Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Near-open front unrounded vowel

2018-07-20T13:04:54Z

Ayceman: /* Occurrence */ Stress mark

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa number=325
|decimal=230
|ipa symbol2=a̝
|x-sampa=<nowiki>{</nowiki>
|kirshenbaum=&
|braille=sh
}}

The '''near-open front unrounded vowel''', or '''near-low front unrounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. Acoustically it is simply an ''open'' or ''low front unrounded vowel''.<ref>[[Geoff Lindsey]] (2013) [http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/the-vowel-space/ The vowel space], Speech Talk</ref> The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|æ}}}}, a lowercase of the {{angle bracket|[[Æ]]}} [[Typographic ligature|ligature]]. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".

The rounded counterpart of {{IPA|[æ]}}, the '''near-open front rounded vowel''' (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in [[Danish language|Danish]];<ref name="gr100">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=46}}</ref> see [[open front rounded vowel]] for more information.

In practice, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|æ}}}} is sometimes used to represent the [[open front unrounded vowel]]; see the introduction to that page for more information.

==Features==
{{IPA vowels|class=infobox}}
{{near-open vowel}}
{{front vowel}}
{{unrounded vowel}}
{{clear}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Donaldson|1993|p=3}}</ref> || ''p'''e'''rd'' || {{IPA|[pæːrt]}} || 'horse'|| Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before sequences {{IPA|/rs/, /rt/, /rd/}} and, in some dialects, before {{IPA|/k x l r/}}. See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]||Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Holes|2004|p=60}}</ref> || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|كتاب]]|rtl=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ar-كتابة.ogg|[kiˈtæːb]}}|| 'book'|| Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as {{IPA|/j/}} (depending on the speaker's accent). See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|1996|pp=81}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|1996|pp=130–131}}</ref><ref name="near-open vowels">{{Harvcoltxt|Rafel|1999|p=14}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | [[Valencian]] || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|t'''e'''si]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪æzi]}} || 'thesis' || Main realization of {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|s'''e'''t]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[s̠æ̠t̪]}} || rowspan="3" | 'seven' || rowspan="3" | Near-front. Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} found in contact with liquids and in monosyllabic terms. Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɛ}}}}
|-
| Majorcan
|-
| Minorcan
|-
| Some [[Valencian]] and [[Balearic dialect|Balearic]] speakers<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Saborit|2009|pp=24–25}}</ref> || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|ll'''a'''mp]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʎ̟æmp]}} || 'lightning' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in contact with palatal consonants. In some variants it can merge with {{IPA|/ɛ/}}.
|-
| Western Catalan<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|1996|pp=?}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Saborit|2009|pp=25–26}}</ref> || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|taul'''a''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫæ̝]}} || 'table' || Somewhat retracted. Unstressed allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in the coda. It can alternate with rounded allophones in the Valencian dialects.
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard<ref name="gr100"/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=45}}</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|D'''a'''nsk]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈd̥a̝nsɡ̊]}} || 'Danish' || Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA link|a}}}} - the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=32}}</ref> See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009a}}</ref> || rowspan="5" | ''[[English orthography|c'''a'''t]]'' || rowspan="4" | {{Audio-IPA|En-us-cat.ogg|[kʰæt]}} || rowspan="5" | 'cat' || Many younger speakers realize it as fully open {{IPAblink|a}},<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=179}}</ref> whereas in broader accents it may be open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛ}}. See [[English phonology]] and [[Australian English phonology]]
|-
| Cultivated [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gordon|Maclagan|2004|p=609}}</ref> || Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| [[General American]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009b}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009c}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Roach|2004|p=242}}</ref> || Lower {{IPAblink|a}} for many younger speakers
|-
| [[Norfolk dialect|Norfolk]]<ref name="Lodge">{{Harvcoltxt|Lodge|2009|p=168}}</ref> || {{IPA|[kʰæ̠t]}} || Near-front.<ref name="Lodge"/>
|-
| [[Cockney]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=309}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|t'''ow'''n]]'' || {{IPA|[tˢæːn]}} || 'town' || May be lower {{IPAblink|aː}} or a diphthong {{IPA|[æə̯]}} instead. It corresponds to {{IPA|/aʊ̯/}} in other dialects
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]<ref name="asuteras">{{Harvcoltxt|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}}</ref> || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|v'''ä'''le]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvæ̠le̞ˑ]}} || 'agile' || Near-front.<ref name="asuteras"/> See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}}</ref> || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|m'''ä'''ki]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈmæki]}} || 'hill' || See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[French language|French]] || Parisian<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2013|p=226}}</ref> || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|b'''ain''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[bæ̃]}} || 'bath' || Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɛ̃}}}}. See [[French phonology]]
|-
| [[Quebec French|Quebec]]<ref name="wal75">{{Harvcoltxt|Walker|1984|p=75}}</ref> || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|v'''e'''r]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[væːʁ]}} || 'worm' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/ʁ/}} or in open syllables, and of {{IPA|/a/}} in closed syllables.<ref name="wal75"/> See [[Quebec French phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[German language|German]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mangold|2005|p=37}}</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|T'''eint''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[tʰæ̃ː]}} || 'complexion' || [[Nasalization|Nasalized]]; also described as open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛ|ɛ̃ː}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|2003|pp=106–107}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}}</ref> Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɛ̃ː}}}}. Present only in loanwords. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Northern accents<ref name="dud64">{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}}</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''a'''lles]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈæləs]}} || 'everything' || Lower and often also more back in other accents.<ref name="dud64"/> See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Standard Austrian<ref name="moos">{{Harvcoltxt|Moosmüller|Schmid|Brandstätter|2015|p=?}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|de|[[German orthography|od'''er''']]|italic=yes}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈoːdæ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'or' || Used by some speakers instead of {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.<ref name="moos"/> See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| West Central German accents<ref name="dud40">{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=40}}</ref> || Used instead of {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.<ref name="dud40"/> See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Western Swiss accents<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|sp'''ä'''t]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʃpæːt]}} || 'late' || Open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛː}} or close-mid {{IPAblink|eː}} in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid {{IPAslink|ɛː}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 64–65}}</ref> See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]]<ref name="Newton">{{Harvcoltxt|Newton|1972|p=11}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|γ'''ά'''τ'''α''']]}}/[[Romanization of Greek|''g'''á'''t'''a''''']] || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ˈɣætæ]}} || rowspan="3" | 'cat' || rowspan="4" | See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| [[Thessaly]]<ref name="Newton"/>
|-
| [[Thrace]]<ref name="Newton"/>
|-
| [[Pontic Greek|Pontic]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Revithiadou|Spyropoulos|2009|p=41}}</ref> || {{lang|pnt|καλάθ'''ια'''}}/{{lang|pnt-Latn|kaláth'''ia'''}} || {{IPA|[kaˈlaθæ]}} || 'baskets'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Szende|1994|p=92}}</ref> || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|n'''e'''m]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[næm]}} || 'no' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɛ}}}}. See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lakon language|Lakon]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=466}}</ref>|| {{lang|lkn|r'''ä'''vr'''ä'''v|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ræβræβ]}} || 'evening'||
|-
| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || Many dialects<ref name="ga159">{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}</ref><ref name="pet119">{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006|p=119}}</ref><ref name="ver221">{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}}</ref> || {{lang|li|tw'''e'''lf|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈtβ̞æ̠ləf]}} || 'twelve' || Front<ref name="pet119"/><ref name="ver221"/> or near-front,<ref name="ga159"/> depending on the dialect. The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]], in which the vowel is near-front.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}</ref> || {{lang|lb|K'''ä'''pp|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kʰæpʰ]}} || 'heads' || See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| Some speakers<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=70–71}}</ref> || {{lang|lb|K'''a'''p|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kʰa̝ːpʰ]}} || 'cap' || Possible phonetic realization of {{IPA|/aː/}}; more often open near-front {{IPAblink|a|a̠ː}} instead.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=71}}</ref> See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Popperwell|2010|pp=16, 21–22}}</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|l'''æ'''r]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[læːɾ]}} || 'leather' || See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]]
|هشت
|[hæʃt]
|'eight'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Some dialects<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tWk6gpv8ep0C&pg=PA186&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo] Page 186.</ref>|| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|p'''e'''dra]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpæðɾɐ]}} || 'stone' || Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer {{IPAslink|ɛ}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| Some European speakers<ref>[http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP] {{pt icon}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|tamb'''ém''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[tɐˈmæ̃]}} || 'also' || Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel {{IPA|/ẽ̞/}}.
|-
| [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] || [[Kerkrade dialect]]<ref name="skd">{{Harvcoltxt|Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer|1997|p=16}}</ref> || ''d'''e'''n'' || {{IPA|[dæn]}} || 'because' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/m, n, ŋ, l, ʀ/}}.<ref name="skd"/>
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| Bukovinian dialect{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|p'''ie'''le]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|['pæ.le]}} || 'skin' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[je]}} in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=50}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|pp=224–225}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|п'''я'''ть]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ru-пять.ogg|[pʲætʲ]}} || 'five' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} between [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonants. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] || ඇය || {{IPA|[æjə]}} || 'she' ||
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || Some speakers<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}</ref> || {{lang|sk|v'''ä'''zy|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋæzi̞]}} || 'ligaments'|| Many speakers pronounce it the same as {{IPAblink|ɛ̝}}. See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard<ref name="Eliasson273">{{Harvcoltxt|Eliasson|1986|p=273}}</ref><ref name="thoren15">{{Harvcoltxt|Thorén|Petterson|1992|p=15}}</ref><ref name="Riad38">{{Harvcoltxt|Riad|2014|p=38}}</ref> || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''ä'''ra]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|sv-ära.ogg|[²æːɾä]}} || 'hono(u)r' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛː, ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| Stockholm<ref name="Riad38"/> || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|l'''ä'''sa]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[²læːsä]}} || 'to read' || Realization of {{IPA|/ɛː, ɛ/}} for younger speakers. Higher {{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɛː}}, {{IPA link|ɛ̝}} ~ {{IPA link|ɛ}}]}} for other speakers
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref name="gk10">{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}</ref> || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|s'''e'''n]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[s̪æn̪]}} || 'you' || Allophone of {{IPA|/e/}} before syllable-final {{IPA|/m, n, l, r/}}. In a limited number of words (but not before {{IPA|/r/}}), it is in free variation with {{IPAblink|e̞}}.<ref name="gk10"/> See [[Turkish phonology]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{citation
|last=Asu
|first=Eva Liina
|last2=Teras
|first2=Pire
|year=2009
|title=Estonian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=39
|issue=3
|pages=367–372
|doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x
}}
* {{citation
|last=Basbøll
|first=Hans
|authorlink=Hans Basbøll
|year=2005
|title=The Phonology of Danish
|isbn=0-203-97876-5
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|year=2013
|orig-year=First published 2003
|title=Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-50650-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faVJTQIw9eQC
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Cox
|first1=Felicity
|last2=Fletcher
|first2=Janet
|year=2017
|orig-year=First published 2012
|title=Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-1-316-63926-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs3DwAAQBAJ
}}
* {{citation
|last=Donaldson
|first=Bruce C.
|year=1993
|title=A Grammar of Afrikaans
|chapter=1. Pronunciation
|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]
|pages=1–35
|isbn=9783110134261
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC
}}
* {{citation
|author1=Dudenredaktion
|last2=Kleiner
|first2=Stefan
|last3=Knöbl
|first3=Ralf
|year=2015
|orig-year=First published 1962
|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ
|language=German
|edition=7th
|location=Berlin
|publisher=Dudenverlag
|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4
}}
* {{citation
|last=Eliasson
|first=Stig
|editor-last=Anderson
|editor-first=Henning
|year=1986
|chapter=Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian
|title=Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe
|place=Berlin
|publisher=de Gruyter
|pages=271–300
}}
* {{citation
|doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0034
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|year=2005
|title=Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages
|journal=Oceanic Linguistics
|volume=44
|issue=2
|pages=443–504
|url=http://alex.francois.free.fr/data/AlexFrancois_VowelsNorthernVanuatu_OL44-2.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Gilles
|first1=Peter
|last2=Trouvain
|first2=Jürgen
|year=2013
|title=Luxembourgish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=67–74
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278
|url=http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Göksel
|first=Asli
|last2=Kerslake
|first2=Celia
|year=2005
|title=Turkish: a comprehensive grammar
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0415114943
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126205921/http://www.eric.com.br/turkish-grammar/turkish-grammar.pdf
|archive-date=26 November 2014
|url=http://www.eric.com.br/turkish-grammar/turkish-grammar.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Gordon
|first1=Elizabeth
|last2=Maclagan
|first2=Margaret
|year=2004
|chapter=Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=603–613
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
* {{citation
|last=Grønnum
|first=Nina
|year=1998
|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Danish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=28
|issue=1 & 2
|pages=99–105
|doi=10.1017/s0025100300006290
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Gussenhoven
|first1=Carlos
|last2=Aarts
|first2=Flor
|year=1999
|title=The dialect of Maastricht
|publisher=University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=29
|pages=155–166
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006526
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Hall
|first=Christopher
|year=2003
|orig-year=First published 1992
|title=Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English
|edition=2nd
|place=Manchester
|publisher=Manchester University Press
|isbn=0-7190-6689-1
}}
* {{citation
|last=Hanulíková
|first=Adriana
|last2=Hamann
|first2=Silke
|year=2010
|title=Slovak
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=40
|issue=3
|pages=373–378
|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Holes
|first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
|publisher=Georgetown University Press
|ISBN=1-58901-022-1
}}
* {{citation
|last=Jones
|first=Daniel
|last2=Ward
|first2=Dennis
|year=1969
|title=The Phonetics of Russian
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{citation
|last=Lodge
|first=Ken
|year=2009
|title=A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC
}}
* {{citation
|last=Mangold
|first=Max
|authorlink=Max Mangold
|year=2005
|orig-year=First published 1962
|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch
|edition=6th
|place=Mannheim
|publisher=Dudenverlag
|ISBN=978-3-411-04066-7
}}
* {{citation
|last=Mannell
|first=R.
|last2=Cox
|first2=F.
|last3=Harrington
|first3=J.
|year=2009a
|title=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
|publisher=Macquarie University
|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/AusE_Monophthongs.html
}}
* {{citation
|last=Mannell
|first=R.
|last2=Cox
|first2=F.
|last3=Harrington
|first3=J.
|year=2009b
|title=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
|publisher=Macquarie University
|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Monophthongs.html
}}
* {{citation
|last=Mannell
|first=R.
|last2=Cox
|first2=F.
|last3=Harrington
|first3=J.
|year=2009c
|title=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
|publisher=Macquarie University
|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/RPE_Monophthongs.html
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Moosmüller
|first1=Sylvia
|last2=Schmid
|first2=Carolin
|last3=Brandstätter
|first3=Julia
|year=2015
|title=Standard Austrian German
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=45
|issue=03
|pages=339–348
|doi=10.1017/S0025100315000055
}}
* {{citation
|last=Newton
|first=Brian
|year=1972
|title=The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology
|series=Cambridge Studies in Linguistics
|volume=8
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{citation
|last=Peters
|first=Jörg
|year=2006
|title=The dialect of Hasselt
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=36
|issue=1
|pages=117–124
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428
}}
* {{citation
|last=Pop
|first=Sever
|year=1938
|title=Micul Atlas Linguistic Român
|publisher=Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
}}
* {{citation
|last=Popperwell
|first=Ronald G.
|year=2010
|orig-year=First published 1963
|title=Pronunciation of Norwegian
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-15742-1
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKOt3rL7K7kC
}}
* {{citation
|last=Rafel
|first=Joaquim
|title=Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional
|year=1999
|place=Barcelona
|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans
|edition=3rd
|url=http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf
|isbn=84-7283-446-8
}}
* {{citation
|last=Recasens
|first=Daniel
|year=1996
|title=Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX
|edition=2nd
|place=Barcelona
|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans
|isbn=978-84-7283-312-8
}}
* {{citation
|last1 = Revithiadou
|first1 = Anthi
|last2 = Spyropoulos
|first2 = Vassilios
|year = 2009
|script-title = el:Οφίτικη Ποντιακή: Έρευνα γλωσσικής καταγραφής με έμφαση στη διαχρονία και συγχρονία της διαλέκτου
|trans-title = Ofitika Pontic: A documentation project with special emphasis on the diachrony and synchrony of the dialect
|language = Greek
|publisher = John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation
|url = http://www.latsis-foundation.org/files/Meletes2009/11.report.pdf
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120131201021/http://www.latsis-foundation.org/files/Meletes2009/11.report.pdf
|archivedate = 2012-01-31
|df =
}}
* {{citation
|last=Riad
|first=Tomas
|year=2014
|title=The Phonology of Swedish
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-954357-1
}}
* {{citation
|last=Roach
|first=Peter
|year=2004
|title=British English: Received Pronunciation
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=2
|pages=239–245
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001768
}}
* {{citation
|last=Saborit
|first=Josep
|year=2009
|title=Millorem la pronúncia
|language=Catalan
|publisher = Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
}}
* {{Citation
|author=Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer
|title=Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer
|year=1997
|origyear=1987
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer
|place=Kerkrade
|isbn=90-70246-34-1
|url=http://www.kerkrade.nl/de_stad_kerkrade/kerkrade_toen_en_nu/kirchroadsj_plat/kirchroadsjer_dieksiejoneer/kirchroadsjer_dieksiejoneer/
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Suomi
|first1=Kari
|last2=Toivanen
|first2=Juhani
|last3=Ylitalo
|first3=Riikka
|year=2008
|title=Finnish sound structure
|isbn=978-951-42-8983-5
|url=http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9789514289842/
}}
* {{citation
|last=Szende
|first=Tamás
|year=1994
|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=24
|issue=2
|pages=91–94
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005090
}}
* {{citation
|last=Thorén
|first=Bosse
|last2=Petterson
|first2=Nils-Owe
|year=1992
|title=Svenska Utifrån Uttalsanvisningar
|isbn=91-520-0284-5
}}
* {{citation
|last=Vanvik
|first=Arne
|year=1979
|title=Norsk fonetikk
|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo
|place=Oslo
|isbn=82-990584-0-6
}}
* {{citation
|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2007
|title=The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=2
|pages=219–225
|doi=10.1017/S0025100307002940
}}
* {{citation
|last=Walker
|first=Douglas
|year=1984
|url=http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dcwalker/PronCF.pdf
|title=The Pronunciation of Canadian French
|location=Ottawa
|publisher=University of Ottawa Press
|ISBN=0-7766-4500-5
}}
* {{citation
|last=Wells
|first=J.C.
|year=1982
|title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Yanushevskaya
|first1=Irena
|last2=Bunčić
|first2=Daniel
|year=2015
|title=Russian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=45
|issue=2
|pages=221–228
|doi=10.1017/S0025100314000395
}}
{{refend}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Near-open vowels]]
[[Category:Front vowels]]
[[Category:Unrounded vowels]]

Coins of the Romanian leu

2017-09-10T13:29:22Z

Ayceman: /* King Carol II */ Fixed transcribed text. The translation is correct though.

The '''Coins of the Romanian leu''' have been issued since the introduction of the [[Romanian leu]] in 1867.

==First leu==

In 1867, copper 1, 2, 5 and 10 bani were issued, with gold 20 lei (known as ''poli'' after the French [[Napoleon (coin)|Napoleon]]s) first minted the next year. These were followed, between 1870 and 1873, by silver 50 bani, 1 and 2 lei. Silver 5 lei were added in 1880. Uniquely, the 1867 issue used the spelling 1 ''banu'' rather than 1 ban.

In 1900, cupro-nickel 5, 10 and 20 bani coins were introduced, with holed versions following in 1905. The production of coins ceased in 1914, recommencing in 1921 with aluminium 25 and 50 bani pieces. Cupro-nickel 1 and 2 lei coins were introduced in 1924, followed by nickel brass 5, 10 and 20 lei in 1930. In 1932, silver 100 lei coins were issued. However, inflation meant that, in 1935, smaller silver 250 lei coins were introduced with nickel 100 lei coins being issued in 1936, followed by nickel 50 lei in 1937.

In 1941 and 1942, zinc 2, 5 and 20 lei coins were introduced, together with silver 200 and 500 lei. Nickel-clad-steel 100 lei followed in 1943, with brass 200 and 500 lei issued in 1945. In 1946 and 1947, a new coinage was issued consisting of aluminium 500 lei, brass 2000 and 10,000 lei, and silver 25,000 and 100,000 lei.

===King Carol I===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1867 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 1 banu
| 15 mm
|
| rowspan = 4 | copper
|
| rowspan = 4 | Value, wreath, year of minting
| rowspan = 4 | coat of arms
| rowspan = 4 | 1867
|
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[Image:Coin Romania 2 bani 1867.jpg|100px]]
| 2 bani
| 20 mm
|
|
|
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[Image:Coin Romania 5 bani 1867.jpg|125px]]
| 5 bani
| 25 mm
|
|
|
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[Image:10 Bani 1867 Proof.JPG|150px]]
| 10 bani
| 30 mm
|
|
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1872-1873 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|-
|
|1 leu
|23 mm
|5 g
| rowspan="2" |silver
|
|Value, wreath, year of minting
|''CAROL I DOMNUL ROMANIEI'' ''("Carol I, Lord of Romania")''
|1870
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[Image:Coin Romania 2 lei 1875.jpg|135px]]
| 2 lei
| 27 mm
| 10 g
|
| Value, wreath, ''ROMANIA''
| coat of arms, year of minting
| 1872
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1880 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 2 bani 1880.jpg|100px]]
| 2 bani
| 20 mm
|
| copper
|
| Value, year of minting, ''ROMANIA'', coat of arms
| ''CAROL I DOMNUL ROMANIEI'' ("Carol I, Lord of Romania")
| 1880
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1884 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romania !!L0.05 1884.jpg|125px]]
| 5 bani
| 25 mm
|
| copper
|
| Value, year of minting, ''ROMANIA'', coat of arms
| ''CAROL I REGE AL ROMANIEI'' ("Carol I, King of Romania")
| 1882
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 5 bani 1884.jpg|125px]]
| 2 bani
| 25 mm
|
| copper
|
| Value, year of minting, ''ROMANIA'', coat of arms
| ''CAROL I REGE AL ROMANIEI'' ("Carol I, King of Romania")
| 1882
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1900 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 ban 1900.jpg|75px]]
| 1 ban
| 15 mm
| 1 g
| rowspan=2 | copper 95%, tin 4%, zinc 1%
| rowspan=2 | Smooth
| rowspan=2 | Value, year of minting, ''ROMANIA'', coat of arms
| rowspan=2 | ''CAROL I REGE AL ROMANIEI'' ("Carol I, King of Romania")
| rowspan=2 | 1900
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 |
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 2 bani 1900.jpg|100px]]
| 2 bani
| 20 mm
| 2 g
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 5 bani
| 19 mm
| 3.5 g
| rowspan=3 | copper 75%, nickel 25%
| rowspan=3 |
| rowspan=3 | ''ROMANIA'', value
| rowspan=3 | Steel crown, wreath, year of minting
| rowspan=3 | 1900
| rowspan=3 |
| rowspan=3 |
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 10 bani 1900.jpg|110px]]
| 10 bani
| 22 mm
| 4.5 g
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 20 bani
| 25 mm
| 7 g
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 50 bani 1900.jpg|110px]]
| 50 bani
| 25 mm
| 2.5 g
| silver 83.5%
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1905 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027115943/http://geocities.com/romaniancoins Romanian coins gallery]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 5 bani 1906.jpg|95px]]
| 5 bani
| 19 mm
| 2.5 g
| rowspan=3 | [[Copper]] 75%, [[Nickel]] 25%
| rowspan=3 | Smooth
| rowspan=3 | Value, year of minting, two roses
| rowspan=3 | [[Steel Crown of Romania|Royal Crown]], state title on a ribbon
| rowspan=3 | 1905
| rowspan=3 |
| rowspan=3 |
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 10 bani 1905.jpg|110px]]
| 10 bani
| 22 mm
| 4 g
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 20 bani 1905.jpg|125px]]
| 20 bani
| 25 mm
| 7 g
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 1 leu
| 23 mm
| 5 g
| [[Silver]] 83.5%, [[Copper]] 16.5%
| rowspan=2 | Milled
| rowspan=2 | Value, "CAROL I DOMNUL ROMANIEI'' ("[[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]] [[Domnitor|Prince]] of Romania"), the effigy of Prince [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]]
| rowspan=2 | "1866 - 1906", "CAROL I REGE AL ROMANIEI" ("[[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]] [[King of the Romanians|King of Romania]]"), the effigy of the King
| rowspan=2 | 1906
| rowspan=2 |
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 5 lei
| 38 mm
| 25 g
| [[Silver]] 90%, [[Copper]] 10%
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1910 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 50 bani 1914.jpg|90px]]
| 50 bani
| 18 mm
| 2.5 g
| rowspan=3 | [[Silver]] 83.5%, [[Copper]] 16.5%
| rowspan=3 | Milled
| State title, value, year of minting, olive branch, [[Steel Crown of Romania|Royal Crown]]
| rowspan=3 | "CAROL I REGE AL ROMANIEI" ("[[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]] [[King of the Romanians|King of Romania]]"), the effigy of the King
| rowspan=3 | 1910
| rowspan=3 |
| rowspan=3 |
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romania !!L001 1910.jpg|115px]]
| 1 leu
| 23 mm
| 5 g
| rowspan=2 | State title, value, year of minting, peasant woman
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 2 lei 1914.jpg|135px]]
| 2 lei
| 27 mm
| 10 g
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

===King Ferdinand I===

The production of coins ceased in 1914, recommencing in 1921 with aluminium 25 and 50 bani pieces.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1921 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 25 bani 1921.jpg|95px]]
| 25 bani
| 19 mm
| 0.896 g
| rowspan=2 | [[Aluminium]]
| rowspan=2 | Smooth
| rowspan=2 | Value, [[Steel Crown of Romania|Royal Crown]]
| rowspan=2 | Eagle, state title, year of minting
| rowspan=2 | 1921
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 |
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 50 bani
| 21 mm
| 1.203 g
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

Cupro-nickel 1 and 2 lei coins were introduced in 1924, followed by nickel brass 10, 20 and 50 lei in 1930.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1924 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 leu 1924.jpg|105px]]
| 1 leu
| 21 mm
| 3.5 g
| rowspan=2 | [[Copper]] 75%, [[Nickel]] 25%
| rowspan=2 | Milled
| rowspan=2 | "BUN PENTRU 'VALUE'" ("Good for 'value'"), wheat wreath
| rowspan=2 | State title, [[Coat of arms of Romania|Middle coat of arms]], ***, year of minting, ***
| rowspan=2 | 1924
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 |
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 2 lei 1924.jpg|125px]]
| 2 lei
| 25 mm
| 7 g
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

===King Michael I (first reign)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1930 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-copper-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 5 lei 1930.jpg|105px]]
| 5 lei
| 21 mm
| 3.5 g
| rowspan=2 | [[Copper]] 79%, [[Zinc]] 20%, [[Nickel]] 1%
| rowspan=2 | Milled
| Value [[Coat of arms of Romania|Lesser coat of arms]], six five-pointed stars
| rowspan=2 | "MIHAI I REGELE ROMANIEI" ("[[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]] [[King of the Romanians|King of Romania]]"), effigy of the King, year of minting
| rowspan=2 | 1930
| rowspan=2 | most probably 1930
| rowspan=2 |
|- {{Coin-copper-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 20 lei
| 27 mm
| 7.5 g
| Value, group of dancing peasant women
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

===King Carol II===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1930 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-copper-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 10 lei 1930.jpg|115px]]
| 10 lei
| 23 mm
| 5 g
| rowspan=2 | [[Copper]] 79%, [[Zinc]] 20%, [[Nickel]] 1%
| rowspan=2 | Milled
| rowspan=2 | Value, the eagle from the [[Coat of arms of Romania|coat of arms]] wearing on the shield the [[Royal Cypher]] of King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]], effigy of the King, year of minting
| rowspan=2 | "CAROL II REGELE ROMANILOR" ("[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] [[King of the Romanians]]"), year of minting
| rowspan=2 | 1930
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 |
|- {{Coin-copper-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 20 lei 1930.jpg|135px]]
| 20 lei
| 27 mm
| 7.5 g
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

In 1932, silver 100 lei coins were issued. However, inflation meant that, in 1935, smaller silver 250 lei coins were introduced with nickel 100 lei coins being issued in 1936, followed by nickel 50 lei in 1937.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1932 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 100 lei
| 31 mm
| 14 g
| [[Silver]] 50%, [[Copper]] 40%, [[Zinc]] 5%, [[Nickel]] 5%
| rowspan=2 | Milled
| Value, the eagle from the [[Coat of arms of Romania|coat of arms]], laurel leaves
| rowspan=2 | "CAROL II REGELE ROMANILOR" ("[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] [[King of the Romanians]]"), effigy of the King, year of minting
| 1932
|
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 250 lei
| 29 mm
| 13.5 g
| [[Silver]] 75%, [[Copper]] 25%
| Value, the eagle from the [[Coat of arms of Romania|coat of arms]]
| 1935
|
|
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1936 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romania !!L050 1937.jpg|120px]]
| 50 lei
| 24 mm
| 5.83 g
| rowspan=2 | [[Nickel]] 97.5%
| rowspan=2 | Milled
| rowspan=2 | Value, the small shield from the [[Coat of arms of Romania|coat of arms]] timbered by the [[Steel Crown of Romania|Steel Crown]], laurel and oak leaves, year of minting
| "CAROL II REGELE ROMANILOR" ("[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] [[King of the Romanians]]"), portrait of the King wearing a parade military helmet
| 1937
|
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 100 lei 1936.jpg|135px]]
| 100 lei
| 27 mm
| 8.2 g
| "CAROL II REGELE ROMANILOR" ("[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] [[King of the Romanians]]"), effigy of the King
| 1936
|
|
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1941-1942 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 leu 1939.jpg|90px]]
| 1 leu
| 18 mm
| 2.75 g
| nickel-brass
| smooth
| maize, denomination
| royal crown, ''ROMANIA'', year of minting
| 1938-41
|
|
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

===King Michael I (second reign)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1941-1942 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 2 lei 1941.jpg|100px]]
| 2 lei
| 20 mm
| 3.2 g
| rowspan="3" | zinc
| rowspan="2" | smooth
| wreath, denomination
| rowspan="3" | "REGATUL ROMANIEI" ("[[Kingdom of Romania]]"), crown, year of minting
| 1941
|
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 5 lei 1942.jpg|115px]]
| 5 lei
| 23 mm
| 4.5 g
| oat sprigs, denomination
| 1942
|
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |[[File:Coin Romania 20 lei 1942.jpg|130px]]
| 20 lei
| 26 mm
| 6.0 g
| reeded
| wreath, denomination
| 1942-1944
|
|
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1942 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romanian coin 100 lei 1944.png|140px]]
| 100 lei
| 28 mm
| 8.2 g
| nickel clad steel
|
| rowspan="2" | wreath, crown on top, denomination in the middle
| rowspan="2" | "MIHAI I REGELE ROMANILOR" ("[[Michael I of Romania]] [[King of the Romanians]]"), effigy of the King
| 1943-1944
|
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 200 lei 1945.jpg|135px]]
| 200 lei
| 27 mm
| 7.5 g
| brass
|
| 1945
|
|
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1942 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 200 lei 1942.jpg|120px]]
| 200 lei
| 24 mm
| 6 g
| silver 0.835
|
|
| rowspan="5" | "MIHAI I REGELE ROMANILOR" ("[[Michael I of Romania]] [[King of the Romanians]]"), effigy of the King
| 1942
|
|
|-
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 250 lei 1941.jpg|150px]]
| 250 lei
| 30 mm
| 12 g
| silver 0.835
|
|
| 1941
|
|
|-
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 500 lei 1941.jpg|185px]]
| 500 lei
| 37 mm
| 12 g
| silver 0.835
| PRIN STATORNICIE LA IZBANDA +
| Kneeling [[Stephan the Great]] holding [[Putna Monastery]]; ''MOLDOVA LUI STEFAN IN VECI A ROMANIEI'' ("Stephen's Moldavia forever to belong to Romania")
| 1941
|
|
|-
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 500 lei 1944.jpg|130px]]
| 500 lei
| 32 mm
| 12 g
| silver 0.700
|
|
| 1944
|
|
|-
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 500 lei 1945.jpg|130px]]
| 500 lei
| 30 mm
| 10 g
| brass
|
|
| 1945
|
|
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | First Leu Coins – 1946-47 Series<ref name="Romanian coins gallery"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 500 lei 1946.jpg|120px]]
| 500 lei
| 24 mm
| 1.5 g
| aluminium
|
|
| rowspan="5" | "MIHAI I REGELE ROMANILOR" ("[[Michael I of Romania]] [[King of the Romanians]]"), effigy of the King
| 1946
| rowspan="5" | August 15, 1947
| rowspan="5" | August 15, 1947
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 2000 lei 1946.jpg|120px]]
| 2000 lei
| 24 mm
| 5.1 g
| brass
|
|
| 1946
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 10000 lei 1947.jpg|135px]]
| 10,000 lei
| 27 mm
| 10 g
| brass
|
|
| 1947
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 25000 lei 1946.jpg|160px]]
| 25,000 lei
| 32 mm
| 12.5 g
| silver 0.700
|
|
| 1946
|-
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romania coin 100000 lei 1946.jpg|185px]]
| 100,000 lei
| 37 mm
| 25 g
| silver 0.700
|
|
| 1946
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

==Second leu==
In 1947, coins were issued before the abdication of King [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]], in denominations of 50 bani, 1, 2 and 5 lei.

===King Michael I===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | Second Leu Coins – 1947 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 50 bani 1947.jpg|80px]]
| 50 bani
| 16 mm
| 1.7 g
| nickel-brass
|
| value
| "ROMANIA", crown, year of minting
| rowspan=4 | 15 August 1947
| rowspan=4 | 1948
| rowspan=4 | 1952
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 leu 1947.jpg|90px]]
| 1 leu
| 18 mm
| 2.5 g
| brass
|
| rowspan=2 | value, ears of wheat on the sides
| rowspan=2 | "ROMANIA", royal coat of arms, olive branches, year of minting
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 2 lei 1947.jpg|105px]]
| 2 lei
| 21 mm
| 3.5 g
| bronze
|
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 5 lei 1947.jpg|115px]]
| 5 lei
| 23 mm
| 1.5 g
| aluminium
|
| value, ears of wheat
| portrait of King Michael, "MIHAI I REGELE ROMANILOR", year of minting
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

===People's Republic of Romania===
After the creation of the [[People's Republic of Romania|People's Republic]], new coins were issued between 1948 and 1952, in denominations of 1, 2, 5 and 20 lei.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | Second Leu Coins – 1947 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 leu 1949.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan=2 | 1 leu
| rowspan=2 | 16 mm
| 1.83 g
| nickel-brass
| rowspan=6 |
| rowspan=4 | value, year of minting
| rowspan=2 | oil well, rising sun
| rowspan=6 | 1948
| rowspan=6 | 30 January 1952
| rowspan=6 | 1 February 1952
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 leu 1951.jpg|80px]]
| 0.61 g
| aluminium
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 2 lei 1951.jpg|90px]]
| rowspan=2 | 2 lei
| rowspan=2 | 18 mm
| 2.44 g
| nickel-brass
| rowspan=2 | corn cob
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 2 lei 1951 aluminium.jpg|90px]]
| 0.84 g
| aluminium
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 5 lei 1949.jpg|115px]]
| 5 lei
| 23 mm
| 3.5 g
| bronze
| olive wreath, value, year of minting
| coat of arms, "REPUBLICA POPULARA ROMANA"
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 20 lei
| 26 mm
| 1.5 g
| aluminium
| Blacksmith at work using a hammer and an anvil, factory in the background, value
| coat of arms, "REPUBLICA POPULARA ROMANA", year of minting
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

== Third leu ==

=== People's Republic of Romania ===

In 1952, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 25 bani, with the 1, 3 and 5 struck in aluminium bronze and the others in cupro-nickel. In 1955, cupro-nickel 50 bani were added.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | Third Leu Coins – 1952 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 ban 1952.jpg|80px]]
| 1 ban
| 16mm
| 1.0g
| rowspan = 3 | aluminium bronze
| rowspan = 6 | Smooth
| rowspan = 3 | Value, year of minting
| rowspan = 3 | [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]]
| rowspan = 5 | 28 January 1952
| rowspan = 6 | 1 January 1997
| rowspan = 6 | 16 January 1997
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 3 bani
| 18mm
| 2.0g
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 5 bani 1952.jpg|100px]]
| 5 bani
| 20mm
| 2.4g
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 10 bani 1956.jpg|85px]]
| 10 bani
| 17mm
| 1.8g
| rowspan = 3 | cupro-nickel
| rowspan = 2 | [[olive wreath]], year of minting, value
| rowspan = 2 | [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], ''Republica Populară Română'' (Romanian People's Republic) or ''Republica Populară Romînă''
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 25 bani 1952.jpg|110px]]
| 25 bani
| 22mm
| 3.6g
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 50 bani 1955.jpg|125px]]
| 50 bani
| 25mm
| 4.55g
| Blacksmith at work using a hammer and an anvil, factory in the background, value
| [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], ''Republica Populară Română'' (Romanian People's Republic), year of minting
| 1955
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

In 1960, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of 15 and 25 bani, with 5 bani, 1 and 3 lei coins added in 1963. All were struck in nickel-clad steel. In 1975, aluminium replaced steel in the 5 and 15 bani, with the same change happening for the 25 bani in 1982. Aluminium 5 lei were introduced in 1978.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | Third Leu Coins – 1960 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 5 bani
|
|
| rowspan = 5 | [[Nickel]]-plated [[steel]]
| rowspan = 4 | Smooth
| Value, year of minting
| rowspan = 5 | [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], ''Republica Populară Română'' (Romanian People's Republic), year of first minting
| rowspan = 3 | 1960
| rowspan = 5 | 1 January 1997
| rowspan = 5 | 16 January 1997
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 15 bani
|
|
| Value, olive leaves
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" |
| 25 bani
|
|
| Value, agricultural scene, weat
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 leu 1963.jpg|123px]]
| 1 leu
|
|
| Value, agricultural landscape; industrial elements in the background
| rowspan = 2 | 1963
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 3 lei 1963.jpg|135px]]
| 3 lei
|
|
|
| Value, industrial landscape
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

===Socialist Republic of Romania===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | Third Leu Coins – 1966 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !! rowspan="2" | Value !! colspan="3" | Technical parameters !! colspan="3" | Description !! colspan="3" | Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
|align="center" bgcolor="white"| [[File:Coin Romania 5 bani 1966.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan = 2 | 5 bani
| rowspan = 2 | 16mm
| 1.7g
| [[Nickel]]-plated [[steel]]
| rowspan = 7 | Smooth
| rowspan = 2 | Value, year of minting
| rowspan = 2 | [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]]
| 1 November 1966
| rowspan = 9 | 1 January 1997
| rowspan = 9 | 16 January 1997
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 5 bani 1975.jpg|80px]]
| 0.5g
| [[Aluminium]]
| 1975
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 15 bani 1966.jpg|98px]]
| rowspan = 2 | 15 bani
| rowspan = 2 | 19.5mm
| 2.88g
| [[Nickel]]-plated [[steel]]
| rowspan = 2 | Value, olive leaves
| rowspan = 7 | [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], ''Republica Socialistă România'' ("Socialist Republic of Romania"), year of first minting
| 1 November 1966
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 15 bani 1975.jpg|98px]]
| 1.0g
| [[Aluminium]]
| 1975
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 25 bani 1966.jpg|110px]]
| rowspan = 2 | 25 bani
| rowspan = 2 | 22mm
| 3.38g
| [[Nickel]]-plated [[steel]]
| rowspan = 2 | Value, agricultural scene, weat
| 1 November 1966
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 25 bani 1982.jpg|110px]]
| 1.3g
| [[Aluminium]]
| 1982
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 leu 1966.jpg|123px]]
| 1 leu
| 24.6mm
| 5.0g
| [[Nickel]]-plated [[steel]]
| Value, agricultural landscape; industrial elements in the background
| 1 November 1966
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 3 lei 1966.jpg|135px]]
| 3 lei
| 27mm
| 5.86g
| [[Nickel]]-plated [[steel]]
| rowspan = 2 | "~*~*"
| Value, industrial landscape
| 1 November 1966
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romanian coin 5 lei 1978.png|145px]]
| 5 lei
| 29mm
| 2.8g
| [[Aluminium]]
| Value, industrial scene
| 1978
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

===Post-Communist Romania===
Following the end of the communist regime, a new coinage was introduced between 1990 and 1992, consisting of 1 leu in bronze clad steel, 5 and 10 lei in nickel-plated steel, 20 and 50 lei in brass clad steel and nickel-plated steel 100 lei.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | Third Leu Coins – 1990 Series
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image !! rowspan="2" | Value !! colspan="3" | Technical parameters !! colspan="3" | Description !! colspan="3" | Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! first minting !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 leu 1992.jpg|95px]]
| align=right rowspan = 2 | {{nowrap|1 leu}}
| align=right rowspan = 2 | {{nowrap|19 mm}}
| align=right rowspan = 2 | {{nowrap|2.50 g}}
| rowspan = 2 | [[Copper]]-plated [[steel]]
| rowspan = 2 | Smooth
| Value, oak leaves, weat
| [[National Bank of Romania|Insignia of the National Bank]], state title, year of minting, oak leaves
| 1992
| ''1 July 2005''
| ''Indefinite''
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 1 leu 1993.jpg|95px]]
| Value, state title, weat
| [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], year of minting
| 1993
| 1 January 2007
| Indefinite
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 5 lei 1993.jpg|105px]]
| align=right | {{nowrap|5 lei}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|21 mm}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|3.35 g}}
| rowspan = 3 | [[Nickel]]-plated [[steel]]
| Smooth
| State Title, value, oak leaves
| [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], year of minting
| 1992
| rowspan = 3 | 1 July 2003
| rowspan = 3 | 1 July 2004
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 10 lei 1992.jpg|115px]]
| align=right rowspan = 2 | {{nowrap|10 lei}}
| align=right rowspan = 2 | {{nowrap|23 mm}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|4.65 g}}
| "~ ♦ ~ ♦ ~ ♦"
| Value, year of minting, olive leaves
| [[Flag of Romania|Flag]], state title,<br>"22 DECEMBRIE 1989"
| 1990
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 10 lei 1993.jpg|115px]]
| align=right | {{nowrap|5 g}}
| Smooth
| State title, value, olive leaves
| [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], year of minting
| 1992
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 20 lei 1993.jpg|120px]]
| align=right | {{nowrap|20 lei}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|24 mm}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|5 g}}
| rowspan = 2 | [[Brass]]-plated [[steel]]
| rowspan = 2 | Smooth
| Value, oak leaves, year of minting
| [[Stephen III of Moldavia|Ştefan cel Mare]], state title, "ŞTEFAN CEL MARE"
| 1991
| rowspan = 2 | 1 July 2003
| rowspan = 2 | 1 July 2004
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 50 lei 1996.jpg|130px]]
| align=right | {{nowrap|50 lei}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|26 mm}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|5.9 g}}
| Value, olive leaves, year of minting
| [[Alexander John Cuza|Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], state title, "ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA"
| 1991
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 100 lei 1993.jpg|145px]]
| align=right | {{nowrap|100 lei}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|29 mm}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|8.75 g}}
| [[Nickel]]-plated [[steel]]
| "ROMANIA *** ROMANIA *** ROMANIA ***"
| Value, oak leaves, olive leaves, year of minting
| [[Michael the Brave|Mihai Viteazul]], state title, "MIHAI VITEAZUL"
| 1991
| rowspan = "5"| 1 January 2007
| rowspan = "5"| Indefinite
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 500 lei 1999.jpg|120px]]
| align=right rowspan = "2"| {{nowrap|500 lei}}
| align=right rowspan = "2"| {{nowrap|24 mm}}
| align=right rowspan = "2"| {{nowrap|3.75 g}}
| rowspan = 4 | [[Magnesium]] - [[Aluminium]] [[alloy]] (AlMg<sub>3</sub>)
| rowspan = "2"| "ROMANIA ♦ ROMANIA ♦ ROMANIA ♦"
| State title, value, olive leaves
| [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], year of minting, olive leaves
| 15 March 1999
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Coin Romania 500 lei 1999 eclipsă.jpg|120px]]
| State title, value, [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], year of minting, a moon eclipsing the [[Sun]]
| "ECLIPSA TOTALǍ DE SOARE 11 AUGUST 1999", allegoric representation of the [[Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999|eclipse]], "'''99''"
| 11 August 1999
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romania !L1000 2001.jpg|110px]]
| align=right | {{nowrap|1,000 lei}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|22 mm}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|2 g}}
| Alternately smooth and milled
| State title, value, year of minting, [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]]
| [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]], years of rule, "CONSTANTIN BRANCOVEANU"
| 2000
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000" | [[File:l5000.jpg]]
| align=right | {{nowrap|5,000 lei}}
| align=right | {{nowrap|24 mm}}<br>[[dodecagonal]]
| align=right | {{nowrap|2.50 g}}
| Twelve smooth edges
| State title, value
| [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], year of minting, ornamental leaves
| 2001
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

As inflation took its toll, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 lei coins were introduced in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively, and were the only coins circulating when the revaluation occurred. They were all criticized for being clumsy and difficult to use. The 500 lei coins were very thick (about 0.3 cm). Despite their small value, it took only a handful of such coins to fill one's pocket. They were also made of poor material and could be occasionally found with bite marks. The 1000 lei coin was considered too small and was also cheaply made, and the 5000 lei coin was not circular (it was a [[dodecagon]]). This made it awkward to handle and difficult to use in slot machines, where it was frequently the only coin accepted. The 500, 1,000 and 5,000 lei coins became worth 5, 10 and 50 bani with the revaluation.

== Fourth leu ==
In 2005, the following coins were introduced for circulation:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="11" | New Leu Coins (2005 series)
|-
! rowspan="2" | Image
! rowspan="2" | Value
! colspan="4" | Technical parameters
! colspan="3" | Description
! colspan="2" | Date of
|-
! Diameter
! Thickness
! Mass
! Composition
! Edge
! Obverse
! Reverse
! first minting
! issue
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romania L0.01 2013.jpg|84px]]
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} align=right | {{nowrap|[[One ban|1 b]]}}
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} align=right | 16.75 mm
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} align=right | 1.6 mm
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} align=right | 2.4 g
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Brass-plated steel
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Smooth
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], state title, year of minting
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Value
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 2005
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 1 July 2005
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romania L0.05 2008.jpg|91px]]
| {{Coin-copper-color}} align=right | {{nowrap|[[Five bani|5 b]]}}
| {{Coin-copper-color}} align=right | 18.25 mm
| {{Coin-copper-color}} align=right | 1.6 mm
| {{Coin-copper-color}} align=right | 2.8 g
| {{Coin-copper-color}} | Copper-plated steel
| {{Coin-copper-color}} | Milled (102 reeds)
| {{Coin-copper-color}} | [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], state title, year of minting
| {{Coin-copper-color}} | Value
| {{Coin-copper-color}} | 2005
| {{Coin-copper-color}} | 1 July 2005
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romania L0.10 2013.jpg|103px]]
| {{Coin-silver-color}} align=right | {{nowrap|[[Ten bani|10 b]]}}
| {{Coin-silver-color}} align=right | 20.50 mm
| {{Coin-silver-color}} align=right | 1.8 mm
| {{Coin-silver-color}} align=right | 4.0 g
| {{Coin-silver-color}} | Nickel-plated steel
| {{Coin-silver-color}} | Alternately smooth and milled (3 groups of 20 reeds)
| {{Coin-silver-color}} | [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], state title, year of minting
| {{Coin-silver-color}} | Value
| {{Coin-silver-color}} | 2005
| {{Coin-silver-color}} | 1 July 2005
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="white" | [[File:Romania L0.50 2012.jpg|119px]]
| rowspan="6" align="right" {{Coin-yellow-color}} | {{nowrap|[[Fifty bani|50 b]]}}
| rowspan="6" align="right" {{Coin-yellow-color}} | {{nowrap|23.75 mm}}
| rowspan="6" align="right" {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 1.9 mm
| rowspan="6" align="right" {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 6.1 g
| rowspan="6" {{Coin-yellow-color}} | [[Brass]]<br/>80% [[copper]]<br/>15% [[zinc]]<br/>5% [[nickel]]
| rowspan="6" {{Coin-yellow-color}} | "ROMANIA * ROMANIA *"
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], state title, year of minting
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Value
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 2005
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 1 July 2005
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000" | [[File:050ron AurelVlaicu 2010.png|160px]]
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | [[Aurel Vlaicu]], 1910 (year of first Romanian flight), years of birth and death of Aurel Vlaicu
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Value, [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], state title, year of minting
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 2010
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 25 October 2010
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000" | [[File:50 de bani - Mircea cel Bătrân - 2011.JPG|160px]]
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Value, [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], state title, year of minting, [[Cozia Monastery]]
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea cel Bătrân]], 1386-1418 (years of reign)
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 2011
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 12 September 2011
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000" | [[File:50 de bani - Neagoe Basarab (2012).jpg|165px]]
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Value, "ROMANIA", year of issue "2012", [[Curtea de Argeș Cathedral|Curtea de Argeş monastery]] church in section, [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]]
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Portrait of [[Neagoe Basarab]], [[Curtea de Argeș Cathedral|Curtea de Argeș church]], "1512", "BISERICA MANASTIRII CURTEA DE ARGES" "NEAGOE BASARAB"
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 2012
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 25 June 2012
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000" | [[File:50 de bani - Vladislav I Vlaicu (2014).jpg|165px]]
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Value, "ROMANIA", year of issue "2014", a composition representing [[:ro:Biserica Domnească din Curtea de Argeș|St. Nicholas Princely Church in Curtea de Argeş]]
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Portrait of Prince [[Vladislav I of Wallachia|Vladislav I Vlaicu]], the obverse and the reverse of a ducat that he issued, the inscriptions “VLADISLAV I VLAICU” and “1364” (the year of his ascent to the throne of Wallachia)
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 2014
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 28 April 2014
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000" |[[File:Moneda_50_bani_denominare.jpg|centre|frameless|155x155px]]
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | Value, "ROMANIA", year of issue "2015", [[Coat of arms of Romania|Coat of arms]], in the background a continuous five row inscription of the text: "BNR50"
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | The Old Palace of the Romanian National Bank, the inscriptions "10 ANI", "DENOMINAREA MONEDEI NATIONALE" and "2005" the year of the denomination.
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 2015
| {{Coin-yellow-color}} | 1 July 2015
|-
| colspan="11" | {{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Romanian currency and coinage}}

[[Category:Coins of Romania| ]]
[[Category:Lists of coins|Romanian leu]]

Pușcă Automată model 1986

2017-07-02T00:09:35Z

Ayceman: /* Carbine version */ Name clarification

{{more footnotes|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox weapon
|name=Pușcă Automată model 1986
| image= PA md.86 with AG-40 grenade launcher.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption=The Pmd. 86 with [[AG-40]] grenade launcher.
|origin=[[Socialist Republic of Romania]]
|type=[[Assault rifle]]

|is_ranged=Yes

|service=1986–present
|used_by=[[Romania]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}
|wars=Peacekeeping missions in Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan.{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}

|designer=Romtechnica
|design_date=1986
|manufacturer=[[ROMARM]] via Regia Autonomă pentru producţia de Tehnică Militară (RATMIL), Cugir
|unit_cost=
|production_date=1986–present
|number=
|variants=

|weight={{convert|3.69|kg|lb|2|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|943|mm|in|abbr=on}} stock extended / {{convert|748|mm|in|abbr=on}} stock folded
|part_length={{convert|432|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|width=
|height=
|diameter=

|cartridge=[[5.45×39mm]]
|caliber=5.45 mm
|action=[[Gas-operated reloading|Gas-actuated]], [[rotating bolt]]
|rate=700 rounds/min
|velocity={{convert|880|m/s|0|abbr=on}}
|range=100 to 1,000 m sight adjustments
|max_range=
|feed=30-round detachable [[box magazine]]
|sights=Rear sight notch sight on sliding tangent, front post
}}

The '''Pușcă Automată model 1986''' (Automatic Rifle Model 1986, abbreviated ''PA md. 86'' or simply ''md. 86'') is the standard [[assault rifle]] used by the [[Romanian Army|Romanian Military Forces]] and manufactured in [[Cugir]], [[Romania]] by the [[ROMARM]] firm, located in [[Bucharest]]. The export name for this variant is the '''AIMS-74'''.<ref>http://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=935</ref>

==History==
As the [[Soviet Union]] switched from the [[7.62×39mm]] caliber [[AKM]] to the [[5.45×39mm]] caliber [[AK-74]], it encouraged other nations of the [[Warsaw Pact]] to follow suit.

By the mid 80s, [[Romania]] decided to switch calibers, however it was decided that the new rifle would be developed independently, and not represent a clone of the Soviet AK-74. In doing so, the '''PA md. 86''' has several anachronistic AKM elements that were found only on the prototype Soviet AK-74.

==Features==
The most easily recognized AKM feature is the gas block design (45 degree versus 90 degree). Incidentally, although the gas block is purely AKM, the gas vent in the barrel did change to a 90-degree design to minimize bullet shearing (a problem with early Soviet AK-74s with 45-degree gas blocks). This means the Romanian PA md. 86 has a double-angle gas port, which makes it much harder to clean the gas vent. This variant also uses the AK-47 rear [[trunnion]], and thus the siderail is lengthened.

It uses either a "bird cage" [[flash suppressor]], or a flash hider (designed for Special Forces). The design also incorporates an upward-curved charging handle, a wire side-folding stock (based on the East German design, but offset slightly to the left), and a traditional vertical handgrip. The '''md. 86''' use [[laminated wood]] lower handguards, and [[Bakelite]] pistol grips and upper handguards. None of the components have had any polymer versions.

The [[AG-40]] [[grenade launcher]] can be attached as a lower handguard after removing the standard one. Lasers/lights can also be clamped to the barrel in two ways. The rifle is one of only a few AK versions that have a 3-round burst option. The selector markings are as follows, from top to bottom: ∞, 1, 3. Only ribbed [[steel]] magazines are used.

Combat divers also use a version with straight handguards, as the forward grip is considered to be cumbersome for amphibious operations.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

==Variants==
===Carbine version===
This rifle also has a rarely seen short-barrel version, '''PM md. 94''' (''model 94 submachinegun''), where the front sight is placed on the gas block, with the gas tube being shortened. This version uses straight laminated wood handguards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://romarm.ro/product/pistol-mitraliera-calibru-5-45x39mm/|title=Pistol-mitraliera calibru 5.45x39mm - Romarm|date=2014-05-07|work=Romarm|access-date=2017-07-02|language=ro-RO}}</ref>

===Civilian variants===
The 5.45×39mm civilian export versions are: Romak 992, Romak 2, Intrac Mk II, CUR-2, WUM-2, SAR 2, and the WASR 2 which is the current production rifle. The WASR 2 does not have a dimpled receiver, unlike previous models.

===5.45 mm RPK===
The RPK version of the md. 86 is called the '''md. 93'''. It features a long reinforced receiver, a carry handle, and a bipod. An earlier, short-lived version used a fire control group similar to the 7.62 mm md. 64, "''Safe – Auto – Single''". The md. 93 changed this to the md. 86 style "''Safe – Auto – Single – Burst''".

==See also==
*[[Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965]]
*[[List of assault rifles]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|PA md. 86 of the Romanian Armed Forces}}

* ''[http://www.avtomats-in-action.com/pro19.html Tantal's Avtomats in Action]''.
* ''[http://www.mapn.ro/fotodb/ MApN (Ministry of National Defence) Photo Gallery]''
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20071217041453/http://www.arms.home.ro/arms/cugir1/pag/1.html SC Fabrica de Arme Cugir SA - Arms Factory - md. 86 Assault Rifle]''
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132154/http://www.arms.home.ro/arms/cugir1/pag/2.html SC Fabrica de Arme Cugir SA - Arms Factory - md. 86 Carbine]''

{{AK47 derivatives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pusca Automata Model 1986}}
[[Category:Assault rifles]]
[[Category:Kalashnikov derivatives]]
[[Category:Weapons of Romania]]

User talk:Ayceman

2017-05-07T22:42:18Z

Ayceman:

== Greetings! ==

Hello and welcome to wikipedia! I have noticed your interested in Romanian Armed Forces - related articles. As a coordinator of the [[WP:MILHIST|Military history WikiProject]] and creator of the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Romanian military history task force|Romanian Military history task force]] I invite you to join both our project and task force. Thanks and best regards, --[[User:Eurocopter|Eurocopter]] ([[User talk:Eurocopter|talk]]) 20:43, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

== Welcome to Milhist! ==

<div class="plainlinks" style="margin: 0.5em; border: 2px lightsteelblue solid; background: whitesmoke; padding: 1em;" >
[[Image:Waricon.svg|right|48px|]]
Hi, and welcome to the [[WP:MILHIST|Military history WikiProject]]! As you may have guessed, we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to military history.

A few features that you might find helpful:

* Our [[Template:WPMILHIST Navigation|navigation box]] points to most of the useful pages within the project.
* The [[Template:WPMILHIST Announcements|announcement and open task box]] is updated very frequently. You can [{{fullurl:Template:WPMILHIST Announcements|action=watch}} watchlist it] if you are interested, or you can add it directly to your user page by copying the following: {{tl|WPMILHIST Announcements}}.
* Important discussions take place on the project's [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history|main discussion page]]; it is highly recommended that you [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|action=watch}} watchlist it].
* The project has several [[WP:MILHIST#Structure|departments]], which handle [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Assessment|article quality assessment]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Review|detailed article and content review]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Contest|writing contests]], and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Logistics|article logistics]].
* We have a number of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Task forces|task forces]] that focus on specific topics, nations, periods, and conflicts.
* We've developed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Style guide|style guide]] that covers article structure and content, template use, categorization, and many other issues of interest.
* If you're looking for something to work on, there are many [[:Category:Military history articles needing attention|articles that need attention]], as well as a number of [[Template:WPMILHIST Review alerts|review alerts]] and [[Template:WPMILHIST Copy-editing alerts|copy-editing alerts]].
* The project has a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Hotline|stress hotline]] available for your use.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask any of the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Coordinators|project coordinators]] or any other experienced member of the project, and we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome, and we are looking forward to seeing you around! — [[User:Roger Davies|<span style="color:maroon; font-variant:small-caps">'''Roger Davies'''</span>]] <sup>[[User talk:Roger Davies|'''talk''']]</sup> 18:18, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
</div>

==Diacritic correction==

If I may make a couple of observations about your diacritics correction project:

*1) I fully agree we should do what ro.wiki did, only it should be done carefully.
*2) You've moved 5 pages, and corrected diacritics on a few others. Fine, but many thousands remain, and unless I underestimate your stamina, we'll need a bot to do most of the work.
*3) Ergo, wouldn't it be wise to stop moving and correcting manually until we can be sure we have a bot ready to do most of the work? - [[User:Biruitorul|Biruitorul]] <small><sup>[[User talk:Biruitorul|Talk]]</sup></small> 19:39, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

==Neo-Latin==
In your additions regarding the Romanian pronunciation of Latin in the article [[New Latin]], what did you mean by / c / (in the row showing pronunciations of Classical "ch")? If you were referring to the allophone [ kʲ ] of / k /, then it shouldn't be in the chart, which is only supposed to document primary phonemes. On the other hand, it does seem that Romanian sometimes uses / h / to represent Classical ''ch'' (e.g. in words like ''tehnologia'' = technologia, ''branhie'' = branchiæ, and ''trahee'' = trachea). I also find I'm also puzzled by your characterization of ''sc'' before front vowels as either / stʃ / or / sk /. What are some examples of the / sk / pronunciation?

Btw, based on your data, the Romanian pronunciation doesn't look "intermediate", but rather clearly Western -- the defining characteristic being the treatment of ''g''. In fact it looks rather like a mixture of Italian and French Latin.[[User:RandomCritic|RandomCritic]] ([[User talk:RandomCritic|talk]]) 20:31, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

== WikiProject Romania ==
{{WikiProject Romania Invitation}} --[[User:Codrinb|Codrin.B]] ([[User talk:Codrinb|talk]]) 03:55, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

== Articole ARCA ==
Multumesc pentru contributiile la articolele despre ARCA [[User:Dragos muresan|Dragos muresan]] ([[User talk:Dragos muresan|talk]]) 02:56, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

== ''The Bugle'': Issue CXXXII, April 2017 ==

{| style="width: 100%;"
| valign="top" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" |
{|
| [[File:The Bugle.png|250px|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News|alt=Full front page of The Bugle]]
| width="100%" valign="top" | <div style="text-align: center; color: darkslategray;">'''Your Military History Newsletter'''</div>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* Project news: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/April 2017/Project news|From the editors; awards and honours; contest results]]''
* Articles: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/April 2017/Articles|Last month's new featured and A-class content]]''
* Book review: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/April 2017/Book reviews|Nick-D and Hawkeye7 look at air power and nuclear weaponry]]''
* Op-ed: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/April 2017/Op-ed|Hawkeye7 on Australia's part in the advance on the Hindenburg Line]]''
* Timeline: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/April 2017/World War I timeline|This month in World War I]]''
</div>
|-
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: 85%; margin:0 auto; text-align:center;">
''The Bugle'' is published by the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]]. To receive it on your talk page, please [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Members|join the project]] or sign up [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3#Non-members who want delivery|here]].<br/>If you are a project member who does not want delivery, please remove your name from [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3|this page]]. Your editors, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) and [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 23:50, 8 April 2017 (UTC)
</div>


== ''The Bugle'': Issue CXXXIII, May 2017 ==

{| style="width: 100%;"
| valign="top" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" |
{|
| [[File:The Bugle.png|250px|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News|alt=Full front page of The Bugle]]
| width="100%" valign="top" | <div style="text-align: center; color: darkslategray;">'''Your Military History Newsletter'''</div>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* Project news: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2017/Project news|From the editors; awards and honours; contest results]]''
* Articles: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2017/Articles|Last month's new featured and A-class content]]''
* Book review: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2017/Book reviews|Hawkeye7 on Strategic Air Command doctrine]]''
* Op-ed: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2017/Op-ed|Tomstar81 looks at a little-known aspect of World War I]]''
* Timeline: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2017/World War I timeline|This month in World War I]]''
</div>
|-
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: 85%; margin:0 auto; text-align:center;">
''The Bugle'' is published by the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]]. To receive it on your talk page, please [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Members|join the project]] or sign up [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3#Non-members who want delivery|here]].<br/>If you are a project member who does not want delivery, please remove your name from [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3|this page]]. Your editors, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) and [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 03:02, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
</div>

List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

2017-05-07T21:44:11Z

Ayceman: Undid revision 775120858 by محمد عبد الكريم عبد الله (talk)

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=September 2015}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=September 2015}}
}}

This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been '''continuously inhabited'''. The age claims listed are generally disputed. Differences in opinion can result from different definitions of "[[city]]" as well as "continuously inhabited" and historical evidence is often disputed. Caveats (and sources) to the validity of each claim are discussed in the "Notes" column.

==World==
Several cities listed here, which are over 5000 years old, popularly claim to be '''"the oldest city in the world"'''.
*[[Argos]], [[Greece]] (6th–5th millennium BC)
*[[Athens]], Greece (5th–4th millennium BC)
*[[Byblos]], [[Lebanon]] (3000 BC)
*[[Damascus]], [[Syria]] (3rd millennium BC)
*[[Luxor]], [[Egypt]] (3200 BC)
*[[Jericho]], [[West Bank]] (3000 BC or earlier)
*[[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]] (3000 BC)
*[[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]] (3000 BC)

==Africa==

===Northern and the Horn===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited since
! class="unsortable" |Notes


|- style="display:none;"
|!a||!a||!a||−9e99
|- style="display:none;"
|~z||~z||~z|| 9e99
|
|-
| [[Luxor]] (as ''Waset'', better known by its Greek name ''[[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]'')|| [[Ancient Egypt]]
| [[Egypt]]
| {{Hs|-3200}} c. 3200 BC
| First established as capital of [[Upper Egypt]], Thebes later became the religious capital of the nation until its decline in the Roman period.
|-
| [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]]
| [[Carthage]]
| [[Tunisia]]
| {{Hs|-814}} c. 814 BC
| Founded by the [[Phoenicia]]ns in 814 BC.<ref name="Moscati2001654">{{cite book|author=Sabatino Moscati|title=The Phoenicians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EEtmT9Tbj4C&pg=PA654|date=January 2001|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-533-4|page=654}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tripoli]] (as ''Oea'')
|
| [[Libya]]
| {{Hs|-700}} c. 700 BC
|Founded in the 7th century BC, by the [[Phoenicia]]ns.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GcmEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 Anthony R. Birley, ''Septimus Severus''] Routledge 2002 ISBN 978-1-134-70746-1), p. 2</ref>
|-
| [[Constantine]] (as ''Cirta'')
|
| [[Algeria]]
| {{Hs|-600}} c. 600 BC
|Founded in the 6th century BC, by the [[Phoenicia]]ns.<ref>[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_(Alg%C3%A9rie)#P.C3.A9riode_antique ]</ref>
|-
| [[Benghazi]] (as ''Euesperides'')
| [[Cyrenaica]]
| [[Libya]]
| {{Hs|-525}} c. 525 BC
| Founded in the 5th century BC, by the [[Greeks|Greek]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Economou, Maria |date=August 1993|url=http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V1N4/economou.html |title=Euesperides: A Devastated Site|publisher=Digital Library and Archives, [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]]|accessdate= 6 February 2009}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tangier]]
|[[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]]
|[[Morocco]]
|c. 500 BC
|Founded by the Carthageans, later chief city of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Province of [[Mauretania Tingitana]].
|-
| [[Axum]]
| [[Kingdom of Axum]]
| [[Ethiopia]]
| {{Hs|-400 !}} c. 400 BC
| Ancient capital of the Kingdom of Axum.
|-
| [[Berbera]]
| [[Barbara (region)|Bilad al-Barbar]]
| [[Somalia]]
| {{Hs|-400 !}} c. 400 BC
| The city was described as 800 stadia beyond the city of the Avalites, described in the eighth chapter of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which was written by a Greek merchant in the 1st century AD.
|-
| [[Alexandria]]
| [[Ancient Egypt]]
| [[Egypt]]
| {{Hs|-332 !}}332 BC
|Founded by [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/culture/historic_africa.html|title=Historic cities – Africa|date=|publisher=City Mayors|accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mogadishu]]
| [[Barbara (region)|Bilad al-Barbar]]
| [[Somalia]]
| {{Hs|-200 !}} c. 200 BC
| Successor of the ancient trading power of [[Sarapion]].
|-
| [[Djenné-Jeno]]
|
| [[Mali]]
| {{Hs|-200 !}} c. 200 BC
|One of the oldest known cities in [[sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last2=McIntosh|first2=Roderick J.|title=Jenne-jeno, an ancient African city|url=http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500|publisher=Rice University Anthropology|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}|last1=McIntosh|first1=Susan Keech}}</ref>
|-
| [[Old Cairo]]
| [[Egypt]]
|
| {{Hs|100 !}} c. 100
|Babylon Fortress moved to its current location in the reign of [[Emperor Trajan]], forming the core of Old or Coptic Cairo{{unreliable source?|date=September 2015}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/babylon.htm|title=Fort Babylon In Cairo|date=|publisher=Touregypt.net|accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zeila|Zeila/Avalite]]
| [[Barbara (region)|Bilad al-Barbar]]
| [[Somalia]]
| {{Hs|-400 !}} c. 1st century AD
| Major trading city in the [[Horn of Africa]].
|-
| [[Kismayo]]
| [[Barbara (region)|Bilad al-Barbar]], after the 13th century part of the [[Ajuran Sultanate|Ajuran Empre]]
| [[Somalia]]
| {{Hs|100 !}} 4th century
| The Kismayo area was originally a small fishing settlement and expanded to a major trading city on the Somali coast.<ref name="Cassanelli">Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600–1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p. 75.</ref>
|-
| [[Fes]] (as ''[[Fes-al-Bali]]'')
|
| [[Morocco]]
| {{Hs|789 !}}789
|Founded as the new capital of the [[Idrisid Dynasty]].<ref>"Fes". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 3 March 2007</ref>
|-
| [[Marrakesh]] (''Murakuc'')
|
| [[Morocco]]
| {{Hs|1070 !}}1070
|Founded by the [[Almoravid Dynasty]].{{unreliable source?|date=September 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moroccanembassylondon.org.uk/en/Beauty%20Spots%20and%20Monuments.html|title=Embassy of The Kingdom of Morocco in London|date=|publisher=Moroccanembassylondon.org.uk|accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref>
|}

===Sub-Saharan===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited since
! class="unsortable" |Notes


|- style="display:none;"
|!a||!a||!a||−9e99
|- style="display:none;"
|~z||~z||~z|| 9e99
|-
| [[Benin City|Igodomigodo]]
| [[Kingdom of Benin]]
| [[Nigeria]]
| {{Hs|-400 !}} c. 400 BC
| City of Benin, the oldest cities in Nigeria.
|-
| [[Lagos]]
| [[Benin Empire|Kingdom of Benin]]
| [[Nigeria]]
| 16th Century
| Initially established as a war camp for soldiers from the Kingdom of Benin.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Slavery and the Birth of an African City|last=Mann|first=Kristin|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ife]]
| [[Osun State]]
| {{Hs|Nig}} [[Nigeria]]
| {{Hs|-350 !}} c. 350 BC
| Earliest traces of habitation date to the 4th century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ife/hd_ife.htm |title=Ife (from ca. 350 B.C.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date= |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kano]]
| [[Kano State]]
| [[Nigeria]]
| 11th century
| The foundation for the construction of Kano City Walls was laid by Sakri Gijimasu from 1095 – 1134, and was completed in the middle of 14th Century during the reign of Zamnagawa.<ref>http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5171/</ref>
|-
| [[Zanzibar]]
| [[Swahili Coast]]
| [[Tanzania]]
| 1st–3rd centuries
| A Greco-Roman text between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, the [[Periplus of the Erythraean]] Sea, mentioned the island of Menuthias ([[Ancient Greek]]: Μενουθιάς), which is probably [[Unguja]], an island suburb of the city.
|-
| [[Sofala]]
| [[Swahili Coast]]
| [[Mozambique]]
| {{Hs|900 !}} c. 700
| One of the oldest harbours documented in [[Southern Africa]].
|-
| [[Pate Island|Pate]]
| [[Swahili Coast]]
| [[Kenya]]
| 8th century
| According to the [[Pate Chronicle]], the town of Pate was founded by refugees from [[Oman]] in the 8th century.
|-
| [[Mombasa]]
| [[Swahili Coast]]
| [[Kenya]]
| 900 AD
| The strategic location of this historical Swahili trading centre has seen it fall under the control of many countries.
|-
| [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]]
| [[Swahili Coast]]
| [[Comoros]]
| 10th century
| Founded by Arabic settlers, possibly during the 10th century, as the capital of a [[sultanate]] connected commercially to [[Zanzibar]] in [[Tanzania]].
|-
| [[Malindi]]
| [[Swahili Coast]]
| [[Kenya]]
| 13th–14th centuries
| Once rivaled only by [[Mombasa]] for dominance in this part of East Africa, it was first referenced in writing by Abu al-Fida (1273–1331), a Kurdish geographer and historian.
|-
| [[Lamu]]
| [[Swahili Coast]]
| [[Kenya]]
| 1370
| One of the original Swahili settlements along coastal East Africa and is the best preserved Swahili town being a [[UNESCO]] site, first attested in writing by an Arab traveller Abu-al-Mahasini, who met a judge from Lamu visiting [[Mecca]] in 1441.
|-
| [[Quelimane]]
| [[Swahili Coast]]
| [[Mozambique]]
| 1400 AD
| One of the oldest towns in the region, one tradition says that [[Vasco da Gama]], in 1498, enquired about the name of the place from workers in the fields outside the settlement.
|-
| [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]]
| [[Swahili Coast]]
| [[Tanzania]]
| 1500
| The earliest documentation about Tanga roots from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] who established a trading post as part of their East African coastal territory and controlled the region for over 200 years between 1500 and 1700.
|-
| [[Cape Town]]
| [[Dutch Cape Colony]]
| [[South Africa]]
| 1652
| Founded by Dutch settlers from [[Dutch East India Company]] and is the oldest city in South Africa.
|-
| [[Kumasi]]
| [[Ashanti Empire]]
| [[Ghana]]
| c. 1680
| Founded as Akan village and capital of the Kumaseman State, later becoming capital of Ashanti Empire.
|}

==Americas==
{{Further information|List of cities in the Americas by year of foundation}}

===North America===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited since
! class="unsortable" |Notes


|- style="display:none;"
|||||!a||−9e99
|.
|~z||~z||~z|| 9e99
|-
| [[Cholula, Puebla|Cholula]]
| Old [[Cholula (Mesoamerican site)|Cholula]]
| [[Mexico]]
| {{Hs|-150 !}}~2nd century BC
| [[Cholula (Mesoamerican site)|Pre-Columbian Cholula]] grew from a small village to a regional center during the 7th century. Oldest still-inhabited city in the Americas.
|-
| [[Oraibi, Arizona]]
| [[Puebloan peoples]]
|US
|~1100
|
|-
| [[Acoma Pueblo]]
| [[Puebloan peoples]]
|US
|~1200
|
|-
| [[Mexico City]]
| [[Mexica|Mexica culture]]
| Mexico
| 1325
| Founded as twin cities [[Tenochtitlan|Tenōchtitlān]] (1325) and [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlāltelōlco]] (1337) by the [[Mexica]]. Name changed to Ciudad de México (Mexico City) after the Spanish conquest of the city in 1521. Several other [[pre-Columbian]] towns such as [[Azcapotzalco]], [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]], [[Xochimilco]] and [[Coyoacán]] have been engulfed by the still growing metropolis and are now part of modern Mexico City. Oldest capital city in the Americas.
|-
| [[Santo Domingo]]
| [[New Spain]]
| [[Dominican Republic]]
| 1496
| Oldest European settlement in the New World.
|-
| [[Panama City]]
| Cueva Civilisation. After European colonisation: [[New Spain]]
| [[Panama]]
| 15th century<ref name=PANAMA>Arango, J.; Durán, F.; Martín, J.G.; Arroyo, S. (Eds.). Panamá Viejo. De la aldea a la urbe. Patronato Panamá Viejo, Panamá, 2007.</ref>
|Oldest European settlement on the Pacific.
|-
| [[Flores, El Petén|Flores]]
| [[Maya civilisation]], then [[New Spain]]
| [[Guatemala]]
| 1st millennium BC<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gámez, Laura |year=2007 |title=Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores |volume=XX, 2006 |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía) |pages=259–260, 269 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |accessdate=2016-11-29 |language=es}}</ref>
|Formerly [[Nojpetén]], the capital of the Itza kingdom, it has been occupied continuously since prehispanic times.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gámez, Laura |year=2007 |title=Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores |volume=XX, 2006 |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía) |pages=258–259 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |accessdate=2016-11-29 |language=es}}</ref> Earliest archaeological traces date back to 900–600 BC, with major expansion of the settlement occurring around 250–400 AD.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gámez, Laura |year=2007 |title=Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores |volume=XX, 2006 |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía) |page=261 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |accessdate=2016-11-29 |language=es}}</ref> Ethnohistoric documents claim the founding of Nojpetén in the mid-15th century AD.<ref name="Rice2009">{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M. |year=2009 |chapter=The Kowoj in Geopolitical-Ritual Perspective |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |page=43|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}</ref>
|-
| [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
| [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]]
| [[Puerto Rico]]
| 1508
| Oldest continuously inhabited city in a [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|US territory]].
|-
| [[Nombre de Dios, Colón]]
| [[New Spain]]
| [[Panama]]
| 1510
| Oldest European settlement on the mainlands of the Americas.
|-
| [[Baracoa]]
| [[New Spain]]
| [[Cuba]]
| 1511
| Oldest European settlement in Cuba.
|-
| [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Vera Cruz]]
| New Spain
| Mexico
| 1519
| Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement continental America.
|-
| [[St. Augustine, Florida]]
| New Spain
| US
| 1565
| Oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city of the current 50 U.S. states; oldest city in state of [[Florida]].
|-
| [[Havana]]
| New Spain
| Cuba
| 1592
| Oldest major city in Cuba, granted city status in 1592 by [[Philip II of Spain]].
|-
| [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]]
| New Spain
| US
| 1607
| Oldest continuously inhabited state or territorial capital in the continental United States.
|-
| [[Quebec City]]
| [[New France]]
| Canada
| 1608
| Second oldest city in Canada and oldest French-speaking city in the Americas.
|-
| [[Albany, New York]]
| [[New Netherlands]]
| US
| 1614
| Followed by [[Jersey City, New Jersey]] (Communipaw) in 1617 and New York City (as [[New Amsterdam]]) in [[Governors Island|1624]] or 1625. (Note: While there was an abandonment in 1617 or 1618 of the Albany settlement, it was re-established within a few years; also, the Jersey City settlement was a [[factorij]] or trading post in the 1610s and did not become a "homestead" ([[Bowery|bouwerij]]) until the 1630s. Settlements in [[New Netherlands]] sometimes moved around in the early years.)
|-
| [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]]
| [[Plymouth Colony]]
| US
| 1620
| Fourth oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city in the United States<ref name = "ContinuousSantaFe">[[Santa Fe, New Mexico]], which is sometimes cited for this, was abandoned due to Indian raiding from 1680 to 1692, and its inhabitants did not succeed in living in the area continuously until after 1692.
</ref>
|-
| [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]]
| [[Newfoundland Colony]]
| [[Canada]]
| Incorporated in 1883; inhabited continuously since sometime after 1630.
| Some claims to being the oldest city in Canada.
|-
| [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]]
| New France
| Canada
| 1631
| Oldest incorporated city in Canada.
|-
| [[Trois-Rivières]]
| New France
| Canada
| 1634
| Fourth oldest city in Canada.
|-
| [[Montreal]]
| New France
| Canada
| 1642
| Fifth oldest city in Canada.
|-
| [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan]]
| New France
| US
| 1668
| Oldest European-founded city in the Midwestern United States and third oldest US city west of the Appalachian Mountains.
|-
| [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]
| New France
| US
| 1701
| First European settlement above tidewater in North America.
|-
| [[Winnipeg]]
| [[British America]]
| Canada
| 1738
| Founded as [[Fort Rouge (fortification)|Fort Rouge]]. Oldest city in the [[Canadian Prairies]].
|-
| [[San Diego]]
| New Spain
| US
| 1769
| Birthplace of [[California]] and oldest city on the West Coast of the United States.
|-
| [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]
| [[British North America]]
| Canada
| 1843
| Oldest city on the West Coast of Canada.
|}

===South America===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited since
! class="unsortable" |Notes


|- style="display:none;"
|!a||!a||!a||−9e99
|- style="display:none;"
|~z||~z||~z|| 9e99
|-
| [[Quito]]
| [[Quitu culture]]
| [[Ecuador]]
|980
|Quito's origins date back to 2000 BC,{{Dubious|date=July 2014}} when the [[Quitu]] tribe occupied the area.
|-
| [[Cusco]]
| [[Inca Empire]]
| [[Peru]]
|c. 1100{{dubious|date=September 2015}}
|The ''[[Killke culture|Killke]]'' occupied the region from 900 to 1200, prior to the arrival of the ''[[Incas]]'' in the 13th century. Carbon-14 dating of [[Saksaywaman]], the walled complex outside Cusco, has demonstrated that the ''Killke'' culture constructed the fortress about 1100.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080331-inca-temple.html Kelly Hearn, "Ancient Temple Discovered Among Inca Ruins"], ''National Geographic News'', 31 March 2008, accessed 12 January 2010</ref>
|-
| [[Cumaná]]
| [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]]
| [[Venezuela]]
| 1515
| Oldest continuously-inhabited, European-established settlement in the continent.
|-
| [[Santa Marta]]
| [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]]
| [[Colombia]]
| 1525
| Oldest still-inhabited city founded by Spaniards in Colombia.
|-
| [[São Vicente, São Paulo]]
| [[Governorate General of Brazil]]
| [[Brazil]]
| 1532
| First Portuguese settlement in South America.
|-
| [[Cali]]
| [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]]
| [[Colombia]]
| 1536
| On 25 July 1536 Belalcázar founded Santiago de Cali, first established a few kilometres north of the present location, near what are now the towns of Vijes and Riofrío.
|-
| [[Lima]]
| [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]]
| [[Peru]]
| 1535
| Second oldest continuously inhabited European-settled capital city in South America.
|-
| [[Piura]]
| [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]]
| [[Peru]]
| 1532
| Oldest European-founded city in Peru.<ref>Marzal, M. (1996). Historia de la antropología indigenista: México y Perú. Ed. Anthropos, Extremadura</ref>
|-
| [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]
| [[Captaincy General of Chile]]
| [[Chile]]
| 1541
| Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in [[Chile]].
|-
| [[Santiago del Estero]]
| [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata|Río de la Plata]]
| [[Argentina]]
| 1553
| Oldest continuously inhabited city in [[Argentina]].
|}

==Asia==

===Central and Southern===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited since
! class="unsortable" |Notes



|-
| [[Kanchipuram]]
| [[Pallava dynasty]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|{{Hs|-600 !}} ~ 300 AD
|Kanchipuram or Kachchi is the Great city in beginning of 8th century but continuously surviving. Today,it is the city with more than 2 lak people.
|-

|-
| [[Varanasi]]
| [[Benares State|Kashi]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|{{Hs|-600 !}} 1800 BC
|Recent excavations at Aktha and Ramnagar, two sites very near to Varanasi, show them to be from 1800 BC.
|-
| [[Balkh]] (as ''Bactra'')
| [[Bactria]]
|{{Hs|Afg}}[[Balkh Province]], [[Afghanistan]]
|{{Hs|-1500 !}} 1500 BC{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
|
|-
| [[Samarkand|Samarqand]]
| [[Sogdiana]]
| [[Uzbekistan]]
|{{Hs|-700 !}} 700 BC{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
|-
| [[Ujjain]]
| [[Malwa]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| {{Hs|-600 !}} c. 600 BC.<ref name="Trudy_2012">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA835 |title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places |page=835 |editor1=Trudy Ring |editor2=Noelle Watson |editor3=Paul Schellinger |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=9781136639791}}</ref>
| Rose to prominence in ca 600 BC as capital of [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]].
|-
|Rajagriha ([[Rajgir]])
| [[Magadha]]
| {{Hs|Ind}}[[Bihar]], India
| {{Hs|-600 !}} 600 BC{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
|-
| [[Vaisali]]
| [[Magadha]]
| {{Hs|Ind}}[[Bihar]], India
| {{Hs|-500 !}} 500 BC{{unreliable source?|date=September 2015}}<ref name="irows.ucr.edu">[http://irows.ucr.edu/cd/courses/compciv/citypops4000.txt Irows.ucr.edu]</ref>
|
|-
| [[Patna]]
| [[Magadha]]
| {{Hs|Ind}}[[Bihar]], India
| {{Hs|-450 !}} 5th century BC<ref>{{cite web|title=Pataliputra|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/446536/Patna#ref268618|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=30 January 2011}}</ref>||| As Pataliputra was founded by [[Ajatashatru]].
|-

|-
| [[Tiruvannamalai]]
| [[Pallava dynasty]] or [[Hoysala Empire]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| {{Hs|800 !}}9th c. AD ?
|The recorded history of the town dates back to the ninth century, as seen from a Chola inscriptions in the temple.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_Historical%20Moments.htm |title=Tiruvannamali Historical moments |year=2011 |accessdate=2012-12-29 |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191523/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_Historical%20Moments.htm |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Southern Circle|page=5 |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Epigraphy |year=1903 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=Madras |isbn=|ref=harv}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dacca]]
| [[Dhaka]]
| [[Bangladesh]]
|7th Century
|-
| [[Anuradhapura]]
| [[Kingdom of Rajarata]]
| [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central Province]], Sri Lanka
| {{Hs|-300 !}} 4th century BC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/200|title=Sacred City of Anuradhapura|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Madurai]]
| [[Pandyan Kingdom]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]],India
|at least 3rd century BC
| [[Megasthenes]] may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BCE, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William. P|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0810-2|pages=30–36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&pg=PA36}}</ref> The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city of [[Mathura]], as it was a large and established city in the [[Mauryan Dynasty|Mauryan Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, Ca. 150 BCE-100 CE|first=Sonya Rhie |last=Quintanilla|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA2|isbn= 90-04-15537-6|p=2}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Peshawar]]
| [[Gandhara]]
|{{Hs|Pak}}[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]
|{{Hs|-350 !}} c. 2nd century BC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1056890|title=Ruins of 2,000-year-old city found near Peshawar}}</ref>
|Ongoing excavations in the [[Gor Khuttree]] region have uncovered evidence of the earliest building in the city.
|-
| [[Bamyan, Afghanistan|Bamyan]]
| [[Bactria]]
|{{Hs|Afg}}[[Bamyan Province]], [[Afghanistan]]
|{{Hs|- 1st century AD !}} 1st century AD
|
|-
| [[Kathmandu]]-[[Patan, Lalitpur]]
| [[Nepal]]
| [[Kathmandu]] valley, [[Nepal]]
| {{Hs|- 2nd century AD !}} c. 2nd century AD
|The epigraphically attested history of Kathmandu valley begins in the 2nd century.
|}

===Eastern===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited since
! class="unsortable" |Notes


|- style="display:none;"
|!a||!a||!a||−9e99
|- style="display:none;"
|~z||~z||~z|| 9e99
|-
| [[Luoyang]] (as ''Xibo, Luoyi, Zhongguo, Henan, Dongdu, Shendu'')
| [[Shang dynasty|Shang Dynasty]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} [[Henan]], China
| {{Hs|-1600 !}} c. 1600 BC
|
|-
| [[Xi'an]] (as ''Haojing, Fenghao, Chang'an, Jingzhao, Daxing'')
| [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou Dynasty]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} [[Shaanxi]], China
| {{Hs|-1100 !}} c. 1100 BC
|
|-
| [[Handan]]
| [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} [[Hebei]], China
| {{Hs|-1080 !}} c. 1080 BC
|
|-
| [[History of Beijing|Beijing]] (as ''Ji, Youzhou, Fanyang, Yanjing, Zhongdu, Dadu)
| [[Ji (state)|Ji]], [[Yan (state)|Yan]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} [[Beijing]], China
| {{Hs|-1000 !}} c. 1045 BC
| [[List of Paleolithic sites in China|Paleolithic]] ''[[homo sapiens]]'' lived in the caves from about 27,000 to 10,000 years ago.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian]</ref>
|-
| [[Zibo]] (as ''Yingqiu, Linzi, Qiling, Zichuan, Boping'')
| [[Qi (state)|Qi]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} [[Shandong]], China
| {{Hs|-1045 !}} c. 1045 BC
| The Lord of Qi, Jiang Ziya, set the capital of his manor at Yingqiu(营丘), which is today's Linzi District.
|-
| [[Jingzhou]] (as ''Jinan, Yingdu, Jiangling, Jingsha, Nanjun'')
| [[Chu (state)|Chu]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} [[Hubei]], China
| {{Hs|-689 !}} c. 689 BC
|
|-
| [[Hefei]] (as ''Luyi, Ruyin, Luzhou, Hezhou, Lujiang'')
| [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou Dynasty]]
| {{Hs|Chi}}[[Anhui]], China
| {{Hs|-650 !}} c. 650 BC
| The Viscount of Lu was asked to set the capital of his manor at Luyi(庐邑), which is in the north of today's downtown Hefei.
|-
| [[Suzhou]] (as ''Gusu, Wu, Pingjiang'')
| [[Wu (state)|Wu]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} [[Jiangsu]], China
| {{Hs|-514 !}}514 BC
|
|-
| [[Taiyuan]] (as ''Jinyang'')
| [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]]
| {{Hs|Chi}}[[Shanxi]], China
| {{Hs|-497 !}} c. 497 BC
|
|-
| [[Nanjing]] (as ''Yecheng, Moling, Jianye, Jiankang, Jinling, Yingtian, Jiangning'')
| [[Wu (state)|Wu]]
| {{Hs|Chi}}[[Jiangsu]], China
| {{Hs|-495 !}} c. 495 BC
| [[Fu Chai]], Lord of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area.
|-
| [[Chengdu]]
| [[Shu (state)|Shu]]
| {{Hs|Chi}}[[Sichuan]], China
| {{Hs|-400 !}} c. 400 BC
| The 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
|-
| [[Changsha]] (as ''Linxiang, Xiangzhou, Tanzhou, Tianlin'')
| [[Chu (state)|Chu]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} [[Hunan]], China
| {{Hs|-365 !}} c. 365 BC
|
|-
| [[Kaifeng]] (as ''Daliang, Bianzhou, Dongjing, Bianjing'')
| [[Wei (state)|Wei]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} }[[Henan]], China
| {{Hs|-364 !}} c. 364 BC
| The State of Wei founded a city called Daliang (大梁）as its capital in this area.
|-
| [[Liaoyang]] (as ''Xiangping, Changping, Liaodong, Pingzhou, Liaozhou, Dongdu, Dongjing'')
| [[Yan (state)|Yan]]
| {{Hs|Chi}} [[Liaoning]], China
| {{Hs|-279 !}} c. 279 BC
|
|-
| [[Guangzhou]] (as ''Panyu'')
| [[Qin dynasty|Qin Dynasty]]
| {{Hs|Chi}}[[Guangdong]], China
| {{Hs|-214 !}}214 BC{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}
|
|-
| [[Hangzhou]] (as ''Lin'an, Yuhang, Qiantang'')
| [[Qin dynasty|Qin Dynasty]]
| {{Hs|Chi}}[[Zhejiang]], China
| {{Hs|-200 !}} c. 200 BC
| The city of Hangzhou was founded about 2,200 years ago during the Qin Dynasty.
|-
| [[Pyongyang|Pyeongyang]] (as ''[[Wanggeom-seong]]'')
| [[Gojoseon]]
| [[North Korea]]
| 194 BC
| Built as the capital city of Gojoseon in 194 BC.
|-
| [[Gyeongju]]
| [[Silla]]
| [[South Korea]]
| 57 BC
| Built as the capital city of Silla in 57 BC.
|-
| [[Seoul]] (as ''[[Wiryeseong]]'')
| [[Baekje|Baekjae]]
| [[South Korea]]
| 18 BC
| Built as the capital city of Baekjae in 18 BC.
|-
| [[Osaka]] (as ''Naniwa'')
| [[Japan]]
| [[Japan]]
| C. 400 AD
| It was inhabited as early at the 6th–5th centuries BC, and became a port city during the [[Kofun period]]. It temporarily served as the capital of Japan from 645 to 655.
|-
| [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] (as ''[[Heijō-kyō]]'')
| [[Japan]]
| [[Japan]]
| 710 AD
| Built as a new capital city in 710.
|-
| [[Kyoto]] (as ''[[Heian-kyō]]'', and sometimes known in the west as ''Miyako'')
| [[Japan]]
| [[Japan]]
| 794 AD
| [[Shimogamo Shrine]] was built in the 6th century, but the city was officially founded as Heian-kyō when it became the capital in 794.
|}

===Southeastern===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited since
! class="unsortable" |Notes


|- style="display:none;"
|!a||!a||!a||−9e99
|- style="display:none;"
|~z||~z||~z|| 9e99
|-
| [[Hanoi]]
| [[Jiaozhou (region)|Jiaozhou]]
| [[Vietnam]]
| 454 AD
| First mentioned as Tống Bình in 454 AD, the Đại La citadel was built in 767 during the reign of [[Emperor Daizong of Tang]]; [[Ly Cong Uan]] renamed it Thăng Long in 1010.
|-
| [[Palembang]]
| [[Srivijaya]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| {{Hs|600 !}} c. 600 AD
| Oldest city in the Malay Archipelago, capital of the [[Srivijaya]] empire.
|-
| [[Luang Prabang]]
| [[Muang Sua]]
| [[Laos]]
| {{Hs|600 !}} 698 AD
|-
| [[Siem Reap]]
| [[Khmer Empire]]
| [[Cambodia]]
| {{Hs|800 !}} 801 AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://angkornationalmuseum.com/ |title=Angkor National Museum website |publisher=Angkornationalmuseum.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref>|| Capital of the [[Khmer Empire]].
|-
| [[Bagan]]
| [[Kingdom of Pagan]]
| [[Myanmar]]
| {{Hs|800 !}} 849 AD.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21578171-why-investors-still-need-proceed-caution-promiseand-pitfalls Business: The promise—and the pitfalls]</ref>
|
|-
| [[Manila]]
| [[Kingdom of Tondo]] and [[Kingdom of Maynila]]
| [[Philippines]]
| {{Hs|900 !}}900 AD<ref name=pdi>{{cite news|title=Expert on past dies; 82 |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081021-167699/Expert-on-past-dies-82 |work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |publisher= |date=2008-10-21 |accessdate=2008-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024114447/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081021-167699/Expert-on-past-dies-82 |archivedate=2008-10-24 |df= }}</ref>
| Oldest known settlement in the Philippines as documented by the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]]; when the [[Spanish people|Spanish]], led by [[Miguel Lopez de Legazpi]], arrived, it was still inhabited and led by at least one [[Rajah Lakan Dula|datu]].
|-
| [[Magelang]]
| [[Mataram Kingdom]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| {{Hs|900 !}}907 AD
| Magelang was established on 11 April 907. Magelang was then known as a village called Mantyasih, which is now known as Meteseh.<ref>According to a local act number 6 (1989){{nonspecific|date=February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]
| Kingdom of Po-ni and [[Bruneian Empire]]
| [[Brunei]]
| {{Hs|900 !}} 977 AD<ref>{{Cite book
|last=History for Brunei
|title=History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past
|year=2009|publisher=Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education
|isbn=99917-2-372-2
|ref=harv
}}</ref>
||Oldest city in [[Borneo]].
|-
| [[Butuan]]
| [[Kingdom of Butuan]]
| [[Philippines]]
| {{Hs|1000 !}} 1001 AD<ref>{{cite web|title=Timeline of history |url=http://valoable1.webs.com/timelineofhistory.htm |accessdate=2009-10-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123061819/http://valoable1.webs.com/timelineofhistory.htm |archivedate=2009-11-23 |df= }}</ref><ref>[[William Henry Scott (historian)|Scott, William]] ''Prehispanic Source Materials: For the Study of Philippine History'', p. 66</ref>
| Oldest city in [[Mindanao]].
|-
| [[Yangon]]
| [[Konbaung Dynasty]]
| [[Myanmar]]
| {{Hs|600 !}} 1043 AD<ref>Founded during the reign of King Pontarika, per {{cite book |title=Legendary History of Burma and Arakan |year=1882 |author=Charles James Forbes Smith-Forbes |publisher=The Government Press |page=20}}; the king's reign was 1028 to 1043 per {{cite book |last = Harvey|first = G. E.|title = History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year = 1925|location = London |page=368}}</ref>
| Yangon was founded as [[Dagon Township|Dagon]] in the early 11th century (''circa'' 1028–1043) by the [[Mon people|Mon]] but was renamed to "Yangon" after [[Alaungpaya|King Alaungpaya]] conquered Dagon.
|-
| [[Kediri, East Java|Kediri]]
| [[Kediri Kingdom]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| {{Hs|600 !}} 1042 AD<ref>{{cite book |last =Bullough |first =Nigel|title =Historic East Java: Remains in Stone|publisher =ADLine Communications|edition =Indonesian 50th independence day commemorative| date=1995 |location =Jakarta|page =19 |editor= Mujiyono PH}}</ref>
| Along with changes in name, it is essentially a union of the two capitals of [[Kediri Kingdom|Panjalu]] Kingdom and [[Janggala]] Kingdom. The settlements are always interspersed along both banks of [[Brantas]] River. Administratively, the Government of [[Indonesia]] divides Kediri into two political entities, [[Kediri Regency]] and the Town of [[Kediri, East Java|Kediri]] which is located in the middle of the regency. Nevertheless, archaeological remains exist beyond administrative boundaries and settlements often spread disregarding administrative boundaries between both entities.
|-
| [[Singapore]]
| [[Kingdom of Singapura]]
| [[Singapore]]
| {{Hs|1100 !}} 1170 AD<ref>{{citation
|last1 = Abdul Rahman
|first1 = Haji Ismail
|last2 = Abdullah Zakaria
|first2 = Ghazali
|last3 = Zulkanain
|first3 = Abdul Rahman
|title = A New Date on the Establishment of Melaka Malay Sultanate Discovered
|url = http://www.iksep.gov.my/images/pdf/hasil_kajian_penyelidikan_melaka.pdf
|publisher = Institut Kajian Sejarah dan Patriotisme ( Institute of Historical Research and Patriotism )
|year = 2011
|accessdate = 2012-11-04
}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Banda Aceh]]
| [[Aceh Sultanate]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| 1205 AD
|
Originally named Kutaraja, which means "City of the King".
|-
| [[Surabaya]]
| [[Singhasari]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| 1293 AD
|
Derived its name from the words "suro" (shark) and "boyo" (crocodile), two creatures which are in a local myth.<ref name="Irwan Rouf & Shenia Ananda 60">{{cite book|title=Rangkuman 100 Cerita Rakyat Indonesia dari Sabang sampai Merauke: Asal Usul Nama Kota Surabaya|author1=Irwan Rouf |author2=Shenia Ananda |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=MediaKita|language=Indonesian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPJqcwuSOUkC&pg=PA64&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=60|isbn=9786029003826|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Muar (town)|Muar]]
| [[Majapahit]]
| [[Malaysia]]
| 1361 AD<ref>The story is recorded in JMBRAS magazine, October 1935, Volume XIII Part 2, page 15 to 16.</ref>
|
|-
| [[Phnom Penh]]
| [[Khmer Empire]]
| [[Cambodia]]
| 1372 AD<ref>Peace of Angkor [http://www.peaceofangkorweb.com/PhnomPenh.htm Phnom Penh]. Retrieved July 27, 2007.</ref>
|
|-
| [[Malacca City|Malacca]]
| [[Malacca Sultanate]]
| [[Malaysia]]
| {{Hs|900 !}} 1396 AD<ref>{{Cite book
|last=History for Malaysia
|title=Melaka from the Top
|year=2010|publisher=De Witt, Dennis
|isbn=978-983-43519-2-2
|ref=harv
}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Hội An]]
| [[Nguyễn dynasty]]
| [[Vietnam]]
| 14th century<ref>Spencer Tucker, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WZry2NaH2_sC&lpg=PA22&dq=Antonio%20de%20Faria%20Faifo&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q=Antonio%20de%20Faria%20Faifo&f=false "Vietnam"], University Press of Kentucky, 1999, ISBN 0-8131-0966-3, p. 22</ref>
|
|-
| [[Bogor]]
| [[Sunda Kingdom]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| 1482 AD
|
|-
| [[Teluk Intan]]
| [[Perak|Perak Sultanate]]
| [[Malaysia]]
| 1511 AD<ref name="ReferenceA">''History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani'', Ibrahim Syukri, ISBN 0-89680-123-3</ref>
|
|-
| [[Pattani, Thailand|Pattani]]
| [[Pattani Kingdom]]
| [[Thailand]]
| 1516 AD<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|
|-
| [[Jakarta]]
| [[Demak Sultanate]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| 1527 AD <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |title=History of Jakarta |work=BeritaJakarta |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820052725/http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |archivedate=2011-08-20 |df= }}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Medan]]
| [[Sultanate of Deli]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| 1590 AD<ref>{{cite web|title=Guru Patimpus: The Ancestor and Founder of Medan|url=http://iqbalrahdika.blogspot.com/2008/12/guru-patimpus-ancestors-of-medan.html|publisher=iqbalrahdika|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Oudong]]
| [[Dark ages of Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia]]
| [[Cambodia]]
| 1601 AD
|
|-
| [[Makassar]]
| [[Sultanate of Gowa]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| 1607 AD
|
|-
| [[Klang (city)|Klang]]
| [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]]-[[Riau Sultanate|Riau]] Sultanate
| [[Malaysia]]
| {{Hs|900 !}} 1643 AD<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=%22Raja+Mahdi%22+klang&source=bl&ots=92zRG_PJcT&sig=HOpbucIIZz_IQniEkhkgxdUm2Mg&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22Raja%20Mahdi%22%20klang&f=false |title=A History of Malaysia – Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.au |date= |accessdate=2013-09-17}}</ref>
| Klang remained under [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]]'s control until 1742.
|-
| [[Bangkok]]
| [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]]
| [[Thailand]]
| {{Hs|900 !}} 1688 AD<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Beeck|first=Steve|title=The Chao Phya, River in Transition|year=1995|page=39}} Quoted in {{cite web|title=History of Ayutthaya: Historical events: Timeline 1500–1599|url=http://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Historical_Events15.html|work=ayutthaya-history.com|publisher=Ayutthaya Historical Research|accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref>
| Modern Bangkok was built after the [[Siege of Bangkok]] from French imperialists.
|-
| [[Alor Setar]]
| [[Kedah Sultanate]]
| [[Malaysia]]
| 1735 AD<ref>{{cite book|author1=Simon Richmond|author2=Damian Harper|title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Ediz. Inglese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9a02sRJKFhMC&pg=PA200|date=December 2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-708-1|pages=200–}}</ref>
|
Founded in 1735 by Kedah's 19th Ruler, [[Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II]] and is the state's eighth administrative centre since the establishment of the Kedah Sultanate in 1136.
|-
| [[Dili]]
| [[Portuguese Timor]]
| [[East Timor]]
| {{Hs|900 !}} 1769 AD<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief History of Timor-Leste |work=Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor-Leste |publisher=Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste |year=2006 |url=http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029065300/http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm |archivedate=2008-10-29}}; {{cite web |author=A. Barbedo de Magalhães |title=Population Settlements in East Timor and Indonesia |work=University of Coimbra website |publisher=University of Coimbra |date=October 24, 1994 |url=http://www.uc.pt/timor/CURSO1A.HTM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211082817/http://www.uc.pt/timor/CURSO1A.HTM |archivedate=2007-02-11}}</ref>
| Dili was settled about 1520 by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], who made it the capital of [[Portuguese Timor]] in 1769.
|-
| [[George Town, Penang|George Town]]
| [[Straits Settlements]]
| [[Malaysia]]
| {{Hs|900 !}} 1786 AD<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328997/Sir-James-Lancaster|title=Sir James Lancaster (English merchant) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref>
| Founded by Sir Captain [[Francis Light]] after the [[Penang]] was ceded from [[Sultanate of Kedah|Kedah]] to [[British Colony]].
|}

===Western===
Continuous habitation since the [[Chalcolithic]] (or [[Copper Age]]) is vaguely possible but highly problematic to prove archaeologically for several [[Levant]]ine cities ([[Damascus]], [[Byblos]], [[Aleppo]], [[Jericho]], [[Sidon]] and [[Beirut]]).

Cities became more common outside the [[Fertile Crescent]] with the [[Early Iron Age]] from about 1100 BC. The foundation of Rome in 753 BC is conventionally taken as one of the dates initiating [[Classical Antiquity]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited as a "city" since
! class="unsortable" |Notes


|- style="display:none;"
|!a||!a||!a||−9e99
|- style="display:none;"
|~z||~z||~z|| 9e99
|-
| [[Damascus]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Syria]]
|data-sort-value="-9000"| [[Chalcolithic]] 3rd millennium BC<ref name="whc.unesco.org">[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/20], Ancient City of Damascus – UNESCO</ref>
|Damascus is often claimed to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. Excavations at Tell Ramad on the outskirts of the city have demonstrated that the general area was inhabited as early as 9000 BC. However, it is not documented as an important city until the arrival of the [[Aramaeans]].<ref name="whc.unesco.org"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Burns|first=Ross|title=Damascus: A History|year=2007|edition=New|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-41317-6|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xTs77Ft6FXQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Damascus+inhabited+continuously#v=onepage&q=continuously&f=false|page=2}}</ref>
|-
| [[Byblos]] (Jubayl)
| [[Levant]]
| [[Lebanon]]
|data-sort-value="-3000"| [[Chalcolithic]] (3000 BC)<ref name="byblos1">{{cite book |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |last1=Dumper |first1=Michael |last2=Stanley |first2=Bruce E. |last3= Abu-Lughod |first3=Janet L. |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1-57607-919-8 |page=104 |quote=Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C. |url=https://books.google.com/?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA104&dq=byblos+continually+inhabited |accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Mark |first = Joshua J. |title = Ancient History Encyclopedia |chapter = Byblos |year = 2009 |url = http://www.ancient.eu/Byblos/}}</ref>
|Settled from the Neolithic (carbon-dating tests have set the age of earliest settlement around 7000<ref>{{cite book |last = Ciasca |first = Antonia |editor= Sabatino Moscati |title = The Phoenicians |year = 2001 |publisher = I.B.Tauris |isbn = 1-85043-533-2 |page = 170 |chapter = Phoenicia}}</ref>), a city since the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lorenzo Nigro|authorlink1=Lorenzo Nigro|editor1-last=Nigro|editor1-first=Lorenzo|title=Byblos and Jericho in the early bronze I : social dynamics and cultural interactions : proceedings of the international workshop held in Rome on March 6th 2007 by Rome "La Sapienza" University|date=2007|publisher=Università di Roma "La Sapienza"|isbn=978-88-88438-06-1|page=35|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NfAWQoiLQwEC&pg=PA81&dq=byblos&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiO683poJDSAhWsI8AKHYloBwUQ6AEIGjAA#v=snippet&q=byblos%20millenium&f=false|accessdate=17 February 2017|chapter=Aside the spring: Byblos and Jericho from village to town}}</ref><ref name="byblos1"/> Byblos had a reputation as the "oldest city in the world" in Antiquity (according to [[Philo of Byblos]]).
|-

| [[Susa|Susa (Shush)]]
| [[Khuzestan]]
| [[Iran]]
|data-sort-value="-4200"|4200 BC
|Archaeological excavations indicate that the site has been inhabited since at least 5000 BC.<ref name="liviussusa">{{cite web|author=Jona Lendering|title=Susa|url=http://www.livius.org/su-sz/susa/susa00.html|date=2009-07-24|work=Livius|location=Amsterdam}}</ref> The emergence of [[acropolis]] in [[Susa]] is determined by C14 dating from 4395–3955 BC,<ref>{{cite book|author=Daniel T. Potts|title=Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA45|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York|pages=45–46|isbn=9780521564960|oclc=51240487}}</ref> roughly dated about 4200 BC as time of foundation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul A. Tucci |author2=Mathew T. Rosenberg |title=Handy Geography Answer Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzUpZd_D1cUC&pg=PA92|year=2009|page=92|publisher=Visible Ink Press|location=Detroit|isbn=9781578592159|oclc=262886502}}</ref> Susa was a large city during Ancient and Medieval periods, but marginalized in the 13th century<ref name="liviussusa"/> due to Mongol invasion. The city further degraded from the 15th century when a majority of its population moved to [[Dezful]] and it remained as a [[Shush, Iran|small settlement]] until the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Streck, [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]]|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], San-Sze|volume=IX|year=1997|pages=898–899|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004104228}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gaziantep]]
| [[Anatolia]]
|data-sort-value="Turkey"| [[Southeastern Anatolia Region|Southeastern Anatolia]], [[Turkey]]
|data-sort-value="-3650"|c. 3650 BC<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/picturegalleries/6242644/The-worlds-oldest-cities.html?image=11 The world's oldest cities], telegraph.co.uk</ref>
|Although most modern scholars place the Classical [[Antiochia ad Taurum]] at Gaziantep, some maintain that it was located at Aleppo. Furthermore, that the two cities occupy the same site is far from established fact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/gaziantep.htm|title=Gaziantep|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref> Assuming this to be the case, the founding date of the present site would be about 1000 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lexicorient.com/e.o/gaziantp.htm|title=Gaziantep – LookLex Encyclopaedia|author=Tore Kjeilen|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jericho]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[West Bank]]
|data-sort-value="-3000"| [[Chalcolithic]] (3000 BC or earlier)
|Traces of habitation from 9000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last = Gates |first = Charles |title = Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome |year = 2003 |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 0-415-01895-1 |page = 18 |chapter = Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Aegean Cities |quote = Jericho, in the Jordan River Valley in Israel, inhabited from ca. 9000 BC to the present day, offers important evidence for the earliest permanent settlements in the Near East.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Martell |first = Hazel Mary |title = The Kingfisher Book of the Ancient World: From the Ice Age to the Fall of Rome |year = 2001 |publisher = Kingfisher Publications |isbn = 0-7534-5397-5 |page = 18 |chapter = The Fertile Crescent |quote = People first settled there from around 9000 B.C., and by 8000 B.C., the community was organised enough to build a stone wall to defend the city.}}</ref> Fortifications date to 6800 BC (or earlier), making Jericho the earliest known walled city.<ref>Michal Strutin, ''Discovering Natural Israel'' (2001), p. 4.</ref>
Archaeological evidence indicates that the city was destroyed and abandoned several times (sometimes remaining uninhabited for hundreds of years at a time), with later rebuilding and expansion.<ref>{{cite book |last = Ryan |first = Donald P. |title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Lost Civilizations |year = 1999 |publisher = Alpha Books |isbn = 0-02-862954-X |page = 137 |chapter = Digging up the Bible |quote = The city was walled during much of its history and the evidence indicates that it was abandoned several times, and later expanded and rebuilt several times.}}</ref><ref>Kenneth Kitchen, "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Eerdmans 2003), pp. 187</ref>
|-
| [[Rey, Iran|Rey]]
| [[Median Empire|Media]]
| [[Iran]]
|data-sort-value="-3000"|3000 BC<ref name="Rayy">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492588/Rayy "Rayy", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']</ref>
|A settlement at the site goes back to the 3rd millennium BC. Rey (also Ray or Rayy) is mentioned in the [[Avesta]] (an important text of prayers in [[Zoroastrianism]]) as a sacred place, and it is also featured in the [[book of Tobit]].<ref name="Rayy"/>
|-
| [[Beirut]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Lebanon]]
|data-sort-value="-3000"|3000 BC<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E2D9103EF930A15751C0A961958260|title=Under Beirut's Rubble, Remnants of 5,000 Years of Civilization|date=23 February 1997|publisher=|accessdate=7 April 2016}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Jerusalem (Old City)]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Israel]]/[[West Bank]]
|data-sort-value="-2800"|2800 BC<ref name=freedman2000>{{cite book|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |last=Freedman |first=David Noel |publisher= Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=0-8028-2400-5 |date=2000-01-01 |pages=694–695}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Lebanon]]
|data-sort-value="-2750"|2750 BC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tyros.leb.net/tyre/|title=Tyre (Sour) City, Lebanon|author=Аli Кhadra|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Jenin]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[West Bank]]
|data-sort-value="-2450"|c. 2450 BC<ref name="for about years – Google">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=ar&rlz=1T4GGLJ_arJO412JO412&sa=X&ei=7sH8TbPjIMqZ8QOzmfSpCQ&ved=0CBYQBSgA&q=for+about+years&spell=1&biw=1259&bih=795|title=for about years – Google|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|Jenin's history goes back to 2450 BC, when it was built by the [[Canaanites]]. After 1244, Jenin flourished economically because of its location on the trade route, until a major earthquake completely destroyed the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=ar&rlz=1T4GGLJ_arJO412JO412&sa=X&ei=7sH8TbPjIMqZ8QOzmfSpCQ&ved=0CBYQBSgA&q=for+about+years&spell=1&biw=1259&bih=795 |title=for about years – ČÍË Googleţ |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ancient City of Aleppo|Aleppo]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Syria]]
|data-sort-value=2400 BC|possibly 2400 BC when there was a modest temple there.<ref name="archive.archaeology.org">[http://archive.archaeology.org/0911/features/syria_aleppo_temple_storm_god_citadel.html], hadad temple</ref>
|the Temple of [[Hadad]] inside the [[Citadel of Aleppo|Citadel]] date to c. 2400 BC.<ref name="archive.archaeology.org"/>
|-
| [[Homs]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Syria]]
|data-sort-value="-2,300 BC"|(2,300 BC)
|Excavations at the Citadel of Homs indicate that the earliest settlement at the site dates back to around 2300 BC.<ref>Healy, 1993, p. 22</ref>
|-
| [[Erbil]]
| [[Mesopotamia]]
|data-sort-value="Iraq"| [[Iraqi Kurdistan]], [[Iraq]]
|data-sort-value="-2300"|2300 BC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lexicorient.com/e.o/irbil.htm|title=Irbil – LookLex Encyclopaedia|author=Tore Kjeilen|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/iraq-office/culture/erbil-citadel/|title = Revitalization Project of Erbil Citadel|date = |accessdate = 2014-10-16|website = UNESCO|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref>
|The Citadel of Arbil is a fortified settlement in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan. The city corresponds to ancient Arbela. Settlement at Erbil ([[Kurdish languages|kurdish]]: Hewlêr) can be dated back to possibly 5000 BC, but not urban life until c. 2300.
|-
| [[Kirkuk]] (as [[Arrapha]])
| [[Mesopotamia]]
|data-sort-value="Iraq"| [[Kirkuk Governorate]], Iraq
|data-sort-value="-2200"|3000–2200 BC<ref>either [http://www.knn.u-net.com/kirkuk.htm The destruction of the Kirkuk Castle by the Iraqi regime.] or [http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/search/search.php?word=KIRKUK&enc=26253 History Channel] for the earlier date</ref>
|
|-
| [[Jaffa]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Israel]]
|data-sort-value="-2000"|c. 2000 BC
|Archaeological evidence shows habitation from 7500 BC.<ref>Excavations at Ancient Jaffa (Joppa). Tel Aviv University.</ref>
|-
| [[Sidon]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Lebanon]]
|data-sort-value="-2000"|2nd millennium BC
|Sidon becomes a city-state during the 2nd millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mogens Herman Hansen|authorlink1=Mogens Herman Hansen|editor1-last=Hansen|editor1-first=Mogens Herman|title=A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation, Volume 21|date=2000|publisher=Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab|isbn=978-8778761774|page=20|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA102&dq=sidon+city&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi61uaq-57SAhWGBsAKHfr4BTEQ6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=sidon&f=false|accessdate=20 February 2017|chapter=The concepts of city-state and city-state culture}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hebron]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[West Bank]]
|data-sort-value="-1500"|c. 1500 BC
|"Hebron is considered one of the oldest cities and has been continuously inhabited for nearly 3500 years."<ref name=Museum>{{Cite book|title=Pilgrimage, sciences and Sufism: Islamic art in the West Bank and Gaza|author=Museum With No Frontiers|publisher=Museum With No Frontiers|year=2004|isbn= 9789953360645|page=253}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gaza City|Gaza]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Gaza Strip]]
|data-sort-value="-1000"|c. 1000 BC
|While evidence of habitation dates back at least 5,000 years, it is said to be continuously inhabited for a little more than 3,000 years.<ref name=Dumper>{{Cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|first3=Janet L.|last3=Abu-Lughod|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn= 9781576079195|page=155}}</ref><ref name=Rimal>{{cite web|url=http://www.rimalbooks.com/life-the-crossroads-new-edition-p-559.html|title=Life at the Crossroads [New Edition]: A History of Gaza|publisher=Rimal Books|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hamadan]] (as [[Ecbatana]])
| [[Median Empire]]
| [[Iran]]
|data-sort-value="-800"|c. 800 BC<ref>International dictionary of historic places By Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, K. A. Berney, Paul E. Schellinger</ref>
|
|-
| [[Lod]]
| [[Levant]]
| [[Israel]]
|200 AD<ref>Cecil Roth, ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'', 1972, p. 619.</ref>
|-
| [[Tabriz]]
| [[Caucasus]]
| [[Iran]]
| Sometime between the 3rd and 7th century AD
|The earliest elements of the present Tabriz are claimed to be built either at the time of the early [[Sassanids]] in the 3rd or 4th century AD, or later in the 7th century.<ref name="Cambridge">{{citation |first1=William Bayne |last1=Fisher |first2=J. A. |last2=Boyle |year=1968 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran: The Land of Iran |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=14}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Australasia==
{{Further information|List of towns and cities in Australia by year of settlement}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited since
! class="unsortable" |Notes


|- style="display:none;"
|!a||!a||!a||−9e99
|- style="display:none;"
|~z||~z||~z|| 9e99
|-
| [[Sydney]]
| [[New South Wales]]
| [[Australia]]
|1788
|Oldest city in Australia and oldest city in Oceania. [[Radiocarbon dating]] suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period.<ref name="Settlers' history rewritten">{{cite news|last=Macey|first=Richard|date=2007|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html|title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=5 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place">{{cite web|publisher=Sydney Barani|date=2013|url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/|title=Aboriginal people and place|accessdate=5 July 2014}}</ref> However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools found in Sydney's [[Greater Western Sydney|far western suburbs]]' gravel sediments were dated to be from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would mean that humans could have been in the region earlier than thought.<ref name=Attenbrow-2010>{{Cite book |last1= Attenbrow |first1= Val |year= 2010 |title= Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records |location= Sydney |publisher= UNSW Press |isbn= 978-1-74223-116-7 |pages= 152–153 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&lpg=PP1&dq=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=true |accessdate= 11 Nov 2013}}</ref><ref name=Stockton-Nanson-2004>{{Cite journal |last1= Stockton |first1= Eugene D. |last2= Nanson |first2= Gerald C. |date=April 2004 |title= Cranebrook Terrace Revisited |journal= Archaeology in Oceania |volume= 39 |issue= 1 |pages= 59–60 |jstor=40387277 }}</ref> The first people to occupy the Sydney region were an [[Indigenous Australian]] group called the [[Eora]].<ref>Geoffrey Blainey; A Very Short History of the World; Penguin Books; 2004; ISBN 978-0-14-300559-9</ref><ref>Mulvaney, D J and White, Peter, 1987, Australians to 1788, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon, Sydney</ref>
|-
| [[Hobart]]
| [[Tasmania]]
|Australia
|1803
|Second oldest city in Australia. Prior to British settlement, the area had been occupied for at least 8,000 years, but possibly for as long as 35,000 years,<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-42568/Tasmania|title =Encyclopaedia Britannica – History of Tasmania|accessdate =17 July 2008|date= |publisher =|language =}}</ref> by the semi-nomadic [[Tasmanian Aborigines|Mouheneener]] tribe, a sub-group of the [[Tasmanian Aborigines|Nuennone]], or South-East tribe.<ref>The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia. (ed.) David Horton. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 1994 [2 vols] (see: Vol. 2, pp. 1008–10 [with map]; individual tribal entries; and the 'Further Reading' section on pp. 1245–72).</ref>
|-
| [[George Town, Tasmania|George Town]]
|Tasmania
|Australia
|1804
|Third oldest city in Australia.
|-
| [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]]
|New South Wales
|Australia
|1804
|Fourth oldest city in Australia.
|-
| [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]]
|Tasmania
|Australia
|1806
|Fifth oldest city in Australia.
|-
| [[Kerikeri]]
| [[Northland region|Northland]]
| [[New Zealand]]
|{{Hs|1818 !}} c. 1818
| Oldest European-founded settlement in New Zealand.
|-
| [[Brisbane]]
| [[Queensland]]
| Australia
| 1825
| Oldest city in Northern Australia, State Capital.
|-
| [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]]
| [[Western Australia]]
| Australia
| 1827
|Oldest city in the West Coast of Australia.
|-
| [[Perth]]
| Western Australia
| Australia
| 1829
| The area had been inhabited by the [[Whadjuk]] [[Noongar]] people for over 40,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological findings on the Upper Swan River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/staff/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific |title=The Pleistocene Pacific |author=Sandra Bowdler |work=Published in 'Human settlement', in D. Denoon (ed) The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. pp. 41–50. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge |publisher=[[University of Western Australia]] |accessdate=26 February 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216181223/http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/about/research/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific |archivedate=16 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Melbourne]]
| [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| Australia
| 1835
| Before the arrival of European settlers, the area was occupied for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years.<ref>Gary Presland, ''The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region'', (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. ISBN 0-646-33150-7. Presland says on page 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in the [[Maribyrnong River]] valley, near present day [[Keilor]], about 40,000 years ago."</ref> At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 20,000 [[hunter-gatherer]]s from three [[Indigenous Australian|indigenous]] [[Kulin|regional tribes]]: the [[Wurundjeri]], [[Bunurong|Boonwurrung]] and [[Wathaurong]].<ref>Gary Presland, ''Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People'', Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994, ISBN 0-9577004-2-3. This book describes in some detail the archaeological evidence regarding aboriginal life, culture, food gathering and land management, particularly the period from the flooding of Bass Strait and Port Phillip from about 7–10,000 years ago, up to the European colonisation in the nineteenth century.</ref><ref name="merrimerri">Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, ''People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days'', Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 ISBN 0-9577728-0-7</ref>
|-
| [[Adelaide]]
| [[South Australia]]
| Australia
| 1836
| State Capital.
|-
| [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]
| [[Northern Territory]]
| Australia
| 1869
| State Capital.
|-
| [[Canberra]]
| [[Australian Capital Territory]]
| Australia
| 1913
| Capital city of Australia. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in [[Canberra]] dating at around 21,000 years ago.<ref>{{citation|last1=Flood|first1=J. M.|last2=David|first2=B.|last3=Magee|first3=J.|last4=English|first4=B.|year=1987|title=Birrigai: a Pleistocene site in the south eastern highlands|journal=Archaeology in Oceania|volume=22|pages=9–22}}</ref>
|}

==Europe==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Name
! Historical region
! Location
! Continuously inhabited since
! class="unsortable" |Notes


|- style="display:none;"
|!a||!a||!a||−9e99
|- style="display:none;"
|~z||~z||~z|| 9e99
|-
| [[Heraklion]]
| Greece
| Greece
| {{Hs|-824 !}} 824 AD by Muslims
|
|-
| [[Argos]]
| [[Neolithic]], [[Mycenaean Greece]]
| Greece
| {{Hs|-5000 !}} 6th–5th millennium BC<ref name="Bolender2010">{{cite book|last=Bolender|first=Douglas J.|title=Eventful Archaeologies: New Approaches to Social Transformation in the Archaeological Record|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TSLeX0GRNqwC&pg=PA121&dq=Argos+%2B7,000#v=onepage&q=Argos%20%2B7%2C000&f=false|accessdate=1 January 2011|date=2010-09-17|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3423-0|pages=124–129–}}</ref>
| The city has been cycling between village and city status for 7,000 years. Recorded history begins in latter 1st millennium BC.
|-
| [[Athens]]
|Neolithic, Mycenaean Greece
|{{Hs|Gre}}[[Attica]], Greece
|{{Hs|-4500 !}}5th–4th millennium BC<ref name="Smith2004">{{cite book|author=Michael Llewellyn Smith|title=Athens: A Cultural and Literary History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_rAohrmHwsC|page=xiv|date=January 2004|publisher=Signal Books|isbn=978-1-902669-81-6}}</ref><ref name=tung>{{cite book |last=Tung |first=Anthony |chapter=The City the Gods Besieged |title=Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis |year=2001 |location=New York |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=0-609-80815-X |page=266}}</ref><ref>S. Immerwahr, The Athenian Agora XII: the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, Princeton 1971</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2010}}
| Recorded history begins in 1400 BC.
|-
| [[Plovdiv]]
| [[Thrace]]
|{{Hs|Bul}}[[Plovdiv Province]], [[Bulgaria]]
|{{Hs|-3000 !}}3000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/picturegalleries/6242644/The-worlds-oldest-cities.html?image=12|title=The world's 20 oldest cities|date=4 September 2015|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2016}} – 4000 BC<ref>Детев, П. ''Разкопки на Небет тепе в Пловдив'', ГПАМ, 5, 1963, pp. 27–30</ref><ref>Ботушарова, Л. ''Стратиграфски проучвания на Небет тепе'', ГПАМ, 5, 1963, pp. 66–70</ref>
| [[Thrace|Thracian]] foundation. Earliest evidence of a settlement dates back to 6000 BC.<ref name="Rodwell">{{cite book |last =Rodwell |first =Dennis |title =Conservation and Sustainability in Historic cities |publisher =Blackwell Publishing|year =2007 |isbn =1-4051-2656-6 |page =19}}</ref><ref>[http://www.acp-eucourier.info/Plovdiv-New-venture.1034.0.html Plovdiv: New ventures for Europe's oldest inhabited city], The Courier, January/February 2010</ref>
|-
| [[Kutaisi]]
| [[Colchis]]
| [[Imereti]] province, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|{{Hs|-2000 !}} c. 2000 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|Founded as Aia. Archeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the kingdom of [[Colchis]] as early as the 2nd millennium BC. It is widely believed by historians that when [[Apollonius Rhodius]] was writing about [[Jason]] and the [[Argonauts]] and their legendary journey to [[Colchis]], Kutaisi/Aia was the final destination of the Argonauts and the residence of King [[Aeëtes]].
|-
| [[Chania]]
| [[Crete]]
| {{Hs|Gre}}[[Crete]], Greece
| {{Hs|-1700 !}} c. 1700–1500 BC<ref name="Hogan">{{cite web |url=http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10881/cydonia.html#fieldnotes |title=Cydonia |publisher=The Modern Antiquarian |date=January 23, 2008 |accessdate=March 31, 2012 |author=Hogan, C Michael |quote=The most powerful centre of western Crete, Cydonia produced Bronze Age pottery and Linear B writings circa 1700 to 1500 BC, and was one of the first cities of Europe to mint coinage. (Pashley, 1837)}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2016}}
| [[Minoan civilisation|Minoan]] foundation as [[Kydonia]].
|-
| [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]]
| Mycenaean Greece
| {{Hs|Gre}}[[Boeotia]], Greece
| {{Hs|-1600 !}} c. 1600–1250 BC<ref name="Wilson2006">{{cite book|author=Nigel Guy Wilson|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aFtPdh6-2QC&pg=PA695|year=2006|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-97334-2|pages=695–}}</ref>
| [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] foundation.
|-
| [[Larnaca]]
| [[Alashiya]]
| [[Cyprus]]
|{{Hs|-1400 !}} c. 1400 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]], then [[Phoenicia]]n colony.
|-
| [[Trikala]]
| Mycenaean Greece
| {{Hs|Gre}}[[Thessaly]], Greece
| {{Hs|-1201 !}} before 1200 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded as ''Trikke''.
|-
| [[Chalcis]]
| Mycenaean Greece
| Greece
| {{Hs|-1201 !}}before 1200 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Mentioned by [[Homer]].
|-
| [[Lisbon]]
| [[Prehistoric Iberia#Iron Age|Iron Age Iberia]]
|Portugal
|{{Hs|-1200 !}} c. 1200 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|A settlement since the [[Neolithic]]. ''Allis Ubbo'', arguably a [[Phoenicia]]n name, became ''Olissipo(-nis)'' in Greek and [[Latin]] (also ''Felicitas Julia'' after Roman conquest in 205 BC).
|-
| [[Cádiz]]
| [[Prehistoric Iberia#Iron Age|Iron Age Iberia]]
| {{Hs|Spa}}[[Andalusia]], Spain
| {{Hs|-1100 !}}1100 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|founded as [[Phoenicia]]n ''Gadir'', "Europe's oldest city".<ref>[http://www.andalucia.com/cities/cadiz.htm andalucia.com];</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/europes-oldest-city-is-found-394505.html The0 BC or earlier)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806211554/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/europes-oldest-city-is-found-394505.html |date=August 6, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Patras]]
| [[Mycenaean Greece]]
| Greece
| c. 1100 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded by [[Patreus]].
|-
| [[Chios (town)|Chios]]
| [[Chios]]
| {{Hs|Gre}}[[North Aegean]], Greece
| c. 1100 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|-
| [[Nicosia]]
|
| [[Cyprus]]
|c. 1050 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] foundation as [[Ledra]]. Archeological evidence of continuous habitation since the beginning of the [[Bronze Age]] 2500 years BC.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|-
| [[Zadar]]
| [[Illyria|Illyricum]]
| [[Croatia]]
| c. 1000 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded by [[Liburnians]]. Oldest continusly inhabited city in [[Croatia]]. Main Liburnian settlement.
|-
| [[Mtskheta]]
| [[Caucasian Iberia]]
| [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| {{Hs|1000 !}} c. 1000 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Remains of towns at this location have been dated to earlier than the year 1000 BC, and Mtskheta was capital of the early Georgian Kingdom of [[Caucasian Iberia|Iberia]] during the 3rd century BC – 5th century AD. It was the site of early [[Christianity|Christian]] activity, and the location where Christianity was proclaimed the [[state religion]] of Georgia in 337.
|-
| [[Mytilene]]
| [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]]
| {{Hs|Gre}}[[North Aegean]], Greece
| 10th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|-
| [[Vani]]
| [[Colchis]]
| {{Hs|Geo}} [[Imereti]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| {{Hs|-800!}} before 8 century BC <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.great-adventures.com/destinations/rep_georgia/colchis.html|title=COLCHIS, THE LAND OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE, REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA|website=www.great-adventures.com|access-date=2017-03-18}}</ref><ref>[http://eurasia.travel/georgia/places/western_georgia/kutaisi/vani/ Eurasia Travel]</ref>
|
|-
| [[Yerevan]]
| [[Urartu]]
| [[Armenia]]
| {{Hs|-800 !}} 782 BC<ref name="SAE">{{hy icon}} Baghdasaryan A., Simonyan A, et al. ''"Երևան"'' (Yerevan). [[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]. vol. iii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]], 1977, pp. 548–564.</ref>
| Founded as ''Erebuni''. The [[Shengavit Settlement]] in the southwestern district of Yerevan was founded in the late 4th millennium BC, during the [[Calcolithic]] period.
|-
| [[Seville]]
| [[Prehistoric Iberia#Iron Age|Iron Age Iberia]]
|{{Hs|Spa}} [[Andalusia]], Spain
|{{Hs|-750 !}} 8th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|founded as [[Tartessos|Tartessian]] ''Spal''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Manuel Jesús Roldán Salgueiro|title=Historia de Sevilla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZXEGgAACAAJ|accessdate=9 February 2013|year=2007|publisher=Almuzara|isbn=978-84-88586-24-7}}</ref>
|-
| [[Málaga]]
| [[Prehistoric Iberia#Iron Age|Iron Age Iberia]]
|{{Hs|Spa}} [[Andalusia]], Spain
|{{Hs|-800 !}} 8th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|founded as [[Phoenicia]]n ''Malaka''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7SLWT2vpNcC&lpg=PA310&ots=wVS21ior7W&dq=Phoenician%20Malaka&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Phoenicians and the West|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2016}}
|-
| [[Mdina]]
| [[History of Malta#Antiquity|Antiquity Malta]]
|{{Hs|Mlt}} [[Malta]]
|{{Hs|-750 !}} 8th century BC<ref>Cassar, Carmel (2000). A Concise History of Malta. Msida: Mireva Publications. ISBN 1870579526</ref>
|founded as [[Phoenicia]]n ''[[Melite (ancient city)|Melite]]''.
|-
| [[Cagliari]]
| [[Sardinia]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Sardinia]], Italy
| {{Hs|-750 !}} 8th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|Founded by [[Phoenicia]]ns from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] as Krly, Caralis in Roman times, Callaris in Middle Ages.
|-
| [[Rome]]
| [[Latium]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Lazio]], Italy
| {{Hs|-753 !}}753 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Continuous habitation since approximately 1000 BC.; pastoral village on the northern part of the [[Palatine Hill]] dated to the 9th century BC; see also [[History of Rome]] and [[Founding of Rome]].
|-
| [[Messina]] (as Zancle)
| [[History of Sicily|Sicily]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Sicily]], Italy
| {{Hs|-750 !}}8th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|-
| [[Reggio di Calabria]] (as Rhégion)
| [[Magna Graecia]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Calabria]], Italy
| {{Hs|-743 !}}743 BC<ref name="Bolani1857">{{cite book|author=Domenico Spanò Bolani |title=Storia di Reggio di Calabria ... sino all'anno ... 1797 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6IBAAAAQAAJ |language=Italian |accessdate=19 January 2013 |year=1857}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2016}}
| Continuous habitation since approximately 1500 BC, as we have notice about the Ausonian-Italic pre-Greek settlement and about the sculptor Léarchos of Reggio (early 15th century BC)<ref name="Bolani1857"/> and King Iokastos (late 13th century BC).<ref name="Bolani1857"/>
|-
| [[Palermo]] (as זִיז, Ziz)
| [[Phoenicia]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Sicily]], Italy
| {{Hs|-734 !}}734 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Settlement presence since approximately 8000 BC, as we know through cave drawings in the area now known as [[Addaura]], but continuous documented habitation since the Phoenician times (734 BC is traditionally considered as the founding year).
|-
| [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]]
| [[Sicily]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Sicily]], Italy
| {{Hs|-734 !}}734 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| A colony of the Greek city of [[Corinth]].
|-
| [[Volterra]]
| [[Tuscany]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Tuscany]], Italy
| {{Hs|-725 !}} c. 725 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| An [[Etruscan civilisation|Etruscan]] mining settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5006/|title=Volterra: Historical City and Cultural Landscape|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Crotone]] (as Kroton)
| [[Calabria]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Magna Graecia]], Italy
| {{Hs|-710 !}}710 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Greek colony.
|-
| [[Taranto]] (as Taras)
| [[Magna Graecia]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Apulia]], Italy
| {{Hs|-706 !}}706 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded as the only Spartan colony by the Partheniae, children of unmarried Spartan women and '' perioikoi'', free non-citizen residents of Sparta and her territories.
|-
| [[Corfu (city)|Corfu]], ''Kerkyra''
| [[Corfu]]
| {{Hs|Gre}}[[Ionian Islands]], Greece
| {{Hs|-700 !}}700 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| A colony of the Greek city of Corinth.
|-
| [[Naples]]
| [[Magna Graecia]]
| Italy
| {{Hs|-680 !}} c. 680 BC<ref name="greeknaples">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |title=Greek Naples |date=8 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611095615/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html |archivedate=June 11, 2011}}</ref>
|Actually the date at which an older settlement close by, called ''Parthenope'', was founded by settlers from [[Cumae]]. This eventually merged with Neapolis proper, which was founded c. 470 BC.
|-
| [[Istanbul]]/[[Byzantion]]
| [[Thrace]] [[Anatolia]]
| [[Turkey]]
|{{Hs|-667 !}} 685 BC Anatolia <br/> 667 BC Thrace{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC. Greek colony.
|-
| [[Ibiza (town)|Ibiza]] (as '''Ybsm'')
| [[Balearic Islands]]
| [[Spain]]
|{{Hs|-654 !}} 654 BC {{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|Founded by the [[Phoenicia]]ns, according to [[Diodorus Siculus]], book 5, chap. 16. Date consistent with archaeological finds.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Eivissa/article/download/112839/140512.file:///C:/Users/Usuario/Downloads/112839-140566-1-PB%20(1).pdf |title= Sobre els orígens de la colònia fenícia d'Eivissa |publisher= Institut d'Estudis Eivissencs |date= |accessdate=2016-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| [[Durrës]]
| [[Illyria]]
| [[Albania]]
| {{Hs|-627 !}}627–625 BC<ref>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 330,"Epidamnos was founded in either 627 or 625 (Hieron. Chron)"</ref>
| Formery [[Epidamnos]].
|-
| [[Kerch]] (as [[Panticapaeum]])
| [[Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea|pre-Roman Crimea]]
| [[Ukraine]]
| {{Hs|-600 !}}7th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Greek colony.
|-
| [[Feodosiya]] (as Theodosia)
| [[Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea|pre-Roman Crimea]]
| [[Ukraine]]
| {{Hs|-600 !}} 7th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Greek colony.
|-
| [[Edessa, Greece]]
| [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]
| Greece
| {{Hs|-601 !}}before the 6th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Greek city, capital of the kingdom of Macedon up to the 6th century BC.
|-
| [[Marseille]]s (as Massilia)
| [[Gaul]]
| France
| {{Hs|-600 !}}600 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| A colony of the Greek city of [[Phocaea]].
|-
| [[Varna]]
| [[Thrace]]
| {{Hs|Bul}}[[Bulgarian Black Sea Coast]], [[Bulgaria]]
| {{Hs|-570 !}}585 BC – 570 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded<ref>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,page 936,</ref> as [[Varna|Odessos]] by settlers from the Greek city of [[Miletus]].
|-
| [[Sant Martí d'Empúries]] (as Emporion)
| [[Iberia]]
| [[Catalonia]], Spain
| {{Hs|-575 !}}ca. 575 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| A colony of the Greek city of [[Phocaea]]. Present Sant Martí is on the ancient Palaiopolis of Emporion, in an island next to the coast; in 550 BC, the inhabitants moved to the mainland, creating the Neapolis: Palaiapolis remained as a small neighbourhood.
|-
| [[Kavala]]
| [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]
| Greece
| {{Hs|-550 !}}6th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}|| Greek colony. Founded as '''''Neapolis'''''.
|-
| [[Mangalia]]
| [[Dacia]]
| [[Romania]]
| {{Hs|-550 !}}6th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}|| Founded as '''''Callatis'''''.
|-
| [[Constanţa]]
| [[Dacia]]
| [[Romania]]
| {{Hs|-550 !}}6th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded as '''''Tomis'''''.
|-
| [[Mantua]]
| [[Po Valley]]
| {{Hs|Ita}}[[Lombardy]], Italy
| {{Hs|-550 !}}6th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Village settlement since c. 2000 BC; became an [[Etruscan civilisation|Etruscan]] city in the 6th century BC.
|-
| [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi]] (as [[Tyras]])
| [[Pontic Greeks]]
| [[Bessarabia]], [[Ukraine]]
| {{Hs|-550 !}}6th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|-
| [[Serres]]
| [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]
| Greece
| {{Hs|-450 !}}5th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Greek city. First mentioned in the 5th century BC as '''''Siris'''''.
|-
| [[Lamia (city)|Lamia]]
|
| Greece
| {{Hs|-501 !}}before the 5th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Greek city. First mentioned 424 BC
|
|-
| [[Veria]]
| [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]|| Greece
| {{Hs|-432 !}} c. 432 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Greek city. First mentioned by [[Thucydides]] in 432 BC.
|-
| [[Rhodes (city)|Rhodes]]
| [[Rhodes]], [[Aegean Sea]]
| {{Hs|Gre}}[[Dodecanese]], Greece
| {{Hs|-408 !}} c. 408 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Greek city.
|-
| [[Sofia]]
| [[Moesia]]
| {{Hs|Bul}}[[Sofia Valley]], [[Bulgaria]]
| {{Hs|-350 !}}4th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| [[Celts|Celtic]] foundation as ''Serdica''.<ref>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, page 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin."</ref>
|-
| [[Metz]]
| [[Gaul]]
| France
| {{Hs|-350 !}}4th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded as the [[oppidum]] of [[celts|Celtic]] [[Mediomatrici]]. However, Human permanent presence has been established in the site since 2500 BC.
|-
| [[Roses, Girona|Roses]] (as Rhode)
| [[Iberia]]
| {{Hs|Spa}}[[Catalonia]], Spain
| {{Hs|-350 !}}4th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| The exactly origin of the city is unknown, but there are remains of a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] colony from the 4th century BC, although some historians consider the foundation earlier, at the 8th century BC. However, permanent human presence has been established in the site since 3000 BC as evidenced by the different [[megalithic]] monuments surrounding the city.
|-
| [[Qabala]] (as Kabalaka)
| [[Caucasian Albania]]
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| {{Hs|-350 !}}4th century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Archeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the Caucasian Albania as early as the 4th century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/62_folder/62_articles/62_revisit_history.html|title=6.2 Revisiting History: Ancient Gabala|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Stara Zagora]]
| [[Thrace]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| {{Hs|-342 !}}342 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| It was called Beroe in ancient times and was founded by [[Phillip II of Macedon]]<ref>Women and slaves in Greco-Roman culture: differential equations by Sandra Rae Joshel, Sheila Murnaghan,1998,page 214,"Philip II founded cities at Beroe, Kabyle, and Philippopolis in 342/1, and Aegean-style urban life began to penetrate Thrace."</ref><ref>Late Roman villas in the Danube-Balkan region by Lynda Mulvin,2002,page 19,"Other roads went through Beroe (founded by Philip II of Macedon)",</ref><ref>Philip of Macedon by Louïza D. Loukopoulou,1980,page 98, "Upriver in the valley between the Rhodope and Haimos Philip founded Beroe (Stara Zagora) and Philippolis (Plovdiv)."</ref><ref>The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials) by Velizar Iv Velkov,1977,page 128, "Founded by Philipp 11 on the site of an old Thracian settlement, it has existed without interruption from that time."</ref> although a Thracian settlement neolithic inhabitation have been discovered as well.
|-
| [[Thessaloniki]]
| [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)]]
| Greece|
| {{Hs|-315 !}}315 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Greek city. Founded as a new city in the same place of the older city [[Therma|Therme]].
|-
| [[Berat]]
| [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)]]
| [[Albania]]
| {{Hs|-314 !}}314 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded<ref>Epirus: the geography, the ancient remains, the history and topography of ... by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,"founded Antipatreia in Illyria at c. 314 BC"</ref> by [[Cassander]] as [[Antipatreia]].
|-
| [[Vukovar]]
| [[Illyria]]
| [[Croatia]]
| {{Hs|300 BC}}300 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| [[Vučedol culture]].
|-
| [[Belgrade]]
| [[Illyria]]
| [[Serbia]]
| {{Hs|-279 !}}279 BC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beogradskatvrdjava.co.rs/Belgrade-Fortress-history_2178-74_2176 |title=Историја Београдске тврђаве |language=sr |date=June 2016 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905092854/http://www.beogradskatvrdjava.co.rs/Belgrade-Fortress-history_2178-74_2176 |archivedate=2011-09-05 |df= }}</ref>
| The present day territory of Belgrade continuously inhabited for more than 7000 years. [[Proto-city|Proto-urban]] [[Vinča culture]] prospered around Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. The fortified city of Belgrade founded around 279 BC as '''[[Singidunum]]'''.
|-
| [[Niš]]
| [[Illyria]]
| [[Serbia]]
| {{Hs|-279 !}}279 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded as '''Navissos'''. Neolithic settlements date to 5000–2000 BC.
|-
| [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] (as Carthago Nova)
| [[Iberia]]
| Spain
| {{Hs|-228 !}}228 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Carthaginian colony, founded by [[Hasdrubal (Barcid)|Hasdrubal Barca]].
|-
| [[Barcelona, Spain|Barcelona]] (as Barcino)
| [[Iberia]]
| {{Hs|Spa}}[[Catalonia]], Spain
| {{Hs|-250 !}}3rd century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Unknown origin. Several neolithics tombs (5000–4500 BC) and remains from the [[Iberian period]] have been found, as well as several [[Greek drachma|drachma]] coins inscribed with the word "Barkeno". There is also a hypothesis about a small Greek settlement called ''Kallípolis'' to have existed in the area. However, the first archaeological remains of buildings are from the Roman period.
|-
| [[Tarragona]] (as Tarraco)
| [[Iberia]]
| {{Hs|Spa}}[[Catalonia]], Spain
| {{Hs|-250 !}}218 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Roman colony, founded by [[Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus|Gnaeus]] and [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]].
|-
| [[Stobi]]/[[Gradsko, Republic of Macedonia|Gradsko]]
| [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]]
| [[Republic of Macedonia]]
| {{Hs|-217 !}}217 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded as [[Stobi]] by [[Philip V of Macedon]].
|-
| [[Valencia]]
| [[Iberia]]
| [[Valencia, Spain]]
|138 BC
| Roman colony founded as Valentia Edetanorum.
|-
| [[Bratislava]]
| [[Pannonia]]
| [[Slovakia]]
|2nd century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|Founded by [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Boii]] tribe. The first written reference to a [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] settlement dates to 907.
|-
| [[Sremska Mitrovica]]
| [[Illyria]]
| [[Serbia]]
| {{Hs|-50 !}}1st century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded as '''Sirmium'''. Neolithic settlements date to 5000 BC and are with other archeological findings evidence to continuous habitation.
|-
| [[Smederevo]]
| [[Illyria]]
| [[Serbia]]
| {{Hs|-50 !}}1st century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded as '''Semendria'''.
|-
| [[Ptuj]]
| [[Pannonia]]
| [[Slovenia]]
| {{Hs|1st century BC !}}1st century BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Ptuj is the oldest city in Slovenia. There is evidence that the area was settled in the Stone Age. In the Late Iron Age it was settled by Celts. By the 1st century BC, the settlement was controlled by Ancient Rome.
|-
| [[Évora]]
| [[Lusitania]]
| Portugal
| {{Hs|-53 !}}53 BC (Roman conquest){{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Evidence of [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] settlement prior to Roman occupation.
|-
| [[Paris]]
| [[Lutetia]]
| France
| {{Hs|-52 !}}52 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation as early as 4200 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm|title=Chronologie|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref> During the Gallic Wars, Caesar's armies set fire to Lutetia "a town of the Parisii, situated on an island on the river Seine."<ref>[http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=CaeComm.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=7&division=div2 Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic Wars]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, book 7</ref> While only a garrison at best on the [[Île de la Cité]] during some periods after 1st and 2nd century, was renamed Paris in 360 AD<ref>[http://en.parisinfo.com/museums-monuments-paris/special-reports-1/paris-through-the-ages/guide/paris-through-the-ages_the-city-of-antiquity Parisinfo.com]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=c_cPAAAAYAAJ Classical Antiquities], by Johann Joachim Eschenburg, 1860, p 6</ref>
|-
| [[Ljubljana]]
| [[Italia]]
| [[Slovenia]]
| {{Hs|50 BC !}}50 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Area first settled by people living in [[pile dwellings]] around 2000 BC. Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called '''[[Emona|Iulia Aemona]]'''.
|-
| [[Zürich]] ([[Lindenhof]])
| [[Gaul]]
| Switzerland
| {{Hs|-50 !}} c. 50 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Lakeside settlement traces dating to the Neolithic.
|-
| [[Cologne]]
| [[Germania Inferior]]
| Germany
| {{Hs|38 !}} 38 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded in 38 BC by the [[Ubii]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribe]], as ''[[Oppidum]] Ubiorum''. In 50 AD, the Romans adopted the location as ''[[Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium]]'' and the city became in 85 AD the capital of the Roman province "[[Germania Inferior]]".
|-
| [[Trier]]
| [[Galia Belgica]]
| Germany
| {{Hs|-30 !}}30 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| [[:de:Älteste Stadt Deutschlands|Oldest Roman city in Germany]].
|-
| [[Augsburg]]
| [[Raetia]], [[Roman Empire]]
| [[Germany]]
|15 BC
|Second oldest city in [[Germany]] after Trier. Located in the [[Swabia]]n region of [[Bavaria]]. Founded by the Romans as [[Augsburg|Augusta Vindelicorum]].
|-
| [[Chur]]
| [[Raetia Prima]]
| {{Hs|Swi}}[[Grisons]], Switzerland
| {{Hs|-15 !}}15 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| habitation since the 4th millennium BC ([[Pfyn culture]]).
|-
| [[Worms, Germany|Worms]]
| [[Germania Superior]]
| Germany
| {{Hs|-14 !}} 14 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| The name of the city derives from the Latin designation ''Borbetomagus'' which is of Celtic origin.
|-
| [[Tongeren]]
| [[Germania Inferior]]
| Belgium
| {{Hs|-10 !}}10 BC{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| [[:nl:Oudste stad van België|Oldest city in Belgium]].
|-
| [[Solothurn]]
| [[Gaul]]
| Switzerland
| {{Hs|20 !}} c. 20 AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Evidence of pre-Roman, Celtic settlement; newly founded by the Romans between 14 and 37 AD, called the "oldest city in Gaul besides Trier" in a verse on the city's clock tower.
|-
| [[City of London|London]] (as [[Londinium]])
| [[Roman Britain|Britannia]]
| [[England]]
| {{Hs|43 !}}43 AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Archaeological evidence near [[Vauxhall Bridge]] indicates that the wider area has been occupied for at least 3,500 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/News/2012/Vauxhall%20Bridge%20Survey%20Report%20%28270112%29%20-%20James%20Dilley.pdf|title=Vauxhall Bridge Survey Report|publisher=James Dilley|accessdate=2013-12-09}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] (as [[Aquae Sulis]])
| [[Roman Britain|Britannia]]
| England
| {{Hs|43 !}}43 AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| The city was established as a spa town by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] in 43 AD.<ref>Visit Bath, History and Heritage |http://visitbath.co.uk/site/media/information-sheets/history-and-heritage</ref>
|-
| [[Winchester]] (as [[Venta Belgarum]])
| [[Roman Britain|Britannia]]
| England
| {{Hs|70 !}} c. 70 AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Winchester was built as a Roman town in c. 70 AD.<ref>Lambert T., A SHORT HISTORY OF WINCHESTER, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND, http://www.localhistories.org/winchester.html</ref>
|-
| [[Maastricht]]
| [[Germania Inferior]]
| Netherlands
| {{Hs|70 !}} c. 70 AD{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
| [[:nl:Oudste stad van Nederland|Oldest city in the Netherlands]].
|-
| [[York]] (as [[Eboracum]])
| [[Roman Britain|Britannia]]
| England
| {{Hs|72 !}} c. 72 AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| The city was founded in or around AD 72 when the [[Legio IX Hispana|9th Roman Legion]] set up camp there.<ref>York Museums Trust, History of York.org.uk , Roman, http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/roman</ref>
|-
| [[Skopje]]
| [[Macedonia (Roman province)]]
| [[Republic of Macedonia]]
| {{Hs|96 !}}81–96 AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded in the time of [[Domitian]] as [[Scupi]].
|-
| [[Novi Sad]]
| [[Illyria]]
| [[Serbia]]
| {{Hs|50 !}}1st century AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded as '''''Cusum'''''.
|-
| [[Baku]]
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| [[Absheron peninsula]]
| The 1st century AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| The first written evidence for Baku dates to the 1st century AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/frame-AzerbaijanBaku.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102011734/http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/frame-AzerbaijanBaku.htm|archivedate=2 January 2008 |title=Azerbaijan – Walled City of Baku with the Shirvanshah's Palace...|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Trenčín]] (as Laugaricio)
|
| Slovakia
| Before 179 AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| First mentioned in 179 AD on a roman inscription on [[Trenčín Castle|Trenčín castle]] rock, when roman army was stationed in settlement ''Laugaricio.'' Settlement was probably Germanic, and since the 7th century Slavic.
|
|-
| [[Vienna]]
| [[Pannonia]]
| Austria
| c. 300 AD{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|"It is uncertain when Vindobona became a [[municipium]]; this elevation seems to have taken place at the beginning of the 3d c. A.D."<ref>''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'', Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister, Stillwell, Richard, MacDonald, William L., McAlister, Marian Holland, Ed.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=vindobona]</ref>
|-
| [[Verdun]]
| [[Lotharingia]]
| France
| {{Hs|350 !}} 4th century{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Seat of the bishop of Verdun from the 4th century, but populated earlier.
|-
| [[Kiev]]
| State of the [[Antes (people)|Antes]]
| [[Ukraine]]
| {{Hs|482 !}}482 AD<ref>Lyachynska, O. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161227163323/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/guide/about-kyiv/kyivs-1530th-birthday-marked-with-fun-protest-1-128618.html Kyiv’s 1,530th birthday marked with fun, protest]''. [[Kyiv Post]]. 31 May 2012</ref>
| Founded by [[East Slavs|Slavic tribe]] leader Kyi. Some sources{{clarify|date=December 2016}} suggest Kiev was founded in 640 BC.
|-
| [[Tbilisi]]
| [[Caucasian Iberia]]
| [[Kartli]] province, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|{{Hs|500 !}} c. 500{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|According to the widely accepted legend the city was founded by King [[Vakhtang I Gorgasali]] of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. New archaeological studies of the region have revealed that the territory of Tbilisi was settled by humans as early as the 4th millennium BC. The earliest actual (recorded) accounts of settlement of the location come from the 4th century, when a fortress was built during King [[Varaz-Bakur]]'s reign.

|-
| [[Aberdeen]]
| [[Pictland]]
| [[Scotland]]
| {{Hs|580 !}} c. 580{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| A settlement was established by c. 580 when records show the city's first church was built then. However, there is archaeological evidence of settlements in the area dating back to 6000 BC.<ref>City of Aberdeen, http://www.scottishaccommodationindex.com/aberdeenpics.htm</ref>
|-
| [[Edinburgh]] as Din Eidyn
| [[Gododdin]]
| Scotland
| {{Hs|580 !}} c. 580{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Edinburgh is mentioned as a settlement in the poem [[Y Gododdin]], traditionally dated to around the late 6th and early 7th centuries.<ref>Hurlstone K., and Jackson, A, (1969), [https://books.google.com/books?ei=CXr7Te7xMMqV8QPPo7yqCQ&ct=result&id=gJdiAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Gododdin%3A+The+Oldest+Scottish+Poem+%281969%29+by+Kenneth+Hurlstone+Jackson%3B&q=Din+Eidyn#search_anchor The Gododdin: the oldest Scottish poem], Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. P. 4 – ISBN 978-0-85224-049-6</ref> The Poem uses The Brythonic name Din Eidyn (Fort of Eidyn) for Edinburgh and describes it as the capital of [[Gododdin]]. It is not until around 638 that the city starts being referred to as Edin-burh or Edinburgh, after the city was conquered by the [[Angles]] of [[Bernicia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/saxonadvent/edinburgh.html |title=Y Gododdin |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prague]]
| [[Bohemia]]
| Czech Republic
| {{Hs|550 !}} c. 6th century{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| The first written record dates back to the 10th century.
|-
| [[Inverness]]
| [[Pictland]]
| Scotland
| {{Hs|550 !}} c. 6th century{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| A settlement was established by the 6th century when [[St Columba]] visited the Pictish [[Bridei I of the Picts|King Brude]] at his fortress there.<ref>Lambert, T., A BRIEF HISTORY OF INVERNESS, SCOTLAND, http://www.localhistories.org/inverness.html</ref>
|-
| [[Glasgow]]
| [[Dál Riata]] or [[Alt Clut]]
| Scotland
| {{Hs|550 !}} c. 6th century{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| A settlement was founded in the 6th century<ref>Glasgows-timeline |(http://www.seeglasgow.com/seeglasgow/about-glasgow/glasgows-timeline</ref> by St Mungo, who is the city's patron Saint.<ref>Saint Mungo |http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/aaj50/mungo.htm</ref>
|-
| [[Ioannina]]
| [[Byzantine Empire]]
| Greece
| {{Hs|565 !}}527–565{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded by emperor [[Justinian I]].
|-
| [[Kraków]] ([[Wawel Hill]])
| [[Lesser Poland]]
| Poland
| {{Hs|650 !}}8th century<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/druk.php?op=3|title=Wawel|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>
| The first written record dates back to the 10th century.
|-
| [[Aarhus]]
|
| Denmark
| {{Hs|700 !}} c. 770 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://aarhuswiki.dk/wiki/Historien_om_Aarhus |title=Historien om Aarhus|publisher=Aarhus Stadsarkiv|language=Danish|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| [[Deventer]]
|
| [[Netherlands]]
| {{Hs|700 !}}956{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|
|-
| [[Ribe]]
| [[Jutland]]
| [[Denmark]]
| {{Hs|710 !}} 704–710<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/rterms/g/ribe.htm |work=About.com Archaeology |author=K. Kris Hirst |title=Ribe – What is Ribe |publisher=The About Group |accessdate=22 August 2012}}</ref>
| Oldest town in Denmark.
|-
| [[Staraya Ladoga]]
|
| [[Russia]]
| {{Hs|753 !}}753{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|
|-
| [[Kalisz]]
| [[Greater Poland Voivodeship|Greater Poland]]
| [[Poland]]
|9th century{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|Founded as a provincial capital castellany and a minor fort. Kalisz has long been considered the oldest city of Poland, having been mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century AD, but the claim is now doubted by some (cf. ''[[Calisia]]'').
|-
| [[Heraklion]]
| [[Crete]]
| Greece
| {{Hs|824 !}}824{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded by the [[Saracens]].
|-
| [[Nitra]]
| [[Principality of Nitra]]
|Slovakia
|c. 828{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|Slavic settlement since 5th century reached its peak when it became centre of Principality of Nitra. There was built first known Christian church in Central and Eastern Europe.
|-
| [[Dublin]]
| [[Ireland]]
| {{Hs|Ire}}[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| {{Hs|841 !}}841{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Dublin was founded as a city by the [[Vikings]] in the 9th century, but there were two older Irish settlements which existed on the same spot several centuries before they arrived; ''Áth Cliath'' ("ford of hurdles") and ''Duiblinn'' ("Black Pool").
|-
| [[Madrid]]
| [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]]
| [[Spain]]
|mid. 9th century{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|Developed around a fortress built by emir [[Muhammad I of Córdoba|Muhammad I of Cordoba]].
|-
| [[Veliky Novgorod]]
|
| Russia
| {{Hs|859 !}}859{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|
|-
| [[Polatsk]]
|
| Belarus
| {{Hs|862 !}}862{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|
|-
| [[Xanthi]]
| [[Thrace]]
| Greece
| {{Hs|878 !}}before 879{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| First medieval reference as '''Xantheia'''.
|-
| [[Uzhhorod]] (as Ungvar)
| Duchy of [[Laborec (ruler)|Laborec]]
| Ukraine
| {{Hs|898 !}} before 895
| First mentioned in [[Gesta Hungarorum]].
|-
| [[Halych]]
| [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]
| Ukraine
| {{Hs|898 !}} 898
| First mentioned in [[Gesta Hungarorum]].
|-
| [[Gniezno]]
| [[Greater Poland Voivodeship|Greater Poland]]
| [[Poland]]
| Before 940
| Early Slavonic settlements are dated to the 8th century.<ref name="Gniezno">{{cite web|url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Gniezno |title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Gniezno |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date= |accessdate=2016-08-15}}</ref> An important [[Piast dynasty|Piast]] stronghold that gave birth to a medieval town is believed to be erected at least around 940 AD<ref name="Welcome to Gniezno">{{cite web|url=http://gniezno.eu/strona32wqf435ge/content/view/1588/203/ |title=Welcome to Gniezno |publisher=Gniezno.eu/ |date= |accessdate=2016-08-15}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vitebsk]]
|
| [[Belarus]]
| {{Hs|947 !}}947{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|
|-
| [[Poznań]]
| [[Greater Poland Voivodeship|Greater Poland]]
| [[Poland]]
|before 968
|Settled from at least the 9th century AD,<ref name="The history of Ostrów Tumski stronghold">{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/przewodnik/przewodnik.html?co=object&id_klasy=3093&id_obiektu=44262&lang=en&lhs=przewodnik_object&pr_id=22 |title=The history of Ostrów Tumski stronghold |publisher=Poznań.pl |date= |accessdate=2016-08-15}}</ref> [[Poznań]] is one of the suggested places of the AD 966 [[Baptism of Poland]].<ref name="Kłoczowski2000">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Kłoczowski|title=A History of Polish Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecdye8hk_tgC&pg=PA10|accessdate=5 April 2012|date=14 September 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36429-4|pages=10–13}}</ref> [[Poznań Cathedral]] was raised to the status of a cathedral around 968.
|-
| [[Brussels]]
|
| [[Belgium]]
|979{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|Founded by [[Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine|Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine]]. A chapel on [[Saint Gaugericus Island|an island]] in the river [[Zenne|Senne]] was built around 580.
|-
| [[Sigtuna]]
|
| [[Sweden]]
| {{Hs|980 !}}980{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Is reputed as the oldest town in Sweden, the name is derived from an old royal estate [[Fornsigtuna]] situated nearby.
|
|-
| [[Skara]]
|
| [[Sweden]]
| {{Hs|988 !}}988{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|
|
|-
| [[Lund]]
| [[Denmark]]
| [[Sweden]]
| {{Hs|990 !}} c. 990<ref>[http://www.lund.se/templates/Page____21316.aspx Lund.se] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224140801/http://www.lund.se/templates/Page____21316.aspx |date=December 24, 2008 }}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Västerås]]
|
| [[Sweden]]
| {{Hs|990 !}}990<ref>[http://www.vasteras.com/information/vasteras-historia]</ref>
|
|
|-
| [[Trondheim]]
| [[Norway]]
| [[Norway]]
| {{Hs|997 !}}997{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| Founded by king [[Olaf I of Norway|Olav Tryggvason]]. Archaeological findings of city settlement back to the 8th century.
|-
| [[Gdańsk]]
| [[Pomerania]]
| [[Poland]]
| {{Hs|997 !}}997<ref name=baedeker1873>{{Citation |publisher = Karl Baedeker |publication-place = Coblenz |title = Northern Germany |url = https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6935820M/Northern_Germany |edition = 5th |publication-date = 1873 |oclc = 5947482 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/northerngermanyh00inkarl#page/n245/mode/2up |chapter=Dantsic}}</ref>
| Gdańsk became capital of Duchy of [[Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages|Pomerania]] (approximate date).<ref name="baedeker1873"/>
|}

==See also==
*[[Cities of the ancient Near East]]
*[[Historical cities]]
*[[Historical urban community sizes]]
*[[List of American cities by year of foundation]] (includes ancient native sites)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/16/whats-the-oldest-city-in-the-world |title=What is the oldest city in the world?}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Cities By Time Of Continuous Habitation}}
[[Category:Lists of cities|Oldest continuously inhabited]]
[[Category:History-related lists|Cities, oldest continuously inhabited]]

5335 Damocles

2017-04-29T20:33:46Z

Ayceman: typo centauer->centaur

{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| background = #C7FF8F
| name = 5335 Damocles
| discoverer = [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]]
| discovery_site = [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring Obs.]]
| discovered = 18 February 1991
| mpc_name = (5335) Damocles
| alt_names = 1991 DA
| pronounced = {{Respell|DAM|ə-kleez}} (''{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|æ|m|ə|k|l|iː|z}}'')
| named_after = [[Damocles]] {{small|([[Greek mythology]])}}<ref name="springer" />
| mp_category = [[Distant minor planet|distant]] <ref name="MPC-Damocles" />{{·}}[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] <ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}[[damocloid]] <ref name="Nakamura-Damocloid-list" />
| adjectives = {{nowrap|Damoclean ({{IPA|/dæməˈkliːən/}})<ref>OED</ref>}}
| orbit_ref =  <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 16 February 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2457800.5)
| uncertainty = 4
| observation_arc = {{nowrap|1.51 yr (551 days)}}
| aphelion = 22.080 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 1.5725 AU
| semimajor = 11.826 AU
| eccentricity = 0.8670
| period = 40.67 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (14,854 days)
| mean_anomaly = 231.53[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.0242|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 61.941°
| asc_node = 314.16°
| arg_peri = 191.25°
| moid = 0.5971 AU
| jupiter_moid = 3.5831 AU
| tisserand = 1.147
| mars_moid = 0.05787 AU<ref name="MPC-Damocles" />
| dimensions = ~ 10 km{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
| rotation = 10.2 [[hour|h]]{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
| albedo =
| spectral_type = S {{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
| abs_magnitude = 13.3<ref name="jpldata" />
| magnitude = 26.9<ref name="AstDyS" />
}}

'''5335 Damocles''' ({{Respell|DAM|ə-kleez}}) provisional designation {{mpf|1991 DA}}, is a [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] and the namesake of the [[damocloid]]s, a group of [[minor planet]]s which are inactive nuclei of the [[Halley-type comet|Halley-type]] and [[long-period comet]]s. It was discovered on 18 February 1991, by Australian astronomer [[Robert H. McNaught|Robert McNaught]] at [[Siding Spring Observatory]] in Australia. It is named after [[Damocles]], a figure of [[Greek mythology]].<ref name="springer" />

== Description ==

When Damocles was discovered, it was found to be on an [[orbit]] completely different from all others known. Damocles's orbit reached from inside the [[aphelion]] of [[Mars]] to as far as [[Uranus]]. It seemed to be in transition from a near-circular [[Solar System#Outer Solar System|outer Solar System]] orbit to an eccentric orbit taking it to the [[Solar System#Inner Solar System|inner Solar System]].<ref>Steel, D. (1995). ''Rogue asteroids and doomsday comets''. Wiley & Sons, p. 127–128</ref> [[Duncan Steel]], Gerhard Hahn, Mark Bailey, and [[David J. Asher|David Asher]] carried out projections of its long-term dynamical evolution, and found a good probability that it will become an [[List of Earth-crossing minor planets|Earth-crosser asteroid]], and may spend a quarter of its life in such an orbit. Damocles has a stable orbit for tens of thousands of years before and after the present, because its highly inclined orbit does not take it near [[Jupiter]] or [[Saturn]].<ref name=Asher1994/><ref name="Asher-1993" />

There is some speculation that 5335 Damocles may have a [[meteor shower]] associated with it on Mars from the direction of [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]].<ref>[http://star.arm.ac.uk/~aac/showers.jpg Meteor Showers and Their Parent Bodies]</ref> The object has a Mars [[minimum orbit intersection distance]] (Mars–MOID) of {{convert|0.057|AU|km mi|abbr=on|lk=on}} and a Uranus–MOID of {{convert|0.3|AU|km mi|abbr=on|lk=off}}.<ref name="MPC-Damocles"/>

{{As of|2014}}, Damocles is 21.8 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] from the Sun with an [[apparent magnitude]] of 26.9.<ref name="AstDyS"/>

The adjectival form is Damoclean, {{IPA|/dæməˈkliːən/}}.<ref>OED</ref> Naming citation was published on 1 September 1993 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 22508}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />

== References ==
{{reflist
|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 1992-08-22 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 5335 Damocles (1991 DA)
|url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005335
|publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory
|accessdate = 14 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (5335) Damocles
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
|page = 457
|date = 2007
|url = http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5143
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|accessdate = 14 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Damocles">{{cite web
|title = 5335 Damocles (1991 DA)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=5335
|accessdate = 14 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|accessdate = 14 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Nakamura-Damocloid-list">{{cite web
|title = List of Damocloids (Oort cloud asteroids)
|author = Akimasa Nakamura and bas
|date = 2 May 2009
|publisher = Lowell Observatory
|url = ftp://ftp.lowell.edu/pub/bas/damocloid
|accessdate = 15 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=Asher1994>{{cite journal
|last1 = Asher |first1=David J. |authorlink1=David J. Asher
|last2 = Bailey |last3=Hahn |last4=Steel
|title = Asteroid 5335 Damocles and its implications for cometary dynamics
|journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
|volume = 267 |pages=26 |year=1994
|bibcode = 1994MNRAS.267...26A |doi=10.1093/mnras/267.1.26}}</ref>

<ref name="Asher-1993">{{cite web
|url = http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/267/1/26
|title = Asteroid 5335 Damocles and its implications for cometary dynamics
|last1 = Asher
|first1 = David
|last2 = Bailey
|first2 = Mark
|last3 = Hahn
|first3 = Gerhard
|last4 = Steel
|first4 = Duncan
|date = 27 May 1993
|website = mnras.oxfordjournals.org
|publisher = [[Royal Astronomical Society]]
|issn = 0035-8711
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160717013744/http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/267/1/26
|archive-date= 17 July 2016
|dead-url = no
|access-date= 17 July 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name="AstDyS">{{cite web
|title=AstDyS Damocles Ephemerides
|publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy
|url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.0&n=Damocles
|accessdate=2014-04-05}}</ref>

}} 

== External links ==
* [http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/cgi-bin/astdys/astibo?objects:Damocles;main AstDys]
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info])
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{JPL Small Body}}

{{Minor planets navigator|5334 Mishima|number=5335|(5336) 1991 JE1}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Damocles}}
[[Category:Centaurs (minor planets)|005335]]
[[Category:Numbered minor planets|005335]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Robert H. McNaught|Damocles]]
[[Category:Minor planets named from Greek mythology|Damocles]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Damocloids|005335]]
[[Category:Near-Mars objects|005335]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids|005335]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1991|19910218]]

Pumpkin seed oil

2015-11-19T18:21:28Z

Ayceman: diacritics

[[Image:PumpkinOilFactory-Prekmurje1.JPG#file|thumb|right|Pumpkin seed oil factory in Prekmurje, Slovenia]]
[[Image:Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca04.jpg#file|thumb|right|''Cucurbita pepo'' var. ''styriaca'']]
[[Image:Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca07.jpg#file|thumb|right|Dried seed of ''Cucurbita pepo'' var. ''styriaca'']]

'''Pumpkin seed oil''' (''Kernöl'' or ''Kürbiskernöl'' in [[German language|German]], ''bučno olje'' in [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], ''bučino ulje'' in [[Croatian language|Croatian]], ''tikvino ulje'' or ''bundevino ulje'' in [[Serbian language|Serbian]], ''ulei de dovleac'' in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], and ''tökmag-olaj'' in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]), is a culinary specialty from what used to be part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and is now southeastern [[Austria]] ([[Styria]]), eastern [[Slovenia]] ([[Lower Styria|Styria]] and [[Prekmurje]]), Central [[Transylvania]], Orăștie-Cugir region of [[Romania]], north western [[Croatia]] (esp. [[Međimurje]]), and adjacent regions of [[Hungary]]. It is a European Union [[Protected Designation of Origin]] (PDO) product.

The oil is an important export commodity of Austria and Slovenia. It is made by pressing [[Roasting|roasted]], [[Husk|hulled]] [[Pepita|pumpkin seeds]] (pepitas), from a local variety of [[pumpkin]], the "[[Styrian oil pumpkin]]" (''[[Cucurbita pepo]]'' subsp. ''pepo'' var. 'styriaca',<ref name="fürnkranz">{{cite journal | last1 = Fürnkranz | first1 = Michael | last2 = Lukesch | first2 = Birgit | last3 = Müller | first3 = Henry | last4 = Huss | first4 = Herbert | last5 = Grube | first5 = Martin | last6 = Berg | first6 = Gabriele | year = 2012 | title = Microbial Diversity Inside Pumpkins: Microhabitat-Specific Communities Display a High Antagonistic Potential Against Phytopathogens | journal = [[Microbial Ecology]] | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 418-428 | publisher = Springer | jstor = 41412429 | doi = 10.2307/41412429}}</ref><ref name="Košťálová">{{cite journal|last1=Košťálová|first1=Zuzana|last2= Hromádková|first2=Zdenka|last3=Ebringerová|first3=Anna|journal=[[Chemical Papers]]|date=August 2009|publisher=Springer Versita for Institute of Chemistry|title=Chemical Evaluation of Seeded Fruit Biomass of Oil Pumpkin (''Cucurbita pepo'' L. var. ''Styriaca'')|volume=63|issue=4|pages=406–413|doi=10.2478/s11696-009-0035-5}}</ref> also known as var. ''oleifera''). It has been produced and used in Styria's southern parts at least since the 18th century. The earliest confirmed record of oil pumpkin seeds in Styria (from the estate of a farmer in [[Gleinstätten]]) dates to February 18, 1697.

The viscous oil is light to very dark green to dark red in colour depending on the thickness of the observed sample. The oil appears green in thin layer and red in thick layer. Such optical phenomenon is called [[dichromatism]].<ref name="kreft1">{{cite journal|last1=Kreft|first1=Samo|last2=Kreft|first2=Marko|title=Physicochemical and Physiological Basis of Dichromatic Colour|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h5630lr536pj1333/fulltext.pdf |journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|volume=94|issue=11|pages=935–939|date=November 2007|doi=10.1007/s00114-007-0272-9|pmid=17534588}}</ref> Pumpkin oil is one of the substances with strongest dichromatism. Its [[Kreft's dichromaticity index]] is -44.<ref name="kreft2">{{cite journal|last1=Kreft|first1=Samo|last2=Kreft|first2=Marko|title=Quantification of Dichromatism: A Characteristic of Color in Transparent Materials|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America|publisher=Optical Society of America|volume=26|issue=7|pages=1576–1581|year=2009|doi=10.1364/JOSAA.26.001576|pmid=19568292}}</ref> Used together with [[Yogurt|yoghurt]], the colour turns to bright green and is sometimes referred to as "green-gold".

==Culinary uses==
Pumpkin seed oil has an intense nutty taste and is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Browned oil has a bitter taste. Pumpkin seed oil serves as a [[salad dressing]] when combined with honey or olive oil. The typical Styrian dressing consists of pumpkin seed oil and cider vinegar. The oil is also used for desserts, giving ordinary vanilla ice cream a nutty taste. It is considered a real delicacy in Austria and Slovenia, and few drops are added to pumpkin soup and other local dishes. Using it as a cooking oil, however, destroys its essential fatty acids.<ref name="LI">{{cite web|url=http://health.learninginfo.org/herbs/pumpkin-seeds.htm|title=The Benefits of Pumpkin Seeds|publisher=Health Learning Info|accessdate=September 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name="KUMC">{{cite web|url=http://www.kumc.edu/school-of-medicine/integrative-medicine/health-topics/healthy-cooking-oils.html|title=Healthy Cooking Oils|publisher=University of Kansas Medical Center|accessdate=September 17, 2013}}</ref>

==Folk medicine==
There are claims from [[natural medicine]] and [[phytotherapy]] of usefulness of the oil in the prevention and treatment of [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]].<ref name="whfoods">{{cite web|url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=82#healthbenefits |title=Pumpkin Seeds|publisher=World's Healthiest Foods|accessdate=September 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name="ejike">{{cite journal|last1=Ejike|first1=C. E. |last2=Ezeanyika|first2=L. U.|title=Inhibition of the Experimental Induction of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Possible Role for Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook f.) Seeds.|journal=Urologia Internationalis|volume=87|issue=2|year=2011|pages=218–224|issn=1423-0399|doi=10.1159/000327018|pmid=21709398}}</ref><ref name="gossell">{{cite journal|last1=Gossell-Williams|first1=M.|last2=Davis|first2= A.|last3=O'Connor|first3= N. |title=Inhibition of Testosterone-induced Hyperplasia of the Prostate of Sprague-Dawley Rats by Pumpkin Seed Oil|journal=Journal of Medicinal Food|volume=9|issue=2|year=2006|pages=284–286|issn=1096-620X|doi=10.1089/jmf.2006.9.284|pmid=16822218}}</ref><ref name="hong">{{cite journal |pmid=20098586 |year=2009 |last1=Hong |first1=H. |last2=Kim |first2=C. S. |last3=Maeng |first3=S. |title=Effects of pumpkin seed oil and saw palmetto oil in Korean men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=323–327 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2009.3.4.323 |pmc=2809240 |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice}}</ref>

==Seed types and oil==
[[Image:PumpkinSeedOil.png|thumb|Pumpkin seed oil in a clear glass vial]]
[[File:Kurbiskernol.jpg|thumb|A drop on a white plate showing dichromatism]]
Other types of pumpkin seed oil are also marketed worldwide. International producers use white seeds with shells and this produces a cheaper white oil. New producers of seeds are located in China and India.

An analysis of the oil extracted from the seeds of each of twelve cultivars of ''[[Cucurbita maxima|C. maxima]]'' yielded the following ranges for the percentage of several fatty acids:<ref name="stevenson">{{cite journal|last1=Stevenson|first1=D. G.|last2=Eller|first2=F. J.|last3= Wang|first3= L.|last4=Jane|first4= J.|last5= Wang|first5= T.|last6= Inglett|first6=G. E. |title=Oil and Tocopherol Content and Composition of Pumpkin Seed Oil in 12 Cultivars|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|year=2007|volume=55|pages=4005–4013|pmid=17439238|doi=10.1021/jf0706979}} Note: The data are found in Table 3 on page 4010</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |
! n:unsat
! Fatty acid name
! Percentage range
|-
| (14:0) || [[Myristic acid]] || 0.09-0.27
|-
| (16:0) || [[Palmitic acid]] || 12.6-18.4
|-
| (16:1) || [[Palmitoleic acid]] || 0.12-0.52
|-
| (18:0) || [[Stearic acid]] || 5.1-8.5
|-
| (18:1) || [[Oleic acid]] || 17.0-39.5
|-
| (18:2) || [[Linoleic acid]] || 18.1-62.8
|-
| (18:3) || [[Linolenic acid]] || 0.34-0.82
|-
| (20:0) || [[Arachidic acid]] || 0.26-1.12
|-
| (20:1) || [[Gadoleic acid]] || 0-0.17
|-
| (22:0) || [[Behenic acid]] || 0.12-0.58
|}

The sum of myristic and palmitic acid (cholesterogenic saturated fatty acids) content ranged from 12.8 to 18.7%. The total unsaturated acid content ranged from 73.1 to 80.5%. The very long chain fatty acid (> 18 carbon atoms) content ranged from 0.44 to 1.37%.

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Dreikorn|first1=K.|last2= Berges|first2=R.|last3=Pientka|first3=L.|last4=Jonas|first4=U.|title=Phytotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Current Evidence-based Evaluation|journal=Urologe A.|date=September 2002|volume=41|issue=5|pages=447–451|language=German|issn=0340-2592|pmid=12426861|quote=Only a few randomized clinical trials that meet standard criteria of evidence-based medicine but with relatively short follow-up times and some meta-analyses mainly regarding Serenoa repens and Pygeum africanum as well as more recent studies on pumpkin seeds have shown clinical effects and good tolerability.}}
*{{cite journal|last=Vahlensieck, Jr.|first=W.|title=With alpha blockers, finasteride and nettle root against benign prostatic hyperplasia. Which patients are helped by conservative therapy?|journal=MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin|date=18 April 2002|volume=144|issue=16|pages=33–66|language=German|pmid=12043098}} Summary: Established medications for the treatment of BPH in current use are alpha-blockers, finasteride, and the phytotherapeutic agents pumpkin seed (''Cucurbitae semen''), nettle root (''Urticae radix''), the phytosterols contained in ''Hypoxis rooperi'', rye pollen and the fruits of saw palmetto (''Sabalis serrulati fructus'')
*{{cite journal|last=Dreikorn|first=K.|title=The role of phytotherapy in treating lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia|journal=World Journal of Urology|date=April 2002|volume=19|issue=6|pages=426–435|pmid=12022711|doi=10.1007/s00345-002-0247-6|issn=1433-8726}} Summary: A number of short-term randomised trials and some meta-analyses in the recent literature suggest clinical efficacy and good tolerability for some preparations, mainly extracts from ''Serenoa repens'' and also ''Pygeum africanum'', products with high concentrations of beta-sitosterol, and pumpkin seeds.
*{{cite journal|last=Bracher|first=F.|title=Phytotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia|journal=Urologe A.|date=January 1997|volume=36|issue=1|pages=10–17|pmid=9123676|language=German|quote=In this article, the most widely used phytopharmaceutical agents, such as saw palmetto berry extracts, ''Radix urticae'' extracts, pumpkin seeds, pollen extracts and different phytosterols, are described. Based on these results, the use of phytopharmaceutical agents for the treatment of mild to moderate symptomatic BPH seems to be well justified.}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Carbin|first1=B. E.|last2=Larsson|first2=B.|last3=Lindahl|first3=O.|title=Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with phytosterols|journal=British Journal of Urology|date=December 1990|volume=66|issue=6|pages=639–641|pmid=1702340|quote=In a randomised, double-blind study, the preparation Curbicin, obtained from pumpkin seeds and dwarf palm plants (''Cucurbita pepo l.'' and ''Sabal serrulata''), was compared with a placebo in the treatment of symptoms caused by prostatic hyperplasia; 53 patients took part in the study, which was carried out over a 3-month period. Urinary flow, micturition time, residual urine, frequency of micturition and a subjective assessment of the effect of treatment were all significantly improved in the treatment group.|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1990.tb07199.x}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{fatsandoils}}
{{Squashes and pumpkins}}
{{Salad dressings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pumpkin Seed Oil}}
[[Category:Cooking oils]]
[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[Category:Squashes and pumpkins]]

Michael E. Brown

2015-08-26T15:40:27Z

Ayceman:

{{other people|Michael Brown}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mike Brown
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Michael E Brown 1.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|06|05}}
| nationality = American
| fields = [[Planetary astronomy]]
| education = [[Princeton University]], [[UC Berkeley]]
| doctoral_students = [[Jean-Luc Margot]], [[Chad Trujillo]], [[Marc Kuchner]]
| known_for = Discovery of [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] and other [[trans-Neptunian object]]s<br/>''[[How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming]]''
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| spouse = Diane Binney
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Michael E. Brown''' (born June 5, 1965) is an [[United States|American]] [[astronomer]], who has been professor of [[planetary astronomy]] at the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech) since 2003.<ref name="cv">{{cite web| last = Brown
|first = Michael| title = Curriculum vitae| url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/cv.html| accessdate = 2006-08-25 }}</ref> His team has discovered many [[trans-Neptunian object]]s (TNOs), notably the [[dwarf planet]] [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]], the only known TNO more massive than [[Pluto]].<ref name="Brown Schaller 2007">{{cite doi | 10.1126/science.1139415 }}</ref> He has referred to himself as the man who "killed Pluto",<ref>{{cite book|title=How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming |last=Brown |first=Mike |year=2010 |isbn= 0-385-53108-7 }}</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20120320100748/http://www.slc.edu/news-events/archived/2008-2009/2009-04-13.html Astronomer Who ‘Killed’ Pluto to Present Annual Science Lecture]. ''[[Sarah Lawrence College]]'' – News and Events. April 13, 2009, retrieved January 11, 2011</ref> because he furthered Pluto being downgraded to a dwarf planet in the aftermath of the discovery of Eris and several other probable trans-Neptunian [[List of possible dwarf planets|dwarf planets]]. He is the author of ''[[How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming]]'', published in 2010.

==Early life==
Brown is a [[Huntsville, Alabama]], native and graduated from [[Virgil I. Grissom High School]] in 1983. He earned his [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] in physics from [[Princeton University]] in 1987, where he was a member of the [[Princeton Tower Club]]. He did his graduate studies at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] where he earned an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] degree in astronomy in 1990 and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree in astronomy in 1994.<ref name="cv"/>

==Career==
===Discoveries===
{| class="wikitable infobox" style="margin-left: 12px;"
! colspan="2" style="white-space: nowrap" | [[Trans-Neptunian objects]] discovered: 16
|-
| align="left" | {{mpl|(126154) 2001 YH|140}} {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} || December 18, 2001
|-
| align="left" | {{mpl|(126155) 2001 YJ|140}} {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} {{ref label|codisc5|5|}} || December 20, 2001
|-
| align="left" | {{mpl|(55565) 2002 AW|197}} {{ref label|codisc|1|}} || January 10, 2002
|-
| align="left" | {{mpl|(119951) 2002 KX|14}} {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} || May 17, 2002
|-
| align="left" | [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]] {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} || June 4, 2002
|-
| align="left" | {{mpl|(84719) 2002 VR|128}} {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} || November 3, 2002
|-
| align="left" | {{mpl|(120178) 2003 OP|32}} {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} {{ref label|codisc2|2|}} || July 26, 2003
|-
| align="left" | [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]] {{ref label|codisc|1|}} {{ref label|codisc2|2|}} || November 14, 2003
|-
| align="left" | [[90482 Orcus|Orcus]] {{ref label|codisc|1|}} {{ref label|codisc2|2|}} || February 17, 2004
|-
| align="left" | [[120347 Salacia|Salacia]] {{ref label|codisc3|3|}} {{ref label|codisc4|4|}} || September 22, 2004
|-
| align="left" | {{mpl|(120348) 2004 TY|364}} {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} {{ref label|codisc2|2|}} || October 3, 2004
|-
| align="left" | [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} {{ref label|codisc2|2|}} {{ref label|codisc6|6|}}|| December 28, 2004
|-
| align="left" | [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} {{ref label|codisc2|2|}} || January 8, 2005
|-
| align="left" | [[Makemake (dwarf planet)|Makemake]] {{ref label|codisc1|1|}} {{ref label|codisc2|2|}} || March 31, 2005
|-
| align="left" | [[Dysnomia (moon)|(136199) Eris I Dysnomia]] {{ref label|codisc7|7|}} || September 10, 2005
|-
| align="left" | {{mpl|(225088) 2007 OR|10}} {{ref label|codisc2|2|}} || July 17, 2007
|-
! colspan="2" style="white-space: nowrap" | Other objects discovered
|-
| align="left" | [[Romulus (moon)|(87) Sylvia I Romulus]]{{ref label|codisc8|8|}} || February 18, 2001
|-
| align="left" | [[Linus (moon)|(22) Kalliope I Linus]]{{ref label|codisc8|8|}} || August 29, 2001
|-
| colspan="2" align="left" style="font-size: smaller" |
: {{note label|codisc1|1|}} with [[Chad Trujillo]]
: {{note label|codisc2|2|}} with [[David L. Rabinowitz]]
: {{note label|codisc3|3|}} with Henry G. Roe
: {{note label|codisc4|4|}} with Kristina M. Barkume
: {{note label|codisc5|5|}} with Glenn Smith
: {{note label|codisc6|6|}} sole credit went to [[José Luis Ortiz Moreno]] ''et al.''
: {{note label|codisc7|7|}} with [[Marcos A. van Dam|M. A. van Dam]], [[Antonin H. Bouchez|A. H. Bouchez]], [[David Le Mignang|D. Le Mignant]]
: {{note label|codisc8|8|}} with [[Jean-Luc Margot]]
|}
Brown is well known in the scientific community for his surveys for distant objects orbiting the [[Sun]]. His team has discovered many [[trans-Neptunian object]]s (TNOs). Particularly notable are Eris, a [[dwarf planet]] and the only TNO known to be more massive than [[Pluto]], leading directly to Pluto's demotion from [[planet]] status;<ref name="Brown Schaller 2007" /><ref>Kenneth Chang: [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/11/science/space/11pluto.html?_r=1&ref=science The War of the Worlds, Round 2]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 10, 2011, retrieved January 11, 2011</ref> [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]], a [[planetoid]] thought to be the first observed body of the inner [[Oort cloud|Öpik–Oort cloud]]; and [[90482 Orcus|Orcus]].

Brown's team famously named [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] and its moon [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]] with the informal names [[Xena]] and [[Gabrielle (moon)|Gabrielle]], respectively, after the two main characters of ''[[Xena: Warrior Princess]]''.

===Haumea controversy===
{{Main|Controversy over the discovery of Haumea}}
Brown and his team also had been observing the dwarf planet {{dp|Haumea}} for approximately six months before its announced discovery by [[José Luis Ortiz Moreno]] and colleagues from the [[Sierra Nevada Observatory]] in Spain. Brown originally indicated his support for Ortiz's team being given credit for the discovery of Haumea. However, further investigation showed that a website containing archives of where Brown's team's telescopes had been pointed while tracking Haumea had been accessed eight times in the three days preceding Ortiz's announcement, by computers with [[IP address]]es that were traced back to the website of the [[Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía]] ([[CSIC]], Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia), where Ortiz works, and to e-mail messages sent by Ortiz and his student. These website accesses came a week after Brown had published an abstract for an upcoming conference talk at which he had planned to announce the discovery of Haumea; the abstract referred to Haumea by a code that was the same code used in the online telescope logs; and the Andalusia computers had accessed the logs containing that code directly, as would be the case after an internet search, without going through the home page or other pages of the archives.<ref>{{cite web| last = Brown| first = Michael| title = The electronic trail| url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/ortiz/| accessdate = 2006-08-25 }}</ref> When asked about this online activity, Ortiz responded with an email to Brown that suggested Brown was at fault for "hiding objects", and said that "the only reason why we are now exchanging e-mail is because you did not report your object."<ref>{{cite news| last = Overbye| first = Dennis| authorlink = Dennis Overbye| title = One Find, Two Astronomers: An Ethical Brawl| work = The New York Times| date = 2005-09-13| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/13/science/space/13plan.html?ei=5090&en=7f5f96302a67ae30&ex=1284264000&emc=rss&pagewanted=all| accessdate = 2006-08-25 }}</ref> Brown says that this statement by Ortiz contradicts the accepted scientific practice of analyzing one's research until one is satisfied that it is accurate, then submitting it to [[peer review]] prior to any public announcement. However, the [[Minor Planet Center]] only needs precise enough orbit determination on the object in order to provide discovery credit, which Ortiz provided.

The then director of the IAA, José Carlos del Toro, distanced himself from Ortiz, insisting that its researchers have "sole responsibility" for themselves. Brown petitioned the [[International Astronomical Union]] to credit his team rather than Ortiz as the discoverers of Haumea. The IAU has deliberately not acknowledged a discoverer of Haumea. The discovery date and location are listed as March 7, 2003 at Ortiz's Sierra Nevada Observatory. However, the IAU accepted Brown's suggested name of Haumea, which fit the names of Haumea's two moons, rather than Ortiz's ''[[Ataecina]].''

===Other work===
In 2010 Brown published a memoir of his discoveries and surrounding family life, ''[[How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming]]''.

==Honors, awards and accolades==
Brown was named one of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''s [[Time 100|100 most influential people]] of 2006.<ref>{{cite news| last = Lemonick| first = Michael D.| authorlink = Michael Lemonick| title = The 2006 TIME 100: Scientists & Thinkers: Mike Brown
| work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]| date = 2006-04-30| url = http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976426,00.html| accessdate = 2006-08-25 }}</ref> In 2007 he received Caltech's annual Feynman Prize, Caltech's most prestigious teaching honor. Asteroid [[11714 Mikebrown]], discovered on 28 April 1998, was named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web| title = 11714 Mikebrown (1998 HQ51)| work = JPL Small-Body Database Browser| publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]| date =| url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=11714+Mikebrown| format = online| accessdate = 2012-04-09}}</ref> In 2012, Brown was awarded the [[Kavli Prize]] in Astrophysics.<ref>[http://www.sci-tech-today.com/news/Astronomer-Lauded-for--Killing--Pluto-/story.xhtml?story_id=123002PT8EY9 Caltech Astronomer Lauded for 'Killing' Pluto], 2012, Scitech Today</ref>

==Students and postdocs==
Brown's former graduate students and postdocs include astrophysicists [[Adam Burgasser]], [[Jean-Luc Margot]], [[Chad Trujillo]], [[Marc Kuchner]],<ref name="students"/> [[Antonin Bouchez]], [[Emily Schaller]],<ref name="students"/> [[Darin Ragozzine]],<ref name="students"/> and [[Megan Schwamb]].<ref name="students">{{cite web|title=Research|publisher=Caltech|author=Michael E. Brown
|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/research.html|accessdate=2011-01-03}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Brown married Diane Binney on March 1, 2003.<ref>{{cite web| last = Brown| first = Michael| title = Mike and Diane's Fabulous Wedding Web Page| url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/mdfw/| accessdate = 2006-08-25 }}</ref> They have one daughter, Lilah Binney Brown, born July 7, 2005.<ref>{{cite web| last = Brown| first = Michael| title = Lilah Binney Brown
|url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/lilah/| accessdate = 2006-08-25 }}</ref> Brown in 2010 published a memoir of his discoveries and surrounding family life, ''[[How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming]]''.

==Footnotes==
; Notes
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

; References
*{{cite news
| last = Wilkinson
| first = Alex
| authorlink = Alec Wilkinson
| title = The Tenth Planet
| newspaper = [[The New Yorker]]
| page = 50
| url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/07/24/060724fa_fact_wilkinson
| date = 2006-07-24
| accessdate = 2012-07-30}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/ Brown's homepage]
* {{IMDb name|3610426}}
* {{twitter|plutokiller}} (plutokiller)
* [http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/ Mike Brown's planets] Brown's blog
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pbj_llmiMg Brown's Talk on How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming] Part of the Silicon Valley Astronomy Lecture Series
* {{worldcat id|lccn-n2006-94700}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Biography|California}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Brown, Michael E.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American astronomer
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 5, 1965
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Michael E.}}
[[Category:Michael E. Brown| ]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:21st-century astronomers]]
[[Category:American astronomers]]
[[Category:Discoverers of asteroids]]
[[Category:Discoverers of trans-Neptunian objects]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Eris (dwarf planet)]]
[[Category:People from Huntsville, Alabama]]
[[Category:Planetary scientists]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Pluto's planethood]]
[[Category:People associated with Pluto]]

Near-close near-front unrounded vowel

2015-08-04T15:31:28Z

Ayceman: /* Occurrence */ no need for stress marking as the [u] is actually [w]

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa number=319
|decimal=618
|xsampa=I
|kirshenbaum=I
|imagefile=Near-close near-front unrounded vowel (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px
|braille=st
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɪ̟
}}

The '''near-close near-front unrounded vowel''', or '''near-high near-front unrounded vowel''', is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}, i.e. a [[small capital]] letter ''i''.

The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for classifying vowels. Some linguists use the terms "high" and "low," respectively, instead of "close" and "open."{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

== Features ==
{{IPA chart vowels}}
{{near-close vowel}}
{{near-front vowel}}
{{unrounded vowel}}
{{clear}}

== Occurrence ==
In the following transcriptions, a fully front vowel is represented by the "advanced" diacritic {{IPA|[ɪ̟]}}.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]<br />{{cn|date=July 2015}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || Allophone of {{IPA|/i/}} when not word-final; in free variation with {{IPAblink|e}}.{{cn|date=July 2015}} See [[Egyptian Arabic phonology]]
|-
| [[Jordanian Arabic|Jordanian]]<br />{{cn|date=July 2015}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| [[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan]]<br />{{cn|date=July 2015}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || Allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{cn|date=July 2015}} See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| [[Palestinian Arabic|Palestinian]]<br />{{cn|date=July 2015}} || إحنا || {{IPA|['ɪħna]}} || 'we' || See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]|| {{lang|syrc|''[[Syriac alphabet|s'''i'''twa]]''}} || {{IPA|[sɪtwɐ}}]|| 'winter'|| Used mostly in the [[Tyari]] dialects. {{IPAblink|ə}} is used predominantly in other dialects.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]]|| [[Yue Chinese|Yue]]|| {{lang|zh-yue-Hani|[[Chinese characters|冰]]}}/{{lang|zh-yue-Latn|''[[Jyutping|b'''i'''''ng1]]''}} || {{IPA|[pɪŋ˥]}} || 'ice' || See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
| [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] || {{lang|zh-wuu-Hani|[[Chinese Characters|一]]}}/{{lang|zh-wuu-Latn|'''''i'''h''}} || {{IPA|[iɪʔ˥]}} || 'one'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|''b'''y'''l'''i''''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbɪlɪ]}} || 'they were' || See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard<ref name="gron100">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}</ref><ref name="gron268">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=268}}</ref><ref name="gron2003">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2003}}</ref><ref name="basb45">{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=45}}</ref><ref name="uldall">{{Harvcoltxt|Uldall|1933}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=289}}</ref><ref name="wellsblog">{{cite web|title=John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/11/danish.html|date=5 November 2010|accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref> || {{lang|da|''[[Danish alphabet|h'''e'''l]]''}} || {{IPA|[ˈhɪ̟ːˀl]}} || 'whole' || Fully front.<ref name="gron100"/><ref name="gron268"/><ref name="gron2003"/><ref name="basb45"/><ref name="uldall"/><ref name="wellsblog"/> Most often, it is transcribed {{angle bracket|{{IPA link|e|e(ː)}}}} - the way it is pronounced in the conservative variety.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Johnson|2010|p=227}}</ref> See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || [[Rotterdam]]<ref name="CM">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|''[[Dutch orthography|b'''i'''t]]''}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[bɪ̟t]}} || rowspan="2" | 'bit' || rowspan="2" | Somewhat fronted;<ref name="CM"/> corresponds to {{IPAblink|ɘ|ɘ̟}} in standard Dutch.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}</ref> See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| [[The Hague dialect|The Hague]]<ref name="CM"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[English language|English]] || Most dialects || rowspan="2" | {{lang|en|''[[English orthography|b'''i'''t]]''}} || {{Audio-IPA|en-us-bit.ogg|[bɪt]}} || rowspan="2" | 'bit' || See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Australian English|Australian]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Mannell and Felicity Cox |url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/AusE_Monophthongs.html |title=Australian English Monophthongs |publisher=Clas.mq.edu.au |date=2009-08-01 |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref> || {{IPA|[bɪ̟t]}} || Fully front and somewhat raised, tenser than in most other dialects. See [[Australian English phonology]]
|-
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|en|''[[English orthography|b'''e'''d]]''}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[bɪd]}} || rowspan="2" | 'bed' || rowspan="2" | Some speakers. For others it's more open [{{IPA link|e}}], or even [{{IPA link|ɛ}}], in case of South African English.
|-
| [[South African English|South African]]
|-
| [[French language|French]] || [[Quebec French|Quebec]] || {{lang|fr|''[[French orthography|pet'''i'''te]]''}} || {{IPA|[pət͡sɪt]}} || 'small' || Allophone of {{IPA|/i/}} in closed syllables. See [[Quebec French phonology]]
|-
| [[German language|German]] || Standard<ref name="Kohler87">{{Harvcoltxt|Kohler|1999|p=87}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mangold|2005|p=37}}</ref> || {{lang|de|''[[German orthography|b'''i'''tte]]''}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-bitte.ogg|[ˈbɪtʰə]}} || 'please' || May be somewhat lowered.<ref name="Kohler87"/> See [[German phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || {{lang|hi-Deva|[[Dēvanāgarī|'''कि''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Hi-कि.ogg|[kɪ]}} || 'that' (subject/object of a relative clause) || See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Irish language|Irish]] || {{lang|ga|''[[Irish orthography|d'''ui'''ne]]''}} || {{IPA|[dˠɪnʲə]}}|| 'person'|| See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677 and 682}}</ref> || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[ɸɪˈɾi]}} || 'rattlesnake' || Atonic allophone of {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676 and 682}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ||{{lang|lt|''[[Lithuanian alphabet|v'''i'''lt'''i'''s]]''}} || {{IPA|[vʲɪlʲˈtʲɪs]}}|| 'hope'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}</ref> || {{lang|ltz|''B'''ee'''n''}} || {{IPA|[bɪ̟ːn]}} || 'leg' || Fully front. May be transcribed {{IPA|/eː/}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=62, 66–67}}</ref> || {{lang|mon-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|?]]}} || {{IPA|[xɪɾɘ̆]}} || 'hillside' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|''[[Norwegian alphabet|l'''i'''tt]]''}} || {{IPA|[lɪt]}} || 'a little' || May be fully front. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]] || {{lang|pdt-Latn|''w'''i'''nta''}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɪntə]}} || 'winter' ||
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=229}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|''F'''i'''lip'''e''''']]}} || {{IPA|[fɪˈlipɪ̥]}} || '[[Filipe]]' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[{{IPA link|i}} ~ {{IPA link|e̞}}]}} in Brazil, and {{IPAslink|ʊ|ɨ}} and unstressed {{IPA|/i/}} in other national variants. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || [[Gurmukhi|ਨਿੰਬੂ]] || {{IPA|[nɪmbu]}} || 'lemon' ||
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| Banat dialect{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=30}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|r'''â'''u]]}} || {{IPA|[rɪw]}} || 'river' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ɨ}} in standard Romanian. See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=37}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|дер'''е'''во]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ru-дерево.ogg|[ˈdʲerʲɪvə]}} || 'tree' || Occurs only in unstressed syllables. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic]] || {{lang|gla|''[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|th'''i'''g]]''}} || {{IPA|[hɪk]}}|| 'come'|| See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Shiwiar language|Shiwiar]]<ref name="fm">{{Harvcoltxt|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || || Allophone of {{IPA|/i/}}.<ref name="fm"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] || {{lang|scn-Latn|''arr'''ì'''riri''}} || {{IPA|[aˈrɪɾiɾi]}} || 'smile'||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Andalusian Spanish|Eastern Andalusian]]<ref name="zamoravicente">{{Harvcoltxt|Zamora Vicente|1967|p=?}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|esp|''[[Spanish alphabet|''m'''is''''']]''}} ||rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[mɪ̟ː]}} || rowspan="2" | 'my' (pl.) || rowspan="2" | Fully front. It corresponds to {{IPAblink|i}} in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Murcian Spanish|Murcian]]<ref name="zamoravicente"/>
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}</ref> || {{lang|sv|''[[Swedish alphabet|s'''i'''ll]]''}} || {{Audio-IPA|sv-sill.ogg|[s̪ɪ̟l̪]}} || 'herring' || Fully front and lowered, more like {{IPA|[e̝]}}. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<ref>Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14</ref> || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|ход'''и'''т'''и''']]}} || {{IPA|[xoˈdɪtɪ]}}|| 'to walk'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|''ch'''ị''''']]}} || {{IPA|[cɪj˧ˀ˨]}} || 'elder sister' || See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] ||Standard || {{lang|fy|''l'''i'''ppe''}} || {{IPA|[ˈɫɪ̽pə]}} || 'lip' || Backed and slightly lowered, more like {{IPA|[ɘ̟]}}.
|-
| Hindelopers || ''b'''ea'''st'' || {{IPA|[bɪːst]}} || 'animal' ||
|}

Icelandic {{angle bracket|i}} is often transcribed as {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but it is actually close-mid {{IPAblink|e}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Árnason|2011|p=60}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Einarsson|1945|p=10}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Gussmann|2011|p=73}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Haugen|1958|p=65}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Árnason
|first=Kristján
|title=The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese
|year=2011
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-922931-4
}}
* {{citation
|last=Barbosa
|first=Plínio A.
|last2=Albano
|first2=Eleonora C.
|year= 2004
|title=Brazilian Portuguese
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=2
|pages=227–232
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001756
}}
* {{citation
|last=Basbøll
|first=Hans
|authorlink=Hans Basbøll
|year=2005
|title=The Phonology of Danish
|isbn=0-203-97876-5
}}
* {{citation
|last=Collins
|first=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|year=2003
|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition
|isbn=9004103406
|url=http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Einarsson
|first=Stefán
|title=Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary.
|year=1945
|place=Baltimore
|publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press
|isbn=978-0801863578
}}
* {{citation
|last=Engstrand
|first=Olle
|year=1999
|chapter=Swedish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
|page=140
}}
* {{citation
|last=Fast Mowitz
|first=Gerhard
|year=1975
|title=Sistema fonológico del idioma achual
|place=Lima
|publisher=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Gilles
|first1=Peter
|last2=Trouvain
|first2=Jürgen
|year=2013
|title=Luxembourgish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=67–74
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278
|url=http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Grønnum
|first=Nina
|year=1998
|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Danish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=28
|issue=1 & 2
|pages=99–105
|doi=10.1017/s0025100300006290
}}
* {{citation
|last=Grønnum
|first=Nina
|year=2003
|title=Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
}}
* {{citation
|last=Grønnum
|first=Nina
|year=2005
|title=Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Akademisk Forlag
|place=Copenhagen
|isbn=87-500-3865-6
}}
* {{citation
|last=Gussenhoven
|first=Carlos
|year=1992
|title=Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=2
|pages=45–47
|doi=10.1017/S002510030000459X
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Gussmann
|first=Edmund
|title=Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic
|journal=Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia
|year=2011
|volume=12
|pages=71–90
|isbn=978-83-232-2296-5
|url=https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/10593/1729/1/071-090.pdf
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Haugen
|first=Einar
|authorlink=Einar Haugen
|title=The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic
|journal=Language
|year=1958
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=55–88
|ref=harv
|doi=10.2307/411276
|jstor=411276
}}
* {{citation
|last=Iivonen
|first=Antti
|last2=Harnud
|first2=Huhe
|year=2005
|title=Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=35
|issue=1
|pages=59–71
|doi=10.1017/S002510030500191X
}}
* {{citation
|last=Jolkesky
|first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery
|year=2009
|title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble
|journal=Anais do SETA
|volume=3
|pages=675–685
|place=Campinas
|publisher=Editora do IEL-UNICAMP
|url=http://www.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/seta/article/view/557/474
}}
* {{citation
|last=Jones
|first=Daniel
|last2=Ward
|first2=Dennis
|year=1969
|title=The Phonetics of Russian
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{citation
|last=Kohler
|first=Klaus J.
|year=1999
|chapter=German
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|pages=86–89
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
}}
* {{SOWL}}
* {{citation
|last1=Ladefoged
|first1=Peter
|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
|last2=Johnson
|first2=Keith
|year=2010
|title=A Course in Phonetics
|edition=6th
|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing
|place=Boston, Massachusetts
|isbn=978-1-4282-3126-9
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FjLc1XtqJUUC
}}
* {{citation
|last=Mangold
|first=Max
|year=2005
|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch
|publisher=Duden
|ISBN=9783411040667
}}
* {{citation
|last=Pop
|first=Sever
|year=1938
|title=Micul Atlas Linguistic Român
|publisher=Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
}}
* {{citation
|last=Uldall
|first=Hans Jørgen
|authorlink=Hans Jørgen Uldall
|year=1933
|title=A Danish Phonetic Reader
|series=The London phonetic readers
|publisher=University of London Press
|place=London
}}
* {{citation
|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2005
|title=Belgian Standard Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=35
|issue=2
|pages=245
|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173
}}
* {{citation
|last=Zamora Vicente
|first=Alonso
|year=1967
|title=Dialectología española
|publisher=Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos
|edition=2nd
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=31BdAAAAMAAJ
}}
{{refend}}

{{IPA navigation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Near-Close Near-Front Unrounded Vowel}}
[[Category:Vowels]]

List of Linux distributions

2015-07-13T20:15:09Z

Ayceman: /* Debian-based */ Manjaro is Arch-based and mentioned below

[[File:Linux Distribution Timeline.svg|thumb|right|Timeline representing the development of various Linux distributions.]]
This page provides general information about notable [[Linux]] [[Linux distribution|distributions]] in the form of a categorized list. Distributions are organized into sections by the major distribution they are based on, or the [[package management system]] they are based around.

==Debian-based==
[[File:DebianFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|150px|Debian family tree]]
[[Debian]] GNU/Linux is a distribution that emphasizes [[free software]]. It supports many hardware platforms. Debian and distributions based on it use the [[deb (file format)|.deb]] package format<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man5/deb.5.html |title=Ubuntu Manpage: deb - Debian binary package format |publisher=Manpages.ubuntu.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-05}}</ref> and the [[dpkg]] package manager and its frontends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/en/man1/dpkg.1.html |title=Ubuntu Manpage: dpkg - package manager for Debian |publisher=Manpages.ubuntu.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-05}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[64 Studio]]
| Attempts to specialize in audio and video production on [[x86-64]] workstations.<ref>[http://www.64studio.com/ 64 Studio website]</ref>
|-
| [[aptosid]]
| Multilingual desktop-oriented Live CD based on Debian unstable. Formerly ''sidux''.<ref>[http://aptosid.com/ aptosid website]</ref>
|-
| [[Astra Linux]]
| OS developed for [[Russian Army]] with raised security.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://astra-linux.com Astra Linux]</ref>
|-
| [[Bharat Operating System Solutions]]
| This software is also known by the acronym BOSS Linux.<ref>[http://bosslinux.in/ BOSS Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Canaima (operating system)|Canaima]]
| A Venezuelan Linux distribution.<ref>[http://canaima.softwarelibre.gob.ve/ Canaima website]</ref>
|-
| [[Corel Linux]]
| Commercial. Short-lived desktop Linux distribution, bought by [[Xandros]] Linux.<ref>[http://openlife.cc/onlinebook/story-failure-corel Corel Linux history]</ref>
|-
| [[CrunchBang Linux]]
| A small Linux Distro and Live CD based on Debian Stable, featuring the [[Openbox]] window manager and tint2 panel with [[GTK+]] applications.<ref>[http://crunchbang.org/ CrunchBang Linux website]</ref> Development has ended for CrunchBang as of February, 2015.<ref>http://crunchbang.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=38916</ref>
|-
| [[Devuan]]
| A fork of Debian begun in 2014 with the primary goal of allowing user choice in [[init]] systems, by decoupling software packages from [[systemd]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Fork-Debian-Project-Announces-the-Systemd-less-OS-Devuan-466178.shtml | title=Fork Debian Project Announces the Systemd-less OS Devuan | work=Softpedia | date=28 November 2014 | accessdate=30 November 2014 | author=Stahie, Silviu}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dreamlinux]]
| A Brazilian Linux distribution (not active anymore).
|-
| [[Elive]]
| A Live CD and Distribution featuring Enlightenment as the only window manager. Aims to be intuitive and easy to use.<ref>[http://www.elivecd.org/ Elive website]</ref>
|-
| [[Emdebian Grip]]
| A small-footprint Linux distribution based on and compatible with Debian, intended for use on resource-limited embedded systems.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.emdebian.org/grip/
| title = Emdebian Grip packages: A smaller Debian-compatible distro
| accessdate = 2014-01-20
| publisher = emdebian.org
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Finnix]]
| A small system administration Live CD that is available for multiple architectures.<ref>[http://www.finnix.org/ Finnix website]</ref>
|-
| [[gNewSense]]
| originally based on [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and later upon [[Debian]], and developed with sponsorship from the [[Free Software Foundation]]. Its goal is user-friendliness, but with all [[proprietary software|proprietary]] (e.g. [[binary blob]]s) and non-free software removed.
|-
| [[grml]]
| Live CD for system recovery.<ref>[http://grml.org/ grml website]</ref>
|-
| [[HandyLinux]]
| A [[Debian]] GNU/Linux derivative, designed for [[Senior citizen|seniors]] equipped with old computers for which [[Windows]] has become too slow.<ref>Wiki Debian [https://wiki.debian.org/Derivatives/Census/HandyLinux HandyLinux Debian Derivatives Census]</ref>
|-
| [[Instant WebKiosk]]
| Live, browser only operating system for use in web kiosks and for [[digital signage]].<ref>[http://www.binaryemotions.com/instant-webkiosk/ Instant WebKiosk project page]{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kali Linux]]
| Made to be a completely customizable OS, used for penetration testing. It is based on Debian GNU/Linux<ref>[http://www.kali.org/ Kali website]</ref>
|-
| [[Kanotix]]
| An installable live DVD/CD for desktop usage using KDE and LXDE, focusing on convenient scripts and GUI for ease of use.<ref>[http://www.kanotix.com/ Kanotix website]</ref>
|-
| [[Knoppix]]
| The first Live CD (later DVD) version of Debian GNU/Linux.<ref>[http://knoppix.net/ Knoppix website]</ref>
|-
| [[Kurumin]]
| Earlier, it was a version of the Knoppix distribution, modified with Debian and designed for [[Brazil]]ian users.
|-
| [[LEAF Project]]
| The Linux Embedded Appliance Framework. A tiny primarily floppy-based distribution for routers, firewalls and other appliances.<ref>[http://leaf.sourceforge.net/ LEAF Project website]</ref>
|-
| [[LiMux]]
| An [[ISO 9241]] industry workplace certified Linux distribution, deployed at the [[Munich|City of Munich]], Germany.<ref>[http://lgict.org.za/document/limux-%E2%80%93-free-software-munich LiMux website]</ref>
|-
|[[Linuxbbq|LinuxBBQ]]
|LinuxBBQ is a plethora of releases for various targets and goals based on Debian Sid GNU/Linux.
|-
|[[Linux Mint Debian Edition]]
|Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) is a rolling Linux distribution based on Debian Testing. It is available in both 32 and 64-bit as a live DVD with a [[Cinnamon (software)|Cinnamon]] or [[MATE (software)|MATE]] desktop. The purpose of LMDE is to look identical to the main Linux Mint edition and to provide the same functionality while using Debian as a base.<ref>[http://www.linuxmint.com/download_lmde.php Linuxmint.com]</ref>
|-
| [[Maemo]]
| A development platform for hand held devices such as the [[Nokia N800]], [[Nokia N810|N810]], and [[Nokia N900]] Internet Tablets and other Linux kernel–based devices.<ref>[http://maemo.org/ Maemo website]</ref>
|-
| [[MEPIS]]
| Focuses on ease of use. Also includes a lightweight variant called [[antiX]]. antiX is meant to be used on older computers with limited hardware.<ref>[http://www.mepis.org/ MEPIS website]</ref> There is also a Xfce distro called MX that's based on Debian Stable.<ref>[http://www.mepiscommunity.org/mx/ MEPIS website]</ref>
|-
| [[MintPPC]]
| For PowerPC computers. Although MintPPC uses some Mint LXDE code, it is not Linux Mint.<ref>[http://mintppc.org/ MintPPC website]</ref>
|-
| [[Musix GNU+Linux]]
| A [[Debian]] GNU/Linux based distribution, intended for music production, graphic design, audio, video editing, and other tasks. It is built with only [[free software]].<ref>[http://www.musix.org.ar/en/ Musix GNU+Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[NepaLinux]]
| A Debian and Morphix Linux based distribution focused for desktop usage in Nepali language computing.<ref>[http://www.nepalinux.org/ NepaLinux website]</ref>
|-
| [[OpenZaurus]]
| Debian packages and ROM image for the [[Sharp Zaurus]] [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]. Replaced by [[Ångström distribution]].<ref>[http://www.openzaurus.org/ OpenZaurus website]</ref>
|-
| [[Pardus (operating system)|Pardus]]
| Developed by [[Turkish National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology]]. Prior to 2013 it used PISI as the package manager, with COMAR as the configuration framework. Starting with Pardus 2013, it is Debian-based.
|-
| [[Parsix]]
| Optimized for personal computers and laptops. Built on top of Debian testing branch and comes with security support.<ref>[http://www.parsix.org/ Parsix website]</ref>
|-
| [[RXART|Rxart]]
| Desktop-oriented distribution. Focused on providing proprietary software.<ref>[http://www.rxart.net/ Rxart website]</ref>
|-
| [[Raspberry Pi#Software|Raspbian]]
| Desktop-oriented distribution. Developed by the [[Raspberry Pi Foundation]] as the official OS for [[Raspberry Pi|their family]] of low-power [[single-board computer]]s.<ref>https://www.raspbian.org/</ref>
|-
| [[Sacix]]
| A [[Debian Pure Blend]] originally created to support the educational and free software diffusion goals of the Telecentres project of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.<ref>[http://sourceforge.net/projects/sacix/ Sacix project page]</ref>
|-
|[[Aptosid#Derivatives|Siduction]]
| Derived from aptosid, siduction is a distro based on debian sid with a friendly community.<ref>[http://siduction.org/ Siduction website]</ref>
|-
| [[Skolelinux]]
| A Linux distribution from Norway. It is provided as a [[thin client]] distribution for schools.<ref>[http://www.slx.no/ Skolelinux website]</ref>
|-
| [[SolusOS]]
| Based on the Stable branch of Debian with updated software applications from Debian backports. Improved media support. Featured the [[GNOME|Gnome]] desktop with usability patches and customized applications. Discontinued October 2013<ref>[http://solusos.com/ SolusOS website]</ref>
|-
| [[SolydXK]]
| [[Xfce]] and [[KDE]] desktop with a semi-rolling release model.<ref>[http://www.solydxk.com/ SolydXK website]</ref>
|-
| [[SteamOS]] ||Debian-based and gaming-focused distribution developed by [[Valve Corporation]] and designed around the [[Steam (software)|Steam]] digital distribution platform.
|-
| [[Sunwah Linux]]
| A Chinese Linux distribution<ref>[http://www.sw-linux.com/en/scripts/main/index.php Sunwah Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Symphony OS]]
| Includes the [[Mezzo (desktop environment)|Mezzo]] desktop environment. Previous versions were based on Knoppix.<ref>[http://www.symphonyos.com/ Symphony OS website]</ref>
|-
| [[SalineOS]]
| Lean, stable and easy-to-use distribution with [[XFCE]] as graphical interface.<ref>[http://www.salineos.com/ SalineOS website]{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Amnesic Incognito Live System|TAILS]]
| The Amnesic Incognito Live System' or Tails is aimed at preserving privacy and anonymity, with all outgoing connections forced to go through [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]].<ref>[https://tails.boum.org/ TAILS website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]]
| A distribution sponsored by [[Canonical Ltd.]] and receiving major funding from South African [[Mark Shuttleworth]]. Aims to offer a complete and polished desktop on a single DVD.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/ Ubuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ulteo]]|| Virtual desktop project.<ref>[http://www.ulteo.com/home/ Ulteo website]</ref>
|-
| [[Univention Corporate Server]]
| Enterprise distribution with integrated IT infrastructure and identity management system by the company Univention GmbH, Germany. A full version for up to 5 users for tests and for private use can be downloaded for free.<ref>[http://www.univention.de/en/products/ucs/ Univention Corporate Server website]</ref>
|-
| [[Webconverger]]
| [[Debian Live]] based browser only distribution, similar to [[Google Chrome OS]]. However based on [[Firefox]] & [[dwm]], with no user sign-in, no special hardware required and designed for public places.<ref>[http://webconverger.com/ Webconverger website]</ref>

|-
| [[Vyatta]]
| Commercial open source network operating system includes routing, firewall, VPN, intrusion prevention and more. Designed to be an open source Cisco replacement.<ref>[http://www.vyatta.org/ Vyatta website]</ref>

|}

===Knoppix-based===
[[File:KnoppixFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|150px|Knoppix family tree]]
[[Knoppix]], itself, is based on Debian.<ref>[http://knoppix.net/wiki/Main_Page Knoppix Wiki]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Damn Small Linux]]
| It is a small Linux distro designed to run on older hardware. It is commonly used on [[virtual machine]]s due to low memory requirements.<ref>[http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/ Damn Small Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Feather Linux]]
| It boots from either a CD or a [[USB flash drive]]. Uses [[Knoppix]]-based hardware detection and the [[Fluxbox]] window manager.<ref>[http://featherlinux.berlios.de/ Feather Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Hikarunix]]
| A Linux distribution solely for studying and playing the game of [[Go (board game)|Go]]. Based on Damn Small Linux.<ref>[http://www.hikarunix.org/ Hikarunix website]</ref>
|}

===Ubuntu-based===
[[File:UbuntuFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|150px|Ubuntu family tree]]
[[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] is a distribution based on [[Debian]], designed to have regular releases, a consistent user experience and commercial support on both desktop and server.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/ubuntu-and-debian About Ubuntu – Official website]</ref>

====Official distributions====
These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/derivatives |title=About Ubuntu Derivatives |work=[[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] |accessdate=August 19, 2012 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Edubuntu]]
| A complete Linux based operating system targeted for [[Primary education|primary]] and [[secondary education]]. It is freely available with community based support. The Edubuntu community is built on the ideas enshrined in the Edubuntu Manifesto: that software, especially for education, should be available [[Gratis versus Libre|free of charge]] and that software tools should be usable by people in their local language and despite any disabilities.<ref>[http://www.edubuntu.org/ Edubuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Kubuntu]]
| An official derivative of Ubuntu Linux using [[KDE]] instead of the [[GNOME]] or Unity interfaces used by default in Ubuntu.<ref>[http://www.kubuntu.org/ Kubuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu GNOME]]
| An official Ubuntu variant<ref>[http://ubuntugnome.org/ubuntu-gnome-approved-as-an-official-flavour/ Ubuntu GNOME approved as official flavour]</ref> that uses Gnome Shell as its default desktop and GDM as its display manager.<ref>[http://ubuntugnome.org/ Ubuntu GNOME]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu MATE]]
| An official derivative of Ubuntu using [[MATE (software)|MATE]], a desktop environment forked from the now-defunct GNOME 2 code base, with an emphasis on the [[desktop metaphor]].<ref name="Sneddon01Mar15">{{cite news|url = http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/02/ubuntu-15-04-beta-downloads-now-live-ubuntu-mate-made-an-official-flavor|title = Ubuntu 15.04 Beta Available to Download, Ubuntu MATE Is Now An Official Flavor|accessdate = 1 March 2015|last = Sneddon|first = Joey|date = 1 March 2015| work = OMG Ubuntu}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lubuntu]]
| Lubuntu is a project that is an official derivative of the [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[operating system]] that is "lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient", using the [[LXDE]] [[desktop environment]].<ref name="Distrowatch11May09">{{cite web|url = http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20090511#news|title = Another day, another Ubuntu derivative.|accessdate = 2009-05-21|last = Smart|first = Chris|authorlink = |date=May 2009}}</ref><ref name="LXDEBlog">{{cite web|url = http://blog.lxde.org/?p=208|title =Lubuntu? LXDE Meet up with Mark Shuttleworth in Berlin|accessdate = 2009-05-21|last = [[LXDE]]|authorlink = |date=February 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://lubuntu.net/ Lubuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Xubuntu]]
| An official derivative of Ubuntu using [[Xfce]]. Xubuntu is intended for use on less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems, and uses mostly [[GTK+]] applications.<ref>[http://xubuntu.org/ Xubuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Mythbuntu]]|| Based on Ubuntu and [[MythTV]], providing applications for recording TV and acting as a media center.<ref>[http://www.mythbuntu.org/ Mythbuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu for Android]]
| Designed for use with [[Android (operating system)|Android]] phones.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/devices/android Ubuntu for Android website]</ref>
|-
| [[UbuntuKylin]]
| An official derivative aimed at the Chinese market.
|-
| [[Ubuntu Server]]
| An official derivative made for use in servers. Ubuntu Server handles mail, controls printers, acts as a fileserver, can host [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] and more.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/business/server Ubuntu Server Edition website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu Studio]]
| Based on Ubuntu, providing open-source applications for multimedia creation aimed at the audio, video and graphic editors.<ref>[http://ubuntustudio.org/ Ubuntu Studio website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu Touch]]
| Designed for use with [[touchscreen]] devices.
|-
| [[Ubuntu TV]]
| Designed for use with [[Smart TV|TV]]s.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/devices/tv Ubuntu TV website]</ref>
|}

====Old official distributions====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Gobuntu]]
| Gobuntu was an official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system, aiming to provide a distribution consisting entirely of [[free software]]. It was officially announced by Mark Shuttleworth on July 10, 2007, and daily builds of Gobuntu 7.10 began to be publicly released. The project ended around the release of 8.04 and has since merged into mainline Ubuntu as a 'free software' option.<ref>[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Gobuntu Gobuntu information]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu JeOS]]
| "Just Enough OS" – was described as "an efficient variant [...] configured specifically for [[virtual appliance]]s".<ref>[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/JeOS Ubuntu JeOS information]</ref> Since the release of Ubuntu 8.10 it has been included as an option as part of the standard Ubuntu Server Edition.
|-
| [[Ubuntu Mobile]]
| An embedded operating system designed for use on [[mobile device]]s. The operating system will use [[Hildon]] from [[maemo]] as its [[Graphical user interface|graphical frontend]]. [[Ubuntu Touch]] is a successor to Ubuntu Mobile.
|-
| [[Ubuntu Netbook Edition]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13580_3-9950552-39.html|title=Ubuntu to announce its mobile Linux in June}}</ref>
| Netbook Edition was an official derivative of Ubuntu designed for [[netbook]]s using the [[Intel Atom]] processor. Starting from [[Ubuntu 11.04]], Ubuntu Netbook Edition has been merged into the desktop edition.
|}

==== {{Anchor|Unofficial distributions}}Third-party distributions ====
Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by [[Canonical Ltd.]] and generally have different goals in mind.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Distribution!!Description
|-
| [[Aurora (operating system)|Aurora]]|| Specifically for the Eee PC range of netbooks, based on Debian. Previously named Eeebuntu and based on Ubuntu.<ref>[http://auroraos.org/ Aurora website]</ref>
|-
| [[Baltix]]||Ubuntu-based distribution for Lithuanian and Latvian people. Supported languages are Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Russian, English, Norwegian and other around Baltic region. Main language is Lithuanian.<ref>[http://baltix.akl.lt/ Baltix website]</ref>
|-
| [[BackBox]]
| BackBox is a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It has been developed to perform penetration tests and security assessments. Designed to be fast, easy to use and provide a minimal yet complete desktop environment, thanks to its own software repositories, always being updated to the latest stable version of the most used and best known ethical hacking tools.<ref>[http://www.backbox.org/ BackBox website]</ref>
|-
| [[BackTrack]]
| Developed by Offensive Security and designed for penetration testing;<ref name="BackTrack website">[http://www.backtrack-linux.org/ BackTrack website]</ref> superseded by [[Kali Linux]]<ref name="BackTrack website"/>
|-
| [[BlankOn]]||Ubuntu-based Linux distribution for users in Indonesia.<ref>[http://www.blankonlinux.or.id/ BlankOn website]</ref>
|-
| [[Buildix]]||An Ubuntu-based Linux distribution, developed by Global IT professional services firm, [[ThoughtWorks]]. For agile developers.
|-
| [[Bodhi Linux]]||An Ubuntu-based Linux distribution featuring the [[Enlightenment (window manager)|Enlightenment]] window manager and targeting users who want minimum of preinstalled software or low system requirements.<ref>[http://www.bodhilinux.com/ Bodhi Linux website]</ref>
|-


| [[Cubuntu]]||Ubuntu-based distribution with the [[Cinnamon (software)|Cinnamon interface]].<ref>[http://www.cubuntu.fr/ Official Cubuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[dyne:bolic]]
| [[Live CD]] geared toward multimedia (audio and video) production, but comes with other non-media specific application (e.g.: word processor, desktop publisher).<ref>[http://www.dynebolic.org/ dyne:bolic website]</ref>
|-
| [[EasyPeasy]]|| Fork of Ubuntu designed for netbooks.<ref>[http://www.geteasypeasy.com/ EasyPeasy website]</ref>
|-

| [[Element OS]]
| Based on [[Xubuntu]], made for [[Home theater PC]]s.<ref>[http://www.elementmypc.com/main/index.php Element OS website]{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref>
|-

| [[elementary (operating system)|elementary OS]]
| A powerful, user-friendly distribution known for its well received user interface, proprietary software, and devoted community of developers and artists.<ref>[http://elementaryos.org/ elementary OS website]</ref>
|-
| [[Emmabuntüs]]||Based on [[Xubuntu]] designed to facilitate the repacking of computers donated to [[Emmaus (charity)|Emmaüs]] Communities.<ref>[http://emmabuntus.org/ Emmabuntüs website]</ref>
|-
| [https://sites.google.com/site/mbuntureleased/ Galaxy OS]
|Based on Ubuntu 14.04, but has the MacBuntu Pack installed to save the user from installing it manually. It can be updated to whatever the latest version of Ubuntu is and also contains some extra apps not installed by default on Ubuntu.
|-
| [[Galsoft Linux]]
|A Linux distribution derived from [[Lubuntu]] that is made to be installed from a DVD or a [[USB flash drive]]. The distribution is specially optimized to run efficiently with limited hardware resources.
|-
| [[GendBuntu]]||A version adapted for use by [[France]]'s [[National Gendarmerie]].
|-
| [[Goobuntu]]
| An Ubuntu-based distribution used internally by [[Google]]. Not available outside of [[Google]].

|-
| [[gOS (operating system)|gOS]]
| Uses the GNOME desktop environment with user interface enhancements to make it work more like [[Mac OS X]], it also features [[Google Apps]], [[Picasa]], [[Google Gadgets]] and other web-based applications, and comes with [[Wine (software)|Wine 1.0]] pre-installed.
|-
| [[Guadalinex]]
| Ubuntu-based distribution promoted by the local government of [[Andalucia]], Spain, for home users and schools.<ref>[http://www.guadalinexedu.org/ Guadalinex website]</ref>

|-
| [[Iskolinux]]
| A Linux distribution packaged and maintained by UP Manila's (UPM) Information Management System as part of University of the Philippines' thrust to migrate to Linux.

|-
| [[Joli OS]]
| Joli OS (formerly named Jolicloud) is in development and Pre-beta testing. Joli OS is built upon Debian and Ubuntu 9.10, but is tweaked to be more suitable for computers that have weaker specifications in terms of disk storage, memory and screen size. It is designed to run on relatively low-powered netbook computers.<ref>[http://www.jolicloud.com/jolios Joli OS website]</ref>

|-
| [[Mobile Internet Experience|HP Mi]]|| Based on Ubuntu 8.04 LTS, designed by Canonical and HP for use on the HP Mini 1000 and 110 series netbooks.<ref name="Brown 2008, HP Linux">{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/HP-netbook-boasts-homegrown-Linux-distro/|title=HP netbook boasts homegrown Linux distro|last=Brown|first=Eric|date=2008-10-29 |work=LinuxDevices.com|publisher=[[Ziff Davis|Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings Inc.]]|accessdate=2009-07-12|archiveurl=http://archive.is/Cj6k|archivedate=December 9, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Impi Linux]]

| [[South Africa]]n and focuses on the enterprise and government sector.<ref>[http://www.impilinux.com/ Impi Linux website]</ref>

|-
| [[Karoshi (operating system)|Karoshi]]

| A formerly [[PCLinuxOS]]-based distribution designed for use in schools.<ref>[http://www.linuxgfx.co.uk/ Karoshi website]</ref>

|-
| [[Kuki Linux]]

| Lightweight Ubuntu-based Linux distribution founded by João Ferro, built to be a replacement for the [[Linpus Linux Lite]] distribution on the [[Acer Aspire One]].<ref>[http://itsquare.pt/en/kuki-linux-en Kuki Linux website]{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref>

|-
| [[LiMux]]||A project by the city council of [[Munich]], [[Germany]].

|-
| [[Linux Mint]]

| Linux Mint synchronizes its release-cycle with Ubuntu's, and is tailored to user-friendliness for desktop users. Also features a Debian-based edition.<ref>[http://linuxmint.com/ Linux Mint website]</ref>

|-
| [[LinuxMCE]]

| ''Linux Media Center Edition'', a Kubuntu-based distribution that provides in-depth HTPC functionality as well as home automation.<ref>[http://www.linuxmce.com/ LinuxMCE website]</ref>

|-
| [[LinuxTLE]]|| A Thai Linux distribution.<ref>[http://www.opentle.org/ LinuxTLE website]</ref>

|-
| [[LliureX]]|| A distribution by the [[Generalitat Valenciana]]<ref>[http://mestreacasa.gva.es/web/lliurex/ LliureX website]</ref>

|-
| [[LOUD]] || ''LCSEE Optimized Ubuntu Distribution'', an Ubuntu distribution used at [[West Virginia University]]. It contains several specialized educational packages as well as its own themes and login manager.<ref>[https://launchpad.net/loud-platform LOUD website]</ref>

|-
| [[MAX (operating system)|MAX]]||Stands for '''MA'''drid Linu'''X'''.<ref>[http://www.educa2.madrid.org/web/max MAX website]</ref>

|-
| [[Molinux]] ||Ubuntu based initiative to introduce the [[Castile-La Mancha]] community in Spain to the information society.<ref>[http://www.bilib.es/molinux/ Molinux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Moon OS]] ||Moon OS uses the Enlightenment [[window manager]] and also has an LXDE version, and is based on the LTS release.<ref>[http://moonos.linuxfreedom.com/ Moon OS website]</ref>
|-
| [[Nova (operating system)|Nova]]
| [[Cuba]]n state-sponsored distribution developed at the [[University of Information Science]], [[Havana]]. Formerly based on Gentoo.
|-
| [[Netrunner (operating system)|Netrunner]]
| Kubuntu based distribution with complete software and codecs installed, developed by Blue Systems (also sponsoring Kubuntu and LinuxMintKDE).<ref>[http://www.netrunner-os.com/ Netrunner website]</ref>
|-
| [[OpenGEU]]|| Ubuntu based distribution with Enlightenment window manager, previously known as Geubuntu.<ref>[https://launchpad.net/opengeu OpenGEU website]</ref>
|-
| [[Peppermint OS]]
| A light-weight LXDE distribution for [[cloud application]]s through its own Ice Framework using Chromium Web Browser. Based on [[Lubuntu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peppermintos.com/release-notes/|title=About Peppermint OS}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pinguy OS]] ||An Ubuntu-based distro for people that have never used Linux before or for people that want an out-of-the-box working OS without having to tweak a fresh installation of Ubuntu or other Ubuntu-based distro.<ref>[http://www.pinguyos.com/ Pinguy OS Homepage]</ref>
|-
| [[Poseidon Linux]] ||For academic and scientific use. Based on Ubuntu, but enhanced by e.g. GIS/maps, numerical modelling, 2D/3D/4D visualization, statistics, tools for creating simple and complex graphics, programming languages.
|-
| [[PUD (operating system)|PUD]]
| Small distribution, aimed at being simple and usable.
|-
| [[Qimo 4 Kids]]|| Educational games for children aged three and up. Ubuntu-based with easy-to-use interface.<ref>[http://www.qimo4kids.com/ Qimo 4 Kids website]</ref>
|-
| [[Sabily]] ||Ubuntu based distribution for Muslims (formerly Ubuntu Muslim Edition).<ref>[http://www.sabily.org/website/ Sabily website]</ref>
|-
| [[Super OS]]||Aiming to provide an ‘out of the box’ experience, containing various enhancements over Ubuntu.<ref>[http://hacktolive.org/wiki/Super_OS Super OS website]</ref>
|-
| [[Trisquel GNU/Linux]]
| Fully [[free software]] system without proprietary software or firmware and uses the [[Linux-libre]] kernel, based on Ubuntu LTS Releases.<ref>[http://trisquel.info/en Trisquel Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]]||Open source project developing a family of free, Ubuntu-based appliances optimized for ease of use in server-type usage scenarios.<ref>[http://www.turnkeylinux.org/ TurnKey Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[UberStudent]]|| For higher education and advanced secondary students, those who teach them, and lifelong learners.<ref>[http://www.uberstudent.org/ UberStudent website]</ref>
|-
| [[Vinux]]
| A Linux distribution designed for [[visual impairment|visually impaired]] users.<ref>[http://vinuxproject.org/ Vinux website]</ref>
|-
| [[ZevenOS]] || Similar to [[BeOS]], with some extra tools.<ref>[http://www.zevenos.com/ ZevenOS website]</ref>
|}

==Gentoo-based==
[[File:GentooFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|150px|Gentoo family tree]]
[[Gentoo Linux|Gentoo]] is a distribution designed to have highly optimized and frequently updated software.<ref>[http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/about.xml About Gentoo]</ref> Distributions based on Gentoo use the [[Portage (software)|Portage]] package management system with [[Portage (software)#Emerge|emerge]]<ref>[http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=2&chap=1 Portage – Gentoo Handbook]</ref> or one of the alternative package managers.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Calculate Linux]]
| Calculate Linux is a family of distributions.
|-
| [[Chromium OS]]<ref name=chrome>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/dev/chromium-os/developer-guide|title=Chromium OS Developer Guide|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}</ref>
| [[Chrome OS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/how-tos-and-troubleshooting/developer-faq|title=Chromium Project FAQ}}</ref> is used on various [[Chromebook]]s, [[Chromebox]]es and [[tablet computer]]s. It is primarily Internet-based, launching each app within the [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] browser. The OS features a user interface that is very similar-looking to Chrome instead of [[GNOME]], [[KDE]], etc.
|-
| [[CoreOS]]
| Enterprise base image with update subscription
|-
| [[Funtoo Linux]]
| A Linux distribution based on Gentoo.
|-
| [[Gentoox]]
| An adaptation of Gentoo for the [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]].
|-
| [[Knopperdisk]]
| A Linux distribution aimed at USB sticks.
|-
| [[Pentoo]]
| Penetration-testing Live CD.
|-
| [[Sabayon Linux]]
| Made in [[Italy]]. It is a European Linux distribution based on Gentoo. However, it follows the "out of the box" philosophy, aiming to give the user a wide number of applications ready to use and a self-configured operating system. Like Gentoo, Sabayon uses the [[rolling release]] model; it uses a customized version of Red Hat's Anaconda Installer and includes a Media Center application.
|-
| [[SystemRescueCD]]
| System rescue Live CD version of Gentoo.
|-
| [[Tin Hat Linux]]
| Based on hardened Gentoo.
|-
| [[Ututo]]
| Made in [[Argentina]].
|-
| [[Kogaion]]
| Romanian Linux distro based on Gentoo and Sabayon.

|}

Also, the Gentoo project maintains [https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Distributions_based_on_Gentoo its own list of distributions based on Gentoo].

==Pacman-based==

[[Pacman (package manager)|Pacman]] is a package manager that is capable of resolving dependencies and automatically downloading and installing all necessary packages. In theory, a user need only run a single command to completely update the system.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Arch Linux]]
| An [[i686]]- and [[x86-64]]-optimized distribution targeted at experienced users. Arch runs on a [[rolling release]] system and uses the [[Pacman (package manager)|pacman]] utility for package management.
|-
| [[Chakra Linux]]
| Originally derived from Arch Linux, with the latest KDE desktop. For now uses the [[Pacman (package manager)|pacman]] utility for package management. Strives to be Qt-only.
|-
| [[Frugalware Linux]]
| A general purpose Linux distribution designed for intermediate users. Has some influences from Slackware, and uses a heavily modified version of the [[Pacman (package manager)|Pacman]] package manager, Pacman-G2, a fork of a [[Concurrent Versions System|cvs]] version of the complete rewrite of Pacman-G1 by Aurelien Foret (the old monolithic Pacman-G1 is written by [[Judd Vinet]]). The packages are [[tar (file format)|tar]] archives that are compressed using [[xz]].<ref name="about">{{cite web| title=About Frugalware| work=Frugalware Stable Documentation | publisher=Frugalware Project | url=http://frugalware.org/docs/stable/about.html | accessdate =2011-09-11}}</ref>
|}

===Arch-based===

[[File:ArchFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|150px|Arch family tree]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Antergos (operating system)|Antergos Linux]]
| Derived from Arch Linux with GUI installer and multiple choices of Desktop Environments
|-
| [[ArchBang]]
| Based on Arch Linux, but also provides LiveCDs with working system and graphical installation scripts; uses Openbox as default window manager
|-
| [[LinHES]]
| LinHES (Linux Home Entertainment Server) designed for use on Home Theater PCs (HTPCs), providing applications for recording TV and acting as a sound and video center
|-
| [[Manjaro Linux]]
| Based on Arch Linux, using its own repositories and ships with XFCE (as the default desktop environment), KDE, Openbox, an net edition without GUI, and also an XFCE netbook edition
|-
| [[Parabola GNU/Linux-libre]]
| Arch Linux without any proprietary-licensed software, plus various added packages. Packages are also built for mips64el in addition to i686 and x86_64
|}

==RPM-based==
[[File:RedHatFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|150px|Red Hat family tree]]
[[Red Hat Linux]] and [[SUSE Linux distributions|SUSE Linux]] were the original major distributions that used the [[RPM Package Manager|RPM file format]], which is today used in several package management systems. Both of these later divided into commercial and community-supported distributions. Red Hat Linux divided into a community-supported distribution sponsored by [[Red Hat]] called [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], and a commercially supported distribution called [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]], whereas SuSE divided into [[openSUSE]] and [[SUSE Linux Enterprise]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[aLinux]]
| Formerly known as Peanut Linux
|-
| [[ALT Linux]]
| Several Linux distributions including Master, Compact, and Junior, Server, Terminal.
|-
| [[Caldera OpenLinux]]
| A Linux distribution originally introduced by [[Caldera (company)|Caldera]] and later developed by its subsidiary [[Caldera Systems]]. It was later developed by [[Caldera International]] (which bought SCO and was renamed [[The SCO Group]]). The distribution is no longer produced. Last release: 3.1.1 – Jan. 30, 2002
|-
| [[cAos Linux]]
| A general purpose Linux distribution. Designed to have low overhead, run on older hardware, and be easily customizable.
|-
| [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]]
| Community-supported Linux distribution sponsored by [[Red Hat]]. It usually features cutting-edge Linux technologies.
|-
| [[Lycoris Desktop/LX]]
|-
| [[Mageia]]
| A community Linux distribution initially forked from Mandriva Linux in response to the discontinuation of free versions of Mandriva Linux.
|-
| [[Mandriva Linux]]
| Easy to use system through its unique Control Center.
|-
| [[openSUSE]]
| A community-developed Linux distribution, sponsored by [[SUSE Linux Distributions|SUSE]]. It maintains a strict policy of ensuring all code in the standard installs will be from [[free software|Free/Libre/Open-Source Software]] solutions, including [[Linux]] kernel Modules. [[SUSE Linux Distributions|SUSE]]'s enterprise [[Linux]] products are all based on the codebase that comes out of the openSUSE project.
|-
| [[PCLinuxOS]]
| A [[rolling release]] Linux Live CD distribution. Originally based on Mandrake 9.2. Later rebased on [[Mandriva Linux|Mandriva]] 2007.
|-
| [[Red Hat Linux]]
| Split into [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora Core]] and [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]]. The last official release of the unsplit distribution was Red Hat Linux 9 in March 2003.
|-
| [[Turbolinux]]
| Originally based on Red Hat Linux.
|-
| [[Vine Linux]]
| A Japanese distribution originally based on Red Hat Linux.
|-
| [[YOPER]]
| A [[rolling release]] desktop distribution from [[New Zealand]] that focuses on optimizing system performance for workstation use. Discontinued.
|}

===Fedora-based===
[[File:FedoraFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|150px|Fedora family tree]]
[[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]] is a community supported distribution. It aims to provide the latest software while maintaining a completely [[Free Software]] system.<ref>[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Objectives Objectives – Fedora Project]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Atomix (operating system)|Atomix]]
| a Serbian desktop and server oriented Linux distribution
|-
| [[Aurora SPARC Linux]]
| For Sun's SPARC architecture
|-
| [[Berry Linux]]
| A medium-sized Fedora-based distribution that provides support in Japanese and English.
|-
| [[EduLinux]]
| For educational purposes
|-
| [[EnGarde Secure Linux]]
| Server-only Linux distribution designed to be secure.<ref>[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=engarde DistroWatch.com: EnGarde Secure Linux]</ref>
|-
| [[Fuduntu]]
| Designed to fit in somewhere between Fedora and Ubuntu.
|-
| [[Hanthana (operating system)|Hanthana]]
| Designed to cater the needs of Sri Lankan computer users who are unable to access Internet frequently, with many most-wanted applications built in.
|-
| [[K12LTSP]]
| A distribution for educational purpose. Comes with [[Linux Terminal Server Project|LTSP]] support.
|-
| [[Korora (operating system)|Korora]]
| Initially aimed at easy installation of a Gentoo system by using install scripts instead of manual configuration. Now based on Fedora.
|-
| [[Linpus Linux]]
| Focused on the Chinese market, along with Linpus Lite focused on the [[netbook]] market.
|-
| [[MeeGo]]
| Built by Intel and Nokia, intended for mobile phones (mainly [[Nokia N9]]) and tablets. It is based on Moblin together with Maemo.
|-
| [[Moblin]]
| Built around the Intel Atom processor; supplanted by Meego when Intel and (temporarily) Nokia combined activities
|-
| [[MythDora]]
| Specialized Linux distribution for easy setup of the MythTV PVR software, similar to KnoppMyth, based on Fedora.
|-
| [[Network Security Toolkit]]
| A Live CD/DVD with security and networking tools to perform routine security and networking diagnostic and monitoring tasks.
|-
| [[Ojuba Linux]]
| Focused on providing the best Arabic support, as well as some Islamic tools such as Hijra (Hijri calendar) and Minbar (prayer time indicator).
|-
| [[Qubes OS]]
| Focused on security for desktop users.
|-
| [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]]
| [[Red Hat]]'s officially supported distribution. Meant for enterprise use.
|-
| [[Russian Fedora Remix]]
| A remix of Fedora.
|-
| [[Trustix]]
| A Linux distribution focused on security.<ref>[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=trustix DistroWatch.com: Trustix Secure Linux]</ref>
|-
| [[Xange]]
| Xange (formerly ''Simplis'', formerly ''Vixta'') is a distribution that tries to emulate the appearance of [[Windows Vista]]. It is based on [[KDE]].
|-
| [[Yellow Dog Linux]]
| For the [[PowerPC]] platform.
|}

====RHEL-based====
{{See also|Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivatives|Commercial products based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Asianux]]
| A Linux distribution co-developed between [[Red Flag Linux|Red Flag Software]] Co., Ltd., [[Miracle Linux]] Corp. and [[Haansoft]], INC., focused on Chinese, Japanese and Korean support.
|-
| [[CentOS]]
| Community-supported distribution that aims to be compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux without the inclusion of proprietary software.
|-
| [[ClearOS]]
| Small Business Server. File, Print, Messaging, UTM, VPN.
|-
| [[Fermi Linux LTS]]
| Based on Scientific Linux.<ref>[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=fermi DistroWatch.com: Fermi Linux]</ref>
|-
| [[Miracle Linux]]
| Developed by Japanese software vendor Miracle Linux Co., Ltd
|-
| [[Oracle Linux]]
| Supported by [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]]. Aims to be fully compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
|-
| [[Red Flag Linux]]
| A Linux distribution developed in China and optimized for the Chinese market. Based on Asianux.
|-
| [[Rocks Cluster Distribution]]
| A Linux distribution for building a High-Performance Computing computer cluster, with a recent release supporting Cloud computing. It is based on [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] but with extensions to support large multi-node heterogeneous systems for clusters (HPC), Cloud, and Data Warehousing (in development).
|-
| [[Scientific Linux]]
| A Linux distribution co-developed by [[Fermilab|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]] and the [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN), which aims to be compatible with and based on [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]].
|-
| [[SME Server]]
| Based on CentOS and targeting Small and Medium Enterprises.
|}

===Mandriva Linux-based===
[[File:MandrivaFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|150px|Mandriva family tree]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Annvix]]
| A security-focused server Linux distribution. Originally based on [[Mandriva Linux|Mandrake 9.2]] but has diverged a lot. Discontinued.
|-
| [[TinyMe]]
| Based on Unity Linux, targeted to be as lightweight as possible.
|-
| [[Trinity Rescue Kit]]
| Aimed specifically at offline operations for Windows and Linux systems such as rescue, repair, password resets and disk cloning
|-
| [[Unity Linux]]
| Meant to be a base for custom distributions.
|-
| [[Mageia]]
| Community-based fork. Especially for beginners with its startup-screen.

|}

===openSUSE-based===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Cr OS Linux]]
| A lightweight Linux distribution based on openSUSE with Cinnamon desktop environment.
|-
| [[Linkat]]
| A Linux distribution promoted by the government of [[Catalonia]], Spain.
|-
| [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop]]
| Previously branded Novell Linux Desktop. A desktop-oriented Linux distribution supplied by [[SUSE Linux Distributions|SUSE]] and targeted at the enterprise market.
|-
| [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server]]
| A server-oriented Linux distribution supplied by [[SUSE Linux Distributions|SUSE]] and targeted at the business market.
|}

==Slackware-based==
[[File:SlackwareFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|150px|Slackware family tree]]
[[Slackware]] is known as a highly customizable distribution that stresses ease of maintenance and reliability over cutting-edge software and automated tools. Generally considered a distribution for advanced users, it is often suggested to those who want to learn the inner workings of a Linux operating system.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Austrumi Linux]]
| An 108 MB bootable [[live CD]] as of version 1.9.3
|-
| [[BasicLinux]]
| A mini Linux designed to run in old PCs (386). Has a certain degree of compatibility with Slackware packages.
|-
| [[Frugalware]]
| Frugalware Linux is a general-purpose Linux distribution designed for intermediate users who are familiar with command-line operations. Early versions were based on Slackware, but it is now an independently developed distribution.
|-
| [[HostGIS]]
| HostGIS Linux is a Slackware-based distribution specifically made for handling [[GIS]] information.
|-
| [[KateOS]]
| A desktop Linux distribution aimed at intermediate users. It uses [[Xfce]] as its default desktop environment. No longer in development.
|-
| [[MuLinux]]
| Floppy-based Linux distribution with replaceable modules.
|-
| [[NimbleX]]
| Completely customizable through the NimbleX website. Now no longer producing new versions.
|-
|[[Platypux]]
| A French Linux distribution of the Slackware family
|-
| [[Salix OS]]
| Originally a fork of Zenwalk, Salix is a complete Linux distribution fully backwards compatible with Slackware.
Uses [[Xfce]], [[KDE]], [[LXDE]], [[Fluxbox]] or [[Ratpoison]] as its default desktop environment.
32 and 64bits version. Live versions are also available.
|-
| [[Sentry Firewall]]
| A firewall, server or [[intrusion detection system]] Linux distribution.
|-
| [[simpleLinux]]
| simpleLinux uses LZMA compression to compress its system files. The project started on year 2007 by a group of Malaysian developer. simpleLinux is a Slackware-based distribution that comes in both Live CD or Persistence version that can be installed to a medium. simpleLinux comes to be a multi-tasking operating system that runs the X Window System.
|-
| [[Slackintosh]]
| An unofficial port of Slackware to the [[PowerPC]] architecture.
|-
| [[Slamd64]]
| An unofficial port of Slackware to the [[x86-64]] architecture.
|-
| [[Slax]]
| A [[live CD]] which aims to provide a complete desktop for general use. Permanent installation of Slax is not recommended or supported; it is designed for "live" use only. Also can be run from a USB flash drive.
|-
| [[SuperGamer]]
| A [[Live DVD]] Linux Distribution focused on [[Linux gaming|gaming]].
|-
| [[Topologilinux]]
| Designed to run from within [[Microsoft Windows]], Topologilinux can be installed without any changes to the user's hard disk. Outdated.
|-
| [[VectorLinux]]
| A lightweight Linux distribution designed to be easy to use even for new users. Generally considered well-suited for older hardware.
|-
| [[WinLinux]]
| A Linux distro that runs on a FAT32 FS.
|-
| [[Wolvix]]
| A desktop-oriented Linux distribution based on Slackware, mainly targeted at home users, featuring [[Xfce]]. No longer available
|-
| [[Zenwalk]]
| Originally a minimal version of Slackware, Zenwalk has evolved into a very different operating system; however, compatibility with Slackware is still maintained.
|-
| [[ZipSlack]]
| A lightweight and portable version of Slackware
|}

===Slax-based===
Slax's modularity and reputation of quality have made it a popular base for other [[live CD]] projects.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[DAVIX]]
| A Linux Live CD for data analysis and visualization.
|-
| [[DNALinux]]
| A small Linux distribution designed for running [[bioinformatics]] software, including [[BLAST]] and [[EMBOSS]].
|-
| [[Emnix]]
| A Slax-based Linux distribution focused around portability and practicality. Production has ceased and Emnix replaced with Project Esma.
|-
| [[Porteus (operating system)|Porteus]]
| A small Linux distro based on Slax.
|}

==Independent==
The following distributions can not be categorized under the preceding sections.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Alpine Linux]]
| A security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on [[musl]] and [[BusyBox]].
|-
| [[Bifrost (operating system)|Bifrost]]
| Small, for networking.
|-
| [[Billix]]
| A live CD or live USB system administration toolkit and multi-boot distribution with the ability to install any of the included distributions.
|-
| [[Coyote Linux]]
| Router/firewall Linux distribution.
|-
| [[CRUX]]
| CRUX is a lightweight, [[x86-64]]-optimized Linux distribution targeted at experienced users. The focus is "[[KISS principle|keep it simple]]", which is reflected in a simple [[tar.xz]]-based package system, [[BSD]]-style initscripts, and a relatively small collection of trimmed packages
|-
| [[DD-WRT]]
| Embedded firewall Linux distribution.
|-
| [[Devil-Linux]]
| Router/firewall/server Linux distribution running from CD or USB. Configuration held on USB or floppy disk.
|-
| [[Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre]]
| A Linux distribution written entirely from scratch<ref>Bruce Byfield: [http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/osrc/article.php/3922031/Eight-Completely-Free-Linux-Distros-And-One-More.htm Eight Completely Free Linux Distros (And One More)] earthweb.com, 2011.</ref> and sharing some similarities with [[Slackware]]. Approved by the GNU Project as a [[The Free Software Definition|free]] operating system.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html |title=List of Free GNU/Linux Distributions - GNU Project |publisher=Free Software Foundation |accessdate=2014-12-15 |deadurl=no }}</ref>
|-
| [[DSLinux]]
| Version of Linux designed for the [[Nintendo DS]].
|-
| [[ELinOS]]
| Linux distribution for [[embedded system]]s by [[SYSGO]]. [[ELinOS]] focuses on industrial application and provides [[Real-time computing|real-time extensions]].
|-
| [[Familiar Linux]]
| Linux distribution for iPAQ handhelds.
|-
| [[fli4l]]
| Router/firewall Linux distribution.<ref>[http://www.fli4l.de/en/ fli4l website]</ref>
|-
| [[Foresight Linux]]
| A [[rolling release]] Linux distribution built around the [[Conary (package manager)|Conary]] package manager.
|-
| [[FREESCO]]
| A free replacement for proprietary routers supporting up to 10 network cards and up to 10 modems.
|-
| [[GeeXboX]]
| [[Live CD]] media center Linux distribution, mainly to play special-encoded video files (e.g.: .ogg, XVID) on home theater.
|-
| [[GoboLinux]]
| An alternative Linux distribution which redefines the [[file system]] hierarchy by installing everything belonging to one application in one folder under /Programs, and using symlinks from /System and its subfolders to point to the proper files.
|-
| [[IPCop]]
| Router/firewall Linux distribution.
|-
| [[Jlime]]
| Linux distribution for the [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] [[Jornada (PDA)|Jornada]] 6xx and 7xx and [[NEC]] [[MobilePro#MobilePro 900|MobilePro 900(c)]] handhelds.
|-
| [[Lightweight Portable Security]] (LPS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spi.dod.mil |title=Software Protection Initiative - Main |publisher=Spi.dod.mil |date= |accessdate=2013-07-05}}</ref>
| A distribution created by the [[United States Department of Defense]] that boots entirely in [[Random Access Memory|RAM]]
|-
| [[Lunar Linux]]
| A source code-based Linux distribution descended from [[Sorcerer (operating system)|Sorcerer]].
|-
| [[MCC Interim Linux]]
| MCC Interim Linux, possibly the first Linux distribution. Created by the Manchester Computing Centre in February 1992.
|-
| [[MkLinux]]
| A legacy Linux distribution for [[PowerPC]] systems that runs the Linux kernel as a server on top of the [[Mach microkernel]].
|-
| [[Mobilinux]]
| By [[Montavista]] for smartphones.
|-
| [[MontaVista Linux]]
| Embedded systems Linux distribution by [[MontaVista|MontaVista Software]].
|-
| [[NASLite]]
| a floppy-based Linux designed to turn an old computer into a simple Network Attached Storage device.
|-
| [[Nitix]]
| Developed by Net Integration Technologies Inc., Nitix claims to be the first [[Autonomic system (computing)|autonomic]] Linux kernel–based server operating system.
|-
| [[NixOS]]
| Declarative Linux distribution with atomic upgrades and rollbacks built on top [[Nix package manager|Nix]] package manager
|-
| [[OpenTV]] 5
| Developed by [[Nagra]], next generation television middleware for connected media convergence platform.
|-
| [[OpenWrt]]
| Router/firewall Linux distribution, also other [[embedded system]]s, a lot of routing options via [[opkg]] available
|-
| [[paldo (operating system)|paldo]]
| Independently developed desktop operating system and package manager (upkg) with a rolling release format and standard Gnome environment.
|-
| [[Linux for PlayStation 2|PS2 Linux]]
| [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] Linux distribution released officially for the [[PlayStation 2]] [[video game]] console.
|-
| [[Puppy Linux]]
| A mini Linux distribution which runs well under low-end PCs – even under 32 MB RAM.
|-
| [[rPath]]
| A distribution built around the [[Conary (package manager)|Conary]] package manager. Discontinued.
|-
| [[SliTaz GNU/Linux|SliTaz]]
| With less than 40 MB a very small Live-Distribution, which uses 256 MB RAM (or with a special edition only 24 MB<ref>{{cite web|title=SliTaz LiveCD Flavors|url=http://www.slitaz.org/en/get/flavors.php|publisher=Association SliTaz|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref>) for a complete [[Graphical user interface|GUI]].
|-
| [[Smallfoot]]
| Embedded, Gaming and Point of Sale Linux distribution.| Developed by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO UNIX / SCO Group), formerly [[Caldera International]] and [[Caldera Systems]] – based on Caldera OpenLinux 3.x and 4.x binaries.
|-
| [[SmoothWall]]
| Router/firewall Linux distribution.
|-
| [[Softlanding Linux System]]
| One of the earliest Linux distributions, developed from 1992–1994; [[Slackware]] was originally based on it.
|-
| [[Sorcerer (operating system)|Sorcerer]]
| A source code-based Linux distribution.
|-
| [[Source Mage]]
| A source code-based Linux distribution, descended from [[Sorcerer (operating system)|Sorcerer]].
|-
| [[Stable Hybrid Release]]
| For smartphones, offering [[Enlightenment (window manager)|Enlightenment]]'s Illume user interface. It is based on FSO.
|-
| [[Thinstation]]
| Thin client Linux distribution supporting all major connectivity protocols.
|-
| [[Tinfoil Hat Linux]]
| Bootable floppy Linux distribution focusing on extreme security
|-
| [[Tiny Core Linux]]
| Tiny Core Linux is a minimalist (around 10 MB) Linux system focusing on providing a base system with BusyBox, FLTK and other minimalist software.
|-
| [[tomsrtbt]]
| Root boot disk.
|-
| [[Tor-ramdisk]]
| An [[i686]] [[uClibc]]-based micro Linux distribution (about 5 MB) that runs in [[Computer memory|system memory]] and whose only purpose is to host a [[Tor anonymity network|Tor]] server in an environment that maximizes security and privacy.
|-
| [[Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X]]
| One of the oldest Linux distributions, not updated since 1995.
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software}}
*[[Comparison of Linux distributions]]
*[[Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions]]
*[[DistroWatch]]
*[[List of Linux distributions endorsed by the Free Software Foundation]]
*[[List of live CDs]]
*[[List of router or firewall distributions]]
*[[:Category:State-sponsored Linux distributions|State-sponsored Linux distributions]]
*[[Linux on z Systems]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Using Ubuntu Linux/Ubuntu Variations}}
*[http://www.linuxscreenshots.org/ LinuxScreenshots.org] – Screenshots of many Linux distributions.
*[http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/os-liste.htm Operating-System.org] – Lists all known Linux distributions at a glance.
*[http://lwn.net/Distributions The LWN.net Linux Distribution List] – Categorized list with information about each entry.
*[http://distrowatch.com/ Distrowatch] – Announcements, information, links and popularity ranking for many Linux distributions.

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Linux}}

[[Category:Lists of software|Linux Distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions| List]]

User talk:Ayceman

2015-07-13T20:14:24Z

Ayceman:

Stroh violin

2015-03-03T01:50:04Z

Ayceman: moved to relevant sections - added diacritics

{{Infobox Instrument
|name= Stroh violin or Horn-violin
|names=
|image=Violon de jazz a pavillon.JPG
|classification=
*[[Bowed string instrument]]
|range=
|related=
* [[violin]]
}}
[[File:Violí de botzina, MDMB 1120, Museu de la Música de Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Stroh violin at the [[Museu de la Música de Barcelona]]]]
'''Stroh violin''', or '''Stroviols''', is a trade name for a '''horn-violin''' (''Romanian: Vioara cu goarnă''), or '''violinophone'''—a [[violin]] that amplifies its sound through a metal resonator and metal [[horn (acoustic)|horn]]s rather than a wooden sound box as on a standard violin. The instrument is named after its designer, [[John Matthias Augustus Stroh]], an [[electrical engineer]] in London, who patented it. On 4 May 1899, Stroh applied for a UK patent, '''GB9418''' titled ''Improvements in Violins and other Stringed Instruments'' which was accepted on 24 March 1900. This described the use of a flat metal (other materials are also mentioned) diaphragm in the voice-box (reproducer) of a violin to mechanically amplify the sound.

Then on 16 February 1901 he applied for a second UK patent, '''GB3393''' titled ''Improvements in the Diaphragms of Phonographs, Musical Instruments, and anologous Sound-producing, Recording and Transmitting Contrivances''. Which was accepted on 14 December 1901. This effectively extended the first concept to now use a conical resonator with corugations at its edge, allowing a more 'rigid' diaphragm. His failure to register his inventions in the USA allowed John Dopyera and Geo Beauchamp to subsequently obtain US patents for the tricone and single cone designs used in National brand instruments. The Stroh violin is also closely related to other horned violins using a [[mica]] sheet-resonating diaphragm, known as [[phonofiddle]]s.

In the present day, many types of '''horn-violin''' exist, especially in the Balkans.

==Description and background==
[[File:Playing a Stroh violin.ogg|thumb|left|Busker playing a Stroh violin in [[Antwerp]]]]
{{citation needed|additional sources needed for this section|date=January 2015}}
Stroh violins are much louder than a standard wooden violin, and its directional projection of sound made it particularly useful in the early days of [[phonograph]]ic recording. Since regular violins recorded weakly with the old acoustic-mechanical recording method, Stroh violins were common in [[recording studio]]s, but became rarer after record companies switched to the new electric [[microphone]] recording technology in the second half of the 1920s. The Stroh produces significantly more volume, and it has a surprisingly good tone, nearly comparable to that of a standard violin. On early records the violin can almost be recognized by its thin whining tone. The Stroh violin successfully replaced that limitation with a full, nearly accurate violin sound.

The Stroh violin was an expensive instrument: in 1911 it was offered by the London dealers Barnes & Mullins for nine [[Guinea (British coin)|guineas]] (£9.45, then equal to $37.80) or twelve guineas (£12.60 / $50.40) at a time when a reasonable factory violin could be had for two guineas. It was listed as being especially suitable for use in small theaters and music-halls. There were also mechanically amplified Stroh instruments including a cello, [[viola]], [[ukulele]], [[mandolin]],and [[guitar]]. The Stroh violin had a second, small, monitoring horn; the Stroh viola did not have this feature.

[[Image:StAnneStrohViolinist1.jpg|thumb|right|Man playing a Stroh violin in a [[New Orleans Mardi Gras]] parade]]

==Current usage==
A number of musicians, including [[Tom Waits]], [[Carla Kihlstedt]], [[Thomas Newman]], [[Bat for Lashes]], [[A Hawk and a Hacksaw]]<ref>[http://ahawkandahacksaw.net/assets/images/photos/IMG_7815.JPG Picture of the duo on their homepage with Heather Trost holding a Stroh violin.]</ref> and [[Eric Gorfain]]<ref>[http://blog.timesunion.com/reviews/sam-phillips-wamc-studio-91408/490/ A 2008 concert review] by Greg Haymes of ''[[Times Union (Albany)|Times Union]]'' on their blog ''You Review''.</ref> continue to use the Stroh violin for its distinctive sound. [[Shakira]] featured a Stroh violin on her 2010/11 [[The Sun Comes Out World Tour|''The Sun Comes Out'' World Tour]], with [[multi-instrumentalist]] [[Una Palliser]] playing it on some songs. Pinky Weitzman plays the Stroh violin for various [[New York]] experimental ensembles, including her own project (Not Waving but Drowning), as well as [[Flare Acoustic Arts League|Flare]], [[LD & the New Criticism]], and as part of the onstage ensemble for [[Stephin Merritt]]'s ''My Life as a Fairy Tale''. A Stroh violin is regularly played by Andy Stein of Vince Giordano's Nighthawks, a New York based band specializing in the music of the 1920s and 1930s. Lindsey Stirling features a Stroh violin in her latest video "Roundtable Revival" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvipPYFebWc

In 1920s [[Buenos Aires]], [[Julio de Caro]], a renowned [[tango music|Tango]] orchestra director and violinist, used it in his live performances, and was called ''violín-corneta'' (''cornet violin'') by the locals.

==Romanian horn-violin==

The [[Romania]]n horn-violin is similar to the Stroh violin. It was built through the 20th century. It has the same length as the Stroh violin, but its horn is narrower and yields a more directional sound. The structure of the instrument is based on the element of an old-fashioned gramophone. Amateurs or small workshops could easily build it and, perhaps for that reason, many variants exist in Eastern Europe.

The vibrations of the strings and bridge are transmitted by a thin rod to the membrane of the gramophone-element. The membrane transforms these vibrations into sound waves, which are amplified by the horn or beaker.
The horn-violin is harder to play than a normal violin because the reaction of the bow on the strings is less flexible, and the instrument's weight is less evenly distributed. This causes an imbalance on the shoulder.

The instrument is still used in Romanian folk-music for playing [[hora (dance)|hora]]s and [[doina]]s, and mixes well with the characteristic sound of the pan-flute. It is generally used sparsely due to its tone. Instruments like the Stroh violin and other types of horn-violin remain a curiosity; they are quite rare in the orchestra.

The horn-violin is especially used in folk music of the [[Biharia Euroregion|Bihor region]] of [[Romania]]. Famous practitioners of this music style include fiddler Gheorghe Rada, singers Florica Bradu, Florica Ungur, Florica Duma, Leontin Ciucur, Cornel Borza, Vasile Iova, Maria Haiduc, Viorica Flintașu, and renowned folk ensembles Crișana or Rapsozii Zarandului.

<gallery>
image:Horn-violin_(also_called_trumpet-violin)_with_its_(normal)_violin_bow.jpg|Romanian horn-violin and its bow
image: @_Horn-violin_(Trumpet-violin)_Detail.jpg|The diaphragm of an old-fashioned gramophone serves as the receiver of the vibrations that are transformed into sound waves in the horn
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Fiddle]]
* [[Rabeca]]
* [[Hardanger fiddle]]
* [[Låtfiol]]
* [[Kontra]]
* [[Finding Forrester|Finding Forrester (film)]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category|Stroh violins}}
*[http://historywired.si.edu/object.cfm?ID=46 Smithsonian Institution ''HistoryWired'' article about the Stroh violin (includes photos)]
*[http://www.digitalviolin.com/StrohViolin1.html Digital Violin] - Article considering the context of Stroh and other related Horn Violins
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8GFL2AVA4M YouTube Video] - Louise played on the Stroh Fiddle (Violin) by Corwin Zekley
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_pvKPvf7-A Video] - Siperkov plays the horn-violin
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLhExserrbQ Historic Vitaphone Recording] - Jazzmania Quintet, with [[Georgie Stoll]] on Stroh violin, playing ''[[I Ain't Got Nobody]]''
*The violinophone is one of the interesting [http://villa-lobos.blogspot.com/2008/09/instruments-of-amazonas.html Instruments of Amazonas]

{{Hungarian Folk Music}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stroh Violin}}
[[Category:Violins]]
[[Category:Romanian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

People's Salvation Cathedral

2014-05-05T20:32:52Z

Ayceman: /* Design */

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox church
| name = People's Salvation Cathedral<br><small>Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului Românesc</small>
| fullname =
| image = Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral Bukarest.jpg
| imagesize =
| landscape =
| caption = View from September 13th Street, 14 February 2014
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| coordinates = {{coord|44|25|33.26|N|26|04|56.37|E|region:RO_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| osgridref =
| location = Bucharest, 13 September 4-60, [http://www.sector5.ro/ District 5]
| country = [[Romania]]
| denomination = [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = [http://www.catedralaneamului.ro/ Official Website], [http://www.construimcatedrala.ro/ Contribution], [http://www.basilica.ro/ Stage]
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date =
| founder =
| dedication = Ascension of the Lord (Holy Thursday) and Saint Andrew the Apostle (30 November)
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics = Saint John Chrysostom / Saint Nectarios of Aegina / Saint Andrew the Apostle
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| status = Under Construction
| functional status =
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect = S.C. Vanel Exim SRL
| architectural type =
| style = Romanian Byzantine (Porch, Vestibule, Nave, Sanctuary)
| groundbreaking = Starting - 15 December 2010
| completed date = 2016 <ref>[http://www.construimcatedrala.ro/catedrala/DSC_6307.JPG "The Cathedral plan exposed in the Palace of Romanian Patriarchal"] Patriarhia.Ro</ref>
| construction cost = €200 mil (completely)
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity = 6500 Vestibule-Nave; 2000 Two Balconies level (worshipers standing); 125000 (cathedral-complex)
| length = 123.9 meters<ref name="dimensiuni catedrala">[http://byzantinearch.blogspot.ro/search/label/|CMN|%20Catedrala%20Mantuirii%20Neamului "Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului"] Basilica Byzantine blog</ref>
| length nave =
| width = 67.2 meters (floor level) / 69.3 meters (floor-exterior level)
| height = 120 meters (The height from the floor to the top of dome)
| height nave = 55 meters
| diameter =
| other dimensions =
| floor count =
| floor area = 5795 square meters (interior) / 13534<ref>[http://www.biserici.org/index.php?menu=BI&code=7571 "Lucrările la Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului continuă (2011-05-30); Basilica - details."] Biserici.Org</ref>square meters (exterior, 5 meters above the ground)
| dome quantity =
| dome height outer =
| dome height inner =
| dome dia outer =
| dome dia inner =
| spire quantity =
| spire height = 127.5 m <ref>[http://basilica.ro/stiri/finalizarea-structurii-de-rezistenta-a-edificiului_5440.html "Finalizarea structurii de rezistenţă a Catedralei Mântuirii Neamului"] Basilica.Ro</ref>(Floor to the top of the cross)
| materials =
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =
| archbishop =
| bishop =
| dean =
| subdean =
| provost =
| provost-rector =
| viceprovost =
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| precentor =
| archdeacon =
| prebendary =
| rector =
| vicar =
| curate =
| priestincharge =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| minister =
| assistant =
| honpriest =
| deacon =
| deaconness =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| abbot =
| chaplain =
| reader =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| logo =
| logosize =
}}

The '''Cathedral for the Salvation of Romanian People''' (''Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului Românesc'') is a [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]] cathedral to be built in [[Bucharest]]. It will be the patriarchate of the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. The concept for a new cathedral originated in 1990.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2000)"> Stan L. and Turcescu L. "The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-Communist Democratisation", in ''[[Europe-Asia Studies]]'' December 2000 52(8) p.1472.</ref>

Most Eastern Orthodox churches are dedicated to a saint. However, the new cathedral will be dedicated to the salvation of the Romanian people. Archbishop [[Bartolomeu Anania]] (1921 - 2011) said,
:"A nation is not just a socio-historical reality, but also a metaphysical, religious and theological reality... [[Collective Salvation|salvation]] must be obtained collectively, by the whole nation".<ref>[[Bartolomeu Anania]], "Totul e să începem construcţia", Dilema no. 248, 24 - 30 October 1997.</ref>

The plan of the cathedral complex includes a cathedral building; below the cathedral building, a soup kitchen with capacity for 1,000; two hotels; and parking for about 500 cars. The cathedral is designed with seating for approximately 5,000 worshipers, a greater than ten fold increase on the current patriarchal cathedral.<ref>[http://laurentiu.elenaworld.net/2011/09/world-biggest-orthodox-cathedral-va-fi-catedrala-mantuirii-neamului/?lang=en "World biggest orthodox cathedral."] Laurentiu, Elenaworld website September 2011.</ref><ref name="BBC">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23420668 "Romania's costly passion for building churches."] BBC News Accessed 7 August 2013.</ref>

== History ==
The earliest idea of a national cathedral came about after the [[Romanian War of Independence]] (1877 - 1878). It would symbolise the victory of Orthodoxy against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Muslim]]s. The idea was shelved for lack of consensus on design, location and funding.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)">Stan L. and Turcescu L. ''Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania'' Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-530853-0.</ref>{{rp|pages=56 - 57}}

In 1920, [[Ferdinand I of Romania|King Ferdinand]] sent a letter to the [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]], [[Miron Cristea]], supporting the project, but this had no effect. In 1925, after the Romanian Orthodox Church became an independent patriarchate, Cristea suggested Carol Park as a site but his idea was defeated in favour of Bibescu Vodă Square. There, in 1929, a ''[[troiţă]]'' was raised. Lack of funds meant the construction was postponed and later forgotten.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|pages=56 - 57}}

In September 1995, as the Romanian Orthodox Church celebrated its 70th anniversary of independence, Patriarch Teoctist proposed a new large cathedral on the scale of the newly built [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] in Moscow.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|pages=56 - 57}}. He envisioned a standing capacity of 10,000.

On 12 October 2004, the [[Senate of Romania|senate]] voted for the project, estimated to take 6 years.<ref name="piatratemelie"/>

On 27 and 28 November 2004, officials, up to 1,000 priests and worshippers from Bucharest and other cities gathered in Bucharest.<ref>[http://www.catedralaneamului.ro/upload/documente/istoric_catedrala_mantuirii_neamului.pdf "Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral"], Catedralaneamului.ro.</ref> The Holy Synod came into session. On 29 November 2007, [[Patriarch Daniel of Romania]] laid the foundation stone, gave his blessing and consecrated the site at Arsenal Hill.

== Design ==
The location and design of the new cathedral was hotly debated, participants including [[Senate of Romania|Romanian Senate]] and the [[Mayor of Bucharest]]. The winning design features elements of architectural details from all the Romanian provinces and territories. When completed, the cathedral will be the largest [[Orthodox church (building)|Orthodox church]] in the world. Its planned length is {{convert|124|m|ft}}, width {{convert|70|m|ft}} and height {{convert|127|m|ft}}.<ref name="dimensiuni catedrala">[http://byzantinearch.blogspot.ro/search/label/|CMN|%20Catedrala%20Mantuirii%20Neamului "Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului"] Basilica Byzantine blog</ref> The main building is situated to five meters above ground. The underground section is situated between five meters above ground and six meters below ground. The above ground section is 5,795 square meters in area, the underground is much larger: length - 152 metres, width - 93 meters, covering an area of 13,534 square meters. The maximum height of the cathedral from ground level is 132 m. The underground is divided into multiple spaces, including: multipurpose halls for events, icons and religious clothing shop, workshop (carpentry, upholstery, metal), museum, gallery-exhibition, liturgical performance media shop, storage rooms (furniture, food, clothing), miscellaneous rooms (TV, media, technical), refectory, parking access, cultic objects and employees rooms. <ref>[http://ziarullumina.ro/sites/default/files/styles/img_880x550switcher/public/articol/2013-12/catedrala-mantuirii-neamului-2.jpg "Săli polivalente în subsolul Catedralei Neamului, de aceeaşi mărime cu biserica de deasupra"] Gândul.Info</ref> By area occupied, is the fourth [[List of largest church buildings in the world|church building]] in the world, at 13,534 m2.<ref>[http://mugetulcarpatiloronline.blogspot.ro/2011/08/pe-cine-mantuieste-catedrala-mantuirii.html "Pe cine mântuieşte Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului?"] Mugetul Carpatilor</ref><ref>[http://spunesitu.adevarul.ro/Politic/Dezbateri/Romania-in-top-10-al-celor-mai-mari-edificii-de-cult-din-lume-Pe-cine-mantuieste-Catedrala-Mantuirii-Neamului---8489 "România în top 10 al celor mai mari edificii de cult din lume"] Adevarul.ro</ref> In the building, 12,000 worshipers can participate standing, and the whole complex spanning 11 hectares <ref>[http://www.catedralaneamului.ro/articole/guvernul-romaniei--ordonanta-de-urgenta-19-din-17-martie-2005-oug-192005-privind-realizarea-ansamblului-arhitectural-catedrala-mantuirii-neamului-28 "Ansamblului Arhitectural Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului"] Patriarhia.Ro</ref>can fit 125,000 worshipers.

== Opposition ==
The sheer size of the building drew criticism from various sources, including the French newspaper ''[[Le Figaro]]'', which named it "a pharaonic project" and "worthy of the megalomania of Nicolae Ceauşescu".<ref name="lefigaro"/> [[Alexandru Paleologu]] called for the cathedral project to be stopped. He compared it to the Soviet-inspired [[Casa Scânteii]] and the [[Palace of the Parliament|House of the People]], and argued,
:"[The cathedral] is a catastrophic, fatal kitsch...an ecclesiastical Ceauşescuism...[and] parasitical, immoral and impertinent."<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|page=60}}

[[Cristian Tudor Popescu]], a journalist called the cathedral a "God mall". He said it was not churches, either big nor small, that Romania was lacking.<ref>[[Cristian Tudor Popescu]] [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/2004/catedrala-mantuirii-in-tara-mantuielii.html "Catedrala Mântuirii în Țara Mântuielii."] ''Adevărul'', 23 March 2004.</ref>

The Romanian Orthodox Church's answer to such criticism was that the new cathedral would not imitate the gigantic buildings of the communist era, but would "correct them, through a decent and harmonious volumetry".<ref name="patriarchy">[http://www.patriarhia.ro/ro/documente/comunicat_8.html "Fericiţi cei ce construiesc biserici, nu cei ce le demolează."] Romanian Patriarchy press release.</ref>

== Location ==
Three locations were proposed. In 2004, the historic area of Arsenal Hill on 13 September Avenue was selected. This area once contained two monasteries: the Mihai Vodă monastery and the Hermitage convent. There were also three parochial settlements: Albă Postăvari, Spirea Veche and Izvorul Tămăduirii which were destroyed or removed in the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist]] years.

The first proposed location was a park in [[Piaţa Unirii]], where in 1998, without a proper authorization, Patriarch Teoctist laid the cornerstone of the Cathedral, in the presence of President [[Emil Constantinescu]].<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2000)"/><ref name="saseani">[http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/catedrala-mantuirii-neamului-ar-putea-fi-inaugurata-peste-sase-ani.html "Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului ar putea fi inaugurată peste şase ani"], ''Adevărul'', 26 November 2007.</ref>

During the discussions which followed, Orthodox theologians warned that, according to church's doctrine, people who want to change the purpose of a plot of land where a church is destined to be built will be [[Anathema#Eastern Orthodox churches|anathemized]].<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2000)"/> In the end, the site was not appropriate for a large building because it was the point where two metro lines crossed the [[Dâmboviţa River]], where it was channeled underground.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|pages=59}}

The Orthodox Church next proposed [[Carol Park]] as a site, and in 2004, the [[Adrian Năstase|Năstase government]] gave 5 hectares of the park to the Romanian Orthodox Church, so that the cathedral could be built in place of the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Bucharest]] and the Mausoleum of Communist Heroes.<ref name="saseani"/><ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|pages=59}} The Architects' Union of Romania opposed the site, arguing that it went against certain national and international laws regarding environmental protection, architecture and the protection of monuments.<ref name="undesevaconstrui">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2004/11/041103_catedrala_constructie.shtml "Unde se va construi Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului?"], ''BBC'', 4 November 2004</ref>

Following protests by local Bucharesters and opposition in the press, as well as conflicts with [[Traian Băsescu]], the [[Mayor of Bucharest]], the proposed site was abandoned. A new site, [[Izvor Park]], close to the [[Palace of the Parliament]] was suggested.<ref name="undesevaconstrui"/> The government of Romania granted the Church {{convert|11|ha}} of land at this site. The Church then planned to use {{convert|5|ha}} of the land to construct the new cathedral.<ref name="zgarie">"Catedrala Zgârie-nori", in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', 23 February 2006</ref> On 29 November 2007, a new cornerstone was laid by Patriarch Daniel.<ref name="proiectcontroversat">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2007/11/071129_catedrala_controverse.shtml "Catedrala Patriarhală rămâne un proiect controversat."] ''BBC'', 29 November 2007</ref>

A {{convert|4000|m2}} plot has since been claimed by former owners of the land. (The land had been confiscated from them during the communist era).<ref name="piatratemelie">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2007/11/071128_catedrala_neamului.shtml "Punerea pietrei de temelie a Catedralei Neamului"], ''BBC'', 28 November 2007</ref>

== Cost and financing ==
In 2006, [[Evenimentul Zilei]] estimated the cost of the new cathedral to be more than €500 million, including the price of the land.<ref name="zgarie"/> In 2007, Patriarch Daniel estimated the cost of the building, excluding the land, to be approximately €400 million.<ref name="aeroport">[http://www.gandul.info/flux/pf-daniel-catedrala-mantuirii-neamului-costa-putin-aeroportul-ia.html?3996;1067413 "PF Daniel: Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului costă mai puţin decât aeroportul din Iaşi"], ''Gândul'', 29 November 2007.</ref> In 2008, ''Le Figaro'' estimated the cost to be €1 billion.<ref name="lefigaro">[http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2008/02/01/01003-20080201ARTFIG00478-les-projets-pharaoniques-de-l-eglise-orthodoxe-a-bucarest.php "Les projets pharaoniques de l'Église orthodoxe à Bucarest."] ''[[Le Figaro]]'' 1 February 2008.</ref>

In 2007, the government announced it would donate 30 million lei (€8 million) towards the construction of the new cathedral. The parliament legislated that a further half of the cost of the Cathedral would come from the state.<ref name="buget">[http://www.romanialibera.ro/a113550/catedrala-bugetului-neamului.html "Catedrala Bugetului Neamului"] ''[[România Liberă]]'', 13 December 2007.</ref>

This act was criticised. [[Daniel Dăianu]], a Liberal European MP suggested it was populist spending and funds would come from other areas of spending.<ref name="buget"/> [[Remus Cernea]], head of the ''Solidaritatea pentru libertatea de conştiinţă'' Association complained that funding of the cathedral with public monies discriminated against others.<ref>[http://www.humanism.ro/articles.php?page=62&article=219 "A doua plângere prealabilă demersului în instanţă privind acordarea de fonduri publice pentru Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului"], Humanism.ro</ref>

== Construction ==
On 15 December 2010, construction of the cathedral began. <ref>[http://www.romanianewswatch.com/2011/09/dpa-bucharests-new-cathedral-to-outdo.html "Bucharest's new cathedral to out-do."] Romania News Watch website.</ref> The completion date is in 2014 - 2015.

== See also ==
* [[List of large Orthodox cathedrals]]
* [[List of largest church buildings in the world]]
* [[List of tallest Orthodox church buildings]]
* [[List of tallest church buildings in the world]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
* Lavinia Stan, Lucian Turcescu, "Politics, National Symbols and the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral," ''Europe-Asia Studies'', November 2006, 58 (7) pp. 1119–1139.
* Dunlop T. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23420668 "Romania's costly passion for building churches."] 7 August 2013. BBC News website. Accessed 7 August 2013.

{{Tall buildings in Bucharest}}

[[Category:Churches in Bucharest]]
[[Category:Romanian Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:Proposed buildings and structures in Romania]]
[[Category:Proposed church buildings]]

People's Salvation Cathedral

2014-05-05T20:31:37Z

Ayceman: /* Design */ Major clusterfuck of a translation fixed - eliminated superfluous information and phrasing

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox church
| name = People's Salvation Cathedral<br><small>Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului Românesc</small>
| fullname =
| image = Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral Bukarest.jpg
| imagesize =
| landscape =
| caption = View from September 13th Street, 14 February 2014
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| coordinates = {{coord|44|25|33.26|N|26|04|56.37|E|region:RO_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| osgridref =
| location = Bucharest, 13 September 4-60, [http://www.sector5.ro/ District 5]
| country = [[Romania]]
| denomination = [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = [http://www.catedralaneamului.ro/ Official Website], [http://www.construimcatedrala.ro/ Contribution], [http://www.basilica.ro/ Stage]
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date =
| founder =
| dedication = Ascension of the Lord (Holy Thursday) and Saint Andrew the Apostle (30 November)
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics = Saint John Chrysostom / Saint Nectarios of Aegina / Saint Andrew the Apostle
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| status = Under Construction
| functional status =
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect = S.C. Vanel Exim SRL
| architectural type =
| style = Romanian Byzantine (Porch, Vestibule, Nave, Sanctuary)
| groundbreaking = Starting - 15 December 2010
| completed date = 2016 <ref>[http://www.construimcatedrala.ro/catedrala/DSC_6307.JPG "The Cathedral plan exposed in the Palace of Romanian Patriarchal"] Patriarhia.Ro</ref>
| construction cost = €200 mil (completely)
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity = 6500 Vestibule-Nave; 2000 Two Balconies level (worshipers standing); 125000 (cathedral-complex)
| length = 123.9 meters<ref name="dimensiuni catedrala">[http://byzantinearch.blogspot.ro/search/label/|CMN|%20Catedrala%20Mantuirii%20Neamului "Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului"] Basilica Byzantine blog</ref>
| length nave =
| width = 67.2 meters (floor level) / 69.3 meters (floor-exterior level)
| height = 120 meters (The height from the floor to the top of dome)
| height nave = 55 meters
| diameter =
| other dimensions =
| floor count =
| floor area = 5795 square meters (interior) / 13534<ref>[http://www.biserici.org/index.php?menu=BI&code=7571 "Lucrările la Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului continuă (2011-05-30); Basilica - details."] Biserici.Org</ref>square meters (exterior, 5 meters above the ground)
| dome quantity =
| dome height outer =
| dome height inner =
| dome dia outer =
| dome dia inner =
| spire quantity =
| spire height = 127.5 m <ref>[http://basilica.ro/stiri/finalizarea-structurii-de-rezistenta-a-edificiului_5440.html "Finalizarea structurii de rezistenţă a Catedralei Mântuirii Neamului"] Basilica.Ro</ref>(Floor to the top of the cross)
| materials =
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =
| archbishop =
| bishop =
| dean =
| subdean =
| provost =
| provost-rector =
| viceprovost =
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| precentor =
| archdeacon =
| prebendary =
| rector =
| vicar =
| curate =
| priestincharge =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| minister =
| assistant =
| honpriest =
| deacon =
| deaconness =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| abbot =
| chaplain =
| reader =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| logo =
| logosize =
}}

The '''Cathedral for the Salvation of Romanian People''' (''Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului Românesc'') is a [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]] cathedral to be built in [[Bucharest]]. It will be the patriarchate of the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. The concept for a new cathedral originated in 1990.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2000)"> Stan L. and Turcescu L. "The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-Communist Democratisation", in ''[[Europe-Asia Studies]]'' December 2000 52(8) p.1472.</ref>

Most Eastern Orthodox churches are dedicated to a saint. However, the new cathedral will be dedicated to the salvation of the Romanian people. Archbishop [[Bartolomeu Anania]] (1921 - 2011) said,
:"A nation is not just a socio-historical reality, but also a metaphysical, religious and theological reality... [[Collective Salvation|salvation]] must be obtained collectively, by the whole nation".<ref>[[Bartolomeu Anania]], "Totul e să începem construcţia", Dilema no. 248, 24 - 30 October 1997.</ref>

The plan of the cathedral complex includes a cathedral building; below the cathedral building, a soup kitchen with capacity for 1,000; two hotels; and parking for about 500 cars. The cathedral is designed with seating for approximately 5,000 worshipers, a greater than ten fold increase on the current patriarchal cathedral.<ref>[http://laurentiu.elenaworld.net/2011/09/world-biggest-orthodox-cathedral-va-fi-catedrala-mantuirii-neamului/?lang=en "World biggest orthodox cathedral."] Laurentiu, Elenaworld website September 2011.</ref><ref name="BBC">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23420668 "Romania's costly passion for building churches."] BBC News Accessed 7 August 2013.</ref>

== History ==
The earliest idea of a national cathedral came about after the [[Romanian War of Independence]] (1877 - 1878). It would symbolise the victory of Orthodoxy against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Muslim]]s. The idea was shelved for lack of consensus on design, location and funding.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)">Stan L. and Turcescu L. ''Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania'' Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-530853-0.</ref>{{rp|pages=56 - 57}}

In 1920, [[Ferdinand I of Romania|King Ferdinand]] sent a letter to the [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]], [[Miron Cristea]], supporting the project, but this had no effect. In 1925, after the Romanian Orthodox Church became an independent patriarchate, Cristea suggested Carol Park as a site but his idea was defeated in favour of Bibescu Vodă Square. There, in 1929, a ''[[troiţă]]'' was raised. Lack of funds meant the construction was postponed and later forgotten.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|pages=56 - 57}}

In September 1995, as the Romanian Orthodox Church celebrated its 70th anniversary of independence, Patriarch Teoctist proposed a new large cathedral on the scale of the newly built [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] in Moscow.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|pages=56 - 57}}. He envisioned a standing capacity of 10,000.

On 12 October 2004, the [[Senate of Romania|senate]] voted for the project, estimated to take 6 years.<ref name="piatratemelie"/>

On 27 and 28 November 2004, officials, up to 1,000 priests and worshippers from Bucharest and other cities gathered in Bucharest.<ref>[http://www.catedralaneamului.ro/upload/documente/istoric_catedrala_mantuirii_neamului.pdf "Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral"], Catedralaneamului.ro.</ref> The Holy Synod came into session. On 29 November 2007, [[Patriarch Daniel of Romania]] laid the foundation stone, gave his blessing and consecrated the site at Arsenal Hill.

== Design ==
The location and design of the new cathedral was hotly debated, participants including [[Senate of Romania|Romanian Senate]] and the [[Mayor of Bucharest]]. The winning design features elements of architectural details from all the Romanian provinces and territories. When completed, the cathedral will be the largest [[Orthodox church (building)|Orthodox church]] in the world. Its planned length is {{convert|124|m|ft}}, width {{convert|70|m|ft}} and height {{convert|127|m|ft}}.<ref name="dimensiuni catedrala">[http://byzantinearch.blogspot.ro/search/label/|CMN|%20Catedrala%20Mantuirii%20Neamului "Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului"] Basilica Byzantine blog</ref> The main building is situated to five meters above ground. The underground section is situated between five meters above ground and six meters below ground. The above ground section is 5,795 square meters in area, the underground is much larger: length - 152 metres, width - 93 meters, covering an area of 13,534 square meters. The maximum height of the cathedral from ground level is 132 m. The underground is divided into multiple spaces, including: multipurpose halls for events, icons and religious clothing shop, workshop (carpentry, upholstery, metal), museum, gallery-exhibition, liturgical performance media shop, storage rooms (furniture, food, clothing), miscellaneous rooms (TV, media, technical), refectory, parking access, cultic objects and employees rooms. <ref>[http://ziarullumina.ro/sites/default/files/styles/img_880x550switcher/public/articol/2013-12/catedrala-mantuirii-neamului-2.jpg "Săli polivalente în subsolul Catedralei Neamului, de aceeaşi mărime cu biserica de deasupra"] Gândul.Info</ref> By area occupied, is the fourth [[List of largest church buildings in the world|church building]] in the world, at 13,534 m2.<ref>[http://mugetulcarpatiloronline.blogspot.ro/2011/08/pe-cine-mantuieste-catedrala-mantuirii.html "Pe cine mântuieşte Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului?"] Mugetul Carpatilor</ref><ref>[http://spunesitu.adevarul.ro/Politic/Dezbateri/Romania-in-top-10-al-celor-mai-mari-edificii-de-cult-din-lume-Pe-cine-mantuieste-Catedrala-Mantuirii-Neamului---8489 "România în top 10 al celor mai mari edificii de cult din lume"] Adevarul.ro</ref> In the building 12000 worshipers can participate standing, and in the whole complex spanning 11 hectares <ref>[http://www.catedralaneamului.ro/articole/guvernul-romaniei--ordonanta-de-urgenta-19-din-17-martie-2005-oug-192005-privind-realizarea-ansamblului-arhitectural-catedrala-mantuirii-neamului-28 "Ansamblului Arhitectural Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului"] Patriarhia.Ro</ref> 125000 worshipers can participate.

== Opposition ==
The sheer size of the building drew criticism from various sources, including the French newspaper ''[[Le Figaro]]'', which named it "a pharaonic project" and "worthy of the megalomania of Nicolae Ceauşescu".<ref name="lefigaro"/> [[Alexandru Paleologu]] called for the cathedral project to be stopped. He compared it to the Soviet-inspired [[Casa Scânteii]] and the [[Palace of the Parliament|House of the People]], and argued,
:"[The cathedral] is a catastrophic, fatal kitsch...an ecclesiastical Ceauşescuism...[and] parasitical, immoral and impertinent."<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|page=60}}

[[Cristian Tudor Popescu]], a journalist called the cathedral a "God mall". He said it was not churches, either big nor small, that Romania was lacking.<ref>[[Cristian Tudor Popescu]] [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/2004/catedrala-mantuirii-in-tara-mantuielii.html "Catedrala Mântuirii în Țara Mântuielii."] ''Adevărul'', 23 March 2004.</ref>

The Romanian Orthodox Church's answer to such criticism was that the new cathedral would not imitate the gigantic buildings of the communist era, but would "correct them, through a decent and harmonious volumetry".<ref name="patriarchy">[http://www.patriarhia.ro/ro/documente/comunicat_8.html "Fericiţi cei ce construiesc biserici, nu cei ce le demolează."] Romanian Patriarchy press release.</ref>

== Location ==
Three locations were proposed. In 2004, the historic area of Arsenal Hill on 13 September Avenue was selected. This area once contained two monasteries: the Mihai Vodă monastery and the Hermitage convent. There were also three parochial settlements: Albă Postăvari, Spirea Veche and Izvorul Tămăduirii which were destroyed or removed in the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist]] years.

The first proposed location was a park in [[Piaţa Unirii]], where in 1998, without a proper authorization, Patriarch Teoctist laid the cornerstone of the Cathedral, in the presence of President [[Emil Constantinescu]].<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2000)"/><ref name="saseani">[http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/catedrala-mantuirii-neamului-ar-putea-fi-inaugurata-peste-sase-ani.html "Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului ar putea fi inaugurată peste şase ani"], ''Adevărul'', 26 November 2007.</ref>

During the discussions which followed, Orthodox theologians warned that, according to church's doctrine, people who want to change the purpose of a plot of land where a church is destined to be built will be [[Anathema#Eastern Orthodox churches|anathemized]].<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2000)"/> In the end, the site was not appropriate for a large building because it was the point where two metro lines crossed the [[Dâmboviţa River]], where it was channeled underground.<ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|pages=59}}

The Orthodox Church next proposed [[Carol Park]] as a site, and in 2004, the [[Adrian Năstase|Năstase government]] gave 5 hectares of the park to the Romanian Orthodox Church, so that the cathedral could be built in place of the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Bucharest]] and the Mausoleum of Communist Heroes.<ref name="saseani"/><ref name="Stan and Turcescu (2007)"/>{{rp|pages=59}} The Architects' Union of Romania opposed the site, arguing that it went against certain national and international laws regarding environmental protection, architecture and the protection of monuments.<ref name="undesevaconstrui">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2004/11/041103_catedrala_constructie.shtml "Unde se va construi Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului?"], ''BBC'', 4 November 2004</ref>

Following protests by local Bucharesters and opposition in the press, as well as conflicts with [[Traian Băsescu]], the [[Mayor of Bucharest]], the proposed site was abandoned. A new site, [[Izvor Park]], close to the [[Palace of the Parliament]] was suggested.<ref name="undesevaconstrui"/> The government of Romania granted the Church {{convert|11|ha}} of land at this site. The Church then planned to use {{convert|5|ha}} of the land to construct the new cathedral.<ref name="zgarie">"Catedrala Zgârie-nori", in ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', 23 February 2006</ref> On 29 November 2007, a new cornerstone was laid by Patriarch Daniel.<ref name="proiectcontroversat">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2007/11/071129_catedrala_controverse.shtml "Catedrala Patriarhală rămâne un proiect controversat."] ''BBC'', 29 November 2007</ref>

A {{convert|4000|m2}} plot has since been claimed by former owners of the land. (The land had been confiscated from them during the communist era).<ref name="piatratemelie">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2007/11/071128_catedrala_neamului.shtml "Punerea pietrei de temelie a Catedralei Neamului"], ''BBC'', 28 November 2007</ref>

== Cost and financing ==
In 2006, [[Evenimentul Zilei]] estimated the cost of the new cathedral to be more than €500 million, including the price of the land.<ref name="zgarie"/> In 2007, Patriarch Daniel estimated the cost of the building, excluding the land, to be approximately €400 million.<ref name="aeroport">[http://www.gandul.info/flux/pf-daniel-catedrala-mantuirii-neamului-costa-putin-aeroportul-ia.html?3996;1067413 "PF Daniel: Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului costă mai puţin decât aeroportul din Iaşi"], ''Gândul'', 29 November 2007.</ref> In 2008, ''Le Figaro'' estimated the cost to be €1 billion.<ref name="lefigaro">[http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2008/02/01/01003-20080201ARTFIG00478-les-projets-pharaoniques-de-l-eglise-orthodoxe-a-bucarest.php "Les projets pharaoniques de l'Église orthodoxe à Bucarest."] ''[[Le Figaro]]'' 1 February 2008.</ref>

In 2007, the government announced it would donate 30 million lei (€8 million) towards the construction of the new cathedral. The parliament legislated that a further half of the cost of the Cathedral would come from the state.<ref name="buget">[http://www.romanialibera.ro/a113550/catedrala-bugetului-neamului.html "Catedrala Bugetului Neamului"] ''[[România Liberă]]'', 13 December 2007.</ref>

This act was criticised. [[Daniel Dăianu]], a Liberal European MP suggested it was populist spending and funds would come from other areas of spending.<ref name="buget"/> [[Remus Cernea]], head of the ''Solidaritatea pentru libertatea de conştiinţă'' Association complained that funding of the cathedral with public monies discriminated against others.<ref>[http://www.humanism.ro/articles.php?page=62&article=219 "A doua plângere prealabilă demersului în instanţă privind acordarea de fonduri publice pentru Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului"], Humanism.ro</ref>

== Construction ==
On 15 December 2010, construction of the cathedral began. <ref>[http://www.romanianewswatch.com/2011/09/dpa-bucharests-new-cathedral-to-outdo.html "Bucharest's new cathedral to out-do."] Romania News Watch website.</ref> The completion date is in 2014 - 2015.

== See also ==
* [[List of large Orthodox cathedrals]]
* [[List of largest church buildings in the world]]
* [[List of tallest Orthodox church buildings]]
* [[List of tallest church buildings in the world]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
* Lavinia Stan, Lucian Turcescu, "Politics, National Symbols and the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral," ''Europe-Asia Studies'', November 2006, 58 (7) pp. 1119–1139.
* Dunlop T. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23420668 "Romania's costly passion for building churches."] 7 August 2013. BBC News website. Accessed 7 August 2013.

{{Tall buildings in Bucharest}}

[[Category:Churches in Bucharest]]
[[Category:Romanian Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:Proposed buildings and structures in Romania]]
[[Category:Proposed church buildings]]

User:Ayceman/vector.css

2014-04-24T16:22:56Z

Ayceman: ←Created page with '.script-arabic { font-size: 105% !important; font-family: 'Droid Arabic Naskh', Arial, sans-serif !important; }'

.script-arabic {
font-size: 105% !important;
font-family: 'Droid Arabic Naskh', Arial, sans-serif !important;
}

User talk:Ayceman

2014-04-24T16:22:16Z

Ayceman:

Dogecoin

2013-12-27T22:40:30Z

Ayceman: /* Storage */ Updates

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=16 January 2014|small=yes}}
{{infobox currency
| image_1 = Dogecoin_logo.png
| image_title_1 = Dogecoin logo
| image_width_1 = 110
| image_2 = Dogecoinwallet.jpg
| image_title_2 = Dogecoin [[Qt (framework)|Qt]] client
| image_width_2 = 170
| date_of_introduction = December 6th, 2013
| date_of_introduction_source =
| using_countries = International
| inflation_rate = Limited release, production rate before this limit re-evaluated with the production of every block (at a rate of approximately 1 block per minute) based on the difficulty with which Dogecoins are produced, eventually leading up to a final total of 100 billion.
| inflation_source_date =
| inflation_method =
| symbol = D,Ɖ
| nickname = Doge
| subunit_ratio_1 = 0.001
| subunit_name_1 = mDOGE (millidoge)
| subunit_ratio_2 = 0.000001
| subunit_name_2 = μDOGE (microdoge)

| plural = DOGE, Dogecoins
| plural_subunit_1 =
| plural_subunit_2 =
| frequently_used_coins =
| printer =
| mint =
}}

'''Dogecoin''' (code: '''DOGE''', symbol: '''Ɖ''' and '''D'''), is a [[Litecoin]]-derived<ref name="suchvalue2" /> [[cryptocurrency]] that uses the [[Shiba Inu]] dog character from the [[Doge (meme)|'Doge']] [[Internet meme]] as its mascot.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/wow-dogecoin-bitcoin/|title= Wow. Dogecoin is the most Internet thing to happen, ever. | author= Andrew Couts | publisher=[[Digital Trends]]|date=12 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slashgear.com/dogecoin-digital-currency-takes-on-bitcoin-with-a-bit-of-meme-flair-11308557/| title=Dogecoin digital currency takes on Bitcoin with a bit of meme flair| author=Brittany Hillen | publisher=[[Slashgear]]|date=10 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> <ref name="Dogecoin Order Book" |accessdate=19 December 2013>{{cite web |url=https://coinedup.com/OrderBook?market=DOGE&base=BTC |title=Dogecoin Order Book |publisher=coinedup.com |accessdate=2013-12-19}}</ref><ref name="Cryptocoin Market Cap" |accessdate=19 December 2013>{{cite web |url=http://coinmarketcap.com/ |title=Cryptocoin Marketcap |publisher=coinmarketcap.com |accessdate=2013-12-19}}</ref> As of December 23, 2013, 12.5% of the 100 billion total dogecoins have been mined.<ref>http://dogechain.info/chain/Dogecoin/statistics</ref>

==Overview and history==
Dogecoin was created by programmer and former [[IBM]] engineer Billy Markus of [[Portland, Oregon]], who was originally trying to tinker with an existing cryptocurrency of Markus' called "Bells" based on Nintendo's [[Animal Crossing]], in hopes of reaching a broader demographic than the investors who made up Bitcoin's economy and something that wouldn't be involved with the controversial history behind Bitcoin (namely its association with the [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=Patrick McGuire|title=Such Weird: The Founders of Dogecoin See the Meme Currency's Tipping Point|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/dogecoins-founders-believe-in-the-power-of-meme-currencies|work=Motherboard|publisher=[[Vice Media]]|accessdate=23 December 2013}}</ref> At the same time, his friend Jackson Palmer, a worker for a marketing department in [[Sydney, Australia]] for [[Adobe Systems]], and the original individual who first conceived of the idea for Dogecoin, was encouraged by a student at [[Front Range Community College]] on Twitter to make the idea reality,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailytech.com/Dogecoins+and+Its+IBM+Developer+Ride+Meme+to+130M+Fortune/article33960c.htm|title= Dogecoins and Its IBM Developer Ride Meme to $130M+ Fortune| author= Jason Mick | publisher=[[DailyTech]]|date=18 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> leading Palmer to reach out to Markus.<ref name=whatisdogecoin>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-dogecoin-2013-12|title= What is Dogecoin?
| author= Rob Wile | publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=19 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> After getting several mentions on [[Twitter]], Palmer bought the domain <nowiki>dogecoin.com</nowiki>, which was shown to Markus and quickly began the partnership between Markus and Palmer, launching the coin shortly after the development of Markus' Dogecoin wallet was done.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/internet-gold-doge-bitcoin-dogecoin/article/2541000?custom_click=rss|title= Internet gold: Doge + Bitcoin = Dogecoin
| author= Ashe Schow | publisher=[[Washington Examiner]]|date=19 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> Within a couple of weeks of launching the currency, 6% of the total amount of 100 billion DOGE was already mined by December 17,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wired.it/economia/finanza/2013/12/17/dogecoin-valuta-digitale-meme/|title= Dogecoin, la valuta digitale nata da un meme| author= Dario Marchetti|language=italian | publisher=[[Wired Italia]]|date=19 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> and on December 19, Dogecoin had jumped more than 300 percent in value, rising from $0.00026 to $0.00099<ref name="suchvalue">{{cite web | url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/dogecoin-price-value-jump-bitcoin|title= To the moon! DogeCoin fetches 300 percent jump in value in 24 hours.| author= Andrew Couts | publisher=[[Digital Trends]]|date=19 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> during a time when Bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies were reeling from China's decision to forbid Chinese banks from investing [[Renminbi]] into the Bitcoin economy.<ref name="suchvalue2">{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/what-dogecoin-meme-that-became-hot-new-virtual-currency-1429847|title= What is Dogecoin? The Meme that Became the Hot New Virtual Currency.| author= David Gilbert | publisher=[[International Business Times]]|date=20 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> On the 22nd of December, Dogecoin experienced its first major crash by dropping by 80% due to large mining pools seizing opportunity in exploiting the very little computing power required at the time to mine the coin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/dogecoin-crashed-this-weekend-2013-12|title= Dogecoin Prices Crashed This Weekend| author= Rob Wile| publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=22 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> On the day of Christmas in 2013, the first major theft attempt on Dogecoin happened when millions of coins were stolen during a hacking attempt on Dogewallet,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gizmodo.com/millions-of-meme-based-dogecoins-stolen-on-christmas-da-1489819762|title= Millions of Meme-Based Dogecoins Stolen on Christmas Day| author= Ashley Feinberg| publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=26 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> due to having the hacker gain access to the wallet's filesystem and modifying its send/receive page to send any and all coins to a static address.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://techcrunch.com/2013/12/25/dogecoin-hack/|title= Such Hack. Many Dogecoin. Very Disappear. So Gone. Wow. | author= Catherine Shu| publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|date=25 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref>

Markus based Dogecoin on the existing currency Litecoin,<ref name="suchvalue2" /> which also uses [[scrypt]] technology in its proof-of-work algorithm, meaning that miners cannot take advantage of specialized Bitcoin-mining equipment to mine at higher speeds. The Dogecoin network will produce 100 billion dogecoins.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.heavy.com/tech/2013/12/dogecoin-what-is-shibe-cryptocurrenc/|title= Dogecoin: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know.
| author= Danny Vega | publisher=[[Heavy.com]]|date=9 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailydot.com/business/shibe-meme-dogecoin-currency/ | title=With its own cryptocurrency, Doge has officially conquered 2013| author=Miles Klee | publisher=[[The Daily Dot]]|date=10 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> Despite Dogecoin's original purpose as a proof-of-concept and a play on the internet meme of the same name, there are communities dedicated to it and several minor exchanges that trade it for other established cryptocurrencies like Litecoin or Bitcoin. The currency's popularity and value are rapidly growing;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.coindesk.com/patent-nonsense-coinbase-futures/|title= Patent Nonsense, Coinbase Futures, and Who’s a Good Doggie? You Are!| author= John Law | publisher=CoinDesk|date=13 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref> as of December 22, 2013, the baseline price was approximately 3,130 DOGE to 1 [[United States dollar]]. On December 24th The Reserve Bank of India cautioned users of Dogecoin and other virtual currencies on the risks associated with them.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/IEPR1261VC1213.pdf|title= RBI cautions users of Virtual Currencies against Risks|date=24 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref>

==Storage==
Anyone wishing to use Dogecoin can create one or more Dogecoin addresses, which are collected and tracked in "wallets". Anyone can send dogecoins to the public address provided by the owner of the wallet, while the private key must be entered by the wallet owner to send dogecoins. If the private key for an address is not kept secret, the dogecoins may be stolen.
Wallets allow a user to complete transactions between addresses by requesting an update to the blockchain, the public transaction log. Wallets come in a variety of forms: apps for mobile devices and computers, hardware devices, and paper tokens. The official offline desktop wallet is:
* [https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin Dogecoin-Qt]: the first Dogecoin wallet to be created. Binaries available for Windows and OS X, Linux users need to build from source (Arch Linux and derivative users can get it from the [[Arch User Repository|AUR]])

The first ever online Dogecoin wallet to be created, Dogewallet.com, was hacked on December 24, 2013. Over 30 million Dogecoins were taken.<ref name=dogesdotorg>{{cite web|url=http://doges.org/index.php/topic,5283.0.html|publisher=Doges.org}}</ref> The only fully functional online wallet immediately following the Christmas Hack was [https://www.dogevault.com/ Dogevault].

No mobile wallets have been released, however there are a couple under development.<ref name=dogemobilewallet>{{cite web|url=http://dogemobilewallet.launchrock.com/|publisher=dogemobilewallet.launchrock.com}}</ref>

==Use and exchanges==
There are several online exchanges that handle DOGE/BTC and DOGE/LTC trading. The price is highly volatile due to the relatively short lifespan of the currency. As of Dec 19th 2013, the price for one DOGE was $0.00095,<ref name="suchvalue" /> although this hasn't been a deterrent for exchange since people are trading real-world items in exchange for DOGE on major online communities such as [[Reddit]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/16/5216862/bitcoin-is-so-2013-dogecoin-is-new-crypto-currency-on-the-block|title= Bitcoin is so 2013: Dogecoin is the new cryptocurrency on the block| author= Nathan Ingraham | publisher=[[The Verge]]|date=16 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.complex.com/tech/2013/12/dogecoin-on-reddit|title= Move Over Bitcoin: Dogecoin is Here| author= J. Duaine Hahn | publisher=Complex Tech|date=16 December 2013 |accessdate=December 2013 }}</ref>

==Transactions==
Dogecoin functions using public-key cryptography, in which a user generates a pair of cryptographic keys: one public and one private. Only the private key can decode information encrypted with the public key; therefore the keys' owner can distribute the public key openly without fear that anyone will be able to use it to gain access to the encrypted information. All Dogecoin addresses are public keys; they are a string of 34 numbers and letters starting with the letter D. An example address (public key) is the address DBxbb3wXMMc6y2vvZufHGjmB17dM2Lpab6, which belongs to Dogecoin.org. (The private key, however, must be kept secret and secure). The public key is the Dogecoin address to which other users can send dogecoins. When making a purchase with a mobile device, the use of QR codes to simplify transactions is ubiquitous.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|dogecoin.com}}

{{Cryptocurrencies}}

[[Category:Alternative currencies]]
[[Category:Alternative Internet DNS services]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:Domain name system]]
[[Category:E-commerce]]
[[Category:Electronic currencies]]
[[Category:Memes]]
[[Category:2013 introductions]]

User talk:Ayceman

2013-12-27T22:27:02Z

Ayceman:

User talk:Ayceman

2013-07-28T16:51:38Z

Ayceman:

Plucked string instrument

2013-07-25T00:28:43Z

Ayceman: Added cobza

[[File:guitar-and-lute.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Guitar]] and [[lute]]]]
[[File:Plucked instrument, French Psalter, 9th century.jpg|thumb|right|This illustration in a [[France|French]] [[Psalter]] from the 9th century (c. 830) shows an unspecified '''plucked string instrument'''.]]
[[File:Music wall.jpg|thumb|Stringed instruments hanging on a wall. Shown here are 4 Lookoeos, 2 mandolins, a banjo, a guitar, a violin, a Guraitar and a bass guitar.]]
'''Plucked string instruments''' are a subcategory of [[string instrument]]s that are played by plucking the [[string (music)|string]]s. Plucking is a way of pulling and releasing the string in such as way as to give it an impulse that causes the string to vibrate. Plucking can be done with either a [[finger]] or a [[plectrum]].

Most plucked string instruments belong to the [[lute]] family (such as [[guitar]], [[bass guitar]], [[mandolin]], [[banjo]], [[balalaika]], [[sitar]], [[pipa]], etc.), which generally consist of a resonating body, and a [[neck (music)|neck]]; the strings run along the neck and can be stopped at different pitches. The [[zither]] family (including the [[autoharp]], [[kantele]], [[gusli]], [[kannel (instrument)|kannel]], [[kankles]], [[kokle]], [[koto (musical instrument)|koto]], [[guqin]], [[gu zheng]] and many others) does not have a neck, and the strings are stretched across the soundboard. In the [[harp]] family (including the [[lyre]]), the strings are perpendicular to the soundboard and do not run across it. The [[harpsichord]] does not fit any of these categories but is also a plucked string instrument, as its strings are struck with a plectrum when the keys are depressed.

Bowed string instruments, such as the [[violin]], can also be plucked in the technique known as [[pizzicato]]; however, as they are usually played with a [[bow (music)|bow]], they are not included in this category. Struck string instruments (such as the [[piano]]) can be similarly plucked as an [[extended technique]].

Plucked string instruments are not a category in the [[Sachs-Hornbostel]] classification, as some of them are simple chordophones and others are composite (depending on whether the resonator is a removable part of the instrument).

== List of plucked string instruments ==
* [[3rd bridge|3rd bridge guitar]]
* [[Appalachian dulcimer]] (United States)
* [[Autoharp]]
* [[Bağlama]] ([[Turkey]])
* [[Baglamas]] ([[Greece]])
* [[Bajo sexto]] ([[Mexico]])
* [[Balalaika]] (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus)
* [[Bandura]] ([[Ukraine]])
* [[Bandurria]] ([[Spain]])
* [[Banjo]] ([[United States|America]]n)
* [[Banjolele]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[Barbat (lute)|Barbat]] (Iran)
* [[Begena]] ([[Ethiopia]])
* [[Bordonua]]
* [[Bouzouki]] (Greece)
* [[Bugarija]] (Croatia)
* [[Cavaquinho]] (Portugal and Brazil)
* [[Çeng]] (Turkey)
* [[Charango]] (South America)
* [[Chitarra battente]] (Italy)
* [[Çiftelia]] (Albania and Kosovo)
* [[Cittern]]
* [[Cobza]] ([[Romania]])
* [[Contrabass]]
* [[Cuatro (instrument)|Cuatro]]
* [[Cümbüş]] (Turkey)
* [[Đàn bầu]] ([[Vietnam]])
* [[Đàn nguyệt]] (Vietnam)
* [[Đàn tranh]] (Vietnam)
* [[Đàn tỳ bà]] (Vietnam)
* [[Daruan]] (China)
* [[Diddley bow]] (United States)
* [[Dombra]] (East Europe and Middle Asia)
* [[Domra]] (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus)
* [[Doshpuluur]] ([[Tuva]])
* [[Double Bass]]
* [[Dutar]]
* [[Duxianqin]] (China)
* [[Ektara]] (India)
* [[bass guitar|Electric bass]]
**[[Electric upright bass]]
* [[Gayageum]] ([[Korea]])
* [[Geomungo]] (Korea)
* [[Gottuvadhyam]] (India)
* [[Guitar]]
**[[Classical guitar]]
**[[Solid-body classical guitar]]
**[[Bass guitar]]
**[[Acoustic bass guitar]]
**[[Chapman Stick]]
**[[Cigar box guitar]]
**[[Electric guitar]]
**[[Harp guitar]]
**[[Resonator guitar]] (a.k.a. [[dobro]])
**[[Guitarpsichord]] (U.S.A.)
**[[Lyre-guitar]]
* [[Guitarrón chileno]]
* [[Guitarrón mexicano]]
* [[Gusli]] (Russia)
* [[Guqin]] (China)
* [[Guzheng]] (China)
* [[Harp]]
** [[Electric harp]]
** [[Cross-strung harp]]
* [[Harpsichord]] (Europe, [[keyboard instrument]])
* [[Irish bouzouki]]
* [[Jakhe]] (Thailand)
* [[Jarana huasteca]] (Mexico)
* [[Jarana jarocha]] (Mexico)
* [[Jouhikko]] ([[Finland]], [[Karelia]])
* [[Cümbüş|Jumbush]] (Turkey)
* [[Kacapi]] (Indonesia)
* [[Kanklės]] ([[Lithuania]])
* [[Kantele]] (Finland)
* [[Qanun (instrument)|Kanun]] (Middle East, Persia)
* [[Kithara]] ([[Ancient Greece]])
* [[Kobza]] (Ukraine)
* [[Konghou]] ([[China]])
* [[Kontigi]] (Nigeria)
* [[Komuz]] (Central Asia)
* [[Kora (instrument)|Kora]] (West Africa)
* [[Koto (musical instrument)|Koto]] (Japan)
* [[Krar]] (Ethiopia)
* [[Kutiyapi]] ([[Philippines]])
* [[Langeleik]] (Norway)
* [[Laúd]]
* [[Liuqin]] (China)
* [[Lute]] (Europe)
**[[Archlute]]
**[[Theorbo]]
* [[Lyre]]
* Mandolin family
** [[Mandolin]]
** [[Mandola]]
** [[Octave mandola]]
** [[Mandocello]]
** [[Mandobass]]
* [[Mando-banjo]] (a crossover instrument, not part of the mandola family)
* [[Mejoranera]]
* [[Mohan veena]]
* [[Monochord]]
* [[Musical bow]]
* [[Nyatiti]] (Kenya)
* [[Octavina]] (Philippines)
* [[Oud]] (Middle East, Greece)
* [[Pandura]]
* [[Pipa]] (China)
* [[Portuguese guitar]]
* [[Psaltery]]
* [[Kanun (instrument)|Qanún/kanun]] (Middle East, Persia)
* [[Qanbūs]] ([[Arabian Peninsula]])
* [[Qinqin]] (China)
* [[Rawap]]
* [[Requinto]]
* [[Crwth|Rote]]
* [[Rubab (instrument)|Rubab]]
* [[Rudra veena]] (India)
* [[Sallaneh (lute)|Sallaneh]] (Iran)
* [[Sanxian]] (China)
* [[Saraswati veena]] (India)
* [[Šargija]] (Eastern Europe)
* [[Sarod]] (India)
* [[Sasando]] (Indonesia)
* [[Saung]] (Burma)
* [[Bağlama|Saz]] (Turkey)
* [[Setar]] (Iran)
* [[Shamisen]] ([[Japan]])
* [[Sitar]] (India)
* [[Tanpura (instrument)|Tambura]]
* [[Tamburitza]] ([[Pannonian plain]])
* [[Tanbur]]
* [[Tar (lute)]]
* [[Tea chest bass]]
* [[Tiple]]
**[[Colombian tiple]]
* [[Torban]]
* [[Tremoloa]]
* [[Tres (musical instrument)|Tres]] ([[Cuba]])
* [[Ukulele]] ([[Hawaii]])
* [[Valiha]] ([[Madagascar]])
* [[Veena (instrument)|Veena]] (India)
* [[Vichitra veena]] (India)
* [[Vihuela]] ([[Spain]])
* [[Viola toeira]] ([[Portugal]])
* [[Yueqin]] (China)
* [[Zhongruan]] (China)
* [[Zhu (string instrument)|Zhu]] (China)
* [[Zither]]

==External links==
*[http://www.atlasofpluckedinstruments.com/ Atlas of Plucked Instruments]
*[http://www.granary-guitars.com/ Classical Guitar Museum (UK)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plucked String Instrument}}
[[Category:String instruments]]

Manjaro

2013-05-29T08:40:59Z

Ayceman: /* Mirrors */

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo = [[File:Manjaro logo and name white background.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro Linux 0.8.4 Cinnamon.png|300px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.4 Cinnamon
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.5.2
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2013|05|07}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[Xfce]], [[LXDE]], [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]], [[Openbox]]
| license = Various
| website = [http://manjaro.org/ manjaro.org]
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[Linux distribution]], with [[Xfce]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
Manjaro Linux is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has its own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[Pacman package manager]] and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Mirrors==
The Manjaro repos are currently hosted in the following countries by one or more mirrors: Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Romania, South Africa, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States.

==History==
As of mid 2013, Manjaro is in the beta stages, though key elements of the final system, such as a GUI installer (currently a Mint installer fork), a packager manager (Pacmac), mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection), and Manjaro Settings Manager (for system wide settings and user management) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.5.2 (the current release, as of late May 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundled into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.5.2 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), and [[OpenBox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manjaro.org/2013/05/07/manjaro-0-8-5-2-got-unleashed/ |title= Manjaro 0.8.5.2 got unleashed! |publisher=Manjaro.org |date=2013-05-29 |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref> Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]], [[Cinnamon]]/Gnome-shell, and [[KDE]]/[[Razor-qt]] (a Manjaro Turkey project). A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment. [[i3 (window manager)|i3]], and others are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://manjaro.org/2013/04/19/manjaro-0-8-5-community-editions-released-mate-lxde-kde/ |title= Manjaro 0.8.5 Community Editions released (MATE, LXDE, KDE)
|accessdate=2013-04-23
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

Manjaro 0.8.5 was to be the last edition to feature [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] as a community release due to Cinnamon not being compatible with gtk 3.8, while [[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] support was dropped with the release of version 0.8.3.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://manjaro.org/2012/12/24/manjaro-0-8-3-has-been-unleashed-2/
|title= Manjaro 0.8.3 has been unleashed!
|accessdate=2013-04-24
}}</ref>, however efforts within Arch Linux made it possible to restart the Cinnamon/Gnome edition as a community edition.<ref>{{cite web
|http://manjaro.org/2013/05/13/manjaro-0-8-5-2-community-releases-unleashed-kde-cinnamon-mate/
|title= Manjaro 0.8.5.2 Community Releases unleashed (KDE, Cinnamon, Mate)
|accessdate=2013-05-29
}}</ref>

==Features==
Manjaro Linux comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system.<ref>Linux Magazine (Spanish Edition), Issue 88 - "Furthermore, Manjaro is a rolling distribution, i.e. it can be continually updated without ever having to install a new version. And speaking of installation, despite the primitive aspect of the text-based installer, the process is very easy and has many assistants to detect and configure your hardware"</ref> Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

The repositories are managed with their own tool called BoxIt which is designed like git.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.muktware.com/4216/manjaro-linux-arch-linux-noobs
|title= Muktware - manjaro linux - Arch linux for noobs
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

==Reception==
In January 2013 Jesse Smith of [[DistroWatch]] reviewed Manjaro Linux 0.8.3. He noted, "Manjaro does just about everything quickly. The system is light and the Xfce desktop is very responsive. The distribution seems designed with the idea it will stay out of the way as much as possible." Smith ran into problems with updates breaking the installation, "the one serious issue I ran into during my trial came in the wake of an update. After several days of smooth use I ran into a problem when, after an update, Manjaro Linux would no longer boot. Attempts at booting in fallback mode or with various kernel parameters failed to get the system to a stage where I could login. Sadly, this signaled an end to my trial and acted as a reminder of the risks in maintaining a rolling release distribution." Smith concluded that the distribution is geared towards experienced Linux users as it requires a great deal of knowledge to install and run.<ref name="Smith14Jan13">{{cite news|url = http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20130114#feature|title = Return to Manjaro Linux 0.8.3|accessdate = 20 January 2013|last = Smith|first = Jesse|date = 14 January 2013| work = [[DistroWatch]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software|Linux}}
* {{Official website|http://manjaro.org/}}

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

Manjaro

2013-05-29T08:39:38Z

Ayceman:

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo = [[File:Manjaro logo and name white background.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro Linux 0.8.4 Cinnamon.png|300px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.4 Cinnamon
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.5.2
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2013|05|07}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[Xfce]], [[LXDE]], [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]], [[Openbox]]
| license = Various
| website = [http://manjaro.org/ manjaro.org]
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[Linux distribution]], with [[Xfce]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
Manjaro Linux is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has its own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[Pacman package manager]] and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Mirrors==
The Manjaro repos are currently hosted in the following countries by one or more mirrors: Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Romania, South Africa, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States.

==History==
As of mid 2013, Manjaro is in the beta stages, though key elements of the final system, such as a GUI installer (currently a Mint installer fork), a packager manager (Pacmac), mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection), and Manjaro Settings Manager (for system wide settings and user management) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.5.2 (the current release, as of late May 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundled into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.5.2 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), and [[OpenBox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manjaro.org/2013/05/07/manjaro-0-8-5-2-got-unleashed/ |title= Manjaro 0.8.5.2 got unleashed! |publisher=Manjaro.org |date=2013-05-29 |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref> Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]], [[Cinnamon]]/Gnome-shell, and [[KDE]]/[[Razor-qt]] (a Manjaro Turkey project). A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment. [[i3 (window manager)|i3]], and others are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://manjaro.org/2013/04/19/manjaro-0-8-5-community-editions-released-mate-lxde-kde/ |title= Manjaro 0.8.5 Community Editions released (MATE, LXDE, KDE)
|accessdate=2013-04-23
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

Manjaro 0.8.5 was to be the last edition to feature [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] as a community release due to Cinnamon not being compatible with gtk 3.8, while [[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] support was dropped with the release of version 0.8.3.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://manjaro.org/2012/12/24/manjaro-0-8-3-has-been-unleashed-2/
|title= Manjaro 0.8.3 has been unleashed!
|accessdate=2013-04-24
}}</ref>, however efforts within Arch Linux made it possible to restart the Cinnamon/Gnome edition as a community edition.<ref>{{cite web
|http://manjaro.org/2013/05/13/manjaro-0-8-5-2-community-releases-unleashed-kde-cinnamon-mate/
|title= Manjaro 0.8.5.2 Community Releases unleashed (KDE, Cinnamon, Mate)
|accessdate=2013-05-29
}}</ref>

==Features==
Manjaro Linux comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system.<ref>Linux Magazine (Spanish Edition), Issue 88 - "Furthermore, Manjaro is a rolling distribution, i.e. it can be continually updated without ever having to install a new version. And speaking of installation, despite the primitive aspect of the text-based installer, the process is very easy and has many assistants to detect and configure your hardware"</ref> Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

The repositories are managed with their own tool called BoxIt which is designed like git.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.muktware.com/4216/manjaro-linux-arch-linux-noobs
|title= Muktware - manjaro linux - Arch linux for noobs
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

==Reception==
In January 2013 Jesse Smith of [[DistroWatch]] reviewed Manjaro Linux 0.8.3. He noted, "Manjaro does just about everything quickly. The system is light and the Xfce desktop is very responsive. The distribution seems designed with the idea it will stay out of the way as much as possible." Smith ran into problems with updates breaking the installation, "the one serious issue I ran into during my trial came in the wake of an update. After several days of smooth use I ran into a problem when, after an update, Manjaro Linux would no longer boot. Attempts at booting in fallback mode or with various kernel parameters failed to get the system to a stage where I could login. Sadly, this signaled an end to my trial and acted as a reminder of the risks in maintaining a rolling release distribution." Smith concluded that the distribution is geared towards experienced Linux users as it requires a great deal of knowledge to install and run.<ref name="Smith14Jan13">{{cite news|url = http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20130114#feature|title = Return to Manjaro Linux 0.8.3|accessdate = 20 January 2013|last = Smith|first = Jesse|date = 14 January 2013| work = [[DistroWatch]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software|Linux}}
* {{Official website|http://manjaro.org/}}

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

Manjaro

2013-05-29T08:38:56Z

Ayceman:

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo = [[File:Manjaro logo and name white background.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro Linux 0.8.4 Cinnamon.png|300px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.4 Cinnamon
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.5.2
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2013|05|07}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[Xfce]], [[LXDE]], [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]], [[Openbox]]
| license = Various
| website = [http://manjaro.org/ manjaro.org]
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[Linux distribution]], with [[Xfce]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
Manjaro Linux is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has its own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[Pacman package manager]] and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Mirrors==
The Manjaro repos are currently hosted in the following countries by one or more mirrors: Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Romania, South Africa, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States.

==History==
As of mid 2013, Manjaro is in the beta stages, though key elements of the final system, such as a GUI installer (currently a Mint installer fork), a packager manager (Pacmac), mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection), and Manjaro Settings Manager (for system wide settings and user management) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.5.2 (the current release, as of late May 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundled into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.5.2 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), and [[OpenBox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manjaro.org/2013/05/07/manjaro-0-8-5-2-got-unleashed/ |title= Manjaro 0.8.5.2 got unleashed! |publisher=Manjaro.org |date=2013-05-29 |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref> Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]], [[Cinnamon]]/[[Gnome-shell]], and [[KDE]]/[[Razor-qt]] (a Manjaro Turkey project). A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment. [[i3 (window manager)|i3]], and others are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://manjaro.org/2013/04/19/manjaro-0-8-5-community-editions-released-mate-lxde-kde/ |title= Manjaro 0.8.5 Community Editions released (MATE, LXDE, KDE)
|accessdate=2013-04-23
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

Manjaro 0.8.5 was to be the last edition to feature [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] as a community release due to Cinnamon not being compatible with gtk 3.8, while [[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] support was dropped with the release of version 0.8.3.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://manjaro.org/2012/12/24/manjaro-0-8-3-has-been-unleashed-2/
|title= Manjaro 0.8.3 has been unleashed!
|accessdate=2013-04-24
}}</ref>, however efforts within Arch Linux made it possible to restart the Cinnamon/Gnome edition as a community edition.<ref>{{cite web
|http://manjaro.org/2013/05/13/manjaro-0-8-5-2-community-releases-unleashed-kde-cinnamon-mate/
|title= Manjaro 0.8.5.2 Community Releases unleashed (KDE, Cinnamon, Mate)
|accessdate=2013-05-29
}}</ref>

==Features==
Manjaro Linux comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system.<ref>Linux Magazine (Spanish Edition), Issue 88 - "Furthermore, Manjaro is a rolling distribution, i.e. it can be continually updated without ever having to install a new version. And speaking of installation, despite the primitive aspect of the text-based installer, the process is very easy and has many assistants to detect and configure your hardware"</ref> Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

The repositories are managed with their own tool called BoxIt which is designed like git.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.muktware.com/4216/manjaro-linux-arch-linux-noobs
|title= Muktware - manjaro linux - Arch linux for noobs
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

==Reception==
In January 2013 Jesse Smith of [[DistroWatch]] reviewed Manjaro Linux 0.8.3. He noted, "Manjaro does just about everything quickly. The system is light and the Xfce desktop is very responsive. The distribution seems designed with the idea it will stay out of the way as much as possible." Smith ran into problems with updates breaking the installation, "the one serious issue I ran into during my trial came in the wake of an update. After several days of smooth use I ran into a problem when, after an update, Manjaro Linux would no longer boot. Attempts at booting in fallback mode or with various kernel parameters failed to get the system to a stage where I could login. Sadly, this signaled an end to my trial and acted as a reminder of the risks in maintaining a rolling release distribution." Smith concluded that the distribution is geared towards experienced Linux users as it requires a great deal of knowledge to install and run.<ref name="Smith14Jan13">{{cite news|url = http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20130114#feature|title = Return to Manjaro Linux 0.8.3|accessdate = 20 January 2013|last = Smith|first = Jesse|date = 14 January 2013| work = [[DistroWatch]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software|Linux}}
* {{Official website|http://manjaro.org/}}

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

Manjaro

2013-05-29T08:37:19Z

Ayceman:

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo = [[File:Manjaro logo and name white background.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro Linux 0.8.4 Cinnamon.png|300px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.4 Cinnamon
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.5.2
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2013|05|07}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[Xfce]], [[LXDE]], [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]], [[Openbox]]
| license = Various
| website = [http://manjaro.org/ manjaro.org]
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[Linux distribution]], with [[Xfce]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
Manjaro Linux is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has its own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[Pacman package manager]] and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Mirrors==
The Manjaro repos are currently hosted in the following countries by one or more mirrors: Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Romania, South Africa, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States.

==History==
As of mid 2013, Manjaro is in the beta stages, though key elements of the final system, such as a GUI installer (currently a Mint installer fork), a packager manager (Pacmac), mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection), Manjaro Settings Manager (for system wide settings and user management) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.5.2 (the current release, as of late May 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.5.2 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), and [[OpenBox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manjaro.org/2013/05/07/manjaro-0-8-5-2-got-unleashed/ |title= Manjaro 0.8.5.2 got unleashed! |publisher=Manjaro.org |date=2013-05-29 |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref> Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]], [[Cinnamon]]/[[Gnome-shell]], and [[KDE]]/[[Razor-qt]] (a Manjaro Turkey project). A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment. [[i3 (window manager)|i3]], and others are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://manjaro.org/2013/04/19/manjaro-0-8-5-community-editions-released-mate-lxde-kde/ |title= Manjaro 0.8.5 Community Editions released (MATE, LXDE, KDE)
|accessdate=2013-04-23
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

Manjaro 0.8.5 was to be the last edition to feature [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] as a community release due to Cinnamon not being compatible with gtk 3.8, while [[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] support was dropped with the release of version 0.8.3.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://manjaro.org/2012/12/24/manjaro-0-8-3-has-been-unleashed-2/
|title= Manjaro 0.8.3 has been unleashed!
|accessdate=2013-04-24
}}</ref>, however efforts within Arch Linux made it possible to restart the Cinnamon/Gnome edition as a community edition.<ref>{{cite web
|http://manjaro.org/2013/05/13/manjaro-0-8-5-2-community-releases-unleashed-kde-cinnamon-mate/
|title= Manjaro 0.8.5.2 Community Releases unleashed (KDE, Cinnamon, Mate)
|accessdate=2013-05-29
}}</ref>

==Features==
Manjaro Linux comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system.<ref>Linux Magazine (Spanish Edition), Issue 88 - "Furthermore, Manjaro is a rolling distribution, i.e. it can be continually updated without ever having to install a new version. And speaking of installation, despite the primitive aspect of the text-based installer, the process is very easy and has many assistants to detect and configure your hardware"</ref> Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

The repositories are managed with their own tool called BoxIt which is designed like git.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.muktware.com/4216/manjaro-linux-arch-linux-noobs
|title= Muktware - manjaro linux - Arch linux for noobs
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

==Reception==
In January 2013 Jesse Smith of [[DistroWatch]] reviewed Manjaro Linux 0.8.3. He noted, "Manjaro does just about everything quickly. The system is light and the Xfce desktop is very responsive. The distribution seems designed with the idea it will stay out of the way as much as possible." Smith ran into problems with updates breaking the installation, "the one serious issue I ran into during my trial came in the wake of an update. After several days of smooth use I ran into a problem when, after an update, Manjaro Linux would no longer boot. Attempts at booting in fallback mode or with various kernel parameters failed to get the system to a stage where I could login. Sadly, this signaled an end to my trial and acted as a reminder of the risks in maintaining a rolling release distribution." Smith concluded that the distribution is geared towards experienced Linux users as it requires a great deal of knowledge to install and run.<ref name="Smith14Jan13">{{cite news|url = http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20130114#feature|title = Return to Manjaro Linux 0.8.3|accessdate = 20 January 2013|last = Smith|first = Jesse|date = 14 January 2013| work = [[DistroWatch]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software|Linux}}
* {{Official website|http://manjaro.org/}}

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

User talk:Ayceman

2013-04-26T18:36:43Z

Ayceman:

Manjaro

2013-01-10T13:53:55Z

Ayceman:

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo = [[File:Manjaro logo and name white background.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has its own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system.<ref>Linux Magazine (Spanish Edition), Issue 88 - "Furthermore, Manjaro is a rolling distribution, i.e. it can be continually updated without ever having to install a new version. And speaking of installation, despite the primitive aspect of the text-based installer, the process is very easy and has many assistants to detect and configure your hardware"</ref> Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

The repositories are managed with their own tool called BoxIt which is designed like git.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.muktware.com/4216/manjaro-linux-arch-linux-noobs
|title= Muktware - manjaro linux - Arch linux for noobs
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

In a Linuxed comparison of the leading XFCE distros of 2012, Manjaro got a 9.38 rating for provided apps, and was on par with stock [[Fedora]] XFCE and [[Xubuntu]] in memory consumption, while getting top marks in aesthetiscs.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://mylinuxexplore.blogspot.ro/2013/01/best-linux-distro-of-2012-comparasion.html
|title= Linuxed - Best distro of 2012 - XFCE comparison
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

[[fr:Manjaro Linux]]

Talk:Manjaro

2013-01-10T13:53:07Z

Ayceman: /* Notability */

{{Talk header}}
{{Linuxproject
|class=start
}}
==Notability==
Wikipedia gets a lot of articles added about many obscure Linux distributions and most get deleted as not meeting [[WP:GNG]]. This article needs some independent third party refs to show notability or else it is on the way to deletion as well. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 00:53, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

:It's no. 23 on distrowatch and on the up - about the same as Chakra, with which is shares similar goals, but not limited to qt. Since 0.8.0 was launched, it got quite a lot of attention, including in reviews. [[User:Ayceman|Ayceman]] ([[User talk:Ayceman|talk]]) 14:04, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

::As per [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Parabola GNU/Linux|this AfD precedent]], because distro developers can pay to have their distro listed on DistroWatch that alone doesn't show notability. If there are reviews in independent third party publications (including websites) then these should be added to prevent the article from being sent for deletion. It would also allow the tags to be removed. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 20:07, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

:::Three independent sources provided - there are more, but the article is too short to crowd it with refs. 13:53, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Manjaro

2013-01-10T13:51:42Z

Ayceman: /* Features */

{{One source|date=January 2013}}
{{Notability|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo = [[File:Manjaro logo and name white background.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has its own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system.<ref>Linux Magazine (Spanish Edition), Issue 88 - "Furthermore, Manjaro is a rolling distribution, i.e. it can be continually updated without ever having to install a new version. And speaking of installation, despite the primitive aspect of the text-based installer, the process is very easy and has many assistants to detect and configure your hardware"</ref> Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

The repositories are managed with their own tool called BoxIt which is designed like git.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.muktware.com/4216/manjaro-linux-arch-linux-noobs
|title= Muktware - manjaro linux - Arch linux for noobs
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

In a Linuxed comparison of the leading XFCE distros of 2012, Manjaro got a 9.38 rating for provided apps, and was on par with stock [[Fedora]] XFCE and [[Xubuntu]] in memory consumption, while getting top marks in aesthetiscs.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://mylinuxexplore.blogspot.ro/2013/01/best-linux-distro-of-2012-comparasion.html
|title= Linuxed - Best distro of 2012 - XFCE comparison
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

[[fr:Manjaro Linux]]

Manjaro

2013-01-10T13:40:27Z

Ayceman: /* Features */

{{One source|date=January 2013}}
{{Notability|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo = [[File:Manjaro logo and name white background.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has its own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system.<ref>Linux Magazine (Spanish Edition), Issue 88 - "Furthermore, Manjaro is a rolling distribution, i.e. it can be continually updated without ever having to install a new version. And speaking of installation, despite the primitive aspect of the text-based installer, the process is very easy and has many assistants to detect and configure your hardware"</ref> Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

The repositories are managed with their own tool called BoxIt which is designed like git.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.muktware.com/4216/manjaro-linux-arch-linux-noobs
|title= Muktware - manjaro linux - Arch linux for noobs
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

[[fr:Manjaro Linux]]

Manjaro

2013-01-10T13:37:11Z

Ayceman: /* Features */

{{One source|date=January 2013}}
{{Notability|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo = [[File:Manjaro logo and name white background.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has its own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system. Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

The repositories are managed with their own tool called BoxIt which is designed like git.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.muktware.com/4216/manjaro-linux-arch-linux-noobs
|title= Muktware - manjaro linux - Arch linux for noobs
|accessdate=2013-01-10
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

[[fr:Manjaro Linux]]

Talk:Manjaro

2013-01-09T14:04:21Z

Ayceman: /* Notability */

{{Talk header}}
==Notability==
Wikipedia gets a lot of articles added about many obscure Linux distributions and most get deleted as not meeting [[WP:GNG]]. This article needs some independent third party refs to show notability or else it is on the way to deletion as well. - [[User:Ahunt|Ahunt]] ([[User talk:Ahunt|talk]]) 00:53, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

It's no. 23 on distrowatch and on the up - about the same as Chakra, with which is shares similar goals, but not limited to qt. Since 0.8.0 was launched, it got quite a lot of attention, including in reviews. [[User:Ayceman|Ayceman]] ([[User talk:Ayceman|talk]]) 14:04, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Manjaro

2013-01-09T00:38:22Z

Ayceman: Logo added

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo = [[File:Manjaro logo and name white background.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[GNU/Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has it's own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://forum.manjaro.org/index.php
|title= Official forum homepage - support sections organized into official and community support
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system. Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]
* [http://forum.manjaro.org Official Manjaro forums]
* [http://wiki.manjaro.org Official Manjaro wiki]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

Manjaro

2013-01-08T19:28:09Z

Ayceman: /* External links */

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo =
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[GNU/Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has it's own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://forum.manjaro.org/index.php
|title= Official forum homepage - support sections organized into official and community support
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system. Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]
* [http://forum.manjaro.org Official Manjaro forums]
* [http://wiki.manjaro.org Official Manjaro wiki]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

User talk:Ayceman

2013-01-08T15:50:58Z

Ayceman:

Manjaro

2013-01-08T15:50:23Z

Ayceman: /* Relation to Arch Linux */

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo =
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[GNU/Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has it's own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[software repository|repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://forum.manjaro.org/index.php
|title= Official forum homepage - support sections organized into official and community support
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system. Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
{{Commonscat-inline}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]
* [http://forum.manjaro.org Official Manjaro forums]
* [http://wiki.manjaro.org Official Manjaro wiki]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

Manjaro

2013-01-08T15:49:56Z

Ayceman: /* Features */

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo =
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[GNU/Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has it's own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://forum.manjaro.org/index.php
|title= Official forum homepage - support sections organized into official and community support
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)|kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system. Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
{{Commonscat-inline}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]
* [http://forum.manjaro.org Official Manjaro forums]
* [http://wiki.manjaro.org Official Manjaro wiki]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

Manjaro

2013-01-08T15:49:38Z

Ayceman: /* Features */

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo =
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[GNU/Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has it's own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://forum.manjaro.org/index.php
|title= Official forum homepage - support sections organized into official and community support
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel (computing)]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system. Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
{{Commonscat-inline}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]
* [http://forum.manjaro.org Official Manjaro forums]
* [http://wiki.manjaro.org Official Manjaro wiki]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

Manjaro

2013-01-08T03:31:31Z

Ayceman: /* External links */

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo =
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[GNU/Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has it's own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://forum.manjaro.org/index.php
|title= Official forum homepage - support sections organized into official and community support
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system. Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
{{Commonscat-inline}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]
* [http://forum.manjaro.org Official Manjaro forums]
* [http://wiki.manjaro.org Official Manjaro wiki]

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Xfce}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

List of Linux distributions

2013-01-08T03:30:28Z

Ayceman: /* Pacman-based */

{{Refimprove|date=September 2009}}
[[File:Linux_Distribution_Timeline.svg|thumb|right|[http://futurist.se/gldt], timeline representing the development of various Linux distributions.]]
This page provides general information about notable [[Linux distributions]] in the form of a categorized list. Distributions are organized into sections by the major distribution they are based on, or the [[package management system]] they are based around.

==Debian-based==
[[File:Debian family tree 11-06.png|thumb|150px|Debian family tree]]
[[Debian]] GNU/Linux is a distribution that emphasizes [[free software]]. It supports many hardware platforms. Debian and distributions based on it use the [[deb (file format)|.deb]] package format<ref>http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man5/deb.5.html</ref> and the [[dpkg]] package manager and its frontends.<ref>http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/en/man1/dpkg.1.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[64 Studio]]
| Attempts to specialize in audio and video production on [[x86-64]] workstations.<ref>[http://www.64studio.com/ 64 Studio website]</ref>
|-
| [[aptosid]]
| Multilingual desktop-oriented Live CD based on Debian unstable. Formerly ''sidux''.<ref>[http://aptosid.com/ aptosid website]</ref>
|-
| [[Bharat Operating System Solutions]]
| This software is also known by the acronym BOSS GNU/Linux or simply BOSS Linux.<ref>[http://bosslinux.in/ BOSS GNU/Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Canaima (operating system)|Canaima]]
| A Venezuelan distribution.<ref>[http://canaima.softwarelibre.gob.ve/ Canaima website]</ref>
|-
| [[Caixa Mágica]]
| A Portuguese distribution.<ref>[http://www.caixamagica.pt/pag/a_index.php Caixa Mágica website]</ref>
|-
| [[Corel Linux]]
| Commercial. Short-lived desktop distribution, bought by [[Xandros]] Linux.<ref>[http://openlife.cc/onlinebook/story-failure-corel Corel Linux history]</ref>
|-
| [[CrunchBang Linux]]
| A small Distro and Live CD based on Debian Stable, featuring the [[Openbox]] window manager and tint2 panel with [[GTK+]] applications.<ref>[http://crunchbang.org/ CrunchBang Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Damn Vulnerable Linux]]
| A tool for observing and studying vulnerabilities in the Linux kernel and popular user space software.
|-
| [[Dreamlinux]]
| A Brazilian Linux distribution (not active anymore).
|-
| [[Elive]]
| A Live CD and Distribution featuring Enlightenment as the only window manager. Aims to be intuitive and easy to use.<ref>[http://www.elivecd.org/ Elive website]</ref>
|-
| [[Finnix]]
| A small system administration Live CD that is available for multiple architectures.<ref>[http://www.finnix.org/ Finnix website]</ref>
|-
| [[Freespire]]
| A community-driven and -supported project tied to the commercial Linspire distribution. Defunct since 2007. Website offline since early 2011.
|-
| [[Gibraltar (operating system)|Gibraltar]]
| Commercial. Router/firewall distribution.<ref>[http://www.mayrhofer.eu.org/downloads/old-pages/gibraltar/main.html Gibraltar website]</ref>
|-
| [[gnuLinEx]]
| A distribution promoted by the government of [[Extremadura]], Spain.
|-
| [[grml]]
| Live CD for system recovery.<ref>[http://grml.org/ grml website]</ref>
|-
| [[Instant WebKiosk]]
| Live, browser only operating system for use in web kiosks and for [[digital signage]].<ref>[http://sourceforge.net/projects/instantwebkiosk/ Instant WebKiosk project page]</ref>
|-
| [[Kanotix]]
| An installable live CD for desktop usage using KDE, focusing on convenient scripts and GUI for ease of use.<ref>[http://www.kanotix.com/ Kanotix website]</ref>
|-
| [[Knoppix]]
| The first Live CD (later DVD) version of Debian GNU/Linux.<ref>[http://knoppix.net/ Knoppix website]</ref>
|-
| [[Kurumin]]
| Earlier, it was a version of the Knoppix distribution, modified with Debian and designed for [[Brazil]]ian users.
|-
| [[LEAF Project]]
| The Linux Embedded Appliance Framework. A tiny primarily floppy-based distribution for routers, firewalls and other appliances.<ref>[http://leaf.sourceforge.net/ LEAF Project website]</ref>
|-
| [[LiMux]]
| An [[ISO 9241]] industry workplace certified Linux distribution, deployed at the [[Munich|City of Munich]], Germany.<ref>[http://lgict.org.za/document/limux-%E2%80%93-free-software-munich LiMux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Linspire]]
| Commercial. Desktop-oriented distribution, previously called Lindows. Focuses on a proprietary software application manager obtained via a paid (CNR) subscription. Bought by [[Xandros]] Linux, and effectively defunct since 2007.<ref>[http://www.linspire.com/ Linspire website]</ref>
|-
|[[Linux Mint Debian Edition]]
|Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) is a rolling distribution based on Debian Testing. It is available in both 32 and 64-bit as a live DVD with a Gnome desktop. The purpose of LMDE is to look identical to the main Linux Mint edition and to provide the same functionality while using Debian as a base.<ref>[http://www.linuxmint.com/download_lmde.php Linuxmint.com]</ref>
|-
| [[Linux Router Project]]
| A defunct floppy-based distribution for routers and firewalls. Supplanted by [[LEAF Project]].
|-
| [[Maemo]]
| A development platform for hand held devices such as the [[Nokia N800]], [[Nokia N810|N810]] and [[Nokia N900]] Internet Tablets and other Linux-based devices.<ref>[http://maemo.org/ Maemo website]</ref>
|-
| [[MEPIS]]
| Focuses on ease of use. Also includes lightweight variant called antiX. antiX is meant to be used on older computers with limited hardware.<ref>[http://www.mepis.org/ MEPIS website]</ref>
|-
| [[MintPPC]]
| For PowerPC computers. Though MintPPC uses some Mint LXDE code, it is not Linux Mint.<ref>[http://mintppc.org/ MintPPC website]</ref>
|-
| [[Neopwn]] || Debian-based network [[Penetration test|penetration-testing]] distribution for mobile phones.<ref>[http://www.neopwn.com/ Neopwn website]</ref>
|-
| [[NepaLinux]]
| A Debian and Morphix based distribution focused for desktop usage in Nepali language computing.<ref>[http://www.nepalinux.org/ NepaLinux website]</ref>
|-
| [[OpenZaurus]]
| Debian packages and ROM image for the [[Sharp Zaurus]] [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]. Replaced by [[Ångström distribution]].<ref>[http://www.openzaurus.org/ OpenZaurus website]</ref>
|-
| [[Parsix]]
| Optimized for personal computers and laptops. Built on top of Debian testing branch and comes with security support.<ref>[http://www.parsix.org/ Parsix website]</ref>
|-
| [[Progeny Linux Systems|Progeny Componentized Linux]]
| Distribution from [[Progeny Linux Systems]] which was also founded by Debian founder [[Ian Murdock]].
|-
| [[PureOS]]
|Based on Debian Testing.<ref>[http://pureos.org/ PureOS website]</ref>
|-
| [[RXART|Rxart]]
| Desktop-oriented distribution. Focused on providing proprietary software.<ref>[http://www.rxart.net/ Rxart website]</ref>
|-
| [[Sacix]]
| A [[Debian Pure Blend]] originally created to support the educational and free software diffusion goals of the Telecentres project of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.<ref>[http://sourceforge.net/projects/sacix/ Sacix project page]</ref>
|-
|[[Aptosid#Derivatives|Siduction]]
| Derived from aptosid, siduction is a distro based on debian sid with a friendly community.<ref>[http://siduction.org/ Siduction website]</ref>
|-
| [[Skolelinux]]
| A distribution from Norway. It is provided as a [[thin client]] distribution for schools.<ref>[http://www.slx.no/ Skolelinux website]</ref>
|-
| [[SolusOS]]
| Based on the Stable branch of Debian with updated software applications from Debian backports. Improved media support. Features the [[GNOME|Gnome]] desktop with usability patches and customized applications.<ref>[http://solusos.com/ SolusOS website]</ref>
|-
| [[Sunwah Linux]]
| A Chinese distribution<ref>[http://www.sw-linux.com/en/scripts/main/index.php Sunwah Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Symphony OS]]
| Includes the [[Mezzo (desktop environment)|Mezzo]] desktop environment. Previous versions were based on Knoppix.<ref>[http://www.symphonyos.com/ Symphony OS website]</ref>
|-
| [[SalineOS]]
| Lean, stable and easy-to-use distribution with [[XFCE]] as graphical interface.<ref>[http://www.salineos.com/ SalineOS website]</ref>
|-
| [[The Amnesic Incognito Live System|TAILS]]
| The Amnesic Incognito Live System' or Tails is aimed at preserving privacy and anonymity, with all outgoing connections forced to go through [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]].<ref>[https://tails.boum.org/ TAILS website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]]
| A distribution sponsored by [[Canonical Ltd.]] as well as receiving major funding from South African [[Mark Shuttleworth]]. Aims to offer a complete and polished desktop on a single CD.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/ Ubuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ulteo]]|| Virtual desktop project.<ref>[http://www.ulteo.com/home/ Ulteo website]</ref>
|-
| [[Univention Corporate Server]]
| Commercial distribution with costs by the company Univention GmbH, Germany.<ref>[http://www.univention.de/en/products/ucs/ Univention Corporate Server website]</ref>
|-
| [[UserLinux]]
| Short-lived commercial distribution that would have included GNOME.
|-
| [[Webconverger]]
| [[Debian Live]] based browser only distribution, similar to [[Google Chrome OS]]. However based on [[Firefox]] & [[dwm]], with no user sign-in, no special hardware required and designed for public places.<ref>[http://webconverger.com/ Webconverger website]</ref>

|-
| [[Vyatta]]
| Commercial open source network operating system includes routing, firewall, VPN, intrusion prevention and more. Designed to be an open source Cisco replacement.<ref>[http://www.vyatta.org/ Vyatta website]</ref>

|}

===Knoppix-based===
[[File:Knoppix family tree 11-06.png|thumb|150px|Knoppix family tree]]
[[Knoppix]], itself, is based on Debian.<ref>[http://knoppix.net/wiki/Main_Page Knoppix Wiki]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Damn Small Linux]]
| It is a small distro designed to run on older hardware. It is commonly used on virtual machines due to low memory requirements.<ref>[http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/ Damn Small Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Feather Linux]]
| It boots from either a CD or a [[USB flash drive]]. Uses [[Knoppix]]-based hardware detection and the [[Fluxbox]] window manager.<ref>[http://featherlinux.berlios.de/ Feather Linux website]</ref>
|-
| [[Hikarunix]]
| A distribution solely for studying and playing the game of [[Go (board game)|Go]]. Based on Damn Small Linux.<ref>[http://www.hikarunix.org/ Hikarunix website]</ref>
|-
| [[Kaella]]
| The French translation of Knoppix.<ref>[http://www.kaella.org/ Kaella website]</ref>
|-
| [[Musix GNU/Linux]]
| A [[Knoppix]]/[[Debian]] based distribution, intended for music production, graphic design, audio, video editing, and other tasks. It is built with only [[free software]].
|}

===Ubuntu-based===
[[File:Ubuntu family tree 11-06.png|thumb|150px|Ubuntu family tree]]
[[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] is a distribution based on [[Debian]], designed to have regular releases, a consistent user experience and commercial support on both desktop and server.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/ubuntu-and-debian About Ubuntu - Official website]</ref>

====Official distributions====
These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/derivatives |title=About Ubuntu Derivatives |work=[[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] |accessdate=August 19, 2012 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Edubuntu]]
| A complete Linux-based operating system targeted for [[Primary education|primary]] and [[secondary education]]. It is freely available with community based support. The Edubuntu community is built on the ideas enshrined in the Edubuntu Manifesto: that software, especially for education, should be available [[Gratis versus Libre|free of charge]] and that software tools should be usable by people in their local language and despite any disabilities.<ref>[http://www.edubuntu.org/ Edubuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Kubuntu]]
| An official derivative of Ubuntu using [[KDE]] instead of the [[GNOME]] or Unity interfaces used by default in Ubuntu.<ref>[http://www.kubuntu.org/ Kubuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Lubuntu]]
| Lubuntu is a project that is an official derivative of the [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[operating system]] that is "lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient", using the [[LXDE]] [[desktop environment]].<ref name="Distrowatch11May09">{{cite web|url = http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20090511#news|title = Another day, another Ubuntu derivative.|accessdate = 2009-05-21|last = Smart|first = Chris|authorlink = |year = 2009|month = May}}</ref><ref name="LXDEBlog">{{cite web|url = http://blog.lxde.org/?p=208|title =Lubuntu? LXDE Meet up with Mark Shuttleworth in Berlin|accessdate = 2009-05-21|last = [[LXDE]]|authorlink = |year = 2009|month = February}}</ref><ref>[http://lubuntu.net/ Lubuntu website]</ref>
|-
|[[Mythbuntu]]|| Based on Ubuntu and [[MythTV]], providing applications for recording TV and acting as a media center.<ref>[http://www.mythbuntu.org/ Mythbuntu website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu for Android]]
| Designed for use with [[Android (operating system)|Android]] phones.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/devices/android Ubuntu for Android website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu JeOS]]
| "Just Enough OS" - described as "an efficient variant [...] configured specifically for [[virtual appliance]]s".<ref>[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/JeOS Ubuntu JeOS information]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu Mobile]]
| An embedded operating system designed for use on [[mobile device]]s. The operating system will use [[Hildon]] from [[maemo]] as its [[Graphical user interface|graphical frontend]].
|-
| [[Ubuntu Netbook Edition]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13580_3-9950552-39.html|title=Ubuntu to announce its mobile Linux in June}}</ref>
| Released in 2008, Netbook Edition is an official derivative of Ubuntu designed for [[netbook]]s using the [[Intel Atom]] processor. Starting from [[Ubuntu 11.04]], Ubuntu Netbook Edition has been merged into the desktop edition.
|-
| [[Ubuntu Server Edition]]
| An official derivative made for use in servers. Ubuntu Server handles mail, controls printers, acts as a fileserver, can host [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] and more.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/business/server Ubuntu Server Edition website]</ref>
|-
|[[Ubuntu Studio]]
| Based on Ubuntu, providing open-source applications for multimedia creation aimed at the audio, video and graphic editors.<ref>[http://ubuntustudio.org/ Ubuntu Studio website]</ref>
|-
| [[Ubuntu TV]]
| Designed for use with TVs.<ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/devices/tv Ubuntu TV website]</ref>

|-
| [[Xubuntu]]
| An official derivative of Ubuntu using [[Xfce]]. Xubuntu is intended for use on less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems, and uses mostly [[GTK+]] applications.<ref>[http://xubuntu.org/ Xubuntu website]</ref>

|}

====Third-party distributions {{anchor|Unofficial distributions}} ====
Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by [[Canonical Ltd.]] and generally have different goals in mind:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Distribution!!Description
|-
| [[Aurora (operating system)|Aurora]]|| Specifically for the Eee PC range of netbooks, based on Debian. Previously named Eeebuntu and based on Ubuntu.<ref>[http://auroraos.org/ Aurora website]</ref>
|-
| [[Asturix]]|| Ubuntu-based distribution dedicated to novel people in linux.<ref>[http://asturix.com/ Asturix website]</ref>
|-
| [[Baltix]]||Ubuntu-based distribution for Lithuanian and Latvian people. Supported languages are Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Russian, English, Norwegian and other around Baltic region. Main language is Lithuanian.<ref>[http://baltix.akl.lt/ Baltix website]</ref>
|-
| [[BackBox]]
| BackBox is a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It has been developed to perform penetration tests and security assessments. Designed to be fast, easy to use and provide a minimal yet complete desktop environment, thanks to its own software repositories, always being updated to the latest stable version of the most used and best known ethical hacking tools.<ref>[http://www.backbox.org/ BackBox website]</ref>
|-
| [[BackTrack]]
| Developed by Offensive Security and designed for penetration testing.<ref>[http://www.backtrack-linux.org/ BackTrack website]</ref>
|-
| [[BlankOn]]||Ubuntu-based distribution for users in Indonesia.<ref>[http://www.blankonlinux.or.id/ BlankOn website]</ref>
|-
| [[Buildix]]||An Ubuntu-based Linux distribution, developed by Global IT professional services firm, [[ThoughtWorks]]. For agile developers.
|-
| [[Bodhi Linux]]||An Ubuntu-based Linux distribution featuring the [[Enlightenment (window manager)|Enlightenment]] window manager and targeting users who want minimum of preinstalled software or low system requirements.<ref>[http://www.bodhilinux.com/ Bodhi Linux website]</ref>
|-


|-
| [[dyne:bolic]]
| [[Live CD]] geared toward multimedia (audio and video) production, but comes with other non-media specific application (e.g.: word processor, desktop publisher).<ref>[http://www.dynebolic.org/ dyne:bolic website]</ref>
|-
|[[Linux Deepin]]||a distribution tailored for Chinese language users that includes preconfigured Chinese applications.<ref name="Linux Deepin website">[http://www.linuxdeepin.com/ Linux Deepin website]</ref>
|-
| [[EasyPeasy]]|| Fork of Ubuntu designed for netbooks.<ref>[http://www.geteasypeasy.com/ EasyPeasy website]</ref>
|-
| [[Element OS]]
| Based on [[Xubuntu]], made for [[Home theater PC]]s<ref>[http://www.elementmypc.com/main/index.php Element OS website]</ref>

|-
| [[Gobuntu]]
| Gobuntu was an official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system, aiming to provide a distribution consisting entirely of [[free software]]. It was officially announced by Mark Shuttleworth on July 10, 2007, and daily builds of Gobuntu 7.10 began to be publicly released. The project ended around the release of 8.04 and has since merged into mainline Ubuntu as a 'free software' option.<ref>[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Gobuntu Gobuntu information]</ref>

|-
| [[Goobuntu]]

| An Ubuntu-based distribution used internally by [[Google]]. Not available outside of [[Google]].

|-
| [[gOS (operating system)|gOS]]

| Uses the GNOME desktop environment with user interface enhancements to make it work more like [[Mac OS X]], it also features [[Google Apps]], [[Picasa]], [[Google Gadgets]] and other web-based applications, and comes with [[Wine (software)|Wine 1.0]] pre-installed.

|-
| [[Guadalinex]]

| Ubuntu-based distribution promoted by the local government of [[Andalucia]], Spain, for home users and schools.<ref>[http://www.guadalinexedu.org Guadalinex website]</ref>

|-
| [[Linux Deepin]]

| a Linux distribution based on the Ubuntu Linux Distribution. The Chinese version is tailored for Chinese language users and includes preconfigured Chinese applications such as simplified Chinese input methods, Chinese dictionaries, and Chinese TrueType fonts. From Version 11.12, Linux Deepin provides different ISO images for Chinese and English.<ref name="Linux Deepin website"/>

|-
| [[Joli OS]]
| Joli OS (formerly named Jolicloud) is in development and Pre-beta testing. Joli OS is built upon Debian and Ubuntu 9.10, but is tweaked to be more suitable for computers that have weaker specifications in terms of disk storage, memory and screen size. It is designed to run on relatively low-powered netbook computers.<ref>[http://www.jolicloud.com/jolios Joli OS website]</ref>

|-
| [[Mobile Internet Experience|HP Mi]]|| Based on Ubuntu 8.04 LTS, designed by Canonical and HP for use on the HP Mini 1000 and 110 series netbooks.<ref name="Brown 2008, HP Linux">{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/HP-netbook-boasts-homegrown-Linux-distro/|title=HP netbook boasts homegrown Linux distro|last=Brown|first=Eric|date=2008-10-29 |work=LinuxDevices.com|publisher=[[Ziff Davis|Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings Inc.]]|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref>
|-
| [[Impi Linux]]

| [[South Africa]]n and focuses on the enterprise and government sector.<ref>[http://www.impilinux.com/ Impi Linux website]</ref>

|-
| [[Karoshi (operating system)|Karoshi]]

| A formerly [[PCLinuxOS]]-based distribution designed for use in schools.<ref>[http://www.linuxgfx.co.uk/ Karoshi website]</ref>

|-
| [[Kuki Linux]]

| Lightweight Ubuntu-based Linux distribution founded by João Ferro, built to be a replacement for the [[Linpus Linux Lite]] distribution on the [[Acer Aspire One]].<ref>[http://itsquare.pt/en/kuki-linux-en Kuki Linux website]</ref>

|-
| [[Linux Mint]]

| Linux Mint synchronizes its release-cycle with Ubuntu's, and is tailored to user-friendliness for desktop users. Also features a Debian-based edition.<ref>[http://linuxmint.com/ Linux Mint website]</ref>

|-
| [[LinuxMCE]]

| ''Linux Media Center Edition'', a Kubuntu based distribution that provides in-depth HTPC functionality as well as home automation.<ref>[http://www.linuxmce.com/ LinuxMCE website]</ref>

|-
| [[LinuxTLE]]|| A Thai Linux distribution.<ref>[http://www.opentle.org/ LinuxTLE website]</ref>

|-
| [[LliureX]]|| A distribution by the [[Generalitat Valenciana]]<ref>[http://mestreacasa.gva.es/web/lliurex/ LliureX website]</ref>

|-
| [[LOUD]] || ''LCSEE Optimized Ubuntu Distribution'', an Ubuntu distribution used at [[West Virginia University]]. It contains several specialized educational packages as well as its own themes and login manager.<ref>[https://launchpad.net/loud-platform LOUD website]</ref>

|-
| [[MAX (operating system)|MAX]]||Stands for '''MA'''drid Linu'''X'''.<ref>[http://www.educa2.madrid.org/web/max MAX website]</ref>

|-
| [[Molinux]] ||Ubuntu based initiative to introduce the [[Castile-La Mancha]] community in Spain to the information society.
|-
| [[Moon OS]] ||Moon OS uses the Enlightenment [[window manager]] and also has an LXDE version, and is based on the LTS release.
|-
| [[Nova (operating system)|Nova]]
| [[Cuba]]n state-sponsored distribution developed at the [[University of Information Science]], [[Havana]]. Formerly based on Gentoo.
|-
| [[Netrunner (operating system)|Netrunner]]
| Kubuntu based distribution with complete software and codecs installed, developed by Blue Systems (also sponsoring Kubuntu and LinuxMintKDE).
|-
| [[nUbuntu]] || ''Network Ubuntu'', based on Ubuntu. Available as a [[Live CD]] and Full Install with tools needed for [[Penetration test|penetration-testing]] servers and networks.
|-
| [[OpenGEU]]|| Ubuntu based distribution with Enlightenment window manager, previously known as Geubuntu.
|-
| [[PC/OS]]
| Its primary interface is Xfce but there is also a GNOME release available. There is also a release that is geared towards web centric applications.
|-
| [[Peppermint OS]]
| A light-weight LXDE distribution for [[cloud application]]s through [[Mozilla Prism]]. Based on [[Lubuntu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peppermintos.com/release-notes/|title=About Peppermint OS}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pinguy OS]] ||An Ubuntu-based distro for people that have never used Linux before or for people that want an out-of-the-box working OS without having to tweak a fresh installation of Ubuntu or other Ubuntu-based distro.<ref>[http://www.pinguyos.com/ Pinguy OS Homepage]</ref>
|-
| [[Poseidon Linux]] ||For academic and scientific use. Based on Ubuntu, but enhanced by e.g. GIS/maps, numerical modelling, 2D/3D/4D visualization, statistics, tools for creating simple and complex graphics, programming languages.
|-
| [[Linux for PlayStation 3|PSUbuntu]]|| Ubuntu distribution intended for the PlayStation 3.
|-
| [[puredyne]]
|puredyne is a [[live distro]] developed to provide media artists with a complete set of tools for realtime audio and video processing.
|-
| [[Qimo 4 Kids]]|| educational games for children aged 3 and up. Ubuntu-based with easy to use interface.
|-
| [[Sabily]] ||Ubuntu based distribution for Muslims (formerly Ubuntu Muslim Edition).
|-
| [[Spri]]
| Lightweight Ubuntu derivative replacing [[GNOME]] desktop environment with lightweight [[IceWM]] window manager. Designed for aging and low powered computer hardware. Evaporated by 2011
|-
| [[StartOS]] || Based on Ubuntu and uses a Windows XP-like design.
|-
| [[Super OS]]||Aiming to provide an ‘out of the box’ experience, containing various enhancements over Ubuntu.
|-
| [[Trisquel]]
| Fully [[free software]], based on Ubuntu.
|-
| [[TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]]||Open source project developing a family of free, Ubuntu-based appliances optimized for ease of use in server-type usage scenarios.
|-
| [[UberStudent]]|| For higher education and advanced secondary students, those who teach them, and lifelong learners.
|-
| [[Vinux]]
| A Linux distribution designed for [[visual impairment|visually impaired]] users.
|-
| [[XBMC Live]]|| An embedded operating system with [[XBMC Media Center]] designed to make any computer into a dedicated [[Home theater PC|media center]] appliance.
|-
| [[Zentyal]] || (Formerly named eBox) Ubuntu Server with web based interface targeted at small business ; Router/Firewall and NAS/PDC
|-
| [[ZevenOS]] || Similar to [[BeOS]], with some extra tools.
|}

==Gentoo-based==
[[File:Gentoo family tree 11-06.png|thumb|150px|Gentoo family tree]]
[[Gentoo Linux|Gentoo]] is a distribution designed to have highly optimized and frequently updated software.<ref>[http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/about.xml About Gentoo]</ref> Distributions based on Gentoo use the [[Portage (software)|Portage]] package management system with [[Portage (software)#Emerge|emerge]]<ref>[http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=2&chap=1 Portage - Gentoo Handbook]</ref> or one of the alternative package managers.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Calculate Linux]]
| Calculate Linux is a family of distributions.
|-
| [[funtoo]]
| Based on Gentoo.
|-
| [[Gentoox]]
| An adaptation of Gentoo for the [[Xbox]].
|-
| [[Knopperdisk]]
| A distribution aimed at USB sticks.
|-
| [[Pentoo]]
| Penetration-testing Live CD.
|-
| [[Sabayon Linux]]
| An installable Live DVD with multiple desktop environments. Like Gentoo, Sabayon uses the [[rolling release]] model; it uses a customized version of Red Hat's Anaconda Installer and includes a Media Center application.
|-
| [[SystemRescueCD]]
| System rescue Live CD version of Gentoo.
|-
| [[Tin Hat Linux]]
| Based on hardened Gentoo.
|-
| [[Ututo]]
| Made in [[Argentina]].
|-
| [[VidaLinux]]
| Uses [[Anaconda installer|Anaconda]] as its installer.
|-
| [[Chromium OS]]<ref name=chrome>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/dev/chromium-os/developer-guide|title=Chromium OS Developers Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2011}}</ref>
| [[Google Chrome OS|Google's OS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/how-tos-and-troubleshooting/developer-faq|title=Chromium Project FAQ}}</ref> to be used on various [[tablet computer]]s as well as netbooks and nettops. It is primarily Internet-based, launching each app within the Chrome browser. The OS uses a user interface very similar-looking to the [[Chromium (web browser)|Chrome]] internet browser instead of [[GNOME]], [[KDE]], etc.
|}

==Pacman-based==
[[File:Arch family tree 11-06.png|thumb|150px|Arch family tree]]
[[Pacman (package manager)|Pacman]] is a package manager that is capable of resolving dependencies and automatically downloading and installing all necessary packages. In theory, a user need only run a single command to completely update the system.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Arch Linux]]
| An [[i686]]- and [[x86-64]]-optimized distribution targeted at experienced users. Arch runs on a [[rolling release]] system and uses the [[Pacman (package manager)|pacman]] utility for package management.
|-
| [[ArchBang]]
| Based on Arch Linux, but also provides LiveCDs with working system and graphical installation scripts. Uses Openbox as default window manager.
|-
| [[Chakra Linux]]
| Derived from Arch Linux, with the latest KDE desktop. For now uses the [[Pacman (package manager)|pacman]] utility for package management. Strives to be Qt-only.
|-
| [[DeLi Linux]]
| A desktop based mini distribution with office suite, web browser and other graphical programs to run on a [[Intel 80486|486]]. Built from scratch with some influences from [[Slackware]] and [[CRUX]].
|-
| [[Frugalware Linux]]
| A general purpose Linux distribution designed for intermediate users. Has some influences from Slackware, and uses a heavily modified version of the [[Pacman (package manager)|Pacman]] package manager, Pacman-G2, a fork of a [[Concurrent Versions System|cvs]] version of the complete rewrite of Pacman-G1 by Aurelien Foret (the old monolithic Pacman-G1 is written by [[Judd Vinet]]). The packages are [[tar (file format)|tar]] archives that are compressed using [[bzip2]].
|-
| [[KnoppMyth]]
| Based on Arch Linux and MythTV, providing applications for recording TV and acting as a sound and video center.
|-
| [[Manjaro Linux]]
| Based on Arch Linux, using it's own repositories, Manjaro aims to be a user-friendly Arch system with very good out-of-the-box hardware support. The default desktop environment is XFCE, but many others are offered.
|-
| [[Parabola GNU/Linux]]
| Arch Linux without any proprietary software, plus various added packages. Packages are also built for mips64el in addition to i686 and x86_64.
|}

==RPM-based==
[[File:Redhat family tree 11-06.png|thumb|150px|Red Hat family tree]]
[[Red Hat Linux]] and [[SUSE Linux distributions|SUSE Linux]] were the original major distributions that used the [[RPM Package Manager|RPM file format]], which is today used in several package management systems. Both of these later divided into commercial and community-supported distributions. Red Hat Linux divided into a community-supported distribution sponsored by [[Red Hat]] called [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], and a commercially supported distribution called [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[aLinux]]
| Formerly known as Peanut Linux
|-
| [[ALT Linux]]
| Several distributions including Master, Compact, and Junior, Server, Terminal.
|-
| [[Caldera OpenLinux]]
| A distribution originally introduced by [[Caldera (company)|Caldera]] and later developed by its subsidiary [[Caldera Systems]], the later [[Caldera International]], who bought SCO and then renamed into [[The SCO Group]] and no longer produces a Linux distribution. Last release: 3.1.1 - Jan. 30, 2002
|-
| [[cAos Linux]]
| A general purpose distribution. Designed to have low overhead, run on older hardware, and be easily customizable.
|-
| [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]]
| Community-supported distribution sponsored by [[Red Hat]]. It usually features cutting-edge Linux technologies.
|-
| [[Linkat]]
| A distribution promoted by the government of [[Catalonia]], Spain.
|-
| [[Lycoris Desktop/LX]]
|-
| [[Mandriva Linux]]
| Easy to use system through its unique Control Center.
|-
| [[PCLinuxOS]]
| A [[rolling release]] Live CD distribution. Originally based on Mandrake 9.2. Later rebased on [[Mandriva Linux|Mandriva]] 2007.
|-
| [[Red Hat Linux]]
| Split into [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora Core]] and [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]]. The last official release of the unsplit distribution was Red Hat Linux 9 in March 2003.
|-
| [[SUSE Linux distributions|SUSE Linux]]
|
::* [[openSUSE]] - A community-developed branch, sponsored by [[SUSE Linux Distributions|SUSE]]. It maintains a strict policy of ensuring all code in the standard installs will be from [[free software|Free/Libre/Open-Source Software]] solutions, including [[Linux]] kernel Modules. [[SUSE Linux Distributions|SUSE]]'s enterprise [[Linux]] products are all based on the codebase that comes out of the openSUSE project.
::* [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server]] - A server-oriented Linux distribution supplied by [[SUSE Linux Distributions|SUSE]] and targeted at the business market.
::* [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop]] (previously branded [[Novell Linux Desktop]]) - A desktop-oriented Linux distribution supplied by [[SUSE Linux Distributions|SUSE]] and targeted at the enterprise market.
::* SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time - A specialized version of the SUSE distribution from [[SUSE Linux Distributions|SUSE]] designed to support low latency for time critical operations.
|-
|[[Turbolinux]]
| Based on Red Hat Linux.
|-
| [[Vine Linux]]
| A Japanese distribution based on Red Hat Linux.
|-
| [[YOPER]]
| A [[rolling release]] desktop distribution from [[New Zealand]] that focuses on optimizing system performance for workstation use.
|}

===Fedora-based===
[[File:Fedora family tree 11-06.png|thumb|150px|Fedora family tree]]
[[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]] is a community supported distribution based on [[Red Hat]]. It aims to provide the latest software while maintaining a completely [[Free Software]] system.<ref>[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Objectives Objectives - Fedora Project]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Atomix (operating system)|Atomix]]
| a Serbian desktop and server oriented Linux distribution
|-
| [[Aurora SPARC Linux]]
| For Sun's SPARC architecture
|-
| [[Berry Linux]]
| A medium-sized Fedora-based distribution that provides support in Japanese and English.
|-
| [[BLAG Linux and GNU]]
| Fully [[free software]]
|-
| [[EduLinux]]
| For educational purposes
|-
| [[EnGarde Secure Linux]]
| Server-only distribution designed to be secure.<ref>[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=engarde DistroWatch.com: EnGarde Secure Linux]</ref>
|-
| [[Fuduntu]]
| Designed to fit in somewhere between Fedora and Ubuntu.
|-
| [[Hanthana (operating system)|Hanthana]]
| Designed to cater the needs of Sri Lankan computer users who are unable to access Internet frequently, with many most-wanted applications built in.
|-
| [[K12LTSP]]
| A distribution for educational purpose. Comes with [[Linux Terminal Server Project|LTSP]] support.
|-
| [[Kororaa]]
| Initially aimed at easy installation of a Gentoo system by using install scripts instead of manual configuration. Now based on Fedora.
|-
| [[Linpus Linux]]
| Focused on the Chinese market, along with Linpus Lite focused on the [[netbook]] market.
|-
| [[Moblin]]
| Built around the Intel Atom processor; supplanted by Meego when Intel and (temporarily) Nokia combined activities
|-
| [[MythDora]]
| Specialized distribution for easy setup of the MythTV PVR software, similar to KnoppMyth, based on Fedora.
|-
| [[Network Security Toolkit]]
| A Live CD/DVD with security and networking tools to perform routine security and networking diagnostic and monitoring tasks.
|-
| [[Ojuba Linux]]
| Focused on providing the best Arabic support, as well as some Islamic tools such as Hijra (Hijri calendar) and Minbar (prayer time indicator).
|-
| [[Qubes OS]]
| Focused on security for desktop users.
|-
| [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]]
| [[Red Hat]]'s officially supported distribution. Meant for enterprise use.
|-
| [[Russian Fedora Remix]]
| A remix of Fedora.
|-
| [[Trustix]]
| A distribution focused on security.<ref>[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=trustix DistroWatch.com: Trustix Secure Linux]</ref>
|-
| [[Xange]]
| Xange (formerly ''Simplis'', formerly ''Vixta'') is a distribution that tries to emulate the appearance of [[Windows Vista]]. It is based on [[KDE]].
|-
| [[Yellow Dog Linux]]
| For the [[PowerPC]] platform.
|}

===Red Hat Enterprise Linux-based===
{{See also|Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivatives|Commercial products based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Asianux]]
| A distribution co-developed between [[Red Flag Linux|Red Flag Software]] Co., Ltd., [[Miracle Linux]] Corp. and [[Haansoft]], INC., focused on Chinese, Japanese and Korean support.
|-
| [[CentOS]]
| Community-supported distribution that aims to be compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux without the inclusion of proprietary software.
|-
| [[ClearOS]]
| Small Business Server. File, Print, Messaging, UTM, VPN.
|-
| [[Fermi Linux LTS]]
| Based on Scientific Linux.<ref>[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=fermi DistroWatch.com: Fermi Linux]</ref>
|-
| [[Miracle Linux]]
| Developed by Japanese software vendor Miracle Linux Co., Ltd
|-
| [[Oracle Linux]]
| Supported by [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]]. Aims to be fully compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
|-
| [[Red Flag Linux]]
| A distribution developed in China and optimized for the Chinese market. Based on Asianux.
|-
| [[Rocks Cluster Distribution]]
| A distribution for building a High-Performance Computing computer cluster, with a recent release supporting Cloud computing. It is based on [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] but with extensions to support large multi-node heterogeneous systems for clusters (HPC), Cloud, and Data Warehousing (in development).
|-
| [[Scientific Linux]]
| A distribution co-developed by [[Fermilab|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]] and the [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN), which aims to be compatible with and based on [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]].
|-
| [[SME Server]]
| Based on CentOS and targeting Small and Medium Enterprises.
|-
| [[TrixBox]]
| A Voice Over IP (VoIP) distribution based on CentOS.
|}

===Mandriva Linux-based===
[[File:Mandriva family tree 11-06.png|thumb|150px|Mandriva family tree]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Annvix]]
| A security-focused server distribution. Originally based on [[Mandriva Linux|Mandrake 9.2]] but has diverged a lot. Discontinued.
|-
| [[Mageia]]
| A community fork of Mandriva Linux
|-
| [[Trinity Rescue Kit]]
| Aimed specifically at offline operations for Windows and Linux systems such as rescue, repair, password resets and disk cloning
|-
| [[Unity Linux]]
| Meant to be a base for custom distributions.
|}

==Slackware-based==
[[File:Slackware family tree 11-06.png|thumb|150px|Slackware family tree]]
[[Slackware]] is known as a highly customizable distribution that stresses ease of maintenance and reliability over cutting-edge software and automated tools. Generally considered a distribution for advanced users, it is often suggested to those who want to learn the inner workings of a Linux operating system.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[AUSTRUMI]]
| An 108 MB bootable [[live CD]] as of version 1.9.3
|-
| [[BasicLinux]]
| A mini Linux designed to run in old PCs (386). Has a certain degree of compatibility with Slackware packages.
|-
| [[Frugalware]]
| Frugalware Linux is a general-purpose Linux distribution designed for intermediate users who are familiar with command-line operations. Early versions were based on Slackware, but it is now an independently developed distribution.
|-
| [[HostGIS]]
| HostGIS Linux is a Slackware based distribution specifically made for handling [[GIS]] information.
|-
| [[KateOS]]
| A desktop distribution aimed at intermediate users. It uses [[Xfce]] as its default desktop environment. No longer in development.
|-
| [[MuLinux]]
| Floppy-based distribution with replaceable modules.
|-
| [[NimbleX]]
| Completely customizable through the NimbleX website. Now no longer producing new versions.
|-
|[[Platypux]]
| A French GNU/Linux distribution of the Slackware family
|-
| [[Salix OS]]
| Originally a fork of Zenwalk, Salix is a complete distribution fully backwards compatible with Slackware.
Uses [[Xfce]], [[KDE]], [[LXDE]], [[Fluxbox]] or [[Ratpoison]] as its default desktop environment.
32 and 64bits version. Live versions are also available.
|-
| [[Sentry Firewall]]
| A firewall, server or [[intrusion detection system]] distribution.
|-
| [[simpleLinux]]
| simpleLinux uses LZMA compression to compress its system files. The project started on year 2007 by a group of Malaysian developer. simpleLinux is a Slackware-based distribution that comes in both Live CD or Persistence version that can be installed to a medium. simpleLinux GNU/Linux comes to be a multi-tasking operating system that runs the X Window.
|-
| [[Slackintosh]]
| An unofficial port of Slackware to the [[PowerPC]] architecture.
|-
| [[Slamd64]]
| An unofficial port of Slackware to the [[x86-64]] architecture.
|-
| [[Slax]]
| A [[live CD]] which aims to provide a complete desktop for general use. Permanent installation of Slax is not recommended or supported; it is designed for "live" use only. Also can be run from a USB flash drive.
|-
| [[SuperGamer]]
| A [[Live DVD]] Linux Distribution focused on [[Linux gaming|gaming]].
|-
| [[Topologilinux]]
| Designed to run from within [[Microsoft Windows]], Topologilinux can be installed without any changes to the user's hard disk. Outdated.
|-
| [[VectorLinux]]
| A lightweight distribution designed to be easy to use even for new users. Generally considered well-suited for older hardware.
|-
| [[Wolvix]]
| A desktop-oriented Linux distribution based on Slackware, mainly targeted at home users, featuring [[Xfce]]. No longer available
|-
| [[Zenwalk]]
| Originally a minimal version of Slackware, Zenwalk has evolved into a very different operating system; however, compatibility with Slackware is still maintained.
|-
| [[ZipSlack]]
| A lightweight and portable version of Slackware
|}

===Slax-based===
Slax's modularity and reputation of quality have made it a popular base for other [[live CD]] projects.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Emnix]]
| A Slax-based distribution focused around portability and practicality. Production has ceased and Emnix replaced with Project Esma.
|-
| [[DAVIX]]
| A live CD for data analysis and visualization.
|-
| [[DNALinux]]
| A small distribution designed for running [[bioinformatics]] software, including [[BLAST]] and [[EMBOSS]].
|-
| [[Note OS]]
| An OS project for notebooks based on Slax.
|-
| [[Porteus (operating system)|Porteus]]
| A small Linux distro based on Slax.
|}

==Others==
The following distributions are simply not categorized under the preceding sections.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distribution !! Description
|-
| [[Alpine Linux]]
| A security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on uClibc and BusyBox.
|-
| [[Bifrost (operating system)|Bifrost]]
| Small, for networking
|-
| [[Billix]]
| A live CD or live USB system administration toolkit and multi-boot distribution with the ability to install any of the included distributions.
|-
| [[Coyote Linux]]
| Router/firewall distribution.
|-
| [[CRUX]]
| CRUX is a lightweight, [[i686]]-optimized distribution targeted at experienced users. The focus is "[[KISS principle|keep it simple]]", which is reflected in a simple [[tar.gz]]-based package system, [[BSD]]-style initscripts, and a relatively small collection of trimmed packages
|-
| [[DD-WRT]]
| Embedded firewall distribution.
|-
| [[Devil-Linux]]
| Router/firewall/server distribution running from CD or USB. Configuration held on USB or floppy disk.
|-
| [[DSLinux]]
| Version of Linux designed for the [[Nintendo DS]].
|-
| [[ELinOS]]
| Distribution for [[embedded system]]s by [[SYSGO]]. [[ELinOS]] focuses on industrial application and provides [[Real-time computing|real-time extensions]].
|-
| [[Familiar Linux]]
| Distribution for iPAQ handhelds.
|-
| [[fli4l]]
| Router/firewall distribution.<ref>[http://www.fli4l.de/en/ fli4l website]</ref>
|-
| [[Foresight Linux]]
| A [[rolling release]] distribution built around the [[Conary (package manager)|Conary]] package manager.
|-
| [[FREESCO]]
| A free replacement for proprietary routers supporting up to 10 network cards and up to 10 modems.
|-
| [[GeeXboX]]
| [[Live CD]] media center distribution, mainly to play special-encoded video files (e.g.: .ogg, XVID) on home theater.
|-
| [[GoboLinux]]
| An alternative distribution which redefines the [[file system]] hierarchy by installing everything belonging to one application in one folder under /Programs, and using symlinks from /System and its subfolders to point to the proper files.
|-
| [[IPCop]]
| Router/firewall distribution.
|-
| [[Iskolinux]]
| A GNU/Linux distribution packaged and maintained by UP Manila's (UPM) Information Management System as part of University of the Philippines' thrust to migrate to Linux.
|-
| [[Jlime]]
| Distribution for the [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] [[Jornada (PDA)|Jornada]] 6xx and 7xx and [[NEC]] [[MobilePro#MobilePro 900|MobilePro 900(c)]] handhelds.
|-
| [[Lightweight Portable Security]](LPS)<ref>https://www.spi.dod.mil</ref>
| A distribution created by the United States [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] that boots entirely in [[Random Access Memory|RAM]]
|-
| [[Lunar Linux]]
| A source code-based distribution descended from [[Sorcerer GNU/Linux]].
|-
| [[MCC Interim Linux]]
| MCC Interim Linux, possibly the first Linux distribution. Created by the Manchester Computing Centre in February 1992.
|-
| [[MkLinux]]
| A legacy distribution for [[PowerPC]] systems that runs the Linux kernel as a server on top of the [[Mach microkernel]].
|-
| [[Mobilinux]]
| By [[Montavista]] for smartphones.
|-
| [[MontaVista Linux]]
| Embedded systems distribution by [[MontaVista|MontaVista Software]].
|-
| [[NASLite]]
| a floppy-based Linux designed to turn an old computer into a simple Network Attached Storage device.
|-
| [[Nitix]]
| Developed by Net Integration Technologies Inc., Nitix claims to be the first [[Autonomic system (computing)|autonomic]] Linux-based server operating system.
|-
| [[OpenWrt]]
| for [[embedded system]]s, a lot of routing options via [[opkg]] available
|-
|-
| [[paldo GNU/Linux]]
| Independently developed desktop operating system and package manager (upkg) with a rolling release format and standard Gnome environment.
|-
| [[Pardus (operating system)|Pardus]]
| Developed by [[Turkish National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology]]. It uses PISI as package manager, COMAR as configuration framework.
|-
| [[Linux for PlayStation 2|PS2 Linux]]
| [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] distribution released officially for the [[PlayStation 2]] [[video game]] console.
|-
| [[Puppy Linux]]
| A mini distribution which runs well under low-end PCs - even under 32 MB RAM.
|-
| [[rPath]]
| A distribution built around the [[Conary (package manager)|Conary]] package manager.
|-
| [[SliTaz GNU/Linux]]
| A small desktop distribution. The [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] is under 30 MB; runs entirely in RAM; uses its own tazpkg package system.
|-
| [[Smallfoot]]
| Embedded, Gaming and Point of Sale distribution.| Developed by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO UNIX / SCO Group), formerly [[Caldera International]] and [[Caldera Systems]] - based on Caldera OpenLinux 3.x and 4.x binaries.
|-
| [[SmoothWall]]
| Router/firewall distribution.
|-
| [[Softlanding Linux System]]
| One of the earliest distributions, developed from 1992–1994; [[Slackware]] was originally based on it.
|-
| [[Sorcerer (operating system)|Sorcerer]]
| A source code-based distribution.
|-
| [[Source Mage GNU/Linux]]
| A source code-based distribution, descended from [[Sorcerer (Linux distribution)|Sorcerer]].
|-
| [[Stable Hybrid Release]]
| For smartphones, offering [[Enlightenment (window manager)|Enlightenment]]'s Illume user interface. It is based on FSO.
|-
| [[Sugar (desktop environment)|Sugar]]
| Designed by [[Sugar Labs]] for the [[One Laptop per Child]] (OLPC) initiative.
|-
| [[Thinstation]]
| Thin client distribution supporting all major connectivity protocols.
|-
| [[Tinfoil Hat Linux]]
| Bootable floppy distribution focusing on extreme security
|-
| [[Tiny Core Linux]]
| Tiny Core Linux is a minimalist (around 10 MB) Linux system focusing on providing a base system with BusyBox, FLTK and other minimalist software.
|-
| [[TinyMe]]
| Based on Unity Linux, targeted to be as lightweight as possible.
|-
| [[tomsrtbt]]
| Root boot disk.
|-
| [[Tor-ramdisk]]
| An [[i686]] [[uClibc]]-based micro Linux distribution (about 5 MB) that runs in [[Computer memory|system memory]] and whose only purpose is to host a [[Tor anonymity network|Tor]] server in an environment that maximizes security and privacy.
|-
| [[xPUD]]
| Small distribution, aimed at being simple and usable.
|-
| [[Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X]]
| One of the oldest Linux distributions, not updated since 1995.
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software}}
*[[Comparison of Linux distributions]]
*[[Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions]]
*[[DistroWatch]]
*[[List of Linux distributions endorsed by the Free Software Foundation]]
*[[List of live CDs]]
*[[List of router or firewall distributions]]
*[[:Category:State-sponsored Linux distributions|State-sponsored Linux distributions]]
*[[Linux on System z]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chrishaney.com/?linux&thumbnails Chris Haney Screenshot Directory] - Screenshots of many Linux distributions.
*[http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/os-liste.htm Operating-System.org] - Lists all known Linux distributions at a glance.
*[http://lwn.net/Distributions The LWN.net Linux Distribution List] - Categorized list with information about each entry.
*[http://distrowatch.com/ Distrowatch] - Announcements, information, links and popularity ranking for many Linux distributions.

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Linux}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Linux Distributions}}
[[Category:Lists of software|Linux Distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions| List]]

[[ar:ملحق:قائمة توزيعات لينكس]]
[[bn:লিনাক্স ডিস্ট্রিবিউশনসমূহের তালিকা]]
[[bs:Spisak Linux distribucija]]
[[cs:Seznam distribucí Linuxu]]
[[de:Liste von Linux-Distributionen]]
[[es:Anexo:Distribuciones Linux]]
[[fa:فهرست توزیع‌های گنو/لینوکس]]
[[fr:Liste des distributions Linux]]
[[hu:Linux-disztribúciók listája]]
[[ml:ലിനക്സ് വിതരണങ്ങളുടെ പട്ടിക]]
[[ms:Senarai edaran Linux]]
[[nl:Lijst van Linuxdistributies]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de distribuições de Linux]]
[[ro:Listă a distribuțiilor Linux]]
[[ru:Список дистрибутивов Linux]]
[[si:ලිනක්ස් බෙදාහැරුම් ලයිස්තුව]]
[[simple:List of Linux distributions]]
[[sk:Zoznam distribúcií Linuxu]]
[[sl:Seznam Linux distribucij]]
[[fi:Luettelo Linux-jakelupaketeista]]
[[uk:Список дистрибутивів Лінукса]]
[[vi:Danh sách phiên bản Linux]]
[[zh:Linux发行版列表]]

Manjaro

2013-01-08T00:54:53Z

Ayceman: /* Release history */

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo =
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[GNU/Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has it's own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-qt]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://forum.manjaro.org/index.php
|title= Official forum homepage - support sections organized into official and community support
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system. Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
{{Commonscat-inline}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]
* [http://forum.manjaro.org Official Manjaro forums]
* [http://wiki.manjaro.org Official Manjaro wiki]

{{Linux distributions}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

Manjaro

2013-01-08T00:53:50Z

Ayceman: ←Created page with '{{Infobox OS | name = Manjaro Linux | logo = | screenshot = 250px | capt...'

{{Infobox OS
| name = Manjaro Linux
| logo =
| screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 0.8.3 XFCE in VBox.png|250px]]
| caption = Manjaro Linux 0.8.3 XFCE
| developer = Roland Singer, Guillaume Benoit, Philip Müller
| latest release version = 0.8.3
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|12|24}}
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| source model = [[Open source]]
| working state = Current |
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| ui = [[XFCE]]
| license = Various
| website = http://blog.manjaro.org/
}}

'''Manjaro Linux''', or just '''Manjaro''' (pronounced like [[Kilimanjaro]]), is a [[GNU/Linux distribution]], with [[XFCE]] as its default user interface. It is a primarily [[free software]] [[operating system]] for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is uses a [[rolling release]] model.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Relation to Arch Linux==
'''Manjaro Linux''' is based on [[Arch Linux]], and has it's own set of repositories. The distribution aims to be new user friendly, while maintaining the powerful Arch base, most notably the [[pacman]] package manager and compatibility with the Arch User Repositories. Manjaro itself uses 3 sets of [[repositories]]: the unstable repositories contain the most [[bleeding edge]] Arch packages, possibly one or two days delayed; the testing repositories contain packages from the unstable repos synced every week, which provides an initial screening; and the stable repositories contain only packages that are deemed stable by the development team.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Repositories_and_Servers
|title= Repo page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==History==
As of early 2013, '''Manjaro''' is in the beta stages, as some key elements of the final system, such as a fully integrated [[GUI]] package management system, as well as a GUI installer have not been implemented. However, key aspects to the distribution such as mhwd ('''M'''anjaro '''H'''ard'''W'''are '''D'''etection) have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Manjaro_Hardware_Detection_Overview
|title= Mhwd page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Release history==
The current series of release versions are the 0.8.x series. Between 0.8.0 and 0.8.3 (the current release, as of January 2013), the desktop environments offered, as well as the amount of programs bundles into each separate release have varied.

Version 0.8.3 comes with the following officially supported desktop environments: [[XFCE]] (primary DE), [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]] ([[Gnome (desktop environment)|Gnome Shell]] was dropped after 0.8.2), [[KDE]], [[OpenBox]] (to be launched sometime in January 2013). Community supported versions include: [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]], [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]], [[LXDE]]. A NET-Edition is available for those that want to configure their own graphical environment, and Gnome 3 and [[Razor-QT]] are also available for install in the repos.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/manjarolinux/files/release/
|title= Sourceforge - Manjaro latest releases
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Desktop_Environments
|title= Desktop Environments page on the Manjaro Wiki
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://forum.manjaro.org/index.php
|title= Official forum homepage - support sections organized into official and community support
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==Features==
'''Manjaro Linux''' comes with out-of-the-box [[multimedia]] support, a robust hardware recognition package, and multiple [[kernel]] support. It comes with a CLI installer in 0.8.3. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to reinstall the system. Package management is handled by [[pacman (package manager)|pacman]], and a simple GUI program is available pending a more complex graphical interface in future versions. Both [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]] versions exist and it is binary compatible with Arch Linux. It can be configured to be either a stable system (default) or a bleeding edge system in line with Arch.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro
|title= About page on the Manjaro Wiki - features
|accessdate=2013-01-08
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
{{Commonscat-inline}}
* [http://blog.manjaro.org Official Manjaro website]
* [http://forum.manjaro.org Official Manjaro forums]
* [http://wiki.manjaro.org Official Manjaro wiki]

{{Linux distributions}}

[[Category:Live USB]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Pacman-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]

User:Ayceman

2013-01-04T00:06:46Z

Ayceman:

Just your average Romanian, came here to correct minor mistakes regarding Romania-related articles and a few others.

Started on Romanian weaponry. (''Finished basic Romanian small arms pages'') - scratch that, I still have the Dracula machine pistol to do, when I find the info.

Also contributed to Romanian language articles, the [[Oină]] article, and various random articles, including an imaging update for [[4_Vesta|Vesta]], as [[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]] approaches.
I've done some revamping of the ARCA article previously, but by now it needs more updating.

{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #F8EABA;"
| style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: wheat; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; color: black;" | '''[[Image:Roundel of the Romanian Air Force.svg|41x41px]]'''
| style="font-size: 8pt; padding-left: 4pt; padding-right:0pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: #000000;" | This user is a member of the '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Romanian military history task force|Romanian military history task force]]''' of the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]].
|}

[[File:TNR_UK_YA_YN.jpg|250px]]

Letters made by me for a modded Times New Roman.
Monograph Uk: Capital based on font in a Transitional alphabet text. Small letter a compromise between the transitional text letterform and the church slavonic letterform.
Iotated A: Capital based on the Unicode indicated form, with the connecting bar's height modified. Small letter based on the church slavonic letterform.
Yn: Capital based on various Old Cyrillic - Latin equivalence charts. Small letter based on a Lord's Prayer fragment.

{{User Romanian}}
{{User WikiProject Romania}}
{{User:Kevin Murray/Userboxes/Atheist-Zeus}}
{{User ro}}
{{User en-5}}
{{User fr-2}}

[[Category:Materialist Wikipedians|Ayceman]]

{| style="border: 1px solid #191970; background-color: #FA8072;"
|rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[Image:Treasure Island Map over Treasure Island.png|80px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: medium; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Apprentice Award in Minor Discovering Locations of Pages'''
|-b
|style="vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Found GeneralIroh user page, and I got this :D At least I didn't get a crappy T-shirt
|}

User:Ayceman

2013-01-04T00:06:09Z

Ayceman:

Just your average Romanian, came here to correct minor mistakes regarding Romania-related articles and a few others.

Started on Romanian weaponry. (''Finished basic Romanian small arms pages'') - scratch that, I still have the Dracula machine pistol to do, when I find the info.

Also contributed to Romanian language articles, the [[Oină]] article, and various random articles, including an imaging update for [[4_Vesta|Vesta]], as [[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]] approaches.
I've done some revamping of the ARCA article, but by now it still needs updating.

{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #F8EABA;"
| style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: wheat; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; color: black;" | '''[[Image:Roundel of the Romanian Air Force.svg|41x41px]]'''
| style="font-size: 8pt; padding-left: 4pt; padding-right:0pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: #000000;" | This user is a member of the '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Romanian military history task force|Romanian military history task force]]''' of the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]].
|}

[[File:TNR_UK_YA_YN.jpg|250px]]

Letters made by me for a modded Times New Roman.
Monograph Uk: Capital based on font in a Transitional alphabet text. Small letter a compromise between the transitional text letterform and the church slavonic letterform.
Iotated A: Capital based on the Unicode indicated form, with the connecting bar's height modified. Small letter based on the church slavonic letterform.
Yn: Capital based on various Old Cyrillic - Latin equivalence charts. Small letter based on a Lord's Prayer fragment.

{{User Romanian}}
{{User WikiProject Romania}}
{{User:Kevin Murray/Userboxes/Atheist-Zeus}}
{{User ro}}
{{User en-5}}
{{User fr-2}}

[[Category:Materialist Wikipedians|Ayceman]]

{| style="border: 1px solid #191970; background-color: #FA8072;"
|rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[Image:Treasure Island Map over Treasure Island.png|80px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: medium; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Apprentice Award in Minor Discovering Locations of Pages'''
|-b
|style="vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Found GeneralIroh user page, and I got this :D At least I didn't get a crappy T-shirt
|}

Honor guard

2013-01-04T00:01:42Z

Ayceman: /* Honor guards around the world */ Added Romania

[[Image:US 3rd Infantry regiment drill team.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The United States Army Drill Team]]
[[Image:Svecanost_podizanja_NATOve_zastave_Zagreb_4.jpg|thumb|210px|right|[[Croatian Armed Forces]] Honor Guard Battalion]]
[[Image:Honor guard (Serbia).jpg|thumb|180px|210px|right|Ceremonial honor guard of the [[Serbian Armed Forces]]]]
An '''honor guard,''' or '''ceremonial guard,''' is a ceremonial unit, usually military in nature and composed of volunteers who are carefully screened for their physical ability and dexterity. Only those persons who are highly motivated and maintain exceptionally high standards of appearance and conduct and show aptitude for ceremonial duty are likely to be considered.

A primary role for honor guards in the United States and some other countries is to provide funeral honors for fallen comrades and to guard national monuments. An honor guard may also serve as the "guardians of the colors" by displaying and escorting the national flag on ceremonial occasions at official state functions. Finally, honor guards usually provide detachments for review by visiting heads of state. Honor guards also serve in the civilian world for fallen police officers and other civil servants. Persons serving in this capacity may or may not be designated, meaning they may not be assigned to serve each and every time there is a funeral in their jurisdiction.

In the [[U.S.]], military honor guards may serve as ambassadors to the public, presenting a positive image of their service, and assisting with the recruiting effort.

== Honor guards around the world ==
===Argentina===
[[File:Granaderos-san-martin2.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Mounted Grenadiers of "[[San Martín, Buenos Aires|San Martín]]", for the Russian Prime Minister [[Mikhail Fradkov]]'s arrival, [[Plaza San Martín (Buenos Aires)|San Martín Square]], [[Buenos Aires]].]]
[[Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers (Argentina)]]. Still serving as part of [[Argentine Army]]. They are the presidential guard and ceremonial companion. Two unmounted grenadiers are step in front of the Pink House (la [[Casa Rosada]]) as symbol of ceremonial and honor guard.

===Australia===
The tri-service [[Australia's Federation Guard|Federation Guard]] provides guards of honour for various cermemonies.

===Brazil===
[[File:1352FP465.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Cayenne Battery]], [[Independence Day (Brazil)]] parade.]]
The Brazilian armed forces and [[Military Police (Brazil)|police]] have several troops for ceremonial usages. The most important of them is the [[president of Brazil|Brazilian president's]] honor guard. It is composed of the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment (1o Regimento de Cavalaria de Guardas - RCG, in Portuguese) - "[[Dragoon#Brazil|Independence Dragoons]]", the [[Presidential Guard Battalion (Brazil)|Presidential Guard Battalion]] (Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial - BGP, in Portuguese) and the [[Cayenne Battery]] (formally, the Historical Cayenne Battery - Bateria Histórica Caiena, in Portuguese).

===Bulgaria===
[[National Guards Unit of Bulgaria|National Guards Unit]] ([[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: ''Национална гвардейска част'') are guarding President's office in [[Sofia]].

===Canada===
[[File:Canadian Grenadier Guards, Ottawa.jpg|thumb|right|Canadian Grenadier Guards on memorial duty in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]]]
The [[Canadian]] guard of honour comes from all branches of the [[Canadian Forces]]. The Canadian guard of honour participates in ceremonies such as [[Canada Day]] and in carrying fallen soldiers from transport planes arriving from [[Afghanistan]].

===China===
Honor guards, as known as Combined Honor Guard of the [[People's Liberation Army]], are provided by the [[Capital Garrison of the People's Liberation Army|Capital Garrison]] in [[Beijing]]. They marched as the first division in the military parade of the [[35th anniversary]], [[50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China|50th anniversary]] and [[60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China|60th anniversary]] of the [[People's Republic of China]].

===Colombia===
The 37th Infantry [[Presidential Guard Battalion]], composed of 5 companies, a historical company and 1 [[artillery battery]] plus a [[military band]], a fanfare trumpet section and [[Corps of Drums]], is the [[President of Colombia]]'s honor guard service regiment under the [[National Army of Colombia]]. It's stationed at the [[Casa de Nariño]] in [[Bogota]] and carries the traditions of Simon Bolivar's infantry guards company raised in the midst of the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] in 1815.

===Croatia===
In Croatia, the [[Honor Guard Battalion]] serves as the guard of honor. The Honor Guard Battalion performs protocol tasks for the needs of top level state and military officials, as well as tasks related to the protection and security of the Commander-in-Chief ([[President of the Republic of Croatia]]). It consist of up to 300 members.

===Czech Republic===
[[File:Guard at the Prague castle, Prague - 7627.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A member of Castle Guard]]
Ceremonial duties are usually served by the [[Castle Guard (Czech Republic)|Castle Guard]], a special unit of the armed forces of the Czech Republic, organized under the [[Military of the Czech Republic|Military Office of the President of the Czech Republic]], directly subordinate to the [[President of the Czech Republic|President of the Republic]].

===France===
The [[Republican Guard (France)|Republican Guard]] of the [[French Gendarmerie]] provides both foot and horse mounted guards of honour.

===Germany===
[[File:Großer Zapfenstreich auf dem Münchner Platz in Bonn.jpg|thumb|left|Soldiers of the Wachbataillon executing a ''[[Großer Zapfenstreich]]''.]]
The primary mission of the [[Wachbataillon]] is to perform the military honours for the German Federal President, Federal Chancellor, Federal Minister of Defence and the Inspector General of the Bundeswehr during state visits or on comparable occasions. In addition, the Wachbataillon takes part in military events and ceremonies of major importance. A secondary mission is to perform (ceremonial) guard duty at the Ministry of Defence and other high profile public places and protect and guard the members of the German government and the Ministry of Defence.

===Hungary===
[[File:Military of Hungary-welcome.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The MH 32. Budapest Őr- és Díszezred welcome the President of the United States on 22 June 2006. Mounted hussars can be seen along the top.]]
The Honor Guard in [[Hungary]] was the ''MH 32. Budapest Őr- és Díszezred (HDF 32nd Budapest Guard and Ceremonial Regiment)'' until 31 December 2006, than disbanded. From 1 January 2007 was the ''Ceremonial Battalion'' branch, part of the ''MH Támogató Dandár (MH TD, HDF Support Brigade)'' until 31 December 2010. Converted from 1 January 2011 to ''Nemzeti Honvéd Díszegység (National Home Defense Ceremonial Band)'' as part of the ''MH TD'' and achieved the service from 25 April.<ref>[http://www.jobbik.net/index.php?q=node/3879 Búcsúztak a harminckettesek {{hu}}]</ref><ref>[https://www.parbeszed.hm.gov.hu/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=553&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=12&mode=2&in_hi_userid=2&cached=true MH Támogató Dandár (MH TD official link) {{hu}}]</ref>

===India===
[[File:Indian Air Force-GoH.jpeg|thumb|180px|Members of the IAF during a guard of honor ceremony at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] to [[Brazilian President]].]]
In India, the Guard of Honour is provided by men drawn from three services of the Indian military. The Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.

===Italy===
[[File:2june2006 374.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Corazzieri]] on parade, in high uniform and riding horses.]]
{{See also|Guard Mounting#Italy}}
In [[Italy]] the unit institutionally intended to act as an honor guard to the [[President of Italy|President of the Italian Republic]] is the [[Corazzieri|Corazzieri Regiment]], a special branch of the [[Carabinieri]]. The Corazzieri follow the President during official occasions and are also partly responsible for the internal security of the [[Quirinal Palace]].

In addition to the [[Corazzieri]], there are others honor units chosen from the different [[Italian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], specifically for representation purposes. These units have to stand guard at important places, for example at the gates of the seats of the [[Palazzo Montecitorio|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Palazzo Madama|Senate]], at the [[tomb of the unknown soldier]] in the [[Vittoriano|Altar of the Homeland]], and at the gates of the [[Quirinal Palace]].
Example of honor units from the different [[Italian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] are:
* [[Italian Army]]:
** Honor [[Company (military unit)|Company]] "Goito" from the 1° [[Regiment]] "[[Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade|Granatieri di Sardegna]]";
** Honor [[Squadron (army)|Squadron]] from the 8° [[Regiment]] "Lancieri di Montebello";
* [[Italian Navy]]:
** [[Company (military unit)|Company]] SOC (Servizi Onore Capitale; [[English language|en]]: Honor Services to the [[Rome|Capital]]) from the [[Italian Navy|Navy]]'s headquarter in [[Rome]];
* [[Italian Air Force]]:
** Honor [[Company (military unit)|Company]] from COMAER (Comando Aeronautica Roma), the [[Italian Air Force|Air Force]]'s headquarter in [[Rome]].

Also, during [[State funeral#Italy|state funerals]], honor guards are granted to the departed by the protocol<ref name=ItaSF>{{cite web|title=Protocol for State Funerals and National Mourning|url=http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html|publisher=Official website of the Italian Government - Department of State Ceremonies}}</ref>. The guards are positioned at the entrance and the exit of the place in which the ceremony is held.

===Macedonia===
[[File:USA Ordeni za Irak.jpg|thumb|right|180px|A member of the Macedonian National Guard (in the middle). The soldier wears the old uniform.]]
The [[Macedonian Guard]] (''македонска гарда, makedonska garda'') is part of the Army of the Republic of Macedonia which is mainly used for ceremonial purposes. It is the personal guard of the [[President of the Republic of Macedonia]]. The National Guard an be often seen near the presidential palace, during official visits of foreign presidents or delegations, ceremonies and during the days of the flag. In 2010 the Ministry of Defence proposed and designed [http://www.google.mk/imgres?q=%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&um=1&hl=mk&sa=G&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=mJ8Ts7-Mo0OW4M:&imgrefurl=http://www.taratur.com/node/26013&docid=SdWJEjUlrWlZiM&imgurl=http://www.taratur.com/data/Kul/Taratur.com_Nezavisnost_spektakl3.jpg&w=450&h=315&ei=E5f7TvC6CK3P4QS9vs2NCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1057&vpy=156&dur=1960&hovh=188&hovw=268&tx=167&ty=91&sig=103886148040483140493&page=1&tbnh=142&tbnw=173&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0&biw=1366&bih=643 new uniforms] for the guards. Both, [http://www.google.mk/imgres?q=%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0&um=1&hl=mk&sa=G&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=oLRM6SmQNAzwwM:&imgrefurl=http://www.skopje.diplo.de/Vertretung/skopje/mk/Eigene_20Bilder/Bildergalerien/2008/Besuch__BuPr_C3_A4__K_C3_B6hler/BesuchBUPr_C3_A4.html&docid=dm9Rt-G3CsrNpM&imgurl=http://www.skopje.diplo.de/contentblob/1872850/BildDaten/153294/2.jpg&w=485&h=363&ei=ZJf7To_tDqeA4gTHhJmEAw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=194&vpy=151&dur=610&hovh=194&hovw=260&tx=168&ty=143&sig=103886148040483140493&page=1&tbnh=137&tbnw=208&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0&biw=1366&bih=643 the old] and the new uniforms, are based on the uniforms of the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO) revolutionaries with some details of the other periods of the history of the Republic of Macedonia. Influence over the new design had the revolutionary [[Ilyo Voyvoda|Dedo Iljo Maleshevski]], ancient Macedonian uniforms and the uniforms of the Macedonian regiment from Ukraine from 19 c.<ref>[http://www.kanal5.com.mk/default.aspx?mId=37&eventId=68064 Презентирани нови гардиски униформи- микс на Армани и дедо Иљо Малешевски]</ref>

===Mexico===
The Honor Guard in [[Mexico]] is made up of members selected from the Navy, Army or Air force. Some of their duties include protection of the Mexican flag in [[Zocalo]], and the raising and lowering of it. Also, are those who are selected from another scout (Mexican historic society: Eagle warrior and Cougar Warriors, schools, sports centers, celebrities, etc.)

===Poland===
The Honor Guard in [[Poland]] is the ''Batalion Reprezentacyjny Wojska Polskiego ([[Ceremonial Battalion of Polish Forces]])'' from 1 January 2001.<ref>[[:pl:Batalion_Reprezentacyjny_Wojska_Polskiego|Batalion Reprezentacyjny Wojska Polskiego]] - polish wiki article</ref>

===Romania===
[[File:Soldiers on parade.jpg|thumb|right|180px|30th Guard Regiment on parade during 1st of December celebrations]]
The Honor Guard in [[Romania]] is ''Regimentul 30 Gardă „Mihai Viteazul” (30th Guard Regiment "Michael the Brave")''. The regiment is present at ceremonial events and during visits from international officials.

===Russia===
[[Image:Russian honor guard at Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Alexander Garden welcomes Michael G. Mullen 2009-06-26 2.jpg|left|thumb|180px|The [[Russian military]] honor guard welcomes U.S. Navy Adm. [[Mike Mullen]] at the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Moscow)]].]]

Russia's primary honour guard is the [[Kremlin Regiment]] of the [[Federal Protective Service (Russia)|Federal Protective Service of the Russian Federation]], established in 1936.

===Sri Lanka===
In Sri Lanka, the Guard of Honour is provided by men drawn from three services of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces. The [[Sri Lanka Army]], the [[Sri Lanka Navy]] and the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]. During the colonial era the [[Lascarins]] provided the local honor guards apart from British Army, British Indian Army or Ceylon Defence Force personal.

===Sweden===
[[File:Högvakten, Stockholms slott.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The soldier belongs to the Dragoons Battalion of the [[Life Guards (Swedish Army)|Life Guards]].]]
Honor guard service is carried out by all units of the [[Swedish Armed Forces]], although [[Life Guards (Swedish Army)|the Life Guards regiment]] (Livgardet) in the [[Swedish Army]] accounts for the main part of honor guard services.

[[Royal Guards (Sweden)|The Royal Guards]] (Högvakten) at the [[Stockholm Palace]] and the [[Drottningholm Palace]] is the honor guard to the [[Monarchy of Sweden|King of Sweden]]. The service is carried out by the Life Guards as well as other units of the Swedish Armed Forces including the [[Home Guard (Sweden)|Home Guard]] and other voluntary defence organisations.

The [[Grenadier]] company of the Life Guards is used as an honor guard at state visit welcoming ceremonies. A detachment of grenadiers is also used as honor guard at the opening of the [[Parliament of Sweden|Riksdag]], when an incoming foreign ambassador meets with the King at an [[Audience (meeting)|audience]] to present [[letter of credence|letters of credence]] and when the King attends an annual meeting of one of the [[Swedish Royal Academies|Royal Academies]].

''Drabantvakt'' ("Royal Bodyguard"), commonly known as ''Karl XI:s drabanter'' ("The Bodyguard of [[Charles XI of Sweden|Charles XI]]") and ''Karl XII:s drabanter'' ("The Bodyguard of [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]]") is a ceremonial guard used at state occasions such as state visits, investiture of a monarch, royal weddings and funerals etc. The guard was formed in 1860 based on historical royal bodyguards. The design of the uniforms of the guard is inspired by, but not identical to uniforms used during the reign of Carles XI and Charles XII respectively. The guard consists of 24 soldiers and one officer selected from the Life Guards.

===Taiwan===
[[File:Escorts in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Honor guards of [[Republic of China Armed Forces|Taiwan Armed Forces]] at the [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]] in [[Taipei]]]]
In the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan), the honor guard is provided by members from the three service branches of the [[Republic of China Armed Forces]], including the [[ROC Army]], [[ROC Navy]] and the [[ROC Air Force]], usually present at the places as follows:
*The [[Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall]] in [[Taipei]]
*The [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]] in [[Taipei]]
*The [[National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine]] in [[Taipei]]
*The [[Cihu Presidential Burial Place]] in [[Taoyuan County, Taiwan|Taoyuan]]
*The Daxi Presidential Burial Place in [[Taoyuan County, Taiwan|Taoyuan]]

===United Kingdom===
{{See also|Category:British ceremonial units}}
Units charged with similar duties such as the [[Coldstream Guards]] and [[Blues and Royals]] based in London perform both ceremonial and operational duties. Some units such as the [[Scots Guards]] have a battalion designated to perform "[[public duties]]".

===United States===
Each military branch has its own honor guard: [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], and [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]. Most state national guard units have a ceremonial guard as well. The official honor guard of every branch is based in [[Washington, D.C.]], though nearly every military installation will have its own honor guard for local ceremonies and events. The honor guard units in Washington, D.C. represent the military as a whole and the United States as a nation, and perform numerous ceremonies on behalf of the [[President of the United States]].

[[Arlington National Cemetery]]'s [[Tomb of the Unknowns]] is guarded by members of the [[3d United States Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)|U.S. 3rd Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)]].

===Vietnam===
[[File:Mausolée de Hô Chi Minh.jpg|thumb|180px|Changing of the guards at the [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]].]]
Honor guards are present at the [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]] in [[Hanoi]].

==See also==
*[[Guard of honour]]
*[[Color guard]]
*[[Change of command (military)]]
*[[Military rites]]

==References==
{{citations missing|date=July 2010}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Honour guards}}
* [http://www.army.mil/info/organization/unitsandcommands/commandstructure/theoldguard/ United States Army Honor Guard]
* [http://www.mbw.usmc.mil/ United States Marine Corps Honor Guard]
* [http://www.cnic.navy.mil/NDW/Programs/CommandandStaff/CeremonialGuard/index.htm United States Navy Ceremonial Guard]
* [http://www.honorguard.af.mil/ United States Air Force Honor Guard]
* [http://www.uscg.mil/community/Honor_Guard.asp United States Coast Guard Honor Guard]

[[Category:Military life]]
[[Category:Acknowledgements of death]]
[[Category:Military traditions]]
[[Category:State ritual and ceremonies]]

[[cs:Čestná stráž]]
[[da:Æresvagt]]
[[de:Ehrenwache]]
[[fr:Garde d'honneur]]
[[ko:의장대]]
[[it:Guardia d'onore]]
[[he:משמר כבוד]]
[[lt:Sargybinis]]
[[ja:栄誉礼]]
[[no:Æresvakt]]
[[pl:Kompania reprezentacyjna]]
[[ru:Часовой]]
[[sv:Honnörsvakt]]
[[uk:Чатовий]]
[[zh:仪仗队]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Romania

2013-01-03T23:55:18Z

Ayceman: /* 20px Participants */

{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; float:right; background:white; clear:right; width:300px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#6E77F5" style="font-size:120%"|'''''Featured Picture'''''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2" |[[Image:Unirii by night.jpg|250px|[[Alba Iulia]] Square and Union Blvd]]
[[Alba Iulia]] Square and Union Blvd
|}

{{Shortcut|WP:RO|WP:Romania|WP:ROMANIA}}


== Scope and goals ==

The scope of the project covers all topics related to [[Romania]], the [[Romanian]] [[nation]] and cultural [[minority group]]s, including but not limited to:
* [[:Category:History of Romania|History]]
* [[:Category:Geography of Romania‎|Geography]]
* [[:Category:Politics of Romania‎|Politics]]
* [[:Category:Economy of Romania‎|Economy]]
* [[:Category:Education in Romania‎|Education]]
* [[:Category:Romanian culture‎|Culture]]
* [[:Category:Romanian people‎|People]]
* [[:Category:Romanian language‎|Language]]

We at '''WikiProject on Romania''' work together to reach the following goals:
# Increase the exposure and quality of Romania related articles on Wikipedia.
# Improve every article in the [[:Category:Romania stubs]].
# Ensure that every Romania related article on Wikipedia is well written, comprehensive, factually accurate, appropriately referenced, '''[[WP:NPOV|neutral]]''', and stable.
# Support other WikiProjects, groups, and editors, who are striving to achieve the same goals.

== Parentage and Related Projects ==
=== Parentage ===
[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe]]
:[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Eastern Europe]]
::'''Wikipedia:WikiProject Romania'''

=== Sister projects ===
* '''[[commons:Commons:WikiProject Romania|Commons:WikiProject Romania]]''' [[File:Commons-logo.svg|25px]] ([[commons:Commons:WikiProject Romania/Members|join]])
* [[:fr:Projet:Roumanie|Projet:Roumanie]] {{Fr icon}}
* [[:ro:Proiect:România|Proiect:România]] {{Ro icon}}
* [[:ru:Википедия:Проект:Румыния|Проект:Румыния]] {{Ru icon}}

=== Related ===
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Dacia]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Moldova]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject European Union]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject European history]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Romania]]

=== Task Forces ===
* [[WP:ROMIL|Romanian military history task force]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Romanian cinema task force|Romanian cinema task force]]

=== Related Portals ===
* [[Portal:Romania]]
* [[Portal:Romanian football]]
* [[Portal:Transylvania]]
* [[Portal:Moldova]]
* [[Portal:Europe]]
* [[Portal:European Union]]

=== External ===
* [http://wikilovesmonuments.ro/ Wiki Loves Monuments Romania]
* [http://www.flickr.com/groups/Romania/ Romania on Flickr] [[File:Flickr-icon.png|25px]]

==[[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|20px]] Participants==

This is an '''alphabetical''' list of Wikipedians who are committed to WikiProject Romania. Feel free to add your name to the list by clicking "edit" in the upper right hand-corner, and adding '''<nowiki>{{User|YOURUSERNAMEHERE}}</nowiki>''' to the appropriate line. If you wish to specify the join date and time, enter [[Wikipedia:Signatures#Using five tildes|five tildes]] '''<nowiki>~~~~~</nowiki>'''. You can also feel free to indicate any ''areas of special interest''. We look forward to seeing you helping out. '''If you decide to leave the project, please remove your name from the main members list below.'''



# {{User|Afil}} 19:45, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
# {{User|Alex contributing}} 11:43, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
# {{User|Alexcoldcasefan}} {{flagicon|Romania}}
# {{User|Alexlovesme}} - just hope to be mildly active now and then
# {{User|Anittas}} 20:41, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
# {{User|ArnoldPlaton}} 12:02, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|Artaxiad}} {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Armenia}}
# {{User|Ayceman}} {{flagicon|Romania}} 23:55, 3 January 2013 (UTC) - Various articles, but mostly related to weaponry/military and aerospace
# {{User|Basketball110}}
# {{User|Bine Mai}}
# {{User|Biruitorul}}
# {{User|Buburuza}}
# {{User|CaptainFugu}} {{flagicon|Romania}} 21:07, 25 January 2012 (UTC) - On and off contributions on just about any 20th/21st century topic, particularly interested in Bucharest-related articles.
# {{User|Codrinb}} {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Romania}} 11 December 2010 (UTC) - Interests: History, Archaeology, Transylvania, Dacia, Films, Nature; Contributing also images, to Project infrastructure and organization
# {{User|Cormag100}} {{flagicon|Scotland}} {{flagicon|Romania}} - I'd be glad to help with anything historical !! I remarked that there are no Wallachian,Moldavian-Ottoman wars and the battle of [[Vaslui]] is categorised as Ottoman Hungarian wars I will try to create an Article on this topic as soon as possible!
# {{User|Cristibur}} 02:38, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
# {{User|Dahn}} 07:52, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
# {{User|DemonicPartyHat}} 14:28, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|DerFreigeist}} 11:18, 23 January 2010 (UTC)
# {{User|Dihydrogen Monoxide}} 10:01, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
# {{User|Drnikhilth}} 02:00, 22 Jan 2012 (EEST) {{flagicon|India}} {{flagicon|Romania}} - Interested in the city of [[Timisoara]], the health system and Tourist sites of [[Romania]]. I already created the article [[Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara|"Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy]]
# {{User|Doug}} 00:42, 12 October 2007 (UTC) - working to save [[Portal:Transylvania]] from [[WP:MFD|MfD]]
# {{User|ES_Vic}} 07:14, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|Firilacroco}}
# {{User|Fsol}}
# {{User|Gabinho}} 11:00, 21 January 2012 (UTC) — Sports, aviation.
# {{User|Gaston200}} 05:52, 27 August 2008 (UTC) {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Romania}} {{flagicon|SFR Yugoslavia}}
# {{User|Gordond}} 21:27, 20 November 2012 (UTC) {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Romania}}
# {{User|Hohenloh}} 14:24, 24 January 2012 (UTC) - interested in late 19th-century/early 20th-century history
# {{User|Höyhens}} --[[User:Höyhens|Höyhens]] ([[User talk:Höyhens|talk]]) 13:00, 24 September 2012 (UTC) {{flagicon|Finland}} - interested in language and geography
# {{User|iadrian_yu}} 15:55, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|IngerAlHaosului}}11:02, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|Ioan-Mihai Gale I}}17:10, 26 January 2012 (UTC) {{flagicon|ROU}}{{flagicon|DEU}}{{flagicon|AUT}}{{flagicon|GBR}}
# {{User|Ionutmortu}}01:04, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|Jmabel}} 01:44, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
# {{User|Keresaspa}} 19:48, 16 February 2012 (UTC) - political history, particularly extremism.
# {{User|Kyry101}} 05:23, 19 February 2012 (UTC) - history of Jewish and Hungarian minorities in Romania, various other topics {{flagicon|Romania}} {{flagicon|USA}}
# {{User|Lecar}} 18:12, 4 December 2005 (UTC) {{flagicon|GBR}}{{flagicon|ROU}}
# {{User|merryXIV}} from the Orthographic Gendarmerie {{flagicon|Romania}} [[User:MerryXIV|merryXIV]] 20:20, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|Mikhailov Kusserow}}
# {{User|Mocu}} 19:24, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
# {{User|Mythy88}}09:05, 19 February 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|Nicubunu}} 08:08, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|Northern Romania}} 02:38, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
# {{User|Octavian8}}
# {{User|OIandezu}}
# {{User|Opiaterein}} 6 September 2007
# {{User|Qyd}} 15:07, 19 December 2007 (UTC)
# {{User|Radu1204}} Sports, Geography, Science
# {{User|RashersTierney}} 11:52, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|Razorflame}} - I plan on helping assess articles that need to be assessed for this project.
# {{User|Richwales}} 17:16, 8 June 2010 (UTC) {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Canada}} — not very active, busy with too many other things right now
# {{User|ROFI44WIK}} {{flagicon|Romania}} {{flagicon|Finland}} 16:33, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|RomânescEsteLatin}} 11:32, 16 November 2008 (UTC) {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Romania}} {{flagicon|SFR Yugoslavia}}
# {{User|Ronline}} 08:21, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
# {{User|Saukkomies}} October 2009 - Focusing on Neolithic history.
# {{User|scb3}}
# {{User|SchnitzelMannGreek}} 16:00, 2 July 2009 (UTC) [[Image:FlagofAssyria.svg|20px]]{{country data Greece|country flagicon2|variant=|size=}}{{country data USA|country flagicon2|variant=|size=}} - Interested in currency of Romania. I already created the article [[2,000 Romanian Lei Note]]
# {{User|Silvrous}} 20:13, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|StereoDevil}} 01/13/2008 {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Romania}}
# {{User|Terraflorin}} 10:49, 19 May 2011 (UTC) {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Romania}} {{flagicon|Russia}} {{flagicon|Moldova}}
# {{User|Tiberiu Balint}} {{flagicon|Romania}}
# {{User|Turbojet}} 17:41, 6 February 2012 (UTC) {{flagicon|Romania}}
# {{User|Vecrumba}} 01:46, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
# {{User|Villick}} 14:45, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
# {{User|Xhyljen}} {{flagicon|UK}}{{flagicon|Romania}}12:10, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
# {{User|Lupus Bellator}}

== Tasks ==
=== Important/High Priority ===
* {{working}} Help '''[[Romania]]''' get [[WP:GOOD]] again
* Check the '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Romania/Article alerts|article alerts]]''' and help with the resolution
* Make use in [[:Category:WikiProject Romania articles|articles]] of the '''[[:commons:Category:Images from Wiki Loves Monuments 2011 in Romania|newly contributed images (about 5800!!)]]''' from the [[:commons:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2011 in Romania|Wiki Loves Monuments Romania 2011]] ([http://wikilovesmonuments.ro/ WLM Romania external site])

=== Specific/Articles ===
* Help '''[[History of Romania]]''' get [[WP:GOOD]]
* Expand '''[[Flora of Romania]]''' with content and images
* Add inline citations to [[Prehistory of Transylvania]]
* Create [[Wikipedia:Awards by WikiProject|Awards for WikiProject Romania]]

=== General/Ongoing ===
* [[#Assessments|Assess]] all articles tagged for this project that have not been assessed for '''[[:Category:Unassessed Romania articles|quality]]'''
* Review '''[[User:AlexNewArtBot/RomaniaSearchResult|newly created Romania-related articles]]'''
* Check the articles '''[[:Category:Romania articles needing expert attention|needing expert attention]]''' or other [[:Category:WikiProject Romania articles|work]], and help with some of the items.
* Disambiguate [http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/topic_points.py?banner=WikiProject_Romania project articles] and [http://toolserver.org/~jason/ch/dab_challenge.php get points]
* [[#Requested articles|Request an article]] or create a missing one
* Contribute photos related to Romania at [[commons:Commons:WikiProject Romania|Commons:WikiProject Romania]]. Organize [[commons:Category:Romania|Romania related images]] on Commons. See also '''[[commons:Commons:WikiProject Romania/Tasks|media-related tasks]]'''
* Translate [http://toolserver.org/~daniel/WikiSense/CategoryIntersect.php?wikilang=ro&wikifam=.wikipedia.org&basecat=Romania&basedeep=3&templates=&mode=al&go=Scan&format=html&userlang=en Romania-related articles from the Romanian Wikipedia]
* Translate and keep in sync with the project versions in other languages: [[:fr:Projet:Roumanie|Projet:Roumanie]] {{Fr icon}}, [[:ro:Proiect:România|Proiect:România]] {{Ro icon}}, [[:ru:Википедия:Проект:Румыния|Проект:Румыния]] {{Ru icon}}

=== Completed ===
* {{done}} Created '''[[:Commons:Commons:WikiProject Romania|Commons:WikiProject Romania]]''', a new sister project focused on gathering and organizing media related on Romania ('''[[:Commons:Commons:WikiProject Romania/Members|join and support]]''').

== Articles ==
=== Alerts ===
{{/Article alerts}}

=== New articles ===
* [[User:AlexNewArtBot/RomaniaSearchResult|New Romania-related articles]] via [[User:TedderBot]] (replaced [[User:AlexNewArtBot]])
* [[Portal:Romania/New article announcements]] - inactive

===Assessments===
{{Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Romania_articles_by_quality_statistics}}
Please help with the [[:Category:Unassessed Romania articles|unassessed articles]] by reviewing and assigning quality and importance parameters.

===[[Image:Cscr-featured.svg|22px]] Featured articles===
*[[Ion Heliade Rădulescu]]
*[[Regulamentul Organic]]

===[[Image:Featured_article_star_-_cross.svg|22px]] Former featured articles ===
*[[Căile Ferate Române]]

===[[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|22px]] Good articles===
*[[Port of Constanţa]]
*[[Ioan C. Filitti]]
*[[Gheorghe Tătărescu]]
*[[Leonard Orban]]
*[[Alexandru Bogdan-Piteşti]]
*[[Cluj-Napoca]]
*[[Michael the Brave]]
*[[Tristan Tzara]]
*[[Wallachian Revolution of 1848]]
*[[Liviu Librescu]]
*[[History of the flags of Romania]]

===[[Image:Nuvola apps ktip.png|22px]] Did you know?===
*[[Romanian wine]]
*[[Polish-Romanian Alliance]]
*[[UNIO High School, Satu Mare]]
*[[Ion Oncescu]]
*[[Gogea Mitu]]
*[[List of wind farm projects in Romania]]
*[[Mihail Fărcăşanu]]
*[[Ionel Fernic]]
*[[Apartment Building 63]]
*[[Constanţa Shipyard]]
*[[Histria Perla]]
*[[Petromidia Refinery]]
*[[Daewoo Mangalia Heavy Industries]]
*[[Petrobrazi Refinery]]
*[[Arpechim Refinery]]
*[[Solar power in Romania]]
*[[Dacia Duster]]
*[[Roşia Poieni copper mine]]
*[[Corina (Romanian singer)]]

===Requested articles===
*[[Cristian Gog]] (GA on ro: [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Gog Cristian Gog])
* [[Alba Carolina Fortress]] - I added [[:commons:Category:Cetatea din Alba Iulia|many pictures on Commons]], but no article
* [[Vladimir Ghidionescu]]
* [[G. Berindei]]
* [[Romanian name]] - I created the page after moving and disambiguating the existing [[Romanian Names (album)]]. The page needs now a lot of input, I'll try to add some things myself in the following days, but please feel free to contribute as well. [[User:Lecar|Lecar]] ([[User talk:Lecar|talk]]) 00:54, 2 May 2012 (UTC)
* [[Theater of Romania]]
*[[Mures Hadareni]]
* [[Turda Gorge]]

===Copyedit===
* [[Cluj-Napoca]]

===Expand===
*[[Bârlad]]
*[[Postage stamps and postal history of Romania]]
*[[Ditrău]] (please see [[Talk:Ditrău#Name in Hungarian; interwiki links to three separate locales?|query]] on its [[Talk:Ditrău|discussion page]])

==Templates==

=== Talk Page Banner ===
The banner '''{{tlx|WikiProject Romania|class=|importance=}}''' should be places on '''talk pages''' of articles related to Romania
{{WPRO|category=no|class=NA|importance=NA}}

It will insure that the article will appear in the assessment table and the article alerts (see above).

=== Invitation ===
If you think someone you collaborate with might have an interest in this project, put this on his/her talk page: {{tl|WikiProject Romania Invitation}}.

=== Romania-related ===
See also templates under [[:Category:Template-Class Romania articles]] and [[:Category:Romania templates]]

=== User Boxes ===
{| class="wikitable"
|{{tl|User WikiProject Romania}}
|{{User WikiProject Romania}}
|-
|{{tl|User from Romania}}
|{{User from Romania|3}}
|-
|{{tl|User Romanian}}
|{{User Romanian}}
|-
|{{tl|User proud romanian}}
|{{User proud romanian}}
|-
|{{tl|User ro}}
|{{User ro}}
|-
| {{tl|User wikiro}}
| {{User wikiro}}
|-
| {{tl|User Romanian cinema task force}}
| {{User Romanian cinema task force}}
|}

See also templates in [[:Category:Romania user templates]]

=== Barnstars ===
{{tl|Romania Barnstar of National Merit}}
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: white;"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:BoNM - Romania.jpg]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The [[Romania]] Barnstar of National Merit'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | {{{1}}}
|}

{{tl|BoNM-Romania}}
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; width:100%;"
|rowspan="3" valign="top" style="width:5em"| [[Image:BoNM - Romania.png|50px]]
|rowspan="3" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;" | '''The [[Romania]]n Barnstar of National Merit'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray; height:5em;"| {{{1}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray;" |<sub>''this WikiAward was given to WikiProject Romania by [[User:Codrinb|Codrin.B]] ([[User talk:Codrinb|talk]]) on 19:05, 28 January 2012 (UTC)''</sub>
|}

{{tl|FreedomFighter}}
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; width: 100%;"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:FreedomFighter.gif|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''[[Ordinul %22Mihai Viteazul%22|Order of Michael the Brave]]'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | {{{1}}}
|}

=== Stubs ===
{| class="collapsible collapsed"
|-
! align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#a0a0a0" | STUB TEMPLATES
|-
! align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | General
|-
| {{tl|Romania-stub}}
| {{Romania-stub}}
|-
! align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Biographies
|-
| {{tl|Romania-bio-stub}}
| {{Romania-bio-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Romania-politician-stub}}
| {{Romania-politician-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Romania-actor-stub}}
| {{Romania-actor-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Romania-singer-stub}}
| {{Romania-singer-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Romania-film-stub}}
| {{Romania-film-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Romania-footy-bio-stub}}
| {{Romania-footy-bio-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Romania-sport-bio-stub}}
| {{Romania-sport-bio-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Romania-athletics-bio-stub}}
| {{Romania-athletics-bio-stub}}
|-
! align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Sports and Athletics
|-
| {{tl|Romania-sports-venue-stub}}
| {{Romania-sports-venue-stub}}
|-
! ! align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Geography
|-
| {{tl|Romania-geo-stub}}
| {{Romania-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Arad-geo-stub}}
| {{Arad-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Argeş-geo-stub}}
| {{Argeş-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Bacău-geo-stub}}
| {{Bacău-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Bihor-geo-stub}}
| {{Bihor-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|BistriţaNăsăud-geo-stub}}
| {{BistriţaNăsăud-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Brăila-geo-stub}}
| {{Brăila-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Botosani-geo-stub}}
| {{Botosani-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Buzău-geo-stub}}
| {{Buzău-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|CaraşSeverin-geo-stub}}
| {{CaraşSeverin-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Călăraşi-geo-stub}}
| {{Călăraşi-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Cluj-geo-stub}}
| {{Cluj-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Constanţa-geo-stub}}
| {{Constanţa-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Dâmboviţa-geo-stub}}
| {{Dâmboviţa-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Galaţi-geo-stub}}
| {{Galaţi-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Giurgiu-geo-stub}}
| {{Giurgiu-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Gorj-geo-stub}}
| {{Gorj-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Hunedoara-geo-stub}}
| {{Hunedoara-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Ialomiţa-geo-stub}}
| {{Ialomiţa-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Iaşi-geo-stub}}
| {{Iaşi-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Maramureş-geo-stub}}
| {{Maramureş-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Mehedinţi-geo-stub}}
| {{Mehedinţi-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Neamţ-geo-stub}}
| {{Neamţ-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Prahova-geo-stub}}
| {{Prahova-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Sălaj-geo-stub}}
| {{Sălaj-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|SatuMare-geo-stub}}
| {{SatuMare-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Suceava-geo-stub}}
| {{Suceava-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Teleorman-geo-stub}}
| {{Teleorman-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Timiş-geo-stub}}
| {{Timiş-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Tulcea-geo-stub}}
| {{Tulcea-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Vaslui-geo-stub}}
| {{Vaslui-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Vâlcea-geo-stub}}
| {{Vâlcea-geo-stub}}
|-
| {{tl|Vrancea-geo-stub}}
| {{Vrancea-geo-stub}}
|}

=== Languages ===
Use {{tl|lang}}, for marking up non-English words or phrases, thus: <nowiki>{{lang|ro|Eu contribui la Wikipedia în română}}</nowiki>.

See also:
* {{tl|flag}} for {{flag|Romania}}
* {{tl|Ro icon}} for {{Ro icon}}
* {{tl|lang-ro}}

=== Requested templates ===
* {{tl|Demographics of Romania}}
* {{tl|Entertainment in Romania}}

Please create something similar to the template {{tl|Culture of Romania}}

== Tools ==
:''Main tool page: [[tools:~dispenser/view/Tools|toolserver.org]]''
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Checklinks|Checklinks]] - Edit and repair external links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Dab_solver|Dab solver]] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer|Peer reviewer]] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles

=== External watchlist ===
*[http://toolserver.org/~tim1357/cgi-bin/wikiproject_watchlist.py?template=WikiProject+Romania Wikiproject Watchlist - WikiProject Romania]

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}
{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription}}

[[Category:WikiProject Romania| ]]
[[Category:Regional WikiProjects|Romania]]

[[fr:Projet:Roumanie]]
[[ro:Wikipedia:WikiProiect România]]
[[ru:Википедия:Проект:Румыния]]

User talk:Ayceman

2013-01-03T23:49:31Z

Ayceman:

IAR 111

2012-08-22T20:11:48Z

Ayceman:

{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name=IAR 111
| image=File:IAR_111_cgi.jpg
| caption=
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type=Supersonic carrier plane
| national origin=Romania
| manufacturer=[[ARCA (NGO)]]
| designer=[[ARCA (NGO)]]
| first flight=
| introduced=
| retired=
| status=
| primary user=
| number built=
| developed from=
| variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
'''IAR 111 "Excelsior"''' is a supersonic carrier plane project, designed by [[ARCA (NGO)|ARCA]], intended to transport a rocket payload up to 18,000 m and for developing space tourism related technologies. The aircraft will be constructed almost entirely from composite materials, and is designed for take-off and landing from the sea surface. The first flight is scheduled for 2013.<ref name=111R3/>

==History==
The design of the aircraft started before the successful launch of the Helen 2 rocket. ARCA kept work on the project secret and decided to reveal it to the public in a press conference that took place at [[BRD – Groupe Société Générale|BRD]] headquarters in Bucharest on December 2010. The initial name of the aircraft was E-111.<ref name=111R1>
{{cite web|title=How the first Romanian supersonic plane looks like|publisher=[[Gandul]]|url=http://www.gandul.info/magazin/cum-arata-primul-avion-supersonic-romanesc-inginerii-de-la-arca-lucreaza-la-prototip-vezi-aici-simulare-video-si-galerie-foto-cu-e-111-7839758|accessdate=2012-03-18}}</ref> In March 2011 ARCA received approval from [[Industria Aeronautică Română|IAR S.A. Brasov]] to use its initials on the aircraft, so E-111 was officially renamed IAR-111.
Work on the fuselage moulds started in early 2011 and was completed in September. The cockpit structure was completed in July. It is detachable from the rest of the aircraft and it will be equipped with two rocket propelled parachutes (main and back-up) as a safety system. Also in September the CFD simulations for the aircraft were completed.
On September 29, 2011 a successful cockpit drop-test was carried out. A [[Mi-17]] helicopter dropped the cockpit from 700m to test the parachute recovery system.<ref name=111R2>
{{cite web|title=The capsule of the first Romanian supersonic plane successfully tested|publisher=[[Adevarul]]|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/eveniment/VIDEO_Primul_supersonic_romanesc_IAR-111-testat_in_zbor_0_563343715.html| accessdate=2012-03-18|language=Romanian}}</ref>

In December 2011, the first two sections of the aircraft fuselage were completed and preliminary assembled.<ref name=111R4>
{{cite web|title=First Romanian supersonic plane near completion|publisher=[[Mediafax]]|url=http://www.mediafax.ro/stiinta-sanatate/primul-avion-supersonic-romanesc-aproape-de-finalizare-60-din-structura-iar-111-realizata-9056182/|accessdate=2012-03-18}}</ref>

==Design==
===Features===
IAR-111 is designed to take-off and land on the sea surface. ARCA decided to use this approach to eliminate the need for a landing gear and thus reduce the cost of the aircraft. Another factor that went into the decision was the fact that [[Romania]] has no unpopulated areas where to safely test the aircraft to high alitude flights.
The aircraft has diamond shaped wings to reduce the weight of the aircraft and the drag at high speeds. Also "V" tails were chosen to avoid contact with the water on take-off and landing. It has two floats and the payload is located between them that acts as a third float. The payload will be either the Haas 2 rocket or an external fuel tank.
For aerodynamic surface control it will use a hydraulic system controlled by fly-by-wire from the cockpit.
The aircraft will be powered by the new [[Executor (rocket engine)|Executor]] liquid fuelled rocket engine, under construction at ARCA, that will use [[kerosene]] as fuel and [[Liquid oxygen]] as oxidiser.<ref name=111R3>
{{cite web|title=IAR 111 aircraft page on ARCA website|publisher=[[ARCA]]|url=https://www.arcaspace.com/en/iar_111.htm|accessdate=2012-03-18}}</ref>

===Safety===

The cockpit walls and windows are very thick, able to withstand a fuel engine explosion.{{Clarify|date=March 2012}} Also the cockpit is detachable and is equipped with two rocket propelled parachutes (main and back-up). The aircraft will have an anti [[stall]] smaller parachute and a very large recovery parachute.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

Mission 6 tested the safety systems with a drop test from 700m. One of the parachutes was opened to test the explosive bolts. The test was a success and the cabin was recovered in good health.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

==Specifications==
The specifications released to date are approximate design goals, and include:{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

===General characteristics===
* '''Crew:''' two, in tandem
* '''Length:''' 25 m
* '''Wingspan:''' 14 m
* '''Height:''' 5 m
* '''Wing area:''' 100 m²
* '''Empty:''' 8000 kg
* '''Loaded:''' 18000 kg
* '''Maximum takeoff:''' 23000 kg
* '''Power-plant:''' [[Executor (rocket engine)|Executor]] rocket engine (240 kN) thrust.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

===Performance===
* '''Maximum speed:''' {{convert|2.6|Mach|sigfig=2}}
* '''Rate of climb:''' 250 m/s

==See also==
*[[SpaceShipOne]]
*[[North American X-15]]
*[[Lockheed NF-104A]]
*[[Saunders-Roe SR.53]]
*[[Saunders-Roe SR.177]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Private spaceflight]]
[[Category:Experimental aircraft]]
[[Category:Rocket-powered aircraft]]
[[Category:Air launch to orbit]]

User talk:Ayceman

2012-07-03T11:26:42Z

Ayceman:

Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

2012-05-05T19:04:21Z

Ayceman: /* PM md. 80 */

{{Infobox Weapon
|name=PM md. 63/65
|image=[[Image:Romanian AKM Soldier.JPEG|275px|]]
|caption=A Romanian soldier with a PM md. 65
|origin={{flagicon|Romania|1952}} [[Socialist Republic of Romania]]
|type=[[Assault rifle]]

|is_ranged=yes

|service=1963-present
|used_by= See ''[[#Users|Users]]''
|wars=

|designer=Romtechnica
|design_date=1960s
|manufacturer=RomArm via Regia Autonomă pentru producţia de Tehnică Militară (RATMIL), Cugir
|unit_cost=
|production_date=1963-1989
|number=
|variants=PM md. 65, PM md. 90

|spec_label=
|weight=(without magazine) {{convert|3.45|kg|lb|2|abbr=on}} (md. 63)<br/> {{convert|3.2|kg|abbr=on}} (md. 65)
|length={{convert|870|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (md. 63)<br/> {{convert|870|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock extended / {{convert|640|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock folded (md. 65)
|part_length={{convert|415|mm|abbr=on|1}}
|width=
|height=
|diameter=
|crew=

|cartridge=[[7.62×39mm]]
|caliber=
|barrels=
|action=[[Gas-operated reloading|Gas operated]], [[rotating bolt]]
|rate=600 rounds/min
|velocity={{convert|715|m/s|0|abbr=on}}
|range=100 to 1,000 m sight adjustments
|max_range=
|feed=30-round box [[Magazine (firearm)|magazine]]
|sights=Rear sight notch on sliding tangent, front post, {{convert|378|mm|abbr=on|1}} sight radius
}}

'''The Pistol Mitralieră model 1963''' (abbreviated '''PM md. 63''' or simply '''md. 63''') is an [[assault rifle]] patterned after the [[AKM]], and chambered in the [[7.62x39mm]] cartridge. It's exported as the AIM.

''The Pistol Mitralieră model 1965'' (abbreviated ''PM md. 65'' or simply ''md. 65'') is the underfolding stock version of the ''md. 63'', and is exported as the ''AIMS''.

== History ==
In the early 1960s, the [[Romanian Army]] used mostly [[PPSh-41]], [[Orita M1941|Oriţa]] [[submachine guns]] and imported [[AK-47]] rifles. With the development of the stamped Type 4 AKM receiver, and the [[Soviet Union]]'s call to each of the [[Warsaw Pact]]'s nations to produce their own assault rifles chambered in 7.62mm, be they AK-47 pattern or not, the Romanian State Arsenal developed an AKM clone featuring a forward-pointing front handgrip molded into the lower handguard, called the '''Pistol Mitralieră model 1963''' (literally 'machine pistol' model 1963). The underfolding stock version is designated the '''Pistol Mitralieră model 1965''', and features a rear-pointing front handgrip, allowing the underfolding stock to be completely retracted.

== Features ==
[[Image:PMmd.1963.jpg|thumb|left|A PM 63]]
The '''PM md. 63/65''' is almost identical to the AKM/AKMS, and thus is simple, inexpensive to manufacture, and easy to clean and maintain.
The [[gauge (bore diameter)|bore]] and [[Chamber (firearms)|chamber]], as well as the gas piston and the interior of the [[gas cylinder]], are generally [[chromium]]-plated. This plating dramatically increases the life of these parts by resisting [[corrosion]] and wear.
Most '''md. 63/65''' rifles lack a muzzle brake, but instead use a muzzle nut, as muzzle brakes entered production only in the late 1970s. The navy is the only remaining large scale operator of the '''md. 65''' because of the weight of the metal underfolding stock.

The fire selector markings are as follows, from top to bottom: Domestic—S, FA, FF. Export—S, A, R.

=== Operating Cycle ===
To fire, the operator inserts a loaded [[magazine]], moves the selector lever to the lowest position, pulls back and releases the charging handle, and then pulls the [[Trigger (firearms)|trigger]]. In this setting, the gun fires once, requiring the trigger be released and depressed again for the next shot until the magazine is exhausted. With the selector in the middle position, the rifle continues to fire, automatically cycling fresh rounds into the chamber, until the magazine is exhausted or pressure is released from the trigger.

=== Disassembly ===
Dismantling the md. 63/65 is identical to dismantling the AK-47 and it involves the operator depressing the magazine catch and removing the magazine. The charging handle is pulled to the rear and the operator inspects the chamber to verify the weapon is unloaded. The operator presses forward on the retainer button at the rear of the receiver cover while simultaneously lifting up on the rear of the cover to remove it. The operator then pushes the spring assembly forward and lifts it from its raceway, withdrawing it out of the bolt carrier and to the rear. The operator must then pull the carrier assembly all the way to the rear, lift it, and then pull it away. The operator removes the bolt by pushing it to the rear of the bolt carrier; rotating the bolt so the camming lug clears the raceway on the underside of the bolt carrier and then pulls it forward and free. When cleaning, the operator will pay special attention to the barrel, bolt face, and gas piston, then oil lightly and reassemble.

== Patriotic Guards version ==
The most-produced civilian export variation of this rifle is that of the 'Gardă' designation, produced for the Romanian [[Patriotic Guards (Romania)|Patriotic Guards]]. These rifles have a letter 'G' engraved on the left side of the rear sight block. The civil guard versions are modified by the removal of the sear and the modification of the disconnector to be [[semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]] only. Tens of thousands of these have been imported into the United States and sold as 'parts kits' (the [[Receiver (firearms)|receiver]] is destroyed by torch-cutting per [[BATF]] regulations – without the receiver, the kit is no longer legally considered a firearm). They are colloquially known among firearms enthusiasts as "Romy G's".

=== Other civilian versions ===
Other civilian 7.62mm Romanian AK clones are: SAR 1, [[WASR series rifles|WASR 10 (including WASR 10/63)]], Romak 991, Romak 1, and WUM 1.

The [[Wieger rifle series|Wieger rifle]] [[lookalike]]s known as the STG-2000 and STG-2003 are based on WASR 10 rifles, which are the only ones still in production.

A version of the PM md. 90 carbine is also available in the United States, known as the "Draco" it has the folding stock removed and thus the BATF sees it as a pistol and legal to import.

== PM md. 80 ==
[[Image:Romanian_Revolution_1989_5.jpg|thumb|right|Romanian Revolution, the AK on the left is a PM md. 80 with the stock folded]]
The '''Pistol Mitralieră model 1980''' is a short barreled AK variant, and the first side-folding stock version produced in Romania. It featured a shorter gas block and usually used 20 round magazines. The front sight post is combined with the gas-block to provide an overall short length. The side folder is straight and folds to the left. There are two types of muzzle brakes used: a cylindrical one, and more commonly a slightly conical one. It is also known as the '''AIMR'''.

== PM md. 90 ==
[[Image:DCB Shooting Romanian short AK rifle.jpg|thumb|right|PM md. 90 carbine]]
The '''Pistol Mitralieră model 1990''' is the 7.62mm response to the [[Pușcă Automată model 1986|5.45mm Pușcă Automată model 1986]]. It is internally identical to a PM md. 63/65, and outwardly differs in that it has a wire folding stock identical to the PA md. 86 stock, and that all of the rifles are fitted with slant brakes. It was extensively used in the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]] along with the md. 63 and md. 65

=== Short barrel version ===
The carbine version of the model 90, called simply '''PM md. 90 cu țeavă scurtă''' (''short barreled PM md. 90''), was designed for tank crews and special forces. Apart from the stock, it features the same modifications as the PM md. 80.

== 7.62 mm RPK ==
The RPK version of the md. 63 is called the '''md. 64'''. It is essentially identical to the Soviet RPK.

== Users ==

{{refimprove|section|February 2010|date=February 2010}}
*{{flag|Afghanistan}}
*{{flag|Angola}}
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}: Small numbers in use in the [[Bangladesh Army]].<ref>http://www.bdmilitary.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=204&Itemid=95</ref>
*{{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
*{{flag|Georgia}}<ref>[http://www.ziare.com/CSAT_a_acoperit_inselatoria_Romaniei_in_ce_priveste_comertul_cu_arme-372546.html CSAT (SCND) has covered up Romania's scam involving weapons trade - Ziare.com]</ref>
*{{flag|Iraq}}: Used by insurgents, and also military and police.
*{{flag|Iran}}
*{{flag|Liberia}}
*{{flag|Lebanon}}
*{{flag|Libya}}
*{{flag|Mozambique}}
*{{flag|Moldova}}
*{{flag|Morocco}}
*{{flag|Nicaragua}}
*{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
*{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
*{{flag|Palestinian National Authority}}
*{{flagicon|Romania|1952}} [[Communist Romania|Socialist Republic of Romania]]/{{flag|Romania}}: Used by Navy personnel, border guards, tank crews, reserve troops.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
<div class="references-small">
* ''[http://www.gunsnet.net/Linx310/model.htm Romanian Export Kalashnikov versions at Romanian Kalashnikov Rifles]
* ''[http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/models/ka234.html Kalashnikov guns website (confuses the md. 63 designation for the md. 65)]''
* ''[http://www.wasr-10.com WASR-10.com - Information on the Export Version of the md. 63/65]''
* ''[http://www.arms.home.ro/arms/cugir1/pag/4.html SC Fabrica de Arme Cugir SA - Arms Factory - md. 63 Assault Rifle]''
* ''[http://www.arms.home.ro/arms/cugir1/pag/5.html SC Fabrica de Arme Cugir SA - Arms Factory - md. 65 Assault Rifle]''
* ''[http://www.arms.home.ro/arms/cugir1/pag/6.html SC Fabrica de Arme Cugir SA - Arms Factory - md. 90 Assault Rifle]''
* ''[http://www.arms.home.ro/arms/cugir1/pag/7.html SC Fabrica de Arme Cugir SA - Arms Factory - md. 90 Carbine]''

{{AK47 derivatives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pistol Mitraliera Model 1963/1965}}
[[Category:Assault rifles]]
[[Category:Cold War rifles]]
[[Category:Infantry weapons of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Weapons of Romania]]
[[Category:Kalashnikov derivatives]]
[[Category:Romania–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:7.62 mm firearms]]

[[es:Puşcă Mitralieră model 1965]]
[[id:Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965]]
[[hu:PM md. 63/65]]
[[ja:AIM (アサルトライフル)]]
[[pl:Karabin AIM]]
[[ro:PM Md. 1963]]
[[ru:Клоны АК производства Румынии]]

Pușcă Automată model 1986

2012-05-05T19:03:02Z

Ayceman: /* 5.45mm RPK */

{{Infobox Weapon
|name=Pușcă Automată model 1986
|image=[[File:PA md.86 with AG-40 grenade launcher.jpg|300px]]
|caption= Pmd. 86 with AG-40 grenade launcher.
|origin={{flagicon|Romania}} [[Communist Romania|Socialist Republic of Romania]]
|type=[[Assault rifle]]

|is_ranged=yes

|service=1986-present
|used_by=[[Romania]], [[Communist Romania|Socialist Republic of Romania]]
|wars=Peace-keeping missions in Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan

|designer=Romtechnica
|design_date=1986
|manufacturer=RomArm via Regia Autonomă pentru producţia de Tehnică Militară (RATMIL), Cugir
|unit_cost=
|production_date=1986-present
|number=
|variants=

|weight={{convert|3.69|kg|lb|2|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|943|mm|in|abbr=on}} stock extended / {{convert|748|mm|in|abbr=on}} stock folded
|part_length={{convert|432|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|width=
|height=
|diameter=
|crew=

|cartridge=[[5.45×39mm]]
|caliber=
|action=[[Gas-operated reloading|Gas-actuated]], [[rotating bolt]]
|rate=700 rounds/min
|velocity={{convert|880|m/s|0|abbr=on}}
|range=100 to 1,000 m sight adjustments
|max_range=
|feed=30-round box magazine
|sights=Rear sight notch sight on sliding tangent, front post
}}

The '''Pușcă Automată model 1986''' (Automatic Rifle Model 1986, abbreviated ''PA md. 86'' or simply ''md. 86'') is the standard [[assault rifle]] used by the [[Romanian Army|Romanian Military Forces]] and manufactured in [[Cugir]], Romania by firm RomArm S.A. located in [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]]. The export name for this variant is the '''AIMS-74'''.

== History ==

As the [[Soviet Union]] switched from the [[7.62×39mm]] caliber [[AK-47]] to the [[5.45×39mm]] caliber [[AK-74]], it encouraged other nations of the [[Warsaw Pact]] to follow suit.

By the mid 80s, [[Romania]] decided to switch calibers, however it was decided that the new rifle be developed independently, and not represent a clone of the Soviet AK-74. In doing so, the '''PA md. 86''' has several anachronistic AKM elements that were found only on the prototype Soviet AK-74.

== Features ==

The most easily recognized AKM feature is the gas block design (45 degree versus 90 degree). Incidentally, although the gas block is purely AKM, the gas vent in the barrel did change to a 90 degree design to minimize bullet shearing (a problem with early Soviet AK-74's with 45 degree gas blocks). This means the Romanian AK-74 has a double angle gas port, which makes it much harder to clean the gas vent. This variant also uses the AK-47 rear [[trunnion]], and thus the siderail is lengthened.

It uses either the bird-cage flash suppressor, or a flash hider (designed for Special Forces). The design also incorporated an upward curved charging handle, a wire sidefolder, based on the East German design, but offset slightly to the left, and the traditional vertical handgrip. The '''md. 86''' use [[laminated wood]] lower handguards, and [[Bakelite]] pistol grips and upper handguards. None of the components have had any polymer versions.

The [[AG-40]] [[grenade launcher]] can be attached as a lower handguard after removing the standard one. Lasers/lights can also be clamped to the barrel in two ways. The rifle is one of only a few AK versions that have a 3-round burst option. The selector markings are as follows, from top to bottom: ∞, 1, 3. Only ribbed [[steel]] magazines are used.

Combat divers also use a version with straight handguards, as the grip is considered to be cumbersome for amphibious operations.

== Variants ==
=== Carbine version ===
This rifle also has a rarely seen short barrel version, '''PA md. 86 cu țeavă scurtă''' (''short barreled PA md. 86''), where the front sight is placed on the gas block, with the gas tube being shortened. This version uses both straight and laminate grip handguards.

=== Civilian variants ===
The 5.45mm civilian export versions are: Romak 992, Romak 2, Intrac Mk II, CUR-2, WUM-2, SAR 2, and the WASR 2 which is the current production rifle. The WASR 2 doesn't have a dimpled receiver, as opposed to previous models.

=== 5.45mm RPK ===
The RPK version of the md. 86 is called the '''md. 93'''. It features a long reinforced receiver, a carry handle, and a bipod. An earlier, short-lived version used a fire control group similar the the 7.62mm md. 64, "''Safe - Auto - Single''". The md. 93 changed this to the md. 86 style "''Safe - Auto - Single - Burst''".

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
* ''[http://www.avtomats-in-action.com/pro19.html Tantal's Avtomats in Action]''.
* ''[http://www.mapn.ro/fotodb/ MApN (Ministry of National Defence) Photo Gallery]''
* ''[http://www.arms.home.ro/arms/cugir1/pag/1.html SC Fabrica de Arme Cugir SA - Arms Factory - md. 86 Assault Rifle]''
* ''[http://www.arms.home.ro/arms/cugir1/pag/2.html SC Fabrica de Arme Cugir SA - Arms Factory - md. 86 Carbine]''

{{AK47 derivatives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pusca Automata Model 1986}}
[[Category:Assault rifles]]
[[Category:Kalashnikov derivatives]]
[[Category:Weapons of Romania]]

[[es:Puşcă Automată model 1986]]
[[id:Puşcă Automată model 1986]]
[[hu:PA md. 86]]
[[ja:AIMS-74]]
[[ro:PA Md. 1986]]