name="villalastgame">{{cite web
|title = Villa: "No creo que haya sido mi último partido con el Valencia" | url = http://www.marca.com/2009/05/30/futbol/equipos/valencia/1243719296.html | publisher = MARCA.com| date = 30 May 2009 | accessdate = 30 May 2009|language=Spanish}}</ref>

With the season over Villa had marked his fourth year at Valencia, with only Eto'o scoring more goals than him in that period (six more).<ref name="sidvilla" /> British columnist Sid Lowe points out that Eto'o achieved this "in a team that racked up 129 [goals] more than Villa's side" and noted that "most of that time he [Villa] has taken Valencia's corners and free-kicks – and however good a player is he can't head in his own crosses."<ref name="sidvilla" /> Villa also ended the season as the third top scorer in La Liga with a total of 28 goals, just behind [[Samuel Eto'o]] (30) and [[Diego Forlán]] (32). After recording the best goal tally for a Valencia player in 60 years back in the 2005–06 season, he went three better in the 2008–09 season.<ref name="villalastgame">{{cite web
|title = Spanish Primera División – Top Scorers – 2008/2009 – ESPN Soccernet | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/stats/topscorers?league=esp.1&year=2008&cc=5739 | publisher = soccernet.espn.go.com| year = 2009 | accessdate = 2009}}</ref> The 28 league goals plus 3 more in other competitions that season, accumulated a total of 101 goals in 180 official games with the Valencian outfit.<ref name="sndvstat" />

====2009–10 season====
{{Quote box|
width=20%
|align=right
|quote="David Villa is a phenomenon – the best in Europe"
|source=–[[Quini]], five-time [[Pichichi Trophy|Pichichi]] winner<ref name="sidvilla" />}}
After the shock exit from the [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]] with the [[Spain national football team|Spain team]], Villa returned from his holidays on 27 July, amidst much media speculation linking him with top clubs such as [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]],<ref name="realvilla">{{cite web
|title = David Villa Will Sign For Real Madrid – Chelsea's Chief Spanish Scout | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/06/11/1319063/david-villa-will-sign-for-real-madrid-chelseas-chief-spanish | publisher = goal.com| date = 11 June 2009 | accessdate = 29 August 2009|author= Lucas Brown}}</ref> [[FC Barcelona]],<ref name="barcavilla">{{cite web
|title = I Want To Join Barcelona – David Villa | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/07/02/1359244/i-want-to-join-barcelona-david-villa | publisher = goal.com| date = 2 July 2009 | accessdate = 29 August 2009|author= Lucas Brown}}</ref> [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]],<ref name="lfcvilla">{{cite web
|title = Liverpool To Tempt David Villa Away From Valencia – Report | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/9/england/2009/08/01/1415630/liverpool-to-tempt-david-villa-away-from-valencia-report | publisher = goal.com| date = 1 August 2009 | accessdate = 29 August 2009|author=Jamie Dunn}}</ref> [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]],<ref name="cfcvilla">{{cite web|title = Chelsea Ahead of Real Madrid in David Villa Race – Report | url = http://goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/06/10/1316268/chelsea-ahead-of-real-madrid-in-david-villa-race-report | publisher = goal.com| date = 10 June 2009 | accessdate = 3 September 2009|author= Lucas Brown}}</ref> and [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].<ref name="manuvilla">{{cite web
|title = Manchester United to swoop for Valencia duo David Silva and David Villa | url = http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2009/08/05/silva-service-on-the-menu-115875-21572017/ | publisher = Mirror| date = 5 August 2009 | accessdate = 29 August 2009|author= David Anderson}}</ref> Villa put to bed such rumours announcing his desire to remain at the [[Mestalla Stadium|Mestalla]] to fulfil his contract underlining that he "could not spend all summer refuting things, so I wanted to be quiet... I was told I should leave Valencia for the good of the club, soon after that everything changed and from that moment on I never saw myself out of here – before [[UEFA Euro 2008|the Euros]], the club told me what my asking price was, and I thought they were going to sell me, but when I returned from my vacations, Vicente Soriano said that he did not want me to leave Valencia. That removed all doubt for me. There is no train missed because all that I have achieved is because of Valencia and the Spanish national team." When questioned on whether or not he should apologise to Valencia fans, he simply replied, "I did not kill anyone, I do not think I have to ask for forgiveness."<ref>{{cite web
|title = David Villa Explains Media Silence, Happy To Stay at Valencia | url = http://goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/07/28/1408740/david-villa-explains-media-silence-happy-to-stay-at-valencia | publisher = goal.com | date = 28 July 2009 | accessdate = 12 September 2009|author= Luís Mira}}</ref>

On 20 August 2009, Villa scored in his first official match of the season, a 3–0 [[UEFA Europa League]] qualifier against [[Stabæk Fotball|Stabæk]].<ref name="espnvalstae">{{cite web
|title = Stabaek 0 – 3 Valencia | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=280999&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet | date = 20 August 2009 | accessdate = 29 August 2009}}</ref> He followed this up with two goals against Real Valladolid on 13 September, these were Villa's first league goals of the [[La Liga 2009–10|2009–10 season]].<ref>{{cite news
|title = Valencia beats Valladolid 4–2 in Spanish league | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/soccer/09/13/spanish.rdp.ap/index.html | publisher = CNN | date = 13 September 2009 | accessdate = 14 September 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> He scored twice more a week later against former club Sporting Gijón in a 2–2 draw at the Mestalla where he performed duties as the team's captain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Valencia 2–2 Sporting Gijon: Los Che Stumble Despite David Villa Double |url=http://goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/09/20/1513275/valencia-2-2-sporting-gijon-los-che-stumble-despite-david|publisher=goal.com |date=20 September 2009 |accessdate=22 September 2009 |author=KS Leong}}</ref> After the match, Villa hinted towards being unhappy with Unai Emery's managerial decisions, stating "The approach for the second half was not right. We relaxed and ended up with the same result as last year. What has happened, has happened, but their [[Juan Pablo Colinas|goalkeeper]] was good, unlike our approach, which was not good",<ref>{{cite news |title=David Villa Critical of Emery After Valencia Draw Against Sporting Gijon |url=http://goal.com/en/news/722/la-liga/2009/09/20/1513380/david-villa-critical-of-emery-after-valencia-draw-against |publisher=goal.com |date=20 September 2009 |accessdate=22 September 2009 |author=Paul Madden}}</ref> however, a day later he denied being critical of Emery pointing out that "When I talked about the approach, I was referring to the whole team, I spoke in the heat of the moment, I was annoyed at the way we lost two points and I said what I thought, but I have clarified everything that needed to be cleared up."<ref>{{cite news |title=David Villa Denies Criticising Valencia Coach Unai Emery |url=http://goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/09/21/1514735/david-villa-denies-criticising-valencia-coach-unai-emery|publisher=goal.com |date=21 September 2009 |accessdate=22 September 2009 |author=Anthony Wright}}</ref>

In 2009 he scored more goals than any other footballer, 43 goals in 54 games across all competitions for Spain and Valencia.<ref name="SIvilla" /><ref name="sndvstat">{{cite web|title = David Villa Stats, News – Valencia | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/stats?id=28600&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date =| accessdate = 10 September 2009}}</ref> The [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics|IFFHS]] listed him fourth in the "World's Top Goal Scorer 2009" rankings.<ref name="IFFHSscorers">{{cite web|title = IFFHS The World's Top Goal Scorer 2009 | url = http://www.iffhs.de/?388d85ff0e003c4f05e91a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb8af02 | publisher = IFFHS| date =| accessdate = 9 January 2009}}</ref>

On 18 October, Villa was nominated for the Ballon D'Or,<ref>{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi Leads Ballon d'Or Nominations; Spain & England Dominate |url=http://goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/10/18/1568349/lionel-messi-leads-ballon-dor-nominations-spain-england|publisher=goal.com |date=18 October 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2009 |author=Lucas Brown}}</ref> while nearly two weeks later, on 30 October, he was nominated for the FIFA World Player of the Year.<ref>{{cite news |title=23-Man FIFA World Player of the Year Shortlist Announced |url=http://goal.com/en/news/745/fifa/2009/10/30/1593160/23-man-fifa-world-player-of-the-year-shortlist-announced|publisher=goal.com |date=30 October 2009 |accessdate=30 October 2009 |author=Alan Dawson & Ewan Macdonald}}</ref> After going three league games without scoring, Villa contributed two goals towards Valencia's 4–1 victory against Villarreal on 17 January 2010, the first of his two goals became his 100th league goal with Valencia.<ref name="sndvstat" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Report: Valencia vs Villarreal – Valencia thrash rivals |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=275820&cc=5739&league=ESP.1|publisher=ESPN |date=17 January 2010 |accessdate=18 January 2010 |author=ESPN}}</ref> Another brace came against Getafe on 22 February 2010, the second goal being "a superb chip" (as described by ESPN) over [[Jordi Codina]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Valencia 2 – 1 Getafe – Villa on the double for Valencia |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=275794&cc=5739|publisher=ESPN |date=22 February 2010 |accessdate=22 February 2010 |author=ESPN}}</ref> On 18 March, Valencia went to the [[Weserstadion]] to play [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]] in the Europa League. Villa scored a hat-trick, his third goal being of note, which was fired in from eight yards out. The match ended 4–4 while Valencia proceeded to the next round on away goals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Werder Bremen 4 – 4 Valencia – Villa hat-trick seals progress. |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=289303&cc=5739|publisher=ESPN |date=18 March 2010 |accessdate=18 March 2010 |author=ESPN}}</ref> On 4 May 2010, Valencia played [[Xerez CD|Xerez]], Villa did not start but came on as a substitute 62 minutes into the match, which ended 3–1. Valencia still had two more games to play in the league, however, Villa did not feature, making the game against Xerez the last time he played for Valencia.<ref name="sndvstat"/>

===Barcelona===

====2010–11 season====
[[File:David Villa Welcome.jpg|thumb|right|David Villa during his presentation as a Barcelona player.]]
On 19 May 2010, [[FC Barcelona]] reached an agreement with Valencia, for the acquisition of Villa for the fee of €40 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/noticies/destacades/n100519111099.html|title=Barca agree Villa move with Valencia|date=19 May 2010|accessdate=20 May 2010|work=FC Barcelona official site}}</ref><ref name="bbc-barca-move">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8691888.stm|title=Striker David Villa moves to Barcelona from Valencia|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=19 May 2010|accessdate=19 May 2010}}</ref>
Villa signed on a four-year contract with Barcelona, with the option for a fifth, worth a reported €7 million per season and thus, managed to follow in the footsteps of his heroes, [[Luis Enrique Martínez García|Luis Enrique]] and [[Quini]], both of whom, like Villa, started out at Sporting Gijón and ended up at Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=788682&sec=transfers&cc=5739 |title=Barcelona sign Valencia's David Villa for £34.2m |publisher=Soccernet.espn.go.com |date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="villafootsteps">{{cite news|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/noticies/futbol/temporada09-10/05/21/n100521111138.html|title=Villa: "I will give everything to the club"|work= Barcelona.cat|date=21 May 2010|accessdate=19 June 2010}}</ref> On 21 May 2010, over 35,000 Barcelona supporters packed into [[Camp Nou]] to see Villa's presentation, where he revealed the kit Barcelona would use during the [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11 season]]. He was given his favourite number 7, a number which had been free at the club since [[Eiður Guðjohnsen]] left in [[2008-09 La Liga|2009]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/galeries/futbol/temporada09-10/05/villa_diaris/galeria.html |title=Thousands flock to see Villa |publisher=Fcbarcelona.cat |date= |accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref>
He made his first appearance for the club in the second leg of the [[2010 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]], during the second half as a substitute for fellow Spain international, [[Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma|Pedro Rodríguez]]. His début appearance would also see him win his first piece of silver-ware with the [[Catalonia]]n side, as Barcelona won 4–0 and 5–3 on [[Aggregate score|aggregate]] due to a hat-trick by teammate [[Lionel Messi]].<ref>{{cite web
|title = Barcelona 4–0 Sevilla: Brilliant Blaugrana Outclass the Rojiblancos to Lift the Super Cup | url = http://www.goal.com/en/match/45971/barcelona-vs-sevilla/report | publisher = Goal.cm | date = 21 August 2010 | accessdate = 21 August 2009}}</ref> His first goal came during the [[Joan Gamper Trophy]] (an annual friendly competition) against [[A.C. Milan|Milan]]. Barcelona won 3–1 on penalties after the match had ended 1–1 during normal time.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Barcelona 1–1 Milan (3–1 Pens.): Blaugrana Overcome Italians To Win Gamper Trophy | url = http://www.goal.com/en/match/49200/barcelona-vs-milan/report | publisher = Goal.com | date = 25 August 2010 | accessdate = 26 August 2009}}</ref>

On 29 August 2010, Villa made his [[2010–11 La Liga|La Liga]] début with Barcelona against [[Racing de Santander]], where he scored the third goal of the match to help seal a 3–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Racing 0–3 Barcelona: The Catalan Train Rolls On | url = http://www.goal.com/en/match/48586/racing-vs-barcelona/report | publisher = Goal.com | date = 29 August 2010 | accessdate = 29 August 2009}}</ref> On 14 September 2010, Villa scored on his [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] début with Barcelona in a 5–1 victory over [[Panathinaikos F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web
|title = Barcelona 5–1 Panathinaikos: Unstoppable Lionel Messi Fires Blaugrana To Comfortable Home Win | url = http://www.goal.com/en/match/50392/barcelona-vs-panathinaikos/report | publisher = Goal.com | date = 14 September 2010 | accessdate = 15 September 2010}}</ref>
{{Quote box|
width=20%
|align=left
|quote="Villa is not only there to finish plays. Villa is synonymous with depth. It means always being ready to open passing lanes, to draw defenders and thus freeing space for others."
|source=–[[Johan Cruyff]], three time [[Ballon d'Or]] winner.<ref name="cruyffvilla">{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/2466/goalcom-50/2011/08/08/2608863/goalcom-50-david-villa-22|title=Goal.com 50: David Villa (22)|work=Goal.com|date=8 August 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>}}
Against Sevilla, on 31 October 2010, Barcelona won 5–0 against the [[Andalusia]]n side, while Villa netted a brace. His first goal that match was voted "The Best Goal of the Week (October 25–31)" by the readers of Goal.com.<ref>{{cite web
|title = VIDEO: Vote For The Best Goal Of The Week (October 25–31) | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/3194/video/2010/11/01/2193033/video-vote-for-the-best-goal-of-the-week-october-25-31 | publisher = Goal.com | date = 1 November 2010 | accessdate = 8 November 2010}}</ref> Villa's first "[[El Clásico]]" came on 29 November 2010 where he scored two goals as Barcelona won 5–0 at the Camp Nou.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid – Exquisite Barca crush Real | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=301858&league=ESP.1&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN | date = 29 November 2010 | accessdate = 29 November 2010}}</ref> Talking about the match, he commented that, "It's been a very important win. We looked for the victory and we got it. And the result and the manner in which we achieved it, you cannot ask for more.".<ref>{{cite web
|title = Mourinho plays down scale of loss | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=847434&sec=europe&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN | date = 29 November 2010 | accessdate = 29 November 2010}}</ref> He then scored a goal against [[Real Sociedad]], a match Barcelona won 5–0.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.elmundodeportivo.es/gen/20101213/54086679821/noticia/barsa-otra-manita-antes-del-derbi.html | title = Barça, otra manita antes del derbi | publisher = www.elmundodeportivo.es | date = 12 December 2010 | accessdate = 12 December 2010}}</ref> He followed with a brace against [[RCD Espanyol]] helping Barcelona to a 5–1 win.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sport.es/default.asp?idpublicacio_PK=44&idioma=CAS&idtipusrecurs_PK=7&idnoticia_PK=733028 | title = Villa firmó la 'manita' y se apuntó su tercer 'doblete' | publisher = www.sport.es | date = 19 December 2010 | accessdate = 19 December 2010}}</ref>

On 27 December 2010, Villa was named "Male Athlete of the Year" by [[United States Sports Academy|the United States Sports Academy]], as he edged fellow Spaniard [[Rafael Nadal]] and previous winner [[Manny Pacquiao]] for the title.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ussa.edu/publications/news/2010/12/27/spain-reigns-as-villa-edges-nadal-on-the-male-side-korean-ices-female-side-in-athlete-of-the-year | title = Spain Reigns as Villa Edges Nadal on the Male Side; Korean Ices Female Side in Athlete of the Year | publisher = ussa.edu | date = 27 December 2010 | accessdate = 29 December 2010}}</ref>

On 28 May 2011, Villa scored the third goal – curling the ball into the net from 25-yards out – in Barcelona's 3–1 victory over [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in the [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League]] [[2011 UEFA Champions League Final|Final]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/13576522.stm|title=Barcelona 3 Manchester United 1|date=28 May 2011|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=30 May 2011}}</ref> After the victory, Villa said that he would like to dedicate the victory "to all my family, my daughters and also [[José Manuel Reina|Pepe Reina]]'s, who are like my nieces."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2011/05/30/barcelona-striker-david-villa-dedicates-victory-to-family-of-liverpool-fc-goalkeeper-pepe-reina-92534-28785332/|title=Barcelona striker David Villa dedicates Champions League win over Man Utd to family of Liverpool FC goalkeeper Pepe Reina|date=30 May 2011|work=Liverpool Daily Post |accessdate=30 May 2011}}</ref>

====2011–12 season====
Villa started the season with goals against [[C.D. Guadalajara]] and [[Club América]] in [[Exhibition game|pre-season friendly matches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/match/63455/barcelona-vs-chivas-guadalajara/report|title=Barcelona 1–4 Chivas de Guadalajara: Two wonder-strikes from Marco Fabian humble European champions|date=4 August 2011|work=Goal.com |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/match/63456/barcelona-vs-america/report|title=Barcelona 2–0 Club America: David Villa & Seydou Keita do the needful in sedate encounter|date=6 August 2011|work=Goal.com |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref> His first official match of the season was against Real Madrid in the first leg of the [[2011 Supercopa de España]] where Villa scored a "world-class" goal, helping Barcelona seal a 2–2 tie at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/65089/real-madrid-vs-barcelona/report|title=Real Madrid 2–2 Barcelona: Hosts dominate in Supercopa stalemate|date=14 August 2011|work=Goal.com |accessdate=15 August 2011}}</ref> while on 17 August 2011, Villa was [[sent off]] in the dying moments of the second leg (which Barcelona won 3–2) after an altercation with [[Mesut Özil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/match/65090/barcelona-vs-real-madrid/report|title=Barcelona 3–2 Real Madrid (Agg. 5–4): Lionel Messi brace wins Supercopa amid violent scenes at Camp Nou
|date=17 August 2011|work=Goal.com |accessdate=28 August 2011}}</ref>
Against [[CA Osasuna]] on 17 September 2011, Villa contributed two goals and forced [[Rovérsio Rodrigues de Barros|Rovérsio]] into scoring an [[own goal]] in Barcelona's 8–0 win over the team from [[Pamplona]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/323996?cc=5739 |title=Barcelona 8 – 0 Osasuna – Messi nets three as Barca bounce back|date=17 September 2011|work=ESPN |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref>
He broke his [[tibia]] in a [[2011 FIFA Club World Cup|Club World Cup]] match in [[Yokohama]] against [[Sadd Sports Club|Al Sadd]]. Doctors said he was to be out of action for up to six months,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2011/12/15/2637845/david-villa-injury-fc-barcelona-news-club-world-cup|title=Barcelona Striker Suffers Leg Break in Club World Cup Match |last=McCauley|first=Kevin|date=15 December 2011|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/2011/12/15/futbol/equipos/barcelona/1323948176.html|title=Una fractura de tibia pone en duda el concurso de Villa en la Eurocopa|last=Herrero|first=Gemma|date=15 December 2011|publisher=Marca.com|language=Spanish|accessdate=15 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/996847/barcelona-hit-by-david-villa-leg-break-blow?cc=5739|title=Barca hit by Villa leg break blow|date=15 December 2011|work=ESPN Soccernet |accessdate=15 December 2011}}</ref> but this eventually led to him missing the entire [[2011–12 in Spanish football|2011–12 season]] with both Barcelona and the [[Spain national football team|Spanish football team]] at [[UEFA Euro 2012|Euro 2012]].

====2012–13 season====
After spending 8 months without being able to play any football, Villa finally returned from his injury in the 73rd minute of Barcelona's 2–0 win over [[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo Bucharest]] on 11 August 2012. Eight days later, Villa played his first competitive football match since December 2011 in Barcelona's first [[2012–13 La Liga|La Liga]] game of the season where he received a standing ovation while coming on as a substitute for [[Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma|Pedro]]. It only took 7 minutes before Villa found himself on the score-sheet while sealing a 5–1 victory for his team against [[Real Sociedad]].<ref>[http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/match-archive/2012-2013/league/round-1/fc-barcelona_real-sociedad/report FC Barcelona – Real Sociedad: Dream start (5–1)]</ref> On 28 November, Villa scored two goals in a 3–1 over [[Deportivo Alavés]], which included his 300th career goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/season/2012-2013/david-villa-passes-the-300-goal-mark|title=David Villa passes the 300 goal mark|publisher=FC Barcelona|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref>

Against [[A.C. Milan]], in the second leg of round of 16 of the [[2012–13 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]], Villa scored the decisive third goal in Barcelona's 4–0 victory, helping his team overturn a two-goal first-leg deficit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21747026|title=Barcelona 4–0 AC Milan|date=12 March 2013|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> In the next round, Villa assisted Pedro's equalising goal against [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] which took Barcelona through to the semi-final where they were eventually knocked out by [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22086189|title=Barcelona 1–1 Paris SG|date=10 April 2013|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref>

David Villa ended the season with a large amount of his appearances coming from the bench, partly due to the recovery time of his previous injury. Despite this, he was still able to amass 16 goals in 39 appearances while his performances earned him a spot in Spain's [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013 Confederations Cup]] [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup squads#Spain|squad]].<ref>[http://espnfc.com/player/_/id/28600/david-villa?cc=5739 David Villa career stats at ESPN]</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22752103|title=Confederations Cup: Xabi Alonso out for Spain through injury|date=3 June 2013|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref>

===Atlético Madrid===
[[File:David Villa - 01.jpg|thumb|Villa celebrating a goal for Atlético Madrid against [[UD Almería|Almería]] on 14 September 2013]]
On 8 July 2013, Barcelona announced that they had reached an agreement for the transfer of Villa to [[Atlético Madrid]] for a cut-price deal €5.1 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/club-reach-deal-in-principal-to-sell-david-villa-to-atletico-madrid|title=Club reach deal in principal to sell David Villa to Atletico Madrid|date=8 July 2013|accessdate=8 July 2013|publisher=[[FC Barcelona]]}}</ref> On 21 August 2013, he scored in the [[2013 Supercopa de España]] first leg on his debut for Atlético against his former club [[FC Barcelona]] with a right foot volley.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2399496/Atletico-Madrid-1-Barcelona-1-Match-Report--Lionel-Messi-goes-injured-Neymar-scores-goal.html|title= Messi goes off injured in Spanish Super Cup as Neymar scores his first Barca goal... with a header!|date=21 August 2013|work= Daily Mail|accessdate=22 August 2013 }}</ref>

He scored his first goal of the league season on 1 September, also assisting [[Koke (footballer, born 1992)|Koke]] as Atlético won 2–1 away at [[Real Sociedad]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Woosley|first1=Zach|title=La Liga 2013: Atletico Madrid holds on against Real Sociedad|url=http://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2013/9/1/4682778/la-liga-2013-final-score-match-report-result|date=2 September 2013|accessdate=2 June 2014|publisher=SB Nation}}</ref> On 27 October he scored his first Atlético brace, as the side defeated [[Real Betis]] 5–0 at the [[Vicente Calderón Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Villa bags brace in Atletico romp|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/live/match/295401/report|accessdate=2 June 2014|publisher=[[Sky Sports News]]|date=27 October 2013}}</ref> He added two further braces during the season: on 23 November in a 7–0 win over [[Getafe CF]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wright|first1=Joe|title=Atletico Madrid 7-0 Getafe: Doubles for Villa and Garcia as Simeone's side run riot|url=http://www.goal.com/en/match/atl%C3%A9tico-madrid-vs-getafe/1517777/report|accessdate=2 June 2014|publisher=Goal.com|date=23 November 2013}}</ref> and the other in the space of 90 seconds in a 2–0 away win against [[Celta de Vigo]] on 8 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/26481518|title=Villa double sends Atletico top|date=8 March 2014|work= BBC|accessdate=8 March 2014 }}</ref> He finished his only season at the club with 13 league goals from 36 appearances, contributing to Atlético's first league title since 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/may/17/barcelona-atletico-madrid-la-liga-title-decider-live|title= Atlético Madrid win La Liga after 1-1 draw at Barcelona – as it happened|date=17 May 2014|work=Guardian |accessdate=21 May 2014}}</ref>

===New York City===
[[File:David Villa NYCFC vs. Houston Dynamo- 5-30-2015 (18289895465).jpg|thumb|upright|Villa with New York City in May 2015]]
On 1 June 2014, Villa announced that he would leave Atlético. While he called the club he was joining "an irresistible project",<ref>{{cite news|title=David Villa to leave Atletico Madrid amid New York City FC reports|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27655905|accessdate=2 June 2014|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=1 June 2014}}</ref> he did not reveal the identity of the club.
The following day he was announced as the first player for the newly formed [[New York City FC|New York City]], who would start playing in the 2015 season of [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS). He was handed the number 7 shirt on arrival, and stated "I want to try to help MLS continue to grow and try to make New York City become the best team in the league".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nycfc.com/News/Latest%20News/2014/June/David-Villa-signs-for-NYCFC |title=David Villa signs for New York City FC - New York City FC |publisher=Nycfc.com |date=21 March 2013 |accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref>

====Melbourne City (loan)====
Parallel to his joining New York City, Villa was announced to have joined the Australian [[A-League]] with [[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]], following the team's association with [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]. Villa was on a guest stint, allowing him to make up to ten appearances for Melbourne City during the [[2014–15 A-League|2014–15 season]], taking advantage of the scheduling of the A-League and Major League Soccer to maintain match fitness ahead of his debut with New York City.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-05/david-villa-to-play-in-a-league-next-season/5502418|title=David Villa to play in A-League next season|work=ABC.net.au|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2014|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref> After only joining Melbourne City for pre-season training just over a week before their first game, Villa was brought on in the 48th minute of the first game of the season against [[Sydney FC]], and scored a debut goal a quarter of an hour into his appearance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/a-league/david-villa-scores-on-debut-for-melbourne-city-against-sydney-fc-at-allianz-stadium/story-e6frf4gl-1227087477849 |title=David Villa scores on debut for Melbourne City against Sydney FC at Allianz Stadium |work=foxsports.com.au |publisher=[[Fox Sports Australia]] |date=11 October 2014|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref> On 19 October 2014, in his second match, Villa scored an 87th-minute equaliser against the [[Newcastle Jets FC|Newcastle Jets]] for a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-19/david-villa-grabs-late-equaliser-for-melbourne-city-against-new/5825240|title = Striker David Villa scores late goal as Melbourne City draws 1-1 with Newcastle Jets at AAMI Park|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = ABC |last = |first = }}</ref>

Despite signing for 10 matches, Villa was recalled by New York after just 4 matches, none of which were won by Melbourne City, the last was a 1–2 home defeat to [[Adelaide United FC|Adelaide United]].<ref>{{cite news|title=David Villa departs without a win as Melbourne City lose to Adelaide|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/oct/31/david-villa-departs-without-win-city-lose-adelaide|accessdate=13 November 2014|work=The Guardian|agency=Australian Associated Press|date=31 October 2014}}</ref> It was estimated that he trebled the club's attendance, and manager [[John van 't Schip]] credited Villa with bringing attention to the club.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lynch|first1=Michael|title=Adios David Villa, it's been short but sweet|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/adios-david-villa-its-been-short-but-sweet-20141030-11ed7q.html|accessdate=13 November 2014|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=30 November 2014}}</ref>

====Return to New York City====
Villa was named NYCFC's first ever team captain on 1 February 2015, as well as a [[Designated Player]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New York City FC announce their first captain ahead of 2015 expansion season|url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2015/02/01/new-york-city-fc-announce-their-first-captain-ahead-2015-expansion-season|accessdate=15 March 2015|publisher=Major League Soccer|date=1 February 2015}}</ref> Nine days later, in a friendly against Scottish club [[St. Mirren F.C.|St. Mirren]], he scored the team's first ever goal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/new-york-city-fc-play-5140660 |title=New York City FC play first ever professional match against SPL side St Mirren |work=Daily Mirror |date=10 February 2015 |accessdate=8 March 2015 }}</ref> On 8 March, he started in the team's first MLS game, away to fellow newcomers [[Orlando City SC]]. In a 1–1 draw, he set up [[Mix Diskerud]] for the first goal and was fouled by [[Aurélien Collin]] who was sent off for the challenge.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cunningham|first1=Sam|title=Orlando City 1-1 New York City: Kaka scores last gasp equaliser to deny David Villa victory as superstars make MLS debut|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2985641/Orlando-City-1-1-New-York-City-Kaka-scores-gasp-equaliser-deny-David-Villa-victory-superstars-make-MLS-debut.html|accessdate=15 March 2015|work=Daily Mail|date=9 March 2015}}</ref> A week later, in their first home match at [[Yankee Stadium]], Villa opened the scoring in a 2–0 win over the [[New England Revolution]] for the team's first competitive victory.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gorst|first1=Paul|title=Result: New York City FC claim historic first win|url=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/new-york-city-fc/result/result-new-york-city-fc-claim-historic-first-win_211518.html|accessdate=15 March 2015|work=Sports Mole|date=15 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2996294/New-York-City-FC-2-0-New-England-Revolution-David-Villa-scores-goal-Yankee-Stadium-sets-Patrick-Mullins-decider.html#comments|title = New York City FC 2-0 New England Revolution: David Villa scores first goal at Yankee Stadium and sets up Patrick Mullins' decider|date = 15 March 2015|accessdate = 19 March 2015|website = Daily Mail|publisher = |last = Brenner|first = Steve}}</ref>

==International career==
{{see also|List of international goals scored by David Villa}}

===2006 World Cup===
An occasional member of the [[Spain national under-21 football team|Under-21 team]], Villa marked his international début under [[Luis Aragonés]] on 9 February 2005 in a [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification|2006 World Cup qualifier]] where [[Spain national football team|Spain]] beat [[San Marino national football team|San Marino]] 5–0 at the [[Estadio del Mediterráneo]] while his first international goal came in the form of a late equaliser during a World Cup qualifier against [[Slovakia national football team|Slovakia]] on 16 November.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Eslovaquia 1–1 España | url = http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_partido.asp?c=16&nj=12&par=EVQESP | publisher = Sportec.es | date = 16 November 2005 | accessdate = 13 September 2009|language=Spanish}}</ref>

A successful season with Valencia saw him get called up as part of the 23-man squad to represent Spain at the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]. Spain's first match at the tournament and Villa's World Cup début resulted in a 4–0 win against [[Ukraine national football team|Ukraine]] where Villa netted a brace,<ref>{{cite news
|title = Spain 4–0 Ukraine | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4852902.stm | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 14 June 2006 | accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref> and also put his nation 1–0 up against [[France national football team|France]] in the [[Round of 16]], although Spain went on to lose the match 3–1.<ref>{{cite news
|title = Spain 1–3 France | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4991524.stm | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 27 June 2006 | accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref> He and [[Fernando Torres]] finished as Spain's top scorers with three goals each.<ref>{{cite web
|title = World Cup 2006 – Match Details | url = http://rsssf.com/tables/2006full.html#scorers | publisher = RSSSF | accessdate = 15 September 2009}}</ref>

===Euro 2008===
{{Quote box|
width=25%
|align=right
|quote="We complement each other very well. We get on well on the pitch and very well off it too. We're a good partnership. We both chase down defenders, put pressure on and fight to create chances for each other. We work well together."
|source=–David Villa on [[Fernando Torres]].<ref name="442villaPDF" /><ref name="avtsp" />}}

By the end of 2006, Villa had become an integral part of Luis Aragonés' plans and ousted [[Raúl González Blanco|Raúl]] from the team.<ref name="www1.uefa.com"/> Proving vital in Spain's qualification for [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]], he scored six goals,<ref name="www1.uefa.com"/> including a [[bicycle kick]] against [[Liechtenstein national football team|Liechtenstein]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Liechtenstein 0–2 Spain: Villa the killer |url= http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=197359&cc=5739 |date= 6 June 2007 |publisher= ESPN Soccernet |accessdate=19 August 2009}}</ref> He was subsequently called up for the tournament where he formed a striking relationship with Torres, with whom he would often celebrate his goals.<ref name="avtsp">{{cite web
|title = Absent Villa takes scoring prize | url = http://www1.uefa.com/news/kind=1/newsid=728854.html | publisher = UEFA | date = 29 June 2008 | accessdate = 13 September 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> He scored a hat-trick in Spain's 4–1 win over [[Russia national football team|Russia]], making him the first player to do so at a [[UEFA European Football Championship|UEFA European Championship]] since [[Patrick Kluivert]] in [[UEFA Euro 2000|2000]], and only the seventh overall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Villa stars as Spain signal their intent |url=http://www1.uefa.com/tournament/matches/match=300689/index.html |date= 10 June 2009 |publisher= UEFA |accessdate=19 August 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> After the third goal, he went out of his way to meet Torres, who was on the bench at the time, to celebrate with him, "I had just scored a hat-trick and I knew people would be talking about me, but I wanted them to see that I had benefited from Torres's work, just as he sometimes benefits from mine."<ref name="442villaPDF" /><ref name="avtsp" /> In the next match, he secured a 2–1 win against [[Sweden national football team|Sweden]] with a goal in the 92nd minute. Rested for the next match against [[Greece national football team|Greece]], he started once again in the quarter finals where Spain beat [[Italy national football team|Italy]] 4–2 on penalties, Villa took the first penalty and scored.<ref name="bbcspaita">{{cite news
|title = Spain 0–0 Italy (4–2 pens) | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/euro_2008/7468465.stm | publisher = BBC Sport| date = 22 June 2008 | accessdate = 22 June 2008 | first=Phil | last=McNulty}}</ref>

Reaching their first semi-final in 24 years, Spain went on to face Russia for the second time during the tournament, however, during the early stages of the match, Villa sustained a thigh injury after taking a free kick and was replaced by [[Cesc Fàbregas]]. The injury meant that he could not participate in the final where Spain beat [[Germany national football team|Germany]] 1–0 to claim their second win at the [[UEFA European Football Championship|European Football Championships]]. Despite missing the final and the majority of the semi-final, Villa's 4 goals in the 4 games he played were enough for him to be top scorer of the tournament<ref name="avtsp" /> and was awarded the [[UEFA Euro 2008#Awards|Golden Boot]].<ref>{{cite web
|title = adidas Golden Boot goes to Villa | url = http://www.uefa.com/uefa/keytopics/kind=64/newsid=747558.html | publisher = UEFA| date = 9 September 2008 | accessdate = 13 September 2009 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100128064715/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/keytopics/kind=64/newsid=747558.html |archivedate=28 January 2010}}</ref> He also made the [[UEFA Euro 2008#Awards|UEFA Euro 2008 Team of the Tournament]] alongside striking partner Torres.<ref name="en.euro2008.uefa.com">{{cite web
|title = Spain dominate Team of the Tournament | url = http://en.euro2008.uefa.com/news/kind=1/newsid=729372.html#spain+dominate+team+tournament | publisher = UEFA| date = 30 June 2008 | accessdate = 30 June 2008}}</ref>

===2009 Confederations Cup ===
{{Quote box|
width=25%
|align=left
|quote="I'd have David Villa over [[Kaká]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]"
|source=–[[Vicente del Bosque]], Spain coach.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Del Bosque: I'd Have David Villa Over Kaka And Cristiano Ronaldo | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/05/15/1266448/del-bosque-id-have-david-villa-over-kaka-and-cristiano | publisher = goal.com| date = 15 May 2009 | accessdate = 13 September 2009|author=Lucas Brown}}</ref>}}
Spain's first match during [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification - UEFA Group 5|qualification for the 2010 World Cup]] was against [[Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] where Villa scored the only goal of the game. He would go on to score four goals in Spain's next three games, including a last minute winner against [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]]. Another goal during a friendly match against [[Chile national football team|Chile]] saw him end the year with 12 goals, breaking Raúl's record of 10 goals held since 1999.<ref name="marca ano natural">{{cite web
|title = Villa, mejor goleador de la selección en un año natural | url = http://archivo.marca.com/edicion/marca/futbol/seleccion/es/desarrollo/1185746.html | publisher = Marca| date = 20 November 2008 | accessdate = 13 September 2009|language=Spanish}}</ref> Villa began 2009 with a goal against [[England national football team|England]] in a 2–0 friendly,<ref>{{cite web
|title = Spain tame Three Lions | url = http://www.skysports.com/football/match_report/0,19764,11065_3088761,00.html | publisher = Sky Sports| date = 12 February 2009 | accessdate = 13 September 2009|author=Chris Burton}}</ref> with this goal, he broke another record and became the first Spanish international to have scored in 6 consecutive games, seeing off records set by [[Telmo Zarra]] and [[László Kubala|Ladislao Kubala]].<ref name="Spain Hotshot David Villa Delighted">{{cite web
|title = Spain Hotshot David Villa Delighted With Goal Against England | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/468/internationals/2009/02/12/1105433/spain-hotshot-david-villa-delighted-with-goal-against-england | publisher = goal.com| date = 12 February 2009 | accessdate = 13 September 2009|author=KS Leong}}</ref> Speaking of the goal he said, "I am very happy with the goal. Truth is, I really want to see it on TV. The record is very nice. I would never have imagined in years that I would be able to obtain it. I am very proud and I hope I can continue breaking records".<ref name="Spain Hotshot David Villa Delighted" />

[[File:Spanien - Nationalmannschaft 20091118.jpg|thumb|left|Villa (number 7) with the Spain team before a match against [[Austria national football team|Austria]].]]
On 1 June 2009, Vicente del Bosque named Villa in his 23-man squad for the [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup]].<ref name="Spain unveils Confederations Cup roster">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/story/2009/06/01/sp-confed-spainroster.html |title=Spain unveils Confederations Cup roster |publisher=CBC.ca |date=1 June 2009 |accessdate=1 June 2009}}</ref> In a friendly match before the tournament, Villa scored his second international hat-trick against [[Azerbaijan national football team|Azerbaijan]], nearly exactly a year after his hat-trick against Russia at Euro 2008.<ref name="azespa">{{cite news|url=http://soccernet-assets.espn.go.com/report?id=266771&cc=5739 |title=Villa hits treble as Spain warm up in style |publisher=ESPN Soccernet |date=6 June 2009 |accessdate=6 June 2009}}</ref> He débuted at the Confederations Cup with a goal, the last of the five goals in Spain's 5–0 victory over [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web
|title = Spain Stroll Past Hopeless New Zealand | url = http://goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010confederations-cup/2009/06/14/1324722/spain-stroll-past-hopeless-new-zealand | publisher = goal.com| date = 14 June 2009 | accessdate = 13 September 2009|author=Ewan Macdonald}}</ref> while in the next game he scored the decisive goal against a defensive [[Iraq national football team|Iraqi team]].<ref>{{cite web
|title = Spain – Iraq | url = http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=101/edition=250115/matches/match=66201/report.html | publisher = UEFA| date = 17 June 2009 | accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref> Against [[South Africa national football team|South Africa]], he missed a penalty, but within a minute made up for the miss by putting Spain ahead, helping them equal the records of most consecutive wins and most consecutive matches undefeated before making way for [[Pablo Hernández Domínguez|Pablo Hernández]].<ref>{{cite web
|title = Spain – South Africa | url = http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=101/edition=250115/matches/match=66199/report.html | publisher = UEFA| date = 20 June 2009 | accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref> The goal was his last of the tournament but was enough to see him win the [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup#Awards|2009 FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Shoe]], he would also go on to make the [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup#Awards|team of the tournament]].<ref name="confed 11">{{cite web
|title = Users pick Top 11 |url= http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/news/newsid=1077991.html | publisher = UEFA| date = 30 June 2009 | accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref>

Villa earned his 50th cap during a friendly against [[Macedonia national football team|the Republic of Macedonia]] in a match where Spain won 3–2.<ref name="espnespmac">{{cite web
|title = Macedonia 2 – 3 Spain | url = http://soccernet-assets.espn.go.com/match?id=268038&league=FIFA.FRIENDLY&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date = 12 August 2009 | accessdate = 12 August 2009}}</ref>

===2010 World Cup===
On 5 September 2009, Villa added two more goals to his goal tally for Spain, while assisting twice during the World Cup Qualifier against Belgium, in [[Estadio Riazor|A Coruña]]. The match ended 5–0 to Spain where Villa also had a first-half penalty saved by the 30-year old [[A.S. Bari]] goalkeeper [[Jean-Francois Gillet]].<ref name="espbel">{{cite web|title = Spain 5 – 0 Belgium – Silva, Villa grab doubles as Spain stay clear | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=236508&cc=5739&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| date = 5 September 2009 | accessdate = 6 September 2009}}</ref> He finished the year with his sixth international brace against [[Austria national football team|Austria]] in the [[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]], the setting where Spain were crowned European Champions the previous year. With these two goals, Villa equalled the record he set last year of most goals scored in one calendar year by a Spanish international.<ref name="villacloseraul">{{cite web
|title = David Villa está cada día más cerca del récord de Raúl con la selección | url = http://www.marca.com/2009/11/19/futbol/seleccion/1258643029.html | publisher = MARCA.com| date = 18 November 2009 | accessdate = 19 November 2009|language=es}}</ref> Spain's first match in 2010 came on 3 March, against France at the [[Stade de France]]. Villa scored the opening goal in a game which Spain went on to win 2–0.<ref name="espfra">{{cite web
|title = France 0 – 2 Spain: Villa and Ramos punish Domenech | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=285660&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN| date = 3 March 2010 | accessdate = 3 March 2010}}</ref>

In 2010, he came first in the IFFHS "2010's World Top Goalscorer at International Level" rankings,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfef.es/index.jsp?nodo=39&ID=2220 |title=Villa es nombrado mejor goleador del mundo 2010 |publisher=Rfef.es |date= |accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref> he was subsequently selected as a part of [[Vicente del Bosque]]'s 23-man squad for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]].<ref name="bbcespteam">{{cite news
|title = Spain omit Marcos Senna from 2010 World Cup squad | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8695232.stm | publisher = BBC | date = 20 May 2010 | accessdate = 21 May 2010}}</ref> In a friendly against [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] on 29 May 2010, Villa scored the first of Spain's goals as they won 3–2 at the [[Tivoli Neu]] – the stadium where he scored his hat-trick against Russia during Euro 2008.<ref name="espsau">{{cite web
|title = Spain 3 – 2 Saudi Arabia – Llorente strike spares Spain | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=291035&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN | date = 29 May 2010 | accessdate = 29 May 2010}}</ref> Failing to score in Spain's next match against [[Korea Republic national football team|Korea Republic]], he opened the score sheet in Spain's next match against [[Poland national football team|Poland]], in which Spain won 6–0, recording Poland's their worst defeat in 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polishsoca.com/newswire/national-team/2258-spain-conquer-poland-with-ease-6-0 |title=Spain conquer Poland with ease: 6–0 |publisher=Polishsoca.com |date=8 June 2010 |accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Spain and Portugal match at the FIFA World Cup 2010-06-29.jpg|thumb|right|David Villa celebrating his goal against [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] along with team-mates [[Fernando Llorente]] and [[Andrés Iniesta]].]]
In Spain's first 2010 World Cup match, Villa was chosen as a lone striker, but could do nothing to prevent their shock defeat at the hands of [[Switzerland national football team|Switzerland]].<ref name="espsui">{{cite web |title = Spain 0 – 1 Switzerland – Fernandes stuns favourites Spain | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=264073&cc=5739&ver=global | publisher = ESPN | date = 16 June 2010 | accessdate = 19 June 2010}}</ref> Five days later, Spain defeated [[Honduras national football team|Honduras]] 2–0, where Villa scored both goals, but wasted his chance to complete a hat-trick when he was awarded a penalty kick – side-footing the ball just wide of the post.<ref name="esphon">{{cite web |title = Spain 2 – 0 Honduras – Villa at the double | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=264075&league=FIFA.WORLD&cc=5739&ver=global | publisher = ESPN | date = 21 June 2010 | accessdate = 21 June 2010}}</ref> It was the first time in fourteen attempts Spain ever missed a penalty in a World Cup during the run of play.<ref name="esphon" /> In the same game, Villa was shown to slap [[Emilio Izaguirre]] in the face after the Honduran player trod on him. Villa said he was "not proud" of the heat of the moment incident, but he escaped a ban.<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web
|title = Villa escapes ban for slap| url = http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/23062010/58/world-cup-2010-villa-escapes-ban-slap.html | publisher = Yahoo| date = 23 June 2010 | accessdate = 23 June 2010}}</ref> Villa helped secure Spain's place in the round of 16 after scoring the first goal in a 2–1 win over Chile, with a long-range shot into an empty net after [[Chile national football team|Chilean]] goalkeeper [[Claudio Bravo (footballer)|Claudio Bravo]] ran out of his area to prevent [[Fernando Torres|Torres]] from scoring.<ref name="espchi">{{cite web |title = Chile 1 – 2 Spain – Iniesta claims top spot for Spain | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=264078&league=FIFA.WORLD&cc=5739&ver=global | publisher = ESPN | date = 25 June 2010 | accessdate = 25 June 2010}}</ref> The goal would become his sixth goal in FIFA World Cup matches, becoming Spain's all-time top scorer at the World Cup finals, ahead of [[Emilio Butragueño]], [[Fernando Hierro]], [[Fernando Morientes]] and [[Raúl González]], all of whom have five.<ref name="espchimarca">{{cite web |title = Villa ya es el máximo goleador de España en los Mundiales con seis tantos | url = http://www.marca.com/2010/06/25/futbol/mundial_2010/selecciones/espana/1277493312.html | publisher = Marca | date = 25 June 2010 | accessdate = 25 June 2010|language=es}}</ref>

Spain were up against [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Spain vs Portugal|round of 16]], and Villa would prove to be vital once again, as [[Xavi]] backheeled an [[Andrés Iniesta]] pass to the on-rushing Villa who hit the back of the net on the rebound after having his first shot saved by [[Eduardo dos Reis Carvalho|Eduardo]], proving enough to give Spain a place in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Paraguay vs Spain|quarter-finals]] against [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]],<ref name="espchi">{{cite web |title = Spain 1 – 0 Portugal – Villa nets winner for Spain | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=264114&league=FIFA.WORLD&cc=5739&ver=global | publisher = ESPN | date = 29 June 2010 | accessdate = 29 June 2010}}</ref> where Villa scored a goal from a rebound after [[Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma|Pedro]] hit the post. Once again, Villa's goal proved to be the difference as the match finished 1–0, while Spain booked a game with [[Germany national football team|Germany]] in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Germany vs Spain|semi-finals]],<ref name="esppar">{{cite web |title = Paraguay 0 – 1 Spain – Villa saves Spain after penalty drama | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=264118&cc=5739&ver=global | publisher = ESPN | date = 3 July 2010 | accessdate = 3 July 2010}}</ref> where Spain recorded yet another 1–0 victory with the only goal coming from [[Carles Puyol]].

Villa started in the final against the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]], where he had an opportunity to score from close range, but was impeded by [[John Heitinga]] who managed to block his shot. Villa was replaced by Torres in the 106th minute and Spain won the championship 1–0 on Iniesta's goal in the 116th minute. Villa, who scored five of Spain's eight goals in the World Cup Finals, was awarded the [[World Cup Golden Boot|Silver Shoe]]. He had the same number of goals as [[Thomas Müller]], the [[World Cup Golden Boot|Gold Shoe]] winner, but fewer assists. Villa was named in the [[FIFA World Cup awards#All-Star Team|FIFA World Cup All-Star Team]].

===Euro 2012 qualifying and missing out on Euro 2012===
Spain's first match of [[UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying]] was against [[Liechtenstein national football team|Liechtenstein]] on 3 September 2010, Villa scored the second goal of the match which eventually ended 4–0. It was believed that this goal meant that he had equalled Raúl's record 44-goal tally, however, after many debates about whether he or [[Dariusz Dudka]] scored the first goal in Spain's 6–0 win over Poland, FIFA eventually decided that the goal was indeed an own goal by Dudka, meaning Villa's goal tally would remain at 43.<ref name="LIEESP">{{cite web|title = Liechtenstein 0–4 Spain: David Villa Equals Raul's Record 44-Goal Tally As La Furia Roja Dismantle Hosts | url = http://www.goal.com/en/match/50498/liechtenstein-vs-spain/report | publisher = Goal.com | date = 3 September 2010 | accessdate = 3 September 2010}}</ref> On 12 October 2010, he finally equalled Raúl's record, scoring a penalty against [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] and helping Spain see off the Scots in a 3–2 victory at [[Hampden Park]].<ref name="SIvilla" />

On 25 March 2011, Villa scored two goals against the [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]] in a [[UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group I|Euro 2012 qualifier]], which ultimately handed Spain a 2–1 victory, while at the same time he managed to eclipse [[Raúl González|Raúl]] as Spain's all-time leading goalscorer.<ref name="Villatopscorer">{{cite web|title = Spain 2 – 1 Czech Republic: Villa brace saves Spain | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=299389&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN| date = 25 March 2011 | accessdate = 26 March 2011}}</ref> Speaking of the achievement, he stated that "The goals are dedicated to all the team-mates, all the coaches, all partners and friends I had during my career... But long ago I promised [[José Manuel Reina|José]], who is a friend of mine, that the goal which overtook Raúl would be for him."<ref name="skysportsvilla">{{cite web|title = Villa hails vital Spain win | url = http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,19692_6835672,00.html | publisher = Sky Sports| date = 25 March 2011 | accessdate = 26 March 2011}}</ref>

On 7 September 2011, Villa helped secure Spain's qualification for [[UEFA Euro 2012]] by scoring two goals in Spain's 6–0 victory over [[Liechtenstein national football team|Liechtenstein]].<ref name="Euro2012Lie60">{{cite web|title = Spain 6 – 0 Liechtenstein – Spain cruise into Euro 2012 finals | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=308535&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN | date = 7 September 2011 | accessdate = 7 September 2011}}</ref> In Spain's last Euro 2012 qualifying match, Villa scored his 50th international goal against Scotland in a 3–1 victory for Spain.<ref name="Villa50">{{cite web|title = Spain 3–1 Scotland: Silva inspires world champions to 100 per cent record in Group I as visitors are denied play-off place | url = http://www.goal.com/en/match/56801/spain-vs-scotland/report | publisher = goal.com | date = 11 October 2011 | accessdate = 11 October 2011}}</ref> That same match was also the first time Villa was able to wear the captain's armband while playing for the Spanish national team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://a8.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/s720x720/316727_10150317959667026_20714737025_8360142_1506343669_n.jpg |title=David Villa wearing the captain's armband – David Villa's official Facebook Page |date= |accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref>

Villa finished as top scorer of [[UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group I|Group I]] with seven goals, however, after fracturing his tibia in December 2011, he was left out of [[UEFA Euro 2012 squads#Spain|Spain's final squad]] for [[UEFA Euro 2012|Euro 2012]] after telling Vicente del Bosque that he would not be fit for the tournament. He [[Twitter|tweeted]], "I've tried, but I can't be 100% to play the Eurocup. I called Del Bosque. It's the honest thing." Del Bosque was hoping to include Villa in the squad and promised to give Villa as long as possible to return to fitness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18169945|title=Spain striker David Villa to miss Euro 2012|date=22 May 2012|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref>

===2013 Confederations Cup and 2014 World Cup===
After Spain had won Euro 2012, David Villa had returned to fitness and was subsequently called up to the Spain team again. He made his return in the 53rd minute during a friendly against [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] and found himself on the score sheet just 10 minutes later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/match?id=355029&cc=5739|title=Spain 5 – 0 Saudi Arabia|date=7 September 2012|work=ESPN FC |accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref>

On 3 June 2013, Vicente Del Bosque included Villa in his [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup squads#Spain|23-man squad]] for the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013 Confederations Cup]]<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> where he scored three goals, all of which were against [[Tahiti national football team|Tahiti]] in a 10–0 victory for the Spain team.<ref name="David Villa 2012/13">{{cite web| url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/28600/david-villa?cc=5739 |title=David Villa 2012/13 |publisher=Soccernet.espn.go.com |date= |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>

Villa was named in Spain's squad for the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27647635|title=World Cup 2014: Spain drop Alvaro Negredo and Jesus Navas|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=31 May 2014|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref> Prior to the World Cup, Villa confirmed that he would retire from international football after the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2014/06/04/spain-all-time-top-scorer-david-villa-to-retire-from-national-duty-after-world|title=Spain's all-time top scorer David Villa to retire from national duty after World Cup|publisher=[[FOX News]]|date=4 June 2014|accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> With Spain's elimination already confirmed, Villa was selected to start in Spain's final group match against [[Australia national association football team|Australia]]. He scored his 59th goal for ''La Furia Roja'', and ninth in World Cup finals, in his final international appearance, a 3–0 win on 23 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25285263|title=Australia 0-3 Spain|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=24 June 2014|work=BBC}}</ref>

===Succeeding Raúl as Spain's number 7===
[[File:Adidas David Villa shirt rear.JPG|thumb|Villa succeeded [[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]] as the number 7 for the Spanish national team]]
The Spanish media has often compared Villa with [[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]], to the point where Villa was accused of taking the No. 7 jersey away from the then-Real Madrid player. In March 2009, Villa spoke out saying, "I have not taken anything away from anybody, I was simply playing well for my club and the national coach gave me an opportunity. Too much has been said about the number issue. I’m not looking to cause any controversy. In fact, Raúl and I were in the national squad together in the past. I haven’t forced anybody out." When questioned on whether the whole uproar created over Raúl's omission was affecting him personally, he said, "I’ve never liked it because I think it has been damaging for the both of us. We’ve always got on well together whenever we’ve met up for international duty, so I’m not concerned. I just work hard for myself. All I want is to be in the squad for every game, to have the Spain badge on my chest and to score as many goals as I can."<ref name="Spain can still improve">{{cite web|title = Villa: Spain can still improve | url = http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1035258.html#villa+spain+still+improve | publisher = FIFA| date = 9 March 2009 | accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref>

In February 2010, [[Bernd Schuster]] was asked if Raúl did not favour Villa moving to Real Madrid, to which he responded with "I have a cough", which caused many to believe that he was implying the rumour to be true.<ref name="SchusterVilla">{{cite web|title = Former Real Madrid Coach Bernd Schuster: There Were Players That Did Not Want David Villa | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2010/02/24/1805329/former-real-madrid-coach-bernd-schuster-there-were-players | publisher = Goal.com| date = 24 February 2010 | accessdate = 7 March 2010}}</ref> Villa firmly ridiculed that idea by saying "It is impossible that a player with as much class on and off the pitch as Raúl would speak poorly of me. I have always had a good relationship with Raúl, even though we have hardly met on international duty."<ref name="VillaRaul">{{cite web|title = Valencia's David Villa Ridicules Rumours of Raul Rift | url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2010/02/25/1806437/valencias-david-villa-ridicules-rumours-of-raul-rift | publisher = Goal.com| date = 25 February 2010 | accessdate = 7 March 2010}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=TUTTO SU DAVID VILLA "EL GUAJE" DEL GOL|url=http://www.pianetagenoa1893.net/avversarie/tutto-su-david-villa-el-guaje-del-gol-4204|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
Speaking of Raúl's record with the Spanish national team as the nation's [[Spain national football team#Top goalscorers|leading top scorer]], Villa said, "I've got 25 goals but he's got 44 and is still playing. I'd be delighted to reach that tally as I'd help the national team achieve great victories and, in many years' time, I could see my name on a [scorers' list] that another young lad was trying to beat. That would be great."<ref name="Spain can still improve" /> On 25 March 2011, two years after making that remark, Villa surpassed Raúl as Spain's all-time top scorer.<ref name="Villatopscorer" />

==Style of play==
A prolific goalscorer, Villa is regarded by pundits as one of the best [[Forward (association football)|forwards]] of his generation, and one of the best Spanish [[Striker (football)|strikers]] of all time.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|title=David Villa could be the start of A-League's one-sided arms race|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/jun/05/david-villa-melbourne-city-guest-signing|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="giornaledioggi.com">{{cite web|title=Villa acquistato dall' Atletico Madrid|url=http://www.giornaledioggi.com/villa_acquistato_dall_atletico_madrid-c-2021.html|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Goleadores y... mucho más">{{cite web|title=Goleadores y... mucho más|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2009/06/03/deportes/1243980003_850215.html|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> An opportunistic, versatile, and well-rounded player, Villa is naturally right-footed,<ref name="theguardian.com"/> but an accurate and powerful finisher with either foot, both inside and outside the area,<ref>{{cite web|title=World Cup 2010: Why David Villa is carrying Spain's hopes on his shoulders|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/jul/02/world-cup-2010-david-villa-spain|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> despite his lack of height or physicality; he is also a [[Direct free kick|set piece]] and [[Spot kick|penalty kick]] specialist.<ref name="Goleadores y... mucho más"/> Villa is a quick, agile, and mobile team player, with excellent technique and [[dribbling]] ability;<ref name="giornaledioggi.com"/><ref name="Goleadores y... mucho más"/> due to his vision and passing ability, he is also capable of creating chances and providing [[Assist (soccer)|assists]] for team-mates, which has allowed him to be deployed as a [[Second striker|supporting forward]], as an [[attacking midfielder]], or as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] throughout his career, in addition to his more common role as a [[centre-forward]].<ref name="giornaledioggi.com"/><ref name="Goleadores y... mucho más"/>

==Personal life==
[[File:David Villa2.jpg|thumb|Villa pledging support for official recognition of the [[Asturian language]] in 2009]]
In 2003, Villa married his childhood sweetheart Patricia González, who had also been a footballer in her teenage years.<ref name="dvow1" /> Together they have three children: Zaida, Olaya — named after the wife of [[Fernando Torres]], who is a close friend of Patricia<ref name="olaya">{{cite web |title = He vuelto a ser papa y eso me hace muy feliz | url = http://www.davidvilla7.com/noticias.php?id=318 | publisher = David Villa Official Website| date = 19 August 2009 | accessdate = 19 August 2009|language=Spanish}}</ref> — and Luca.<ref>{{cite web |title = David Villa presume en el terreno de juego de sus tres tesoros: Zaida, Olalla y Luca | url = http://www.hola.com/famosos/2013032263967/david-villa-hijas-gijon/ | publisher = hola.com | date = 22 March 2013 | accessdate = 4 June 2013 |language=Spanish}}</ref> The names of his children are engraved on his personalised [[Adidas F50]] boots;<ref name="dvow1" /> while one boot bears the [[Flag of Spain|Spanish flag]], the other has the [[flag of Asturias]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Mi museo | url = http://www.davidvilla7.com/contenidos/mimuseo/fotos/IMGP1766_7015.jpg | publisher = David Villa Official Website| accessdate = 13 September 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

His footballing idols are fellow Asturians [[Luis Enrique Martínez García|Luis Enrique]] and [[Quini]], both of whom also played for Sporting and Barcelona.<ref name="villafootsteps" />

Villa frequently attends charity events.<ref name="villalonso">{{cite web
|title = David Villa y Fernando Alonso juntos en un acto benéfico | url = http://www.davidvilla7.com/obrasocial.php?id=10 | publisher = David Villa Official Website| date = 25 December 2008 | accessdate = 31 August 2009|language=Spanish}}</ref> He is actively involved with the campaigns of the [[UNICEF]] charity.<ref name="unicef">{{cite web
|title = Act of presentation of the Christmas cards of UNICEF (Christmas ´08) | url = http://www.davidvilla7.com/obrasocial.php?id=6 | publisher = David Villa Official Website| date = 12 December 2008 | accessdate = 31 August 2009}}</ref>

Beginning in July 2008, a "David Villa Camp" is held annually, where children receive training from professional footballers. Villa also participates in a training session with the children.<ref>{{cite web
|title = El II Campus Oficial David Villa | url = http://www.davidvilla7.com/contenido.php?id=50&PHPSESSID=aa74e41579a47c511a93ab480602713e | publisher = David Villa Official Website| accessdate = 13 September 2009|language=Spanish}}</ref>

Villa featured on the Spanish box art for the video game ''[[FIFA 07]]''.<ref>{{cite web
|title = FIFA 07 Portada | url = http://www.mundogamers.com/images/imagenes/noticias/general/fifa-07-portada.jpg | publisher = Mundogamers| accessdate = 2 November 2009|language=Spanish}}</ref>

In 2010 he sang alongside [[Grammy Award]]-nominated Spanish singer [[Ana Torroja]] on the song "Insurrection" by [[El Último de la Fila]]. The recording was made for the beneficiary project ''Voces X1FIN'', to help raise money to build an [[Art school|art and education school]] in Mali. Villa commented that footballers "are an example for society and we have to be ready to get involved in these projects, where we can help people who need it."<ref>{{cite web
|title = Fast vs. Fast – messi, villa, zidane, adidas football | url = http://davidvilla7.com/en/news/noticia_404/ | publisher = DavidVilla7.com | date = 18 September 2010}}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{{updated|match played on 26 July 2015}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j554.html|title=David Villa profile|publisher=BDFutbol|accessdate= 29 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/stats?id=28600&cc=5739|title= David Villa|publisher=Soccernet|accessdate= 24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/futbol/temporada_10-11/estadistiques/jugadors/Villa/fitxa.html|title=David Villa – Statistics 2010–11|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/futbol/temporada_11-12/estadistiques/jugadors/Villa/fitxa.html|title=David Villa – Statistics 2011–12|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Club
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=2|League
!colspan=2|Cup<ref group="nb">Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[Supercopa de España]], [[Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup|U.S. Open Cup]] and [[MLS Cup Playoffs]].</ref>
!colspan=2|Continent<ref group="nb">Includes [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]], [[UEFA Cup]], [[UEFA Champions League]], [[UEFA Super Cup]], [[FIFA Club World Cup]] and [[CONCACAF Champions League]].</ref>
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Sporting de Gijón B|Sporting Gijón B]]
|[[2000–01 Segunda División B|2000–01]]
|35||13||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||35||13
|-
|[[2001–02 Segunda División B|2001–02]]
|1||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1||1
|-
!| Total
! 36!!14!!0!!0!!0!!0!!36!!14
|-
| rowspan=4|[[Sporting de Gijón|Sporting Gijón]]
|[[2000–01 Segunda División|2000–01]]
|1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1||0
|-
|[[2001–02 Segunda División|2001–02]]
|40||18||4||2||colspan="2"|—||44||20
|-
|[[2002–03 Segunda División|2002–03]]
|39||20||1||1||colspan="2"|—||40||21
|-
!| Total
! 80!!38!!5!!3!!0!!0!!85!!41
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]
|[[2003–04 La Liga|2003–04]]
|38||17||8||4||colspan="2"|—||46||21
|-
|[[2004–05 La Liga|2004–05]]
|35||15||3||0||10||3||48||18
|-
!| Total
! 73!!32!!11!!4!!10!!3!!94!!39
|-
| rowspan=6|[[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
|[[2005–06 La Liga|2005–06]]
|37||25||4||2||6||1||47||28
|-
|[[2006–07 La Liga|2006–07]]
|36||15||2||0||11||5||49||20
|-
|[[2007–08 La Liga|2007–08]]
|28||18||6||1||7||3||41||22
|-
|[[2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]]
|33||28||5||2||5||1||43||31
|-
|[[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]]
|32||21||2||0||11||7||45||28
|-
!| Total
! 166!!107!!19!!5!!40!!17!!225!!129
|-
|rowspan=4|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
|[[2010–11 FC Barcelona season|2010–11]]
|34||18||6||1||12||4||52||23
|-
|[[2011–12 FC Barcelona season|2011–12]]
|15||5||3||1||6||3||24||9
|-
|[[2012–13 FC Barcelona season|2012–13]]
|28||10||5||5||10||1||43||16
|-
!| Total
!77!!33!!14!!7!!28!!8!!119!!48
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Atlético Madrid]]
|[[2013–14 La Liga|2013–14]]
|36||13||4||2||7||0||47||15
|-
!| Total
!36!!13!!4!!2!!7!!0!!47!!15
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Melbourne City FC]] (loan)
|[[2014–15 Melbourne City FC season|2014–15]]
|4||2||0||0||colspan="2"|—||4||2
|-
!| Total
!4!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!4!!2
|-
|rowspan=2|[[New York City FC]]
|[[2015 New York City FC season|2015]]
|18||12||0||0||colspan="2"|—||18||12
|-
!| Total
!18!!12!!0!!0!!0!!0!!18!!12
|-
! colspan=2 | Career total
!490!!251!!53!!21!!85!!28!!628!!300
|}

===International===

====International statistics====

{{updated|23 June 2014.}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- style="background:beige"
!rowspan="2"|National team
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Year
!colspan="2"|Friendly
!colspan="2"|Competitive
!colspan="3"|Total
|- style="background:beige"
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Ratio
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[Spain national football team|Spain]]
||[[Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]
|2004–05<ref name="David Villa Game Log">{{cite web|title = 2005/06 Game Log | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/gamelog?id=28600&season=2005&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref>
|0||0||1||0||'''1'''||'''0'''||{{#expr:0/1 round 2}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
|2005–06<ref name="David Villa Game Log" />
|5||1||7||4||'''12'''||'''5'''||{{#expr:5/12 round 2}}
|-
|2006–07<ref>{{cite web|title = 2006/07 Game Log | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/gamelog?id=28600&season=2006&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref>
|4||1||7||6||'''11'''||'''7'''||{{#expr:7/11 round 2}}
|-
|2007–08<ref>{{cite web|title = 2007/08 Game Log | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/gamelog?id=28600&season=2007&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref>
|4||2||8||4||'''12'''||'''6'''||{{#expr:6/12 round 2}}
|-
|2008–09<ref>{{cite web|title = 2008/09 Game Log | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/gamelog?id=28600&season=2008&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref>
|4||5||10||8||'''14'''||'''13'''||{{#expr:13/14 round 2}}
|-
|2009–10<ref>{{cite web|title = 2009/10 Game Log | url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/gamelog?id=28600&season=2009&cc=5739 | publisher = ESPN Soccernet| accessdate = 13 September 2009}}</ref>
|6||4||9||7||'''15'''||'''11'''||{{#expr:11/15 round 2}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
|2010–11<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/gamelog?id=28600&cc=5739 |title=David Villa 2010/11 |publisher=Soccernet.espn.go.com |date=3 December 1981 |accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref>
|6||1||5||4||'''11'''||'''5'''||{{#expr:5/12 round 2}}
|-
|2011–12<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/28600/david-villa?cc=5739 |title=David Villa 2011/12 |publisher=Soccernet.espn.go.com |date= |accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref>
|3||1||3||3||'''6'''||'''4'''||{{#expr:4/6 round 2}}
|-
|2012–13<ref name="David Villa 2012/13"/>
|4||2||5||3||'''9'''||'''5'''||{{#expr:5/9 round 2}}
|-
|[[Atlético Madrid]]
|2013–14<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/player/28600/david-villa?season=2013 |title=David Villa 2013/14 |publisher=Soccernet.espn.go.com |date= |accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref>
|3||2||3||1||'''6'''||'''3'''||{{#expr:3/6 round 2}}
|- style="background:beige"
!colspan="3"|Career Total<ref>{{cite web
|title = Jugadores – Real Federación Española de Fútbol| url = http://www.rfef.es/index.jsp?nodo=41&jugador=15 | publisher = RFEF| accessdate = 13 September 2009|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>HISTORIA DEL FÚTBOL ESPAÑOL, SELECCIONES ESPAÑOLAS {{es icon}} ISBN 978-84-8229-123-9</ref>
!39||19||58||40||'''97'''||'''59'''||{{#expr:59/97 round 2}}
|}

'''Note''': ''Each season is September – August''

==Honours==

===Club===
;Real Zaragoza
*[[Copa del Rey]] (1): [[2003–04 Copa del Rey|2003–04]]
*[[Supercopa de España]] (1): [[2004 Supercopa de España|2004]]

;Valencia
*[[Copa del Rey]] (1): [[2007–08 Copa del Rey|2007–08]]

;Barcelona
*[[La Liga]] (2): [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]], [[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]]
*[[Copa del Rey]] (1): [[2011–12 Copa del Rey|2011–12]]
*[[Supercopa de España]] (2): [[2010 Supercopa de España|2010]], [[2011 Supercopa de España|2011]]
*[[UEFA Champions League]] (1): [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League|2010–11]]
*[[UEFA Super Cup]] (1): [[2011 UEFA Super Cup|2011]]
*[[FIFA Club World Cup]] (1): [[2011 FIFA Club World Cup|2011]]

;Atlético Madrid
*[[La Liga]] (1): [[2013-14 La Liga|2013–14]]
*[[UEFA Champions League]] Runner-up (1): [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|2013–14]]

===Country===
;Spain
*[[FIFA World Cup]] (1): [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]]
*[[UEFA European Football Championship|UEFA European Championship]] (1): [[UEFA Euro 2008|2008]]

===Individual===
;Awards
* [[Don Balón Award|Spanish Player of the Year]]: [[La Liga 2005-06|2005–06]]
* [[Zarra Trophy]]: [[La Liga 2005-06|2005–06]], [[La Liga 2006-07|2006–07]], [[La Liga 2008-09|2008–09]], [[La Liga 2009-10|2009–10]]
* [[UEFA Euro 2008#Awards|UEFA Euro 2008 Golden Boot]]
* [[UEFA Euro 2008#Awards|UEFA Euro 2008 Team of the Tournament]]<ref name="en.euro2008.uefa.com" />
* [[UEFA Euro 2008|UEFA Euro 2008 Man of the Match]] Spain vs Russia, Spain vs Sweden
* [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup#Awards|2009 FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Shoe]]
* [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup#Awards|2009 FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament]].<ref name="confed 11"/>
* [[2010 FIFA World Cup#Awards|2010 FIFA World Cup Silver Shoe]]
* [[2010 FIFA World Cup#Awards|2010 FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball]]
* [[FIFA World Cup awards#All-Star Team|2010 FIFA World Cup Dream Team]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=1274177/index.html | title = Spaniards dominate Dream Team | publisher = fifa.com | date = 15 July 2010 | accessdate = 5 September 2014}}</ref>
* [[FIFA World Cup 2010|2010 FIFA World Cup Man of the Match]] Spain vs Honduras
* [[United States Sports Academy|USSA Male Athlete of the Year]]: 2010
* [[FIFPro#FIFA FIFPro World XI|FIFA/FIFPro World XI]]: [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or#FIFA/FIFPro World XI|2010]]
* [[UEFA Team of the Year]]: [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2010|2010]]
* [[Major League Soccer|MLS Player of the Week 2015]]: Week 2
* [[Major League Soccer|MLS Player of the Week 2015]]: Week 15
;Achievements
* [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] Top Scorer: [[La Liga 2005-06|2005–06]], [[La Liga 2006-07|2006–07]], [[La Liga 2007-08|2007–08]], [[La Liga 2008-09|2008–09]], [[La Liga 2009-10|2009–10]]
* [[La Liga]]'s Top Assisting Player: [[La Liga 2006-07|2006–07]]<ref name="sidvilla" />
* Spain all-time top scorer: [[Spain national football team records#Top goalscorers|59 goals]]
* Spain's all-time top scorer in [[FIFA World Cup]] matches
* Most goals scored in one [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] (by a Spanish international): 5
* Most goals scored in one calendar year (by a Spanish international): 12 (2008, 2009)<ref name="marca ano natural" />
* Largest streak of games having scored (by a Spanish international): 6<ref name="Spain Hotshot David Villa Delighted" />

===Decorations===
* [[Prince of Asturias Awards]]: 2010
* [[Royal Order of Sports Merit|Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit]]: 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20111005/futbol/seleccion-espanola/las-campeones-del-mundo-de-futbol-ya-tienen-la-real-orden-del-merito-deportivo_54226408413.html
| title = Royal Order of Sporting Merit 2011}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|David Villa}}
{{portal|Biography|Association football|Spain}}
*[http://www.davidvilla7.es/en/ Official website]
*[http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/villa/biography FC Barcelona profile]
*[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j554.html BDFutbol profile]
*[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j554.html?cat=SEL National team data]
*[http://soccernet-assets.espn.go.com/players/stats?id=28600&cc=5739 David Villa career stats] at [http://soccernet-assets.espn.go.com/ ESPN]
*[http://www.campusdavidvilla.com/ The David Villa Campus official website] {{es icon}}
*[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/players/player=229884/index.html 2010 FIFA World Cup profile]
*{{NFT player|pid=9992}}
*{{FIFA player|229884}}
*{{UEFA player|66414}}

{{Navboxes colour
|title = Awards
|bg = Gold
|list1 =
{{UEFA European Football Championship top scorers}}
{{FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball}}
{{La Liga Player of the Year}}
{{2010 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}}
{{UEFA EURO 2008 Team of the Tournament}}
}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title = Spain squads
|bg = #db000d
|fg = #fbea0e
|list1 =
{{Spain squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2008}}
{{Spain squad 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup}}
{{Spain squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Spain squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup}}
{{Spain squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}}
}}
{{New York City FC squad}}
{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Villa, David
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Villa Sánchez, David; Villa y Sánchez, David
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Spanish footballer
|DATE OF BIRTH = 3 December 1981
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Langreo, Spain
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Villa, David}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Langreo]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Asturian footballers]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:Segunda División players]]
[[Category:Segunda División B players]]
[[Category:A-League players]]
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Dean Keith Simonton

2015-06-24T23:45:54Z

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Obesity in Mexico

2014-08-24T10:15:37Z

Angelito7: Undid revision 622583913 by Angelito7 (talk)

'''Obesity in Mexico''' is a relatively new problem, having been widespread since the 1980s with the introduction of [[processed food]] into much of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] food market. Prior to that, dietary issues were limited to [[malnutrition|under and malnutrition]], which is still a problem in various parts of the country. Following trends already ongoing in other parts of the world, Mexicans have been foregoing traditional [[whole grains]] and vegetables in favor of a diet with more [[animal products]], more fat, more sugar and more salt, much of which is a consequence of processed foods. It has seen [[calorie]] intake and rates of overweight and obese people rise with seven out of ten at least overweight and a third clinically [[obese]]. There have been government and private efforts to combat the trend focusing on both healthier eating and getting more [[Physical exercise|exercise]].
==History==
===Undernutrition vs. overnutrition===
Until the late 20th century, dietary issues in Mexico were a solely question of undernutrition or malnutrition, generally because of poverty and distribution issues.<ref name= popkin2004>{{cite journal |last1=Popkin |first1=Barry |year=2004 |title= La transición nutricional y el cambio mundial hacia la obesidad |journal=Diabetes y Sociedad |volume=49 |issue=3 | pages=38-40 | url=https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/attachments/article_299_es.pdf| accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref><ref name= rivera2004> {{cite journal |last1=Rivera |first1=Juan |last2=Barquera |first2=Simon |year=2004 |title= Nutrition Transition in Mexico and in other Latin American Countries |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=149-157 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |pmid=15387482 |doi=10.1301/nr.2004.jul.s149-s157}}</ref> For this reason, obesity was associated with wealth and health, the latter especially in children. <ref>[http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes2.htm The nutrition transition and obesity]: Food and Agricultural Order of the United Nations.</ref><ref>Sobrepeso y obesidad, Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, April 2013 , http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/index.html.</ref> Despite changes in the Mexican diet and food distribution, malnutrition still remains problematic in various parts of the country.<ref name=economist>[http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=3507918 "Fat Mexico - Obesity on the rise in Mexico"], ''The Economist''.</ref>

===Nutrition transition===
Starting in the 1980s, Mexico began to experience widespread changes in its diet, away from produce and grains toward processed foods. The main reason for this shift is the dominance of [[International business|transnational food companies]] in the Mexican market, following a trend seen in other parts of the world. <ref name= hawkes2004>{{cite journal |last1=Hawkes |first1=Corinna |year=2004 |title= The role of foreign direct investment in the nutrition transition |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=8 |issue=4 | pages=357-368 |doi=10.1079/PHN2004706 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 15975180 |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref><ref name= popkin2012>{{cite journal |last1=Popkin |first1=Barry |last2=Adair |first2=Linda |year=2012 |title=NOW AND THEN: The Global Nutrition Transition: The Pandemic of Obesity in Developing Countries |journal=Nutr Rev |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=3-21 |doi= 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x | accessdate=19 April 2013 |pmc=3257829}} </ref> This shift has been toward high-calorie, -sugar, -fat, and -salt foods. This has caused the rise on the consumption of high-calorie, -sugar, -fat, and -salt food featuring various types of sweeteners and animal products and a decrease in whole grains and vegetables. <ref name= hawkes2004/><ref name= popkin2004>{{cite journal |last1=Popkin |first1=Barry |year=2004 |title= La transición nutricional y el cambio mundial hacia la obesidad |journal=Diabetes y Sociedad |volume=49 |issue=3 | pages=38-40 | url=https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/attachments/article_299_es.pdf| accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref>
Initially, it was thought that the change was limited to lifestyles in urban areas of the country as a consequence of wealth; however, as processed foods are often cheaper than the ingredients of the traditional [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican diet]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}, poor people, both urban and rural, are the most affected. The more affluent also eat these foods because they are easier and less time consuming to prepare.<ref name= hawkes2004/><ref name= popkin2004/>
In addition to dietary changes, modern life has also made the Mexican population more sedentary. Traditional labor-intensive jobs in farming, factories and mining have given way to desk jobs. In addition, most people use motorized transportation instead of walking or biking. <ref name= rivera2004> {{cite journal |last1=Rivera |first1=Juan |last2=Barquera |first2=Simon |year=2004 |title= Nutrition Transition in Mexico and in other Latin American Countries |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=149-157 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |pmid=15387482 |doi=10.1301/nr.2004.jul.s149-s157}}</ref> About 40% of Mexicans do not exercise. <ref>Sobrepeso y obesidad, Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, April 2013 , http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/index.html.</ref>

=== The Socioeconomic factor of obesity ===
Since the 1980's, many studies have been carried out intending to identify the one nutrient, food, or beverage that leads to weight gain and obesity. Sugar, fat, fast food, soft drinks, and the list goes on - all of them were suspect of being the reason for the worldwide increasing overweight and obesity rates and yet none of them could essentially be made responsible. However, the studies did prove that "each of [the examined dietary elements ] is associated with either obesity or weight gain" (Drewnowski, 2007). Furthermore, these elements have one characteristic in common which is their relative inexpensiveness (as opposed to fruits, vegetables, fresh juice etc.) and also, they are preferably bought by lower-income consumers (Drewnowski).

A review of studies (Dinsa et al) analyzing the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity among men, women, and children in developing countries found that in upper-middle-income countries like Mexico (Mexico is categorized as upper middle income (The World Bank) and middle HDI (UNDP)) obesity is highly prevalent. Middle-income and medium HDI countries showed a negative association between SES and obesity among women, i.e. the prevalence of obesity rises with decreasing income. The negative association becomes even clearer in countries growing into the high-income category. Among men, results have been mixed and the studies on children all revealed a positive association between SES and obesity.

First, an explanation for the positive association among children could be a shift in free time activity based on their family's affluence, e.g. children of more affluent families are more likely to have access to and probably spend more time with playing video games whereas children of less affluent families cannot afford such luxury goods and predominantly stick to more active free time activities and therefore have a higher energy expenditure that compensates for their energy intake. Second, the negative association among middle-income women in consideration of the above mentioned expensiveness of most healthy products raises the question of whether the easier access to unhealthy, energy-dense and less expensive food is the crucial point to explain the high prevalence of obesity in Mexico (Dinsa et al).

What Drewnowski describes as the "economics of food choice" is the fact that people have to manage their often scarce resources in a way that all basic expenditures (food, housing, clothing, school fees) are covered. Consequently, the kind of food people consume also, or primarily, depends on food prices (Dinsa et al, Drewnowski, Lozada et al). While energy-dense products, rich in sugar and fats, cost less in relation to the energy they provide, low-calorie healthy food like fruits and vegetables is more expensive in this respect (Drewnowski, 166). Furthermore, fruits and vegetables are now twice as expensive than 20 years ago whereas the costs of added sugar and fats did not change (Drewnowski, 162). To sum up, "foods, beverages, snacks, or diets said to promote obesity [are], in every case, inexpensive. In contrast, more costly dietary patterns [are] associated with leanness, weight maintenance, or greater weight loss" (Drewnoski, 166). In conclusion, low-income can be seen as an obstacle to a healthier diet as the consumption of "good" products may wear out the available budget.

Another aspect that deserves attention is that people of lower SES usually live in less secure neighborhoods where walking around might present a danger. In addition, these places in general do not show a lot of establishments that offer healthy food. As a study conducted in New York found, the "walkability" of one's neighborhood and the lack of availability of healthy food establishments are also predictors of obesity (Muñez Oliveira, 23).

Finally, although today Mexico shows a lower level of undernourishment, many of the now young adults used to suffer from nutritional stunting in early life, which is also considered to favor an increased risk of becoming overweight or obese later in life (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

All in all, the socioeconomic factor as a determinant for food choice, living conditions, and possible indicator for past undernourishment has been proved of being a predictor of obesity and weight gain. Therefore, future policies countering obesity should aim at increasing the accessibility of healthy food alternatives for the less affluent population, e.g. by subsidizing fruits, vegetables and fiber-rich whole grains. However, the creation of consciousness about the importance of healthy eating and physical activity among the population, and particularly among children, remains an essential measure as well.

===Rates of obesity and consequences===
After the widespread introduction of processed foods, obesity rates began to rise in the country. As of 2000, individual calorie intake consumed has been speculated to be approximately 2500-3060 calories per day, 30% more than in 1962.<ref name= popkin2004/><ref name= hawkes2004>{{cite journal |last1=Hawkes |first1=Corinna |year=2004 |title= The role of foreign direct investment in the nutrition transition |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=8 |issue=4 | pages=357-368 |doi=10.1079/PHN2004706 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 15975180 |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref> A 1999 survey found 24% of Mexican women were [[obese]] and an addition 35% were [[overweight]]; 55% men were either obese or overweight.<ref name=economist/> By 2010, seven out of ten Mexicans were overweight with a third clinically obese.<ref name=economist2010>{{cite news|title=One taco too many|url=http://www.economist.com/node/17314636|accessdate=22 April 2013|newspaper=The Economist|date=Oct 21, 2010}}</ref><ref name= popkin2004/> Mexico ranks the most obese country in the world in adult obesity(As of 2013), and first for childhood obesity with about 4.5 million children diagnosed as such. <ref>Sobrepeso y obesidad, Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, April 2013 , http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/index.html.</ref> Since the 1990s, fat has become the principal source of calories in the Mexican diet and it is assumed that the consumption of highly processed food will continue increasing. <ref name= popkin2012>{{cite journal |last1=Popkin |first1=Barry |last2=Adair |first2=Linda |year=2012 |title=NOW AND THEN: The Global Nutrition Transition: The Pandemic of Obesity in Developing Countries |journal=Nutr Rev |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=3-21 |doi= 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x | accessdate=19 April 2013 |pmc=3257829 |pmid=22221213}} </ref>
As a consequence, Mexico has seen the same kind of health issues that other countries with overweight populations have. Standardized mortality rates (SMR) for diabetes, [[acute myocardial infarction]] (AMI), and [[hypertension]] have increased dramatically. <ref name= rivera2002>{{cite journal|last1=Rivera |first1=Juan |last2=Barquera |first2=Simon |year=2002 | title=Epidemiological and nutritional transition in Mexico: rapid increase of non-communicable chronic diseases and obesity |journal= Public Health Nutrition|volume=5|issue=1A|pages= 113–122| doi=10.1079/PHN2001282 | url=http://www.cpc.unc.edu/Plone/projects/nutrans/research/bellagio/papers/PHNMexico-Rivera.pdf |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref> As of 2012, [[diabetes]] - associated with obesity - was the largest single killer of Mexicans.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gillette|first=Hope|title=Mexico continues to battle serious diabetes, obesity epidemic|url=http://www.voxxi.com/mexico-diabetes-obesity-epidemic/|accessdate=22 April 2013|newspaper=VOXXI|date=February 18, 2013}}</ref>

==Efforts to combat the problem==
There have been efforts to combat obesity in the country, with the federal government investing about seven percent of its budget to various nutritional programs.<ref>Sobrepeso y obesidad, Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, April 2013 , http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/index.html.</ref> Both public and private money has been spent on various campaigns aimed at modern eating habits. Mexico’s government has created nutrition programs, to deal with nutritional issues such as obesity; especially in vulnerable people and low-income sectors. <ref name= rome2006>{{cite book |last= Rome |title= Case studies from six developing countries|url= http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0442e/a0442e00.htm |accessdate=24 April 2013 |year= 2006|publisher= FAO Food and Nutrition Papers |isbn=9251054894}} </ref> These include food distribution among low-income communities, micronutrient supplementation, and fortification of food. <ref name= rome2006/> All of this is made to fight the deficient of vitamins and minerals. Some programs, as the distribution ones, try to achieve the objective by dispensing food coupons on marginalized communities. <ref name= rome2006/>
One of these initiatives is implemented by the [[Mexican Institute of Social Security]] (IMSS).<ref name= rome2006/> This program is known as “Preven-IMSS” (Prevent-IMSS). It integrates nutritional and physical activities as components, to combat diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure. <ref name= rome2006/> Another government initiative is with Mexico’s Health Ministry called “Oportunidades” (Opportunities) and “Liconsa”. Oportunidades has the aim to support low-income and extremely poor families with health services and food. <ref name= rome2006/> This is reached by offering nutrition education with which families can develop their capacities to sustenance health and nutrition care. <ref name= rome2006/>

In 2008, the Mexican [[Secretariat of Health]] and [[PepsiCo]] launched a health campaign for children. The program is aimed at elementary school-age children and encourages active participation in exercise activities and adopting a healthy lifestyle by using a computer game. In this game, the "nutrin," as the figure is called, needs help making decisions on what foods to eat, what sports to play, and when it should go to the doctor for a check-up.<ref name="Tuckman, 2008">Tuckman, 2008</ref>

Wrestling vs obesity was a campaign to promote to wrestling ([[lucha libre]]) fans to have an active way of life taking advantage of one of the most popular sports of Mexico. This campaign was from August 5 to November 19 of 2012 in [[Mexico City]], [[State of Mexico]], [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], [[Puebla]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Guanajuato]] and [[Morelos]]. "El Elegio" (A Mexican wrestler) was the official image for this campaign. He appeared in a pre-fight video talking about obesity and how to avoid it. During these events, both health/nutrition information was distributed along with application forms for government health care.<ref> Lucha libre vs Obesidad, April 2013, http://www.seguro-popular.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=547&Itemid=472.</ref>

[[Voit]], a sport brand, with the cooperation of the [[Mexican Football Federation]] and the health secretary of Mexico, released a new campaign with the name of "Measure yourself and activate". For this campaign Voit produced a special orange match ball with the name of "Xacte midete 2012" (Measure yourself exactly 2012) for professional football games in Mexico. This new ball is aimed at promoting the sport in children and reducing childhood obesity. Decio de Maria Serrano, the president of the Mexican soccer federation, said: "We are excited with this new campaign. All the people that are involved in this amazing sport have to contribute to combat childhood obesity it is a big responsibility because it is a big problem in this country. (Mexico) It is a task that deserves support" <ref>CAMPAÑA "MÍDETE Y ACTÍVATE, April 2013, http://www.cns.salud.gob.mx/contenidos/midete.html.</ref>

Congress's lower house of Congress passed late Thursday a special tax on junk food that is seen as potentially the broadest of its kind, part of an ambitious Mexican government effort to contain runaway rates of obesity and diabetes. The House passed the proposed measure to charge a 5% tax on packaged food that contains 275 calories or more per 100 grams, on grounds that such high-calorie items typically contain large amounts of salt and sugar and few essential nutrients. <ref>Mexico Tries Taxes to Combat Obesity, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304864504579141462546165166</ref>

The Mexican government passed a bill that imposed a sugar tax due to mexico becoming the world's "largest country".

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.forbes.com/2007/02/07/worlds-fattest-countries-forbeslife-cx_ls_0208worldfat.html World's Fattest Countries]
*[http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/21/2544?etoc "High Prevalence of Obesity Among the Poor in Mexico".] JAMA.
*[http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/8-11-2003-44103.asp "US lifestyles blamed for obesity epidemic sweeping Mexico".] The Guardian.
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/29/international/americas/29obese.html "Mexico Confronts Sudden Surge in Obesity".] New York Times.
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0887/is_6_19/ai_63059092 Report Of Mexican Obesity Rates - Brief Article - Statistical Data Included".] Nutrition Research Newsletter, June, 2000.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/02/mexico.jotuckman "Pepsi tackles childhood obesity with videogames in Mexico".] The Guardian.
{{North America topic|Obesity in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Obesity In Mexico}}
[[Category:Health in Mexico]]
[[Category:Obesity by country|Mexico]]

Obesity in Mexico

2014-08-24T10:14:51Z

Angelito7: traduzco referencias

'''Obesity in Mexico''' is a relatively new problem, having been widespread since the 1980s with the introduction of [[processed food]] into much of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] food market. Prior to that, dietary issues were limited to [[malnutrition|under and malnutrition]], which is still a problem in various parts of the country. Following trends already ongoing in other parts of the world, Mexicans have been foregoing traditional [[whole grains]] and vegetables in favor of a diet with more [[animal products]], more fat, more sugar and more salt, much of which is a consequence of processed foods. It has seen [[calorie]] intake and rates of overweight and obese people rise with seven out of ten at least overweight and a third clinically [[obese]]. There have been government and private efforts to combat the trend focusing on both healthier eating and getting more [[Physical exercise|exercise]].
==History==
===Undernutrition vs. overnutrition===
Until the late 20th century, dietary issues in Mexico were a solely question of undernutrition or malnutrition, generally because of poverty and distribution issues.<ref name= popkin2004>{{cite journal |last1=Popkin |first1=Barry |year=2004 |title= La transición nutricional y el cambio mundial hacia la obesidad |journal=Diabetes y Sociedad |volume=49 |issue=3 | pages=38-40 | url=https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/attachments/article_299_es.pdf| accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref><ref name= rivera2004> {{cite journal |last1=Rivera |first1=Juan |last2=Barquera |first2=Simon |year=2004 |title= Nutrition Transition in Mexico and in other Latin American Countries |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=149-157 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |pmid=15387482 |doi=10.1301/nr.2004.jul.s149-s157}}</ref> For this reason, obesity was associated with wealth and health, the latter especially in children. <ref>[http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes2.htm The nutrition transition and obesity]: Food and Agricultural Order of the United Nations.</ref><ref>Sobrepeso y obesidad, Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, April 2013 , http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/index.html.</ref> Despite changes in the Mexican diet and food distribution, malnutrition still remains problematic in various parts of the country.<ref name=economist>[http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=3507918 "Fat Mexico - Obesity on the rise in Mexico"], ''The Economist''. {{en}}</ref>

===Nutrition transition===
Starting in the 1980s, Mexico began to experience widespread changes in its diet, away from produce and grains toward processed foods. The main reason for this shift is the dominance of [[International business|transnational food companies]] in the Mexican market, following a trend seen in other parts of the world. <ref name= hawkes2004>{{cite journal |last1=Hawkes |first1=Corinna |year=2004 |title= The role of foreign direct investment in the nutrition transition |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=8 |issue=4 | pages=357-368 |doi=10.1079/PHN2004706 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 15975180 |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref><ref name= popkin2012>{{cite journal |last1=Popkin |first1=Barry |last2=Adair |first2=Linda |year=2012 |title=NOW AND THEN: The Global Nutrition Transition: The Pandemic of Obesity in Developing Countries |journal=Nutr Rev |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=3-21 |doi= 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x | accessdate=19 April 2013 |pmc=3257829}} </ref> This shift has been toward high-calorie, -sugar, -fat, and -salt foods. This has caused the rise on the consumption of high-calorie, -sugar, -fat, and -salt food featuring various types of sweeteners and animal products and a decrease in whole grains and vegetables. <ref name= hawkes2004/><ref name= popkin2004>{{cite journal |last1=Popkin |first1=Barry |year=2004 |title= La transición nutricional y el cambio mundial hacia la obesidad |journal=Diabetes y Sociedad |volume=49 |issue=3 | pages=38-40 | url=https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/attachments/article_299_es.pdf| accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref>
Initially, it was thought that the change was limited to lifestyles in urban areas of the country as a consequence of wealth; however, as processed foods are often cheaper than the ingredients of the traditional [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican diet]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}, poor people, both urban and rural, are the most affected. The more affluent also eat these foods because they are easier and less time consuming to prepare.<ref name= hawkes2004/><ref name= popkin2004/>
In addition to dietary changes, modern life has also made the Mexican population more sedentary. Traditional labor-intensive jobs in farming, factories and mining have given way to desk jobs. In addition, most people use motorized transportation instead of walking or biking. <ref name= rivera2004> {{cite journal |last1=Rivera |first1=Juan |last2=Barquera |first2=Simon |year=2004 |title= Nutrition Transition in Mexico and in other Latin American Countries |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=149-157 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |pmid=15387482 |doi=10.1301/nr.2004.jul.s149-s157}}</ref> About 40% of Mexicans do not exercise. <ref>Sobrepeso y obesidad, Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, April 2013 , http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/index.html.</ref>

=== The Socioeconomic factor of obesity ===
Since the 1980's, many studies have been carried out intending to identify the one nutrient, food, or beverage that leads to weight gain and obesity. Sugar, fat, fast food, soft drinks, and the list goes on - all of them were suspect of being the reason for the worldwide increasing overweight and obesity rates and yet none of them could essentially be made responsible. However, the studies did prove that "each of [the examined dietary elements ] is associated with either obesity or weight gain" (Drewnowski, 2007). Furthermore, these elements have one characteristic in common which is their relative inexpensiveness (as opposed to fruits, vegetables, fresh juice etc.) and also, they are preferably bought by lower-income consumers (Drewnowski).

A review of studies (Dinsa et al) analyzing the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity among men, women, and children in developing countries found that in upper-middle-income countries like Mexico (Mexico is categorized as upper middle income (The World Bank) and middle HDI (UNDP)) obesity is highly prevalent. Middle-income and medium HDI countries showed a negative association between SES and obesity among women, i.e. the prevalence of obesity rises with decreasing income. The negative association becomes even clearer in countries growing into the high-income category. Among men, results have been mixed and the studies on children all revealed a positive association between SES and obesity.

First, an explanation for the positive association among children could be a shift in free time activity based on their family's affluence, e.g. children of more affluent families are more likely to have access to and probably spend more time with playing video games whereas children of less affluent families cannot afford such luxury goods and predominantly stick to more active free time activities and therefore have a higher energy expenditure that compensates for their energy intake. Second, the negative association among middle-income women in consideration of the above mentioned expensiveness of most healthy products raises the question of whether the easier access to unhealthy, energy-dense and less expensive food is the crucial point to explain the high prevalence of obesity in Mexico (Dinsa et al).

What Drewnowski describes as the "economics of food choice" is the fact that people have to manage their often scarce resources in a way that all basic expenditures (food, housing, clothing, school fees) are covered. Consequently, the kind of food people consume also, or primarily, depends on food prices (Dinsa et al, Drewnowski, Lozada et al). While energy-dense products, rich in sugar and fats, cost less in relation to the energy they provide, low-calorie healthy food like fruits and vegetables is more expensive in this respect (Drewnowski, 166). Furthermore, fruits and vegetables are now twice as expensive than 20 years ago whereas the costs of added sugar and fats did not change (Drewnowski, 162). To sum up, "foods, beverages, snacks, or diets said to promote obesity [are], in every case, inexpensive. In contrast, more costly dietary patterns [are] associated with leanness, weight maintenance, or greater weight loss" (Drewnoski, 166). In conclusion, low-income can be seen as an obstacle to a healthier diet as the consumption of "good" products may wear out the available budget.

Another aspect that deserves attention is that people of lower SES usually live in less secure neighborhoods where walking around might present a danger. In addition, these places in general do not show a lot of establishments that offer healthy food. As a study conducted in New York found, the "walkability" of one's neighborhood and the lack of availability of healthy food establishments are also predictors of obesity (Muñez Oliveira, 23).

Finally, although today Mexico shows a lower level of undernourishment, many of the now young adults used to suffer from nutritional stunting in early life, which is also considered to favor an increased risk of becoming overweight or obese later in life (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

All in all, the socioeconomic factor as a determinant for food choice, living conditions, and possible indicator for past undernourishment has been proved of being a predictor of obesity and weight gain. Therefore, future policies countering obesity should aim at increasing the accessibility of healthy food alternatives for the less affluent population, e.g. by subsidizing fruits, vegetables and fiber-rich whole grains. However, the creation of consciousness about the importance of healthy eating and physical activity among the population, and particularly among children, remains an essential measure as well.

===Rates of obesity and consequences===
After the widespread introduction of processed foods, obesity rates began to rise in the country. As of 2000, individual calorie intake consumed has been speculated to be approximately 2500-3060 calories per day, 30% more than in 1962.<ref name= popkin2004/><ref name= hawkes2004>{{cite journal |last1=Hawkes |first1=Corinna |year=2004 |title= The role of foreign direct investment in the nutrition transition |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=8 |issue=4 | pages=357-368 |doi=10.1079/PHN2004706 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 15975180 |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref> A 1999 survey found 24% of Mexican women were [[obese]] and an addition 35% were [[overweight]]; 55% men were either obese or overweight.<ref name=economist/> By 2010, seven out of ten Mexicans were overweight with a third clinically obese.<ref name=economist2010>{{cite news|title=One taco too many|url=http://www.economist.com/node/17314636|accessdate=22 April 2013|newspaper=The Economist|date=Oct 21, 2010}}</ref><ref name= popkin2004/> Mexico ranks the most obese country in the world in adult obesity(As of 2013), and first for childhood obesity with about 4.5 million children diagnosed as such. <ref>Sobrepeso y obesidad, Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, April 2013 , http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/index.html.</ref> Since the 1990s, fat has become the principal source of calories in the Mexican diet and it is assumed that the consumption of highly processed food will continue increasing. <ref name= popkin2012>{{cite journal |last1=Popkin |first1=Barry |last2=Adair |first2=Linda |year=2012 |title=NOW AND THEN: The Global Nutrition Transition: The Pandemic of Obesity in Developing Countries |journal=Nutr Rev |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=3-21 |doi= 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x | accessdate=19 April 2013 |pmc=3257829 |pmid=22221213}} </ref>
As a consequence, Mexico has seen the same kind of health issues that other countries with overweight populations have. Standardized mortality rates (SMR) for diabetes, [[acute myocardial infarction]] (AMI), and [[hypertension]] have increased dramatically. <ref name= rivera2002>{{cite journal|last1=Rivera |first1=Juan |last2=Barquera |first2=Simon |year=2002 | title=Epidemiological and nutritional transition in Mexico: rapid increase of non-communicable chronic diseases and obesity |journal= Public Health Nutrition|volume=5|issue=1A|pages= 113–122| doi=10.1079/PHN2001282 | url=http://www.cpc.unc.edu/Plone/projects/nutrans/research/bellagio/papers/PHNMexico-Rivera.pdf |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref> As of 2012, [[diabetes]] - associated with obesity - was the largest single killer of Mexicans.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gillette|first=Hope|title=Mexico continues to battle serious diabetes, obesity epidemic|url=http://www.voxxi.com/mexico-diabetes-obesity-epidemic/|accessdate=22 April 2013|newspaper=VOXXI|date=February 18, 2013}}</ref>

==Efforts to combat the problem==
There have been efforts to combat obesity in the country, with the federal government investing about seven percent of its budget to various nutritional programs.<ref>Sobrepeso y obesidad, Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, April 2013 , http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/index.html.</ref> Both public and private money has been spent on various campaigns aimed at modern eating habits. Mexico’s government has created nutrition programs, to deal with nutritional issues such as obesity; especially in vulnerable people and low-income sectors. <ref name= rome2006>{{cite book |last= Rome |title= Case studies from six developing countries|url= http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0442e/a0442e00.htm |accessdate=24 April 2013 |year= 2006|publisher= FAO Food and Nutrition Papers |isbn=9251054894}} </ref> These include food distribution among low-income communities, micronutrient supplementation, and fortification of food. <ref name= rome2006/> All of this is made to fight the deficient of vitamins and minerals. Some programs, as the distribution ones, try to achieve the objective by dispensing food coupons on marginalized communities. <ref name= rome2006/>
One of these initiatives is implemented by the [[Mexican Institute of Social Security]] (IMSS).<ref name= rome2006/> This program is known as “Preven-IMSS” (Prevent-IMSS). It integrates nutritional and physical activities as components, to combat diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure. <ref name= rome2006/> Another government initiative is with Mexico’s Health Ministry called “Oportunidades” (Opportunities) and “Liconsa”. Oportunidades has the aim to support low-income and extremely poor families with health services and food. <ref name= rome2006/> This is reached by offering nutrition education with which families can develop their capacities to sustenance health and nutrition care. <ref name= rome2006/>

In 2008, the Mexican [[Secretariat of Health]] and [[PepsiCo]] launched a health campaign for children. The program is aimed at elementary school-age children and encourages active participation in exercise activities and adopting a healthy lifestyle by using a computer game. In this game, the "nutrin," as the figure is called, needs help making decisions on what foods to eat, what sports to play, and when it should go to the doctor for a check-up.<ref name="Tuckman, 2008">Tuckman, 2008</ref>

Wrestling vs obesity was a campaign to promote to wrestling ([[lucha libre]]) fans to have an active way of life taking advantage of one of the most popular sports of Mexico. This campaign was from August 5 to November 19 of 2012 in [[Mexico City]], [[State of Mexico]], [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], [[Puebla]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Guanajuato]] and [[Morelos]]. "El Elegio" (A Mexican wrestler) was the official image for this campaign. He appeared in a pre-fight video talking about obesity and how to avoid it. During these events, both health/nutrition information was distributed along with application forms for government health care.<ref> Lucha libre vs Obesidad, April 2013, http://www.seguro-popular.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=547&Itemid=472.</ref>

[[Voit]], a sport brand, with the cooperation of the [[Mexican Football Federation]] and the health secretary of Mexico, released a new campaign with the name of "Measure yourself and activate". For this campaign Voit produced a special orange match ball with the name of "Xacte midete 2012" (Measure yourself exactly 2012) for professional football games in Mexico. This new ball is aimed at promoting the sport in children and reducing childhood obesity. Decio de Maria Serrano, the president of the Mexican soccer federation, said: "We are excited with this new campaign. All the people that are involved in this amazing sport have to contribute to combat childhood obesity it is a big responsibility because it is a big problem in this country. (Mexico) It is a task that deserves support" <ref>CAMPAÑA "MÍDETE Y ACTÍVATE, April 2013, http://www.cns.salud.gob.mx/contenidos/midete.html.</ref>

Congress's lower house of Congress passed late Thursday a special tax on junk food that is seen as potentially the broadest of its kind, part of an ambitious Mexican government effort to contain runaway rates of obesity and diabetes. The House passed the proposed measure to charge a 5% tax on packaged food that contains 275 calories or more per 100 grams, on grounds that such high-calorie items typically contain large amounts of salt and sugar and few essential nutrients. <ref>Mexico Tries Taxes to Combat Obesity, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304864504579141462546165166</ref>

The Mexican government passed a bill that imposed a sugar tax due to mexico becoming the world's "largest country".

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.forbes.com/2007/02/07/worlds-fattest-countries-forbeslife-cx_ls_0208worldfat.html World's Fattest Countries]
*[http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/21/2544?etoc "High Prevalence of Obesity Among the Poor in Mexico".] JAMA.
*[http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/8-11-2003-44103.asp "US lifestyles blamed for obesity epidemic sweeping Mexico".] The Guardian.
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/29/international/americas/29obese.html "Mexico Confronts Sudden Surge in Obesity".] New York Times.
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0887/is_6_19/ai_63059092 Report Of Mexican Obesity Rates - Brief Article - Statistical Data Included".] Nutrition Research Newsletter, June, 2000.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/02/mexico.jotuckman "Pepsi tackles childhood obesity with videogames in Mexico".] The Guardian.
{{North America topic|Obesity in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Obesity In Mexico}}
[[Category:Health in Mexico]]
[[Category:Obesity by country|Mexico]]

Juan

2014-07-03T08:58:50Z

Angelito7:

{{Infobox given name
| name = Juan
| image=
| imagesize=
| caption=
| pronunciation= /xwan/, /ˈd͡ʒuɘn/ ''(anglicized)''
| gender = Male
| meaning = "The Lord is gracious" [[Yohanan]]
| region = Spain
| origin = Spanish derivation of [[John (disambiguation)|John]]
| related names = Juana, John
| footnotes =
}}

{{Infobox given name
| name = Juan

| image=
| imagesize=
| caption=
| pronunciation= /tɕy̯ɛn/
| gender = Female (娟, 绢, 隽, etc.) or Unisexual
| meaning =
| region = China
| origin = Chinese
| related names =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Juan''' is a [[given name]], the [[Spanish language]] version of [[John (given name)|John]]. It is very common in [[Spain]] (its origin) and in Spanish-speaking communities around the world. The feminine form is [[Juana]], or [[Juanita (disambiguation)|Juanita]] on its diminutive.

'''Juan''' ({{IPA-cmn|tɕy̯ɛn}}; 娟, 隽) "beautiful, graceful" is also commonly used as given name for Chinese women. "[[:wiktionary:卷|卷]]", which is homophonic with the female name, is a division of a traditional Chinese manuscript or book and can be translated as "fascicle", "scroll", "chapter" or "volume".

== Famous people==
* [[Juan Almeida Bosque]], Cuban politician and one of the original commanders of the Cuban Revolution
*[[Juan Alberto Belloch]], Spanish politician and mayor of [[Zaragoza]]
* [[Juan Andrés| Juan Andrés y Morell]], Spanish littérateur and historian
* [[Juan Nekai Babauta]], former governor of the [[Northern Mariana Islands]]
* [[Juan Bosch]], first 'cleanly' elected president of Dominican Republic
* [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]], King of Spain from 1975 to 2014
* [[Juan Carlos Onetti]], Uruguayan author
* [[Juan de la Cierva]], Spanish civil engineer and pilot, inventor of the autogyro
* [[St. Juan Diego]], Messenger of Blessed Virgin Mary.
* [[Juan Dominguez y Valdez]], Texan military
* [[Juan Domingo Perón]], Argentine general and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina
* [[Juan Manuel Eguiagaray]], Spanish politician and academic
* [[Juan Ponce Enrile]], current President of the Philippine Senate since 2008
* [[Juan Gabriel]], Mexican singer and songwriter born as Alberto Aguilera Valadez
* [[Juan González (baseball)]], Puerto Rican baseball player
* [[Juan Gris]], Spanish painter
* [[Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain]], Spanish physicist
* [[Juan Jesus]], Brazilian footballer
* [[Juan Leal]], First Mayor of San Antonio, Texas
* [[Juan Antonio Llorente]], 18th-century historian
* [[Juan Luis Vives]], Spanish scholar and humanist
* [[Juan Luis Arsuaga]], Spanish paleontologist
* [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]], Spanish poet who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1956
* [[Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena]], Spanish medieval writer
* [[Juan Manuel Blanes]], Uruguayan painter
* [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], Argentine racing driver
* [[Juan Manuel Santos]], Colombian President
* [[Juan Marichal]], Dominican baseball player
* [[Juan Martín del Potro]], Argentine tennis player, 2012 Olympic Bronze medallist
* [[Juan Mata]], Spanish footballer who plays for English club Manchester United and wears the Number 8 Shirt. (Previously worn by Brazilian Anderson after his departure to Fiorentina
* [[Juan Miro]], Catalan painter
* [[Juan Nicasio]], Dominican baseball player
* [[Juan Pierre]], American baseball player
* [[Juan Ponce de León]], Spanish explorer associated with the [[Fountain of Youth]] legend and also led the first European expedition to Florida
* [[Juan Roman Riquelme]], Argentine footballer
* [[Juan Rulfo]] (1917–1986), Mexican author
* [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], Spanish explorer who completed the first circumnavigation of the world
* [[Juan Sebastián Verón]] Argentine footballer
* [[Juan Silveira dos Santos]], Brazilian footballer
* [[Juan Trippe]] the founder of [[Pan American World Airways]]
* [[Gov. Juan Valdez]], colonial governor of Texas
* [[Juan de Yepes Alvarez|Juan de Yepes Álvarez]], Spanish poet and Catholic Saint (Saint John of the Cross)
* [[Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán]], Colombian racing driver

==Fictional characters==
* Don Juan, the main character of the Philippine story ''[[Ibong Adarna (mythology)|Ibong Adarna]]''
* [[Juan (Pokémon)|Juan]], a character in the ''[[Pokémon]]'' universe
* [[Juan Cabrillo (character)|Juan Cabrillo]], the main character of the book series [[Oregon Files]]
* [[Juice Ortiz|Juan Carlos "Juice" Ortiz]], a character of the ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'' television series
* Juan Rico, a character from the novel ''[[Starship Troopers]]''
* [[Juan Sánchez Villa-Lobos Ramírez]], a character from the [[Highlander (franchise)#Films|Highlander]] film series
* [[Juan Tamad]], a character in [[Philippine folklore]]
* [[Juan Valdez]] a coffee branding chararcter

==See also==
*[[Alternate forms for the name John]]
*[[Don Juan (disambiguation)]]
*[[João]], the corresponding Portuguese name
*[[Joan (first name)]], the corresponding Catalan name
*[[Jean (male given name)]], the corresponding French name
*[[San Juan (disambiguation)]]
*[[Tropical Storm Juan (disambiguation)]], a list of hurricanes, typhoons and storms named Juan
*[[Juan Station]], and Juan-dong, in Nam-gu, Incheon, South Korea

{{given name}}

[[Category:Spanish masculine given names]]

Andújar (disambiguation)

2014-06-24T19:04:04Z

Angelito7:

'''[[Andújar]]''' is a city in Andalusia, Spain.

'''Andújar''' may also refer to:

*[[Andújar Cedeño]] (1969–2000), Dominican Major League Baseball player
*[[Joaquín Andújar]] (born 1952), Dominican Major League Baseball player
*[[Pablo Andújar]] (born 1986), Spanish tennis player.
*[[Mariano Andújar]] (born 1983), Argentine football goalkeeper
*[[Stephanie Andujar]] (born 1986), American actress

{{disambiguation}}

Kumaré

2014-06-24T08:06:32Z

Angelito7: Undid revision 595330713 by 129.81.150.242 (talk)

{{Infobox film
| name = Kumaré
| image = Kumare promotional poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Vikram Gandhi
| producer = Bryan Carmel Brendan Colthurst
| writer =
| starring = Vikram Gandhi Purva Bedi Kristen Calgaro
| music = Alex Kliment
| cinematography = Kahlil Hudson
| editing = Adam Barton Nathan Russell
| studio =
| distributor = [[Kino Lorber]]
| released = {{Film date|2011|3|13|[[South by Southwest|SXSW]]|2012|6|20|United States}}
| runtime = 84 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $132,160<ref>[http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=kumare.htm "Kumare (2012)."] ''Box Office Mojo''. 7 February 2013. 9 May 2013.</ref>
}}
'''''Kumaré''''' is an American 2011 [[documentary film]] directed by Vikram Gandhi.

To record the documentary, American filmmaker Vikram Gandhi transformed himself into Sri Kumaré, an enlightened [[guru]] from a fictional village in [[India]], by adopting a fake [[Indian English|Indian accent]] and growing out his hair and beard. In the film, Kumaré travels to [[Arizona]] to spread his made-up philosophy and gain sincere followers.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kumare' film examines blurred lines of virtual identities |author=Melissa Bell |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/kumare-film-examines-blurred-lines-of-virtual-identities/2012/03/13/gIQA6BzkGS_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=16 March 2012 |accessdate=23 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SXSW '11 | "Borat" Gets Religion: An Interview With "Kumare" Director Vikram Gandhi |author=Bryce J. Renninger |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/sxsw_11_deepak_chopra_meets_borat_in_sxsw_audience_winner_kumare |newspaper=[[indieWire]] |date=16 March 2011 |accessdate=23 May 2012}}</ref>

''Kumaré'' premiered at the 2011 [[South by Southwest]] Film Festival (SXSW), where it received the festival's Feature Film Audience Award for Best Documentary Feature.<ref name="variety">{{cite news |title=Kino Lorber nabs 'Kumare': Vikram Gandhi pic won Audience Award at SXSW |author=Dave McNary |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118047847 |newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=22 December 2011 |accessdate=23 May 2012}}</ref> Gandhi came up with the idea of a fictional guru while recording another documentary film about [[yogis]] and their followers.<ref>{{cite video | people = | year =20 | title =Kumaré: A True Film About a False Prophet | url =http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,971515233001_2075202,00.html | format = | medium = | trans_title = | publisher =[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | accessdate =23 May 2012 | time =00:51-00:57 | id = | isbn = | oclc = | quote = | ref =}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Kumaré'' received fair reviews upon release. Many movie reviewers criticized Gandhi's deception as immoral, but partially forgave Gandhi for realizing that the experiment had grown out of his control. Many compared the character of Kumaré and the deception by Gandhi to [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]'s [[Borat]] character and film. Those who liked the movie, like Stephen Holden of the ''New York Times'' and Roger Ebert of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'', praised the film's message of "finding the guru within."<ref>Holden, Stephen. [http://movies.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/movies/vikram-gandhis-kumare-the-true-story-of-a-false-prophet.html "Finding Some Principles by Telling Some Lies."] ''New York Times''. 19 June 2012. 9 May 2013.</ref><ref>Ebert, Roger. [http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/kumare-2012 "Kumare."] ''Roger Ebert''. 8 August 2012. 9 May 2013.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.kumaremovie.com/}}
*{{IMDb title|1865425}}
*{{Rotten-tomatoes|kumare}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumare}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American documentary films]]
[[Category:2010s documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about religion]]

Carole Pateman

2014-03-12T08:27:37Z

Angelito7:

'''Carole Pateman''' (born 11 December 1940, [[Sussex]]) is a British [[feminist]] and [[political theorist]]. She earned a DPhil at the [[University of Oxford]]. Since 1990, Professor Pateman has taught in the Department of Political Science at the [[University of California at Los Angeles]] (UCLA).<ref name=UCLA>[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/pateman/ Carole Pateman faculty page at UCLA]</ref> In 2007, she was named a Fellow of the [[British Academy]].<ref name=UCLA/> She served as President of the [[American Political Science Association]] in 2010–11. She is also an Honorary Professor for the Cardiff University School of European Studies.

In 2012 she was awarded the [[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science]].<ref>http://skytteprize.statsvet.uu.se/</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Books===
* ''Contract and Domination'' (co-author Charles W. Mills). Polity Press, 2007.
* ''The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory''. Polity Press, 1989.
* ''The Sexual Contract''. Various editions and years.
* ''The Problem of Political Obligation: A Critical Analysis of Liberal Theory''. John Wiley and Son, 1979.
* ''Participation and Democratic Theory''. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1970.

===Edited books===
* ''Basic Income Worldwide - Horizons of Reform''. Co-edited with Matthew C. Murray. Palgrave MacMillan, 2012.
* ''Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory''. Co-edited with M. Shanley. Polity Press, 1991.
* ''Feminist Challenges: Social and Political Theory''. Co-edited with [[Elizabeth Grosz|Elizabeth Gross]]. Allen and Unwin, 1986.
* ''Women, Social Science, and Public Policy''. Co-edited with J. Goodnow. Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, 1985.
* ''Politics'' (special political theory issue of the journal of the Australasian Political Studies Assoc.), vol. 18, no. 2 (1983).
* ''Directory of Women Political Scientists in Australia''. Co-edited with M. Sawer. Australasian Political Studies Association, 1981.

===Videos===
* ''The Equivalent of the Right to Land, Life, and Liberty? Democracy and the Idea of a Basic Income'' ([http://www.oid.ucla.edu/Webcast/FRL/Pateman/ Link])

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*{{Citation | last = On | first = Steve | contribution = A conversation with Carole Pateman: reflections on democratic participation, The Sexual Contract, and power structures. | editor-last = Browning | editor-first = Gary | editor2-last = Dimova-Cookson | editor2-first = Maria | editor-last3 = Prokhovnik | editor-first3 = Raia | editorlink3 = Raia Prokhovnik | title = Dialogues with contemporary political theorists | pages = 139–154 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780230303058 }}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Pateman, Carole
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Feminist, academic political theorist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1940-12-11
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pateman, Carole}}
[[Category:Political theorists]]
[[Category:British feminists]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]

{{UK-academic-stub}}
{{US-polisci-bio-stub}}
{{Fem-stub}}