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Phillip Ramey

2022-03-24T19:04:03Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */ correction

{{Short description|American composer}}
'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers (musician)|Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> He is presently Vice-President Emeritus of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

== Compositions ==
{{Div col}}
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - "Three Early Preludes for Piano"
*1960-63 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano]" (revised 1988)
*1960 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]"
*1960 - "Incantations for Piano"
*1961 - "Piano Sonata No. 1"
*1962 - "Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani"
*1962 - "Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra" (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]")
*1962 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano]" (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - "Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra" (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - "Diversions for Piano"
*1966 - "Piano Sonata No. 2"
*1966 - "Capriccio for Percussion"
*1967 - "Epigrams for Piano, Book I"
*1967 - "Orchestral Discourse"
*1967 - "Night Music for Percussion"
*1968 - "Piano Sonata No. 3"
*1968 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]"
*1968 - "Toccata Breva for Percussion"
*1968 - "Commentaries for Flute and Piano"
*1969-71 - "Piano Concerto No. 1"
*1969-72 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]"
*1971 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]"
*1972 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]"
*1974 - "Concerto for Chamber Orchestra"
*1976 - "Piano Concerto No. 2"
*1977 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]"
*1977 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]"
*1979 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]"
*1980 - "A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano"
*1980 - "Autumn Pastorale for Piano"
*1981/85 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]"
*1981 - "Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet"
*1982 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]"
*1983 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]"
*1982-86 - "Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano"
*1984 - "Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)"
*1984 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]"
*1985 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])"
*1985 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]"
*1986 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]"
*1986 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]"
*1987-88 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]"
*1987-93 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]"
*1989 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]"
*1989 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]"
*1990 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]"
*1990 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]"
*1990 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]"
*1991-94 - "Piano Concerto No. 3"
*1991-2013 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]"
*1992 - "Rhapsody for Solo Cello"
*1992 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]"
*1993 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]"
*1993 - "Chromatic Waltz for Piano"
*1994 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]"
*1994 - "Praeludium for Five Horns"
*1995 - "Gargoyles for Solo Horn"
*1995 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]"
*1996 - "Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion"
*1997 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]"
*1997 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]"
*1997 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]"
*1998 - "Sonata for Harpsichord"
*1998 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]"
*1998 - "Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)"
*2001 - "Lament for Richard III for Piano"
*2002 - "Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra" (arranged from "Color Etudes for Piano")
*2002 - "Orchestral Epigrams"
*2003 - "Winter Nocturne for Piano"
*2004 - "Ode for F.D.R. for Piano"
*2007 - "Primitivo for Piano"
*2007 - "J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra" (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - "Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)"
*2008 - "Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano"
*2008 - "Ballade for Clarinet and Horn"
*2008 - "Blue Phantom for Piano"
*2009 - "Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano"
*2009 - "Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano" (text: John Simon)
*2009 - "Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra" (text: John Simon)
*2010 - "Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano"
*2010 - "Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano"
*2010-11 - "Piano Sonata No. 7"
*2011 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]"
*2011 - "Manhattan Soundings for Piano"
*2011-12 - "Piano Sonata No. 8"
*2012 - "Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano"
*2012 - "Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion"
*2012 - "Hurricane Etude for Piano"
*2012 - "Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano"
*2013 - "Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano"
*2013 - "Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano"
*2013 - "Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion"
*2013 - "Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)"
*2014 - "Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano"
*2014 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]"
*2014 - "Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion"
*2014-15 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6m0gW9LZaA Piano Sonata No. 10]"
*2015 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]"
*2015 - "Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano" (text by composer)
*2016 - "Noir Nocturne for Piano"
*2016 - "Two Duos for Violin and Horn"
*2016 - "Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra"
*2018 - "Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn"
*2018-19 - "Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano"
*2019 - "Golgotha Prelude for Piano"
*2019 - "Chromatic Poem for Piano"
*2019 - "Nostalgic Variation on an Original Theme for Piano"
*2019 - "Poem in Autumn for Oboe and Piano (or Oboe Solo)"
*2020 - "Winter Daydream for Piano"
*2020 - "Plague Prelude for Piano"
*2020-21 - "Night Journey, Rhapsody for Piano"
*2022 -"Cluster Palace: Soundpiece for Piano, with Optional Oboe Solos"
{{Div col end}}

==Recordings==
*2019 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26.
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370.
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Male classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Wing Tek Lum

2021-09-25T14:47:41Z

BFolkman: /* Works */ additional information

{{short description|American poet (born 1946)}}
'''Wing Tek Lum''' (Chinese: 林永得; born November 11, 1946 [[Honolulu, Hawaii]]) is an American [[poet]]. Together with a brother he also manages a family-owned real estate company, Lum Yip Kee, Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=6559|title=Mānoa: Lum Yip Kee Ltd. funds renovation of Shidler Graduate Reading Rooms {{!}} University of Hawaii News|website=www.hawaii.edu|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref>

==Life==
He graduated from [[Brown University]] in 1969, where he majored in engineering. He edited the university’s literary magazine.

He graduated from the [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]], with a master's degree in divinity in 1973.
He worked as a social worker, and met [[Frank Chin]].
In 1973, he moved to [[Hong Kong]] to learn Cantonese.
His work appeared in ''New York Quarterly''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyqpoets.net/poet/wingteklum|title=NYQ Poets - Wing Tek Lum|last=hammond|first=raymond|website=www.nyqpoets.net|language=en|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> Under the guidance of [[Makoto Ooka]], he participated with [[Joseph Stanton]] and others in the [[collaborative poetry|collaborative]] [[renshi]] poem ''What the Kite Thinks''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GGu-uwAACAAJ&dq=What+the+Kite+Thinks ''What the Kite Thinks: A Linked Poem''] on Google Books</ref>

==Awards==
* 1970 Poetry Center Award (now known as the Discovery/''The Nation'' Award)
* 1988 [[American Book Award]]
* 2013 Elliot Cades Award for Literature<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hlac/cadesaw.html|title=THE HAWAI'I LITERARY ARTS COUNCIL|website=www.hawaii.edu|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref>

==Works==
* {{Cite book| title=Expounding the doubtful points| publisher=Bamboo Ridge Press| year= 1987| isbn= 978-0-910043-14-4 }}
* {{Cite book| title= The Nanjing Massacres: Poems| publisher=Bamboo Ridge Press| year= 2012| isbn= 978-0910043885 }}

===Anthologies===
*{{Cite book| title=Island fire: an anthology of literature from Hawaií| editor=James R. Harstad| publisher=Curriculum Research & Development Group, University of Hawai'i| year= 2002| isbn= 978-0-8248-2628-4 }}
*{{Cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/boldwordscentury0000unse| url-access=registration| page=[https://archive.org/details/boldwordscentury0000unse/page/90 90] | chapter=Urban Love Songs| title=Bold words: a century of Asian American writing |editor=Rajini Srikanth |editor2=Esther Yae Iwanaga| publisher=Rutgers University Press| year= 2001| isbn= 978-0-8135-2966-0 }}
*{{Cite book| title=Growing up local: an anthology of poetry and prose from Hawaiʻi |editor=Eric Chock |editor2=James R. Harstad |editor3=Bill Teter| publisher=Bamboo Ridge Press| year= 1998| isbn= 978-0-910043-53-3 }}
*{{Cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/fireinseaanth00cowi| url-access=registration| page=[https://archive.org/details/fireinseaanth00cowi/page/80 80] | chapter=Chinese Hot Pot| title=Fire in the sea: an anthology of poetry and art| editor=Sue Cowing| publisher=University of Hawaii Press| year= 1996| isbn= 978-0-8248-1649-0 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101396393 "WING TEK LUM", ''Asian-American Poets'']
*{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwEtBiiphOoC&q=Wing+Tek+Lum&pg=PA225| title=Asian-American poets: a bio-bibliographical critical sourcebook |editor=Guiyou Huang |editor2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| year= 2002| isbn= 978-0-313-31809-2 }}
*[http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_current_detail.asp?id=17&fid=1&curid=861. "One Should Not Sleep Anymore: Poet Wing Tek Lum and the Virtues of Unpleasantness"]: review by Ken Chen for [[New York Foundation for the Arts]]

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2011}}

{{American Book Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lum, Wing Tek}}
[[Category:American male poets]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Honolulu]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:Punahou School alumni]]
[[Category:Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hawaii people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:American Book Award winners]]

Switched-On Bach

2021-07-30T14:02:06Z

BFolkman: /* Recording */ info

{{italic title}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Switched-On Bach
| type = studio
| artist = [[Wendy Carlos]]
| cover = Switched-On Bach first sleeve (seated Bach).jpeg
| alt =
| released = October 1968
| recorded = 1968
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Electronic music|Electronic]]|[[Baroque music|baroque]]}}
| length = 39:45
| label = [[Columbia Masterworks]]
| producer = Wendy Carlos, [[Rachel Elkind]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[The Well-Tempered Synthesizer]]
| next_year = 1969
}}

'''''Switched-On Bach''''' is the album debut by the American composer [[Wendy Carlos]], released under the name Walter Carlos, in October 1968 by [[Columbia Masterworks Records|Columbia Records]]. Produced by Carlos and [[Rachel Elkind]], the album is a collection of pieces by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] performed by Carlos and Benjamin Folkman on a [[Moog synthesizer]]. It played a key role in bringing [[synthesizer]]s to popular music, which had until then been mostly used in [[experimental music]].

''Switched-On Bach'' reached number 10 on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart and topped the ''Billboard'' Classical Albums chart from 1969 to 1972. By June 1974, it had sold over one million copies, and in 1986 became the second classical album to be certified [[RIAA certification|platinum]]. In 1970, it won [[Grammy Award]]s for [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Album|Best Classical Album]], [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra)|Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (With or Without Orchestra)]], and [[Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical|Best Engineered Classical Recording]].

== Background ==
Around 1967, Carlos asked the musician [[Rachel Elkind]] to listen to her electronic compositions. They included compositions written ten years earlier, and some written from 1964 with her friend Benjamin Folkman at the [[Computer Music Center|Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center]] in [[New York City]]. One recording was a rendition of [[Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)|Two-Part Invention in F major]] by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], which Carlos described as "charming".<ref name=":0" />

Soon after, Carlos began plans to produce an album of Bach pieces performed on the recently invented [[Moog synthesizer]]. She intended to use the novel technology to make "appealing music you could really listen to", not "ugly" music being produced by [[avant-garde]] musicians at the time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wendycarlos.com/wright.html|title=Wendy Carlos, Carol Wright Interview|website=www.wendycarlos.com|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Elkind was impressed with the recording of [[Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 (Bach)|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major]] and became the album's producer. Elkind contacted her friend, producer and conductor Ettore Stratta at [[Columbia Records]], who "generously spread his enthusiasm throughout the rest of the company" and assisted in the album production. Paul Myers of [[Columbia Masterworks Records]] granted Carlos, Folkman, and Elkind artistic freedom to record and release it.<ref name="LPsleeve">{{Cite AV media notes|title=Switched-On Bach|publisher=Columbia Masterworks Records|id=MS 7194|year=1968}}</ref>

== Recording ==
{{listen
|filename=Carlos brandenburg 3.ogg
|title=''First Movement (Allegro) of Brandenburg Concerto Number 3''
|description=A sample of "Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major - First Movement".
}}
''Switched-On Bach'' features ten pieces by Bach available under the [[public domain]],<ref name=LPsleeve/> performed by Carlos, with assistance from Folkman, on a [[Moog synthesizer]]. Carlos worked closely with Moog designer [[Robert Moog]], testing his components and suggesting improvements. Most of the album was recorded in a rented studio apartment in which Carlos lived at 410 West End Avenue on the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] of [[Manhattan]] in [[New York City]],<ref name="billboardfeb1974"]] /> using a custom-built [[Multitrack recording|8-track recording machine]] constructed by Carlos from components built by [[Ampex]]. The initial track created, however, the Invention in F major, was recorded in the spring of 1967 on a Scully tape machine in Gotham Recording Studios at 2 West 46th Street, where Carlos had brought Moog equipment for a commercial project.

According to Carlos, ''Switched-On Bach'' took approximately five months and one thousand hours to produce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhIEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PA67|title=Billboard|first=Nielsen Business Media|last=Inc|date=August 15, 1992|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}}</ref> As the synthesizers were [[Monophony|monophonic]], meaning only one note can be played at a time, each track was assembled one at a time. Carlos said: "You had to release the note before you could make the next note start, which meant you had to play with a detached feeling on the keyboard, which was really very disturbing in making music."<ref name=goldmine2004>{{Cite journal|journal=Goldmine|date=January 23, 2004|first=Chuck|last=Miller|title=Wendy Carlos: In the Moog|pages=47–48|edition=613}}</ref> The synthesizer was unreliable and often went out of tune; Carlos recalled hitting it with a hammer prior to recording to obtain correct levels. After several notes were played, it was checked again to make sure it had not drifted.<ref name=goldmine2004/>

Bach provided only the two chords of a Phrygian [[Cadence]] for the second movement of the [[Brandenburg concertos|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major]], intending that the musician would improvise on these chords. Carlos and Folkman carefully constructed this piece to showcase the capabilities of the Moog.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peraino |first=Judith A. |editor1=Olivia Bloechl|editor2=Melanie Lowe|editor3=Jeffrey Kallberg |chapter=Synthesizing difference: early synthpop |page=301 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZuiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA301 |title=Rethinking Difference in Music Scholarship |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=January 8, 2015 |isbn=9781107026674}}</ref>

== Artwork ==
''Switched-On Bach'' was released with two different covers. The most common features a man dressed as Bach standing before a Moog synthesizer. Early pressings feature the same man seated. Carlos and Elkind objected to the original cover and had it replaced, finding it "was a clownish, trivializing image of a mugging Bach, supposedly hearing some absurd sound from his earphones". They also objected to the fact that the synthesizer was incorrectly set up: "[The earphones] were plugged into the input, not output, of a 914 filter module, which in turn was connected to nothing, [assuring] that silence is all that would have greeted Johann Sebastian's ears."<ref>Switched-On Boxed Set liner notes</ref>

== Release ==
In 1968, shortly before the release of ''Switched-On Bach'', Moog spoke at the annual [[Audio Engineering Society]] conference and played one of Carlos' recordings from the album. Moog recalled: "I walked off the stage and went to the back of the auditorium while people were listening, and I could feel it in the air. They were jumping out of their skins. These technical people were involved in so much flim-flam, so much shoddy, opportunistic stuff, and here was something that was just impeccably done and had obvious musical content and was totally innovative. The tape got a standing ovation."<ref name=moogquote>Robert Moog, quoted in ''Vintage Synthesizers'' by Mark Vail (Miller Freeman, Inc.)</ref>

''Switched-On Bach'' was released in October 1968. In 1969, it entered the top 40 on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] before it reached a peak of No. 10 that year, for a total of 59 weeks on the chart.<ref name="Billboard">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwoEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PA69|title=Billboard|first=Nielsen Business Media|last=Inc|date=October 3, 1998|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}}</ref> From January 1969 to January 1972, the album was No. 1 on the ''Billboard'' Classical Albums chart,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxAEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PA83|title=Billboard|first=Nielsen Business Media|last=Inc|date=July 18, 1992|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}}</ref> and it reached the seventh position of the Top 50 Albums chart of the Canadian magazine [[RPM (magazine) | RPM]]. <ref name="RPM" /> In February 1974, Columbia Records estimated 960,000 copies of the album had been sold in the US.<ref name="billboardfeb1974">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQcEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PA27|title=Billboard|first=Nielsen Business Media|last=Inc|date=February 16, 1974|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=Google Books}}</ref> In June that year, ''Billboard'' reported the album's sales surpassed one million, the second classical music record in history to achieve the feat. In August 1969, it was certified [[RIAA certification|Gold]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]], for sales in excess of 1 million copies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgkEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched+on+Bach+Gold+certification&pg=PT30|title=Billboard|last=Inc|first=Nielsen Business Media|date=1974-06-08|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> It reached Platinum certification in November 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/|title=Gold & Platinum|website=RIAA}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
{{Album ratings
|rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
|rev1score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name=allmusic>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/switched-on-bach-mw0000976916|title=Switched-On Bach - Wendy Carlos | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic|via=www.allmusic.com}}</ref>
}}
''Switched-On Bach'' was met with a negative response from some classical music traditionalists, but gained popularity among many younger listeners.<ref name=allmusic/> In a retrospective review for [[AllMusic]], Bruce Eder noted that Carlos' approach "was highly musical in ways that ordinary listeners could appreciate ... characterized by ... amazing sensitivity and finely wrought nuances, in timbre, tone, and expressiveness."<ref name=allmusic/> Canadian pianist [[Glenn Gould]] spoke highly of ''Switched-On Bach'', saying: "The whole record, in fact, is one of the most startling achievements of the recording industry in this generation and certainly one of the great feats in the history of 'keyboard' performance".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoUs2SSvG4EC&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PT147|title=Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer|first1=T. J.|last1=PINCH|first2=Frank|last2=Trocco|first3=T. J.|last3=Pinch|date=June 30, 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674042162|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 1970, the album won three [[Grammy Award]]s: [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Album|Best Classical Album]], [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra)|Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (With or Without Orchestra)]], and [[Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical|Best Engineered Classical Recording]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/wendy-carlos|title=Wendy Carlos|date=November 19, 2019|website=GRAMMY.com}}</ref>

=== Influence ===
Following the album's success, Moog received requests from producers and artists for his synthesizers and a number of synthesizer albums were released to capitalise. Notable examples of this trend include ''[[Switched-On Rock]]'' by the Moog Machine, and ''[[Music to Moog By]]'' by [[Gershon Kingsley]], both released in 1969.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iojw5IAmg2oC&pg=PT17 |page=17 |last=Brend |first=Mark |title=The Sound of Tomorrow: How Electronic Music Was Smuggled into the Mainstream |publisher=A&C Black |year=2012 |isbn=9781623565299}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qu5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |page=135 |title=The Emergence of Novelty in Organizations |chapter=Between Technology and Music: Distributed Creativity and Liminal Spaces in the Early History of Electronic Music Synthesizers |last=Pinch |first=Trevor J. |editor=Raghu Garud |editor2=Barbara Simpson |editor3=Ann Langley |editor4=Haridimos Tsoukas |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=March 5, 2015 |isbn=9780198728313}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoUs2SSvG4EC&pg=PT166 |pages=166–7 |title=Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer |last1=Pinch |first1=Trevor J. |last2=Trocco |first2=Frank |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=June 30, 2009 |isbn=9780674042162}}</ref> Moog credited the album for demonstrating that synthesizers could be used for more than avant-garde music and sound effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/may/23/robert-moog-interview-google-doodle|title=Robert Moog: 'I wouldn't call this music' – a classic interview to mark a Google doodle|date=2012-05-23|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> He said of the album's success:<ref name="moogquote" />

{{Quote|text=[[Sony Music|CBS]] had no idea what they had in ''Switched-On Bach''. When it came out, they lumped it in at a studio press party for Terry Riley's ''[[In C]]'' and an abysmal record called ''Rock and Other Four Letter Words''. Carlos was angered by this, so [s]he refused to come. So CBS, frantic to have some representation, asked me to demonstrate the synthesizer. I remember there was a nice big bowl of [[Joint (cannabis)|joints]] on top of the [[mixing console]], and Terry Riley was there in his white Jesus suit, up on a pedestal, playing live on a [[Farfisa]] electronic organ against a backup of tape delays. ''Rock and Other Four Letter Words'' went on to sell a few thousand records. ''In C'' sold a few tens of thousands. ''Switched-On Bach'' sold over a million, and just keeps going on and on.|sign=|source=}}

In 1972 Columbia Records released an orchestral album, ''Switched Off Bach'', with the same track listing as ''Switched-On Bach.''<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Switched-Off-Bach/dp/B00U88894I</ref>

Producer [[Giorgio Moroder]] credits the album for bringing synthesizers to his attention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/giorgio-moroder|title=Giorgio Moroder|website=www.redbullmusicacademy.com}}</ref> [[Brian Wilson]] of [[the Beach Boys]] called it "one of the most electrifying albums I ever heard."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Brian|author-link1=Brian Wilson|last2=Greenman|first2=Ben|author-link2=Ben Greenman|title=I Am Brian Wilson: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CmiBQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-82307-7|p=79}}</ref>

It was inducted into the [[National Recording Registry]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/static/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/Switched-OnBach-Niebur.pdf|title="Switched-On Bach"--Wendy Carlos (1968)}}</ref>

=== Reissues ===
In 1992, Carlos released ''Switched-On Bach 2000'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/cd_switchedon-bach-2000_wendy-carlos_0|title=Switched‐On Bach 2000|date=May 19, 1992|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> to commemorate the 25th anniversary of her first album, featuring a re-recording of the record using digital synthesizers and computer-assisted recording with an added introductory composition styled as a birthday fanfare for the project. ''Switched-On Bach'' was remastered and included as part of the ''Switched-On Boxed Set'', a four-CD box set released in 1999 with ''[[The Well-Tempered Synthesizer]]'', ''[[Switched-On Bach II]]'', and ''[[Switched-On Brandenburgs]]''.

In 2001, a remastered edition of ''Switched-On Bach'' was released with a previously unreleased track, "Initial Experiments, demonstration". Carlos wrote: "You may rest assured that this is the best these recordings have ever sounded."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carlos|first1=Wendy|title=Wendy Carlos, S-OB|url=http://www.wendycarlos.com/+sob.html|access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| all_writing = [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
| title1 = Sinfonia to [[Wir danken dir, Gott, wir danken dir|Cantata No. 29]]
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = [[Air on the G String|Air on a G String]]"
| length2 = 2:27
| title3 =[[Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)|Two-Part Invention in F Major]]
| length3=0:40
| title4=[[Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)|Two-Part Invention in B-Flat Major]]
| length4=1:30
| title5=[[Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)|Two-Part Invention in D Minor]]
| length5=0:55
| title6=[[Jesus, Joy of Man's Desiring]]"
| length6=2:56
| title7=Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E-Flat Major" (From Book 1 [[The Well-Tempered Clavier]])
| lenght7=7:07
}}

;Side two
{{Track listing
| total_length = 39:45
| title1=Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor" (From Book 1 [[The Well-Tempered Clavier]])
| length1=2:43
| title2=[[Schübler Chorales|Chorale Prelude 'Wachet Auf']]
| length2=3:37
| title3=[[Brandenburg concertos#No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major - First Movement]]
| length3=6:35
| title4=[[Brandenburg concertos#No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major - Second Movement]]"
| length4= 2:50
| title5=[[Brandenburg concertos#No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major - Third Movement]]"
| length5=5:05
}}

== Personnel ==
* [[Wendy Carlos]] – synthesizer, programming
* Benjamin Folkman – supplementary keyboards
* [[Rachel Elkind]] – production

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!scope="col"| Chart (1968–69)
!scope="col"| Peak position
|-
!scope="row"|German Albums ([[GfK Entertainment Charts|Offizielle Top 100]])<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/album/c7d9/Wendy-Carlos-Switched-On-Bach "Wendy Carlos – Switched-On Bach"] (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 April 2016.</ref>
|align=center|22
|-
!scope="row"|US ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard 200|200]]<ref name = "Billboard"/>
|align=center|10
|-
!scope="row"|CAN ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM Top 50 Albums]]''<ref name="RPM">{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.5957.pdf| title=RPM Top 50 Albums - April 21, 1969}}</ref>
|align=center|7
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.wendycarlos.com/+sob.html Wendy Carlos, S-OB]
* {{MusicBrainz release|mbid=0ccc0b2a-6e9f-467d-8bb5-ff0d329f52fb|name=Switched-On Bach}}
* {{Discogs master|76226}}
* [https://archive.is/20121212014806/http://www.drew.edu/depts/depts.aspx?id=78200 Drew University Music Department, current owner of the Moog synthesizer used for the cover photo]

{{Wendy Carlos}}
{{Electronic music}}
{{Chamber music, Orchestral works and Transcriptions by Johann Sebastian Bach}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1968 debut albums]]
[[Category:1960s classical albums]]
[[Category:Recordings of Johann Sebastian Bach]]
[[Category:Wendy Carlos albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Rachel Elkind]]
[[Category:Sony Classical Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Wendy Carlos]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry albums]]

Switched-On Bach

2021-07-30T13:52:52Z

BFolkman: /* Recording */ correcting errors

{{italic title}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Switched-On Bach
| type = studio
| artist = [[Wendy Carlos]]
| cover = Switched-On Bach first sleeve (seated Bach).jpeg
| alt =
| released = October 1968
| recorded = 1968
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Electronic music|Electronic]]|[[Baroque music|baroque]]}}
| length = 39:45
| label = [[Columbia Masterworks]]
| producer = Wendy Carlos, [[Rachel Elkind]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[The Well-Tempered Synthesizer]]
| next_year = 1969
}}

'''''Switched-On Bach''''' is the album debut by the American composer [[Wendy Carlos]], released under the name Walter Carlos, in October 1968 by [[Columbia Masterworks Records|Columbia Records]]. Produced by Carlos and [[Rachel Elkind]], the album is a collection of pieces by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] performed by Carlos and Benjamin Folkman on a [[Moog synthesizer]]. It played a key role in bringing [[synthesizer]]s to popular music, which had until then been mostly used in [[experimental music]].

''Switched-On Bach'' reached number 10 on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart and topped the ''Billboard'' Classical Albums chart from 1969 to 1972. By June 1974, it had sold over one million copies, and in 1986 became the second classical album to be certified [[RIAA certification|platinum]]. In 1970, it won [[Grammy Award]]s for [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Album|Best Classical Album]], [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra)|Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (With or Without Orchestra)]], and [[Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical|Best Engineered Classical Recording]].

== Background ==
Around 1967, Carlos asked the musician [[Rachel Elkind]] to listen to her electronic compositions. They included compositions written ten years earlier, and some written from 1964 with her friend Benjamin Folkman at the [[Computer Music Center|Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center]] in [[New York City]]. One recording was a rendition of [[Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)|Two-Part Invention in F major]] by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], which Carlos described as "charming".<ref name=":0" />

Soon after, Carlos began plans to produce an album of Bach pieces performed on the recently invented [[Moog synthesizer]]. She intended to use the novel technology to make "appealing music you could really listen to", not "ugly" music being produced by [[avant-garde]] musicians at the time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wendycarlos.com/wright.html|title=Wendy Carlos, Carol Wright Interview|website=www.wendycarlos.com|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Elkind was impressed with the recording of [[Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 (Bach)|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major]] and became the album's producer. Elkind contacted her friend, producer and conductor Ettore Stratta at [[Columbia Records]], who "generously spread his enthusiasm throughout the rest of the company" and assisted in the album production. Paul Myers of [[Columbia Masterworks Records]] granted Carlos, Folkman, and Elkind artistic freedom to record and release it.<ref name="LPsleeve">{{Cite AV media notes|title=Switched-On Bach|publisher=Columbia Masterworks Records|id=MS 7194|year=1968}}</ref>

== Recording ==
{{listen
|filename=Carlos brandenburg 3.ogg
|title=''First Movement (Allegro) of Brandenburg Concerto Number 3''
|description=A sample of "Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major - First Movement".
}}
''Switched-On Bach'' features ten pieces by Bach available under the [[public domain]],<ref name=LPsleeve/> performed by Carlos, with assistance from Folkman, on a [[Moog synthesizer]]. Carlos worked closely with Moog designer [[Robert Moog]], testing his components and suggesting improvements. Most of the album was recorded in a rented studio apartment in which Carlos lived at 410 West End Avenue on the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] of [[Manhattan]] in [[New York City]],<ref name="billboardfeb1974"]] /> using a custom-built [[Multitrack recording|8-track recording machine]] constructed by Carlos from components built by [[Ampex]]. The initial track created, however, the Invention in F major, was recorded in the spring of 1967 on a Scully tape machine in Gotham Recording Studios at 2 West 46th Street, where Carlos had brought Moog equipment for a commercial project.

According to Carlos, ''Switched-On Bach'' took approximately five months and one thousand hours to produce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhIEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PA67|title=Billboard|first=Nielsen Business Media|last=Inc|date=August 15, 1992|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}}</ref> As the synthesizers were [[Monophony|monophonic]], meaning only one note can be played at a time, each track was assembled one at a time. Carlos said: "You had to release the note before you could make the next note start, which meant you had to play with a detached feeling on the keyboard, which was really very disturbing in making music."<ref name=goldmine2004>{{Cite journal|journal=Goldmine|date=January 23, 2004|first=Chuck|last=Miller|title=Wendy Carlos: In the Moog|pages=47–48|edition=613}}</ref> The synthesizer was unreliable and often went out of tune; Carlos recalled hitting it with a hammer prior to recording to obtain correct levels. After several notes were played, it was checked again to make sure it had not drifted.<ref name=goldmine2004/>

Bach provided only two chords for the second movement of the [[Brandenburg concertos|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major]], intending that the musician would improvise on these chords. Carlos carefully constructed this piece to showcase the capabilities of the Moog.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peraino |first=Judith A. |editor1=Olivia Bloechl|editor2=Melanie Lowe|editor3=Jeffrey Kallberg |chapter=Synthesizing difference: early synthpop |page=301 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZuiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA301 |title=Rethinking Difference in Music Scholarship |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=January 8, 2015 |isbn=9781107026674}}</ref>

== Artwork ==
''Switched-On Bach'' was released with two different covers. The most common features a man dressed as Bach standing before a Moog synthesizer. Early pressings feature the same man seated. Carlos and Elkind objected to the original cover and had it replaced, finding it "was a clownish, trivializing image of a mugging Bach, supposedly hearing some absurd sound from his earphones". They also objected to the fact that the synthesizer was incorrectly set up: "[The earphones] were plugged into the input, not output, of a 914 filter module, which in turn was connected to nothing, [assuring] that silence is all that would have greeted Johann Sebastian's ears."<ref>Switched-On Boxed Set liner notes</ref>

== Release ==
In 1968, shortly before the release of ''Switched-On Bach'', Moog spoke at the annual [[Audio Engineering Society]] conference and played one of Carlos' recordings from the album. Moog recalled: "I walked off the stage and went to the back of the auditorium while people were listening, and I could feel it in the air. They were jumping out of their skins. These technical people were involved in so much flim-flam, so much shoddy, opportunistic stuff, and here was something that was just impeccably done and had obvious musical content and was totally innovative. The tape got a standing ovation."<ref name=moogquote>Robert Moog, quoted in ''Vintage Synthesizers'' by Mark Vail (Miller Freeman, Inc.)</ref>

''Switched-On Bach'' was released in October 1968. In 1969, it entered the top 40 on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] before it reached a peak of No. 10 that year, for a total of 59 weeks on the chart.<ref name="Billboard">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwoEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PA69|title=Billboard|first=Nielsen Business Media|last=Inc|date=October 3, 1998|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}}</ref> From January 1969 to January 1972, the album was No. 1 on the ''Billboard'' Classical Albums chart,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxAEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PA83|title=Billboard|first=Nielsen Business Media|last=Inc|date=July 18, 1992|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}}</ref> and it reached the seventh position of the Top 50 Albums chart of the Canadian magazine [[RPM (magazine) | RPM]]. <ref name="RPM" /> In February 1974, Columbia Records estimated 960,000 copies of the album had been sold in the US.<ref name="billboardfeb1974">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQcEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PA27|title=Billboard|first=Nielsen Business Media|last=Inc|date=February 16, 1974|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=Google Books}}</ref> In June that year, ''Billboard'' reported the album's sales surpassed one million, the second classical music record in history to achieve the feat. In August 1969, it was certified [[RIAA certification|Gold]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]], for sales in excess of 1 million copies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgkEAAAAMBAJ&q=switched+on+Bach+Gold+certification&pg=PT30|title=Billboard|last=Inc|first=Nielsen Business Media|date=1974-06-08|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> It reached Platinum certification in November 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/|title=Gold & Platinum|website=RIAA}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
{{Album ratings
|rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
|rev1score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name=allmusic>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/switched-on-bach-mw0000976916|title=Switched-On Bach - Wendy Carlos | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic|via=www.allmusic.com}}</ref>
}}
''Switched-On Bach'' was met with a negative response from some classical music traditionalists, but gained popularity among many younger listeners.<ref name=allmusic/> In a retrospective review for [[AllMusic]], Bruce Eder noted that Carlos' approach "was highly musical in ways that ordinary listeners could appreciate ... characterized by ... amazing sensitivity and finely wrought nuances, in timbre, tone, and expressiveness."<ref name=allmusic/> Canadian pianist [[Glenn Gould]] spoke highly of ''Switched-On Bach'', saying: "The whole record, in fact, is one of the most startling achievements of the recording industry in this generation and certainly one of the great feats in the history of 'keyboard' performance".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoUs2SSvG4EC&q=switched-on+bach&pg=PT147|title=Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer|first1=T. J.|last1=PINCH|first2=Frank|last2=Trocco|first3=T. J.|last3=Pinch|date=June 30, 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674042162|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 1970, the album won three [[Grammy Award]]s: [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Album|Best Classical Album]], [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra)|Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (With or Without Orchestra)]], and [[Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical|Best Engineered Classical Recording]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/wendy-carlos|title=Wendy Carlos|date=November 19, 2019|website=GRAMMY.com}}</ref>

=== Influence ===
Following the album's success, Moog received requests from producers and artists for his synthesizers and a number of synthesizer albums were released to capitalise. Notable examples of this trend include ''[[Switched-On Rock]]'' by the Moog Machine, and ''[[Music to Moog By]]'' by [[Gershon Kingsley]], both released in 1969.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iojw5IAmg2oC&pg=PT17 |page=17 |last=Brend |first=Mark |title=The Sound of Tomorrow: How Electronic Music Was Smuggled into the Mainstream |publisher=A&C Black |year=2012 |isbn=9781623565299}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qu5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |page=135 |title=The Emergence of Novelty in Organizations |chapter=Between Technology and Music: Distributed Creativity and Liminal Spaces in the Early History of Electronic Music Synthesizers |last=Pinch |first=Trevor J. |editor=Raghu Garud |editor2=Barbara Simpson |editor3=Ann Langley |editor4=Haridimos Tsoukas |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=March 5, 2015 |isbn=9780198728313}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoUs2SSvG4EC&pg=PT166 |pages=166–7 |title=Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer |last1=Pinch |first1=Trevor J. |last2=Trocco |first2=Frank |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=June 30, 2009 |isbn=9780674042162}}</ref> Moog credited the album for demonstrating that synthesizers could be used for more than avant-garde music and sound effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/may/23/robert-moog-interview-google-doodle|title=Robert Moog: 'I wouldn't call this music' – a classic interview to mark a Google doodle|date=2012-05-23|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> He said of the album's success:<ref name="moogquote" />

{{Quote|text=[[Sony Music|CBS]] had no idea what they had in ''Switched-On Bach''. When it came out, they lumped it in at a studio press party for Terry Riley's ''[[In C]]'' and an abysmal record called ''Rock and Other Four Letter Words''. Carlos was angered by this, so [s]he refused to come. So CBS, frantic to have some representation, asked me to demonstrate the synthesizer. I remember there was a nice big bowl of [[Joint (cannabis)|joints]] on top of the [[mixing console]], and Terry Riley was there in his white Jesus suit, up on a pedestal, playing live on a [[Farfisa]] electronic organ against a backup of tape delays. ''Rock and Other Four Letter Words'' went on to sell a few thousand records. ''In C'' sold a few tens of thousands. ''Switched-On Bach'' sold over a million, and just keeps going on and on.|sign=|source=}}

In 1972 Columbia Records released an orchestral album, ''Switched Off Bach'', with the same track listing as ''Switched-On Bach.''<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Switched-Off-Bach/dp/B00U88894I</ref>

Producer [[Giorgio Moroder]] credits the album for bringing synthesizers to his attention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/giorgio-moroder|title=Giorgio Moroder|website=www.redbullmusicacademy.com}}</ref> [[Brian Wilson]] of [[the Beach Boys]] called it "one of the most electrifying albums I ever heard."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Brian|author-link1=Brian Wilson|last2=Greenman|first2=Ben|author-link2=Ben Greenman|title=I Am Brian Wilson: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CmiBQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-82307-7|p=79}}</ref>

It was inducted into the [[National Recording Registry]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/static/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/Switched-OnBach-Niebur.pdf|title="Switched-On Bach"--Wendy Carlos (1968)}}</ref>

=== Reissues ===
In 1992, Carlos released ''Switched-On Bach 2000'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/cd_switchedon-bach-2000_wendy-carlos_0|title=Switched‐On Bach 2000|date=May 19, 1992|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> to commemorate the 25th anniversary of her first album, featuring a re-recording of the record using digital synthesizers and computer-assisted recording with an added introductory composition styled as a birthday fanfare for the project. ''Switched-On Bach'' was remastered and included as part of the ''Switched-On Boxed Set'', a four-CD box set released in 1999 with ''[[The Well-Tempered Synthesizer]]'', ''[[Switched-On Bach II]]'', and ''[[Switched-On Brandenburgs]]''.

In 2001, a remastered edition of ''Switched-On Bach'' was released with a previously unreleased track, "Initial Experiments, demonstration". Carlos wrote: "You may rest assured that this is the best these recordings have ever sounded."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carlos|first1=Wendy|title=Wendy Carlos, S-OB|url=http://www.wendycarlos.com/+sob.html|access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| all_writing = [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
| title1 = Sinfonia to [[Wir danken dir, Gott, wir danken dir|Cantata No. 29]]
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = [[Air on the G String|Air on a G String]]"
| length2 = 2:27
| title3 =[[Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)|Two-Part Invention in F Major]]
| length3=0:40
| title4=[[Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)|Two-Part Invention in B-Flat Major]]
| length4=1:30
| title5=[[Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)|Two-Part Invention in D Minor]]
| length5=0:55
| title6=[[Jesus, Joy of Man's Desiring]]"
| length6=2:56
| title7=Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E-Flat Major" (From Book 1 [[The Well-Tempered Clavier]])
| lenght7=7:07
}}

;Side two
{{Track listing
| total_length = 39:45
| title1=Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor" (From Book 1 [[The Well-Tempered Clavier]])
| length1=2:43
| title2=[[Schübler Chorales|Chorale Prelude 'Wachet Auf']]
| length2=3:37
| title3=[[Brandenburg concertos#No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major - First Movement]]
| length3=6:35
| title4=[[Brandenburg concertos#No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major - Second Movement]]"
| length4= 2:50
| title5=[[Brandenburg concertos#No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048|Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major - Third Movement]]"
| length5=5:05
}}

== Personnel ==
* [[Wendy Carlos]] – synthesizer, programming
* Benjamin Folkman – supplementary keyboards
* [[Rachel Elkind]] – production

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!scope="col"| Chart (1968–69)
!scope="col"| Peak position
|-
!scope="row"|German Albums ([[GfK Entertainment Charts|Offizielle Top 100]])<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/album/c7d9/Wendy-Carlos-Switched-On-Bach "Wendy Carlos – Switched-On Bach"] (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 April 2016.</ref>
|align=center|22
|-
!scope="row"|US ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard 200|200]]<ref name = "Billboard"/>
|align=center|10
|-
!scope="row"|CAN ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM Top 50 Albums]]''<ref name="RPM">{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.5957.pdf| title=RPM Top 50 Albums - April 21, 1969}}</ref>
|align=center|7
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.wendycarlos.com/+sob.html Wendy Carlos, S-OB]
* {{MusicBrainz release|mbid=0ccc0b2a-6e9f-467d-8bb5-ff0d329f52fb|name=Switched-On Bach}}
* {{Discogs master|76226}}
* [https://archive.is/20121212014806/http://www.drew.edu/depts/depts.aspx?id=78200 Drew University Music Department, current owner of the Moog synthesizer used for the cover photo]

{{Wendy Carlos}}
{{Electronic music}}
{{Chamber music, Orchestral works and Transcriptions by Johann Sebastian Bach}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1968 debut albums]]
[[Category:1960s classical albums]]
[[Category:Recordings of Johann Sebastian Bach]]
[[Category:Wendy Carlos albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Rachel Elkind]]
[[Category:Sony Classical Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Wendy Carlos]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry albums]]

John Gault

2021-03-12T16:55:52Z

BFolkman: /* Encased postage stamp */ clarification

{{for|similar names|John Galt (disambiguation)}}
'''John Gault''' was an American entrepreneur and inventor who created the encased postage stamp. Gault used these encased postage stamps as a means to solve a coin shortage during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] as well as ultimately profit from their sale.

==Encased postage stamp==
[[File:US-Encased Postage-$0.01.jpg|thumb|200px|Encased postage stamp]]
In 1862, Gault and the American population were faced with a shortage of [[coin]]s.<ref name = Friedberg/> The government reacted first to this problem by passing a law on July 17, 1862 that allowed [[postage stamp]]s to be used to pay off debts to the government as long as they were under $5. Stamps were accepted as having value across the US because they were evidence of having paid for postage. This remedial law was only a temporary solution due to the fragile nature of a thin, paper postage stamp.<ref name =ayers>[http://choyt48.home.comcast.net/~choyt48/encased_postage_run.htm “Ayer’s Encased Postage.”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513173209/http://choyt48.home.comcast.net/~choyt48/encased_postage_run.htm |date=2012-05-13 }} 2011. Accessed 20</ref> Postage stamps were easily torn and damaged when constantly handled. Gault proposed a solution to this problem in August of that year when he patented his idea of the encased postage stamp. He advertised his invention in the local newspapers as “New Metallic Currency.” His ingenuity was simple and his invention was based on the familiar roundness of coins. As suggested by its name, the encased postage stamp consisted of a postage stamp encased, or sandwiched between two covers made out of brass.<ref name = Friedberg>Friedberg, Arthur. [https://books.google.com/books?id=l7Qund5xP7gC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations]. The Coin and Currency Institute, Inc. 2006. Electronic Book.</ref> Gault constructed the original postage cases out of silver in order for them to more closely resemble real coins.<ref name =ayers/> However, Gault found that silver encased postage stamps were too expensive for him to manufacture and the case quickly lost its silver coloring because of continuous handling.<ref name =ayers/>

In both the silver and more common [[brass]] versions, he cut a hole in the front cover and this acted as a frame around the stamp. Gault placed a layer of [[mica]] between the stamp and the front cover of brass, which allowed the stamp to be visible through the covering while maintaining the integrity of the stamp.<ref name = Friedberg/> In order to construct the final product, Gault used a button making machine to press the pieces together and ultimately fold the brass frame covering over the backing of the “coin.” Most of the encased postage stamps were sold in denominations of 5 and 10 cents. However, Gault also produced his currency in all the other U. S. postal values then in production: 1, 3, 12, 24, 30, and 90 cents. A few 2 cent encased stamps were produced after the post office began issuing that denomination in 1863. <ref name =ayers/>

==Profit motive==

Gault was a savvy business man and saw two ways that he could profit off the implementation of these new “coins.” First, Gault sold his currency to businesses and stores with high demand for coins at 20% the face value of the stamp. He soon realized that the bare back covering of the currency provided space that could be used for advertising. Companies paid Gault a two-cent premium on top of the cost of the stamp in exchange for a customized case to the specifications of the companies advertising desires. One of Gault’s largest business partners was J.C. Ayer who took advantage of Gault’s advertising space during the preliminary months of the creation of the currency.<ref name =ayers/> At minimum thirty companies stamped advertisements on the backing of his brass currency. Gault sold an estimated $50,000 in encased postage stamps.<ref name = kloet/>

==Circulation==

Gault’s “New Metallic Currency” was only a momentary success. His currency circulated for close to a year until the middle of 1863 when fractional currency issued by the government became popular enough to ease the coin shortage. There were a few factors that allowed Gault’s invention to thrive for only a short time. One of the main reasons was stamps needed for postage became unavailable. Too many postage stamps were being diverted from their main purpose and used as currency to the point that the solution for a shortage of coins created a shortage of stamps for mail purposes. Secondly, the coins were expensive. It cost more to buy the encased postage than what they were actually valued at in the market.<ref name =ayers/> Thus, a cheaper solution for the coin shortage was sought after. For example, Private issue Civil War tokens existed and implementation of fractional currency came not too long after Gault created encased postage. Finally, Gault lacked a high enough demand for companies willing to buy advertising space on the back of his coins.<ref name =ayers/> This absence of demand made it costly for him to keep producing encased postage.

==Legacy==

Today Gault’s encased postage stamps are very rare. Production slowed as Gault began to lose business. People began to tear apart the encased stamps in order to retrieve and maintain the value of the stamp that was kept inside. Only 5,000 are thought to have survived of the 750,000 pieces that were sold from 1862–1863.<ref name = kloet>Kloetzel, James. [http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2036357 “Encased Postage Stamps].” Arago. 3 April 2006. 20 March 2013.</ref> Encased postage stamps created by Gault kept in mint condition can sell for upwards of 4000 dollars.<ref name =ayers/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mica "Mica."] Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 20 March 2013.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gault, John}}
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Phillip Ramey

2020-11-05T18:30:03Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> He is presently Vice-President Emeritus of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - "Three Early Preludes for Piano"
*1960-63 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano]" (revised 1988)
*1960 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]"
*1960 - "Incantations for Piano"
*1961 - "Piano Sonata No. 1"
*1962 - "Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani"
*1962 - "Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra" (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]")
*1962 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano]" (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - "Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra" (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - "Diversions for Piano"
*1966 - "Piano Sonata No. 2"
*1966 - "Capriccio for Percussion"
*1967 - "Epigrams for Piano, Book I"
*1967 - "Orchestral Discourse"
*1967 - "Night Music for Percussion"
*1968 - "Piano Sonata No. 3"
*1968 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]"
*1968 - "Toccata Breva for Percussion"
*1968 - "Commentaries for Flute and Piano"
*1969-71 - "Piano Concerto No. 1"
*1969-72 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]"
*1971 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]"
*1972 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]"
*1974 - "Concerto for Chamber Orchestra"
*1976 - "Piano Concerto No. 2"
*1977 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]"
*1977 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]"
*1979 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]"
*1980 - "A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano"
*1980 - "Autumn Pastorale for Piano"
*1981/85 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]"
*1981 - "Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet"
*1982 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]"
*1983 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]"
*1982-86 - "Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano"
*1984 - "Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)"
*1984 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]"
*1985 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])"
*1985 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]"
*1986 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]"
*1986 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]"
*1987-88 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]"
*1987-93 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]"
*1989 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]"
*1989 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]"
*1990 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]"
*1990 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]"
*1990 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]"
*1991-94 - "Piano Concerto No. 3"
*1991-2013 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]"
*1992 - "Rhapsody for Solo Cello"
*1992 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]"
*1993 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]"
*1993 - "Chromatic Waltz for Piano"
*1994 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]"
*1994 - "Praeludium for Five Horns"
*1995 - "Gargoyles for Solo Horn"
*1995 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]"
*1996 - "Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion"
*1997 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]"
*1997 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]"
*1997 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]"
*1998 - "Sonata for Harpsichord"
*1998 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]"
*1998 - "Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)"
*2001 - "Lament for Richard III for Piano"
*2002 - "Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra" (arranged from "Color Etudes for Piano")
*2002 - "Orchestral Epigrams"
*2003 - "Winter Nocturne for Piano"
*2004 - "Ode for F.D.R. for Piano"
*2007 - "Primitivo for Piano"
*2007 - "J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra" (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - "Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)"
*2008 - "Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano"
*2008 - "Ballade for Clarinet and Horn"
*2008 - "Blue Phantom for Piano"
*2009 - "Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano"
*2009 - "Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano" (text: John Simon)
*2009 - "Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra" (text: John Simon)
*2010 - "Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano"
*2010 - "Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano"
*2010-11 - "Piano Sonata No. 7"
*2011 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]"
*2011 - "Manhattan Soundings for Piano"
*2011-12 - "Piano Sonata No. 8"
*2012 - "Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano"
*2012 - "Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion"
*2012 - "Hurricane Etude for Piano"
*2012 - "Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano"
*2013 - "Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano"
*2013 - "Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano"
*2013 - "Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion"
*2013 - "Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)"
*2014 - "Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano"
*2014 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]"
*2014 - "Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion"
*2014-15 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6m0gW9LZaA Piano Sonata No. 10]"
*2015 - "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]"
*2015 - "Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano" (text by composer)
*2016 - "Noir Nocturne for Piano"
*2016 - "Two Duos for Violin and Horn"
*2016 - "Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra"
*2018 - "Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn"
*2018-19 - "Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano"
*2019 - "Golgotha Prelude for Piano"
*2019 - "Chromatic Poem for Piano"
*2019 - "Nostalgic Variation on an Original Theme for Piano"
*2019 - "Poem in Autumn for Oboe and Piano (or Oboe Solo)"
*2020 - "Winter Daydream for Piano"
*2020 - "Plague Prelude for Piano"
*2020 - "Night Journey for Piano"

==Recordings==
*2019 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26.
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370.
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
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[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Male classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Alexander Tcherepnin

2020-11-02T20:42:45Z

BFolkman: /* Works */ new entry

[[File:Alexander Tscherepnin (Kiel 77.414).jpg|thumb|Alexander Tscherepnin [[1965]] .]]
'''Alexander Nikolayevich Tcherepnin''' ({{lang-ru|Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Черепни́н}}; 21 January 1899 – 29 September 1977) was a [[Russia]]n-born [[composer]] and [[pianist]]. His father, [[Nikolai Tcherepnin]] (pupil of [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]), was also a composer, as were his sons, [[Serge Tcherepnin]] and [[Ivan Tcherepnin]], and two of his grandsons (sons of Ivan), Sergei and Stefan. His son Serge was involved in the roots of electronic music and instruments. His mother was a member of the artistic [[Benois family]], a niece of [[Alexandre Benois]].

==Biography==
He was born in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia, and played the piano and composed prolifically from a very early age. He was stimulated in this activity by the atmosphere at home, which—thanks to his family's Benois-Diaghilev connection—was a meeting place for many well-known musicians and artists of the day. By the time he began formal theory and composition studies in his late teens, he had already composed hundreds of pieces, including more than a dozen piano sonatas. Among his teachers in Russia were composer Victor Belyayev (pupil of [[Anatoly Lyadov]] and [[Alexander Glazunov]]), who prepared Tcherepnin for St. Petersburg Conservatory; Leocadia Kashperova (renowned pianist, protégée of [[Anton Rubinstein]]); and his professor at the Conservatory [[Nikolay Sokolov (composer)|Nikolay Sokolov]] (pupil of [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]). Notably at that time Tcherepnin's mentor was famous musicologist [[Alexander Ossovsky]], who also was a friend of his [[Nikolai Tcherepnin|father]]. His works were influenced by composer [[Alexander Spendiaryan|Alexander Spendiarov]].

After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|1917 Russian Revolution]], the family fled St. Petersburg and settled for some time in [[Tbilisi]], [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]]. In young Tcherepnin's luggage were some two hundred short piano pieces, quite a number of which eventually reached print (notably in his Bagatelles, Op. 5). In Tbilisi he continued his studies at the conservatory, gave concerts as both pianist and conductor and wrote music for the Kamerny Theater (Palmer 1980, 18:637; Korabelnikova 2008, pp. 16–40). Because of the political environment in Tbilisi after Georgia was [[Red Army invasion of Georgia|sovietized]], the Tcherepnins chose to leave Russia permanently in 1921. They settled in [[Paris]], where Alexander completed his studies with Vidal and [[Isidor Philipp]], who was the head of the piano department at the [[Paris Conservatory]], and became associated with a group of composers that included [[Bohuslav Martinů]], [[Marcel Mihalovici]] and [[Conrad Beck]]. Philipp secured the publication of several groups of short piano pieces that Tcherepnin had composed in Russia. From Paris Tcherepnin launched an international career as a pianist and composer. In 1925 he won the Schott Prize with his Concerto da Camera, Op. 33. He began yearly visits to the [[United States]] in 1926 and later went to the Far East, making several extended visits to China and Japan between 1934 and 1937. He promoted composers in [[Japan]] ([[Akira Ifukube]], [[Fumio Hayasaka]], [[Jiang Wen-Ye|Bunya Koh]], and others) and [[China]] ([[He Lüting]] and others), even founding his own publishing house in Tokyo for the purpose. While in China, he met the young Chinese pianist [[Lee Hsien Ming]] (1915-1991), and the two later married in Europe. They had three sons together: Peter, [[Serge Tcherepnin|Serge]] and [[Ivan Tcherepnin|Ivan]].

During [[World War II]], he lived in France. The war virtually stopped his musical activities. The immediate postwar period, however, brought a resurgence of creative energies; the result was a number of important works, beginning with Symphony No. 2 (composed 1947, not orchestrated until 1951). In 1948, he went to the [[United States]], settling in Chicago in 1950 and in 1958 acquiring United States citizenship. He and his wife taught at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. His students there included [[Phillip Ramey]], [[Robert Muczynski]], [[Gloria Coates]], and [[John W. Downey|John Downey]]. Tcherepnin's Symphony No. 3 was written while in Chicago during this time, commissioned in 1951 by Patricia and M. Martin Gordon who were the founders of [[Princess Pat (brand)|Princess Pat]], a Chicago-based cosmetic company. The work was dedicated to Patricia Gordon and premiered in 1955 with [[Fabien Sevitzky]] conducting the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. Meanwhile, his Symphony No. 2 had its world premiere with the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] in 1952 under the direction of [[Rafael Kubelík]]. In 1957, Tcherepnin completed two major American orchestral commissions: the Divertimento, Op. 90 (for [[Fritz Reiner]] and the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]]) and his Symphony No. 4, Op. 91 (for [[Charles Munch (conductor)|Charles Munch]] and the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]]). In 1964 he moved to New York and subsequently divided his time between the United States and Europe. He died in [[Paris]] in 1977 (Palmer, 18:637).

The [[Singapore Symphony Orchestra]] has recorded his first-ever complete symphony cycle, conducted by Lan Shui. In 2008, these recordings were reissued together with Singapore Symphony performances of his six piano concertos ([[Noriko Ogawa (pianist)|Noriko Ogawa]], pianist), along with the Symphonic Prayer, Op. 93, Magna Mater, Op. 41 and other orchestral works.

He was a National Patron of [[Delta Omicron]], an international professional music fraternity.<ref group=note>[http://delta-omicron.org/index00.html Delta Omicron] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127130549/http://delta-omicron.org/index00.html |date=2010-01-27 }}</ref>

==Style and techniques==
His early works were fairly original and some of his pieces have enduring popularity.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} His output includes three [[opera]]s, four [[symphony|symphonies]], a divertimento (which is a symphony in all but name), six [[piano concerto]]s, works for [[ballet]], [[choral music]], alto saxophone solo, and a large amount of solo piano music. His Symphony No. 1 (1927) is remarkable for including the first symphonic movement ever written completely for [[Unpitched percussion instrument|unpitched percussion]]; this preceded by four years [[Edgard Varèse]]'s ''[[Ionisation (Varèse)|Ionisation]]'' of 1931 (Benjamin Folkman, cited in Wender 1999, 6). One of two symphonies left incomplete at his death would have been for percussion alone (Arias 2001). Tcherepnin invented his own harmonic languages. The most famous of his synthetic scales, derived by combining minor and major [[hexachord]]s, has nine notes and consists of three conjunct semitone-tone-semitone tetrachords. This came to be known as the "Tcherepnin scale" (Slonimsky 1968, 19–20), and may be classified with Messiaen's [[modes of limited transposition]].
[[File:9step2.gif|center|400px|thumb|{{audio|9step2.mid|Play}}]]

He also worked with [[pentatonic scale]]s, old Russian [[Musical mode|modal]] tunes, [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] harmonies, and a nine-note "chromatic perfect" scale built upon half-step and step-and-a-half intervals. Tcherepnin discussed these techniques in his monograph "Basic Elements of My Musical Language" (Korabelnikova, Appendix 2, pp. 191–209, see also external links).

==Works==
List of compositions by Alexander Tcherepnin [http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/comps_alex.htm]

Works with and without [[opus number]]s are listed in this section, together with their dates of composition.

*'''Op. posth.''' Sunny Day (Forgotten Bagatelle) for piano (1915).
*'''Op. 1''' Toccata No. 1 for piano (1921).
*'''Op. 2''' No. 1 Nocturne No. 1 for piano (1919).
*'''Op. 2''' No. 2 Danse No. 1 for piano (1919).
*'''Op. 3''' Scherzo for piano (1917).
*'''Op. 4''' Sonatine romantique for piano (1918).
*'''Op. 5''' Bagatelles (10 pieces), original version for piano (1912–18). Revised and edited 1958.
*'''Op. 5''' Bagatelles, version for orchestra (1958).
*'''Op. 5''' Bagatelles, version for piano and orchestra (1960).
*'''Op. 6''' Petite Suite for piano (1918–19).
*'''Op. 7''' Pièces sans titres (8 Pieces Without Title) for piano (1915–17).
*'''Op. 8''' No. 1 Nocturne No. 2 for piano (1919).
*'''Op. 8''' No. 2 Danse No. 2 for piano (1919).
*'''Op. 9''' Eight Preludes for piano (1919–20).
*'''Op. 10''' Feuilles libres (Loose Pages) for piano (1920).
*'''Op. 11''' Arabesques for piano (1920–21).
*'''Op. 11''' No. 5 Arabesque for Violin and Piano (1920–21).
*'''Op. 12''' Piano Concerto No. 1 (1919–20).
*'''Op. 12''' Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 1 for 2 pianos.
*'''Op. 13''' 9 Inventions for piano (1920–21).
*'''Op. 14''' Sonata for Violin and Piano (1921–22).
*'''Op. 15''' 6 Mélodies for soprano or tenor and piano (1921).
*'''Op. 16''' 8 Mélodies for soprano or tenor and piano (1918–22).
*'''Op. 17''' Haltes (Stops) for soprano or tenor and piano (1918–22).
* '''My Flowering Staff''' (''Цветущий Посох'') A volume of poems by Sergei Gorodetsky, set to music in a cycle of 36 Songs (incorporating Opp. 15, 16 and 17) (1918-22)
*'''Op. 18''' 10 Etudes for piano (1915–20).
*'''Op. 19''' 2 Novelettes for piano (1921–22).
*'''Op. 20''' Toccata No. 2 for piano (1922).
*'''Op. 21''' 6 Études de travail (6 Practice Studies) for piano (1922–23).
*'''Op. 22''' Piano Sonata No. 1 (1918–19).
*'''Op. 23''' 4 Nostalgic Preludes for piano (1922).
*'''Op. 24''' 4 Preludes for piano (1922–23).
*'''Op. 24''' No. 3 Arrangement of Prelude No. 3 for two flutes and piano (1971).
*'''Op. 25''' Rhapsody georgienne (Georgian Rhapsody) for cello and orchestra (1922).
*'''Op. 25''' Rhapsody georgienne, arrangement for cello and piano.
*'''Op. 26''' Piano Concerto No. 2 (1922–23), original version for smaller orchestra.
*'''Op. 26''' Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 2 for 2 pianos (1923).
*'''Op. 26''' Piano Concerto No. 2, reorchestrated for larger orchestra (1950).
*'''Op. 27''' Slavic Transcriptions for piano (1924).
**1. Les Bateliers du Volga (The Volga Boatmen)
**2. Chanson pour la cherie (Song for the Beloved)
**3. Chanson: Grandrussienne (The Great Russian People) (later title: Russian Song)
**4. Le Long du Volga (The Banks of the Volga)
**5. Chanson tchèque (Czech Song)
*'''Op. 28''' Canzona for piano (1924).
*'''Op. 29''' Sonata No. 1 for cello and piano (1924).
*'''Op. 30''' No. 1 Sonata No. 2 for cello and piano (1924).
*'''Op. posth.''' Canon (1922–23), transcription for piano of Canon for string trio, which is based on the second movement of the cello sonata
*'''Op. 30 No. 2''' Sonata No. 3 for cello and piano (1919–26).
*'''Op. 31''' 4 Romances for piano (1924).
*'''Op. 32''' Ajanta's Frescoes, ballet in four scenes (1923).
*'''Op. 33''' Concerto da Camera for flute, violin and chamber orchestra (1924).
*'''Op. 33a''' Intermezzo, arrangement for piano solo of the second movement of Concerto da Camera (1926).
*'''Op. 33''' Arrangement of Concerto da Camera for flute, violin and piano.
*'''Op. 34''' Trio for violin, cello and piano (1925).
*'''Op. 35''' Ol-Ol, opera in five scenes (1930).
*'''Op. 36''' String Quartet No. 1 (Love Offering of St. Theresa) (1922).
*'''Op. 36a''' Musica Sacra (1973). Arrangement (with Kurt Redel) for string orchestra from String Quartet No. 1 (1922).
*'''Op. 36b''' Histoire de la petite Thérèse de l'enfant Jésus (The Story of Little Therese of Infant Jesus), 13 short pieces for piano.
*'''Op. 37''' 3 Stücke fur Kammerorchester (Three Pieces for Chamber Orchestra), 1921-25.
**1. Overture
**2. Mystère
**3. Pour un entrainment de boxe (For a Boxer's Training)
*'''Op. 37/2''' Mystère for cello and chamber orchestra (1925).
*'''Op. 37/2''' Mystère, arrangement for cello and piano.
*'''Op. 37/3''' Training version for oboe and bassoon with chamber orchestra
*'''Op. 37/3b''' Training, ballet in one scene (1922).
*'''Op. 37/3c''' Training, piano reduction by Tcherepnin (1930).
*'''Op. 38 12''' Preludes (Violoncelle bien tempéré) (The Well-Tempered Cello) for cello and piano (1925–26).
*'''Op. 38 No. 2''' Arrangement for cello and percussion
*'''Op. 38 No. 3''' Arrangement for cello and strings
*'''Op. 38 No. 4''' Arrangement for cello and percussion
*'''Op. 38 No. 9''' Arrangement for cello and strings
*'''Op. 38 No. 10''' Arrangement for cello and strings
*'''Op. 39''' Message, piano solo (1926).
*'''Op. 39b''' Voeux (Wishes), piano solo (1926).
*'''Op. 40''' String Quartet No. 2 (1926).
*'''Op. 41''' Magna Mater (1926–27).
*'''Op. 42''' Symphony No. 1 (1927).
*'''(Op. 42)''' Scherzo for percussion ensemble, from Symphony No. 1.
*'''Op. 43''' Elegy for Violin and Piano (1929).
*'''Op. 44''' Quintet for piano and strings (1927).
*'''Op. posth.''' Tanz (Dance), arrangement of second movement of the Quintet for piano (1928).
*'''Op. 45''' Die Hochzeit der Sobeide (The Wedding of Sobeide), opera in three scenes (1928–30). In German.
*'''Op. 45a''' Festmusik (Celebration Music), suite from the opera Die Hochzeit der Sobeide (1930).
*'''Op. 46''' Entretiens (Conversations), piano solo (1930).
*'''Op. 47''' Concertino for violin, cello, piano and string orchestra (1930–31).
*'''Op. 47''' Concertino, original version for 12 solo strings and piano (1930).
*'''Op. 47''' Concertino, version for clarinet, bassoon, piano and strings (1944).
*'''Op. 47''' Trio Concertante, arrangement for violin, cello, piano and strings (1960).
*'''Op. 47''' Triple Concertino, definitive version for violin, cello, piano and orchestra (1965).
*'''Op. 48''' Piano Concerto No. 3 (1931–32).
*'''Op. 48''' Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 3 for 2 pianos.
*'''Op. 49''' Duo for violin and cello (1932).
*'''Op. 50''' Dances russes (1933).
*'''Op. 51''' Étude du piano sur la gamme pentatonique (Piano Study on the Pentatonic Scale) (1934–35).
**No. 1. Première suite (1934)
**No. 2. Deuxième suite (1934)
**No. 3. Bagatelles chinoises (Chinese Bagatelles) (1935)
*'''Op. 52''' Five Concert Etudes (1934–36).
**No. 1 Shadow Play
**No. 2 The Lute
**No. 3 Homage to China
**No. 4 Punch and Judy
**No. 5 Chant
*'''Op. 53''' Technical Exercises on the Five Note Scale, piano studies (1934–36).
*'''Op. 55''' Trepak, ballet in three scenes (with Serge Sudeikin) (1937).
*'''Op. 56''' 7 Etudes for piano (1938).
*'''Op. 57''' Suite georgienne (Georgian Suite) for piano and strings (1938).
*'''Op. 57''' Arrangement of Suite georgienne for 2 pianos.
*'''Op. 57''' Suite georgienne, version for 1 piano 4 hands.
*'''Op. 57 / WoO''' Dialogue, arrangement of second movement of Georgian Suite for piano solo (1952).
*'''Op. 58''' Sonatina for timpani and piano (1939).
*'''Op. 58''' Sonatina, arranged for timpani and orchestra (1954).
*'''Op. 58''' Sonatina for timpani and band (1963).
*'''Op. 59''' Trio for 3 flutes (1939).
*'''Op. 60''' Quartet for 4 flutes (1939).
*'''Op. 61''' Trio for 3 trumpets or clarinets (1939).
*'''Op. 62''' March for 3 trumpets in B-flat (1939).
*'''Op. 63''' Sonatine sportive for alto saxophone or bassoon and piano (1939).
*'''Op. 63''' Sonatine sportive, version for cello and piano (1939).
*'''Op. posth.''' Sonata in One Movement for clarinet and piano (1939).
*'''Op. 64''' Andante for tuba or bass trombone and piano (1939).
*'''Op. 65''' Pour Petits et Grands (For Young and Old), 12 piano pieces of medium difficulty (1940).
*'''Op. 66''' Chant et refrain (Song and Refrain), piano solo (1940).
*'''Op. 67''' Romantic Overture (1942).
*'''Op. 68''' 2 Mélodies for soprano or tenor and piano (1946).
*'''Op. 69''' Evocation (Enfance do Saint-Nino) (The Childhood of Saint Nino) (1944).
*'''Op. 70''' Mouvement perpetuel for Violin and Piano (1944).
*'''Op. 71''' 7 Songs on Chinese Poems for soprano or tenor and piano (1945). Text in Chinese, Russian and English.
*'''Op. 72''' The Nymph and the Farmer, opera in two scenes (1952). In French, German or English.
*'''Op. 73''' Les Douze (The Twelve) for narrator and small orchestra (1945). Text in Russian, French, German or English.
*'''Op. 73''' Les Douze, version for narrator and piano.
*'''Op. 74''' Nativity Play, cantata for 2 sopranos, tenor, bass, chorus (optional), string orchestra and percussion (1945). Text in English, French, German or Russian.
*'''Op. 74''' Nativity Play, version for soloists, chorus, string orchestra and percussion.
*'''Op. 74''' Nativity Play, version for voice and piano.
*'''Op. 75''' Le Monde en vitrine (Showcase), piano solo (1946).
*'''Op. 76''' Suite for cello solo (1946).
*'''Op. 77''' Symphony No. 2 (1946–51).
*'''Op. 78''' Piano Concerto No. 4 (Fantasy) (1947).
*'''Op. 78''' Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 4 for 2 pianos.
*'''Op. 79''' La Femme et son ombre (The Woman and her Shadow), ballet (1948).
*'''Op. 79a''' Japanese Suite, orchestral suite from the ballet The Woman and her Shadow (1948).
*'''Op. 80''' Symphonic March, original version for orchestra (1951).
*'''Op. 80''' Symphonic March, version for band (1954).
*'''Op. 81''' Expressions, piano solo (1951).
*'''Op. 82''' Songs Without Words, piano solo (1951).
**No. 1 Elegy
**No. 2 Rondel
**No. 3 Enigma
**No. 4 The Juggler
**No. 5 Hymn to Our Lady
*'''Op. 83''' Symphony No. 3 (1951).
**1. Incorporating music from the ballet [[Dionys]] (1940)
**2. Incorporating music from the ballet [[Atlantide]] (1943)
**3. Incorporating music from the ballet Le Vendeur des papillons (~1945)
**4. Incorporating music from the ballet Dionys (1940)
*'''Op. 84''' Songs and Dances for Cello and Piano (1953).
*'''Op. 85''' 12 Preludes for piano (1952–53).
*'''Op. 86''' Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra (1953).
*'''Op. 86''' Arrangement of Concerto for harmonica and piano.
*'''Op. 87''' Suite for Orchestra (1953), suite for orchestra comprising first three movements from the ballet Le Gouffre.
*'''Op. 87b''' Le Gouffre (The Abyss), ballet (1949).
*'''Op. 87b''' Rondo, arrangement for 2 pianos of final movement of Suite for Orchestra (1952).
*'''Op. 88''' 8 Pieces for Piano (1954–55)
**No. 1 Meditation
**No. 2 Intermezzo
**No. 3 Reverie
**No. 4 Impromptu
**No. 5 Invocation
**No. 6 The Chase
**No. 7 Etude
**No. 8 Burlesque
*'''Op. 89''' The Lost Flute, for narrator and orchestra (1954).
*'''Op. 90''' Divertimento (1955–57).
*'''Op. 91''' Symphony No. 4 (1957).
*'''Op. 92''' Georgiana (1958–59), suite for orchestra from the ballet Chota Rostaveli (1946).
*'''Op. posth.''' Suite de ballet, arrangement after the second act of the ballet Chota Rostaveli for 2 pianos and percussion (1946).
*'''Op. 93''' Symphonisches Gebet (Symphonic Prayer) (1959).
*'''Op. 94''' Piano Sonata No. 2 (1961?).
*'''Op. 95''' [[Chinese Songs (Tcherepnin)|Cycle of 7 Chinese Folksongs]] for bass or other voices and piano (1962). In Chinese and English.
*'''Op. 96''' Piano Concerto No. 5 (1963), original version for large orchestra.
*'''Op. 96''' Piano Concerto No. 5 (1963), version for piano and small orchestra.
*'''Op. 96''' Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 5 for 2 pianos.
*'''Op. 97''' Serenade for Strings (1964).
*'''Op. 98''' Vom Spass und Ernst (Of Things Light and Earnest), folksong cantata for contralto or bass and string orchestra (1964). Text in Russian, German or English.
*'''Op. 99''' Piano Concerto No. 6 (1965).
*'''Op. 99''' Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 6 for 2 pianos.
*'''Op. 100''' Suite for [[harpsichord]] (1966).
*'''Op. 101''' Sonata da Chiesa for [[viola da gamba]] and organ (1966).
*'''Op. 101''' Sonata da Chiesa, version for viola da gamba, string quintet, flute and cembalo.
*'''Op. 102''' Mass for 3 Equal Voices (2 sopranos and alto, a cappella) (1966).
*'''Op. 103''' 6 Liturgical Chants for Mixed Chorus a cappella (1967).
**1. Cherubim song
**2. O My God
**3. Light So Tender
**4. Prayer to the Holy Spirit
**5. Transfiguration
**6. Alleluia
*'''Op. 104''' 4 Russian Folksongs for Mixed Chorus a cappella (1967).
**1. Hills
**2. Shali-Vali
**3. Complaint
**4. Nonsense Song
*'''Op. 105''' Brass quintet (1970).
*'''Op. 106''' Russian Sketches, for youth orchestra (1971).
*'''Op. 106''' Russian Sketches, version for band (1977).
*'''Op. 107''' Woodwind quintet (1976).
*'''Op. 108''' (posth.) Duo for 2 Flutes (1977).
*'''Op. 109''' Opivochki (Little Dregs), 39 miscellaneous short pieces for piano in various styles (1975–77).
*'''WoO''' Old St. Petersburg, waltz for piano (1917).
*'''WoO''' Ballade for piano (1917).
*'''WoO''' A Contented Man, song for bass and piano (1918).
*'''WoO''' Ode for cello and piano (1919).
*'''WoO''' Episodes - Priskaski (Fleas), 12 simple pieces for piano (1912–20).
*'''WoO''' Étude de concert (Concert Etude) for piano (1920).
*'''WoO''' Romance for violin and small orchestra (1922).
*'''WoO''' Romance for violin and piano (1922).
*'''WoO''' Pour la paix en Orient (For Peace in the Orient), piano solo (1926). Originally intended as one movement of Voeux.
*'''WoO / Op. posth.''' Study for soprano or tenor and piano (1927). Former title: Vocalise-Étude for voice.
*'''WoO''' Die Heirate (The Marriage), opera in two scenes; music of first scene by Modest Moussorgsky (1863); music of second scene by Tcherepnin (1934–35). Orchestrations by Tcherepnin. In German or Russian.
*'''WoO''' Autour des montagnes russes (Riding the Roller Coaster), piano solo (1937).
*'''WoO''' La Legende de Razin (The Legend of Razin), ballet in three scenes (1940–41). Original title [[Stenka Razin]].
*'''WoO''' La Foire do Sorotchinski (Sorochinsky Fair), ballet with music by [[Modest Moussorgsky]], completed and orchestrated by Tcherepnin (1940).
*'''WoO''' Dionys, Ballet mythologique (1940). Incorporated into Symphony No. 3, movements 1 and 4.
*'''WoO''' Suite populaire russe for small orchestra (1941).
*'''WoO''' Badinage, piano solo (1941).
*'''WoO''' Vivre d'amour (Hymn of Love), lyric cantata for soloists, chorus and orchestra (1942). Text in English and French.
*'''WoO''' Atlantide, ballet (1943). Incorporated into Symphony No. 3, movement 2.
*'''WoO''' Valse orientale for piano, flute, [[xylophone]] and strings (~1943).
*'''WoO''' Polka, original version for piano solo (1944).
*'''WoO''' Le Vendeur des papillons (The Butterfly Salesman), ballet (~1945). Incorporated into Symphony No. 3, movement 3.
*'''WoO''' 2 Songs for soprano or tenor and piano (1945).
*'''WoO''' Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (Picnic on the Grass), ballet based on the music of Joseph Lanner (1945–46).
*'''WoO''' Rondo à la russe, piano solo (1946).
*'''WoO''' L'Écolier paresseux (The Lazy Scholar), folksong for voice and piano (~1947).
*'''WoO''' J'avais mal ... (I Was Sick ... ), folksong for voice and piano (~1947).
*'''WoO''' La Quatrième (The Fourth Republic), piano solo (1948–49).
*'''WoO''' La Colline des phantômes (The Hill of Phantoms) ballet (1953).
*'''WoO''' Pastoral, arrangement for piano solo from The Lost Flute (1955).
*'''WoO''' Polka, version for orchestra (1956) after original for piano (1944).
*'''WoO''' 17 Piano Pieces for Beginners (1954–57).
*'''WoO''' Exploring the Piano: 12 duets for beginner and teacher-pianist (1958).
*'''WoO''' Trio for flute, violin and cello (1960).
*'''WoO''' Fanfare for brass ensemble and percussion (1961).
*'''WoO''' Partita for accordion (1961).
*'''WoO''' Processional and Recessional for organ (1962).
*'''WoO''' Tzigane for [[accordion]] (1966).
*'''WoO''' Invention for accordion (1967).
*'''WoO''' The Story of Ivan the Fool (1968), music for a radio play, for narrator, vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra and electronic sound.
*'''WoO''' Ascension, piano solo (1969).
*'''WoO''' Ein Kleines Lied (A Little Song) for soprano or tenor and piano (1970).
*'''WoO''' Baptism Cantata for children's chorus, solo voice, recorders, flutes, strings, organ, and optional participation of the congregation (1972).
*'''WoO''' 4 Caprices diatoniques for [[harp]] or [[Celtic harp]] (1973).
*'''WoO''' Two Pieces for Children, piano solo (1976).
**No. 1 Indian Trail
**No. 2 Celebration
*Transcription for piano of 19th Century Russian church choir music by Bortniansky, Degtiareff and Berezovsky (1920).
*Arrangement for piano of [[Domenico Zipoli]]'s organ piece All'Offertorio (1920).
*Free adaptation of [[Anton Rubenstein]]'s Nocturne in F Major, Op. 44 No. 5, piano solo (1920).
*Arrangement for piano of Chant hindou (Hindu Song) from [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakoff]]'s opera [[Sadko]] (1922).
*Music for the TV film The Unknown India (1936).
*12 Favorite Pieces for Children from the Russian Masters, arranged for piano (1937).
*Music for a TV production of [[Swan Lake]] (1948).
*Music for the TV film The Cadets' Ball (1948).
*Music for the play [[King Lear]] (1950).
*Music for the play [[Blood Wedding]] (1951).
*Music for the play Fenelon (1951).
*Music for the TV film Crisis in Suez (1961).
*Music for the TV film Catch the [[German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee|Graf Spee]] (1962).
*Music for the TV film Retreat from [[Arnhem]] (1962).
*Music for the TV film Attack on [[Singapore]] (1963).

==Recordings==
Recordings of compositions by Alexander Tcherepnin [http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/records_alex.htm]

==See also==
*[[Tcherepnin v. Knight]]

==Notes==

{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
* Arias, Enrique Alberto. 1982–83. "Alexander Tcherepnin's Thoughts on Music". ''Perspectives of New Music'' 21:138–43.
* Arias, Enrique Alberto. 1986. "The Symphonies of Alexander Tcherepnin". ''Tempo'', new series, no.158:23–31.
* Arias, Enrique Alberto. 1989. ''Alexander Tcherepnin: A Bio-Bibliography''. New York: Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|0-313-25318-8}}
* Arias, Enrique Alberto. 2001. "Tcherepnin, Alexander (Nikolayevich)". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.
* Korabelnikova, Ludmila. 2008. "Alexander Tcherepnin: The Saga of a Russian Emigre Composer". Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-253-34938-5}}
* Palmer, Christopher. 1980. "Tcherepnin, Alexander (Nikolayevich)". ''New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', ed. S. Sadie. London: Macmillan
* Slonimsky, Nicolas. 1968. "Alexander Tcherepnin Septuagenarian". ''Tempo'', new series, no. 87 (Winter): 16-23.
* Tcherepnin, Alexander. 1979. "A Short Autobiography". ''Tempo'', no.130:12–18.
* Wender, Julius. 1999. Notes for, ''Alexander Tcherepnin: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 2, Piano Concerto No. 5''. [[Noriko Ogawa (pianist)|Noriko Ogawa]], piano, with the [[Singapore Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[Lan Shui]]. BIS-CD-1017. Åkersberga, Sweden: BIS Records AB.
{{Reflist}}

== Documents ==
Letters by Alexander Tcherepnin held by the State Archives in Leipzig, company archives of the Music Publishing House C.F. Peters (Leipzig).

==External links==
* [http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biography of Alexander Tcherepnin] - The Tcherepnin Society
* [http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/basic_elem1.htm Alexander Tcherepnin: Basic Elements of My Musical Language] - The Tcherepnin Society
* [http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=1037_3025_3071&products_id=54359 Alexander Tcherepnin: The Saga of a Russian Emigré Composer]
* {{YouTube|znxfR9DK-rs|Rudolph Ganz interview of Alexander Tcherepnin, 1959}}
* {{YouTube|_CQLeLCkmAs|David Dubal interview of Ming Tcherepnin, 9-Mar-1984}}

{{L'Ecole de Paris}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tcherepnin, Alexander}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:DePaul University faculty]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Russian classical composers]]
[[Category:Russian male classical composers]]
[[Category:American people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Benois family]]
[[Category:People from Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Tcherepnin family|Alexander]]
[[Category:Pupils of Isidor Philipp]]
[[Category:Pupils of Nadia Boulanger]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]

Phillip Ramey

2020-04-19T20:34:27Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> He is presently Vice-President Emeritus of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6m0gW9LZaA Piano Sonata No. 10]
*2015 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
*2018 - Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn
*2018-19 - Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano
*2019 - Golgotha Prelude for Piano
*2019 - Chromatic Poem for Piano
*2019 - Nostalgic Variation on an Original Theme for Piano
*2019 - Poem in Autumn for Oboe and Piano (or Oboe Solo)
*2020 - Winter Daydream for Piano
*2020 - Plague Prelude for Piano

==Recordings==
*2019 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26.
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370.
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Phillip Ramey

2020-02-01T16:26:31Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> He is presently Vice-President Emeritus of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6m0gW9LZaA Piano Sonata No. 10]
*2015 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
*2018 - Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn
*2018-19 - Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano
*2019 - Golgotha Prelude for Piano
*2019 - Chromatic Poem for Piano
*2019 - Nostalgic Variation on an Original Theme for Piano
*2019 - Poem in Autumn for Oboe and Piano (or Oboe Solo)
*2020 - Winter Daydream for Piano

==Recordings==
*2019 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26.
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370.
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
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[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Phillip Ramey

2019-06-30T14:42:14Z

BFolkman:

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> He is presently Vice-President Emeritus of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6m0gW9LZaA Piano Sonata No. 10]
*2015 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
*2018 - Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn
*2018-19 - Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano
*2019 - Golgotha Prelude for Piano
*2019 - Chromatic Poem for Piano

==Recordings==
*2019 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26.
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370.
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
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[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Phillip Ramey

2019-06-30T14:38:48Z

BFolkman:

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> He currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6m0gW9LZaA Piano Sonata No. 10]
*2015 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
*2018 - Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn
*2018-19 - Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano
*2019 - Golgotha Prelude for Piano
*2019 - Chromatic Poem for Piano

==Recordings==
*2019 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26.
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370.
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
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[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Inverted Jenny

2019-06-06T17:24:16Z

BFolkman: /* Background */ correction

{{short description|United States postage stamp}}
{{Infobox postage stamp
| common_name = Inverted Jenny
| image = [[File:US Airmail inverted Jenny 24c 1918 issue.jpg|frameless]]
| country_of_production = United States
| location_of_production =
| date_of_production = {{Start date|1918|05|10}}
| depicts = [[Curtiss JN-4]]
| nature_of_rarity = [[Invert error]]
| number_in_existence = 100
| face_value = 24 [[United States dollar|US¢]]
| estimated_value = [[United States dollar|US $]]$1,593,000<ref name=Jenny49>{{cite news |first=Matthew |last=Healey |url=http://www.linns.com/news/us-stamps-postal-history/2018/november/nov-15-jenny-invert-sale-record.html |title=Nov. 15 Jenny Invert sale sets record |publisher=[[Linn's Stamp News]] |accessdate=20 November 2018}}</ref>|
}}

The '''Inverted Jenny''' (also known as an '''Upside Down Jenny''', '''Jenny Invert''') is a 24 cent United States [[postage stamp]] first issued on May 10, 1918 in which the image of the [[Curtiss JN-4]] [[airplane]] in the center of the design is printed upside-down; it is probably the most famous error in American [[philately]]. Only one pane of 100 of the [[Invert error|invert stamps]] was ever found, making this error one of the most prized in all philately.

A single Inverted Jenny was sold at a [[Robert A. Siegel]] auction in November 2007 for $977,500.<ref name="siegal sale">{{cite web |title=The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" |work=Sale 946a |publisher=[[Robert A. Siegel]] |date=2007-11-14 |url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2007/946a/s946a.htm |accessdate=2014-11-13 }}</ref> In December 2007 a [[Mint stamp|mint never hinged]] example was sold for $825,000. The broker of the sale said the buyer was a Wall Street executive who had lost the auction the previous month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20071227/odd-rare-stamp/ |title=Rare 'Jenny' Stamp Sells for $825,000 |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2014-03-08 |last=Weber |first=Paul J. |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> A block of four Inverted Jennys was sold at a Robert A. Siegel auction in October 2005 for $2.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2005/901/901.pdf |title=Inverted "Jenny" Plate Block Sells for $2.7 Million hammer! |format=PDF |date=2005-10-19 |page=32 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref> In the wake of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial meltdown]], prices fetched by Inverted Jennys receded. Between January and September 2014, five examples offered at auction sold for sums ranging from $126,000 through $575,100.<ref>''The New York Times'', September 15, 2014, p. A13.</ref> Prices eventually recovered, for on May 31, 2016, a particularly well-centered Jenny invert, graded XF-superb 95 by Professional Stamp Experts, was sold at a Siegel Auction for a hammer price of $1,175,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/inverted-jenny-stamp-upside-plane-sells-1m-article-1.2656004 |title=Rare ‘Inverted Jenny’ stamp featuring an upside down plane sells for over $1 million at auction |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |accessdate=2016-08-03 |last=Sandoval |first=Edgar|date=2016-05-31 }}</ref> The addition of a 15% [[Buyer's premium|buyer’s premium]] raised the total record high price paid for this copy to $1,351,250. On 15 November 2018, the recently discovered position number 49 stamp was auctioned by Robert A. Siegel Auction Galleries for a new record hammer price of $1,350,000, with an 18 percent buyer's premium raising the total cost to US$1,593,000.<ref name=Jenny49 />

==Background==
{{original research|reason=numerous claims are missing sources|date=August 2018}}
During the 1910s, the [[United States Post Office]] had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air. These were shown by the first stamp in the world to picture an airplane (captioned as "aeroplane carrying mail"), one of the [[U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912–13]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1912.htm|title=1912 U.S. Postage Stamp Identifier|website=1847us.com}}</ref> The Post Office finally decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], and [[New York City]]. The Post Office set a controversial rate of 24 cents for the service, much higher than the 3 cents for first-class mail of the time, and decided to issue a new stamp just for this rate, patriotically printed in red and blue, and depicting a [[Curtiss JN4|Curtiss Jenny]] JN-4HM, the [[biplane]] especially modified for shuttling the mail. The stamp's designer, [[Clair Aubrey Houston]], apparently troubled to procure a photograph of that modified model (produced by removing the second pilot seat from the JN-4HT to create space for mailbags, and by increasing the fuel capacity). As only six such aircraft existed, there was a 1-in-6 chance that the very plane engraved on the stamp by Marcus Baldwin—Jenny #38262—would be chosen to launch the inaugural three-city airmail run; the plane on the stamp was indeed the first to depart from Washington on May 15, taking off at 11:47 A. M.<ref>Trepel, Scott ''Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K. Miller Collection'' (2006, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington D. C. and The New York Public Library, New York, N. Y.), p. 155.</ref>

The job of designing and printing the new stamp was carried out in a great rush; [[engraving]] began only on May 4, and stamp printing on May 10 (a Friday), in sheets of 100 (contrary to the usual practice of printing 400 at a time and cutting into 100-stamp panes). Since the stamp was printed in two colors, each sheet had to be placed into the [[Flat bed press|flat-bed]] printing press twice, an error-prone process that had resulted in invert errors in stamps of [[1869 Pictorial Issue|1869]] and [[Pan-American invert|1901]], and at least three misprinted sheets were found during the production process and destroyed. It is believed that only one misprinted sheet of 100 stamps got through unnoticed.<ref name="Goldstone2015">{{cite book|author=Lawrence Goldstone|title=Birdmen: The Wright Brothers, Glenn Curtiss, and the Battle to Control the Skies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|date=21 April 2015|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-53805-5|pages=373–}}</ref>

Many collectors long thought the blue plane portion was printed first, thus it was actually the red frames that were inverted. In fact, the frames were printed first and it is the planes that are upside down.<ref name="ben miller">{{Cite book |last=Trepel |first=Scott R. |authorlink= |author2=Lawrence, Ken |title=Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K Miller Collection |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] and [[New York Public Library]] |date=2006 |location=New York |pages=155–157 |isbn=1-891568-06-X }}</ref> In examples where the plane is so far off center that it overlaps the frames, it can be seen that the blue ink used to print the plane lies atop the red ink used to print the frames. The Smithsonian's National Postal Museum offers two explanations for how this might have occurred: either a sheet of printed frames was placed in the press upside down for the printing of the plane; or the printing plate used to print the planes was mounted inverted within the printing press.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2013/01/usps-unveils-inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=USPS Unveils Inverted Jenny Stamp |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2013-01-18 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref><ref name="ben miller"/>

Initial deliveries went to post offices on Monday, May 13. Aware of the potential for inverts, a number of collectors went to their local post offices to buy the new stamps and keep an eye out for errors. Collector William T. Robey was one of those; he had written to a friend on May 10 mentioning that "it would pay to be on the lookout for inverts". On May 14, Robey went to the post office to buy the new stamps, and as he wrote later, when the clerk brought out a sheet of inverts, "my heart stood still".<ref name="Inc.1987">{{cite book |author=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |title=Boys' Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58|date=March 1987|publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |pages=58–|issn=0006-8608}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The American Legion Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5u3vAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=American Legion Magazine}}</ref> He paid for the sheet, and asked to see more, but the remainder of the sheets were normal.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |first=Michael E. |last=Ruane |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/16/an-aviation-flop-led-to-stamp-collecting-history-and-made-the-inverted-jenny-famous/ |title=An aviation flop was a stamp collector’s dream and the U.S. Postal Service’s nightmare |publisher=Washington Post |date=16 May 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> The postal clerk who sold the sheet later said he did not realize the image was inverted because he had never seen an airplane before.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-inverted-jenny-24-cent-stamp-came-be-worth-fortune-180969090/|title=How the Inverted Jenny, a 24-Cent Stamp, Came to Be Worth a Fortune|first=Daniel|last=Fernandez|website=Smithsonian}}</ref>

Additional details of the day's events are not entirely certain—Robey gave three different accounts later—but he began to contact both stamp dealers and journalists, to tell them of his find. After a week that included visits from [[United States Postal Inspection Service|postal inspectors]] who tried to buy it back,<ref name="WaPo"/> and the hiding of the sheet under his mattress, Robey sold the sheet to noted Philadelphia dealer [[Eugene Klein (philatelist)|Eugene Klein]] for $15,000.<ref name="WaPo"/> Klein placed an advertisement on the first page of the May 25, 1918 ''Mekeel’s Weekly Stamp News'' offering to sell copies of the invert ($250 for fully perforated examples, $175 for stamps with one straight edge), but announced in his following week’s ad that the entire sheet had been purchased by an individual collector. The buyer, who paid $20,000, was "Colonel" [[H. R. Green]], son of [[Hetty Green]].

Klein advised Green that the stamps would be worth more separately than as a single sheet, and Green went along. He donated one invert to the Red Cross in support of its war efforts (which was auctioned off for $300), while retaining forty-one of the stamps in his own collection, including the plate-number block (initially eight stamps) and several blocks of four.<ref name="Sundman">Donald Sundman, ''The Jenny Invert Plate-Number Block'' [Kindle Edition], Mystic Stamp Company 2012, ASIN: B008MAOPUG</ref> The remainder of the inverts were sold off at steadily increasing prices through Klein, who kept a block of four for himself.<ref name="siegal sale"/> Green had one copy placed in a locket for his wife. This gold and glass locket displayed the inverted Jenny on one side, and a "regular" Jenny stamp on the other. This locket was offered for sale for the first time by the Siegel Auction Galleries Rarity Sale, held on May 18, 2002. It did not sell in the auction, but the philatelic press reported that a Private Treaty sale was arranged later for an unknown price.

The philatelic literature has long stated that seven of the stamps have been lost or destroyed through theft or mishandling. However, in 2007 a copy came to light that had not been seen since Eugene Klein broke up the sheet, and was offered for auction that June. The number of lost stamps then became six. Several others have been damaged, including one that was sucked into a vacuum cleaner. Apparently Green's wife mailed one which, while recovered, is the only cancelled sample. Indeed, no Jenny invert is in pristine condition, because Klein lightly penciled a number on the back of each stamp (from 1 through 10 in the top row to 91 through 100 in the bottom row) so that its original position on the sheet could be identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenmorestamp.com/the-inverted-jenny-error|title=The Inverted Jenny Error|website=www.kenmorestamp.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/lot_grd.php?btnSubmit=Search&sale_no=&lot_no=&fastsale=on&sdate1=01/01/1930&sdate2=10/11/2011&lotclass=All&majgroup=United+States&cat_supgroup=U.S.+Stamps&subgroup=All&lot_catfk=All&catselect=eq&srtorder=c3a&pfoper=gt&pfgrade=&gandor=or&pseoper=gt&psegrade=&symbol%5B%5D=All&realized1=&realized2=&keyword=&recsperpage=10&sea_name=&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp&sea_emailflag=on&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp|title=Siegel Auction Galleries — Power Search|website=www.siegelauctions.com}}</ref> For many years, only five examples, in fact, were known to have survived in never hinged condition.<ref name="Siegelrec"/> One of these is the locket copy, which, however has another condition problem: a corner crease at the bottom right probably inflicted while it was being enclosed behind glass.<ref name="locket">2002 Rarities of the World (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 846, May 18, 2002), p. 158.</ref>

==A famous stamp==
[[File:Benjemin K Miller 2305 xl.jpg|thumb|upright|Benjamin K. Miller, whose Inverted Jenny stamp was stolen in 1977]]
Aside from having the biplane printed upside down, the inverted Jenny has become famous for other reasons as well. [[Benjamin Miller Collection|Benjamin Kurtz Miller]], one of the early buyers of these inverts, 10 in all, bought the stamp for $250. Miller's inverted Jenny, position 18 on the sheet, was stolen in 1977 but was recovered in the early 1980s though, unfortunately, the top perforations had been cut off to prevent it from being recognized as the stolen Miller stamp. This mutilation made the stamp appear as if it had come from the top row of the sheet, and Klein's numbering on the back was accordingly tampered with to disguise the stamp as position 9—an astute piece of misdirection founded in the knowledge that position 9 had never appeared on the market: in fact, the real position 9 emerged decades later as the locket copy.<ref name="locket"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/topical-reference-pages/inverted-jenny.html|title=The Inverted Jenny|publisher=[[National Postal Museum]]|accessdate=2014-11-10}}</ref>(A genuine straight-edged copy would have cost Miller only $175.) However, that stolen and missing stamp served to drive the value of the other 99 examples even higher. That inverted Jenny was the main attraction in the Smithsonian [[National Postal Museum]]'s 'Rarity Revealed' exhibition, 2007–2009. The "Inverted Jenny" was the most requested postage stamp for viewing by visitors at the museum.<ref>{{cite web|first=Cheryl |last=Ganz |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=191014 |title=24c Curtiss Jenny invert single |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2008-09-26 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the mass media renewed long-dormant public attention to the 1955 theft of an even more spectacular Jenny specimen. This was a block of four (positions 65, 66, 75, 76) with a vertical red guide-line through its center, owned by the collector [[Ethel Bergstresser McCoy|Ethel McCoy]], which was stolen from a stamp show at a Norfolk hotel where it was being exhibited. The top right stamp from this block has never been found; the two left stamps surfaced in the 1970s as single copies offered in auction catalogues and were recovered by the FBI, although they had been camouflaged by minor mutilation: the portions of the right-edge perforations on which parts of the guide line were originally visible had been trimmed off or abraded to remove the red ink.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Larry |title=The Philatelic Foundation Authenticates Stolen Jenny Invert Stamp |work=News |publisher=[[Philatelic Foundation]] |year=2016 |url=http://www.philatelicfoundation.org/the-philatelic-foundation-authenticates-stolen-jenny-invert-stamp |accessdate=10 August 2018 }}</ref> Mrs. McCoy’s will had made the American Philatelic Research Library the legal owner of all four stamps in the block. In 2014 Donald Sundman of the Mystic Stamp Company offered $100,000 in reward money—$50,000 for the two stamps that were still missing—to anyone who could bring them to their rightful owner. The offer was publicized in ''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/15/us/100000-reward-for-missing-inverted-jennies-stamps.html|title=$100,000 Reward for Missing 'Jennies'|date=2014-09-14|accessdate=2014-11-12}}</ref>
and on national network news.

In April 2016, a third stamp from the stolen McCoy block turned up for auction at the Spink USA auction house. The seller was a British citizen in his 20s who claimed to have inherited it from his grandfather and knew little about the stamp's provenance. Examination revealed that the stamp came from position 76 in the pane of 100. The American Philatelic Research Library said it will work to take possession of the stamp once an FBI investigation is complete and other legal matters settled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Laura|title=Rare 'Inverted Jenny' Stamp Turns Up 60 Years After Theft|work=National Public Radio|date=April 15, 2016|accessdate=April 17, 2016|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/15/474441619/rare-inverted-jenny-stamp-turns-up-60-years-after-theft}}</ref> The only stamp that remains missing is position 66.

Philatelic forgers have mutilated at least four additional Inverted Jennys, (positions 4, 5, 6 and 8) disfiguring them with false perforations at the top (these were copies from the first horizontal row of the sheet, all of which originally had a straight edge at the top. The spurious perforations on position 4 have been trimmed away, but traces of them are still discernable along the narrow margin that remains).<ref name="Siegelrec">The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 1010A, June 18, 2011, p. 18: photographic reconstruction of the Inverted "Jenny" Sheet [six stamp-images missing])</ref>

The Jenny invert is so famous in the philatelic community—and the general public as well—that the complete history of all sales have been publicly documented.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://invertedjenny.com/salerecords|title=Inverted Jenny Sale Records|website=invertedjenny.com}}</ref>

==A rare swap==
[[File:Inverted jenny400.jpg|thumb|The Inverted Jenny plate block of four (note that the blue plate number is inverted as well). As of June 2015, it was owned by shoe designer and collector [[Stuart Weitzman]].<ref name=Barron4June2015>{{cite news | title=Stuart Weitzman to Display Rare Stamp That Fulfilled Boyhood Dream | work=New York Times | first=James|last=Barron|date=4 June 2015 | accessdate=4 June 2015| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/nyregion/stuart-weitzman-to-display-one-cent-magenta-stamp-that-fulfilled-boyhood-dream.html}}</ref>]]

At an auction of the Green estate in 1944, the unique plate number block of eight stamps was sold for $27,000 to the collector Amos Eno, who had four stamps removed from it. The reduced block fetched only $18,250 when Eno’s estate was sold off ten years later. By 1971, however, its price had risen to $150,000.<ref name="Sundman"/> Eventually, in late October 2005 this plate number block of four stamps was purchased by a then-anonymous buyer for $2,970,000. The purchaser was revealed to be U.S. financier [[Bill Gross (mutuals)|Bill Gross]]. Shortly after purchasing the Inverted Jennys he proceeded to trade them with [[Donald Sundman]], president of the [[Mystic Stamp Company]], a [[stamp dealer]], for one of only two known examples of the USA 1c [[Z Grill]]. By completing this trade, Gross became the owner of the only complete collection of U.S. 19th century stamps.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501464.html |date =2005-05-25 |title=Rare and Costly Stamps to Go on Display
|accessdate = 2006-08-08 |publisher =Washington Post |last=Schmid |first=Randolph E. }}</ref>

==2006 find==
[[File:Invertedjenny stamp ballot.jpg|thumb|The forgery on cover]]
In November 2006, election workers in [[Broward County, Florida]] claimed to have found an Inverted Jenny affixed to an [[absentee ballot]] envelope. The sender did not include any identification with the ballot, which automatically disqualified the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/12/04/stamp-fake-061204.html |title=Expert stamps out hopes of rare postage find |publisher=cbc.ca |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=2006-12-04 }}</ref> Peter Mastrangelo, executive director of the [[American Philatelic Society]], observed that the stamp was at variance with known copies, due in part to its perforations, although the colors had been reproduced accurately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061115/NEWS/611150462/-1/xml |date=2006-11-15 |title=Stamp with ballot may be a fake 'Jenny' |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher = Herald Tribune |last=Zaloudek |first=Mark }}</ref> Further investigations, published in the following month, confirmed that the stamp was a [[Philatelic fakes and forgeries|forgery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0421829620061205 |date=2006-12-04 |title=Stamp used on Florida ballot a fake |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher=Reuters }}</ref>

==95th anniversary souvenir sheet==
On September 22, 2013 the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[souvenir sheet]] illustrating six examples of the inverted stamp denominated $2 instead of the original 24 cents.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 New U.S. Stamp Issues |publisher=[[American Philatelic Society]] |date=9 September 2013 |url=http://stamps.org/userfiles/image/newissues/13-invertedjenny.jpg|accessdate=2015-05-15 }}</ref> The sheets were sold at face value, $12 (the issue was sold only as souvenir sheets of six, and not as individual $2 stamps). Various special packagings for collectors were also offered for a premium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_074.htm|title=Rarest Stamp Error in U.S. History, Inverted Jenny, Flies Again|website=about.usps.com}}</ref>

In addition to the 2.2 million sheets printed with the plane inverted, the Postal Service announced it also printed 100 "non-inverted Jenny" souvenir sheets, with the plane flying right side up. All sheets are individually wrapped in sealed envelopes to recreate the excitement of finding an Inverted Jenny when opening the envelope and to avoid the possibility of discovering a corrected Jenny prior to purchase. Individuals purchasing one of the 100 non-inverted Jenny sheets find a congratulatory note inside the wrapping asking them to call a phone number to receive a certificate of acknowledgement signed by [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] [[Patrick R. Donahoe|Patrick Donahoe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_079.htm|title=Postal Service Announces Very Limited Edition Stamps Circulated with Recent Issue of Famous ‘Upside Down’ Jenny Stamp|website=about.usps.com}}</ref> A non-inverted sheet purchased by Gail and David Robinson of Richmond, Virginia was sold in June 2014 by Siegel Auctions "Rarities of the World" for $51,750, with the 15% buyer's premium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rarities of the World Sale 1075: Upright Jenny Souvenir Sheet |work=Auction catalog |publisher=Robert Siegal Auction Gallaries |date=26 June 2014 |url=https://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2014&lot_name=Inverted%20Jenny%20%28C3a%29%20and%20Upright%20Jenny%20Souvenir%20Sheet&start_lot=1182&stop_lot=1183&sale_name=2014%20Rarities%20of%20the%20World&sale_no=1075&sale_date=Thursday,%20June%2026,%202014 |accessdate=16 January 2015 }}</ref>

In 2015 the Postal Service's [[Inspector General]] called the issuing of a few right side up Jenny airmail sheets improper because regulations do not allow the deliberate creation and distribution of stamp errors. The Service's general counsel was aware of the plan but formal approval by the legal department did not occur. It was also found that the Service's stamp fulfillment center in [[Missouri]] had accidentally failed to distribute 23 of the 30 sheets it was supposed to randomly mix in with orders (the other 70 went to local post offices). Thus not even the promised 100 were made available to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2015/07/21/usps-botched-plan-to-make-money-off-the-most-famous-stamp-error-in-history-watchdog-says/|title=Postal Service’s reprinting of famous stamp error broke agency rules|first=Lisa|last=Rein|date=21 July 2015|publisher=|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref>

==StampWants giveaway==
As covered in ''Linn's Stamp News'', on January 12, 2008, StampWants.com (an online marketplace for stamps, now known as bidStart.com) gave away an inverted Jenny, after a year-long promotion the company ran. This represented the most expensive stamp ever given away in any sort of promotion. The winner of the giveaway was John Shedlock, of California, and the stamp was presented to him by the then-current Miss New Jersey, [[Amy Polumbo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-new-jersey-to-present-giveaway-of-rare-400000-stamp-by-stampwantscom-at-aps-ameristamp-expo-58761607.html |title=Miss New Jersey to Present Giveaway of Rare $400,000 Stamp by StampWants.com at APS Ameristamp Expo |publisher=PR Newswire |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>

==Position 49 stamp located after missing for 100 years==
On September 6, 2018, ''The New York Times'' reported that the Philatelic Foundation had authenticated an inverted Jenny stamp that had not been seen since the original sheet of 100 was divided in 1918. It is a sixth never-hinged copy - the long-missing Jenny at position No. 49.<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Barron |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/nyregion/inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=An Inverted Jenny Surfaces. The Flawed Stamp Had Not Been Seen Since 1918. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref> On 15 November 2018, the stamp was auctioned by [[Robert A. Siegel]] Auction Galleries for the then-record sum of US$1,593,000 (including the 18 percent buyer’s premium) <ref name=Jenny49 />

==See also==
{{Commons category|Inverted Jenny}}
* [[Airmails of the United States]]
* [[List of United States airmail stamps#1918–1919|List of United States airmail stamps]]
* [[CIA invert]]
* [[Invert error]]
* [[List of notable postage stamps]]
* [[Philatelic investment]]
* [[Stamp collecting]]
* [[Pan-American invert]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Amick, George. ''The Inverted Jenny: Mystery, Money, Mania''. Scott Pub Inc Co (May 1, 1987). {{ISBN|0-89487-089-0}}
* Roy, Ron. ''The Empty Envelope''. Random House Children's Books, 2000.

==External links==
* [http://www.invertedjenny.com Topic-specific website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Curtiss-Wright Company]]
[[Category:Airmail stamps]]
[[Category:1918 works]]
[[Category:1918 in the United States]]
[[Category:Postage stamp invert errors]]

Inverted Jenny

2019-06-06T17:21:58Z

BFolkman: update

{{short description|United States postage stamp}}
{{Infobox postage stamp
| common_name = Inverted Jenny
| image = [[File:US Airmail inverted Jenny 24c 1918 issue.jpg|frameless]]
| country_of_production = United States
| location_of_production =
| date_of_production = {{Start date|1918|05|10}}
| depicts = [[Curtiss JN-4]]
| nature_of_rarity = [[Invert error]]
| number_in_existence = 100
| face_value = 24 [[United States dollar|US¢]]
| estimated_value = [[United States dollar|US $]]$1,593,000<ref name=Jenny49>{{cite news |first=Matthew |last=Healey |url=http://www.linns.com/news/us-stamps-postal-history/2018/november/nov-15-jenny-invert-sale-record.html |title=Nov. 15 Jenny Invert sale sets record |publisher=[[Linn's Stamp News]] |accessdate=20 November 2018}}</ref>|
}}

The '''Inverted Jenny''' (also known as an '''Upside Down Jenny''', '''Jenny Invert''') is a 24 cent United States [[postage stamp]] first issued on May 10, 1918 in which the image of the [[Curtiss JN-4]] [[airplane]] in the center of the design is printed upside-down; it is probably the most famous error in American [[philately]]. Only one pane of 100 of the [[Invert error|invert stamps]] was ever found, making this error one of the most prized in all philately.

A single Inverted Jenny was sold at a [[Robert A. Siegel]] auction in November 2007 for $977,500.<ref name="siegal sale">{{cite web |title=The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" |work=Sale 946a |publisher=[[Robert A. Siegel]] |date=2007-11-14 |url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2007/946a/s946a.htm |accessdate=2014-11-13 }}</ref> In December 2007 a [[Mint stamp|mint never hinged]] example was sold for $825,000. The broker of the sale said the buyer was a Wall Street executive who had lost the auction the previous month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20071227/odd-rare-stamp/ |title=Rare 'Jenny' Stamp Sells for $825,000 |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2014-03-08 |last=Weber |first=Paul J. |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> A block of four Inverted Jennys was sold at a Robert A. Siegel auction in October 2005 for $2.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2005/901/901.pdf |title=Inverted "Jenny" Plate Block Sells for $2.7 Million hammer! |format=PDF |date=2005-10-19 |page=32 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref> In the wake of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial meltdown]], prices fetched by Inverted Jennys receded. Between January and September 2014, five examples offered at auction sold for sums ranging from $126,000 through $575,100.<ref>''The New York Times'', September 15, 2014, p. A13.</ref> Prices eventually recovered, for on May 31, 2016, a particularly well-centered Jenny invert, graded XF-superb 95 by Professional Stamp Experts, was sold at a Siegel Auction for a hammer price of $1,175,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/inverted-jenny-stamp-upside-plane-sells-1m-article-1.2656004 |title=Rare ‘Inverted Jenny’ stamp featuring an upside down plane sells for over $1 million at auction |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |accessdate=2016-08-03 |last=Sandoval |first=Edgar|date=2016-05-31 }}</ref> The addition of a 15% [[Buyer's premium|buyer’s premium]] raised the total record high price paid for this copy to $1,351,250. On 15 November 2018, the recently discovered position number 49 stamp was auctioned by Robert A. Siegel Auction Galleries for a new record hammer price of $1,350,000, with an 18 percent buyer's premium raising the total cost to US$1,593,000.<ref name=Jenny49 />

==Background==
{{original research|reason=numerous claims are missing sources|date=August 2018}}
During the 1910s, the [[United States Post Office]] had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air. These were shown by the first stamp in the world to picture an airplane (captioned as "aeroplane carrying mail"), one of the [[U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912–13]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1912.htm|title=1912 U.S. Postage Stamp Identifier|website=1847us.com}}</ref> The Post Office finally decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], and [[New York City]]. The Post Office set a controversial rate of 24 cents for the service, much higher than the 3 cents for first-class mail of the time, and decided to issue a new stamp just for this rate, patriotically printed in red and blue, and depicting a [[Curtiss JN4|Curtiss Jenny]] JN-4HM, the [[biplane]] especially modified for shuttling the mail. The stamp's designer, [[Clair Aubrey Houston]], apparently troubled to procure a photograph of that modified model (produced by removing the second pilot seat from the JN-4HT to create space for mailbags, and by increasing the fuel capacity). As only six such aircraft existed, there was a 1-in-6 chance that the very plane engraved on the stamp by Marcus Baldwin—Jenny #38262—would be chosen to launch the inaugural three-city airmail run; the plane on the stamp was indeed the first to depart on May 15, taking off from Washington at 11:47 A. M.<ref>Trepel, Scott ''Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K. Miller Collection'' (2006, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington D. C. and The New York Public Library, New York, N. Y.), p. 155.</ref>

The job of designing and printing the new stamp was carried out in a great rush; [[engraving]] began only on May 4, and stamp printing on May 10 (a Friday), in sheets of 100 (contrary to the usual practice of printing 400 at a time and cutting into 100-stamp panes). Since the stamp was printed in two colors, each sheet had to be placed into the [[Flat bed press|flat-bed]] printing press twice, an error-prone process that had resulted in invert errors in stamps of [[1869 Pictorial Issue|1869]] and [[Pan-American invert|1901]], and at least three misprinted sheets were found during the production process and destroyed. It is believed that only one misprinted sheet of 100 stamps got through unnoticed.<ref name="Goldstone2015">{{cite book|author=Lawrence Goldstone|title=Birdmen: The Wright Brothers, Glenn Curtiss, and the Battle to Control the Skies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|date=21 April 2015|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-53805-5|pages=373–}}</ref>

Many collectors long thought the blue plane portion was printed first, thus it was actually the red frames that were inverted. In fact, the frames were printed first and it is the planes that are upside down.<ref name="ben miller">{{Cite book |last=Trepel |first=Scott R. |authorlink= |author2=Lawrence, Ken |title=Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K Miller Collection |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] and [[New York Public Library]] |date=2006 |location=New York |pages=155–157 |isbn=1-891568-06-X }}</ref> In examples where the plane is so far off center that it overlaps the frames, it can be seen that the blue ink used to print the plane lies atop the red ink used to print the frames. The Smithsonian's National Postal Museum offers two explanations for how this might have occurred: either a sheet of printed frames was placed in the press upside down for the printing of the plane; or the printing plate used to print the planes was mounted inverted within the printing press.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2013/01/usps-unveils-inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=USPS Unveils Inverted Jenny Stamp |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2013-01-18 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref><ref name="ben miller"/>

Initial deliveries went to post offices on Monday, May 13. Aware of the potential for inverts, a number of collectors went to their local post offices to buy the new stamps and keep an eye out for errors. Collector William T. Robey was one of those; he had written to a friend on May 10 mentioning that "it would pay to be on the lookout for inverts". On May 14, Robey went to the post office to buy the new stamps, and as he wrote later, when the clerk brought out a sheet of inverts, "my heart stood still".<ref name="Inc.1987">{{cite book |author=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |title=Boys' Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58|date=March 1987|publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |pages=58–|issn=0006-8608}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The American Legion Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5u3vAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=American Legion Magazine}}</ref> He paid for the sheet, and asked to see more, but the remainder of the sheets were normal.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |first=Michael E. |last=Ruane |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/16/an-aviation-flop-led-to-stamp-collecting-history-and-made-the-inverted-jenny-famous/ |title=An aviation flop was a stamp collector’s dream and the U.S. Postal Service’s nightmare |publisher=Washington Post |date=16 May 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> The postal clerk who sold the sheet later said he did not realize the image was inverted because he had never seen an airplane before.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-inverted-jenny-24-cent-stamp-came-be-worth-fortune-180969090/|title=How the Inverted Jenny, a 24-Cent Stamp, Came to Be Worth a Fortune|first=Daniel|last=Fernandez|website=Smithsonian}}</ref>

Additional details of the day's events are not entirely certain—Robey gave three different accounts later—but he began to contact both stamp dealers and journalists, to tell them of his find. After a week that included visits from [[United States Postal Inspection Service|postal inspectors]] who tried to buy it back,<ref name="WaPo"/> and the hiding of the sheet under his mattress, Robey sold the sheet to noted Philadelphia dealer [[Eugene Klein (philatelist)|Eugene Klein]] for $15,000.<ref name="WaPo"/> Klein placed an advertisement on the first page of the May 25, 1918 ''Mekeel’s Weekly Stamp News'' offering to sell copies of the invert ($250 for fully perforated examples, $175 for stamps with one straight edge), but announced in his following week’s ad that the entire sheet had been purchased by an individual collector. The buyer, who paid $20,000, was "Colonel" [[H. R. Green]], son of [[Hetty Green]].

Klein advised Green that the stamps would be worth more separately than as a single sheet, and Green went along. He donated one invert to the Red Cross in support of its war efforts (which was auctioned off for $300), while retaining forty-one of the stamps in his own collection, including the plate-number block (initially eight stamps) and several blocks of four.<ref name="Sundman">Donald Sundman, ''The Jenny Invert Plate-Number Block'' [Kindle Edition], Mystic Stamp Company 2012, ASIN: B008MAOPUG</ref> The remainder of the inverts were sold off at steadily increasing prices through Klein, who kept a block of four for himself.<ref name="siegal sale"/> Green had one copy placed in a locket for his wife. This gold and glass locket displayed the inverted Jenny on one side, and a "regular" Jenny stamp on the other. This locket was offered for sale for the first time by the Siegel Auction Galleries Rarity Sale, held on May 18, 2002. It did not sell in the auction, but the philatelic press reported that a Private Treaty sale was arranged later for an unknown price.

The philatelic literature has long stated that seven of the stamps have been lost or destroyed through theft or mishandling. However, in 2007 a copy came to light that had not been seen since Eugene Klein broke up the sheet, and was offered for auction that June. The number of lost stamps then became six. Several others have been damaged, including one that was sucked into a vacuum cleaner. Apparently Green's wife mailed one which, while recovered, is the only cancelled sample. Indeed, no Jenny invert is in pristine condition, because Klein lightly penciled a number on the back of each stamp (from 1 through 10 in the top row to 91 through 100 in the bottom row) so that its original position on the sheet could be identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenmorestamp.com/the-inverted-jenny-error|title=The Inverted Jenny Error|website=www.kenmorestamp.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/lot_grd.php?btnSubmit=Search&sale_no=&lot_no=&fastsale=on&sdate1=01/01/1930&sdate2=10/11/2011&lotclass=All&majgroup=United+States&cat_supgroup=U.S.+Stamps&subgroup=All&lot_catfk=All&catselect=eq&srtorder=c3a&pfoper=gt&pfgrade=&gandor=or&pseoper=gt&psegrade=&symbol%5B%5D=All&realized1=&realized2=&keyword=&recsperpage=10&sea_name=&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp&sea_emailflag=on&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp|title=Siegel Auction Galleries — Power Search|website=www.siegelauctions.com}}</ref> For many years, only five examples, in fact, were known to have survived in never hinged condition.<ref name="Siegelrec"/> One of these is the locket copy, which, however has another condition problem: a corner crease at the bottom right probably inflicted while it was being enclosed behind glass.<ref name="locket">2002 Rarities of the World (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 846, May 18, 2002), p. 158.</ref>

==A famous stamp==
[[File:Benjemin K Miller 2305 xl.jpg|thumb|upright|Benjamin K. Miller, whose Inverted Jenny stamp was stolen in 1977]]
Aside from having the biplane printed upside down, the inverted Jenny has become famous for other reasons as well. [[Benjamin Miller Collection|Benjamin Kurtz Miller]], one of the early buyers of these inverts, 10 in all, bought the stamp for $250. Miller's inverted Jenny, position 18 on the sheet, was stolen in 1977 but was recovered in the early 1980s though, unfortunately, the top perforations had been cut off to prevent it from being recognized as the stolen Miller stamp. This mutilation made the stamp appear as if it had come from the top row of the sheet, and Klein's numbering on the back was accordingly tampered with to disguise the stamp as position 9—an astute piece of misdirection founded in the knowledge that position 9 had never appeared on the market: in fact, the real position 9 emerged decades later as the locket copy.<ref name="locket"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/topical-reference-pages/inverted-jenny.html|title=The Inverted Jenny|publisher=[[National Postal Museum]]|accessdate=2014-11-10}}</ref>(A genuine straight-edged copy would have cost Miller only $175.) However, that stolen and missing stamp served to drive the value of the other 99 examples even higher. That inverted Jenny was the main attraction in the Smithsonian [[National Postal Museum]]'s 'Rarity Revealed' exhibition, 2007–2009. The "Inverted Jenny" was the most requested postage stamp for viewing by visitors at the museum.<ref>{{cite web|first=Cheryl |last=Ganz |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=191014 |title=24c Curtiss Jenny invert single |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2008-09-26 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the mass media renewed long-dormant public attention to the 1955 theft of an even more spectacular Jenny specimen. This was a block of four (positions 65, 66, 75, 76) with a vertical red guide-line through its center, owned by the collector [[Ethel Bergstresser McCoy|Ethel McCoy]], which was stolen from a stamp show at a Norfolk hotel where it was being exhibited. The top right stamp from this block has never been found; the two left stamps surfaced in the 1970s as single copies offered in auction catalogues and were recovered by the FBI, although they had been camouflaged by minor mutilation: the portions of the right-edge perforations on which parts of the guide line were originally visible had been trimmed off or abraded to remove the red ink.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Larry |title=The Philatelic Foundation Authenticates Stolen Jenny Invert Stamp |work=News |publisher=[[Philatelic Foundation]] |year=2016 |url=http://www.philatelicfoundation.org/the-philatelic-foundation-authenticates-stolen-jenny-invert-stamp |accessdate=10 August 2018 }}</ref> Mrs. McCoy’s will had made the American Philatelic Research Library the legal owner of all four stamps in the block. In 2014 Donald Sundman of the Mystic Stamp Company offered $100,000 in reward money—$50,000 for the two stamps that were still missing—to anyone who could bring them to their rightful owner. The offer was publicized in ''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/15/us/100000-reward-for-missing-inverted-jennies-stamps.html|title=$100,000 Reward for Missing 'Jennies'|date=2014-09-14|accessdate=2014-11-12}}</ref>
and on national network news.

In April 2016, a third stamp from the stolen McCoy block turned up for auction at the Spink USA auction house. The seller was a British citizen in his 20s who claimed to have inherited it from his grandfather and knew little about the stamp's provenance. Examination revealed that the stamp came from position 76 in the pane of 100. The American Philatelic Research Library said it will work to take possession of the stamp once an FBI investigation is complete and other legal matters settled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Laura|title=Rare 'Inverted Jenny' Stamp Turns Up 60 Years After Theft|work=National Public Radio|date=April 15, 2016|accessdate=April 17, 2016|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/15/474441619/rare-inverted-jenny-stamp-turns-up-60-years-after-theft}}</ref> The only stamp that remains missing is position 66.

Philatelic forgers have mutilated at least four additional Inverted Jennys, (positions 4, 5, 6 and 8) disfiguring them with false perforations at the top (these were copies from the first horizontal row of the sheet, all of which originally had a straight edge at the top. The spurious perforations on position 4 have been trimmed away, but traces of them are still discernable along the narrow margin that remains).<ref name="Siegelrec">The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 1010A, June 18, 2011, p. 18: photographic reconstruction of the Inverted "Jenny" Sheet [six stamp-images missing])</ref>

The Jenny invert is so famous in the philatelic community—and the general public as well—that the complete history of all sales have been publicly documented.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://invertedjenny.com/salerecords|title=Inverted Jenny Sale Records|website=invertedjenny.com}}</ref>

==A rare swap==
[[File:Inverted jenny400.jpg|thumb|The Inverted Jenny plate block of four (note that the blue plate number is inverted as well). As of June 2015, it was owned by shoe designer and collector [[Stuart Weitzman]].<ref name=Barron4June2015>{{cite news | title=Stuart Weitzman to Display Rare Stamp That Fulfilled Boyhood Dream | work=New York Times | first=James|last=Barron|date=4 June 2015 | accessdate=4 June 2015| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/nyregion/stuart-weitzman-to-display-one-cent-magenta-stamp-that-fulfilled-boyhood-dream.html}}</ref>]]

At an auction of the Green estate in 1944, the unique plate number block of eight stamps was sold for $27,000 to the collector Amos Eno, who had four stamps removed from it. The reduced block fetched only $18,250 when Eno’s estate was sold off ten years later. By 1971, however, its price had risen to $150,000.<ref name="Sundman"/> Eventually, in late October 2005 this plate number block of four stamps was purchased by a then-anonymous buyer for $2,970,000. The purchaser was revealed to be U.S. financier [[Bill Gross (mutuals)|Bill Gross]]. Shortly after purchasing the Inverted Jennys he proceeded to trade them with [[Donald Sundman]], president of the [[Mystic Stamp Company]], a [[stamp dealer]], for one of only two known examples of the USA 1c [[Z Grill]]. By completing this trade, Gross became the owner of the only complete collection of U.S. 19th century stamps.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501464.html |date =2005-05-25 |title=Rare and Costly Stamps to Go on Display
|accessdate = 2006-08-08 |publisher =Washington Post |last=Schmid |first=Randolph E. }}</ref>

==2006 find==
[[File:Invertedjenny stamp ballot.jpg|thumb|The forgery on cover]]
In November 2006, election workers in [[Broward County, Florida]] claimed to have found an Inverted Jenny affixed to an [[absentee ballot]] envelope. The sender did not include any identification with the ballot, which automatically disqualified the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/12/04/stamp-fake-061204.html |title=Expert stamps out hopes of rare postage find |publisher=cbc.ca |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=2006-12-04 }}</ref> Peter Mastrangelo, executive director of the [[American Philatelic Society]], observed that the stamp was at variance with known copies, due in part to its perforations, although the colors had been reproduced accurately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061115/NEWS/611150462/-1/xml |date=2006-11-15 |title=Stamp with ballot may be a fake 'Jenny' |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher = Herald Tribune |last=Zaloudek |first=Mark }}</ref> Further investigations, published in the following month, confirmed that the stamp was a [[Philatelic fakes and forgeries|forgery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0421829620061205 |date=2006-12-04 |title=Stamp used on Florida ballot a fake |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher=Reuters }}</ref>

==95th anniversary souvenir sheet==
On September 22, 2013 the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[souvenir sheet]] illustrating six examples of the inverted stamp denominated $2 instead of the original 24 cents.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 New U.S. Stamp Issues |publisher=[[American Philatelic Society]] |date=9 September 2013 |url=http://stamps.org/userfiles/image/newissues/13-invertedjenny.jpg|accessdate=2015-05-15 }}</ref> The sheets were sold at face value, $12 (the issue was sold only as souvenir sheets of six, and not as individual $2 stamps). Various special packagings for collectors were also offered for a premium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_074.htm|title=Rarest Stamp Error in U.S. History, Inverted Jenny, Flies Again|website=about.usps.com}}</ref>

In addition to the 2.2 million sheets printed with the plane inverted, the Postal Service announced it also printed 100 "non-inverted Jenny" souvenir sheets, with the plane flying right side up. All sheets are individually wrapped in sealed envelopes to recreate the excitement of finding an Inverted Jenny when opening the envelope and to avoid the possibility of discovering a corrected Jenny prior to purchase. Individuals purchasing one of the 100 non-inverted Jenny sheets find a congratulatory note inside the wrapping asking them to call a phone number to receive a certificate of acknowledgement signed by [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] [[Patrick R. Donahoe|Patrick Donahoe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_079.htm|title=Postal Service Announces Very Limited Edition Stamps Circulated with Recent Issue of Famous ‘Upside Down’ Jenny Stamp|website=about.usps.com}}</ref> A non-inverted sheet purchased by Gail and David Robinson of Richmond, Virginia was sold in June 2014 by Siegel Auctions "Rarities of the World" for $51,750, with the 15% buyer's premium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rarities of the World Sale 1075: Upright Jenny Souvenir Sheet |work=Auction catalog |publisher=Robert Siegal Auction Gallaries |date=26 June 2014 |url=https://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2014&lot_name=Inverted%20Jenny%20%28C3a%29%20and%20Upright%20Jenny%20Souvenir%20Sheet&start_lot=1182&stop_lot=1183&sale_name=2014%20Rarities%20of%20the%20World&sale_no=1075&sale_date=Thursday,%20June%2026,%202014 |accessdate=16 January 2015 }}</ref>

In 2015 the Postal Service's [[Inspector General]] called the issuing of a few right side up Jenny airmail sheets improper because regulations do not allow the deliberate creation and distribution of stamp errors. The Service's general counsel was aware of the plan but formal approval by the legal department did not occur. It was also found that the Service's stamp fulfillment center in [[Missouri]] had accidentally failed to distribute 23 of the 30 sheets it was supposed to randomly mix in with orders (the other 70 went to local post offices). Thus not even the promised 100 were made available to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2015/07/21/usps-botched-plan-to-make-money-off-the-most-famous-stamp-error-in-history-watchdog-says/|title=Postal Service’s reprinting of famous stamp error broke agency rules|first=Lisa|last=Rein|date=21 July 2015|publisher=|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref>

==StampWants giveaway==
As covered in ''Linn's Stamp News'', on January 12, 2008, StampWants.com (an online marketplace for stamps, now known as bidStart.com) gave away an inverted Jenny, after a year-long promotion the company ran. This represented the most expensive stamp ever given away in any sort of promotion. The winner of the giveaway was John Shedlock, of California, and the stamp was presented to him by the then-current Miss New Jersey, [[Amy Polumbo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-new-jersey-to-present-giveaway-of-rare-400000-stamp-by-stampwantscom-at-aps-ameristamp-expo-58761607.html |title=Miss New Jersey to Present Giveaway of Rare $400,000 Stamp by StampWants.com at APS Ameristamp Expo |publisher=PR Newswire |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>

==Position 49 stamp located after missing for 100 years==
On September 6, 2018, ''The New York Times'' reported that the Philatelic Foundation had authenticated an inverted Jenny stamp that had not been seen since the original sheet of 100 was divided in 1918. It is a sixth never-hinged copy - the long-missing Jenny at position No. 49.<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Barron |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/nyregion/inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=An Inverted Jenny Surfaces. The Flawed Stamp Had Not Been Seen Since 1918. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref> On 15 November 2018, the stamp was auctioned by [[Robert A. Siegel]] Auction Galleries for the then-record sum of US$1,593,000 (including the 18 percent buyer’s premium) <ref name=Jenny49 />

==See also==
{{Commons category|Inverted Jenny}}
* [[Airmails of the United States]]
* [[List of United States airmail stamps#1918–1919|List of United States airmail stamps]]
* [[CIA invert]]
* [[Invert error]]
* [[List of notable postage stamps]]
* [[Philatelic investment]]
* [[Stamp collecting]]
* [[Pan-American invert]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Amick, George. ''The Inverted Jenny: Mystery, Money, Mania''. Scott Pub Inc Co (May 1, 1987). {{ISBN|0-89487-089-0}}
* Roy, Ron. ''The Empty Envelope''. Random House Children's Books, 2000.

==External links==
* [http://www.invertedjenny.com Topic-specific website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Curtiss-Wright Company]]
[[Category:Airmail stamps]]
[[Category:1918 works]]
[[Category:1918 in the United States]]
[[Category:Postage stamp invert errors]]

Inverted Jenny

2019-06-06T16:50:36Z

BFolkman:

{{short description|United States postage stamp}}
{{Infobox postage stamp
| common_name = Inverted Jenny
| image = [[File:US Airmail inverted Jenny 24c 1918 issue.jpg|frameless]]
| country_of_production = United States
| location_of_production =
| date_of_production = {{Start date|1918|05|10}}
| depicts = [[Curtiss JN-4]]
| nature_of_rarity = [[Invert error]]
| number_in_existence = 100
| face_value = 24 [[United States dollar|US¢]]
| estimated_value = [[United States dollar|US $]]977,500<ref name="siegal sale">{{cite web |title=The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" |work=Sale 946a |publisher=[[Robert A. Siegel]] |date=2007-11-14 |url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2007/946a/s946a.htm |accessdate=2014-11-13 }}</ref>|
}}

The '''Inverted Jenny''' (also known as an '''Upside Down Jenny''', '''Jenny Invert''') is a 24 cent United States [[postage stamp]] first issued on May 10, 1918 in which the image of the [[Curtiss JN-4]] [[airplane]] in the center of the design is printed upside-down; it is probably the most famous error in American [[philately]]. Only one pane of 100 of the [[Invert error|invert stamps]] was ever found, making this error one of the most prized in all philately.

A single Inverted Jenny was sold at a [[Robert A. Siegel]] auction in November 2007 for $977,500.<ref name="siegal sale"/> In December 2007 a [[Mint stamp|mint never hinged]] example was sold for $825,000. The broker of the sale said the buyer was a Wall Street executive who had lost the auction the previous month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20071227/odd-rare-stamp/ |title=Rare 'Jenny' Stamp Sells for $825,000 |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2014-03-08 |last=Weber |first=Paul J. |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> A block of four Inverted Jennys was sold at a Robert A. Siegel auction in October 2005 for $2.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2005/901/901.pdf |title=Inverted "Jenny" Plate Block Sells for $2.7 Million hammer! |format=PDF |date=2005-10-19 |page=32 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref> In the wake of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial meltdown]], prices fetched by Inverted Jennys receded. Between January and September 2014, five examples offered at auction sold for sums ranging from $126,000 through $575,100.<ref>''The New York Times'', September 15, 2014, p. A13.</ref> Prices eventually recovered, for on May 31, 2016, a particularly well-centered Jenny invert, graded XF-superb 95 by Professional Stamp Experts, was sold at a Siegel Auction for a hammer price of $1,175,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/inverted-jenny-stamp-upside-plane-sells-1m-article-1.2656004 |title=Rare ‘Inverted Jenny’ stamp featuring an upside down plane sells for over $1 million at auction |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |accessdate=2016-08-03 |last=Sandoval |first=Edgar|date=2016-05-31 }}</ref> The addition of a 15% [[Buyer's premium|buyer’s premium]] raised the total record high price paid for this copy to $1,351,250. On 15 November 2018, the recently discovered position number 49 stamp was auctioned by Robert A. Siegel Auction Galleries for the then-record sum of US$1,593,000 (including the 18 percent buyer’s premium).<ref name=Jenny49>{{cite news |first=Matthew |last=Healey |url=http://www.linns.com/news/us-stamps-postal-history/2018/november/nov-15-jenny-invert-sale-record.html |title=Nov. 15 Jenny Invert sale sets record |publisher=[[Linn's Stamp News]] |accessdate=20 November 2018}}</ref>

==Background==
{{original research|reason=numerous claims are missing sources|date=August 2018}}
During the 1910s, the [[United States Post Office]] had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air. These were shown by the first stamp in the world to picture an airplane (captioned as "aeroplane carrying mail"), one of the [[U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912–13]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1912.htm|title=1912 U.S. Postage Stamp Identifier|website=1847us.com}}</ref> The Post Office finally decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], and [[New York City]]. The Post Office set a controversial rate of 24 cents for the service, much higher than the 3 cents for first-class mail of the time, and decided to issue a new stamp just for this rate, patriotically printed in red and blue, and depicting a [[Curtiss JN4|Curtiss Jenny]] JN-4HM, the [[biplane]] especially modified for shuttling the mail. The stamp's designer, [[Clair Aubrey Houston]], apparently troubled to procure a photograph of that modified model (produced by removing the second pilot seat from the JN-4HT to create space for mailbags, and by increasing the fuel capacity). As only six such aircraft existed, there was a 1-in-6 chance that the very plane engraved on the stamp by Marcus Baldwin—Jenny #38262—would be chosen to launch the inaugural three-city airmail run; the plane on the stamp was indeed the first to depart on May 15, taking off from Washington at 11:47 A. M.<ref>Trepel, Scott ''Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K. Miller Collection'' (2006, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington D. C. and The New York Public Library, New York, N. Y.), p. 155.</ref>

The job of designing and printing the new stamp was carried out in a great rush; [[engraving]] began only on May 4, and stamp printing on May 10 (a Friday), in sheets of 100 (contrary to the usual practice of printing 400 at a time and cutting into 100-stamp panes). Since the stamp was printed in two colors, each sheet had to be placed into the [[Flat bed press|flat-bed]] printing press twice, an error-prone process that had resulted in invert errors in stamps of [[1869 Pictorial Issue|1869]] and [[Pan-American invert|1901]], and at least three misprinted sheets were found during the production process and destroyed. It is believed that only one misprinted sheet of 100 stamps got through unnoticed.<ref name="Goldstone2015">{{cite book|author=Lawrence Goldstone|title=Birdmen: The Wright Brothers, Glenn Curtiss, and the Battle to Control the Skies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|date=21 April 2015|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-53805-5|pages=373–}}</ref>

Many collectors long thought the blue plane portion was printed first, thus it was actually the red frames that were inverted. In fact, the frames were printed first and it is the planes that are upside down.<ref name="ben miller">{{Cite book |last=Trepel |first=Scott R. |authorlink= |author2=Lawrence, Ken |title=Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K Miller Collection |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] and [[New York Public Library]] |date=2006 |location=New York |pages=155–157 |isbn=1-891568-06-X }}</ref> In examples where the plane is so far off center that it overlaps the frames, it can be seen that the blue ink used to print the plane lies atop the red ink used to print the frames. The Smithsonian's National Postal Museum offers two explanations for how this might have occurred: either a sheet of printed frames was placed in the press upside down for the printing of the plane; or the printing plate used to print the planes was mounted inverted within the printing press.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2013/01/usps-unveils-inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=USPS Unveils Inverted Jenny Stamp |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2013-01-18 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref><ref name="ben miller"/>

Initial deliveries went to post offices on Monday, May 13. Aware of the potential for inverts, a number of collectors went to their local post offices to buy the new stamps and keep an eye out for errors. Collector William T. Robey was one of those; he had written to a friend on May 10 mentioning that "it would pay to be on the lookout for inverts". On May 14, Robey went to the post office to buy the new stamps, and as he wrote later, when the clerk brought out a sheet of inverts, "my heart stood still".<ref name="Inc.1987">{{cite book |author=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |title=Boys' Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58|date=March 1987|publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |pages=58–|issn=0006-8608}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The American Legion Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5u3vAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=American Legion Magazine}}</ref> He paid for the sheet, and asked to see more, but the remainder of the sheets were normal.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |first=Michael E. |last=Ruane |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/16/an-aviation-flop-led-to-stamp-collecting-history-and-made-the-inverted-jenny-famous/ |title=An aviation flop was a stamp collector’s dream and the U.S. Postal Service’s nightmare |publisher=Washington Post |date=16 May 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> The postal clerk who sold the sheet later said he did not realize the image was inverted because he had never seen an airplane before.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-inverted-jenny-24-cent-stamp-came-be-worth-fortune-180969090/|title=How the Inverted Jenny, a 24-Cent Stamp, Came to Be Worth a Fortune|first=Daniel|last=Fernandez|website=Smithsonian}}</ref>

Additional details of the day's events are not entirely certain—Robey gave three different accounts later—but he began to contact both stamp dealers and journalists, to tell them of his find. After a week that included visits from [[United States Postal Inspection Service|postal inspectors]] who tried to buy it back,<ref name="WaPo"/> and the hiding of the sheet under his mattress, Robey sold the sheet to noted Philadelphia dealer [[Eugene Klein (philatelist)|Eugene Klein]] for $15,000.<ref name="WaPo"/> Klein placed an advertisement on the first page of the May 25, 1918 ''Mekeel’s Weekly Stamp News'' offering to sell copies of the invert ($250 for fully perforated examples, $175 for stamps with one straight edge), but announced in his following week’s ad that the entire sheet had been purchased by an individual collector. The buyer, who paid $20,000, was "Colonel" [[H. R. Green]], son of [[Hetty Green]].

Klein advised Green that the stamps would be worth more separately than as a single sheet, and Green went along. He donated one invert to the Red Cross in support of its war efforts (which was auctioned off for $300), while retaining forty-one of the stamps in his own collection, including the plate-number block (initially eight stamps) and several blocks of four.<ref name="Sundman">Donald Sundman, ''The Jenny Invert Plate-Number Block'' [Kindle Edition], Mystic Stamp Company 2012, ASIN: B008MAOPUG</ref> The remainder of the inverts were sold off at steadily increasing prices through Klein, who kept a block of four for himself.<ref name="siegal sale"/> Green had one copy placed in a locket for his wife. This gold and glass locket displayed the inverted Jenny on one side, and a "regular" Jenny stamp on the other. This locket was offered for sale for the first time by the Siegel Auction Galleries Rarity Sale, held on May 18, 2002. It did not sell in the auction, but the philatelic press reported that a Private Treaty sale was arranged later for an unknown price.

The philatelic literature has long stated that seven of the stamps have been lost or destroyed through theft or mishandling. However, in 2007 a copy came to light that had not been seen since Eugene Klein broke up the sheet, and was offered for auction that June. The number of lost stamps then became six. Several others have been damaged, including one that was sucked into a vacuum cleaner. Apparently Green's wife mailed one which, while recovered, is the only cancelled sample. Indeed, no Jenny invert is in pristine condition, because Klein lightly penciled a number on the back of each stamp (from 1 through 10 in the top row to 91 through 100 in the bottom row) so that its original position on the sheet could be identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenmorestamp.com/the-inverted-jenny-error|title=The Inverted Jenny Error|website=www.kenmorestamp.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/lot_grd.php?btnSubmit=Search&sale_no=&lot_no=&fastsale=on&sdate1=01/01/1930&sdate2=10/11/2011&lotclass=All&majgroup=United+States&cat_supgroup=U.S.+Stamps&subgroup=All&lot_catfk=All&catselect=eq&srtorder=c3a&pfoper=gt&pfgrade=&gandor=or&pseoper=gt&psegrade=&symbol%5B%5D=All&realized1=&realized2=&keyword=&recsperpage=10&sea_name=&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp&sea_emailflag=on&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp|title=Siegel Auction Galleries — Power Search|website=www.siegelauctions.com}}</ref> For many years, only five examples, in fact, were known to have survived in never hinged condition.<ref name="Siegelrec"/> One of these is the locket copy, which, however has another condition problem: a corner crease at the bottom right probably inflicted while it was being enclosed behind glass.<ref name="locket">2002 Rarities of the World (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 846, May 18, 2002), p. 158.</ref>

==A famous stamp==
[[File:Benjemin K Miller 2305 xl.jpg|thumb|upright|Benjamin K. Miller, whose Inverted Jenny stamp was stolen in 1977]]
Aside from having the biplane printed upside down, the inverted Jenny has become famous for other reasons as well. [[Benjamin Miller Collection|Benjamin Kurtz Miller]], one of the early buyers of these inverts, 10 in all, bought the stamp for $250. Miller's inverted Jenny, position 18 on the sheet, was stolen in 1977 but was recovered in the early 1980s though, unfortunately, the top perforations had been cut off to prevent it from being recognized as the stolen Miller stamp. This mutilation made the stamp appear as if it had come from the top row of the sheet, and Klein's numbering on the back was accordingly tampered with to disguise the stamp as position 9—an astute piece of misdirection founded in the knowledge that position 9 had never appeared on the market: in fact, the real position 9 emerged decades later as the locket copy.<ref name="locket"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/topical-reference-pages/inverted-jenny.html|title=The Inverted Jenny|publisher=[[National Postal Museum]]|accessdate=2014-11-10}}</ref>(A genuine straight-edged copy would have cost Miller only $175.) However, that stolen and missing stamp served to drive the value of the other 99 examples even higher. That inverted Jenny was the main attraction in the Smithsonian [[National Postal Museum]]'s 'Rarity Revealed' exhibition, 2007–2009. The "Inverted Jenny" was the most requested postage stamp for viewing by visitors at the museum.<ref>{{cite web|first=Cheryl |last=Ganz |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=191014 |title=24c Curtiss Jenny invert single |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2008-09-26 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the mass media renewed long-dormant public attention to the 1955 theft of an even more spectacular Jenny specimen. This was a block of four (positions 65, 66, 75, 76) with a vertical red guide-line through its center, owned by the collector [[Ethel Bergstresser McCoy|Ethel McCoy]], which was stolen from a stamp show at a Norfolk hotel where it was being exhibited. The top right stamp from this block has never been found; the two left stamps surfaced in the 1970s as single copies offered in auction catalogues and were recovered by the FBI, although they had been camouflaged by minor mutilation: the portions of the right-edge perforations on which parts of the guide line were originally visible had been trimmed off or abraded to remove the red ink.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Larry |title=The Philatelic Foundation Authenticates Stolen Jenny Invert Stamp |work=News |publisher=[[Philatelic Foundation]] |year=2016 |url=http://www.philatelicfoundation.org/the-philatelic-foundation-authenticates-stolen-jenny-invert-stamp |accessdate=10 August 2018 }}</ref> Mrs. McCoy’s will had made the American Philatelic Research Library the legal owner of all four stamps in the block. In 2014 Donald Sundman of the Mystic Stamp Company offered $100,000 in reward money—$50,000 for the two stamps that were still missing—to anyone who could bring them to their rightful owner. The offer was publicized in ''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/15/us/100000-reward-for-missing-inverted-jennies-stamps.html|title=$100,000 Reward for Missing 'Jennies'|date=2014-09-14|accessdate=2014-11-12}}</ref>
and on national network news.

In April 2016, a third stamp from the stolen McCoy block turned up for auction at the Spink USA auction house. The seller was a British citizen in his 20s who claimed to have inherited it from his grandfather and knew little about the stamp's provenance. Examination revealed that the stamp came from position 76 in the pane of 100. The American Philatelic Research Library said it will work to take possession of the stamp once an FBI investigation is complete and other legal matters settled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Laura|title=Rare 'Inverted Jenny' Stamp Turns Up 60 Years After Theft|work=National Public Radio|date=April 15, 2016|accessdate=April 17, 2016|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/15/474441619/rare-inverted-jenny-stamp-turns-up-60-years-after-theft}}</ref> The only stamp that remains missing is position 66.

Philatelic forgers have mutilated at least four additional Inverted Jennys, (positions 4, 5, 6 and 8) disfiguring them with false perforations at the top (these were copies from the first horizontal row of the sheet, all of which originally had a straight edge at the top. The spurious perforations on position 4 have been trimmed away, but traces of them are still discernable along the narrow margin that remains).<ref name="Siegelrec">The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 1010A, June 18, 2011, p. 18: photographic reconstruction of the Inverted "Jenny" Sheet [six stamp-images missing])</ref>

The Jenny invert is so famous in the philatelic community—and the general public as well—that the complete history of all sales have been publicly documented.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://invertedjenny.com/salerecords|title=Inverted Jenny Sale Records|website=invertedjenny.com}}</ref>

==A rare swap==
[[File:Inverted jenny400.jpg|thumb|The Inverted Jenny plate block of four (note that the blue plate number is inverted as well). As of June 2015, it was owned by shoe designer and collector [[Stuart Weitzman]].<ref name=Barron4June2015>{{cite news | title=Stuart Weitzman to Display Rare Stamp That Fulfilled Boyhood Dream | work=New York Times | first=James|last=Barron|date=4 June 2015 | accessdate=4 June 2015| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/nyregion/stuart-weitzman-to-display-one-cent-magenta-stamp-that-fulfilled-boyhood-dream.html}}</ref>]]

At an auction of the Green estate in 1944, the unique plate number block of eight stamps was sold for $27,000 to the collector Amos Eno, who had four stamps removed from it. The reduced block fetched only $18,250 when Eno’s estate was sold off ten years later. By 1971, however, its price had risen to $150,000.<ref name="Sundman"/> Eventually, in late October 2005 this plate number block of four stamps was purchased by a then-anonymous buyer for $2,970,000. The purchaser was revealed to be U.S. financier [[Bill Gross (mutuals)|Bill Gross]]. Shortly after purchasing the Inverted Jennys he proceeded to trade them with [[Donald Sundman]], president of the [[Mystic Stamp Company]], a [[stamp dealer]], for one of only two known examples of the USA 1c [[Z Grill]]. By completing this trade, Gross became the owner of the only complete collection of U.S. 19th century stamps.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501464.html |date =2005-05-25 |title=Rare and Costly Stamps to Go on Display
|accessdate = 2006-08-08 |publisher =Washington Post |last=Schmid |first=Randolph E. }}</ref>

==2006 find==
[[File:Invertedjenny stamp ballot.jpg|thumb|The forgery on cover]]
In November 2006, election workers in [[Broward County, Florida]] claimed to have found an Inverted Jenny affixed to an [[absentee ballot]] envelope. The sender did not include any identification with the ballot, which automatically disqualified the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/12/04/stamp-fake-061204.html |title=Expert stamps out hopes of rare postage find |publisher=cbc.ca |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=2006-12-04 }}</ref> Peter Mastrangelo, executive director of the [[American Philatelic Society]], observed that the stamp was at variance with known copies, due in part to its perforations, although the colors had been reproduced accurately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061115/NEWS/611150462/-1/xml |date=2006-11-15 |title=Stamp with ballot may be a fake 'Jenny' |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher = Herald Tribune |last=Zaloudek |first=Mark }}</ref> Further investigations, published in the following month, confirmed that the stamp was a [[Philatelic fakes and forgeries|forgery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0421829620061205 |date=2006-12-04 |title=Stamp used on Florida ballot a fake |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher=Reuters }}</ref>

==95th anniversary souvenir sheet==
On September 22, 2013 the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[souvenir sheet]] illustrating six examples of the inverted stamp denominated $2 instead of the original 24 cents.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 New U.S. Stamp Issues |publisher=[[American Philatelic Society]] |date=9 September 2013 |url=http://stamps.org/userfiles/image/newissues/13-invertedjenny.jpg|accessdate=2015-05-15 }}</ref> The sheets were sold at face value, $12 (the issue was sold only as souvenir sheets of six, and not as individual $2 stamps). Various special packagings for collectors were also offered for a premium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_074.htm|title=Rarest Stamp Error in U.S. History, Inverted Jenny, Flies Again|website=about.usps.com}}</ref>

In addition to the 2.2 million sheets printed with the plane inverted, the Postal Service announced it also printed 100 "non-inverted Jenny" souvenir sheets, with the plane flying right side up. All sheets are individually wrapped in sealed envelopes to recreate the excitement of finding an Inverted Jenny when opening the envelope and to avoid the possibility of discovering a corrected Jenny prior to purchase. Individuals purchasing one of the 100 non-inverted Jenny sheets find a congratulatory note inside the wrapping asking them to call a phone number to receive a certificate of acknowledgement signed by [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] [[Patrick R. Donahoe|Patrick Donahoe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_079.htm|title=Postal Service Announces Very Limited Edition Stamps Circulated with Recent Issue of Famous ‘Upside Down’ Jenny Stamp|website=about.usps.com}}</ref> A non-inverted sheet purchased by Gail and David Robinson of Richmond, Virginia was sold in June 2014 by Siegel Auctions "Rarities of the World" for $51,750, with the 15% buyer's premium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rarities of the World Sale 1075: Upright Jenny Souvenir Sheet |work=Auction catalog |publisher=Robert Siegal Auction Gallaries |date=26 June 2014 |url=https://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2014&lot_name=Inverted%20Jenny%20%28C3a%29%20and%20Upright%20Jenny%20Souvenir%20Sheet&start_lot=1182&stop_lot=1183&sale_name=2014%20Rarities%20of%20the%20World&sale_no=1075&sale_date=Thursday,%20June%2026,%202014 |accessdate=16 January 2015 }}</ref>

In 2015 the Postal Service's [[Inspector General]] called the issuing of a few right side up Jenny airmail sheets improper because regulations do not allow the deliberate creation and distribution of stamp errors. The Service's general counsel was aware of the plan but formal approval by the legal department did not occur. It was also found that the Service's stamp fulfillment center in [[Missouri]] had accidentally failed to distribute 23 of the 30 sheets it was supposed to randomly mix in with orders (the other 70 went to local post offices). Thus not even the promised 100 were made available to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2015/07/21/usps-botched-plan-to-make-money-off-the-most-famous-stamp-error-in-history-watchdog-says/|title=Postal Service’s reprinting of famous stamp error broke agency rules|first=Lisa|last=Rein|date=21 July 2015|publisher=|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref>

==StampWants giveaway==
As covered in ''Linn's Stamp News'', on January 12, 2008, StampWants.com (an online marketplace for stamps, now known as bidStart.com) gave away an inverted Jenny, after a year-long promotion the company ran. This represented the most expensive stamp ever given away in any sort of promotion. The winner of the giveaway was John Shedlock, of California, and the stamp was presented to him by the then-current Miss New Jersey, [[Amy Polumbo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-new-jersey-to-present-giveaway-of-rare-400000-stamp-by-stampwantscom-at-aps-ameristamp-expo-58761607.html |title=Miss New Jersey to Present Giveaway of Rare $400,000 Stamp by StampWants.com at APS Ameristamp Expo |publisher=PR Newswire |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>

==Position 49 stamp located after missing for 100 years==
On September 6, 2018, ''The New York Times'' reported that the Philatelic Foundation had authenticated an inverted Jenny stamp that had not been seen since the original sheet of 100 was divided in 1918. It is a sixth never-hinged copy - the long-missing Jenny at position No. 49.<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Barron |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/nyregion/inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=An Inverted Jenny Surfaces. The Flawed Stamp Had Not Been Seen Since 1918. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref> On 15 November 2018, the stamp was auctioned by [[Robert A. Siegel]] Auction Galleries for the then-record sum of US$1,593,000 (including the 18 percent buyer’s premium) <ref name=Jenny49 />

==See also==
{{Commons category|Inverted Jenny}}
* [[Airmails of the United States]]
* [[List of United States airmail stamps#1918–1919|List of United States airmail stamps]]
* [[CIA invert]]
* [[Invert error]]
* [[List of notable postage stamps]]
* [[Philatelic investment]]
* [[Stamp collecting]]
* [[Pan-American invert]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Amick, George. ''The Inverted Jenny: Mystery, Money, Mania''. Scott Pub Inc Co (May 1, 1987). {{ISBN|0-89487-089-0}}
* Roy, Ron. ''The Empty Envelope''. Random House Children's Books, 2000.

==External links==
* [http://www.invertedjenny.com Topic-specific website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Curtiss-Wright Company]]
[[Category:Airmail stamps]]
[[Category:1918 works]]
[[Category:1918 in the United States]]
[[Category:Postage stamp invert errors]]

His Girl Friday

2019-05-17T16:16:02Z

BFolkman: /* Production */ correction

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = His Girl Friday
| image = His Girl Friday poster.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Howard Hawks]]
| producer = Howard Hawks
| based on = {{based on|''[[The Front Page]]'' 1928 play|[[Ben Hecht]] [[Charles MacArthur]]}}
| screenplay = [[Charles Lederer]]
| starring = [[Cary Grant]] [[Rosalind Russell]] [[Ralph Bellamy]] [[Gene Lockhart]]
| editing = [[Gene Havlick]]
| music = Sidney Cutner Felix Mills
| cinematography = [[Joseph Walker (cinematographer)|Joseph Walker]]
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1940|1|11}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| language = English
| country = United States
| budget =
| gross =
}}
[[File:His Girl Friday (1940).ogv|thumbnail|Full film]]
'''''His Girl Friday''''' is a 1940 American [[screwball comedy film]] directed by [[Howard Hawks]], starring [[Rosalind Russell]] and [[Cary Grant]]. It was released by [[Columbia Pictures]]. The plot centers on a newspaper editor named Walter Burns who is about to lose his ace reporter and ex-wife Hildy Johnson, newly engaged to another man. Burns suggests they cover one more story together, getting themselves entangled in the case of murderer Earl Williams as Burns desperately tries to win back his wife. The screenplay was adapted from the play ''[[The Front Page]]'' by [[Ben Hecht]] and [[Charles MacArthur]]. This was the second time the play had been adapted for the screen, the first occasion being the 1931 film also called ''[[The Front Page (1931 film)|The Front Page]]''.

The script was written by [[Charles Lederer]], and [[Ben Hecht]], though Hecht is not credited for his contributions. The major change in this version, introduced by Hawks, is that the role of Hildy Johnson is a woman. Filming began in September 1939 and finished in November 1939, seven days behind schedule. Production was delayed because the frequent improvisation and numerous ensemble scenes required many retakes. Hawks encouraged his actors to be aggressive and spontaneous, creating several moments in which the characters break the [[fourth wall]]. The film has been noted for its surprises, comedy and rapid, overlapping dialogue. Hawks himself was determined to break the record for the fastest film dialogue, at the time held by ''The Front Page''. He used a sound mixer on the set to increase the speed of dialogue, and held a showing of the two films next to each other to prove how fast his film was.

The film was #19 on [[American Film Institute]]'s [[AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs|100 Years ... 100 Laughs]] and was selected in 1993 for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] of the [[Library of Congress]] as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

The film is in the [[public domain]] because the copyright was not renewed, though the play it was based on is still under copyright.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jackson |first1=Matthew |title=11 Classic Films in the Public Domain |url=https://mentalfloss.com/article/92931/11-classic-films-public-domain |accessdate=4 January 2019 |work=mentalfloss.com |date=6 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Walter Burns ([[Cary Grant]]) is a hard-boiled editor for ''The Morning Post'' who learns his ex-wife and former star reporter, Hildegard "Hildy" Johnson ([[Rosalind Russell]]),{{Efn|According to [[Pauline Kael]], all female reporters in newspaper films were based on [[Adela Rogers St. Johns]].{{sfn|Haskell|1974|p=134}}}} is about to marry bland insurance man Bruce Baldwin ([[Ralph Bellamy]]) and settle down to a quiet life as a wife and mother in [[Albany, New York]]. Walter determines to sabotage these plans, enticing the reluctant Hildy to cover one last story, the upcoming execution of Earl Williams ([[John Qualen]]) a shy bookkeeper convicted of murdering an African-American policeman. Walter insists Hildy and her fiancé Bruce join him for lunch. At the restaurant, Hildy insists that she and Bruce will be leaving in two hours to take a night train to Albany to be married the following day. Walter attempts to convince Bruce that Hildy is the only one who can write a story to save wrongly convicted Earl Williams. After several attempts through deceit and lies to convince Hildy to stay, Hildy eventually agrees on the condition that Walter buys a $100,000 life insurance policy from Bruce in order to receive the $1,000 commission. In the meantime, Hildy bribes the jail warden to let her interview Earl Williams in jail. Williams explains that he shot the police officer on accident. Hildy uses economic theory to explain the murder of the cop to Williams, insisting that he shot the gun because of [[production for use]].

Walter does everything he can to keep Hildy from leaving, first setting up and accusing Bruce of stealing a watch, forcing Hildy to bail him out of jail. Exasperated, Hildy announces her retirement from her profession; however, when Williams escapes from the bumbling [[sheriff]] ([[Gene Lockhart]]) and practically falls into Hildy's lap, the lure of a big [[Scoop (term)|scoop]] proves too much for her. Walter frames Bruce again, and he is immediately sent back to jail. At this point, she realizes that Walter is behind the shenanigans, yet is powerless to bail him out again. Williams comes to the press room holding a gun to Hildy and accidentally shoots a pigeon in fear. Hildy takes the gun from him. Bruce calls, and she tells him to wait, because she has Earl Williams in the press room. Williams's friend Mollie comes looking for him, assuring him that she knows he is innocent. When reporters knock at the door, she hides Williams in a roll-top desk. At this time, the building is surrounded by other reporters and cops looking for Williams. Hildy's stern mother-in-law-to-be ([[Alma Kruger]]) enters berating Hildy for the way she is treating Bruce. Upon being harassed for Williams's whereabouts by the reporters, Mollie jumps out of the window, but isn't killed. Annoyed, Walter has his colleague "Diamond Louie" ([[Abner Biberman]]) remove Mrs. Baldwin from the room "temporarily". Hildy wants to try to get Bruce out of jail, but Walter convinces her that she should focus on her breakthrough story.
[[File:His Girl Friday 3.jpg|thumb|John Qualen in a scene from the film.]]
Bruce comes into the press room having wired Albany for his bail asking about the whereabouts of his mother, as Hildy is frantically typing out her story. She is so consumed with writing the story that she hardly notices as Bruce realizes his cause is hopeless and leaves to return to Albany on the 9 o'clock train. "Diamond Louie" enters the room with torn clothes, revealing that he had hit a police car while driving away with Mrs. Baldwin. Louie reveals that he wasn't sure whether or not she was killed in the accident. The crooked mayor ([[Clarence Kolb]]) and sheriff need the publicity from the execution to keep their jobs in an upcoming election, so when a messenger ([[Billy Gilbert]]) brings them a reprieve from the governor, they try to bribe the man to go away and return later, when it will be too late. Walter and Hildy find out in time to save Williams from the gallows and they use the information to blackmail the mayor and sheriff into dropping Walter's arrest for kidnapping Mrs. Baldwin. Hildy receives one last call from Bruce, again in jail because of having counterfeit money that was unknowingly transferred to him by Hildy from Walter. Hildy breaks down and admits to Walter that she was afraid that Walter was going to let her marry Bruce without a fight. Walter and Hildy send money to bail Bruce out of jail.

Afterward, Walter tells Hildy they're going to remarry, and promises to take her on the honeymoon they never had in [[Niagara Falls]]. But then Walter learns that there is a newsworthy strike in Albany, which is on the way to Niagara Falls by train. Hildy agrees to honeymoon in Albany, accepting that Walter will never change. Walter leads Hildy out of the press room, asking her to carry her own suitcase.

==Cast==
[[File:HisgirlFriday.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Cary Grant]] and [[Rosalind Russell]].]]
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Cary Grant]] as Walter Burns
* [[Rosalind Russell]] as Hildy Johnson
* [[Ralph Bellamy]] as Bruce Baldwin
* [[Gene Lockhart]] as Sheriff Hartwell
* [[Porter Hall]] as Murphy
* [[Ernest Truex]] as Bensinger
* [[Cliff Edwards]] as Endicott
* [[Clarence Kolb]] as the Mayor
* [[Roscoe Karns]] as McCue
* [[Frank Jenks]] as Wilson
* [[Regis Toomey]] as Sanders
* [[Abner Biberman]] as Louie
* [[Frank Orth]] as Duffy
* [[John Qualen]] as Earl Williams
* [[Helen Mack]] as Mollie Malloy
* [[Alma Kruger]] as Mrs. Baldwin
* [[Billy Gilbert]] as Joe Pettibone
* [[Pat West (actor)|Pat West]] as Warden Cooley
* [[Edwin Maxwell (actor)|Edwin Maxwell]] as Dr. Eggelhoffer
* [[Marion Martin]] as Evangeline (uncredited)
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Development and writing===
[[File:Howard Hawks head shot.jpg|thumb|left|Director Howard Hawks.]]
While producing ''[[Only Angels Have Wings]]'' (1939), Howard Hawks tried to pitch a remake of ''The Front Page'' to [[Harry Cohn]] of Columbia Pictures. [[Cary Grant]] was almost immediately cast in the film, but Cohn initially intended Grant to play the reporter, with radio commentator [[Walter Winchell]] as the editor.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=278}} Hawks's production that became ''His Girl Friday'' was originally intended to be a straightforward adaptation of ''The Front Page'', with both the editor and reporter being male.{{Efn|A "[[Girl Friday (idiom)|girl Friday]]" is an assistant who carries out a variety of chores. The name alludes to "Friday", [[Robinson Crusoe]]'s native male [[dogsbody]] in [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel. According to Merriam-Webster's, the term was first used in 1940 (the year the film was released).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/girl%20friday|title=Girl Friday|work=[[Merriam-Webster]]|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref>}} But during auditions, a woman, Howard Hawks's secretary, read reporter Hildy Johnson's lines. Hawks liked the way the dialogue sounded coming from a woman, resulting in the script being rewritten to make Hildy female and the ex-wife of editor Walter Burns played by Cary Grant.{{sfn|Phillips|2010|p=308}} Cohn purchased the rights for ''The Front Page'' in January 1939.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=279}}

Although Hawks considered the dialogue of ''The Front Page'' to be "the finest modern dialogue that had been written", more than half of it was replaced with what Hawks believed to be better dialogue.{{sfn|Mast|1982|pp=208-209}} Some of the original dialogue was left the same, as were all of the characters' names with two exceptions: Hildy's fiancé (now no longer a fiancée) was given the name Bruce Baldwin, and the name of the comic messenger bringing the pardon from the governor was changed from Pincus to Pettibone. [[Harry Cohn]] of [[Columbia Pictures]] approved Hawks' idea for the film project. Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur who had written the original play were unavailable for screenwriting. Consequently, Hawks considered [[Gene Fowler]] as the screenwriter, but he declined the job because he disliked the changes to the screenplay Hawks intended to make.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=279}} Hawks instead recruited [[Charles Lederer]] who had worked on the adaptation for ''[[The Front Page (1931 film)|The Front Page]]'' to work on the screenplay.{{sfn|Grindon|2011|p=96}} Though he was not credited, Hecht did assist Lederer in the adaptation.{{sfn|Martin|1985|p=95}} Additions were made in the beginning of the screenplay by Lederer to give the characters a convincing backstory so it was decided that Hildy and Walter would be divorced with Hildy's intentions of remarriage serving as Walter's motivation to win her back.{{sfn|Grindon|2011|p=97}}

During writing, Hawks was in Palm Springs directing ''Only Angels Have Wings'', yet stayed in close contact with Lederer and Hecht.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=279}} Hecht helped Lederer with some organizational revisions and Lederer finished the script on May 22. After two more drafts completed by July, Hawks called [[Morrie Ryskind]] to revise the dialogue and make it more interesting. Ryskind revised the script throughout the summer and finished by the end of September, before filming began. More than half of the original dialogue was rewritten.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=279}} The film lacks one of the well-known final lines of the play, "the son-of-a-bitch stole my watch!", because films of the time were more censored than [[Pre-code Hollywood]] films and Hawks felt that the line was too overused. Ryskind developed a new ending in which Walter and Hildy start fighting immediately after saying "I do" in the wedding they hold in the newsroom with one of the characters stating, "I think it's gonnna turn out all right this time." However, after revealing the ending to a few writers at Columbia one evening, Ryskind was surprised to hear that his ending was filmed on another set a few days later.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=281}} Forced to create another ending, Ryskind ended up thanking the anonymous Columbia writer, because he felt that his ending and ones of his final lines, "I wonder if Bruce can put us up," were better than what he had written originally.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=281}} After reviewing the screenplay, the [[Hays Office]] saw no issues with the film, besides a few derogatory comments towards newsmen and some illegal behavior of the characters. During some rewrites for censors, Hawks focused on finding a lead actress for his film.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|pp=281-282}}

[[File:His Girl Friday still 2.jpg|200px|thumb|Cary Grant, Rosalind Russell, and Ralph Bellamy in a promotional picture for the film.]]

===Casting===
Hawks had difficulty casting ''His Girl Friday''. While the choice of Cary Grant was almost instantaneous, the casting of Hildy was a more extended process. At first, Hawks wanted [[Carole Lombard]], whom he had directed in the screwball comedy ''[[Twentieth Century (film)|Twentieth Century]]'' (1934), but the cost of hiring Lombard in her new status as a freelancer proved to be far too expensive, and Columbia could not afford her. [[Katharine Hepburn]], [[Claudette Colbert]], [[Margaret Sullivan]], [[Ginger Rogers]] and [[Irene Dunne]] were offered the role, but turned it down. Dunne rejected the role because she felt the part was too small and needed to be expanded. [[Jean Arthur]] was offered the part, and was suspended by the studio when she refused to take it. [[Joan Crawford]] was reportedly also considered.<ref name=tcmnotes>[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=206&category=Notes Notes TCM]</ref> Hawks then turned to Rosalind Russell who had just finished MGM's ''[[The Women (1939 film)|The Women]]'' (1939).{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=282}} Russell was upset when she discovered from a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' article that Cohn was "stuck" with her after attempting to cast many other actresses. Before Russell's first meeting with Hawks, to show her apathy, she took a swim and entered his office with wet hair, causing him to do a "triple take". Russell confronted him about this casting issue; he dismissed her quickly and asked her to go to wardrobe.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=282}}

===Filming===
After makeup, wardrobe, and photography tests, filming began on September 27. The film had the working title of ''The Bigger They Are''.<ref name=tcmarticle>{{cite web| last=Miller | first=Frank | url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=206&category=Articles|title= His Girl Friday}}</ref> In her autobiography, ''Life Is A Banquet'', Russell wrote that she thought her role did not have as many good lines as Grant's, so she hired her own writer to "punch up" her dialogue. With Hawks encouraging ad-libbing on the set, Russell was able to slip her personal, paid writer's work into the movie. Only Grant was wise to this tactic and greeted her each morning saying, "What have you got today?"<ref>New York : Random House, 1977. {{ISBN|978-0-394-42134-6}} OCLC 3017310</ref> Her ghostwriter gave her some of the lines for the restaurant scene, which is unique to ''His Girl Friday''. It was one of the most complicated scenes to film; because of the rapidity of the dialogue, none of the actors actually eat during the scene despite the fact that there is food in the scene. Hawks shot this scene with one camera a week and a half into production and it took four days to film instead of the intended two.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=285}} The film was shot with some improvisation of lines and actions, with Hawks giving the actors freedom to experiment as he did with his comedies more than his dramas.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=283}} The film is noted for its rapid-fire repartee, using overlapping dialogue to make conversations sound more realistic, with one character speaking before another finishes. Although overlapping dialog is specified and cued in the 1928 play script by Hecht and MacArthur,<ref>Hecht, Ben, & Charles MacArthur, ''The Front Page'', 1928. Samuel French, Inc.</ref> Hawks told [[Peter Bogdanovich]]:

<blockquote>I had noticed that when people talk, they talk ''over'' one another, especially people who talk fast or who are arguing or describing something. So we wrote the dialogue in a way that made the beginnings and ends of sentences unnecessary; they were there for overlapping.{{sfn|Bogdanovich|1997}}</blockquote>

[[File:His Girl Friday 6.jpg|thumb|left|L. to R. : Cary Grant, Frank Jenks, Roscoe Karns, Gene Lockhart, Pat Flaherty, Porter Hall, Alma Kruger, and Rosalind Russell in one of the final scenes of the film.]]
To get the effect he wanted, as [[multi-track sound recording]] was not yet available at the time, Hawks had the sound mixer on the set turn the various overhead microphones on and off as required for the scene, as many as 35 times.<ref name=tcmarticle /> Reportedly, the film was sped up because of a challenge Hawks took upon himself to break the record for the fastest dialogue on screen, at the time held by ''The Front Page''.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=283}} Hawks arranged a showing for newsmen of the two films next to each other to prove how fast his dialogue was.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=284}} Filming was difficult for the cinematographers because the improvisation made it difficult to know what the characters were going to do. Rosalind Russell was also difficult to film because of her lack of a sharp jawline required makeup artists to paint and blend a dark line under her jawline while shining a light on her face to simulate a more youthful appearance.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=284}}

Hawks encouraged aggressiveness and unexpectedness in the acting, a few times breaking the [[fourth wall]] in the film. At one point, Grant broke character because of something unscripted that Russell did and looked directly at the camera saying, "Is she going to do that?". Hawks decided to leave this scene in the picture.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=284}} Owing to the numerous ensemble scenes, many retakes were necessary. Having learned from ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]'' (1938), Hawks added some [[straight man|straight]] supporting characters in order to balance out the leading characters.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=285}} [[Arthur Rosson]] worked for three days on [[second unit]] footage at [[Columbia Ranch]]. Filming was completed on November 21, seven days past schedule. Unusual for the time period, the film contains no music besides the music that leads to the final fade out of the film.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=286}}

====Ad-libs by Grant====
Grant's character describes Bellamy's character by saying "He looks like that fellow in the movies, you know ... Ralph Bellamy!" According to Bellamy, the remark was ad libbed by Grant.<ref name=tcmnotes /> Columbia studio head [[Harry Cohn]] thought it was too cheeky and ordered it removed, but Hawks insisted that it stay. Grant makes several other "inside" remarks in the film. When his character is arrested for a kidnapping, he describes the horrendous fate suffered by the last person who crossed him: Archie Leach (Grant's birth name).{{sfn|Fetherling|1977|p=85}} Another line that people think is an inside remark is when Earl Williams attempts to get out of the rolltop desk he's been hiding in, Grant says, "Get back in there, you Mock Turtle." The line is a "cleaned-up" version of a line from the stage version of ''The Front Page'' ("Get back in there, you God damned turtle!") and Grant also played "The Mock Turtle" in the 1933 film version of ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1933 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]''.<ref name=tcmarticle />

==Release==
Release of the film was rushed by Cohn and a sneak preview of the film was held in December, with a press screening on January 3, 1940.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=286}} ''His Girl Friday'' premiered in [[New York City]] at [[Radio City Music Hall]] on January 11, 1940, and went into general American release a week later.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cohn |first1=Herbert |title='His Girl Friday' Makes Gay Music Hall Comedy |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/52684151/?terms=%22%27His+Girl+Friday%27+Makes%22 |accessdate=27 June 2018 |newspaper=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |date=January 12, 1940 |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=At the Logan Wednesday |url=https://basic.newspapers.com/image/85484391/?terms=his+girl+friday |accessdate=27 June 2018 |work=The Logan Daily News |date=January 22, 1940}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Contemporary reviews from critics were very positive. Critics were particularly impressed by the gender change of the reporter.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=286}} [[Frank Nugent|Frank S. Nugent]] of ''The New York Times'' wrote, "Except to add that we've seen 'The Front Page' under its own name and others so often before we've grown a little tired of it, we don't mind conceding 'His Girl Friday' is a bold-faced reprint of what was once—and still remains—the maddest newspaper comedy of our times."<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last1=Nugent |first1=Frank S. |title=THE SCREEN IN REVIEW; Frenzied's the Word for 'His Girl Friday,' a Distaff Edition of 'The Front Page,' at the Music Hall--'The Man Who Wouldn't Talk' Opens at the Palace |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/01/12/archives/the-screen-in-review-frenzieds-the-word-for-his-girl-friday-a.html |accessdate=October 29, 2018 |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=January 12, 1940}}</ref> The ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reviewer wrote, "The trappings are different—even to the extent of making reporter Hildy Johnson a femme—but it is still 'Front Page' and Columbia need not regret it. Charles Leder (sic) has done an excellent screenwriting job on it and producer director Howard Hawks has made a film that can stand alone almost anywhere and grab healthy grosses."<ref>{{cite magazine |last= |first= |date=January 10, 1940 |title=His Girl Friday |url= |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |location=New York |publisher=Variety, Inc. |page=14 |accessdate= }}</ref> ''[[Harrison's Reports]]'' wrote, "Even though the story and its development will be familiar to those who saw the first version of ''The Front Page'', they will be entertained just the same, for the action is so exciting that it holds one in tense suspense throughout."<ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |date=January 6, 1940 |title='His Girl Friday' with Cary Grant, Rosalind Russell and Ralph Bellamy |url= |journal=[[Harrison's Reports]] |page=3 |accessdate= }}</ref> ''[[Film Daily]]'' wrote, "Given a snappy pace, a top flight cast, good production and able direction, film has all the necessary qualities for first-rate entertainment for any type of audience."<ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |date=January 5, 1940 |title=Reviews of the New Films |url= |journal=[[Film Daily]] |page=5 |accessdate= }}</ref> [[John Mosher (writer)|John Mosher]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' wrote that after years of "feeble, wispy, sad imitations" of ''The Front Page'', he found this authentic adaptation of the original to be "as fresh and undated and bright a film as you could want."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mosher |first=John |authorlink=John Mosher (writer) |date=January 13, 1940 |title=The Current Cinema |url= |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |location=New York |publisher=F-R Publishing Corp. |page=59 |accessdate= }}</ref> Louis Marcorelles called ''His Girl Friday'', "le film américain par excellence".{{sfn|Bordwell|1985|p=188}}

==Interpretation==
The title ''His Girl Friday'' is an ironic title, because a girl "Friday" represents a servant of a master, but Hildy is not a servant in the film, but rather the equal to Walter. The world in this film is not determined by gender, but rather by intelligence and capability. At the beginning of the film Hildy says that she wants to be "treated like a woman", but her return to her profession reveals her true desire to live a different life.{{sfn|Grindon|2011|p=105}} In ''His Girl Friday'', even though the characters remarry, Hawks displays an aversion to marriage, home, and family through his approach to the film. Specific, exclusionary camera work and character control of the frame and the dialogue portray a subtle criticism of domesticity. {{sfn|Danks|2016|pp=35-38}} The subject of domesticity is fairly absent throughout the film. Even among the relationships between Grant and Russell and Bellamy and Russell, the relationships are positioned within a larger frame of the male dominated newsroom.{{sfn|Danks|2016|pp=35-38}} The film, like many comedies, celebrates difficult, tumultuous love rather than secure, suburban love through its preference for movement and argument rather than silent poise.{{sfn|Haskell|1974|p=126}} Film critic [[Molly Haskell]] wrote that the scene near the end of the film when Hildy sheds tears was not included to expose her femininity, but to express the confusion she felt due to the collision of her professional and feminine natures. The feminine side of Hildy desires to be subservient and sexually relate to men, while the other side of Hildy desires assertion and to forfeit the stereotypical duties of a woman. Her tears represent her emotional helplessness and inability to express anger to a male authority figure.{{sfn|Haskell|1974|pp=133-134}}

A commonality in many Howard Hawks films is the revelation of the amorality of the main character and an inability of the protagonist to change or develop as a character. In ''His Girl Friday'', Walter Burns manipulates, acts selfishly, frames his ex-wife's fiancé, and orchestrates the kidnapping of an elderly woman. Even at the end of the film, Burns convinces Hildy Johnson to remarry him despite how much she loathes him and his questionable actions. Upon the resumption of their relationship, there is no romance visible between them. They do not kiss, embrace, or even gaze at each other. It is evident that Burns is still the same person he was in their previous relationship as he quickly waves off the plans for the honeymoon that they never had in pursuit of a new story. Additionally, he walks in front of her when exiting the room, forcing her to carry her own suitcase, despite Johnson having already criticized this in the beginning of the film. This hints that the marriage is fated to face the same problems that ended it previously.{{sfn|Dibbern|2016|p=230}}

Hawks is known for his use of repeated or intentional gestures in his films. In ''His Girl Friday'', the cigarette in the scene between Hildy and Earl Williams serves several symbolic roles in the film. First, the cigarette establishes a link between the characters when Williams accepts the cigarette even though he does not smoke. However, the fact that he doesn't smoke and they don't share the cigarette shows the difference between and separation of the worlds in which the two characters live.<ref>{{harvnb|Neale|2016|p=110}}; {{harvnb|McElhaney|2006|pp=31–45}}</ref>

The film contains two main plots: the romantic and the professional. Walter and Hildy work together to attempt to release wrongly convicted Earl Williams, while the concurrent plot is Walter attempting to win back Hildy. The two plots do not resolve at the same time, but they are interdependent because although Williams is released before Walter and Hildy get back together, he is the reason for their reconciliation.{{sfn|Bordwell|1985|p=158}} The speed of the film results in snappy and overlapping dialogue among interruptions and rapid speech. Gesture, character and camera movement, as well as editing, serve to complement the dialogue in increasing the pace of the film. There is a clear contrast between the fast-talking Hildy and Walter and slow-talking Bruce and Earl which serves to emphasize the gap between the intelligent and the unintelligent in the film. The average word per minute count of the film is 240 while average American speech is around 140 words per minute. There are nine scenes with at least four words per second and at least two with more than five words per second.{{sfn|Grindon|2011|p=103}} Hawks attached verbal tags before and after specific script lines so the actors would be able to interrupt and talk over each other without making the necessary dialogue incomprehensible.{{sfn|Mast|1982|p=49}}

Film theorist and historian [[David Bordwell]] explained the ending of ''His Girl Friday'' as a "closure effect" rather than a closure. The ending of the film is rather circular and there is no development of characters, specifically Walter Burns, and the film ends similarly to the way in which it starts. Additionally, the film ends with a brief epilogue in which Walter announces their remarriage and reveals their intention to go cover a strike in Albany on the way to their honeymoon and they consider staying with Bruce in Albany. The fates of the main characters and even some of the minor characters such as Earl William are revealed, except there are minor flaws in the resolution. For example, they do not discuss what happens to Molly Malloy after the conflict is resolved. However, the main characters’ endings were wrapped up so well that it overshadows the need for the minor characters' endings to be wrapped up. This creates a "closure effect" or an appearance of closure.<ref>{{harvnb|Bordwell|1985|p=159}}; {{harvnb|Dibbern|2016|p=230}}</ref>

==Legacy==
''His Girl Friday'' (often along with ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]'' and ''[[Twentieth Century (film)|Twentieth Century]]'') is cited as an archetype of the screwball comedy genre.{{sfn|Brookes|2016|p=2}} In 1993, the [[Library of Congress]] selected ''His Girl Friday'' for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]].<ref>{{cite web| title= U.S. National Film Registry — Titles| url= http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/Web/Unofficial/Movies/NFR-Titles.html#1993 | work= Clamen's Movie Information Collection| first= Stewart M. |last=Clamen| publisher = [[Carnegie Mellon University]] | accessdate=July 28, 2013}}</ref> The film ranked 19th on the [[American Film Institute]]'s [[AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs|100 Years ... 100 Laughs]], a 2000 list of the funniest American comedies.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/laughs100.pdf | format= [[PDF]] | title= America's Funniest Movies | publisher= [[American Film Institute]] | accessdate=July 28, 2013}}</ref> Prior to ''His Girl Friday'' the play ''The Front Page'' had been adapted for the screen once before, in the 1931 Howard Hughes-produced film also called ''[[The Front Page (1931 film)|The Front Page]]'' with [[Adolphe Menjou]] and [[Pat O'Brien (actor)|Pat O'Brien]] in the starring roles.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fristoe |first1=Roger |last2=Nixon |first2=Rob |title=The Front Page (1931) |url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/64127%7C0/The-Front-Page.html |website=Film Article |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |accessdate=2 July 2018}}</ref> In this first film adaptation of the Broadway play of the same title (written by former Chicago newsmen Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur), Hildy Johnson was male.<ref name="NYT" />

''His Girl Friday'' was dramatized as a one-hour radio play on the September 30, 1940 broadcast of [[Lux Radio Theater]] with [[Claudette Colbert]], [[Fred MacMurray]] and [[Jack Carson]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KrRQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kiIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5650%2C6978940&q=%22Theater%22 |author= |title= Spotlighting the Dial – Dramatic Programs
|page=2 (Green Sheet) |newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal |date=1940-09-30 |accessdate=2018-08-23 }}</ref> It was dramatized again with a half-hour version on [[The Screen Guild Theater]] on March 30, 1941 with Grant and Russell reprising their film roles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PfUaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YEwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6359%2C2752286 |title=TONIGHT - 7:30 WJAS (advertisement) |page=3 (section 5) |newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press |date=1941-03-30 |accessdate=2018-08-23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ScreenGuildTheater/Sgt_41-03-30_ep080_His_Girl_Friday.mp3|title=Screen Guild Theater|last=|first=|date=March 26, 2007|website=Internet Archive|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> "The Front Page" was remade in a [[The Front Page (1974 film)|1974 Billy Wilder movie]] starring Walter Matthau as Walter Burns, Jack Lemmon as Hildy Johnson, and Susan Sarandon as his fiancée. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Canby |first1=Vincent |title=Wilder's Uneven Film of 'Front Page' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/19/archives/wilders-uneven-film-of-front-page-the-cast.html |accessdate=27 June 2018 |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=December 19, 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners and Nominees: The Front Page |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/front-page |website=Golden Globes Awards |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref>

''His Girl Friday'' and the original Hecht and MacArthur play were later adapted into another stage play, ''His Girl Friday'', by playwright [[John Guare]]. This was presented at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]], London, from May to November 2003, with [[Alex Jennings]] as Burns and [[Zoë Wanamaker]] as Hildy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tarloff |first1=Erik |title=Theater; The Play of the Movie of the Play |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/06/movies/theater-the-play-of-the-movie-of-the-play.html |accessdate=27 June 2018 |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=July 6, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Billington |first1=Michael |title=His Girl Friday |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2003/jun/06/theatre.artsfeatures1 |accessdate=27 June 2018 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian New and Media Limited |date=June 6, 2003}}</ref> The 1988 film ''[[Switching Channels]]'' was loosely based on ''His Girl Friday'', with [[Burt Reynolds]] in the Walter Burns role, [[Kathleen Turner]] in the Hildy Johnson role, and [[Christopher Reeve]] in the role of Bruce.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/04/movies/film-turner-in-switching-channels.html|title=Film: Turner in 'Switching Channels'|first=Vincent|last=Canby|authorlink=Vincent Canby|date=March 4, 1988}}</ref> In December 2017, Montreal Canada based independent theatre company, Snowglobe Theatre's Artistic Director Peter Giser adapted the script for the stage, expanded some characters and made the play more accessible to modern audiences. It was performed that December after Snowglobe obtained copyright status of this adapted version.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Toben |first1=Byron |title=His Girl Friday: a fast paced witty show |url=https://www.westmountmag.ca/his-girl-friday/ |accessdate=October 29, 2018 |work=Westmount Magazine |publisher=Visionnaires}}</ref>

[[Quentin Tarantino]], the director of ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994), has named ''His Girl Friday'' as one of his favorite movies.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Greatest Films Poll - 2012 - Quentin Tarantino|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/voter/1134|accessdate=December 14, 2014|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> In the 2004 French film ''[[Notre musique]]'', in Godard's classroom he explains the basic of film, specifically the [[shot reverse shot]]. As he explains this concept, two stills from ''His Girl Friday'' are shown with Cary Grant in one photo and Rosalind Russell in the other. He explains that upon looking closely, the two shots are actually the same shot, "because the director is incapable of seeing the difference between a man and a woman."{{sfn|McElhaney|2016|p=199}}

The film is recognized by [[American Film Institute]] as #19 in 2000's [[AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs]].<ref>{{cite web|last= |first= |title=AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs |url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/laughs100.pdf |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |date= |accessdate=2016-07-17}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bogdanovich |first1=Peter |title=Who the Devil Made it: Conversations With Legendary Film Directors |date=1997 |publisher=The Ballantine Publishing Group |location=New York |isbn=9780307817457 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZBPHL2sQ3JoC&pg=PT500&lpg=PT500&dq=I+had+noticed+that+when+people+talk,+they+talk+over+one+another,+especially+people+who+talk+fast+or+who+are+arguing+or+describing+something.+So+we+wrote+the+dialogue+in+a+way+that+made+the+beginnings+and+ends+of+sentences+unnecessary;+they+were+there+for+overlapping#v=onepage&q=I%20had%20noticed%20that%20when%20people%20talk%2C%20they%20talk%20over%20one%20another%2C%20especially%20people%20who%20talk%20fast%20or%20who%20are%20arguing%20or%20describing%20something.%20So%20we%20wrote%20the%20dialogue%20in%20a%20way%20that%20made%20the%20beginnings%20and%20ends%20of%20sentences%20unnecessary%3B%20they%20were%20there%20for%20overlapping&f=false |accessdate=October 29, 2018|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bordwell |first1=David |title=Narration in the Fiction Film |date=1985 |publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0299101701|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Brookes |editor1-first=Ian |title=Howard Hawks: New Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave |location=London |isbn=9781844575411|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Danks |first1=Adrian |editor1-last=Brookes |editor1-first=Ian |title=Howard Hawks: New Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave |location=London |isbn=9781844575411 |pages=35–38 |chapter='Ain't There Anyone Here for Love?' Space, Place and Community in the Cinema of Howard Hawks|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dibbern |first1=Doug |editor1-last=Brookes |editor1-first=Ian |title=Howard Hawks: New Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave |location=9781844575411 |page=230 |chapter=Irresolvable Circularity: Narrative Closure and Nihilism in ''Only Angels Have Wings''|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fetherling |first1=Doug |title=The Five Lives of Ben Hecht |date=1977 |publisher=Lester and Orpen Ltd |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0919630857|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Grindon |first1=Leger |title=The Hollywood romantic comedy: Conventions, history, controversies |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=9781405182669 |ref=harv|doi=10.1002/9781444395969 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Haskell |first1=Molly |title=From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in the Movies |date=1974 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0226318844|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Jeffrey Brown |title=Ben Hecht: Hollywood Screenwriter |date=1985 |publisher=UMI Research Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |isbn=978-0835715713|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mast |first1=Gerald |title=Howard Hawks, Storyteller |date=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0195030914|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=McCarthy |first1=Todd |title=Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood |date=1997 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0802115980|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=McElhaney |first1=Joe |editor1-last=Brookes |editor1-first=Ian |title=Howard Hawks: New Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave |location=London |isbn=9781844575411 |page=199 |chapter=Red Line 7000: Fatal Disharmonies|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal |last1=McElhaney |first1=Joe |title=Howard Hawks: American Gesture |journal=Journal of Film and Video |date=Spring-Summer 2006 |volume=58 |issue=1–2 |pages=31–45 |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2170419/90D22598EC834FE8PQ/6?accountid=4488 |accessdate=31 May 2018|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Neale |first1=Steve |editor1-last=Brookes |editor1-first=Ian |title=Howard Hawks: New Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave |location=London |isbn=9781844575411 |page=110 |chapter=Gestures, Movements and Actions in Rio Bravo|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Gene |title=Some Like It Wilder: The Life and Controversial Films of Billy Wilder |date=2010 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington, Kentucky |isbn=9780813125701 |page=308 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5uohNoRFkwIC&pg=PT355&lpg=PT355#v=onepage&q=Howard%20Hawks'%20secretary%2C%20read%20reporter%20Hildy%20Johnson's%20lines|accessdate=August 7, 2018|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Schlotterbeck |first1=Jesse |title=Howard Hawks: New Perspective |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave |location=London |isbn=9781844575411 |page=68 |chapter=Hawks's 'UnHawksian' Biopic: Sergeant York|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

'''Further reading'''
* {{cite journal |last1=Walters |first1=James |title=Making Light of the Dark: Understanding the World of His Girl Friday |journal=Journal of Film and Video |date=2008 |volume=60 |issue=3/4 |pages=90–102 |jstor=20688604 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0AcmMmvQ-M ''His Girl Friday''] complete film on YouTube
* {{IMDb title|0032599}}
* {{tcmdb title|206}}
* {{Amg movie|22507}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=his_girl_friday}}
*{{Internet Archive film|id=HisGirlFriday2016CC|title=His Girl Friday 2016 CC}}
* {{AFI film|4331}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|his_girl_friday}}
*[https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4382-the-front-page-stop-the-presses ''The Front Page: Stop the Presses!''] an essay by [[Michael Sragow]] at the [[Criterion Collection]]

{{Howard Hawks}}
{{Charles Lederer}}
{{Ben Hecht}}
{{The Front Page}}

[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:1940s comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1940s screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Comedy of remarriage films]]
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:American films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films directed by Howard Hawks]]
[[Category:Screenplays by Charles Lederer]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]

Phillip Ramey

2019-05-14T22:46:08Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */ new

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
*2018 - Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn
*2018-19 - Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano
*2019 - Golgotha Prelude for Piano
*2019 - Chromatic Poem for Piano

==Recordings==
*2018 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26.
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370.
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Phillip Ramey

2019-05-03T17:37:22Z

BFolkman: /* Recordings */ update

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
*2018 - Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn
*2018-19 - Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano
*2019 - Golgotha Prelude for Piano

==Recordings==
*2018 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26.
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370.
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Phillip Ramey

2019-03-18T16:20:24Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
*2018 - Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn
*2018-19 - Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano
*2019 - Golgotha Prelude for Piano

==Recordings==
*2018 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26 (forthcoming January 2019).
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370 (forthcoming December 2018).
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Phillip Ramey

2019-03-18T16:18:59Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]

*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
*2018 - Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn
*2018-19 - Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano
*2019 - Golgotha Prelude for Piano

==Recordings==
*2018 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26 (forthcoming January 2019).
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370 (forthcoming December 2018).
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]

Phillip Ramey

2019-02-04T15:27:03Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KQ6Nt1aSRw Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-H54tJxnQ8 Symphonic Song for String Orchestra]
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
*2018 - Lyric Duo for Violin and Horn
*2018-19 - Concerto Episodes for Violin, Horn and Piano

==Recordings==
*2018 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26 (forthcoming January 2019).
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370 (forthcoming December 2018).
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Illinois]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2018-10-07T14:25:44Z

BFolkman: /* Recordings */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2018 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, CD. Three Oranges Recordings 3 OR-26 (forthcoming January 2019).
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor, CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0370 (forthcoming December 2018).
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]

Phillip Ramey

2018-10-01T19:48:10Z

BFolkman: /* Recordings */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2018 - Piano Sonata No. 10, Barbara Nissman, pianist, Three Oranges Recordings CD 3 OR-26 (forthcoming January 2019)
*2017 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=2253475 Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn]. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Ukrainian Festival Orchestra, Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming December 2018)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]

Inverted Jenny

2018-09-14T16:27:52Z

BFolkman: /* Position 49 stamp located after missing for 100 years */

{{Infobox postage stamp
| common_name = Inverted Jenny
| image = [[File:US Airmail inverted Jenny 24c 1918 issue.jpg|frameless]]
| country_of_production = United States
| location_of_production =
| date_of_production = {{Start date|1918|05|10}}
| depicts = [[Curtiss JN-4]]
| nature_of_rarity = [[Invert error]]
| number_in_existence = 100
| face_value = 24 [[United States dollar|US¢]]
| estimated_value = [[United States dollar|US $]]977,500<ref name="siegal sale">{{cite web |title=The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" |work=Sale 946a |publisher=[[Robert A. Siegel]] |date=2007-11-14 |url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2007/946a/s946a.htm |accessdate=2014-11-13 }}</ref>|
}}

The '''Inverted Jenny''' (also known as an '''Upside Down Jenny''', '''Jenny Invert''') is a United States [[postage stamp]] first issued on May 10, 1918 in which the image of the [[Curtiss JN-4]] [[airplane]] in the center of the design is printed upside-down; it is probably the most famous error in American [[philately]]. Only one pane of 100 of the [[Invert error|invert stamps]] was ever found, making this error one of the most prized in all philately.

A single Inverted Jenny was sold at a [[Robert A. Siegel]] auction in November 2007 for $977,500.<ref name="siegal sale"/> In December 2007 a [[Mint stamp|mint never hinged]] example was sold for $825,000. The broker of the sale said the buyer was a Wall Street executive who had lost the auction the previous month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20071227/odd-rare-stamp/ |title=Rare 'Jenny' Stamp Sells for $825,000 |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2014-03-08 |last=Weber |first=Paul J. |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> A block of four Inverted Jennys was sold at a Robert A. Siegel auction in October 2005 for $2.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2005/901/901.pdf |title=Inverted "Jenny" Plate Block Sells for $2.7 Million hammer! |format=PDF |date=2005-10-19 |page=32 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref> In the wake of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial meltdown]], prices fetched by Inverted Jennys have receded. Between January and September 2014, five examples offered at auction sold for sums ranging from $126,000 through $575,100.<ref>''The New York Times'', September 15, 2014, p. A13.</ref> Prices eventually recovered, for on May 31, 2016, a particularly well-centered Jenny invert, graded XF-superb 95 by Professional Stamp Experts, was sold at a Siegel Auction for a hammer price of $1,175,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/inverted-jenny-stamp-upside-plane-sells-1m-article-1.2656004 |title=Rare ‘Inverted Jenny’ stamp featuring an upside down plane sells for over $1 million at auction |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |accessdate=2016-08-03 |last=Sandoval |first=Edgar|date=2016-05-31 }}</ref> The addition of a 15% buyer’s premium raised the total record high price paid for this copy to $1,351,250.

==Background==
{{original research|reason=numerous claims are missing sources|date=August 2018}}
During the 1910s, the [[United States Post Office]] had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air. These were shown by the first stamp in the world to picture an airplane (captioned as "aeroplane carrying mail"), one of the [[U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912–13]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1912.htm|title=1912 U.S. Postage Stamp Identifier|website=1847us.com}}</ref> The Post Office finally decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], and [[New York City]]. The Post Office set a controversial rate of 24 cents for the service, much higher than the 3 cents for first-class mail of the time, and decided to issue a new stamp just for this rate, patriotically printed in red and blue, and depicting a [[Curtiss JN4|Curtiss Jenny]] JN-4HM, the [[biplane]] especially modified for shuttling the mail. The stamp's designer, [[Clair Aubrey Houston]], apparently troubled to procure a photograph of that modified model (produced by removing the second pilot seat from the JN-4HT to create space for mailbags, and by increasing the fuel capacity). As only six such aircraft existed, there was a 1-in-6 chance that the very plane engraved on the stamp by Marcus Baldwin—Jenny #38262—would be chosen to launch the inaugural three-city airmail run; the plane on the stamp was indeed the first to depart on May 15, taking off from Washington at 11:47 A. M.<ref>Trepel, Scott ''Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K. Miller Collection'' (2006, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington D. C. and The New York Public Library, New York, N. Y.), p. 155.</ref>

The job of designing and printing the new stamp was carried out in a great rush; [[engraving]] began only on May 4, and stamp printing on May 10 (a Friday), in sheets of 100 (contrary to the usual practice of printing 400 at a time and cutting into 100-stamp panes). Since the stamp was printed in two colors, each sheet had to be placed into the [[Flat bed press|flat-bed]] printing press twice, an error-prone process that had resulted in invert errors in stamps of [[1869 Pictorial Issue|1869]] and [[Pan-American invert|1901]], and at least three misprinted sheets were found during the production process and destroyed. It is believed that only one misprinted sheet of 100 stamps got through unnoticed.<ref name="Goldstone2015">{{cite book|author=Lawrence Goldstone|title=Birdmen: The Wright Brothers, Glenn Curtiss, and the Battle to Control the Skies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|date=21 April 2015|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-53805-5|pages=373–}}</ref>

Many collectors long thought the blue plane portion was printed first, thus it was actually the red frames that were inverted. In fact, the frames were printed first and it is the planes that are upside down.<ref name="ben miller">{{Cite book |last=Trepel |first=Scott R. |authorlink= |author2=Lawrence, Ken |title=Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K Miller Collection |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] and [[New York Public Library]] |date=2006 |location=New York |pages=155-157 |isbn=1-891568-06-X }}</ref> In examples where the plane is so far off center that it overlaps the frames, it can be seen that the blue ink used to print the plane lies atop the red ink used to print the frames. The Smithsonian's National Postal Museum offers two explanations for how this might have occurred: either a sheet of printed frames was placed in the press upside down for the printing of the plane; or the printing plate used to print the planes was mounted inverted within the printing press.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2013/01/usps-unveils-inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=USPS Unveils Inverted Jenny Stamp |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2013-01-18 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref><ref name="ben miller"/>

Initial deliveries went to post offices on Monday, May 13. Aware of the potential for inverts, a number of collectors went to their local post offices to buy the new stamps and keep an eye out for errors. Collector William T. Robey was one of those; he had written to a friend on May 10 mentioning that "it would pay to be on the lookout for inverts". On May 14, Robey went to the post office to buy the new stamps, and as he wrote later, when the clerk brought out a sheet of inverts, "my heart stood still".<ref name="Inc.1987">{{cite book |author=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |title=Boys' Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58|date=March 1987|publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |pages=58–|id={{ISSN|00068608}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The American Legion Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5u3vAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=American Legion Magazine}}</ref> He paid for the sheet, and asked to see more, but the remainder of the sheets were normal.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |first=Michael E. |last=Ruane |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/16/an-aviation-flop-led-to-stamp-collecting-history-and-made-the-inverted-jenny-famous/?utm_term=.18d87cf1b8d1 |title=An aviation flop was a stamp collector’s dream and the U.S. Postal Service’s nightmare |publisher=Washington Post |date=16 May 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref>

Additional details of the day's events are not entirely certain—Robey gave three different accounts later—but he began to contact both stamp dealers and journalists, to tell them of his find. After a week that included visits from [[United States Postal Inspection Service|postal inspectors]] who tried to buy it back,<ref name="WaPo"/> and the hiding of the sheet under his mattress, Robey sold the sheet to noted Philadelphia dealer [[Eugene Klein (philatelist)|Eugene Klein]] for $15,000.<ref name="WaPo"/> Klein placed an advertisement on the first page of the May 25, 1918 ''Mekeel’s Weekly Stamp News'' offering to sell copies of the invert ($250 for fully perforated examples, $175 for stamps with one straight edge), but announced in his following week’s ad that the entire sheet had been purchased by an individual collector. The buyer, who paid $20,000, was "Colonel" [[H. R. Green]], son of [[Hetty Green]].

Klein advised Green that the stamps would be worth more separately than as a single sheet, and Green went along. He donated one invert to the Red Cross in support of its war efforts (which was auctioned off for $300), while retaining forty-one of the stamps in his own collection, including the plate-number block (initially eight stamps) and several blocks of four.<ref name="Sundman">Donald Sundman, ''The Jenny Invert Plate-Number Block'' [Kindle Edition], Mystic Stamp Company 2012, ASIN: B008MAOPUG</ref> The remainder of the inverts were sold off at steadily increasing prices through Klein, who kept a block of four for himself.<ref name="siegal sale"/> Green had one copy placed in a locket for his wife. This gold and glass locket displayed the inverted Jenny on one side, and a "regular" Jenny stamp on the other. This locket was offered for sale for the first time by the Siegel Auction Galleries Rarity Sale, held on May 18, 2002. It did not sell in the auction, but the philatelic press reported that a Private Treaty sale was arranged later for an unknown price.

The philatelic literature has long stated that seven of the stamps have been lost or destroyed through theft or mishandling. However, in 2007 a copy came to light that had not been seen since Eugene Klein broke up the sheet, and was offered for auction that June. The number of lost stamps then became six. Several others have been damaged, including one that was sucked into a vacuum cleaner. Apparently Green's wife mailed one which, while recovered, is the only cancelled sample. Indeed, no Jenny invert is in pristine condition, because Klein lightly penciled a number on the back of each stamp (from 1 through 10 in the top row to 91 through 100 in the bottom row) so that its original position on the sheet could be identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenmorestamp.com/the-inverted-jenny-error|title=The Inverted Jenny Error|website=www.kenmorestamp.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/lot_grd.php?btnSubmit=Search&sale_no=&lot_no=&fastsale=on&sdate1=01/01/1930&sdate2=10/11/2011&lotclass=All&majgroup=United+States&cat_supgroup=U.S.+Stamps&subgroup=All&lot_catfk=All&catselect=eq&srtorder=c3a&pfoper=gt&pfgrade=&gandor=or&pseoper=gt&psegrade=&symbol%5B%5D=All&realized1=&realized2=&keyword=&recsperpage=10&sea_name=&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp&sea_emailflag=on&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp|title=Siegel Auction Galleries — Power Search|website=www.siegelauctions.com}}</ref> For many years, only five examples, in fact, were known to have survived in never hinged condition.<ref name="Siegelrec"/> One of these is the locket copy, which, however has another condition problem: a corner crease at the bottom right probably inflicted while it was being enclosed behind glass.<ref name="locket">2002 Rarities of the World (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 846, May 18, 2002), p. 158.</ref>

==A famous stamp==
[[File:Benjemin K Miller 2305 xl.jpg|thumb|upright|Benjamin K. Miller, whose Inverted Jenny stamp was stolen in 1977]]
Aside from having the biplane printed upside down, the inverted Jenny has become famous for other reasons as well. [[Benjamin Miller Collection|Benjamin Kurtz Miller]], one of the early buyers of these inverts, 10 in all, bought the stamp for $250. Miller's inverted Jenny, position 18 on the sheet, was stolen in 1977 but was recovered in the early 1980s though, unfortunately, the top perforations had been cut off to prevent it from being recognized as the stolen Miller stamp. This mutilation made the stamp appear as if it had come from the top row of the sheet, and Klein's numbering on the back was accordingly tampered with to disguise the stamp as position 9—an astute piece of misdirection founded in the knowledge that position 9 had never appeared on the market: in fact, the real position 9 emerged decades later as the locket copy.<ref name="locket"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/topical-reference-pages/inverted-jenny.html|title=The Inverted Jenny|publisher=[[National Postal Museum]]|accessdate=2014-11-10}}</ref>(A genuine straight-edged copy would have cost Miller only $175.) However, that stolen and missing stamp served to drive the value of the other 99 examples even higher. That inverted Jenny was the main attraction in the Smithsonian [[National Postal Museum]]'s 'Rarity Revealed' exhibition, 2007–2009. The "Inverted Jenny" was the most requested postage stamp for viewing by visitors at the museum.<ref>{{cite web|first=Cheryl |last=Ganz |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=191014 |title=24c Curtiss Jenny invert single |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2008-09-26 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the mass media renewed long-dormant public attention to the 1955 theft of an even more spectacular Jenny specimen. This was a block of four (positions 65, 66, 75, 76) with a vertical red guide-line through its center, owned by the collector [[Ethel Bergstresser McCoy|Ethel McCoy]], which was stolen from a stamp show at a Norfolk hotel where it was being exhibited. The top right stamp from this block has never been found; the two left stamps surfaced in the 1970s as single copies offered in auction catalogues and were recovered by the FBI, although they had been camouflaged by minor mutilation: the portions of the right-edge perforations on which parts of the guide line were originally visible had been trimmed off or abraded to remove the red ink.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Larry |title=The Philatelic Foundation Authenticates Stolen Jenny Invert Stamp |work=News |publisher=[[Philatelic Foundation]] |year=2016 |url=http://www.philatelicfoundation.org/the-philatelic-foundation-authenticates-stolen-jenny-invert-stamp |accessdate=10 August 2018 }}</ref> Mrs. McCoy’s will had made the American Philatelic Research Library the legal owner of all four stamps in the block. In 2014 Donald Sundman of the Mystic Stamp Company offered $100,000 in reward money—$50,000 for the two stamps that were still missing—to anyone who could bring them to their rightful owner. The offer was publicized in ''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/15/us/100000-reward-for-missing-inverted-jennies-stamps.html|title=$100,000 Reward for Missing 'Jennies'|date=2014-09-14|accessdate=2014-11-12}}</ref>
and on national network news.

In April 2016, a third stamp from the stolen McCoy block turned up for auction at the Spink USA auction house. The seller was a British citizen in his 20s who claimed to have inherited it from his grandfather and knew little about the stamp's provenance. Examination revealed that the stamp came from position 76 in the pane of 100. The American Philatelic Research Library said it will work to take possession of the stamp once an FBI investigation is complete and other legal matters settled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Laura|title=Rare 'Inverted Jenny' Stamp Turns Up 60 Years After Theft|work=National Public Radio|date=April 15, 2016|accessdate=April 17, 2016|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/15/474441619/rare-inverted-jenny-stamp-turns-up-60-years-after-theft}}</ref> The only stamp that remains missing is position 66.

It should be noted that philatelic forgers have mutilated at least four additional Inverted Jennys, (positions 4, 5, 6 and 8) disfiguring them with false perforations at the top (these were copies from the first horizontal row of the sheet, all of which originally had a straight edge at the top. The spurious perforations on position 4 have been trimmed away, but traces of them are still discernable along the narrow margin that remains).<ref name="Siegelrec">The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 1010A, June 18, 2011, p. 18: photographic reconstruction of the Inverted "Jenny" Sheet [six stamp-images missing])</ref>

==A rare swap==
[[File:Inverted jenny400.jpg|thumb|The Inverted Jenny plate block of four (note that the blue plate number is inverted as well). As of June 2015, it was owned by shoe designer and collector [[Stuart Weitzman]].<ref name=Barron4June2015>{{cite news | title=Stuart Weitzman to Display Rare Stamp That Fulfilled Boyhood Dream | work=New York Times | first=James|last=Barron|date=4 June 2015 | accessdate=4 June 2015| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/nyregion/stuart-weitzman-to-display-one-cent-magenta-stamp-that-fulfilled-boyhood-dream.html}}</ref>]]

At an auction of the Green estate in 1944, the unique plate number block of eight stamps was sold for $27,000 to the collector Amos Eno, who had four stamps removed from it. The reduced block fetched only $18,250 when Eno’s estate was sold off ten years later. By 1971, however, its price had risen to $150,000.<ref name="Sundman"/> Eventually, in late October 2005 this plate number block of four stamps was purchased by a then-anonymous buyer for $2,970,000. The purchaser was revealed to be U.S. financier [[Bill Gross (mutuals)|Bill Gross]]. Shortly after purchasing the Inverted Jennys he proceeded to trade them with [[Donald Sundman]], president of the [[Mystic Stamp Company]], a [[stamp dealer]], for one of only two known examples of the USA 1c [[Z Grill]]. By completing this trade, Gross became the owner of the only complete collection of U.S. 19th century stamps.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501464.html |date =2005-05-25 |title=Rare and Costly Stamps to Go on Display
|accessdate = 2006-08-08 |publisher =Washington Post |last=Schmid |first=Randolph E. }}</ref>

==2006 find==
[[File:Invertedjenny stamp ballot.jpg|thumb|The forgery on cover]]
In November 2006, election workers in [[Broward County, Florida]] claimed to have found an Inverted Jenny affixed to an [[absentee ballot]] envelope. The sender did not include any identification with the ballot, which automatically disqualified the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/12/04/stamp-fake-061204.html |title=Expert stamps out hopes of rare postage find |publisher=cbc.ca |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=2006-12-04 }}</ref> Peter Mastrangelo, executive director of the [[American Philatelic Society]], observed that the stamp was at variance with known copies, due in part to its perforations, although the colors had been reproduced accurately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061115/NEWS/611150462/-1/xml |date=2006-11-15 |title=Stamp with ballot may be a fake 'Jenny' |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher = Herald Tribune |last=Zaloudek |first=Mark }}</ref> Further investigations, published in the following month, confirmed that the stamp was a [[Philatelic fakes and forgeries|forgery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0421829620061205 |date=2006-12-04 |title=Stamp used on Florida ballot a fake |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher=Reuters }}</ref>

==95th anniversary souvenir sheet==
On September 22, 2013 the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[souvenir sheet]] illustrating six examples of the inverted stamp denominated $2 instead of the original 24 cents.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 New U.S. Stamp Issues |publisher=[[American Philatelic Society]] |date=9 September 2013 |url=http://stamps.org/userfiles/image/newissues/13-invertedjenny.jpg|accessdate=2015-05-15 }}</ref> The sheets were sold at face value, $12 (the issue was sold only as souvenir sheets of six, and not as individual $2 stamps). Various special packagings for collectors were also offered for a premium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_074.htm|title=Rarest Stamp Error in U.S. History, Inverted Jenny, Flies Again|website=about.usps.com}}</ref>

In addition to the 2.2 million sheets printed with the plane inverted, the Postal Service announced it also printed 100 "non-inverted Jenny" souvenir sheets, with the plane flying right side up. All sheets are individually wrapped in sealed envelopes to recreate the excitement of finding an Inverted Jenny when opening the envelope and to avoid the possibility of discovering a corrected Jenny prior to purchase. Individuals purchasing one of the 100 non-inverted Jenny sheets find a congratulatory note inside the wrapping asking them to call a phone number to receive a certificate of acknowledgement signed by [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] [[Patrick R. Donahoe|Patrick Donahoe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_079.htm|title=Postal Service Announces Very Limited Edition Stamps Circulated with Recent Issue of Famous ‘Upside Down’ Jenny Stamp|website=about.usps.com}}</ref> A non-inverted sheet purchased by Gail and David Robinson of Richmond, Virginia was sold in June 2014 by Siegel Auctions "Rarities of the World" for $51,750, with the 15% buyer's premium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rarities of the World Sale 1075: Upright Jenny Souvenir Sheet |work=Auction catalog |publisher=Robert Siegal Auction Gallaries |date=26 June 2014 |url=https://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2014&lot_name=Inverted%20Jenny%20%28C3a%29%20and%20Upright%20Jenny%20Souvenir%20Sheet&start_lot=1182&stop_lot=1183&sale_name=2014%20Rarities%20of%20the%20World&sale_no=1075&sale_date=Thursday,%20June%2026,%202014 |accessdate=16 January 2015 }}</ref>

In 2015 the Postal Service's [[Inspector General]] called the issuing of a few right side up Jenny airmail sheets improper because regulations do not allow the deliberate creation and distribution of stamp errors. The Service's general counsel was aware of the plan but formal approval by the legal department did not occur. It was also found that the Service's stamp fulfillment center in [[Missouri]] had accidentally failed to distribute 23 of the 30 sheets it was supposed to randomly mix in with orders (the other 70 went to local post offices). Thus not even the promised 100 were made available to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2015/07/21/usps-botched-plan-to-make-money-off-the-most-famous-stamp-error-in-history-watchdog-says/|title=Postal Service’s reprinting of famous stamp error broke agency rules|first=Lisa|last=Rein|date=21 July 2015|publisher=|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref>

==StampWants giveaway==
As covered in ''Linn's Stamp News'', on January 12, 2008, StampWants.com (an online marketplace for stamps, now known as bidStart.com) gave away an inverted Jenny, after a year-long promotion the company ran. This represented the most expensive stamp ever given away in any sort of promotion. The winner of the giveaway was John Shedlock, of California, and the stamp was presented to him by the then-current Miss New Jersey, [[Amy Polumbo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-new-jersey-to-present-giveaway-of-rare-400000-stamp-by-stampwantscom-at-aps-ameristamp-expo-58761607.html |title=Miss New Jersey to Present Giveaway of Rare $400,000 Stamp by StampWants.com at APS Ameristamp Expo |publisher=PR Newswire |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>

==Position 49 stamp located after missing for 100 years==
On September 6, 2018, The New York Times reported that the Philatelic Foundation had authenticated an inverted Jenny stamp that had not been seen since the original sheet of 100 was divided in 1918. It is a sixth never-hinged copy--the long-missing Jenny at position No. 49.<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Barron |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/nyregion/inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=An Inverted Jenny Surfaces. The Flawed Stamp Had Not Been Seen Since 1918. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Inverted Jenny}}
* [[Airmails of the United States]]
* [[List of United States airmail stamps#1918–1919|List of United States airmail stamps]]
* [[CIA invert]]
* [[Invert error]]
* [[List of notable postage stamps]]
* [[Philatelic investment]]
* [[Stamp collecting]]
* [[Pan-American invert]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Amick, George. ''The Inverted Jenny: Mystery, Money, Mania''. Scott Pub Inc Co (May 1, 1987). {{ISBN|0-89487-089-0}}
* Roy, Ron. ''The Empty Envelope''. Random House Children's Books, 2000.

==External links==
* [http://www.invertedjenny.com Topic-specific website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Curtiss-Wright Company]]
[[Category:Airmail stamps]]
[[Category:1918 works]]
[[Category:1918 in the United States]]
[[Category:Postage stamp invert errors]]

Inverted Jenny

2018-09-14T16:11:36Z

BFolkman: /* Background */

{{Infobox postage stamp
| common_name = Inverted Jenny
| image = [[File:US Airmail inverted Jenny 24c 1918 issue.jpg|frameless]]
| country_of_production = United States
| location_of_production =
| date_of_production = {{Start date|1918|05|10}}
| depicts = [[Curtiss JN-4]]
| nature_of_rarity = [[Invert error]]
| number_in_existence = 100
| face_value = 24 [[United States dollar|US¢]]
| estimated_value = [[United States dollar|US $]]977,500<ref name="siegal sale">{{cite web |title=The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" |work=Sale 946a |publisher=[[Robert A. Siegel]] |date=2007-11-14 |url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2007/946a/s946a.htm |accessdate=2014-11-13 }}</ref>|
}}

The '''Inverted Jenny''' (also known as an '''Upside Down Jenny''', '''Jenny Invert''') is a United States [[postage stamp]] first issued on May 10, 1918 in which the image of the [[Curtiss JN-4]] [[airplane]] in the center of the design is printed upside-down; it is probably the most famous error in American [[philately]]. Only one pane of 100 of the [[Invert error|invert stamps]] was ever found, making this error one of the most prized in all philately.

A single Inverted Jenny was sold at a [[Robert A. Siegel]] auction in November 2007 for $977,500.<ref name="siegal sale"/> In December 2007 a [[Mint stamp|mint never hinged]] example was sold for $825,000. The broker of the sale said the buyer was a Wall Street executive who had lost the auction the previous month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20071227/odd-rare-stamp/ |title=Rare 'Jenny' Stamp Sells for $825,000 |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2014-03-08 |last=Weber |first=Paul J. |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> A block of four Inverted Jennys was sold at a Robert A. Siegel auction in October 2005 for $2.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2005/901/901.pdf |title=Inverted "Jenny" Plate Block Sells for $2.7 Million hammer! |format=PDF |date=2005-10-19 |page=32 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref> In the wake of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial meltdown]], prices fetched by Inverted Jennys have receded. Between January and September 2014, five examples offered at auction sold for sums ranging from $126,000 through $575,100.<ref>''The New York Times'', September 15, 2014, p. A13.</ref> Prices eventually recovered, for on May 31, 2016, a particularly well-centered Jenny invert, graded XF-superb 95 by Professional Stamp Experts, was sold at a Siegel Auction for a hammer price of $1,175,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/inverted-jenny-stamp-upside-plane-sells-1m-article-1.2656004 |title=Rare ‘Inverted Jenny’ stamp featuring an upside down plane sells for over $1 million at auction |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |accessdate=2016-08-03 |last=Sandoval |first=Edgar|date=2016-05-31 }}</ref> The addition of a 15% buyer’s premium raised the total record high price paid for this copy to $1,351,250.

==Background==
{{original research|reason=numerous claims are missing sources|date=August 2018}}
During the 1910s, the [[United States Post Office]] had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air. These were shown by the first stamp in the world to picture an airplane (captioned as "aeroplane carrying mail"), one of the [[U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912–13]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1912.htm|title=1912 U.S. Postage Stamp Identifier|website=1847us.com}}</ref> The Post Office finally decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], and [[New York City]]. The Post Office set a controversial rate of 24 cents for the service, much higher than the 3 cents for first-class mail of the time, and decided to issue a new stamp just for this rate, patriotically printed in red and blue, and depicting a [[Curtiss JN4|Curtiss Jenny]] JN-4HM, the [[biplane]] especially modified for shuttling the mail. The stamp's designer, [[Clair Aubrey Houston]], apparently troubled to procure a photograph of that modified model (produced by removing the second pilot seat from the JN-4HT to create space for mailbags, and by increasing the fuel capacity). As only six such aircraft existed, there was a 1-in-6 chance that the very plane engraved on the stamp by Marcus Baldwin—Jenny #38262—would be chosen to launch the inaugural three-city airmail run; the plane on the stamp was indeed the first to depart on May 15, taking off from Washington at 11:47 A. M.<ref>Trepel, Scott ''Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K. Miller Collection'' (2006, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington D. C. and The New York Public Library, New York, N. Y.), p. 155.</ref>

The job of designing and printing the new stamp was carried out in a great rush; [[engraving]] began only on May 4, and stamp printing on May 10 (a Friday), in sheets of 100 (contrary to the usual practice of printing 400 at a time and cutting into 100-stamp panes). Since the stamp was printed in two colors, each sheet had to be placed into the [[Flat bed press|flat-bed]] printing press twice, an error-prone process that had resulted in invert errors in stamps of [[1869 Pictorial Issue|1869]] and [[Pan-American invert|1901]], and at least three misprinted sheets were found during the production process and destroyed. It is believed that only one misprinted sheet of 100 stamps got through unnoticed.<ref name="Goldstone2015">{{cite book|author=Lawrence Goldstone|title=Birdmen: The Wright Brothers, Glenn Curtiss, and the Battle to Control the Skies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|date=21 April 2015|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-53805-5|pages=373–}}</ref>

Many collectors long thought the blue plane portion was printed first, thus it was actually the red frames that were inverted. In fact, the frames were printed first and it is the planes that are upside down.<ref name="ben miller">{{Cite book |last=Trepel |first=Scott R. |authorlink= |author2=Lawrence, Ken |title=Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K Miller Collection |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] and [[New York Public Library]] |date=2006 |location=New York |pages=155-157 |isbn=1-891568-06-X }}</ref> In examples where the plane is so far off center that it overlaps the frames, it can be seen that the blue ink used to print the plane lies atop the red ink used to print the frames. The Smithsonian's National Postal Museum offers two explanations for how this might have occurred: either a sheet of printed frames was placed in the press upside down for the printing of the plane; or the printing plate used to print the planes was mounted inverted within the printing press.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2013/01/usps-unveils-inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=USPS Unveils Inverted Jenny Stamp |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2013-01-18 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref><ref name="ben miller"/>

Initial deliveries went to post offices on Monday, May 13. Aware of the potential for inverts, a number of collectors went to their local post offices to buy the new stamps and keep an eye out for errors. Collector William T. Robey was one of those; he had written to a friend on May 10 mentioning that "it would pay to be on the lookout for inverts". On May 14, Robey went to the post office to buy the new stamps, and as he wrote later, when the clerk brought out a sheet of inverts, "my heart stood still".<ref name="Inc.1987">{{cite book |author=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |title=Boys' Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58|date=March 1987|publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |pages=58–|id={{ISSN|00068608}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The American Legion Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5u3vAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=American Legion Magazine}}</ref> He paid for the sheet, and asked to see more, but the remainder of the sheets were normal.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |first=Michael E. |last=Ruane |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/16/an-aviation-flop-led-to-stamp-collecting-history-and-made-the-inverted-jenny-famous/?utm_term=.18d87cf1b8d1 |title=An aviation flop was a stamp collector’s dream and the U.S. Postal Service’s nightmare |publisher=Washington Post |date=16 May 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref>

Additional details of the day's events are not entirely certain—Robey gave three different accounts later—but he began to contact both stamp dealers and journalists, to tell them of his find. After a week that included visits from [[United States Postal Inspection Service|postal inspectors]] who tried to buy it back,<ref name="WaPo"/> and the hiding of the sheet under his mattress, Robey sold the sheet to noted Philadelphia dealer [[Eugene Klein (philatelist)|Eugene Klein]] for $15,000.<ref name="WaPo"/> Klein placed an advertisement on the first page of the May 25, 1918 ''Mekeel’s Weekly Stamp News'' offering to sell copies of the invert ($250 for fully perforated examples, $175 for stamps with one straight edge), but announced in his following week’s ad that the entire sheet had been purchased by an individual collector. The buyer, who paid $20,000, was "Colonel" [[H. R. Green]], son of [[Hetty Green]].

Klein advised Green that the stamps would be worth more separately than as a single sheet, and Green went along. He donated one invert to the Red Cross in support of its war efforts (which was auctioned off for $300), while retaining forty-one of the stamps in his own collection, including the plate-number block (initially eight stamps) and several blocks of four.<ref name="Sundman">Donald Sundman, ''The Jenny Invert Plate-Number Block'' [Kindle Edition], Mystic Stamp Company 2012, ASIN: B008MAOPUG</ref> The remainder of the inverts were sold off at steadily increasing prices through Klein, who kept a block of four for himself.<ref name="siegal sale"/> Green had one copy placed in a locket for his wife. This gold and glass locket displayed the inverted Jenny on one side, and a "regular" Jenny stamp on the other. This locket was offered for sale for the first time by the Siegel Auction Galleries Rarity Sale, held on May 18, 2002. It did not sell in the auction, but the philatelic press reported that a Private Treaty sale was arranged later for an unknown price.

The philatelic literature has long stated that seven of the stamps have been lost or destroyed through theft or mishandling. However, in 2007 a copy came to light that had not been seen since Eugene Klein broke up the sheet, and was offered for auction that June. The number of lost stamps then became six. Several others have been damaged, including one that was sucked into a vacuum cleaner. Apparently Green's wife mailed one which, while recovered, is the only cancelled sample. Indeed, no Jenny invert is in pristine condition, because Klein lightly penciled a number on the back of each stamp (from 1 through 10 in the top row to 91 through 100 in the bottom row) so that its original position on the sheet could be identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenmorestamp.com/the-inverted-jenny-error|title=The Inverted Jenny Error|website=www.kenmorestamp.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/lot_grd.php?btnSubmit=Search&sale_no=&lot_no=&fastsale=on&sdate1=01/01/1930&sdate2=10/11/2011&lotclass=All&majgroup=United+States&cat_supgroup=U.S.+Stamps&subgroup=All&lot_catfk=All&catselect=eq&srtorder=c3a&pfoper=gt&pfgrade=&gandor=or&pseoper=gt&psegrade=&symbol%5B%5D=All&realized1=&realized2=&keyword=&recsperpage=10&sea_name=&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp&sea_emailflag=on&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp|title=Siegel Auction Galleries — Power Search|website=www.siegelauctions.com}}</ref> For many years, only five examples, in fact, were known to have survived in never hinged condition.<ref name="Siegelrec"/> One of these is the locket copy, which, however has another condition problem: a corner crease at the bottom right probably inflicted while it was being enclosed behind glass.<ref name="locket">2002 Rarities of the World (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 846, May 18, 2002), p. 158.</ref> However, a sixth never-hinged copy--the long-missing Jenny at position No. 49--resurfaced in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Barron |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/nyregion/inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=An Inverted Jenny Surfaces. The Flawed Stamp Had Not Been Seen Since 1918. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref>

==A famous stamp==
[[File:Benjemin K Miller 2305 xl.jpg|thumb|upright|Benjamin K. Miller, whose Inverted Jenny stamp was stolen in 1977]]
Aside from having the biplane printed upside down, the inverted Jenny has become famous for other reasons as well. [[Benjamin Miller Collection|Benjamin Kurtz Miller]], one of the early buyers of these inverts, 10 in all, bought the stamp for $250. Miller's inverted Jenny, position 18 on the sheet, was stolen in 1977 but was recovered in the early 1980s though, unfortunately, the top perforations had been cut off to prevent it from being recognized as the stolen Miller stamp. This mutilation made the stamp appear as if it had come from the top row of the sheet, and Klein's numbering on the back was accordingly tampered with to disguise the stamp as position 9—an astute piece of misdirection founded in the knowledge that position 9 had never appeared on the market: in fact, the real position 9 emerged decades later as the locket copy.<ref name="locket"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/topical-reference-pages/inverted-jenny.html|title=The Inverted Jenny|publisher=[[National Postal Museum]]|accessdate=2014-11-10}}</ref>(A genuine straight-edged copy would have cost Miller only $175.) However, that stolen and missing stamp served to drive the value of the other 99 examples even higher. That inverted Jenny was the main attraction in the Smithsonian [[National Postal Museum]]'s 'Rarity Revealed' exhibition, 2007–2009. The "Inverted Jenny" was the most requested postage stamp for viewing by visitors at the museum.<ref>{{cite web|first=Cheryl |last=Ganz |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=191014 |title=24c Curtiss Jenny invert single |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2008-09-26 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the mass media renewed long-dormant public attention to the 1955 theft of an even more spectacular Jenny specimen. This was a block of four (positions 65, 66, 75, 76) with a vertical red guide-line through its center, owned by the collector [[Ethel Bergstresser McCoy|Ethel McCoy]], which was stolen from a stamp show at a Norfolk hotel where it was being exhibited. The top right stamp from this block has never been found; the two left stamps surfaced in the 1970s as single copies offered in auction catalogues and were recovered by the FBI, although they had been camouflaged by minor mutilation: the portions of the right-edge perforations on which parts of the guide line were originally visible had been trimmed off or abraded to remove the red ink.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Larry |title=The Philatelic Foundation Authenticates Stolen Jenny Invert Stamp |work=News |publisher=[[Philatelic Foundation]] |year=2016 |url=http://www.philatelicfoundation.org/the-philatelic-foundation-authenticates-stolen-jenny-invert-stamp |accessdate=10 August 2018 }}</ref> Mrs. McCoy’s will had made the American Philatelic Research Library the legal owner of all four stamps in the block. In 2014 Donald Sundman of the Mystic Stamp Company offered $100,000 in reward money—$50,000 for the two stamps that were still missing—to anyone who could bring them to their rightful owner. The offer was publicized in ''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/15/us/100000-reward-for-missing-inverted-jennies-stamps.html|title=$100,000 Reward for Missing 'Jennies'|date=2014-09-14|accessdate=2014-11-12}}</ref>
and on national network news.

In April 2016, a third stamp from the stolen McCoy block turned up for auction at the Spink USA auction house. The seller was a British citizen in his 20s who claimed to have inherited it from his grandfather and knew little about the stamp's provenance. Examination revealed that the stamp came from position 76 in the pane of 100. The American Philatelic Research Library said it will work to take possession of the stamp once an FBI investigation is complete and other legal matters settled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Laura|title=Rare 'Inverted Jenny' Stamp Turns Up 60 Years After Theft|work=National Public Radio|date=April 15, 2016|accessdate=April 17, 2016|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/15/474441619/rare-inverted-jenny-stamp-turns-up-60-years-after-theft}}</ref> The only stamp that remains missing is position 66.

It should be noted that philatelic forgers have mutilated at least four additional Inverted Jennys, (positions 4, 5, 6 and 8) disfiguring them with false perforations at the top (these were copies from the first horizontal row of the sheet, all of which originally had a straight edge at the top. The spurious perforations on position 4 have been trimmed away, but traces of them are still discernable along the narrow margin that remains).<ref name="Siegelrec">The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 1010A, June 18, 2011, p. 18: photographic reconstruction of the Inverted "Jenny" Sheet [six stamp-images missing])</ref>

==A rare swap==
[[File:Inverted jenny400.jpg|thumb|The Inverted Jenny plate block of four (note that the blue plate number is inverted as well). As of June 2015, it was owned by shoe designer and collector [[Stuart Weitzman]].<ref name=Barron4June2015>{{cite news | title=Stuart Weitzman to Display Rare Stamp That Fulfilled Boyhood Dream | work=New York Times | first=James|last=Barron|date=4 June 2015 | accessdate=4 June 2015| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/nyregion/stuart-weitzman-to-display-one-cent-magenta-stamp-that-fulfilled-boyhood-dream.html}}</ref>]]

At an auction of the Green estate in 1944, the unique plate number block of eight stamps was sold for $27,000 to the collector Amos Eno, who had four stamps removed from it. The reduced block fetched only $18,250 when Eno’s estate was sold off ten years later. By 1971, however, its price had risen to $150,000.<ref name="Sundman"/> Eventually, in late October 2005 this plate number block of four stamps was purchased by a then-anonymous buyer for $2,970,000. The purchaser was revealed to be U.S. financier [[Bill Gross (mutuals)|Bill Gross]]. Shortly after purchasing the Inverted Jennys he proceeded to trade them with [[Donald Sundman]], president of the [[Mystic Stamp Company]], a [[stamp dealer]], for one of only two known examples of the USA 1c [[Z Grill]]. By completing this trade, Gross became the owner of the only complete collection of U.S. 19th century stamps.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501464.html |date =2005-05-25 |title=Rare and Costly Stamps to Go on Display
|accessdate = 2006-08-08 |publisher =Washington Post |last=Schmid |first=Randolph E. }}</ref>

==2006 find==
[[File:Invertedjenny stamp ballot.jpg|thumb|The forgery on cover]]
In November 2006, election workers in [[Broward County, Florida]] claimed to have found an Inverted Jenny affixed to an [[absentee ballot]] envelope. The sender did not include any identification with the ballot, which automatically disqualified the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/12/04/stamp-fake-061204.html |title=Expert stamps out hopes of rare postage find |publisher=cbc.ca |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=2006-12-04 }}</ref> Peter Mastrangelo, executive director of the [[American Philatelic Society]], observed that the stamp was at variance with known copies, due in part to its perforations, although the colors had been reproduced accurately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061115/NEWS/611150462/-1/xml |date=2006-11-15 |title=Stamp with ballot may be a fake 'Jenny' |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher = Herald Tribune |last=Zaloudek |first=Mark }}</ref> Further investigations, published in the following month, confirmed that the stamp was a [[Philatelic fakes and forgeries|forgery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0421829620061205 |date=2006-12-04 |title=Stamp used on Florida ballot a fake |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher=Reuters }}</ref>

==95th anniversary souvenir sheet==
On September 22, 2013 the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[souvenir sheet]] illustrating six examples of the inverted stamp denominated $2 instead of the original 24 cents.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 New U.S. Stamp Issues |publisher=[[American Philatelic Society]] |date=9 September 2013 |url=http://stamps.org/userfiles/image/newissues/13-invertedjenny.jpg|accessdate=2015-05-15 }}</ref> The sheets were sold at face value, $12 (the issue was sold only as souvenir sheets of six, and not as individual $2 stamps). Various special packagings for collectors were also offered for a premium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_074.htm|title=Rarest Stamp Error in U.S. History, Inverted Jenny, Flies Again|website=about.usps.com}}</ref>

In addition to the 2.2 million sheets printed with the plane inverted, the Postal Service announced it also printed 100 "non-inverted Jenny" souvenir sheets, with the plane flying right side up. All sheets are individually wrapped in sealed envelopes to recreate the excitement of finding an Inverted Jenny when opening the envelope and to avoid the possibility of discovering a corrected Jenny prior to purchase. Individuals purchasing one of the 100 non-inverted Jenny sheets find a congratulatory note inside the wrapping asking them to call a phone number to receive a certificate of acknowledgement signed by [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] [[Patrick R. Donahoe|Patrick Donahoe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_079.htm|title=Postal Service Announces Very Limited Edition Stamps Circulated with Recent Issue of Famous ‘Upside Down’ Jenny Stamp|website=about.usps.com}}</ref> A non-inverted sheet purchased by Gail and David Robinson of Richmond, Virginia was sold in June 2014 by Siegel Auctions "Rarities of the World" for $51,750, with the 15% buyer's premium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rarities of the World Sale 1075: Upright Jenny Souvenir Sheet |work=Auction catalog |publisher=Robert Siegal Auction Gallaries |date=26 June 2014 |url=https://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2014&lot_name=Inverted%20Jenny%20%28C3a%29%20and%20Upright%20Jenny%20Souvenir%20Sheet&start_lot=1182&stop_lot=1183&sale_name=2014%20Rarities%20of%20the%20World&sale_no=1075&sale_date=Thursday,%20June%2026,%202014 |accessdate=16 January 2015 }}</ref>

In 2015 the Postal Service's [[Inspector General]] called the issuing of a few right side up Jenny airmail sheets improper because regulations do not allow the deliberate creation and distribution of stamp errors. The Service's general counsel was aware of the plan but formal approval by the legal department did not occur. It was also found that the Service's stamp fulfillment center in [[Missouri]] had accidentally failed to distribute 23 of the 30 sheets it was supposed to randomly mix in with orders (the other 70 went to local post offices). Thus not even the promised 100 were made available to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2015/07/21/usps-botched-plan-to-make-money-off-the-most-famous-stamp-error-in-history-watchdog-says/|title=Postal Service’s reprinting of famous stamp error broke agency rules|first=Lisa|last=Rein|date=21 July 2015|publisher=|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref>

==StampWants giveaway==

As covered in ''Linn's Stamp News'', on January 12, 2008, StampWants.com (an online marketplace for stamps, now known as bidStart.com) gave away an inverted Jenny, after a year-long promotion the company ran. This represented the most expensive stamp ever given away in any sort of promotion. The winner of the giveaway was John Shedlock, of California, and the stamp was presented to him by the then-current Miss New Jersey, [[Amy Polumbo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-new-jersey-to-present-giveaway-of-rare-400000-stamp-by-stampwantscom-at-aps-ameristamp-expo-58761607.html |title=Miss New Jersey to Present Giveaway of Rare $400,000 Stamp by StampWants.com at APS Ameristamp Expo |publisher=PR Newswire |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>

==Position 49 Stamp located after 100 years missing==
On September 6, 2018, The New York Times reported that the Philatelic Foundation had authenticated an inverted Jenny stamp that had not been seen since the original sheet of 100 was divided in 1918.<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Barron |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/nyregion/inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=An Inverted Jenny Surfaces. The Flawed Stamp Had Not Been Seen Since 1918. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Inverted Jenny}}
* [[Airmails of the United States]]
* [[List of United States airmail stamps#1918–1919|List of United States airmail stamps]]
* [[CIA invert]]
* [[Invert error]]
* [[List of notable postage stamps]]
* [[Philatelic investment]]
* [[Stamp collecting]]
* [[Pan-American invert]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Amick, George. ''The Inverted Jenny: Mystery, Money, Mania''. Scott Pub Inc Co (May 1, 1987). {{ISBN|0-89487-089-0}}
* Roy, Ron. ''The Empty Envelope''. Random House Children's Books, 2000.

== External links ==
* [http://www.invertedjenny.com Topic-specific website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Curtiss-Wright Company]]
[[Category:Airmail stamps]]
[[Category:1918 works]]
[[Category:1918 in the United States]]
[[Category:Postage stamp invert errors]]

Inverted Jenny

2018-09-14T16:10:32Z

BFolkman: /* Background */ correction reflecting the copy rediscovered in 2018.

{{Infobox postage stamp
| common_name = Inverted Jenny
| image = [[File:US Airmail inverted Jenny 24c 1918 issue.jpg|frameless]]
| country_of_production = United States
| location_of_production =
| date_of_production = {{Start date|1918|05|10}}
| depicts = [[Curtiss JN-4]]
| nature_of_rarity = [[Invert error]]
| number_in_existence = 100
| face_value = 24 [[United States dollar|US¢]]
| estimated_value = [[United States dollar|US $]]977,500<ref name="siegal sale">{{cite web |title=The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" |work=Sale 946a |publisher=[[Robert A. Siegel]] |date=2007-11-14 |url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2007/946a/s946a.htm |accessdate=2014-11-13 }}</ref>|
}}

The '''Inverted Jenny''' (also known as an '''Upside Down Jenny''', '''Jenny Invert''') is a United States [[postage stamp]] first issued on May 10, 1918 in which the image of the [[Curtiss JN-4]] [[airplane]] in the center of the design is printed upside-down; it is probably the most famous error in American [[philately]]. Only one pane of 100 of the [[Invert error|invert stamps]] was ever found, making this error one of the most prized in all philately.

A single Inverted Jenny was sold at a [[Robert A. Siegel]] auction in November 2007 for $977,500.<ref name="siegal sale"/> In December 2007 a [[Mint stamp|mint never hinged]] example was sold for $825,000. The broker of the sale said the buyer was a Wall Street executive who had lost the auction the previous month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20071227/odd-rare-stamp/ |title=Rare 'Jenny' Stamp Sells for $825,000 |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2014-03-08 |last=Weber |first=Paul J. |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> A block of four Inverted Jennys was sold at a Robert A. Siegel auction in October 2005 for $2.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2005/901/901.pdf |title=Inverted "Jenny" Plate Block Sells for $2.7 Million hammer! |format=PDF |date=2005-10-19 |page=32 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref> In the wake of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial meltdown]], prices fetched by Inverted Jennys have receded. Between January and September 2014, five examples offered at auction sold for sums ranging from $126,000 through $575,100.<ref>''The New York Times'', September 15, 2014, p. A13.</ref> Prices eventually recovered, for on May 31, 2016, a particularly well-centered Jenny invert, graded XF-superb 95 by Professional Stamp Experts, was sold at a Siegel Auction for a hammer price of $1,175,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/inverted-jenny-stamp-upside-plane-sells-1m-article-1.2656004 |title=Rare ‘Inverted Jenny’ stamp featuring an upside down plane sells for over $1 million at auction |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |accessdate=2016-08-03 |last=Sandoval |first=Edgar|date=2016-05-31 }}</ref> The addition of a 15% buyer’s premium raised the total record high price paid for this copy to $1,351,250.

==Background==
{{original research|reason=numerous claims are missing sources|date=August 2018}}
During the 1910s, the [[United States Post Office]] had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air. These were shown by the first stamp in the world to picture an airplane (captioned as "aeroplane carrying mail"), one of the [[U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912–13]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1912.htm|title=1912 U.S. Postage Stamp Identifier|website=1847us.com}}</ref> The Post Office finally decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], and [[New York City]]. The Post Office set a controversial rate of 24 cents for the service, much higher than the 3 cents for first-class mail of the time, and decided to issue a new stamp just for this rate, patriotically printed in red and blue, and depicting a [[Curtiss JN4|Curtiss Jenny]] JN-4HM, the [[biplane]] especially modified for shuttling the mail. The stamp's designer, [[Clair Aubrey Houston]], apparently troubled to procure a photograph of that modified model (produced by removing the second pilot seat from the JN-4HT to create space for mailbags, and by increasing the fuel capacity). As only six such aircraft existed, there was a 1-in-6 chance that the very plane engraved on the stamp by Marcus Baldwin—Jenny #38262—would be chosen to launch the inaugural three-city airmail run; the plane on the stamp was indeed the first to depart on May 15, taking off from Washington at 11:47 A. M.<ref>Trepel, Scott ''Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K. Miller Collection'' (2006, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington D. C. and The New York Public Library, New York, N. Y.), p. 155.</ref>

The job of designing and printing the new stamp was carried out in a great rush; [[engraving]] began only on May 4, and stamp printing on May 10 (a Friday), in sheets of 100 (contrary to the usual practice of printing 400 at a time and cutting into 100-stamp panes). Since the stamp was printed in two colors, each sheet had to be placed into the [[Flat bed press|flat-bed]] printing press twice, an error-prone process that had resulted in invert errors in stamps of [[1869 Pictorial Issue|1869]] and [[Pan-American invert|1901]], and at least three misprinted sheets were found during the production process and destroyed. It is believed that only one misprinted sheet of 100 stamps got through unnoticed.<ref name="Goldstone2015">{{cite book|author=Lawrence Goldstone|title=Birdmen: The Wright Brothers, Glenn Curtiss, and the Battle to Control the Skies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|date=21 April 2015|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-53805-5|pages=373–}}</ref>

Many collectors long thought the blue plane portion was printed first, thus it was actually the red frames that were inverted. In fact, the frames were printed first and it is the planes that are upside down.<ref name="ben miller">{{Cite book |last=Trepel |first=Scott R. |authorlink= |author2=Lawrence, Ken |title=Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K Miller Collection |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] and [[New York Public Library]] |date=2006 |location=New York |pages=155-157 |isbn=1-891568-06-X }}</ref> In examples where the plane is so far off center that it overlaps the frames, it can be seen that the blue ink used to print the plane lies atop the red ink used to print the frames. The Smithsonian's National Postal Museum offers two explanations for how this might have occurred: either a sheet of printed frames was placed in the press upside down for the printing of the plane; or the printing plate used to print the planes was mounted inverted within the printing press.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2013/01/usps-unveils-inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=USPS Unveils Inverted Jenny Stamp |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2013-01-18 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref><ref name="ben miller"/>

Initial deliveries went to post offices on Monday, May 13. Aware of the potential for inverts, a number of collectors went to their local post offices to buy the new stamps and keep an eye out for errors. Collector William T. Robey was one of those; he had written to a friend on May 10 mentioning that "it would pay to be on the lookout for inverts". On May 14, Robey went to the post office to buy the new stamps, and as he wrote later, when the clerk brought out a sheet of inverts, "my heart stood still".<ref name="Inc.1987">{{cite book |author=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |title=Boys' Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58|date=March 1987|publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |pages=58–|id={{ISSN|00068608}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The American Legion Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5u3vAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=American Legion Magazine}}</ref> He paid for the sheet, and asked to see more, but the remainder of the sheets were normal.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |first=Michael E. |last=Ruane |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/16/an-aviation-flop-led-to-stamp-collecting-history-and-made-the-inverted-jenny-famous/?utm_term=.18d87cf1b8d1 |title=An aviation flop was a stamp collector’s dream and the U.S. Postal Service’s nightmare |publisher=Washington Post |date=16 May 2018 |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref>

Additional details of the day's events are not entirely certain—Robey gave three different accounts later—but he began to contact both stamp dealers and journalists, to tell them of his find. After a week that included visits from [[United States Postal Inspection Service|postal inspectors]] who tried to buy it back,<ref name="WaPo"/> and the hiding of the sheet under his mattress, Robey sold the sheet to noted Philadelphia dealer [[Eugene Klein (philatelist)|Eugene Klein]] for $15,000.<ref name="WaPo"/> Klein placed an advertisement on the first page of the May 25, 1918 ''Mekeel’s Weekly Stamp News'' offering to sell copies of the invert ($250 for fully perforated examples, $175 for stamps with one straight edge), but announced in his following week’s ad that the entire sheet had been purchased by an individual collector. The buyer, who paid $20,000, was "Colonel" [[H. R. Green]], son of [[Hetty Green]].

Klein advised Green that the stamps would be worth more separately than as a single sheet, and Green went along. He donated one invert to the Red Cross in support of its war efforts (which was auctioned off for $300), while retaining forty-one of the stamps in his own collection, including the plate-number block (initially eight stamps) and several blocks of four.<ref name="Sundman">Donald Sundman, ''The Jenny Invert Plate-Number Block'' [Kindle Edition], Mystic Stamp Company 2012, ASIN: B008MAOPUG</ref> The remainder of the inverts were sold off at steadily increasing prices through Klein, who kept a block of four for himself.<ref name="siegal sale"/> Green had one copy placed in a locket for his wife. This gold and glass locket displayed the inverted Jenny on one side, and a "regular" Jenny stamp on the other. This locket was offered for sale for the first time by the Siegel Auction Galleries Rarity Sale, held on May 18, 2002. It did not sell in the auction, but the philatelic press reported that a Private Treaty sale was arranged later for an unknown price.

The philatelic literature has long stated that seven of the stamps have been lost or destroyed through theft or mishandling. However, in 2007 a copy came to light that had not been seen since Eugene Klein broke up the sheet, and was offered for auction that June. The number of lost stamps then became six. Several others have been damaged, including one that was sucked into a vacuum cleaner. Apparently Green's wife mailed one which, while recovered, is the only cancelled sample. Indeed, no Jenny invert is in pristine condition, because Klein lightly penciled a number on the back of each stamp (from 1 through 10 in the top row to 91 through 100 in the bottom row) so that its original position on the sheet could be identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenmorestamp.com/the-inverted-jenny-error|title=The Inverted Jenny Error|website=www.kenmorestamp.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/lot_grd.php?btnSubmit=Search&sale_no=&lot_no=&fastsale=on&sdate1=01/01/1930&sdate2=10/11/2011&lotclass=All&majgroup=United+States&cat_supgroup=U.S.+Stamps&subgroup=All&lot_catfk=All&catselect=eq&srtorder=c3a&pfoper=gt&pfgrade=&gandor=or&pseoper=gt&psegrade=&symbol%5B%5D=All&realized1=&realized2=&keyword=&recsperpage=10&sea_name=&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp&sea_emailflag=on&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp|title=Siegel Auction Galleries — Power Search|website=www.siegelauctions.com}}</ref> For many years, only five examples, in fact, were known to have survived in never hinged condition.<ref name="Siegelrec"/> One of these is the locket copy, which, however has another condition problem: a corner crease at the bottom right probably inflicted while it was being enclosed behind glass.<ref name="locket">2002 Rarities of the World (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 846, May 18, 2002), p. 158.</ref> However, a sixth never-hinged copy--the long-missing Jenny at position No. 49--resurfaced in 2018.

==A famous stamp==
[[File:Benjemin K Miller 2305 xl.jpg|thumb|upright|Benjamin K. Miller, whose Inverted Jenny stamp was stolen in 1977]]
Aside from having the biplane printed upside down, the inverted Jenny has become famous for other reasons as well. [[Benjamin Miller Collection|Benjamin Kurtz Miller]], one of the early buyers of these inverts, 10 in all, bought the stamp for $250. Miller's inverted Jenny, position 18 on the sheet, was stolen in 1977 but was recovered in the early 1980s though, unfortunately, the top perforations had been cut off to prevent it from being recognized as the stolen Miller stamp. This mutilation made the stamp appear as if it had come from the top row of the sheet, and Klein's numbering on the back was accordingly tampered with to disguise the stamp as position 9—an astute piece of misdirection founded in the knowledge that position 9 had never appeared on the market: in fact, the real position 9 emerged decades later as the locket copy.<ref name="locket"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/topical-reference-pages/inverted-jenny.html|title=The Inverted Jenny|publisher=[[National Postal Museum]]|accessdate=2014-11-10}}</ref>(A genuine straight-edged copy would have cost Miller only $175.) However, that stolen and missing stamp served to drive the value of the other 99 examples even higher. That inverted Jenny was the main attraction in the Smithsonian [[National Postal Museum]]'s 'Rarity Revealed' exhibition, 2007–2009. The "Inverted Jenny" was the most requested postage stamp for viewing by visitors at the museum.<ref>{{cite web|first=Cheryl |last=Ganz |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=191014 |title=24c Curtiss Jenny invert single |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2008-09-26 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the mass media renewed long-dormant public attention to the 1955 theft of an even more spectacular Jenny specimen. This was a block of four (positions 65, 66, 75, 76) with a vertical red guide-line through its center, owned by the collector [[Ethel Bergstresser McCoy|Ethel McCoy]], which was stolen from a stamp show at a Norfolk hotel where it was being exhibited. The top right stamp from this block has never been found; the two left stamps surfaced in the 1970s as single copies offered in auction catalogues and were recovered by the FBI, although they had been camouflaged by minor mutilation: the portions of the right-edge perforations on which parts of the guide line were originally visible had been trimmed off or abraded to remove the red ink.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Larry |title=The Philatelic Foundation Authenticates Stolen Jenny Invert Stamp |work=News |publisher=[[Philatelic Foundation]] |year=2016 |url=http://www.philatelicfoundation.org/the-philatelic-foundation-authenticates-stolen-jenny-invert-stamp |accessdate=10 August 2018 }}</ref> Mrs. McCoy’s will had made the American Philatelic Research Library the legal owner of all four stamps in the block. In 2014 Donald Sundman of the Mystic Stamp Company offered $100,000 in reward money—$50,000 for the two stamps that were still missing—to anyone who could bring them to their rightful owner. The offer was publicized in ''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/15/us/100000-reward-for-missing-inverted-jennies-stamps.html|title=$100,000 Reward for Missing 'Jennies'|date=2014-09-14|accessdate=2014-11-12}}</ref>
and on national network news.

In April 2016, a third stamp from the stolen McCoy block turned up for auction at the Spink USA auction house. The seller was a British citizen in his 20s who claimed to have inherited it from his grandfather and knew little about the stamp's provenance. Examination revealed that the stamp came from position 76 in the pane of 100. The American Philatelic Research Library said it will work to take possession of the stamp once an FBI investigation is complete and other legal matters settled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Laura|title=Rare 'Inverted Jenny' Stamp Turns Up 60 Years After Theft|work=National Public Radio|date=April 15, 2016|accessdate=April 17, 2016|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/15/474441619/rare-inverted-jenny-stamp-turns-up-60-years-after-theft}}</ref> The only stamp that remains missing is position 66.

It should be noted that philatelic forgers have mutilated at least four additional Inverted Jennys, (positions 4, 5, 6 and 8) disfiguring them with false perforations at the top (these were copies from the first horizontal row of the sheet, all of which originally had a straight edge at the top. The spurious perforations on position 4 have been trimmed away, but traces of them are still discernable along the narrow margin that remains).<ref name="Siegelrec">The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 1010A, June 18, 2011, p. 18: photographic reconstruction of the Inverted "Jenny" Sheet [six stamp-images missing])</ref>

==A rare swap==
[[File:Inverted jenny400.jpg|thumb|The Inverted Jenny plate block of four (note that the blue plate number is inverted as well). As of June 2015, it was owned by shoe designer and collector [[Stuart Weitzman]].<ref name=Barron4June2015>{{cite news | title=Stuart Weitzman to Display Rare Stamp That Fulfilled Boyhood Dream | work=New York Times | first=James|last=Barron|date=4 June 2015 | accessdate=4 June 2015| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/nyregion/stuart-weitzman-to-display-one-cent-magenta-stamp-that-fulfilled-boyhood-dream.html}}</ref>]]

At an auction of the Green estate in 1944, the unique plate number block of eight stamps was sold for $27,000 to the collector Amos Eno, who had four stamps removed from it. The reduced block fetched only $18,250 when Eno’s estate was sold off ten years later. By 1971, however, its price had risen to $150,000.<ref name="Sundman"/> Eventually, in late October 2005 this plate number block of four stamps was purchased by a then-anonymous buyer for $2,970,000. The purchaser was revealed to be U.S. financier [[Bill Gross (mutuals)|Bill Gross]]. Shortly after purchasing the Inverted Jennys he proceeded to trade them with [[Donald Sundman]], president of the [[Mystic Stamp Company]], a [[stamp dealer]], for one of only two known examples of the USA 1c [[Z Grill]]. By completing this trade, Gross became the owner of the only complete collection of U.S. 19th century stamps.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501464.html |date =2005-05-25 |title=Rare and Costly Stamps to Go on Display
|accessdate = 2006-08-08 |publisher =Washington Post |last=Schmid |first=Randolph E. }}</ref>

==2006 find==
[[File:Invertedjenny stamp ballot.jpg|thumb|The forgery on cover]]
In November 2006, election workers in [[Broward County, Florida]] claimed to have found an Inverted Jenny affixed to an [[absentee ballot]] envelope. The sender did not include any identification with the ballot, which automatically disqualified the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/12/04/stamp-fake-061204.html |title=Expert stamps out hopes of rare postage find |publisher=cbc.ca |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=2006-12-04 }}</ref> Peter Mastrangelo, executive director of the [[American Philatelic Society]], observed that the stamp was at variance with known copies, due in part to its perforations, although the colors had been reproduced accurately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061115/NEWS/611150462/-1/xml |date=2006-11-15 |title=Stamp with ballot may be a fake 'Jenny' |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher = Herald Tribune |last=Zaloudek |first=Mark }}</ref> Further investigations, published in the following month, confirmed that the stamp was a [[Philatelic fakes and forgeries|forgery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0421829620061205 |date=2006-12-04 |title=Stamp used on Florida ballot a fake |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher=Reuters }}</ref>

==95th anniversary souvenir sheet==
On September 22, 2013 the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[souvenir sheet]] illustrating six examples of the inverted stamp denominated $2 instead of the original 24 cents.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 New U.S. Stamp Issues |publisher=[[American Philatelic Society]] |date=9 September 2013 |url=http://stamps.org/userfiles/image/newissues/13-invertedjenny.jpg|accessdate=2015-05-15 }}</ref> The sheets were sold at face value, $12 (the issue was sold only as souvenir sheets of six, and not as individual $2 stamps). Various special packagings for collectors were also offered for a premium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_074.htm|title=Rarest Stamp Error in U.S. History, Inverted Jenny, Flies Again|website=about.usps.com}}</ref>

In addition to the 2.2 million sheets printed with the plane inverted, the Postal Service announced it also printed 100 "non-inverted Jenny" souvenir sheets, with the plane flying right side up. All sheets are individually wrapped in sealed envelopes to recreate the excitement of finding an Inverted Jenny when opening the envelope and to avoid the possibility of discovering a corrected Jenny prior to purchase. Individuals purchasing one of the 100 non-inverted Jenny sheets find a congratulatory note inside the wrapping asking them to call a phone number to receive a certificate of acknowledgement signed by [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] [[Patrick R. Donahoe|Patrick Donahoe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_079.htm|title=Postal Service Announces Very Limited Edition Stamps Circulated with Recent Issue of Famous ‘Upside Down’ Jenny Stamp|website=about.usps.com}}</ref> A non-inverted sheet purchased by Gail and David Robinson of Richmond, Virginia was sold in June 2014 by Siegel Auctions "Rarities of the World" for $51,750, with the 15% buyer's premium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rarities of the World Sale 1075: Upright Jenny Souvenir Sheet |work=Auction catalog |publisher=Robert Siegal Auction Gallaries |date=26 June 2014 |url=https://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2014&lot_name=Inverted%20Jenny%20%28C3a%29%20and%20Upright%20Jenny%20Souvenir%20Sheet&start_lot=1182&stop_lot=1183&sale_name=2014%20Rarities%20of%20the%20World&sale_no=1075&sale_date=Thursday,%20June%2026,%202014 |accessdate=16 January 2015 }}</ref>

In 2015 the Postal Service's [[Inspector General]] called the issuing of a few right side up Jenny airmail sheets improper because regulations do not allow the deliberate creation and distribution of stamp errors. The Service's general counsel was aware of the plan but formal approval by the legal department did not occur. It was also found that the Service's stamp fulfillment center in [[Missouri]] had accidentally failed to distribute 23 of the 30 sheets it was supposed to randomly mix in with orders (the other 70 went to local post offices). Thus not even the promised 100 were made available to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2015/07/21/usps-botched-plan-to-make-money-off-the-most-famous-stamp-error-in-history-watchdog-says/|title=Postal Service’s reprinting of famous stamp error broke agency rules|first=Lisa|last=Rein|date=21 July 2015|publisher=|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref>

==StampWants giveaway==

As covered in ''Linn's Stamp News'', on January 12, 2008, StampWants.com (an online marketplace for stamps, now known as bidStart.com) gave away an inverted Jenny, after a year-long promotion the company ran. This represented the most expensive stamp ever given away in any sort of promotion. The winner of the giveaway was John Shedlock, of California, and the stamp was presented to him by the then-current Miss New Jersey, [[Amy Polumbo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-new-jersey-to-present-giveaway-of-rare-400000-stamp-by-stampwantscom-at-aps-ameristamp-expo-58761607.html |title=Miss New Jersey to Present Giveaway of Rare $400,000 Stamp by StampWants.com at APS Ameristamp Expo |publisher=PR Newswire |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>

==Position 49 Stamp located after 100 years missing==
On September 6, 2018, The New York Times reported that the Philatelic Foundation had authenticated an inverted Jenny stamp that had not been seen since the original sheet of 100 was divided in 1918.<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Barron |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/nyregion/inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=An Inverted Jenny Surfaces. The Flawed Stamp Had Not Been Seen Since 1918. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Inverted Jenny}}
* [[Airmails of the United States]]
* [[List of United States airmail stamps#1918–1919|List of United States airmail stamps]]
* [[CIA invert]]
* [[Invert error]]
* [[List of notable postage stamps]]
* [[Philatelic investment]]
* [[Stamp collecting]]
* [[Pan-American invert]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Amick, George. ''The Inverted Jenny: Mystery, Money, Mania''. Scott Pub Inc Co (May 1, 1987). {{ISBN|0-89487-089-0}}
* Roy, Ron. ''The Empty Envelope''. Random House Children's Books, 2000.

== External links ==
* [http://www.invertedjenny.com Topic-specific website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Curtiss-Wright Company]]
[[Category:Airmail stamps]]
[[Category:1918 works]]
[[Category:1918 in the United States]]
[[Category:Postage stamp invert errors]]

Talk:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg

2018-05-05T16:07:31Z

BFolkman: /* Welsch1 */

{{WikiProject Richard Wagner|class=B}}
{{WikiProject Opera|class=B}}

==Controversy Section==

This section ends as follows:
"The association of Die Meistersinger with Nazism led to one of the most controversial stage productions of the work. The first Bayreuth production of Die Meistersinger following World War II occurred in 1956, when Wieland Wagner, the composer's grandson, attempted to distance the work from German nationalism by presenting it in almost abstract terms, by removing any reference to Nuremberg from the scenery. The production was dubbed Die Meistersinger ohne Nürnberg (The Mastersingers without Nuremberg).[23]

The composer's great-granddaughter Katharina Wagner staged another highly controversial production at Bayreuth in 2007.[24] The Mastersingers were presented as the stuffy teachers at a school attended by the apprentices. Sachs was shown as an anarchist, while the prize contest was presented in the style of American Idol.[25] This production was streamed on the Internet in a webcast on 27 July 2008.[26]"

I don't think Katharina Wagner's production has the same kind of historical import as Wieland Wagner's post-War production. It is controversial in the same manner as many contemporary productions of operas are. I am removing this paragraph for the time being. It does not seem related to the main controversies regarding either Wagner's musical style or his nationalism, and it really does not fit in this section. It might deserve a place somewhere in the article, for instance in a notable productions section (is it particularly notable among productions?) but I will not alter the over all structure myself. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/89.100.74.53|89.100.74.53]] ([[User talk:89.100.74.53|talk]]) 00:33, 14 December 2014 (UTC) 

:Edit: I by no means intend to disparage the production, or the previous wikipedians. But there is a clear disconnect here in my opinion. Personally I would advocate a notable productions section, incorporating landmark standard and non-standard productions. Within such a section the Katharina Wagner production might be called controversial, less so beside the history of 20th Century German nationalism. '''''Who wrote this?'''''

::The article needs a "production history" section (as with most other opera articles from all eras) and, in it, an account of the K.W. would be most appropriate. [[User:Viva-Verdi|Viva-Verdi]] ([[User talk:Viva-Verdi|talk]]) 01:51, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

==Rant==
Just a trivial, very un-NPOV rant: In the Die Meistersinger Suite, the harp and percussion don't play until about the 300th measure (about 10 minutes into the piece). Then, they play for about 15 measures, and don't play for the rest of it. Which is why, with a couple of punctuation marks, we renamed it ''Die, Meistersinger!'' :) [[user:Dreamyshade|Dreamyshade]]

*Why don't you include this in the Trivia section? You could say something along the lines of "Die M is unpopular with harpists because...". Although this is not quite as bad as the symphony (Bruckner's 7th?) where the triangle plays one note - right at the end of it.--[[User:Dogbertd|Dogbertd]] 07:54, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

It would be an erroneous piece of trivia. The harp does play comparatively little during the opera, but does play throughout (beginning, middle and end). It enters about 50 bars into the overture and plays in and out of the opera; and although it does not play the actual ending of the work, it does so very close to the end. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Batonpower|Batonpower]] ([[User talk:Batonpower|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Batonpower|contribs]]) 20:31, 27 February 2008 (UTC) 

== In Act III synopsis, using the English word "section" for the German word "Bar" ==

The word used in the German libretto for a section of the Master Song is "Bar." The synopsis used the word "bar" as if it were the English equivalent. But that's a [[false friend]] (or perhaps a [[false cognate]]). A "bar" in English is a measure--a much smaller unit. Each "Bar" in Walther's prize song, however, contains perhaps two dozen measures. In fact the length and intricacy of these "Bar"s, and the tendency of each of them to extend and develop the previous "Bar" rather than to stay constrained to a tame, fixed length and form is a issue in the drama. So I changed the word "bar" to "section". Hope that's OK with people. [[User:DSatz|DSatz]] 20:07, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

== When a word is difficult to translate, that isn't necessarily ironic. ==

The section called "Genesis" contained these sentences, which I found somewhat overwritten:

"Although Die Meistersinger is a comedy, it also elucidates Wagner’s ideas on the place of music in society, on renunciation of the Will, and of the solace that music brings in a world full of “Wahn”. Wagner was always enthusiastic for his operas to be presented in the [[vernacular]], so it is ironic that one of the central concepts in Die Meistersinger is a word difficult to translate into English: Wahn. ''"Illusion"'', ''"madness"'', ''"folly"'' and ''"self-deception"'' are all variously used to translate ''Wahn''."

My only complaint is that this isn't really an ironic situation; it's a simple, common fact that a given word in one language may not have an exact equivalent in another language. Perhaps Wagner would have felt a bit frustrated at this situation if he had cared or been aware of it, but perhaps not; more than likely he would have thought that we non-Germans should all learn German, if only to understand his opera libretti. I can't imagine him hesitating over this sort of thing for one moment.

Also (though I didn't do anything about this), Die Meistersinger is indeed a comedy--but there's nothing unusual about profound ideas being presented in a comedy! So I really don't think that the "Although ..." construction belongs here. It really seems like over-reaching, like trying to sound "literary". The information presented in this article is excellent, and doesn't need to be cloaked in a "literary" style to make it good. [[User:DSatz|DSatz]] 20:40, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

: Fair enough. The irony - as I perhaps didn't express very well - is that Wagner wanted his works in english for an english audience, however one of the primary concepts in DMVN is a word which cannot really be translated into english: this is irony in anyone's book, but I did think when i wrote it that to call this irony would probably invite some comment. I know a lot of people don't understand the concept. I'd be happy if someone else wants to rewrite this section in a less "literary" style: I just thought it important to point out the way that some commentators have found the influence of Schopenhauer in DMVN. I also need to add a section on Barry Millington's opinion (ie. that Beckmesser is a Jewish stereotype).--[[User:Dogbertd|Dogbertd]] 11:05, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

== anime reference ==

The Trivia section now includes the following: ''[[Boogiepop]] from the popular anime franchise is fond of whistling the tune to the opera.'' Would anyone like to say which tune that is? The opera has, uh, several. --[[User:GuillaumeTell|GuillaumeTell]] 17:58, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

==Removal of Trivia==

People, can we make an effort to remove the Trivia section? The guidelines at [[WP:TRIV]] suggest that information in trivia sections should be incorporated into the main text or removed. Some of the trivia here is ''very'' trivial (eg. attempts to note every use of material from Meistersinger in films or rock music) and I think should be removed. Some of it (the section on Hanslick) should be incorporated into the article.--[[User:Dogbertd|Dogbertd]] 13:23, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

: OK, I've removed the section and incorporated the relevant bits of info elsewhere in the article.--[[User:Dogbertd|Dogbertd]] 08:13, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

==Master/Meister?==

Reading through the article again it strikes me that we've used "Meistersinger" pretty much all the way through when we're talking about the Mastersingers. Take a look at the article introduction to see what I mean. ''The Meistersingers developed a craftsmanlike approach to music-making'' etc. Would it be better to translate this word - except where it refers directly to the title of the opera?--[[User:Dogbertd|Dogbertd]] 08:11, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

== Gustav Hölzel ==

I've knocked up an article on the first Beckmesser, [[Gustav Hölzel]], one of the (I surmise) few people who created roles for both Donizetti and Wagner. Google reveals a reference to (I think) his complaining that some of Beckmesser's part was too high (does this ring a bell?), but, frustratingly, all that one can see is an excerpt from an article by Barry Millington in one of those journals for which you have to pay £10 for a download: [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=020E2E48644B1C7C26F2754DD13BFB87.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1790192] I don't have much by way of literature on Wagner, and I wonder if anyone here knows anything of the story, or has anything else that they can usefully add to the article? --[[User:GuillaumeTell|'''Guillaume''']][[User talk:GuillaumeTell|''Tell'']] 15:22, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

:The operissimo biography [http://hosting.triboni.com/triboni/exec?method=com.operissimo.artist.webDisplay&id=ffcyoieagxaaaaabbjly&xsl=webDisplay&searchStr=Hölzel] has some more content. I can read German and I've added some of the content to the article, but you may be interested in reading it yourself.[[User:Singingdaisies|Singingdaisies]] ([[User talk:Singingdaisies|talk]]) 18:58, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
==The final warning against foreign influences==

I really think it's important to indicate that the warning against foreign influences, in Sachs' final speech, has nothing to do with anything else in the opera. It's very ironic that MEISTERSINGER was so popular among the Nazis--its message is a call for dealing with outsider-ideas with an open mind. How much more ANTI-nazi can a message be???

Wagner wrote several operas which are supportive of nazism, but MEISTERSINGER is not one of them. (They are LOHENGRIN, THE GOBLIN'S RING, and PARSIFAL.)
[[User:SingingZombie|SingingZombie]] ([[User talk:SingingZombie|talk]]) 05:58, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
* I'm not quite sure if this is meant seriously, but I'll assume good faith. Firstly I think that the interpretative comments you've added are not relevant to the synopsis, which should tell the story - as Wagner wrote it - and should not include some sort of running commentary. If you can find verifiable support for your statements then they should be included in the section which discusses the reception of Die MS and which outlines the uses to which the opera was put.
Secondly, Wagner wrote no operas which are supportive of Nazism. That his operas were appropriated and distorted by the Nazis fifty years after his death was nothing to do with Wagner. I'm interested to hear "The Goblin's Ring." That sounds like fun.--[[User:Dogbertd|Dogbertd]] ([[User talk:Dogbertd|talk]]) 22:17, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

::OK, how about if I say: "Wagner wrote several operas whose messages can legitimately be used to support Nazism, but MEISTERSINGER is not one of them."?

::And you say you want "verifiable support" for my claim that the final warning against foreign influences has nothing to do with anything else in the opera? How about the libretto itself--is that verifiable enough for you??? In fact there is exactly ONE mention of foreign influences, and that is in the final monologue itself. Other than that, nothing atall.

::You are making a sarcastic comment about the title "The Goblin's Ring"??? What do you think the word "Nibelung" means??? [[User:SingingZombie|SingingZombie]] ([[User talk:SingingZombie|talk]]) 22:38, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
:::*No, you cannot write ''"Wagner wrote several operas whose messages can legitimately be used to support Nazism, but MEISTERSINGER is not one of them"'' '''unless you can reference it to a [[WP:RELY|reliable source]]'''.

::::''"How about the libretto itself--is that verifiable enough for you???"'' No, it's not. You are writing about your ''personal'' interpretation of the libretto, not about published commentary on the libretto.

::::SingingZombie, you have been warned about this kind of stuff (and your inappropriate, unreferenced, running commentaries) innumerable times in many different articles. These are supposed to be encyclopedia articles, not personal essays, magazine stories, internet forums, blogs, etc. They report what is already written in independently published [[WP:RELY|reliable sources]], not the personal musings of its editors. If you don't want your edits reverted, then you will have to take this on board. If you are not willing to take this on board, then you need to consider if Wikipedia is the right place for you. [[User:Voceditenore|Voceditenore]] ([[User talk:Voceditenore|talk]]) 23:48, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

:::::I have found and entered a source for out-of-place-ness of final warning against foreign influences; source suggests Cosima (Wagner's wife) was responsible for it going into the opera at all. The source is Harry Kupfer, stage-director at Bayreuth. (Directed best-selling video FLYING DUTCHMAN with Simon Estes and Matti Salminen.)

:::::"Das heiss' ich mir echte Merkerschuh'; mein Merkersprüchlein hört dazu!" [[User:SingingZombie|SingingZombie]] ([[User talk:SingingZombie|talk]]) 04:48, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
:::::: Indeed, Wagner was tempted to remove it from the opera but Cosima didn't like the idea, and so it remains. There's some reference to this in one of Wagner's letters, which would also shed some light on why he thought he might remove it. Must look out for this.--[[User:Dogbertd|Dogbertd]] ([[User talk:Dogbertd|talk]]) 09:37, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

:Wasn't there a recent production (probably in Germany) in which the music stopped before the final oration so that the singers could act out a discussion on whether it was appropriate to sing these words? Anyone remember details to aid a search for a reference?--[[User:Peter cohen|Peter cohen]] ([[User talk:Peter cohen|talk]]) 16:30, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
::FWIW: Hamburg State Opera, directed by [[Peter Konwitschny]]. Early 2000s. -- [[User:MegA|megA]] ([[User talk:MegA|talk]]) 17:45, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

:::Having today read this page for first time in years, I join Dogbertd in saying it would be incorrect to say any Wagner opera was ''composed in support of'' Nazism because he died in 1883 before the rise of the Nazi party in the following century. To keep this in context it would more clearly correct to say to the effect that they were appropriated by Nazi thinkers in support of their own cause by hailing Wagner as a German nationalist (and conveniently anti-Semitic) prophet.[[User:Cloptonson|Cloptonson]] ([[User talk:Cloptonson|talk]]) 10:48, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

== Satire? ==

In the article on [[Meistersinger]] there is a "Legacy" section which reads, in its entirety, "Richard Wagner, in his musical drama ''Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg'' of 1868, satirized the art of these early masters." Is '''satire''' the right word? Would anyone like to think of a better, and perhaps fuller, way of expressing what Wagner did? [[User:Almost-instinct|''almost'']]-[[User talk:Almost-instinct|instinct]] 19:08, 19 April 2013 (UTC)
:From {{Querylink|Meistersinger|qs=&diff=551222438&oldid=550654052|this edit}}: is "The plot of [[Richard Wagner]]'s 1868 opera ''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]'' revolves around the guild of Meistersingers and their singing contest." better? -- [[User:Michael Bednarek|Michael Bednarek]] ([[User talk:Michael Bednarek|talk]]) 02:08, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
::Very elegant, thank you :-) [[User:Almost-instinct|''almost'']]-[[User talk:Almost-instinct|instinct]] 09:43, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

== Controversial infobox ==

I see there was an attempt to put a controversial infobox on this article without any prior proposal. I think that was unfortunate. Personally, I am opposed to using that box. --''[[User:Kleinzach|Klein]][[User talk:Kleinzach|zach]]'' 01:10, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
:Interesting. I see "trying" an infobox, following discussions on project opera culminating in "My personal opinion is that where a footer navbox is available, replacing the header one with the infobox is [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Opera&diff=563366107&oldid=563364711 perfectly acceptable]. It is also perfectly acceptable not to do so." (not by me) - There are hundreds of opera articles, several of them with a footer navbox available: I will not "propose" every single time that I replace redundant information by information about the specific article. A [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Opera#Infobox vs. side navbox|centralized discussion]] about the alternative is open. - Please be careful using "controversial", I prefer: perfectly acceptable to do so or not to do so. Back to the article: what's wrong with this specific infobox? --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 11:12, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

== Language tags ==

I cannot see that adding language tags, such as <nowiki>''{{Lang|de|[[Mein Leben (Wagner)|Mein Leben]]}}''</nowiki> wherever German is used, really adds anything, since it simply parses as ''{{Lang|de|[[Mein Leben (Wagner)|Mein Leben]]}}''. <nowiki>''[[Mein Leben (Wagner)|Mein Leben]]''</nowiki> produces exactly the same effect. --[[User:Mgoodyear|Michael Goodyear]] ([[User talk:Mgoodyear|talk]]) 13:52, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
: You don't see it, but people using a screen reader hear a difference (the program will not try to pronounce in English but German.). - You improve accessibility adding the language (any language other than English), do so generously! - Nothing special to this work, of course. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 14:01, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

== Synopsis questions ==

At the beginning of the synopsis, we have:

"After a magnificent prelude, a church service is just ending with a singing of Da zu dir der Heiland kam (When the Saviour came to thee), an impressive pastiche of a Lutheran chorale"

Is all this description/explanation within the real guidelines of a synopsis? The use of pastiche could be explained elsewhere (it's not part of the STORY), likewise, though the prelude is indeed magnificent, such description is also not relevant to the story.

Later, we have:

"David gives a confusing lecture on the mastersingers' rules for composing and singing. (Many of the tunes he describes were real master-tunes from the period.)"

Again, is this explanation of the origin of the tunes part of the STORY, or just editorial commentary that should be elsewhere in the article?

[[Special:Contributions/2001:558:6017:2F:D77:F234:843E:D734|2001:558:6017:2F:D77:F234:843E:D734]] ([[User talk:2001:558:6017:2F:D77:F234:843E:D734|talk]]) 18:04, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

==Ruskin==
I moved this out. It's uncited, but that's not a serious issue, it just seems to stick out like a sore thumb in the section. Ruskin's obviously a famous guy, but he's not exactly known for his insights into music (or much else by the 1880s). This is certainly ''funny'', but does it add real content?:
:[[John Ruskin]] described ''{{Lang|de|Die Meistersinger}}'' in a letter to Georgina Burne-Jones in 1882: "Of all the bête, clumsy, blundering, boggling, baboon-blooded stuff I ever saw on a human stage, ... and of all the affected, sapless, soulless, beginningless, endless, topless, bottomless, topsiturviest, tongs and boniest doggerel of sounds I ever endured the deadliness of, that eternity of nothing was the deadliest, so far as the sound went. I never was so relieved, so far as I can remember in my life, by the stopping of any sound – not excepting railway whistles – as I was by the cessation of the cobbler's bellowing."
It's just a standard rant about about how 'modern stuff' is all formless noise etc. [[User:Paul Barlow|Paul B]] ([[User talk:Paul Barlow|talk]]) 21:02, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

== Infobox? ==

I suggest to restore the 2013 infobox, --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 11:28, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

: done --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:15, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

Apologies Gerda, only just seen this. I don't think it very appropriate. Have removed it pending further discussion. I suggest that idf you are going to add these boxes as you have at other Wagner operas, you raise the issue first at WP:Opera and WP:Wagner.--[[User:Smerus|Smerus]] ([[User talk:Smerus|talk]]) 10:07, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
: Replied [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Opera]], please let's have one discussion if we need one, - I don' think so. I like all Wagner's stageworks consistent, only completed what others began. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 11:00, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
*I think this one could keep a infobox, it's a longer, extensive article, the summary material in an infobox is helpful to someone who wants the basic overview. [[User:Montanabw|Montanabw]][[User talk:Montanabw|(talk)]] 03:38, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

==Assessment comment==
{{Substituted comment|length=3515|lastedit=20100922191105|comment=B class (60 points). Background information, composition details etc. are good. More development should be possible, including:
*Recent performance history
*First lines in German of important passages in the synopsis
*Some more illustrations
*Starting a recordings section
-- [[User:Kleinzach|Kleinzach]] 05:38, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Borderline Start/B (I gave it 58 points). Comments as per Kleinzach, plus:
*No need to summarise synopsis in the lead
*Synopsis needs some rewriting
*Beckmesser section looks rather odd - needs to be better integrated
*Historical inaccuracies section needs to be either improved and incorporated or dropped
--[[User:GuillaumeTell|GuillaumeTell]] 17:21, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Start 51/100. Some good stuff here. Addressing the issues around notable numbers, recordings and illustrations should achieve B with relatively little effort. At that point, GA status becomes a consideration for which the lead section needs to be a proper summary of the article. (Unlike GT, I see nothing wrong with the synopsis being summarised there.) The referencing, particularly of opinions would also need improvement, and coyrighted pictures without a fair use justification are a definite no-no. Also GT's stylistic comments re the Beckmesser, historical inaccuracies sections become a consideration for GA reviewers. More detailed comments in the marking scheme.
*Background/history of composition/discussion of plot and/or text, etc.: 12/15. Good but some of the information should be moved into the body of the article from the lead, which is meant to be a summary.
*Performance history: 10/15. Good on early performances and association with Nazis, Wieland production, but material on last 50 years is important too.
*Tabulated list of roles: 5/10. Contains everything I would want.
*Synopsis: 8/10. Good but could do with a couple of slight tweaks, mentioning that Beckmesser fills his board (to parallel Sachs completing shoes), that Sachs himself had written a Tristan and that holy German Art would endure the fall of the Holy Roman Empire. Should also include identification of important passages.
*Notable arias, etc: (preferably embedded in the synopsis): 0/5. The prelude, quintet, dance of the apprentices, entry of the mastersingers etc. should all get highlighted as important numbers.
*Critical appreciation, discussion of music etc 7/15 Needs more discussion of the episodes of the music, probably more or modern views of the opera. And it doesn't usially last about 5 hours. All three recordings I have are less that 4 1/2. And typical intervals would take it closr to 6 hours, of the diration was meant to be inclusive.
*Recordings: 0/10. Needs a discography.
*Illustrations, including musical illustrations 2/10 The Bayreuth illustration lacks fair use justification. Could do with more pictures and sound illustrations to match what eventually appear in musical discussion
*Inline references, notes, sources, external links 7/15. A decent start on referencing has been made. It's worth considering separating the links from the references and shifting to having the book/article names in the references and the notes just referencing author, date page in the notes.
--[[User:Peter cohen|Peter cohen]] 11:51, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
:Enough points have been addressed since the above that assessment on the same basis as three years ago would now have generated a B class.--[[User:Peter cohen|Peter cohen]] ([[User talk:Peter cohen|talk]]) 19:11, 22 September 2010 (UTC)}}
Substituted at 13:24, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

== External links modified (January 2018) ==

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== Welsch1 ==
in the article it says:
1 ''The word translated here as "foreign" ("welsch") is a catch-all term denoting "French and/or Italian." Wagner here referred to the court of Frederick the Great, where French rather than German was spoken.''

1 ''welsch'' is an old German word that denotes the Romance (non-Germanic) languages, i. e. Italian or French or Occitan (compare the Anglo-Saxon "welsh", which has the same root) – it has neither negative nor positive connotations. I doubt that Wagner thought ''specifically'' of Frederick the Greats francophone court, I think he thought more generally about French cultural influence in the 18th and 19th century and possibly about the Napoleonic rule over Germany at the beginning of the century. --'''''[[User:Furfur|Furfur]]''''' ⁂ [[User
talk:Furfur| Diskussion]] 15:35, 10 April 2018 (UTC)
: Agreed. Before replacing it with a broader definition (if others don't have a problem) could you just in case look for a reference that would back up "Wagner here referred to the court of Frederick the Great" statement. [[User:Rybkovich|Rybkovich]] ([[User talk:Rybkovich|talk]]) 18:02, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
::Agreed, too. Firstly, why would Wagner rail against the long dead Frederick, or Hans Sachs against a German king in an unimaginable distant future? Secondly, in the context of 1868, Wagner used "welsch" (or "wälsch" in his spelling) almost certainly to refer to the French, and there's supporting literature. The "footnote" should be removed, and the English text could be replaced with a sourced version from [https://web.archive.org/web/20041213170333/http://www.rwagner.net:80/libretti/meisters/e-meisters-a3s5.html here], or also be removed,
<poem style="margin-left: 5em;">Beware! Evil tricks threaten us:
if the German people and kingdom should one day decay,
under a false, foreign rule
soon no prince would understand his people;
and foreign mists with foreign vanities
they would plant in our German land;
what is German and true none would know,
if it did not live in the honour of German Masters.
Therefore I say to you:
honour your German Masters,
then you will conjure up good spirits!
And if you favour their endeavours,
even if the Holy Roman Empire
should dissolve in mist,
for us there would yet remain
holy German Art!</poem>
::The box's history: {{diff|Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg|312996840|312991982|added}} by [[User:Dogbertd]] on 11-Sep-2009; the Frederick "footnote" {{diff|Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg|583931382|578854787|was introduced}} by [[User:BFolkman]] on 1-Dec-2013. -- [[User:Michael Bednarek|Michael Bednarek]] ([[User talk:Michael Bednarek|talk]]) 02:30, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

I beg to differ with both of these commentaries. The line "No prince would understand his people" is an unmistakable reference to Frederick the Great and his court. Wagner's whole point was that Germany was not, at the time of Meistersinger, on the verge of a great era of peace, prosperity and creativity--despite the optimistic atmosphere of the last act--but was soon to face very hard times and would not emerge as a nation for centuries--during which its national identity would be kept alive by its artists.[[User:BFolkman|BFolkman]] ([[User talk:BFolkman|talk]]) 16:07, 5 May 2018 (UTC)

ABCorp

2018-03-21T14:26:22Z

BFolkman: /* Twentieth Century */

{{more footnotes|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ABCorp (American Banknote Corporation)
| logo = ABCorp.png
| caption =
| type =
| industry = Manufacturing, Financial Solutions
| foundation = 1795
| location = Stamford, CT USA
| key_people = William Brown, CEO
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| homepage = http://www.abcorp.com
}}

[[File:American Bank Note Co with banners celebrating Diamond Jubilee.jpg|thumb|right|The American Bank Note Co. [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]] [[Canada]] 1897–11]]
[[File:Amer Bank Note Lafayette Av & Baretto St sun jeh.jpg|thumb|[[American Bank Note Company Printing Plant|Printing plant]] in the [[South Bronx]]]]
'''ABCorp (American Banknote Corporation)''' is an American corporation and world leader providing secure payment, retail and ID cards, vital record and transaction documents, systems and services to governments and financial institutions - and is one of the largest producers of plastic transaction cards in the world. ABCorp has offices and manufacturing facilities in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China, Germany, Dubai and South Africa. Formerly known as the American Bank Note Company, the organization was originally a major worldwide engraver of national [[currency]] and [[postage stamps]].

==Origins==
[[Robert Scot]], the first official engraver of the young [[U.S. Mint]], began the company that would eventually grow into the nation’s premier high security [[engraving]] and printing firm, the American Bank Note Company.

Founded in 1795 as Murray, Draper, Fairman & Company (after Scot's three partners), the company prospered as the young United States population expanded and financial institutions blossomed. Its products included superior quality [[Stock certificate|stock]] and [[bond (finance)|bond]] certificates, paper currency for the nation’s thousands of state-chartered banks, postage stamps (from 1879 to 1894<ref>Two security printers absorbed into the ABN in 1879 produced U. S. Postage stamps between 1861 and that year: the National Bank Note Company (1861-73) and the Continental Banknote Company (1873-79</ref>), and a wide variety of other engraved and printed items.

==After 1857==
On April 29, 1858, following the [[Panic of 1857]], seven of the nation’s most prominent security printers merged to form the American Bank Note Company. The new company made [[New York City]] its headquarters. Less than two years later, the remaining handful of independent bank note printers merged to form the National Bank Note Company that we know of today.

To be close to the stock exchanges, brokerage firms, and banks in lower Manhattan, the American Bank Note Company established its New York City headquarters in the Merchants Exchange Building at [[55 Wall Street]]. The company moved its office and plant to 142 Broadway (at the corner of Liberty Street) in 1867, to another new facility at 78–86 Trinity Place in 1882, and again to [[American Bank Note Company Building|70 Broad Street]] in 1908.

The first paper currency was circulated by the [[US Treasury Department]] following the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Congress passed authorizing legislation for $60 million worth of these “Demand Notes” on July 17 and August 5, 1861. Under contract with the government, the novel paper money, called “greenbacks” by the public, was produced by the American Bank Note Co. and the National Bank Note Co. A total of 7.25 million notes were produced in denominations of $5, $10, and $20. In an interesting historical sidelight, American and National were also producing [[Confederate States of America dollar|paper money for the Confederacy]] at the same time.
[[File:URU-S214b-Banco Italiano-100 Pesos (1887).jpg|thumb|100 pesos Banco Italiano del Uruguay (1887)]]
[[File:ABNC.jpg|thumb|American Bank Note Company, Share certificate (1944)]]
Following the initial production of U.S. currency by the government’s [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] in 1862, ABNCo sought a new source of demand for its services. They found it in foreign lands. The company would eventually go on to supply security paper and bank notes to 115 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hessler |first1=Gene |year=1993 |title=The Engraver’s Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages=19 |publisher= BNR Press |doi= |url= |accessdate=|edition=|isbn=0-931960-36-3}}</ref>

In 1877, pursuant to a law enacted by Congress, the U. S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing became the sole producer of all United States currency. The [[security printing]] industry, finding a good deal of its work had evaporated, accordingly underwent a second major consolidation in 1879, as American absorbed the National Bank Note and Continental Bank Note companies. At the time of the merger, Continental held the contract to produce U. S. Postage stamps, and this production continued under the American aegis.

In 1887, ABNCo won the second four-year contract to engrave and print [[Postal notes]] for the U.S. post office. (New York’s [[Homer Lee Bank Note Company]] produced these notes during the first contract period.) American assigned Thomas F. Morris, its Chief Designer, the task of re-designing this early money order. The paper for this contract (as for all Postal Notes and a massive number of official U.S. high security documents) was produced by Crane and Co. of Dalton, Massachusetts.

In 1891 the American Bank Note Company began producing a new form of money for a longtime customer: the American Express "Travelers Cheque." In its first year, American Express sold $9,120 worth of its new invention. During 2000, sales of [[American Express]] [[traveler's cheque|Traveler's Cheque]]s totaled $24.6 billion.

In 1894, ABNCo completed the final contract for the private printing of American stamps. Perhaps their most popular stamps were the one cent to $5 issues commemorating the 1892–93 [[Columbian Exposition]] (for which they had also printed the admission tickets) in Chicago. On July 1, 1894 American delivered its entire stamp-producing operation to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing in [[Washington, D.C.]], where U.S. stamps were still printed up into the 1990s.

==Twentieth Century==
{{expand section|date=October 2013}}
In 1943 the U. S. Post Office launched a series of thirteen stamps honoring the countries that had been overrun by the axis during World War II. Each stamp featured a full-color reproduction of one of the occupied nations. While the Bureau of Engraving and Printing had previously issued bi-colored stamps, it did not have equipment for printing the necessary multi-colored flag images; and so, contracted with the American Banknote Company to produce the stamps. Issued between June 1943 and November 1944, the [[Overrun Countries series]] reproduced the flags of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Norway, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Greece, Yugoslavia, Albania, Austria, Denmark, and Korea,<ref>[http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory43.htm The Overrun Countries Series - Junior Philatelists]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415003759/http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory43.htm |date=April 15, 2014}}</ref>

==ABCorp==
American Banknote Corporation is headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, with USA manufacturing facilities located in Boston, Massachusetts and Columbia, Tennessee.

Today, following a variety of financial transformations over the past 220+ years, ABCorp offers a wide variety of secure and official plastic cards, documents, mobile applications, cloud services and other business solutions. Operations are located in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[Czech Republic]], [[England]] and [[France]].

==1908 Buildings==
[[File:American Bank Note bldg jeh.JPG|thumb|Former headquarters, the [[American Bank Note Company Building]] at 70 Broad Street, [[Manhattan]]]]
The [[American Bank Note Company Building]] and [[American Bank Note Company Printing Plant]] were both built in 1908 and are both designated [[List of New York City Landmarks|New York City Landmarks]]. The former is also listed on the [[U.S. National Register of Historic Places]]. The buildings were sold in 1988 and 1985, respectively.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Benjamin Franklin 1861 Issue-1c.jpg|Benjamin Franklin Issue of 1861 from the first series of US Postage Stamps produced by the National Bank Note Co (later called the American Bank Note Co.<ref>Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps</ref>
Image:Columbus 1892 Issue-$5.jpg|The $5 Columbian stamp (1893), from the last U. S. postage stamp issue produced by the American Banknote Corporation until 1944.
File:Beer revenue stamp proof single 1871.JPG|Beer revenue stamp proof single, 1871
File:Timbre penny post Canada 1898.jpg|Canadian penny stamp, 1898
File:Lady of the Lightbulbs.jpg|1897 "Lady of the Light Bulbs" revenue stamp of Canada
File:NSwik-stamp8c1860.jpg|Queen Victoria, Nova Scotia 8½ cent stamp, 1860
File:Pedro Álvares Cabral - steel engraving by American Bank Note Company.jpg|[[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] - steel engraving by American Bank Note Company
File:1916 2c Colombia specimen revenue stamp.jpg|Colombia 1916 specimen revenue stamp
File:NBG banknote-1912.jpg|Greek bank note of 1912 for the [[National Bank of Greece|NBG-Bank]]
File:Overrun countries Korea flag stamp.png|U. S. Stamp from the "Overrun Countries series," showing the pre-1905 flag of Korea (similar to the modern flag of South Korea).
File:US Printed Dutch Guilder.png|Dutch Guilder printed for the [[Dutch government-in-exile]], 1943
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Postage stamp]]
*[[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States]]
*[[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
*[[New York Bank Note Company]]
*[[Homer Lee Bank Note Company]]
*[[Canadian Bank Note Company]] - Canadian unit from 1897 to 1923

==References and sources==
;References
{{reflist}}
;Sources

*''Antecedents of the American Bank Note Company of 1858'' by Foster Wild Rice
*''The Story of the American Bank Note Company'' by William H. Griffiths
*''America’s Money America’s Story'' by Richard Doty
*''The Comprehensive Catalog of U.S. Paper Money'' by Gene Hessler

== External links ==
{{commons category|American Bank Note Company}}
* [http://www.abcorp.com Official website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:American Bank Note}}
[[Category:Postal history]]
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Printing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Banknote printing companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1795]]

ABCorp

2018-03-21T14:25:15Z

BFolkman: /* Twentieth Century */ amplify

{{more footnotes|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ABCorp (American Banknote Corporation)
| logo = ABCorp.png
| caption =
| type =
| industry = Manufacturing, Financial Solutions
| foundation = 1795
| location = Stamford, CT USA
| key_people = William Brown, CEO
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| homepage = http://www.abcorp.com
}}

[[File:American Bank Note Co with banners celebrating Diamond Jubilee.jpg|thumb|right|The American Bank Note Co. [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]] [[Canada]] 1897–11]]
[[File:Amer Bank Note Lafayette Av & Baretto St sun jeh.jpg|thumb|[[American Bank Note Company Printing Plant|Printing plant]] in the [[South Bronx]]]]
'''ABCorp (American Banknote Corporation)''' is an American corporation and world leader providing secure payment, retail and ID cards, vital record and transaction documents, systems and services to governments and financial institutions - and is one of the largest producers of plastic transaction cards in the world. ABCorp has offices and manufacturing facilities in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China, Germany, Dubai and South Africa. Formerly known as the American Bank Note Company, the organization was originally a major worldwide engraver of national [[currency]] and [[postage stamps]].

==Origins==
[[Robert Scot]], the first official engraver of the young [[U.S. Mint]], began the company that would eventually grow into the nation’s premier high security [[engraving]] and printing firm, the American Bank Note Company.

Founded in 1795 as Murray, Draper, Fairman & Company (after Scot's three partners), the company prospered as the young United States population expanded and financial institutions blossomed. Its products included superior quality [[Stock certificate|stock]] and [[bond (finance)|bond]] certificates, paper currency for the nation’s thousands of state-chartered banks, postage stamps (from 1879 to 1894<ref>Two security printers absorbed into the ABN in 1879 produced U. S. Postage stamps between 1861 and that year: the National Bank Note Company (1861-73) and the Continental Banknote Company (1873-79</ref>), and a wide variety of other engraved and printed items.

==After 1857==
On April 29, 1858, following the [[Panic of 1857]], seven of the nation’s most prominent security printers merged to form the American Bank Note Company. The new company made [[New York City]] its headquarters. Less than two years later, the remaining handful of independent bank note printers merged to form the National Bank Note Company that we know of today.

To be close to the stock exchanges, brokerage firms, and banks in lower Manhattan, the American Bank Note Company established its New York City headquarters in the Merchants Exchange Building at [[55 Wall Street]]. The company moved its office and plant to 142 Broadway (at the corner of Liberty Street) in 1867, to another new facility at 78–86 Trinity Place in 1882, and again to [[American Bank Note Company Building|70 Broad Street]] in 1908.

The first paper currency was circulated by the [[US Treasury Department]] following the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Congress passed authorizing legislation for $60 million worth of these “Demand Notes” on July 17 and August 5, 1861. Under contract with the government, the novel paper money, called “greenbacks” by the public, was produced by the American Bank Note Co. and the National Bank Note Co. A total of 7.25 million notes were produced in denominations of $5, $10, and $20. In an interesting historical sidelight, American and National were also producing [[Confederate States of America dollar|paper money for the Confederacy]] at the same time.
[[File:URU-S214b-Banco Italiano-100 Pesos (1887).jpg|thumb|100 pesos Banco Italiano del Uruguay (1887)]]
[[File:ABNC.jpg|thumb|American Bank Note Company, Share certificate (1944)]]
Following the initial production of U.S. currency by the government’s [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] in 1862, ABNCo sought a new source of demand for its services. They found it in foreign lands. The company would eventually go on to supply security paper and bank notes to 115 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hessler |first1=Gene |year=1993 |title=The Engraver’s Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages=19 |publisher= BNR Press |doi= |url= |accessdate=|edition=|isbn=0-931960-36-3}}</ref>

In 1877, pursuant to a law enacted by Congress, the U. S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing became the sole producer of all United States currency. The [[security printing]] industry, finding a good deal of its work had evaporated, accordingly underwent a second major consolidation in 1879, as American absorbed the National Bank Note and Continental Bank Note companies. At the time of the merger, Continental held the contract to produce U. S. Postage stamps, and this production continued under the American aegis.

In 1887, ABNCo won the second four-year contract to engrave and print [[Postal notes]] for the U.S. post office. (New York’s [[Homer Lee Bank Note Company]] produced these notes during the first contract period.) American assigned Thomas F. Morris, its Chief Designer, the task of re-designing this early money order. The paper for this contract (as for all Postal Notes and a massive number of official U.S. high security documents) was produced by Crane and Co. of Dalton, Massachusetts.

In 1891 the American Bank Note Company began producing a new form of money for a longtime customer: the American Express "Travelers Cheque." In its first year, American Express sold $9,120 worth of its new invention. During 2000, sales of [[American Express]] [[traveler's cheque|Traveler's Cheque]]s totaled $24.6 billion.

In 1894, ABNCo completed the final contract for the private printing of American stamps. Perhaps their most popular stamps were the one cent to $5 issues commemorating the 1892–93 [[Columbian Exposition]] (for which they had also printed the admission tickets) in Chicago. On July 1, 1894 American delivered its entire stamp-producing operation to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing in [[Washington, D.C.]], where U.S. stamps were still printed up into the 1990s.

==Twentieth Century==
{{expand section|date=October 2013}}
In 1943 the U. S. Post Office launched a series of thirteen stamps honoring the countries that had been overrun by the axis during World War II. Each stamp featured a full-color reproduction of one of the occupied nations. While the Bureau of Engraving and Printing had previously issued bi-colored stamps, it did not have equipment for printing the necessary multi-colored flag images; and so, contracted with the American Banknote Company to produce the stamps. Issued between June 1943 and November 1944, the [[Overrun Countries Series]] reproduced the flags of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Norway, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Greece, Yugoslavia, Albania, Austria, Denmark, and Korea,<ref>[http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory43.htm The Overrun Countries Series - Junior Philatelists]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415003759/http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory43.htm |date=April 15, 2014}}</ref>

==ABCorp==
American Banknote Corporation is headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, with USA manufacturing facilities located in Boston, Massachusetts and Columbia, Tennessee.

Today, following a variety of financial transformations over the past 220+ years, ABCorp offers a wide variety of secure and official plastic cards, documents, mobile applications, cloud services and other business solutions. Operations are located in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[Czech Republic]], [[England]] and [[France]].

==1908 Buildings==
[[File:American Bank Note bldg jeh.JPG|thumb|Former headquarters, the [[American Bank Note Company Building]] at 70 Broad Street, [[Manhattan]]]]
The [[American Bank Note Company Building]] and [[American Bank Note Company Printing Plant]] were both built in 1908 and are both designated [[List of New York City Landmarks|New York City Landmarks]]. The former is also listed on the [[U.S. National Register of Historic Places]]. The buildings were sold in 1988 and 1985, respectively.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Benjamin Franklin 1861 Issue-1c.jpg|Benjamin Franklin Issue of 1861 from the first series of US Postage Stamps produced by the National Bank Note Co (later called the American Bank Note Co.<ref>Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps</ref>
Image:Columbus 1892 Issue-$5.jpg|The $5 Columbian stamp (1893), from the last U. S. postage stamp issue produced by the American Banknote Corporation until 1944.
File:Beer revenue stamp proof single 1871.JPG|Beer revenue stamp proof single, 1871
File:Timbre penny post Canada 1898.jpg|Canadian penny stamp, 1898
File:Lady of the Lightbulbs.jpg|1897 "Lady of the Light Bulbs" revenue stamp of Canada
File:NSwik-stamp8c1860.jpg|Queen Victoria, Nova Scotia 8½ cent stamp, 1860
File:Pedro Álvares Cabral - steel engraving by American Bank Note Company.jpg|[[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] - steel engraving by American Bank Note Company
File:1916 2c Colombia specimen revenue stamp.jpg|Colombia 1916 specimen revenue stamp
File:NBG banknote-1912.jpg|Greek bank note of 1912 for the [[National Bank of Greece|NBG-Bank]]
File:Overrun countries Korea flag stamp.png|U. S. Stamp from the "Overrun Countries series," showing the pre-1905 flag of Korea (similar to the modern flag of South Korea).
File:US Printed Dutch Guilder.png|Dutch Guilder printed for the [[Dutch government-in-exile]], 1943
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Postage stamp]]
*[[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States]]
*[[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
*[[New York Bank Note Company]]
*[[Homer Lee Bank Note Company]]
*[[Canadian Bank Note Company]] - Canadian unit from 1897 to 1923

==References and sources==
;References
{{reflist}}
;Sources

*''Antecedents of the American Bank Note Company of 1858'' by Foster Wild Rice
*''The Story of the American Bank Note Company'' by William H. Griffiths
*''America’s Money America’s Story'' by Richard Doty
*''The Comprehensive Catalog of U.S. Paper Money'' by Gene Hessler

== External links ==
{{commons category|American Bank Note Company}}
* [http://www.abcorp.com Official website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:American Bank Note}}
[[Category:Postal history]]
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Printing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Banknote printing companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1795]]

ABCorp

2018-03-21T13:58:16Z

BFolkman: /* Gallery */

{{more footnotes|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ABCorp (American Banknote Corporation)
| logo = ABCorp.png
| caption =
| type =
| industry = Manufacturing, Financial Solutions
| foundation = 1795
| location = Stamford, CT USA
| key_people = William Brown, CEO
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| homepage = http://www.abcorp.com
}}

[[File:American Bank Note Co with banners celebrating Diamond Jubilee.jpg|thumb|right|The American Bank Note Co. [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]] [[Canada]] 1897–11]]
[[File:Amer Bank Note Lafayette Av & Baretto St sun jeh.jpg|thumb|[[American Bank Note Company Printing Plant|Printing plant]] in the [[South Bronx]]]]
'''ABCorp (American Banknote Corporation)''' is an American corporation and world leader providing secure payment, retail and ID cards, vital record and transaction documents, systems and services to governments and financial institutions - and is one of the largest producers of plastic transaction cards in the world. ABCorp has offices and manufacturing facilities in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China, Germany, Dubai and South Africa. Formerly known as the American Bank Note Company, the organization was originally a major worldwide engraver of national [[currency]] and [[postage stamps]].

==Origins==
[[Robert Scot]], the first official engraver of the young [[U.S. Mint]], began the company that would eventually grow into the nation’s premier high security [[engraving]] and printing firm, the American Bank Note Company.

Founded in 1795 as Murray, Draper, Fairman & Company (after Scot's three partners), the company prospered as the young United States population expanded and financial institutions blossomed. Its products included superior quality [[Stock certificate|stock]] and [[bond (finance)|bond]] certificates, paper currency for the nation’s thousands of state-chartered banks, postage stamps (from 1879 to 1894<ref>Two security printers absorbed into the ABN in 1879 produced U. S. Postage stamps between 1861 and that year: the National Bank Note Company (1861-73) and the Continental Banknote Company (1873-79</ref>), and a wide variety of other engraved and printed items.

==After 1857==
On April 29, 1858, following the [[Panic of 1857]], seven of the nation’s most prominent security printers merged to form the American Bank Note Company. The new company made [[New York City]] its headquarters. Less than two years later, the remaining handful of independent bank note printers merged to form the National Bank Note Company that we know of today.

To be close to the stock exchanges, brokerage firms, and banks in lower Manhattan, the American Bank Note Company established its New York City headquarters in the Merchants Exchange Building at [[55 Wall Street]]. The company moved its office and plant to 142 Broadway (at the corner of Liberty Street) in 1867, to another new facility at 78–86 Trinity Place in 1882, and again to [[American Bank Note Company Building|70 Broad Street]] in 1908.

The first paper currency was circulated by the [[US Treasury Department]] following the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Congress passed authorizing legislation for $60 million worth of these “Demand Notes” on July 17 and August 5, 1861. Under contract with the government, the novel paper money, called “greenbacks” by the public, was produced by the American Bank Note Co. and the National Bank Note Co. A total of 7.25 million notes were produced in denominations of $5, $10, and $20. In an interesting historical sidelight, American and National were also producing [[Confederate States of America dollar|paper money for the Confederacy]] at the same time.
[[File:URU-S214b-Banco Italiano-100 Pesos (1887).jpg|thumb|100 pesos Banco Italiano del Uruguay (1887)]]
[[File:ABNC.jpg|thumb|American Bank Note Company, Share certificate (1944)]]
Following the initial production of U.S. currency by the government’s [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] in 1862, ABNCo sought a new source of demand for its services. They found it in foreign lands. The company would eventually go on to supply security paper and bank notes to 115 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hessler |first1=Gene |year=1993 |title=The Engraver’s Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages=19 |publisher= BNR Press |doi= |url= |accessdate=|edition=|isbn=0-931960-36-3}}</ref>

In 1877, pursuant to a law enacted by Congress, the U. S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing became the sole producer of all United States currency. The [[security printing]] industry, finding a good deal of its work had evaporated, accordingly underwent a second major consolidation in 1879, as American absorbed the National Bank Note and Continental Bank Note companies. At the time of the merger, Continental held the contract to produce U. S. Postage stamps, and this production continued under the American aegis.

In 1887, ABNCo won the second four-year contract to engrave and print [[Postal notes]] for the U.S. post office. (New York’s [[Homer Lee Bank Note Company]] produced these notes during the first contract period.) American assigned Thomas F. Morris, its Chief Designer, the task of re-designing this early money order. The paper for this contract (as for all Postal Notes and a massive number of official U.S. high security documents) was produced by Crane and Co. of Dalton, Massachusetts.

In 1891 the American Bank Note Company began producing a new form of money for a longtime customer: the American Express "Travelers Cheque." In its first year, American Express sold $9,120 worth of its new invention. During 2000, sales of [[American Express]] [[traveler's cheque|Traveler's Cheque]]s totaled $24.6 billion.

In 1894, ABNCo completed the final contract for the private printing of American stamps. Perhaps their most popular stamps were the one cent to $5 issues commemorating the 1892–93 [[Columbian Exposition]] (for which they had also printed the admission tickets) in Chicago. On July 1, 1894 American delivered its entire stamp-producing operation to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing in [[Washington, D.C.]], where U.S. stamps were still printed up into the 1990s.

==Twentieth Century==
{{expand section|date=October 2013}}
In 1943–44 American Bank Note Company was contracted by the United States government's [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] to produce the [[Overrun Countries series]] stamps.<ref>[http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory43.htm The Overrun Countries Series - Junior Philatelists]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415003759/http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory43.htm |date=April 15, 2014}}</ref>

==ABCorp==
American Banknote Corporation is headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, with USA manufacturing facilities located in Boston, Massachusetts and Columbia, Tennessee.

Today, following a variety of financial transformations over the past 220+ years, ABCorp offers a wide variety of secure and official plastic cards, documents, mobile applications, cloud services and other business solutions. Operations are located in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[Czech Republic]], [[England]] and [[France]].

==1908 Buildings==
[[File:American Bank Note bldg jeh.JPG|thumb|Former headquarters, the [[American Bank Note Company Building]] at 70 Broad Street, [[Manhattan]]]]
The [[American Bank Note Company Building]] and [[American Bank Note Company Printing Plant]] were both built in 1908 and are both designated [[List of New York City Landmarks|New York City Landmarks]]. The former is also listed on the [[U.S. National Register of Historic Places]]. The buildings were sold in 1988 and 1985, respectively.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Benjamin Franklin 1861 Issue-1c.jpg|Benjamin Franklin Issue of 1861 from the first series of US Postage Stamps produced by the National Bank Note Co (later called the American Bank Note Co.<ref>Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps</ref>
Image:Columbus 1892 Issue-$5.jpg|The $5 Columbian stamp (1893), from the last U. S. postage stamp issue produced by the American Banknote Corporation until 1944.
File:Beer revenue stamp proof single 1871.JPG|Beer revenue stamp proof single, 1871
File:Timbre penny post Canada 1898.jpg|Canadian penny stamp, 1898
File:Lady of the Lightbulbs.jpg|1897 "Lady of the Light Bulbs" revenue stamp of Canada
File:NSwik-stamp8c1860.jpg|Queen Victoria, Nova Scotia 8½ cent stamp, 1860
File:Pedro Álvares Cabral - steel engraving by American Bank Note Company.jpg|[[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] - steel engraving by American Bank Note Company
File:1916 2c Colombia specimen revenue stamp.jpg|Colombia 1916 specimen revenue stamp
File:NBG banknote-1912.jpg|Greek bank note of 1912 for the [[National Bank of Greece|NBG-Bank]]
File:Overrun countries Korea flag stamp.png|U. S. Stamp from the "Overrun Countries series," showing the pre-1905 flag of Korea (similar to the modern flag of South Korea).
File:US Printed Dutch Guilder.png|Dutch Guilder printed for the [[Dutch government-in-exile]], 1943
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Postage stamp]]
*[[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States]]
*[[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
*[[New York Bank Note Company]]
*[[Homer Lee Bank Note Company]]
*[[Canadian Bank Note Company]] - Canadian unit from 1897 to 1923

==References and sources==
;References
{{reflist}}
;Sources

*''Antecedents of the American Bank Note Company of 1858'' by Foster Wild Rice
*''The Story of the American Bank Note Company'' by William H. Griffiths
*''America’s Money America’s Story'' by Richard Doty
*''The Comprehensive Catalog of U.S. Paper Money'' by Gene Hessler

== External links ==
{{commons category|American Bank Note Company}}
* [http://www.abcorp.com Official website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:American Bank Note}}
[[Category:Postal history]]
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Printing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Banknote printing companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1795]]

ABCorp

2018-03-21T13:55:51Z

BFolkman: /* Gallery */ important addition (the only stamp in this gallery actually produced by ABC).

{{more footnotes|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ABCorp (American Banknote Corporation)
| logo = ABCorp.png
| caption =
| type =
| industry = Manufacturing, Financial Solutions
| foundation = 1795
| location = Stamford, CT USA
| key_people = William Brown, CEO
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| homepage = http://www.abcorp.com
}}

[[File:American Bank Note Co with banners celebrating Diamond Jubilee.jpg|thumb|right|The American Bank Note Co. [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]] [[Canada]] 1897–11]]
[[File:Amer Bank Note Lafayette Av & Baretto St sun jeh.jpg|thumb|[[American Bank Note Company Printing Plant|Printing plant]] in the [[South Bronx]]]]
'''ABCorp (American Banknote Corporation)''' is an American corporation and world leader providing secure payment, retail and ID cards, vital record and transaction documents, systems and services to governments and financial institutions - and is one of the largest producers of plastic transaction cards in the world. ABCorp has offices and manufacturing facilities in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China, Germany, Dubai and South Africa. Formerly known as the American Bank Note Company, the organization was originally a major worldwide engraver of national [[currency]] and [[postage stamps]].

==Origins==
[[Robert Scot]], the first official engraver of the young [[U.S. Mint]], began the company that would eventually grow into the nation’s premier high security [[engraving]] and printing firm, the American Bank Note Company.

Founded in 1795 as Murray, Draper, Fairman & Company (after Scot's three partners), the company prospered as the young United States population expanded and financial institutions blossomed. Its products included superior quality [[Stock certificate|stock]] and [[bond (finance)|bond]] certificates, paper currency for the nation’s thousands of state-chartered banks, postage stamps (from 1879 to 1894<ref>Two security printers absorbed into the ABN in 1879 produced U. S. Postage stamps between 1861 and that year: the National Bank Note Company (1861-73) and the Continental Banknote Company (1873-79</ref>), and a wide variety of other engraved and printed items.

==After 1857==
On April 29, 1858, following the [[Panic of 1857]], seven of the nation’s most prominent security printers merged to form the American Bank Note Company. The new company made [[New York City]] its headquarters. Less than two years later, the remaining handful of independent bank note printers merged to form the National Bank Note Company that we know of today.

To be close to the stock exchanges, brokerage firms, and banks in lower Manhattan, the American Bank Note Company established its New York City headquarters in the Merchants Exchange Building at [[55 Wall Street]]. The company moved its office and plant to 142 Broadway (at the corner of Liberty Street) in 1867, to another new facility at 78–86 Trinity Place in 1882, and again to [[American Bank Note Company Building|70 Broad Street]] in 1908.

The first paper currency was circulated by the [[US Treasury Department]] following the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Congress passed authorizing legislation for $60 million worth of these “Demand Notes” on July 17 and August 5, 1861. Under contract with the government, the novel paper money, called “greenbacks” by the public, was produced by the American Bank Note Co. and the National Bank Note Co. A total of 7.25 million notes were produced in denominations of $5, $10, and $20. In an interesting historical sidelight, American and National were also producing [[Confederate States of America dollar|paper money for the Confederacy]] at the same time.
[[File:URU-S214b-Banco Italiano-100 Pesos (1887).jpg|thumb|100 pesos Banco Italiano del Uruguay (1887)]]
[[File:ABNC.jpg|thumb|American Bank Note Company, Share certificate (1944)]]
Following the initial production of U.S. currency by the government’s [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] in 1862, ABNCo sought a new source of demand for its services. They found it in foreign lands. The company would eventually go on to supply security paper and bank notes to 115 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hessler |first1=Gene |year=1993 |title=The Engraver’s Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages=19 |publisher= BNR Press |doi= |url= |accessdate=|edition=|isbn=0-931960-36-3}}</ref>

In 1877, pursuant to a law enacted by Congress, the U. S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing became the sole producer of all United States currency. The [[security printing]] industry, finding a good deal of its work had evaporated, accordingly underwent a second major consolidation in 1879, as American absorbed the National Bank Note and Continental Bank Note companies. At the time of the merger, Continental held the contract to produce U. S. Postage stamps, and this production continued under the American aegis.

In 1887, ABNCo won the second four-year contract to engrave and print [[Postal notes]] for the U.S. post office. (New York’s [[Homer Lee Bank Note Company]] produced these notes during the first contract period.) American assigned Thomas F. Morris, its Chief Designer, the task of re-designing this early money order. The paper for this contract (as for all Postal Notes and a massive number of official U.S. high security documents) was produced by Crane and Co. of Dalton, Massachusetts.

In 1891 the American Bank Note Company began producing a new form of money for a longtime customer: the American Express "Travelers Cheque." In its first year, American Express sold $9,120 worth of its new invention. During 2000, sales of [[American Express]] [[traveler's cheque|Traveler's Cheque]]s totaled $24.6 billion.

In 1894, ABNCo completed the final contract for the private printing of American stamps. Perhaps their most popular stamps were the one cent to $5 issues commemorating the 1892–93 [[Columbian Exposition]] (for which they had also printed the admission tickets) in Chicago. On July 1, 1894 American delivered its entire stamp-producing operation to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing in [[Washington, D.C.]], where U.S. stamps were still printed up into the 1990s.

==Twentieth Century==
{{expand section|date=October 2013}}
In 1943–44 American Bank Note Company was contracted by the United States government's [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] to produce the [[Overrun Countries series]] stamps.<ref>[http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory43.htm The Overrun Countries Series - Junior Philatelists]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415003759/http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory43.htm |date=April 15, 2014}}</ref>

==ABCorp==
American Banknote Corporation is headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, with USA manufacturing facilities located in Boston, Massachusetts and Columbia, Tennessee.

Today, following a variety of financial transformations over the past 220+ years, ABCorp offers a wide variety of secure and official plastic cards, documents, mobile applications, cloud services and other business solutions. Operations are located in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[Czech Republic]], [[England]] and [[France]].

==1908 Buildings==
[[File:American Bank Note bldg jeh.JPG|thumb|Former headquarters, the [[American Bank Note Company Building]] at 70 Broad Street, [[Manhattan]]]]
The [[American Bank Note Company Building]] and [[American Bank Note Company Printing Plant]] were both built in 1908 and are both designated [[List of New York City Landmarks|New York City Landmarks]]. The former is also listed on the [[U.S. National Register of Historic Places]]. The buildings were sold in 1988 and 1985, respectively.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Benjamin Franklin 1861 Issue-1c.jpg|Benjamin Franklin Issue of 1861 from the first series of US Postage Stamps produced by the National Bank Note Co (later called the American Bank Note Co.<ref>Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps</ref>
Image:Columbus 1892 Issue-$5.jpg|The $5 Columbian stamp (1893), from the final U. S. postage stamp issue produced by the American Banknote Corporation.
File:Beer revenue stamp proof single 1871.JPG|Beer revenue stamp proof single, 1871
File:Timbre penny post Canada 1898.jpg|Canadian penny stamp, 1898
File:Lady of the Lightbulbs.jpg|1897 "Lady of the Light Bulbs" revenue stamp of Canada
File:NSwik-stamp8c1860.jpg|Queen Victoria, Nova Scotia 8½ cent stamp, 1860
File:Pedro Álvares Cabral - steel engraving by American Bank Note Company.jpg|[[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] - steel engraving by American Bank Note Company
File:1916 2c Colombia specimen revenue stamp.jpg|Colombia 1916 specimen revenue stamp
File:NBG banknote-1912.jpg|Greek bank note of 1912 for the [[National Bank of Greece|NBG-Bank]]
File:Overrun countries Korea flag stamp.png|U. S. Stamp from the "Overrun Countries series," showing the pre-1905 flag of Korea (similar to the modern flag of South Korea).
File:US Printed Dutch Guilder.png|Dutch Guilder printed for the [[Dutch government-in-exile]], 1943
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Postage stamp]]
*[[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States]]
*[[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
*[[New York Bank Note Company]]
*[[Homer Lee Bank Note Company]]
*[[Canadian Bank Note Company]] - Canadian unit from 1897 to 1923

==References and sources==
;References
{{reflist}}
;Sources

*''Antecedents of the American Bank Note Company of 1858'' by Foster Wild Rice
*''The Story of the American Bank Note Company'' by William H. Griffiths
*''America’s Money America’s Story'' by Richard Doty
*''The Comprehensive Catalog of U.S. Paper Money'' by Gene Hessler

== External links ==
{{commons category|American Bank Note Company}}
* [http://www.abcorp.com Official website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:American Bank Note}}
[[Category:Postal history]]
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Printing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Banknote printing companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1795]]

Series of 1902 (United States postage stamps)

2018-03-21T13:40:42Z

BFolkman: typo

The '''Series of 1902,''' also known as the Second Bureau Issue, is a set of [[Definitive stamp|definitive postage stamps]] in fourteen denominations ranging between one cent and five dollars, produced by the U. S. [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] and issued by the United States Post Office. Two denominations appeared in November and December 1902 and the other twelve were released between January and June 1903. These stamps were assigned the Scott Catalogue numbers 300 through 313.<ref name="Scotts">Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps.</ref> Also considered part of the series is a fifteenth stamp which appeared in November 1903—a second version of the 2¢ value (Scott #319),<ref name="Scotts"/> the original having faced severe criticism. This series, particularly noted for its exceptional ornateness and opulence of design,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siegelauctions.com/enc/pdf/1902.pdf|title=Siegel Encyclopedia Stamps |publisher=http://www.siegelauctions.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> remained in circulation until late 1908, when it was superseded by the [[Washington-Franklin Issues]].
[[File:1902a.jpg|thumb|center|750px|<center>Series of 1902</center>]]
[[File:George Washington2 1903 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|right|100px|<center>Issue of 1903</center>]]

==Design and production==

Despite its name, the Second Bureau Issue was, in fact, the first definitive series designed exclusively by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. For its first issue (1894), the Bureau had not had sufficient time to produce new images, and so, chose to retain the existing stamp designs produced by the American Banknote Company for the 1890 series, modifying these only slightly by adding [[:File:Washington 1895 Issue-2c.jpg|triangles]] in the upper corners of the stamps.<ref name="Brookman Volume III">Lester G. Brookman, ''The United States Postage Stamps of the Nineteenth Century, Volume III, 1883–1898'' (David G. Phillips Publishing Company, North Miami, 1989), a: p. 97; b: pp. 105-109 and 128-129.</ref> Only four years later did the Bureau's postage stamp unit have the opportunity to prove that it was capable of something more than this utilitarian effort, when the Post Office elected to issue a commemorative set in honor of the [[Trans-Mississippi Exposition]]. The resulting [[Trans-Mississippi Issue]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847usa.com/ByYear/1898.htm |title=1898 U.S. Postage Stamps |publisher=1847usa.com |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> remains one of the most admired of all U. S. Stamp sets,<ref name="mysticstamp1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mysticstamp.com/viewProducts.asp?sku=292 |title=$1 Cattle in Snowstorm |publisher=Mystic Stamp Company |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref> designed in an elaborate and flamboyant visual style surely intended to demonstrate that the Bureau could attain an unimpeachably high level of engraving creativity and craftsmanship. The Bureau aimed at similar sumptuousness in its next commemorative series, the 1901 [[Pan-American Exposition]] Issue,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847usa.com/ByYear/1901.htm |title=1901 U.S. Postage Stamps |publisher=1847usa.com |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> and this artistic approach then came to U. S. definitive stamps with the Series of 1902. The style of these three series reflects a wider phenomenon found in the turn-of-the-twentieth-century American arts: a ubiquitous embrace of the profusely ornamental Beaux-Arts style offered by the [[World's Columbian Exposition#Architecture|"White City"]] complex erected at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.

Post Office officials, in fact, had been so pleased with the Pan-American Issue that they were eager to produce a new definitive issue that would publicize their efforts,<ref name="Johl">{{cite book |title='''The United States Postage Stamps of the Twentieth Century, Volume I''' |year=1937 |publisher=H. L. Lindquist |first=Beverly |last=King |author2=Johl, Max }}, a: p. 26; b: p. 50; c: pp. 82-83; d: pp. 36-37.</ref> and in February 1902 instructed the Bureau "to employ special pains to produce a series particularly attractive and distinctive, and fully as creditable as the Pan-American."<ref>Mekeel’s Weekly, March 1, 1902.</ref> The result of these "special pains" was a series that, unusual for a definitive set, employed a different and highly individual design for each stamp (by contrast, a uniform design plan had governed all the stamps of the preceding First Bureau Issue). The visual imagery of the 1902 designs, replete with suggestions of architectural features such as caryatids, friezes, plinths, marble columns ''etc.'' (many of them iconographically suited to the persons portrayed), was paralleled by an equally eclectic approach to typography, several different fonts being employed for letters and numerals, and several different styles of curvature being applied to some text. One notable feature of the designs is the tendency of pictorial details to protrude into left and right borders of the stamps: the arms, knees or robes of allegorical statues, the tops of flagstaffs, the beaks of eagles, the shields enclosing the numerals--even a sailor's grappling hook and a marine's musket. All fourteen original designs were the work of Raymond Ostrander Smith, whose designs for the Pan-American series and the Trans-Mississippi Issue had won much acclaim. For the first time in a definitive set, the birth and death dates of the famous Americans depicted appeared flanking their images,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=1&tid=2029788&|title=Encyclopedia of United States Stamps and Stamp Collecting|publisher=Arago.si.edu |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> a feature that would remain more common in commemorative issues. The legend "Series 1902" was printed near the top or bottom of all the stamps, even though only two of them were released in that year. (It likewise appeared on the replacement of the 2¢ value, which was not even designed until the following year.) This dating practice was carried over from the Pan-American set, the stamps of which had all similarly identified themselves as "Commemorative Series 1901." It continued in the [[U.S. Special Delivery (postal service)|Special Delivery]] stamp of 1902 as well as the Post Office's next two commemorative releases--the Louisiana Purchase Commemorative Issue (1904)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847usa.com/ByYear/1904.htm |title=1904 U.S. Postage Stamps |publisher=1847usa.com |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> and the Jamestown Exposition Issue (1907)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847usa.com/ByYear/1907.htm |title=1907 U.S. Postage Stamps |publisher=1847usa.com |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref>--but was subsequently abandoned.

Closer to 19th century tradition in the series of 1902 was its pantheon of celebrated Americans. Nine of the values—the 1¢, 2¢, 3¢, 6¢, 10¢, 15¢, 50¢, $2 and $5—depicted the same statesmen who had appeared on the corresponding denominations of the First Bureau Series. Moreover, on the 4¢ and 5¢ stamps, Lincoln and Grant merely exchanged their previous roles. Only three new subjects were chosen, but one of them represented a feminist breakthrough: Martha Washington, appearing on the 8¢ value, became the first woman ever featured on a U. S. definitive stamp, an innovation publicized well in advance.<ref>''The New York Times'', June 1, 1902.</ref> (That denomination had belonged to General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] in both the First Bureau Issue and the American Banknote series that preceded it.) The recently deceased Benjamin Harrison graced the 13¢ value—the first 13¢ stamp ever offered by the U. S. Post Office; while the $1 denomination, which had been devoted to Oliver Perry in the First Bureau Series, was now reassigned to a more recent naval hero, Admiral David Farragut. The Harrison issue was the first stamp of the Second Bureau Series to be released, on November 18, 1902, and the 8¢ Martha Washington followed on December 6.

Also continued in the Series of 1902 was the use of the [[Universal Postal Union]] colors required of all member nations on stamps for post cards (green, 1¢), regular mail (red, 2¢) and international mail (blue, 5¢). These were meant to facilitate the easy handling of international mail and had been adopted for the final version of the First Bureau Issue in 1898.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=1&tid=2029787&|title=Encyclopedia of United States Stamps and Stamp Collecting|publisher=Arago.si.edu |accessdate=2013-09-29}}</ref> Of the eleven remaining 1902 denominations, ten appeared in colors identical--or nearly identical--to those of their 1898 counterparts: only the 8¢ stamp was significantly different in hue.

The oft-unusual iconography with which this series evokes the achievements of its famous Americans includes the following: for Franklin's electrical researches, lightbulbs in the stamp's top corners; for Grant's military exploits, eagles and flags; for Lincoln's reunification of North and South, female figures clasping U. S. flags and holding merged palm fronds above the President's head; for Webster's congressional coalition-building, [[fasces]]; for Farragut's naval campaigns, a marine and a sailor; for Harrison's educational initiatives, muses of learning (one reading a book, one sculpting a child); for Marshall's jurisprudence, bas-relief goddesses of Liberty and blindfolded Justice. (Iconography had been almost entirely excluded from previous U. S. definitive issues. On only two stamps, both in the large banknote designs introduced in 1870, had portraits of famous Americans—General Winfield Scott and Admiral Oliver Perry—been accompanied by images suggesting their accomplishments.)

While the BEP clearly aimed at a reputation for uncommon excellence with the Series of 1902, this hope went unrealized. The stamp intended for widest circulation, the 2¢ Washington normal-letter-rate value, prompted numerous objections upon its release in January 1903: the image of our first president was thought too weak, failing to reflect his iconic heroism. Indeed, according to [[Max G. Johl|Max Johl]], fine details that showed particularly well in the black-ink die proof of the stamp on India paper were fatally compromised "when the stamps were printed on the regular stamp paper by fast presses [in] red ink" resulting in "a very mediocre effect."<ref name=Johl/> The ''New York Sun'' observed that this inking problem "gave Washington the nose of a toper."<ref>''New York Sun'', October 11, 1903.</ref> Within two months, the Post Office had decided to replace this so-called Washington "flag" stamp, and in November 1903 it offered a new Washington "shield" issue, which met greater favor. (By this time, Raymond Ostrander Smith had left the BEP, and the replacement was designed by [[Clair Aubrey Houston]].) Nor did the 1¢ stamp go unscathed on its release. ''The New York Times'' responded with a withering sarcasm so uncharacteristic of its normal tone that some quotation is appropriate:

:The artist employed by the concern which furnishes our Government with stamps is supposed to have won the first booby prize with the design for the new red two-cent stamp; alas, he can claim the second only; the new green one-cent stamp had not made its appearance….The new one-cent stamp, in the vernacular of Chatham square and the Bowery, is a peach….Lest there should be a mistake made by some one unfamiliar with Benjamin Franklin's visage the name Franklin and the dates of his birth and death are thoughtfully inscribed. Flat-faced, long-nosed, miserable, is the mask of that jovial philosopher as Uncle Sam's one-cent stamp depicts him. Not content with names and dates, the designer has added certain touches of "high art" which will make other nations split with envy. Who ever thought of putting full-length caryatids, and caryatids of the male sex on a postal stamp! Here on our lovely green stamp two nude boys are writhing in the assorted poses of malefactors condemned to the cross by the sides of Benny Franklin's doleful phiz…. Someone must have had the inspiration for this lovely design. He should be dragged from an obscurity which too often covers Genius, and at the next congress of Philatelists should be placed on a high stool and crowned with that tiara which in early days was reserved for such as he.<ref>''The New York Times'', March 29, 1903, reproduced in Johl, p. 28.</ref>

But a problem more serious than press sniping plagued the Series of 1902: that the existing technique of stamp production could not ensure the quality control needed to present designs of this opulence to best advantage. For, one result of cramming so much detail into the stamps was that the images were larger than usual, leaving little white space at their edges. This defect magnified an endemic problem of stamp production at that time: that many stamps emerged from the perforation machines with the design seriously off-center. Lopsided examples of these stamps with portions of the images cut off are all too common; and relatively few collectors have succeeded in assembling a complete set of the 1902 series in which all the denominations are well-centered.

These issues, like all previous U. S. postage stamps produced since 1861, were "perforated 12"<ref name="Scotts"/> according to the standard gauge (''i. e.'', twelve holes in a two-centimeter span). In another continued practice, the 1902 stamps were printed on a special paper embedded with watermarks reading "U S P S" in double-lined letters.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.1847usa.com/Watermarks/DoubleLineUSPS.htm |title=The Double-line USPS Watermarks on United States Postage Stamps|publisher=1847usa.com |accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref> This paper, a forgery-detection device, had been introduced into the First Bureau Issue in 1895, a year after its first release, following the appearance of fair-quality counterfeits of the 1894 2¢ stamp.<ref name="Brookman Volume III"/> The double-line watermark remained in use until 1910.

The Washington-Franklin Issues which gradually replaced the 1902 stamps beginning in late 1908 represented a drastic stylistic reaction to the profusion and variety of elaborate ornament marking their predecessors. All the stamps of the new series essentially conformed to a [[:File:WF Washingtons 1908 8-50c.jpg|uniform design plan]]. The Series of 1902 circulated for only six years. By comparison, the stamp images previously available, many originally produced for the 1890 issue and modified in the First Bureau Series, had remained on sale for as long as twelve years, while the subsequent Washington-Franklin Issues would survive for almost fifteen years.

==Reprints of the higher denominations==

The initial issue of the Washington-Franklin stamps in 1908-1909 comprised only twelve denominations, with a top value of $1. Supplies of $2 and $5 stamps from the Series of 1902 at post offices were then so ample that there seemed no point in issuing replacements. Indeed, stocks remained adequate until early 1917, when a sudden increase of parcels sent from the U. S. to revolution-wracked Russia greatly swelled the demand for these high denominations.<ref name="Johl"/> As the public needed $2 and $5 stamps immediately, the Post Office elected to reprint the 1902 designs of the two issues as a stop-gap, until such time as Washington-Franklin versions could be produced. The reprints (Scott nos. 479-480) went on sale on March 22, 1917; new Franklin $2 and $5 stamps ([[:File:Benjamin_Franklin 2-Big-Bens 1918 Issue.jpg|Scott nos. 523-524]]) became available only on August 19 of the following year. <ref name="Scotts"/>

The two reissues are easily distinguishable from the 1903 originals because by then the Bureau had determined that perforated 12 stamps separated too easily to withstand normal handling in post offices, and so, a coarser gauge, perforated 10, was used for the 1917 issues. Moreover, the new versions, like all the stamps of that year, were produced on unwatermarked paper. The reprints are considerably less costly to collectors than the originals (particularly the $5, which is almost ten times as expensive in the 1902 version).

==Experimental variants of the issue==

===Booklets===

:In 1900 the Post Office for the first time had offered stamps in booklets. These each contained twenty-four 2¢ stamps from the First Bureau Series configured in four panes of six. In preparing the Series of 1902, 2¢-booklet production figured in the Post Office’s earliest plans. Accordingly, the Washington "flag" stamp booklet went on sale only a week after the sheet version appeared, on January 24, 1903; and in the case of the 2¢ "shield" replacement, the booklet followed the sheet by three weeks.[[File:George Washington issue of 1902, plateblock.jpg|thumb|right|130px|<center>2¢ "flag" stamp booklet pane</center>]] Booklet production required separate printing plates containing 180 images (the normal plates for sheets of lower-valued stamps contained 400 examples; for denominations of 50¢ and higher, plates of 200 images were employed).<ref name="Johl"/> The Post office did not at first consider bookets of the 1¢ stamp necessary, but eventually decided after all to prepare plates for a 1¢ Franklin booklet, which appeared on March 1, 1907. As shown in the illustration, stamps from a booklet pane of this issue differ in the way they are perforated, with two stamps imperforate on the left side only and two imperforate on the right side only, while the bottom two stamps have imperforate corners (bottom and left; bottom and right).

===Imperforate stamps and coils===

:The early years of the 20th Century saw the development of technologically and commercially viable stamp-vending and stamp-affixing machines; and this phenomenon had important effects upon methods by which several stamps in the 1902 series were produced--particularly as regards perforation. Because it proved impossible to devise machines that could reliably handle the 100-stamp panes of perforated stamps normally offered by the Post Office, vending manufacturers asked the Post Office instead for imperforate sheets of 400, which they would then cut into strips and incise with special types of private perforations that were more easily handled by machine. Accordingly, the Post Office produced imperforate versions of the 1¢ and 2¢ stamps (both released in October 1906),<ref>Scott R. Trepel, ''Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K. Miller Collection'' (Smithsonian National Postal Museum and The New York Public Library, 2006), pp. 134ff.</ref> with imperforate 4¢ and 5¢ stamps following in 1908. (These were the first imperforate postage stamps issued by the U. S. since 1856.) Also in 1908, the Post Office experimented with issuing [[Coil stamp|coil]] strips of 1¢, 2¢ and 5¢ stamps for use in selected vending machines. The 5¢ issue appeared only in "vertical coils" (''i. e.'', the coil was a single stamp wide, each stamp was imperforate on both its left and right sides, while perforations separated the bottom of each stamp from the top of the one below it); the 1¢ and 2¢ values, however were each offered both as "vertical coils" and "horizontal coils" (stamps side-to-side separated by perforations, imperforate top and bottom). [[File:1c_Schermack.jpg|thumb|left|100px|<center>1¢ stamp with Schermack "hyphen-hole" perforations</center>]] For two reasons, these 1908 coils stand among the great rarities of philately: first because relatively small numbers of them were produced in the few months before the 1902 series was withdrawn from sale; second because coils were so novel a phenomenon that philatelists and stamp dealers did not yet recognize them as separate collectible varieties and so, made no effort to acquire them (surely some stamps were discarded that collectors and dealers might have preserved a year or two later). Even the most common of the 1908 coils, the 2¢ horizontal variety, fetches at least $2,500 U. S., and all the others are considerably more valuable, with the inordinately scarce 1¢ vertical coil cataloguing at above $100,000 and the even rarer 2¢ vertical coil valued at perhaps five times that much. With one exception, all of these coil and imperforate versions received separate Scott Catalogue numbers (314-318;320-322).<ref name="Scotts"/>

:The exception, the 4¢ imperforate value, is a particularly notable rarity, because no copies of the stamp in its originally-issued imperforate form survive. All of these 4¢ issues were incised with private "hyphen-hole" perforations by the Schermack company, and examples of them can fetch upwards of $50,000. Perhaps because the stamp no longer exists as released, Scott did not assign it a separate number, but listed it as #314A (#314 belongs to the 1¢ imperforate version).<ref name="Scotts"/> The 1¢, 2¢ and 5¢ imperforate stamps exist with a variety of private perforations produced by five companies: Schermack, U. S. Automatic Vending, Brinkerhoff (1¢ and 2¢ only), Mail-O-Meter (2¢ only) and International Vending Machine (2¢ only).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847usa.com/PrivatePerfs.htm|title=Private Perforations on U.S. Vending and Affixing Machine Coil Stamps 1907-1927|publisher=1847usa.com |accessdate=2013-09-20}}</ref>

[[File:George Washington 1902 issues, private perf.jpg|thumb|center|500px|<center>Private perforations (L-R): Schermack, US Auto Vending, Brinkerhoff, Mail-O-Meter, International Vending Machine</center>]]

==The individual stamps==

*1¢ Green, [[Benjamin Franklin]], issued February 3, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. From a painting by [[James B. Longacre]]. The engravers were George F. C. Smillie (portrait and flanking sculptural male figures holding lightbulbs aloft), Robert F. Ponickau (frame) and Lyman F. Ellis (lettering and numerals). The imperforate version appeared on October 2, 1906, booklets of six 1¢ stamps were issued on March 1, 1907, the vertical coil was released on February 2, 1908 followed by the horizontal coil on July 31, 1908.
*2¢ Carmine, [[George Washington]]--original version, known as the "flag"—issued January 17, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. From a painting by [[Gilbert Stuart]]. The portrait was engraved by George F. C. Smillie, the ornamental framework by Robert F. Ponickau, the lettering by Lyman F. Ellis. The booklet of six appeared on January 24, 1903.
*2¢ Carmine, [[George Washington]]—second version, known as the "shield"—issued November 12, 1903, designed by Clair Aubrey Houston. From a painting by [[Gilbert Stuart]]. Engraving by George F. C. Smillie (portrait), Robert F. Ponickau (frame) and George Rose (lettering). The booklet of six appeared on December 7, 1903. Imperforate version issued October 2, 1906; vertical coil on February 18, 1908; horizontal coil on July 31, 1908.
*3¢ Purple, [[Andrew Jackson]], issued February 11, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. After a painting by [[Thomas Sully]]. Engraving by George F. C. Smillie (portrait and flanking sculptural male figures), Robert F. Ponickau (frame), with lettering and numerals engraved by George Rose, Lyman F. Ellis and Edward M. Weeks.
*4¢ Brown, [[Ulysses S. Grant]], issued February 3, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. From a ferrotype portrait by [[William Kurtz]]. Engraving by George F. C. Smillie (portrait), Robert F. Ponickau (frame), and George Rose and Lyman F. Ellis (lettering). Imperforate version issued May 15, 1908 and all surviving copies have Schermack Type III hyphen-hole perforations on one or both sides.
*5¢ Blue, [[Abraham Lincoln]], issued January 20, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith After a photograph by [[Mathew Brady]]. Engraving by Marcus W. Baldwin (portrait and flanking sculptural female figures), Robert F. Ponickau (frame) and George Rose and Lyman F. Ellis (lettering). Imperforate version issued May 30, 1908; vertical coil on February 24, 1908.
*6¢ Brown-red, [[James Garfield]], issued February 20, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. After an unidentified photograph. Engravers: portrait, Marcus W. Baldwin and George F. C. Smillie; frame, Robert F. Ponickau; lettering, George Rose and Lyman F. Ellis.
*8¢ Originally pale lavender, later dark lavender or black, [[Martha Washington]], issued December 6, 1902, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. After a portrait by Gilbert Stuart. Engravers: George F. C. Smillie (portrait), Robert F. Ponickau (frame) and George Rose (lettering).
*10¢ Pale red-brown, [[Daniel Webster]], issued February 5, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. After a daguerrotype by [[John Adams Whipple]]. Engravers: Marcus W. Baldwin (portrait), Robert F. Ponickau (frame), George Rose and Lyman F. Ellis (lettering).
*13¢ Brownish-purple, [[Benjamin Harrison]], issued November 18, 1902, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. After a photograph supplied by Mrs. Harrison. Engravers: Marcus W. Baldwin (portrait and frame) and Lyman F. Ellis (lettering).
*15¢ Olive-green, [[Henry Clay]], issued May 27, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. From an engraving by Alfred Sealy. Engravers: Marcus W. Baldwin (portrait), Robert F. Ponickau (frame), George Rose and Lyman F. Ellis (lettering).
*50¢ Orange, [[Thomas Jefferson]], issued March 23, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. After a painting by Gilbert Stuart. Engravers: George F. C. Smillie (portrait), Robert F. Ponickau (frame) and George Rose (lettering).
*$1 Black, Admiral [[David Farragut]], issued June 5, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. After an engraving by Charles Schlecht. Engravers: George F.C. Smillie (portrait), Marcus W. Baldwin (flanking seated marine with musket and sailor with grappling hook) Robert F. Ponickau (frame), and George Rose (lettering).
*$2 Blue, [[James Madison]], issued June 5, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. After a painting by Gilbert Stuart. Engravers: George F. C. Smillie (portrait), Robert F. Ponickau (frame), Lyman F. Ellis and George Rose (lettering). Reprint (Perforated 10, unwatermarked) issued March 22, 1917.
*$5 Green, [[John Marshall]], issued June 5, 1903, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith. After a painting by William James Hubard. Engravers: George F. C. Smillie (portrait), Marcus W. Baldwin (allegorical female heads of Liberty [top left] and Justice [top right, blindfolded]), Robert F. Ponickau (frame) and Lyman F. Ellis (lettering). Reprint (Perforated 10, unwatermarked) issued March 22, 1917.

==See also==
{{cmn|2|
* [[Clair Aubrey Houston]]
* [[Commemorative stamp]]s
* [[Definitive stamp]]
* [[Pan-American invert]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States]]
* [[Regular Issues of 1921-1931]]
* [[Trans-Mississippi Issue]]
* [[U.S. Special Delivery (postal service)]] which has stamps engraved "Series 1902"
* [[Washington-Franklin Issues]]
* Categories
** [[commons:Category:Abraham Lincoln on stamps|Abraham Lincoln on stamps]]
** [[commons:Category:Andrew Jackson on stamps|Andrew Jackson on stamps]]
** [[commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps|Benjamin Franklin on stamps]]
** [[commons:Category:Benjamin Harrison on stamps|Benjamin Harrison on stamps]]
** [[commons:Category:Daniel Webster on stamps|Daniel Webster on stamps]]
** [[commons:Category:George Washington on stamps|George Washington on stamps]]
** [[commons:Category:James Garfield on stamps|James Garfield on stamps]]
**[[commons:Category:Martha Washington on stamps|Martha Washington on stamps]]
**[[commons:Category:Thomas Jefferson on stamps|Thomas Jefferson on stamps]]
**[[commons:Category:Ulysses S. Grant on stamps|Ulysses S. Grant on stamps]]
}}
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = US Definitive postage stamps
| years = 1902 - 1908
| with =
| before = First Bureau Issue, Third Version (new UPU Colors), 1898
| after = [[Washington-Franklin Issues]]
}}
{{S-end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Postal history of the United States]]

Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

2018-03-05T17:13:28Z

BFolkman: /* Post-World War II */ correct significant error (this stamp was NOT part of the Liberty Issue).

[[File:Benjamin Franklin2 1895 Issue-1c.jpg|thumb|<center>Postage stamp of 1895</center>]]
The '''history of postal service of the United States''' began with the delivery of [[Pre-adhesive mail|stampless letters]], whose cost was borne by the receiving person, later also encompassed pre-paid [[Letter (message)|letters]] carried by private [[mail carrier]]s and provisional [[post office]]s, and culminated in a system of universal prepayment that required all letters to bear nationally issued adhesive [[postage stamp]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wherecanibuystampsnearme.com/brief-history-postage-stamps/|title=Brief History of Postage Stamps - Buy Stamps Near Me|work=Where To Buy Stamps|access-date=2017-12-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

In the earliest days, [[Sea captain|ship captains]] arriving in port with stampless mail would advertise in the local newspaper names of those having mail and for them to come collect and pay for it, if not already paid for by the sender. Postal delivery in the United States was a matter of haphazard local organization until after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], when eventually a national [[Mail|postal system]] was established.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} Stampless letters, paid for by the receiver, and private postal systems, were gradually phased out after the introduction of adhesive postage stamps, first issued by the U.S. government post office July 1, 1847, in the denominations of five and ten cents, with the use of stamps made mandatory in 1855.

The issue and use of adhesive postage stamps continued during the 19th century primarily for first class mail. Each of these stamps generally bore the face or [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of an [[President of the United States|American president]] or another historically important statesman. However, once the Post Office realized during the 1890s that it could increase revenues by selling stamps as "collectibles," it began issuing [[commemorative stamp]]s, first in connection with important national expositions, later for the anniversaries of significant American historical events. Continued technological innovation subsequently prompted the introduction of special stamps, such as those for use with [[airmail]], [[1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps|zeppelin mail]], [[registered mail]], [[certified mail]], and so on.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} [[Postage due|Postage due stamps]] were issued for some time and were pasted by the post office to letters having insufficient postage with the postage due to be paid to the postal carrier at the receiving address.

Today, stamps issued by the post office are self-adhesive, and no longer require that the stamps be "licked" to dissolve the glue on their back. In many cases, post office clerks now use Postal Value Indicators (PVI), which are [[computer]] labels, instead of stamps.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Where for a century-and-a-half or so, stamps were almost invariably denominated with their values (5 cent, 10 cent, etc.) the [[United States Postal Service|United States post office]] now sells non-denominated [[Forever stamp|"forever" stamps]] for use on [[First class mail|first-class]] and [[Universal Postal Union|international mail]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} These stamps are still valid even if there is a rate increase. However, for other uses, adhesive stamps with denomination indicators are still available and sold.

==Early postal history==
Postal services began in the first half of the 17th century serving the [[Thirteen colonies|first American colonies]]; today, the [[United States Postal Service]] is a large government organization providing a wide range of services across the United States and its territories abroad.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

[[File:B Free Franklin Post Office.jpg|thumb|right|B Free Franklin Post Office in Philadelphia]]
In the [[Thirteen colonies|American colonies]], informal independently-run postal routes began in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] as early as 1639, with Boston to [[New York City]] service starting in 1672.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Officially sanctioned mail service began in 1692 when [[William III of England|King William III]] granted to an English nobleman a delivery "patent" that included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. (Years later, taxation implemented through the mandatory purchase of stamps was an issue that helped to spark the [[American Revolution]].) The tax was repealed a year later, and very few were ever actually used in the thirteen colonies, but they saw service in [[Canada]] and the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Caribbean]] islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mystampworld.com/evolution-mail-postage-stamps |title=The Evolution of Mail and Postage Stamps |publisher=MyStampWorld.com }}</ref>

In the years leading up to the American Revolution mail routes among the colonies existed along the few roads between Boston, New York and [[Philadelphia]]. In the middle 18th century, individuals like [[Benjamin Franklin]] and [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] were the colonial postmasters who managed the mails then and were the general architects of a postal system that started out as an alternative to the Crown Post (the colonial mail system then) which was now becoming more distrusted as the American Revolution drew near.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} The postal system that Franklin and Goddard forged out of the American Revolution became the standard for the new U.S. Post Office and is a system whose basic designs are still used in the United States Postal Service today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibits/2a1f_wgoddard.html |title=National Postal Museum |publisher=Postalmuseum.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=calmx |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmailus1.htm |title=ABOUT.COM/New York Times |publisher=Inventors.about.com |date=2012-04-09 |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref>

==Post offices and postmarks==
[[File:Visualizing US expansion through post offices Derek Watkins.ogv|thumb|Visualizing US expansion through post offices, 1700 to 1900.]]

In 1775, when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first Postmaster General, the U.S. Post Office was born. So important was the Postmaster General that in 1829 this position was included among those in the President's Cabinet. As America began to grow and new towns and villages began to appear, so too did the Post Office along with them. The dates and postmarks generated from these places often has provided the historian with a window into a given time and place in question.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} Each postmark is uniquely distinctive with its own name of state and town, in addition to its distinctive date. Post Offices that existed along railroad lines and at various military posts have their own special historical aspect. Mail and postmarks generated from prisoner of war camps during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], or from aboard naval ships, each with a U.S. Post Office aboard, can and have offered amazing insights into United States history and are avidly sought after by historians and collectors alike.
<gallery class="center">
File:Louisville Kentucky 1861 cover+3c.jpg|<center>Multiple dates in 1861</center>
File:World's Fair Postmark 1893Aug29.jpg|<center>Aug. 29, 1893</center>
file:Kings County Hospital 1898-2c.jpg|<center>Oct. 17, 1898</center>
file:USS Texas 1932xmas.jpg|<center>Dec. 25, 1932</center>
File:US Post Office 1891.jpg|<center>Ellisville Post Office, Illinois, 1891</center>
</gallery>

==Mail before postage stamps==

[[File:Liverpool Ship Letter Phila 1832.jpg|right|thumb|An 1832 stampless single sheet "Liverpool Ship Letter" pen franked "Paid 5" by a U.S. postal clerk in Philadelphia, PA.]]
Before the introduction of stamps, it was the recipient of mail—not the sender—who generally paid the cost of postage, giving the fee directly to the postman on delivery. The task of collecting money for letter after letter greatly slowed the postman on his route. Moreover, the addressee would at times refuse a piece of mail, which then had to be taken back to the Post Office (post office budgets always allowed for an appreciable volume of unpaid-for mail). Only occasionally did a sender pay delivery costs in advance, an arrangement that usually required a personal visit to the Post Office. To be sure, postmasters allowed some citizens to run charge accounts for their delivered and prepaid mail, but bookkeeping on these constituted another inefficiency.<ref>[http://stamps.org/Stamp-History History of Stamps] The American Philatelic Society. Stamps.org</ref><ref>Tiffany, John K. "History of the Postage Stamps of the United States of America". St. Louis: C.H. Mekeel, Philatelic Publishers (1887). pp. 13-18</ref>

Postage stamps revolutionized this process, leading to universal prepayment; but a precondition for their issue by a nation was the establishment of standardized rates for delivery throughout the country. If postal fees were to remain (as they were in many lands) a patchwork of many different jurisdictional rates, the use of stamps would only produce limited gains in efficiency, for postal clerks would still have to spend time calculating the rates on many letters: only then would senders know how much postage to put on them.<ref>Tiffany 1887 pp. 23-26</ref>

==Provisional issue stamps==
[[File:NYPostProv.jpg|thumb|<center>New York Postmaster's</center><center> Provisional, 1845</center>]]
[[File:Stamp US 1846 Providence 5c.jpg|thumb|<center>Provisional stamp from</center><center> Providence, Rhode Island.</center>]]

The introduction of [[postage stamp]]s in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|UK]] in May 1840 was received with great interest in the [[United States]] (and around the world). Later that year, [[Daniel Webster]] rose in the [[U.S. Senate]] to recommend that the recent English postal reforms—standardized rates and the use of postage stamps—be adopted in America.<ref>Mekeel's & Stamps Magazine, Vol. 200 Issue 25, p. 21 : "Daniel Webster, the Father of U.S. Stamps," by Ralph A. Barry (reprinted from "Stamps Magazine," June 19, 1937)</ref>

It would be private enterprise, however, that brought stamps to the U. S. On February 1, 1842 a new carrier service called "City Despatch Post" began operations in New York City, introducing the first adhesive postage stamp ever produced in the western hemisphere, which it required its clients to use for all mail. This stamp was a 3¢ issue bearing a rather amateurish drawing of [[George Washington]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=80906&img=1&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2053302|title=National Postal Museum |publisher=arago.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2015-05-15}}</ref> printed from line engraved plates in sheets of 42 images. The company had been founded by [[Henry Thomas Windsor]], a [[London]] merchant who at the time was living in [[Hoboken, New Jersey]]. Alexander M. Greig was advertised as the post's "agent," and as a result, historians and philatelists have tended to refer to the firm simply as "Greig's City Despatch Post," making no mention of Windsor.<ref>
[https://stampuoso.com/stamp-introduction Stampuoso.com]</ref> In another innovation, the company placed mail-collection boxes around the city for the convenience of its customers.

A few months after its founding, the City Despatch Post was sold to the U.S. Government, which renamed it the "United States City Despatch Post." The government began operation of this local post on August 16, 1842, under an Act of Congress of some years earlier that authorized local delivery. Greig, retained by the Post Office to run the service, kept the firm's original Washington stamp in use, but soon had its lettering altered to reflect the name change. In its revised form, this issue accordingly became the first postage stamp produced under the auspices of a government in the [[western hemisphere]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

An Act of Congress of March 3, 1845 (effective July 1, 1845), established uniform (and mostly reduced) postal rates throughout the nation, with a uniform rate of five cents for distances under 300 miles (500 km) and ten cents for distances between 300 and 3000 miles.<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=005/llsl005.db&recNum=769 Chap. XLIII 5 Stat. 732] from [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"]. [[Library of Congress]], [[Law Library of Congress]]. Retrieved March 22, 2012.</ref> However, Congress did not authorize the production of stamps for nationwide use until 1847; still, [[postmaster]]s realized that standard rates now made it feasible to produce and sell "provisional" issues for prepayment of uniform postal fees, and printed these in bulk. Such provisionals included both prepaid envelopes and stamps, mostly of crude design, the [[New York Postmaster's Provisional]] being the only one of quality comparable to later stamps.

The provisional issues of [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] were notable for the reproduced signature of the city's postmaster—[[James M. Buchanan (diplomat)|James M. Buchanan]] (1803-1876), a cousin to President [[James Buchanan]]. All provisional issues are rare, some inordinately so: at a Siegel Gallery auction in New York on March 2012, an example of the Millbury provisional fetched $400,000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2012&lot_name=Millbury,%20Massachusetts%20(Scott%207X1)&start_lot=15&stop_lot=15&sale_name=The%20Frelinghuysen%20Collection,%20Part%20One&sale_no=1020&sale_date=Wednesday,%20March%2028,%202012 |title=Sale Number: 1020 - The Frelinghuysen Collection, Part One - Millbury, Massachusetts (Scott 7X1) |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> while copies of the Alexandria and Annapolis provisionals each sold for $550,000.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2012&lot_name=Alexandria,%20District%20of%20Columbia%20(Scott%201X1a)&start_lot=1&stop_lot=1&sale_name=The%20Frelinghuysen%20Collection,%20Part%20One&sale_no=1020&sale_date=Wednesday,%20March%2028,%202012 |title=Sale Number: 1020 - Sale Date: Wednesday, March 28, 2012 The Frelinghuysen Collection, Part One - Alexandria, District of Columbia (Scott 1X1a)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2012&lot_name=Annapolis,%20Maryland%20(Scott%202XU1)&start_lot=2&stop_lot=2&sale_name=The%20Frelinghuysen%20Collection,%20Part%20One&sale_no=1020&sale_date=Wednesday,%20March%2028,%202012 |title=Sale Date: Wednesday, March 28, 2012 - The Frelinghuysen Collection, Part One - Annapolis, Maryland (Scott 2XU1)}}</ref> Eleven cities printed provisional stamps in 1845 and 1846:

[[File:United States postmasters provisional St Louis 1845-46 10 cent postage stamp.jpg|thumb|right|Provisional stamp issued in St. Louis, Missouri]]
* [[Alexandria, Virginia]] ([[:File:Alex1X2.jpg|"ALEXANDRIA POST OFFICE" in circle]])
* [[Annapolis, Maryland]] ([[:File:Stamp ANNAPOLIS MD Scott № 2XU1.jpg|eagle in circle]])
* [[Baltimore, Maryland]] ([[:File:Stamp BALTIMORE MD.jpg|James Buchanan signature]])
* [[Boscawen, New Hampshire]] ([[:File:Stamp USA, BOSCAWEN N. H.jpg|"PAID / 5 / CENTS"]])
* [[Brattleboro, Vermont]] ([[:File:Stamp USA, BRATTLEBORO VT.jpg|shaded box with postmaster initials inside]])
* [[Lockport (city), New York|Lockport, New York]] ([[:File:Stamp USA, LOCKPORT N.Y.jpg|"LOCKPORT N.Y." in oval]])
* [[Millbury, Massachusetts]] ([[:File:Stamp USA, MILLBURY Mass.jpg|woodcut]] of [[George Washington]])
* [[New Haven, Connecticut]] ([[:File:Stamp USA, NEW HAVEN, CONN.jpg|"POST OFFICE" in box, P.M. signature]])
* [[New York, New York]] ("POST OFFICE" over Washington portrait)
* [[Providence, Rhode Island]] ("POST OFFICE / PROV. R.I." in shaded box)
* [[St. Louis, Missouri]] ([[St. Louis Bears]], Missouri coat of arms)
(See also:[[A Gallery of U. S. Postmasters' Provisional Stamps, 1845-47]].)

The 1845 Congressional act did, in fact, raise the rate on one significant class of mail: the so-called "drop letter"—i. e., a letter delivered from the same post office that collected it. Previously one cent, the drop letter rate became two cents.

==First national postage stamps==
[[File:First US Postage stamps of 1847.tiff|thumb|246px|<center>''[[Benjamin Franklin]] and [[George Washington]]''</center><center>The First U.S. Postage Stamps</center><center> Issued 1847</center>The first stamp issues were authorized by an act of Congress and approved on March 3, 1847.<ref name="USPS">{{cite web|title=U.S. Postage Stamps|url=http://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_022.htm|work=Publication 100 - The United States Postal Service - An American History 1775 - 2006|publisher=USPS|accessdate=29 December 2011|date=May 2007}}</ref> The earliest known use of the Franklin 5¢ is July 7, 1847, while the earliest known use of the Washington 10¢ is July 2, 1847. Remaining in postal circulation for only a few years, these issues were declared invalid for postage on July 1, 1851.<ref name="Scotts">Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps</ref>]]

Congress finally provided for the issuance of stamps by passing an act on March 3, 1847, and the [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster-General]] immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson.<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=009/llsl009.db&recNum=215 Chap. LXIII. 9 Stat. 188] from [http://memory.loc.gov/ammen/amlaw/ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [[Library of Congress]], [[Law Library of Congress]]. Retrieved March 22, 2012.</ref> The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1, 1847, in New York City, with [[Boston]] receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter. They consisted of an [[engraving|engraved]] 5-cent red brown stamp depicting [[Benjamin Franklin]] (the first postmaster of the U.S.), and a 10-cent value in [[black]] with [[George Washington]]. Like all U.S. stamps until 1857, they were [[imperforate]].

The 5-cent stamp paid for a letter weighing less than 1/2 ounce and traveling up to 300 miles, the 10-cent stamp for deliveries to locations greater than 300 miles, or, twice the weight deliverable for the 5-cent stamp. Each stamp was hand engraved in what is believed to be steel, and laid out in sheets of 200 stamps. The 5-cent stamp is often found today with very poor impressions because the type of ink used contained small pieces of quartz that wore down the steel plates used to print the stamp. On the other hand, most 10-cent stamps are of strong impressions. A fresh and brilliantly printed 5-cent stamp is prized by collectors.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The use of stamps was optional: letters could still be sent requiring payment of postage on delivery. Indeed, the post office did not issue any 2-cent value for prepaying drop letters in 1847, and these continued to be handled as they had been. Nevertheless, many Americans took up using stamps; about 3,700,000 of the 5¢ and about 865,000 of the 10¢ were sold, and enough of those have survived to ensure a ready supply for collectors, although the demand is such that a [[Stamp condition|very fine]] 5¢ sells for around $500 as of 2003, and the 10¢ in very fine condition sells for around $1,400 in used form. Unused stamps are much scarcer, fetching around $6,000 and $28,000 respectively, if in very fine condition. One can pay as little as 5 to 10 percent of these figures if the stamps are in poor condition.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The post office had become so efficient by 1851 that Congress was able to reduce the common rate to three cents (which remained unchanged for over thirty years), necessitating a new issue of stamps. Moreover, the common rate now applied to letters carried up to 3000 miles. This rate, however, only applied to prepaid mail: a letter sent without a stamp still cost the recipient five cents—clear evidence that Congress envisioned making stamp use mandatory in the future (it did so in 1855). The 1-cent drop-letter rate was also restored, and Post Office plans did not at first include a stamp for it; later, however, an essay for a 6-cent Franklin double-weight stamp was converted into a drop-letter value. Along with this 1¢ stamp, the post office initially issued only two additional denominations in the series of 1851: 3¢ and 12¢, the three stamps going on sale that July and August. Since the 1847 stamps no longer conformed to any postal rate, they were declared invalid after short period during which the public could exchange old stamps for new ones. Ironically, however, within a few years the Post Office found that stamps in the old denominations were needed after all, and so, added a 10¢ value to the series in 1855, followed by a 5¢ stamp the following year. The full series included a 1¢ profile of Franklin in blue, a 3¢ profile of Washington in red brown, a 5¢ portrait of [[Thomas Jefferson]], and portraits of Washington for 10¢ green and 12¢ black values. The 1¢ stamp achieved notoriety, at least among philatelists, because production problems (the stamp design was too tall for the space provided) led to a welter of plate modifications done in piecemeal fashion, and there are no fewer than seven major varieties, ranging in price from $100 to $200,000 (the latter for the only stamp of the 200 images on the first plate that displays the design's top and bottom ornamentation complete). Sharp-eyed collectors periodically find the rare types going unrecognized.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

<gallery class="center" caption="First national postage stamps" widths="110px" heights="130px" >
File:Franklin3 1851-1c.jpg|<center>[[Benjamin Franklin]]</center><center>Issue of 1851</center>
File:Washington 1855 Issue1-10c.jpg|<center>[[George Washington]]</center><center>Issue of 1855</center>
File:Thomas Jefferson 1856 Issue-5c.jpg|<center>[[Thomas Jefferson]]</center><center>Issue of 1857</center>
File:Washington 1851 Issue-3c.jpg|<center>[[George Washington]]</center><center>Issue of 1857</center>
File:George Washington 1861 Issue-12c.jpg|<center>[[George Washington]]</center><center>Issue of 1857</center></gallery>

1857 saw the introduction of [[perforation]], and in 1860 24¢, 30¢ and 90¢ values (with still more images of Washington and Franklin) were issued for the first time. These higher denominations, especially the 90c value, were available for such a short time (a little over a year) that they had virtually no chance of being used. The 90c stamp used is a very rare item, and so frequently forged that authorities counsel collectors to shun cancelled copies that lack expert certification.<ref name="Scotts"/>

In February 1861, a congressional act directed that "cards, blank or printed. . .shall also be deemed mailable matter, and charged with postage at the rate of one cent an ounce." Private companies soon began issuing [[Postcard|post cards]], printed with a rectangle in the top right corner where the stamp was to be affixed. (The Post Office would not produce pre-stamped "postal cards" for another dozen years.)

The issue was declared invalid for postage in May 1861, as the [[Confederate States]] had supplies of them. Therefore, stamps used after that date usually have the marking "OLD STAMPS/NOT RECOGNIZED" on the cover.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Issues of the Civil War era==
[[File:Benjamin Franklin 1861 Issue-1c.jpg|left|thumb|upright|<center>Benjamin Franklin. Issue of 1861</center>]]
[[File:Thomas Jefferson 1861 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|right|upright|<center>Thomas Jefferson.</center>
<center>Issue of 1861</center>]]
[[File:Stamp US 1863 2c.jpg|thumb|upright|<center>The "Black Jack" Issue of 1863</center>]]

The outbreak of the [[American Civil War]] threw the postal system into turmoil. On April 13, 1861, (the day after the firing on [[Fort Sumter]]) [[John H. Reagan]], postmaster-general of the [[Confederate States of America]], ordered local postmasters to return their U.S. stamps to Washington D.C. (although it is unlikely that many did so), while in May the Union decided to withdraw and invalidate all existing U.S. stamps, and to issue new stamps. Confederate post offices were left without legitimate stamps for several months, and while many reverted to the old system of cash payment at the post office, over 100 post offices across the South came up with their own provisional issues. Many of these are quite rare, with only single examples surviving of some types.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} Eventually the Confederate government issued its own stamps; see [[stamps and postal history of the Confederate States]].

In the North, the new stamp designs became available in August, and old stamps were accepted in exchange, with different deadlines for replacement set for different regions of the country, first ranging from September 10 to November 1, later modified to November 1 to January 1, 1862. The whole process was very confusing to the public, and there are number of covers from 1862 and later with 1857 stamps and bearing the marking "OLD STAMPS NOT RECOGNIZED".{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The 1861 stamps had in common the letters "U S" in their design. To make them differentiable from the older stamps at a glance, all were required to have their values expressed in Arabic numerals (in the previous series, Arabic numerals had appeared only on the 30¢ stamp). The original issue included all the denominations offered in the previous series: 1¢, 3¢, 5¢, 10¢, 12¢, 24¢, 30¢ and 90¢ stamps. Numerals apart, several of these are superficially similar to their earlier counterparts—particularly because Franklin, Washington and Jefferson still appear on the same denominations as previously. Differences in the design of the frames are more readily apparent.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

A 2¢ stamp in black featuring [[Andrew Jackson]] was issued in 1863 and is now known to collectors as the "[[Black Jack (stamp)|Black Jack]]". A black 15¢ stamp depicting the recently assassinated [[Abraham Lincoln]] was issued in 1866, and is generally considered part of the same series. While it was not officially described as such, and the 15¢ value was chosen to cover newly established fee for [[Registered mail|registered letter]]s, many philatelists consider this to be the first [[memorial stamp]] ever issued.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The war greatly increased the amount of mail in the North; ultimately about 1,750,000,000 copies of the 3¢ stamp were printed, and a great many have survived to the present day, typically selling for 2-3 dollars apiece. Most are [[rose]]-colored; [[pink]] versions are much rarer and quite expensive, especially the "[[pigeon blood pink]]", which goes for $3,000 and up.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The stamps of the 1861 series, unlike those of the two previous issues, remained valid for postage after they had been superseded—as has every subsequent United States stamp.

===Pony Express===
[[File:Pomy Express compound oval.jpg|thumb|upright|Pony Express compound oval Postmark, one of many types found on the covers of '''[[Pony Express#Mail|Pony Express mail]]''']]
{{main|Pony Express}}
In 1860, the U.S. Post Office incorporated the services of the [[Pony Express]] to get mail to and from San Francisco, an important undertaking with the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], as a communication link between Union forces and San Francisco and the West Coast was badly needed. The Pony Express Trail from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, was 1,840 miles long. Upon arrival in Sacramento, the U.S. mail was placed on a steamer and continued down the Sacramento River to San Francisco for a total of 1,966 miles. The Pony Express was a short-lived enterprise, remaining in operation for only 18 months. Consequently, there is little surviving Pony Express mail today, only 250 examples known in existence.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Encased postage stamps===
[[File:Encased.jpg|thumb|left|145px]]
Widespread hoarding of coins during the Civil War created a shortage, prompting the use of stamps for currency. To be sure, the fragility of stamps made them unsuitable for hand-to-hand circulation, and to solve this problem, [[John Gault]] invented the encased postage stamp in 1862. A normal U. S. stamp was wrapped around a circular cardboard disc and then placed inside a coin-like circular brass jacket. A transparent [[mica]] window in the jacket allowed the face of the stamp to be seen. All eight denominations available in 1861-62, ranging from 1 cent to 90 cents, were offered in encased versions. Raised lettering on the metal backs of the jackets often advertised the goods or services of business firms; these included the Aerated Bread Company; Ayers Sarsaparilla and Cathartic Pills; Burnett's Cocoaine; Sands Ale; Drake's Plantation Bitters; Buhl & Co. Hats and Furs; Lord & Taylor; Tremont House, Chicago; Joseph L. Bates Fancy Goods; White the Hatter, New York City; and Ellis McAlpin & Co. Dry Goods, Cincinnati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?cmd=1&con=1&tid=2036357|title=Arago: ''Encased Postage Stamps,'' by James E. Kloetzel }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jetons-monnaie.net/a/atimbusa.html|title=Encased Postage Stamps}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://choyt48.home.comcast.net/~choyt48/encased_postage_run.htm|title=Ayer's Encased Postage|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513173209/http://choyt48.home.comcast.net/~choyt48/encased_postage_run.htm|archivedate=2012-05-13|df=}}</ref> (See also: [[Fractional currency (United States)|Fractional currency.)]]

==Grills==
[[File:G grill 1869.jpg|upright|thumb|"G" [[grill (philately)|grill]] on an 1869 issue]]
{{Main|Grill (philately)}}
During the 1860s, the postal authorities became concerned about [[postage stamp reuse]]. While there is little evidence that this occurred frequently, many post offices had never received any canceling devices. Instead, they improvised a canceling process by scribbling on the stamp with an ink pen ("[[pen cancel]]lation"), or whittling designs in pieces of [[cork (material)|cork]], sometimes very creatively ("[[fancy cancel]]s"), to mark the stamps. However, since poor-quality ink could be washed from the stamp, this method would only have been moderately successful. A number of inventors patented various ideas to attempt to solve the problem.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The Post Office eventually adopted the [[grill (philately)|grill]], a device consisting of a pattern of tiny pyramidal bumps that would [[Paper embossing|emboss]] the stamp, breaking up the fibers so that the ink would soak in more deeply, and thus be difficult to clean off. While the patent survives (No. 70,147), much of the actual process of grilling was not well documented, and there has been considerable research trying to recreate what happened and when. Study of the stamps shows that there were eleven types of grill in use, distinguished by size and shape (philatelists have labeled them with letters A-J and Z), and that the practice started some time in 1867 and was gradually abandoned after 1871. A number of grilled stamps are among the great rarities of US philately. The [[Z Grill|United States 1¢ Z grill]] was long thought to be the rarest of all U.S. stamps, with only two known to exist. In 1961, however, it was discovered that the 15¢ stamp of the same series also existed in a Z grill version; this stamp is just as rare as the 1¢, for only two examples of the 15¢ Z grill are known.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/census/85F/85F.pdf|title=Siegel Census|publisher=siegelauctions.com}}</ref> Rarer still may be the 30¢ stamp with the I Grill, the existence of which was discovered only recently: as of October 2011, only one copy is known.<ref>Outstanding United States Stamps, Sale 1014, October 12–14, 2011, p. 81</ref>

==1869==
{{Main|1869 Pictorial Issue}}
[[File:24¢ Declaration of Independence.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Declaration of Independence]]
[[File:Post Horse & Rider 1869 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|upright|Horse & rider, Pony Express]]
In 1868, the Post Office contracted with the [[National Bank Note Company]] to produce new stamps with a variety of designs. These came out in 1869, and were notable for the variety of their subjects; the 2¢ depicted a [[Pony Express]] rider, the 3¢ a [[locomotive]], the 12¢ the [[steamship]] ''[[SS Adriatic|Adriatic]]'', the 15¢ the landing of [[Christopher Columbus]], and the 24¢ the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].

Other innovations in what has become known as the [[1869 Pictorial Issue]] included the first use of two-color printing on U.S. stamps, and as a consequence the first [[invert error]]s. Although popular with collectors today, the unconventional stamps were not very popular among a population who was accustomed to postage that bore classic portrayals of Washington, Franklin and other forefathers. Consequently, the Post Office recalled all remaining stocks after one year.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Bank Notes==
[[File:Washington4 1883 Issue-2c.jpg|upright|left|thumb|<center>[[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#George Washington|Washington]]</center><center>American Bank Note 1883 issue</center>]]
[[File:Oliver Hazzard Perry 1870 Issue-90c.jpg|thumb|upright|<center>[[Oliver Hazard Perry]]</center><center>National Bank Note 1870 issue</center>]]
The postage stamps issued in the 1870s and 1880s are collectively known as the "Bank Notes" because they were produced by the National Bank Note Company, the Continental Bank Note Company, then the [[American Bank Note Company]]. After the 1869 fiasco with pictorial stamp issues, the new Postmaster-General decided to base a series of stamps on the "heads, in profile, of distinguished deceased Americans" using "marble busts of acknowledged excellence" as models. George Washington was returned to the normal-letter-rate stamp: he had played that role in the issues of 1851 and 1861 and would continue to do so in every subsequent definitive set until the Presidential Series of 1938. But the large banknotes did not represent a total retreat to past practices, for the range of celebrated Americans was widened beyond Franklin and various presidents to include notables such as [[Henry Clay]] and [[Oliver Hazard Perry]]. Moreover, while images of statesmen had provided the only pictorial content of pre-1869 issues, the large banknotes did not entirely exclude other representative images. Two denominations of the series accompanied their portraits with iconographic images appropriate to the statesmen they honored: rifles, a cannon and cannonballs appeared in the bottom corners of the 24-cent issue devoted to General Winfield Scott, while the 90-cent stamp framed Admiral Oliver Perry within a nautically hitched oval of rope and included anchors in the bottom corners of its design. National first printed these, then in 1873 Continental received the contract—and the plates that National used. Continental added [[Postage stamp design#Hidden elements and "secret marks"|secret marks]] to the plates of the lower values, distinguishing them from the previous issues. The American Bank Note Company acquired Continental in 1879 and took over the contract, printing similar designs on softer [[postage stamp paper|papers]] and with some color changes. Major redesigning, however, came only in 1890, when the American Bank Note Company issued a new series in which stamp-size was reduced by about 10% (the so-called "Small Bank Notes").{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

In 1873, the Post Office began producing a pre-stamped post card. One side was printed with a Liberty-head one-cent stamp design, along with the words "United States Postal Card" and three blank lines provided for the mailing address. Six years later, it introduced a series of seven [[Postage due|Postage Due]] stamps in denominations ranging from 1¢ to 50¢, all printed in the same brownish-red color and conforming to the same uniform and highly utilitarian design, with their denominations rendered in numerals much larger than those found on definitive stamps. The design remained unchanged until 1894, and only four different postage due designs have appeared to date.

In 1883, the first-class letter rate was reduced from 3¢ to 2¢, prompting a redesign of the existing 3¢ green Washington stamp, which now became a 2¢ brown issue.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Special Delivery===
[[File:SpecDel.jpg|right|thumb|<center>First Special Delivery stamp, 1885</center>]]
In 1885 the Post Office established a [[U.S. Special Delivery (postal service)|Special Delivery]] service, issuing a ten-cent stamp depicting a running messenger, along with the wording "secures immediate delivery at a special delivery office." Initially, only 555 such offices existed but the following year all U. S. Post Offices were obliged to provide the service—an extension not, however, reflected on the Special Delivery stamp until 1888, when the words "at any post office" appeared on its reprint. (On stamps of future years, the messenger would be provided the technological enhancements of a bicycle [1902] a motorcycle [1922] and a truck [1925]. Although the last new U.S. Special Delivery stamp appeared issued in 1971, the service was continued until 1997, by which time it had largely been supplanted by Priority Mail delivery, introduced in 1989.) The 1885 Special Delivery issue was the first U.S. postage stamp designed in the double-width format. Eight years later, this shape would be chosen for the Columbian Exposition commemoratives, as it offered appropriate space for historical tableaux. The double-width layout would subsequently be employed in many United States Commemoratives.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Columbian Issue==
[[File:Columbian231 Blk4-2c.jpg|thumb|<center>Landing of Christopher Columbus</center><center>[[Columbian Issue|Issue]] of 1893</center>]]

{{Main|Columbian Issue}}
The [[World Columbian Exposition]] of 1893 commemorated the 400th anniversary of the landing of [[Christopher Columbus]] in the Americas. The Post Office got in on the act, issuing a series of 16 stamps depicting Columbus and episodes in his career, ranging in value from 1¢ to $5 (a princely sum in those days). They are often considered the first [[commemorative stamp]]s issued by any country.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The stamps were interesting and attractive, designed to appeal to not only postage stamps collectors but to historians, artists and of course the general public who bought them in record numbers because of the fanfare of the Columbian Exposition of the World's Fair of 1892 in Chicago, Illinois.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

They were quite successful (a great contrast to the pictorials of 1869), with lines spilling out of the nation's post offices to buy the stamps. They are prized by collectors today with the $5 denomination, for example, selling for between $1,500 to $12,500 or more, depending upon the condition of the stamp being sold.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Another release in connection with the Columbian series was a reprint of the 1888 Special Delivery stamp, now colored orange (reportedly, to prevent postal clerks from confusing it with the 1¢ Columbian). After sales of the series ceased, the Special Delivery stamp reappeared in its original blue.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Bureau issues==
{{double image|right|George Washington 1890 Issue Lake-2c.jpg|137|Washington 1895 Issue-2c.jpg|131|<center>Original 1890 [[George Washington]] Issue without the corner triangles.|<center>Washington 2-cent Bureau issue clearly showing the triangles in the upper corners.</center>}}
Also during 1893, the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] competed for the postage stamp printing contract, and won it on the first try. For the postage issues of the 1894 series, the Bureau took over the plates of the 1890 small banknote series but modified them by adding triangles to the upper corners of the designs. Three new designs were needed, because the Post Office elected to add $1, $2 and $5 stamps to the series (previously, the top value of any definitive issue had been 90¢). On many of the 1894 stamps, perforations are of notably poor quality, but the Bureau would soon make technical improvements. In 1895 [[counterfeit]]s of the 2¢ value were discovered, which prompted the BEP to begin printing stamps on [[watermark]]ed paper for the first time in U.S. postal history. The watermarks imbedded the logo U S P S into the paper in double-lined letters. The Bureau's definitive issues of the 1890s consisted of 13 different denominations ranging from 1 cent to 5 dollars, and may be differentiated by the presence or absence of this watermark, which would appear on all U. S. Postage stamps between 1895 and 1910.<ref name="Scotts"/> The final issue of 1898 altered the colors of many denominations to bring the series into conformity with the recommendations of the Universal Postal Union (an international body charged with facilitating the course of transnational mail). The aim was to ensure that in all its member nations, stamps for given classes of mail would appear in the same colors. Accordingly, U.S. 1¢ stamps (postcards) were now green and 5¢ stamps (international mail) were now blue, while 2¢ stamps remained red. (As a result, it was also necessary to replace the blue and green on higher values with other colors.) U.S. postage continued to reflect this color-coding quite strictly until the mid-1930s, continuing also in the invariable use of purple for 3¢ stamps.

==Start of the 20th century==
[[File:Trans Miss 1898-1c.jpg|thumb|Trans Mississippi Issue, 1898-1c]]
In 1898, the [[Trans-Mississippi Exposition]] opened in [[Omaha, Nebraska]], and the Post Office was ready with the [[Trans-Mississippi Issue]]. The nine stamps were originally to be two-toned, with [[:File:293Essay.jpg|black vignettes surrounded by colored frames]], but the BEP, its resources overtaxed by the needs of the [[Spanish–American War]], simplified the printing process, issuing the stamps in single colors. They were received favorably, though with less excitement than the Columbians; but like the Columbians, they are today prized by collectors, and many consider the $1 "[[Western Cattle in Storm]]"<ref>{{cite web|author=Alexander T. Haimann, National Postal Museum |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=2&tid=2029579 |title=Western Cattle in Storm/ Western Cattle in Storm, National Postage Museum |publisher=Arago.si.edu |date=2007-11-19 |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> the most attractive of all U.S. stamps.

[[File:panam2.jpg|thumb|left|Pan-American Issue, 1901-2c]]
Collectors, still smarting from the expense of the Columbian stamps, objected that inclusion of $1 and $2 issues in the Trans-Mississippi series presented them with an undue financial hardship.<ref name="Brookman">Lester G. Brookman, The Nineteenth Century Postage Stamps of the United States (Lindquist, 1947).</ref> Accordingly, the next stamp series commemorating a prominent exposition, the [[Pan-American Exposition]] held in [[Buffalo, New York]] in 1901, was considerably less costly, consisting of only six stamps ranging from in value 1¢ to 10¢. The result, paradoxically, was a substantial increase in Post Office profits; for, while the higher valued Columbians and Trans-Mississippis had sold only about 20,000 copies apiece, the public bought well over five million of every Pan-American denomination.<ref>Scott R. Trepel, ''Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K. Miller Collection'' (Smithsonian National Postal Museum and The New York Public Library, 2006)</ref> In the Pan-American series<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1901.htm |title=1901 U.S. Postage Stamps |publisher=1847us.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> the Post Office realized the plan for two-toned stamps that it had been obliged to abandon during the production of the Trans-Mississippi issue. Upside-down placement of some sheets during the two-stage printing process resulted in the so-called [[Pan-American invert]] errors on rare copies of the 1¢, 2¢ and 4¢ stamps.{{clear}}

==Definitive issues of 1902–1903==
{{Main|Series of 1902}}
The definitive stamps issued by the U.S. Post Office in 1902–1903 were markedly different in their overall designs from the regular [[definitive stamp]]s released over the previous several decades. Among the prominent departures from tradition in these designs was that the names of the subjects were printed out, along with their years of birth and death. (Printed names and birth and death dates are more typically a feature of [[Commemorative stamps]].) Unlike any definitive stamps ever issued before, the 1902–03 issues also had ornate sculptural frame work redolent of Beaux-Arts architecture about the portrait, often including allegorical figures of different sorts, with several different types of print used to denote the country, denominations and names of the subjects. This series of postage stamps were the first definitive issues to be entirely designed and printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and their Baroque revival style is much akin to that of the Pan-American commemoratives the Bureau had issued in 1901. There are fourteen denominations ranging from 1-cent to 5-dollars. The 2-cent George Washington stamp appeared with [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#Start of the 20th century|two different designs]] (the original version was poorly received) while each of the other values has its own individual design.<ref name="Scotts" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Encyclopedia of United States Stamps and Stamp Collecting |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2029788 |title=Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Second Bureau Issues (1902–1908) |publisher=Arago.si.edu |date=2006-05-16 |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> This was the first U.S. definitive series to include the image of a woman: Martha Washington, who appeared on the 8-cent stamp.

<gallery class="center" caption="Selected Issues" widths="132px" heights="153px" >
File:Franklin2 1903-1c.jpg|<center>Franklin</center>
File:Abraham Lincoln 1903 Issue-5c.jpg|<center>Lincoln</center>
File:Benjamin Harrison 1903 Issue-13c.jpg|<center>Harrison</center>
File:John Marshall 1903 issue-$5.jpg|<center>Marshall</center>
</gallery>

==Commemorative issues, 1904–1907==
In these years, the postal service continued to produce commemorative sets in conjunction with important national expositions. The [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] in 1904 prompted a set of five stamps,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1904.htm |title=1904 U.S. Postage Stamps |publisher=1847us.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> while a trio of stamps commemorated the [[Jamestown Exposition]], held in [[Norfolk, Virginia]] in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1907.htm |title=1907 U.S. Postage Stamps |publisher=1847us.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref>

==Washington-Franklin era==
{{Main|Washington-Franklin Issues}}
1908 saw the beginning of the long-running Washington-Franklin series of stamps. Although there were only two central images, a profile of Washington and one of Franklin, many subtle variants appeared over the years; for the Post Office experimented with half-a-dozen different perforation sizes, two kinds of watermarking, three printing methods, and large numbers of values, all adding to several hundred distinct types identified by collectors. Some are quite rare, but many are extremely common; this was the era of the [[postcard]] craze, and almost every antique shop in the U.S. will have some postcards with green 1¢ or red 2¢ stamps from this series. In 1910 the Post Office began phasing out the double-lined watermark, replacing it by the same U S P S logo in smaller single-line letters. Watermarks were discontinued entirely in 1916.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

<center>
{|
|[[File:George Washington 1912 Issue--1c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>    Washington issue of 1912]]
|[[File:Washington WF 1917 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>    Washington issue of 1917]]
|[[File:WF Benjamin Franklin 1915-11c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>   Franklin issue of 1915]]
|[[File:Benjamin Franklin 2-Big-Bens 1918 Issue.jpg|thumb|348px|<center>   Franklin (The Big Bens) issue of 1918]]
|}
</center>

Toward the beginning of the Washington-Franklin era, in 1909, the Post Office issued its first individual commemorative stamps—three single 2¢ issues honoring, respectively, the Lincoln Centennial, the [[Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition|Alaska-Yukon Exposition]], and the tercentennial/centennial [[Hudson-Fulton Celebration]] in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1909.htm |title=1909 U.S. Postage Stamps |publisher=1847us.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> A four-stamp series commemorating the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]] in [[San Francisco, California]] appeared in 1913,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1913.htm |title=1913 U.S. Postage Stamps |publisher=1847us.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> but no further commemoratives were issued until after World War I. The Lincoln Centennial's portrait format distinguished it from all other commemoratives released between 1893 and 1926, which were produced exclusively in landscape format. (The next U. S. commemorative in portrait orientation would be the Vermont Sesquicentennial issue of 1927, and many have appeared since.)

[[File:Parcel Post Aeroplane mail 20c 1913 issue.JPG|thumb|<center>20¢ [[U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912-13|Parcel Post Stamp]]</center> Issued in 1912, this was the first time in history an airplane appeared on a postage stamp.]]
It was also in 1913, in January, that the Post Office introduced domestic [[parcel post]] service (a belated development, given that international parcel post service between the United States and other countries began in 1887). A series of [[U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912-13|twelve Parcel Post stamps]] intended for this service had already been released in December 1912, ranging in denomination from 1¢ to $1. All were printed in red and designed in the wide Columbian format. The eight lowest values illustrated aspects of mail handling and delivery, while higher denominations depicted such industries as Manufacturing, Dairying and Fruit Growing. Five green Parcel Post Postage Due stamps appeared concurrently. It soon became obvious that none of these stamps was needed: parcel postage could easily be paid by definitive or commemorative issues, and normal postage due stamps were sufficient for parcels. When original stocks ran out, no reprints appeared, nor were replacements for either group ever contemplated. However, one denomination introduced in the Parcel Post series—20¢—had proved useful, and the Post Office added this value to the Washington-Franklin issues in 1914, along with a 30¢ stamp.

On November 3, 1917, the normal letter rate was raised from 2¢ to 3¢ in support of the war effort. The rate hike was reflected in the first postwar commemorative—a 3¢ "victory" stamp released on March 3, 1919 (not until July 1 would postal fees return to peacetime levels). Only once before (with the Lincoln Memorial issue of 1909) had the Post Office issued a commemorative stamp unconnected to an important national exposition; and the appearance of the Pilgrim Tercentenary series in 1920 confirmed that a new policy was developing: the Post Office would no longer need the pretext of significant patriotic trade fairs to issue commemoratives: they could now freely produce stamps commemorating the anniversaries of any notable historical figures, organizations or events.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==The 1920s and 1930s==
[[File:Freedom 1923-$5.jpg|thumb|1923 Freedom, $5, blue and red]]
The stamps of the 1920s were dominated by the [[US Regular Issues of 1922-1931|Series of 1922]], the first new design of definitive stamps to appear in a generation. The lower values mostly depicted various presidents, with the 5c particularly intended as a memorial of the recently deceased [[Theodore Roosevelt]], while the higher values included an "[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]" ([[Hollow Horn Bear]]), the [[Statue of Liberty]], [[Golden Gate]] (without the bridge, which had yet to be built), [[Niagara Falls]], a [[American Bison|bison]], the [[Lincoln Memorial]] and so forth. Higher values of the series (from 17¢ through $5) were differentiated from the cheaper stamps by being designed in horizontal (landscape) rather than vertical format, an idea carried over from the "big Bens" of the Washington-Franklin series.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

[[File:Regular Issue 1920s 1-11c.jpg|thumb|left|<center>Regular Issues 1922–1925</center>]]
Stamp printing was switching from a [[Flat bed press|flat plate press]] to a [[rotary press]] while these stamps were in use, and most come in two perforations as a result; 11 for flat plate, and 11x10.5 for rotary. In 1929, theft problems in the Midwest led to the [[:File:Kansas-Nebraska Overprints 1929 issue-1929.jpg|Kansas-Nebraska overprint]]s on the regular stamps. (See also: [[Fourth Bureau issue]]).

From 1924 on, commemorative stamps appeared every year. The 1920s saw a number of 150th anniversaries connected with the [[American Revolutionary War]], and a number of stamps were issued in connection with those. These included the first U.S. [[souvenir sheet]], for the [[Battle of White Plains]] sesquicentennial, and the first [[overprint]], reading "[[Molly Pitcher|MOLLY / PITCHER]]", the heroine of the [[Battle of Monmouth]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Two Cent Red Sesquicentennial issues of 1926–1932===
[[File:Two Cent Reds 150th Anniv.jpg|thumb|<center>Two Cent Red Sesquicentennial issues of 1926–1932</center>]]
During this period, the U.S. Post Office issued more than a dozen 'Two Cent Reds' commemorating the 150th anniversaries of Battles and Events that occurred during the [[American Revolution]]. The first among these was the Liberty Bell 150th Anniversary Issue of 1926, designed by [[Clair Aubrey Huston]], and engraved by J.Eissler & E.M.Hall, two among America's most renowned master engravers. The 'Two Cent Reds' were among the last stamps used to carry a letter for 2 cents, the rate changing to 3 cents on July 6, 1932. The rate remained the same for 26 years until it finally changed to 4 cents in 1958.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
{{Clear}}

===''Graf Zeppelin'' stamps===
[[File:Graf Zeppelin stamp 65c 1930 issue.jpg|thumb|''65-cent "Zeppelin"'' of 1930, issued in April for the May–June Pan-American flight of the ''[[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|Graf Zeppelin]]'']]
The German [[zeppelin]]s were of much interest during this period, and in 1930 the Department issued special stamps to be used on the Pan-American flight of ''[[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|Graf Zeppelin]]''.

Although the [[1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps|''Graf Zeppelin'' stamps]] are today highly prized by collectors as masterpieces of the engraver's art, in 1930 the recent stock market crash meant that few were able to afford these stamps (the $4.55 value for the set represented a week's food allowance for a family of four). Less than 10 percent of the 1,000,000 of each denomination issued were sold and the remainders were incinerated (the stamps were only available for sale to the public from April 19, 1930, to June 30, 1930). It is estimated that less than 8 percent of the stamps produced survive today and they remain the smallest U.S. issue of the 20th century (only 229,260 of these stamps were ever purchased, and only 61,296 of the $2.60 stamp were sold).{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

In 1932, a set of 12 stamps was issued to celebrate the George Washington's 200th birthday [[1932 Washington Bicentennial]]. For the 2¢ value, which satisfied the normal letter rate, the most familiar Gilbert Stuart image of Washington had been chosen. After postal rates rose that July, this 2¢ red Washington was redesigned as a 3¢ stamp and issued in the purple color that now became ubiquitous among U.S. commemoratives.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===The New Deal Era===
In 1933, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] became President. He was notable not only as an avid collector in his own right (with a collection estimated at around 1 million stamps), but also for taking an interest in the stamp issues of the Department, working closely with Postmaster [[James Farley]], the former Democratic Party Committee Chairman. Many designs of the 1930s were inspired or altered according to Roosevelt's advice. In 2009-10, the [[National Postal Museum]] exhibited six Roosevelt sketches that were developed into stamp issues: the 6-cent eagle [[airmail stamp]] and five miscellaneous commemoratives, which honored the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, the Mothers of America, Susan B. Anthony, Virginia Dare and the Northwest Territories' rise to statehood. A steady stream of commemoratives appeared during these years, including a striking 1934 issue of ten stamps presenting iconic vistas of ten National Parks—a set that has remained widely beloved. (In a memorable sequence from [[Philip Roth]]'s novel [[The Plot Against America]], the young protagonist dreams that his National Parks stamps, the pride and joy of his collection, have become disfigured with swastika overprints.) Choosing an orange color for the 2¢ Grand Canyon tableau instead of the standard 2¢ carmine red, the Post Office departed from U. P. U. color-coding for the first time.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

[[File:Natlpark.jpg|thumb|<center>National Parks Issue</center>]]
[[File:Tipex.jpg|thumb|<center>1936 Souvenir sheet reproducing four recent three-cent commemoratives</center>]]
With a philatelist in the White House, the Post Office catered to collectors as never before, issuing seven separate souvenir sheets between 1933 and 1937. In one case, a collectors' series had to be produced as the result of a miscalculation. Around 1935, Postmaster Farley removed sheets of the National Parks set from stock before they had been gummed or perforated, giving these and unfinished examples of ten other issues to President Roosevelt and Interior Secretary [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]] (also a philatelist) as curiosities for their collections. When word of these gifts got out, public outcries arose. Some accused Farley of a corrupt scheme to enrich Roosevelt and Ickes by creating valuable rarities for them at taxpayer expense. Stamp aficionados, in turn, demanded that these curiosities be sold to the public so that ordinary collectors could acquire them, and Farley duly issued them in bulk. This series of special printings soon became known as "Farley's Follies." As the decade progressed, the purples used for 3¢ issues, although still ostensibly conforming to the traditional purple, displayed an increasingly wide variety of hues, and one 1940 issue, a 3¢ stamp commemorating the Pony Express, dispensed with purple entirely, appearing in a rust brown earth tone more suitable to the image of a horse and rider departing from a western rural post office.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Presidential Issue of 1938===
[[File:Prexies.jpg|thumb|<center>Presidential issue of 1938</center>]]
{{Main|Presidential Issue}}
The famous [[Presidential Issue]], known as "Prexies" for short, came out in 1938. The series featured all 29 U.S. presidents through [[Calvin Coolidge]], each of whom appeared in profile as a small sculptural bust. Values of 50¢ and lower were mono-colored; on the $1, $2, and $5 stamps the presidents' images were printed in black on white, surrounded by colored lettering and ornamentation. Up through the 22¢ Cleveland stamp, the denomination assigned to each president corresponds to his position in the presidential roster: thus the first president, Washington, is on the 1¢ value, the seventeenth, Andrew Johnson, is on the 17¢ value, etc. Additional stamps depict Franklin (½¢), [[Martha Washington]] (1½¢), and the [[White House]] (4½¢). Many of the values were included merely to place the presidents in proper numerical order and did not necessarily correspond to a postal rate; and one of the (difficult) games for Prexie collectors is to find a cover with, for instance, a single 16¢ stamp that pays a combination of rate and fees valid during the Prexies' period of usage. Many such covers remain to be discovered; some sellers on [[eBay]] have been surprised to discover an ordinary-seeming cover bid up to several hundred dollars because it was one of the sought-after solo usages. The Presidential issue remained in distribution for many years. Not until 1954 did the Post Office begin replacing its values with the stamps of a new definitive issue, the Liberty series.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Famous Americans Series of 1940==
In 1940, the U.S. Post Office issued a set of 35 stamps, issued over the course of approximately ten months, commemorating America's famous Authors, Poets, Educators, Scientists, Composers, Artists and Inventors. The Educators included Booker T. Washington, who now became the first African-American to be honored on a U.S. stamp. This series of Postage issues was printed by the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]. These stamps were larger in size than normal definitive issues, with only 280 stamp images contained on the printing plate (400 images was standard for the Presidential series). Notable also is the red-violet color chosen for the 3¢ stamps, a brighter hue than the traditional purple.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
[[File:Famous American Series of 1940.jpg|thumb|<center>Famous Americans Series of 1940</center><center>(Resolution: 4,401 × 5,985)</center>]]
 
----
'''Authors:''' [[Washington Irving]] - [[James Fenimore Cooper]] - [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - [[Louisa May Alcott]] - [[Samuel Clemens]]
----
'''Poets:''' [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - [[John Greenleaf Whittier]] - [[James Russell Lowell]] - [[Walt Whitman]] - [[James Whitcomb Riley]]
----
'''Educators:''' [[Horace Mann]] - [[Mark Hopkins (educator)|Mark Hopkins]] - [[Charles William Eliot|Charles W. Eliot]] - [[Frances Willard (suffragist)|Frances E. Willard]] - [[Booker T. Washington]]
----
'''Scientists:''' [[John James Audubon]] - [[Crawford W. Long|Dr. Crawford W. Long]] - [[Luther Burbank]] - [[Walter Reed|Dr. Walter Reed]] - [[Jane Addams]]
----
'''Composers:''' [[Stephen Collins Foster]] - [[John Philip Sousa]] - [[Victor Herbert]] - [[Edward MacDowell|Edward A. MacDowell]] - [[Ethelbert Nevin]]
----
'''Artists:''' [[Gilbert Stuart|Gilbert Charles Stuart]] - [[James McNeil Whistler]] - [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]] - [[Daniel Chester French]] - [[Frederick Remington]]
----
'''Inventors:''' [[Eli Whitney]] - [[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - [[Cyrus Hall McCormick]] - [[Elias Howe]] - [[Alexander Graham Bell]]
{{clear}}

==World War II==
[[File:3 cent win the war stamp, 1942, USA.jpg|upright|thumb|<center>Scott # 905</center>]]
During [[World War II]], production of new U. S. 3¢ commemorative stamps all but ceased. Among the three issues that appeared in 1942<ref>{{cite book | author=USPS |title=The Postal Service Guide To U.S. Stamps |year=1993 |isbn=1-877707-02-3 |page=102}}</ref> was the celebrated '''''Win the War''''' stamp, which enjoyed enormously wide use, owing partly to patriotism and partly to the relative unavailability of alternatives. It presents an eagle posed in a "V" shape for victory surrounded by 13 stars. The eagle is grasping arrows, but has no olive branch. A notable commemorative set did, indeed, appear in 1943-44, but its stamps, all valued at 5 cents, were not competitive with the Win the War issue. This was the '''[[Overrun Countries series]]''' (known to collectors as the '''Flag set'''), produced as a tribute to the thirteen nations that had been occupied by the [[Axis Powers]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Gordon T. Trotter |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=1&tid=2028721 |title=Smithsonian - Arago |publisher=Arago.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref>

The thirteen stamps present full color images of the national [[flags]] of [[Poland]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Norway]], [[Luxembourg]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Greece]], [[Yugoslavia]], [[Albania]], [[Austria]], [[Denmark]], and [[Korea]], with the names of the respective countries written beneath. To the left of each flag appears the image of the [[phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]], which symbolizes the renewal of life, and to its right appears a kneeling female figure with arms raised, breaking the shackles of servitude.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory43.htm |title=The Overrun Countries Series |publisher=Junior Philatelists |date=1943-02-12 |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref>
[[File:Overrun countries stamp.png|thumb|left|<center>Overrun Countries stamps</center>]]
The stamps with flags of European countries were released at intervals from June to December 1943, while the Korea flag stamp was released in November 1944.<ref>''The Postal Service Guide to U.S. Stamps'', 27th edition, 2000 ({{ISBN|0-06-095854-5}}), p. 128.</ref>
These stamps were priced at 5 cents, although the standard cost for a first class stamp was 3 cents. These stamps were intended for use on V-mail, a means whereby mail intended for military personnel overseas was delivered with certainty.

The service persons overseas used the same method for writing letters home, and the same process was used to reconstruct their letters, except that their postage was free.

The two-cent surcharge on the V-mail letters helped pay for the additional expense of this method of delivery.

Because of the elaborate process necessary for the full-color printing, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing contracted with a private firm, the [[American Bank Note Company]], to produce the series - the first U. S. stamps to be printed by a private company since 1893. Uniquely among U. S. issues, the sheets lack the plate numbers usually printed on the selvage surrounding the stamps. In the places where the numbers normally appear on each sheet, the name of the country is substituted, engraved in capital letters.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Post-World War II==

The post-[[World War II]] stamp program followed a consistent pattern for many years: a steady stream of commemorative issues sold as single stamps at the first-class letter rate. While the majority of these were designed in the double-width format, an appreciable number issued in honor of individuals conformed instead to the format, size, general design style and red-violet hue used in the 1940 Famous Americans series.
[[File:Stamp US 1948 3c Carver.jpg|left|thumb|upright|<center>George W. Carver 1948</center>]]
The Postal Service had become increasingly lax about employing purple for 3¢ stamps, and after the war, departures from that color in double-width commemoratives veritably became the rule rather than the exception (although U. P. U. colors and purple for 3¢ stamps would continue to be used in the definitive issues of the next decades). Beginning in 1948, [[Congress of the United States|Congressional Representatives and Senators]] began to push the Post Office for stamps proposed by constituents, leading to a relative flood of stamps honoring obscure persons and organizations. Stamp issue did not again become well regulated until the formation of the [[Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee]] (CSAC) in 1957.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
[[File:Washington 1962 Issue-5c.jpg|right|upright|thumb|5¢ [[George Washington]] Regular Issue, 1962<ref>{{cite web|first=David H.|last=Aeschliman|url=http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/usstamps_1954d.html|title=US Stamps: General Issues of 1954-1968|work=Stamp-Collecting-World|accessdate=6 February 2018}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516154844/http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/usstamps_1954d.html|date=16 May 2017}}</ref>]]

The [[Liberty issue]] of 1954, deep in the [[Cold War]], took a much more political slant than previous issues. The common first-class stamp was a 3¢ [[Statue of Liberty]] in purple, and included the inscription "[[In God We Trust]]", the first explicit religious reference on a U.S. stamp (ten days before the issue of the 3¢ Liberty stamp, the words "under God" had been inserted into the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]). The Statue of Liberty appeared on two additional higher values as well, 8¢ and 11¢, both of which were printed in two colors. The other stamps in the series included liberty-related statesmen and landmarks, such as [[Patrick Henry]] and [[Battle of Bunker Hill|Bunker Hill]], although other subjects, ([[Benjamin Harrison]], for example) seem unrelated to the basic theme.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

In 1957, the [[American Flag]] was featured on a U. S. stamp for the first time. The Post Office had long avoided this image, fearing accusations that, in issuing stamps on which they would be defacing the flag by cancellation marks, they would be both committing and fomenting desecration. However, protests against this initial flag issue were muted, and the flag has remained a perennially popular U. S. stamp subject ever since.

The 3¢ rate for first-class had been unchanged since 1932, but by 1958 there were no more efficiency gains to keep the lid on prices,<ref>{{cite web|title=Postage stamps and postal history of the United States|url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States_-_Modern_US_stamps/id/5389001|publisher=experiencefestival.com|accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> and the rate went to 4¢, beginning a steady series of rate increases that reached 49¢ as of January 26, 2014.<ref name="Rate"/>

The [[Prominent Americans series]] superseded the "Liberties" in the 1960s and proved the last definitive issue to conform to the [[Universal Postal Union]] color code. In the 1970s, they were replaced by the [[Americana series]], in which colors became purely a matter of designer preference.
[[Image:Lovestamp.png|thumb|left|1973 "Love" stamp]]

In 1971, the Post Office was reorganized in accordance with the [[Postal Reorganization Act|Postal Reorganization Act of 1970]], becoming the [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_035.htm|title=Postal Reorganization Act|work=Publication 100 - The United States Postal Service - An American History 1775 - 2006: The history of the United States Postal Service|publisher=[[United States Postal Service]]|year=2018|accessdate=February 5, 2018}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205011443/https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_035.htm|date=February 5, 2018}} (2) {{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-84/pdf/STATUTE-84-Pg719.pdf|work=Public Law 91-375, An Act to improve and modernize the postal service, to reorganize the Post Office Department, and for other purposes |title=TITLE 39---POSTAL SERVICE |date=August 12, 1970 |publisher=[[Government Publishing Office]]|accessdate=February 4, 2018}} (3) {{cite web|url=https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_036.htm|title=United States Postal Service|work=Publication 100 - The United States Postal Service - An American History 1775 - 2006: The history of the United States Postal Service|publisher=[[United States Postal Service]]|year=2018|accessdate=February 5, 2018}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205010625/https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_036.htm|date=February 5, 2018}}</ref> However, it is still heavily regulated, with, for instance, the CSAC continuing to decide which commemorative stamps to issue.

In January 1973, the USPS began to issue "Love" stamps for use on [[Valentine's Day]] and other special occasions such as weddings, birthdays, anniversaries and letters to loved ones.<ref name=Philatelic>{{cite web|url=https://stamps.org/userfiles/file/albums/Love.pdf|title=Love|year=2011|pages=1-13|publisher=[[American Philatelic Society]]|accessdate=7 January 2018}}</ref> The first such issue was an 8 cents stamp that was based on a [[pop art]] image that [[Robert Indiana]] had designed during the 1960s (see [[Love (sculpture)|"Love" sculpture]]).<ref name=Philatelic/><ref name=Art>{{cite web|title=Love (1973)|work=Art of the Stamp|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] [[National Postal Museum]]|url=http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/artofthestamp/SubPage%20table%20images/artwork/love/1973%20Love/love1973.htm|accessdate=18 January 2018}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030821080227/http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/artofthestamp/SubPage%20table%20images/artwork/love/1973%20Love/love1973.htm|date=21 August 2003}}</ref> The 1973 issue had a printing production of 320 million stamps.<ref name=Art/>

==Air Mail==
[[File:Airmail2 1918 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|upright|1918 6c was the same design as the notable 24-cent [[Inverted Jenny]] variety of this series]]
{{Main|Airmails of the United States|List of United States airmail stamps}}

Airmail in the United States Post Office emerged in three stages beginning with the 'pioneer period'<ref>Scott's US Stamp Catalog, Air Post Stamps</ref> where there were many unofficial flights carrying the mail prior to 1918, the year the US Post Office assumed delivery of all Air Mail. The US Post office began contracting out to the private sector to carry the mail (Contract Air Mail, CAM) on February 15, 1926. In 1934, all US Air Mail was carried by the U.S. Army for six months, after which the contract system resumed.


==Abraham Lincoln postage issues==
In 1866, about a year after Abraham Lincoln's assassination, the U.S. Post Office issued its first postage stamp honoring the fallen President. The Post Office stated that the release took place on June 17. Some sources, however, believe that the stamp was introduced on April 14, the one-year anniversary of Lincoln's death, and one notable expert made an (unverifiable) claim that the stamp first saw use on April 15.<ref name="Brookman"/> In any case, it is considered by some as America's first commemorative stamp. From that point on Lincoln's portrait appeared on a variety of [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps#Abraham Lincoln|U.S. postage stamps]] and today exists on more than a dozen issues. Lincoln is also honored on commemorative stamps issued by Costa Rica and Nicaragua. With the exceptions of [[George Washington]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]], Lincoln appears on US Postage more than any other famous American.<ref name="Scotts"/>

<gallery class="center" caption="Lincoln Issues" widths="135px" heights="153px" >
File:Abraham Lincoln 1866 Issue-15c.jpg|<center>The 1st Lincoln postage stamp issue of 1866</center>
File:Abraham Lincoln 1890 Issue-4c.jpg|<center>Issue of 1890</center>
File:Abraham Lincoln 1903 Issue-5c.jpg|<center>Issue of 1903</center>
File:Lincoln 1938 Issue-16c.jpg|<center>Issue of 1938</center>
</gallery>

==Modern U.S. stamps==
The first [[self-adhesive stamp]] was a 10 cent stamp from the Christmas issue of 1974. It was not considered successful, and the surviving stamps, though not rare, are all gradually becoming discolored due to the adhesive used. Self-adhesives were not issued again until 1989, gradually becoming so popular that {{As of|2004|lc=on}}, only a handful of types are offered with the traditional gum (now affectionately called "manual stamps" by postal employees).

The increasing frequency of postal rate increases from the 1970s on, and the necessity to wait for these to be approved by Congress, made it problematic for the Postal Service to provide stamps matching the increased costs in a timely manner. Until it was known, for example, whether the new first-class rate would be 16c or, instead, 15c, no denominated stamp could be printed. The Postal Service found a way to bypass this problem in 1978. Preparatory to that year's increase, an orange colored stamp with a simple eagle design appeared bearing the denomination "A" instead of a number; and the public was informed that this stamp would satisfy the new first-class rate, whatever it turned out to be. Subsequent rate increases resulted in B, C and D stamps, which bore the same eagle design but were printed, respectively, in purple, buff-brown and blue-green. When it came time for an E stamp in 1987, the Postal Service commissioned a more elaborate design: a color picture of the globe as seen from space (E for Earth). Rises since have prompted F for Flower, G for Old Glory and H for Hat stamps, all appropriately illustrated. The F stamp in 1991 was accompanied by an undenominated "make-up" stamp with no pictorial design beyond a frame, which enclosed the words "This U. S. stamp, along with 25c of additional U. S. postage, is equivalent to the 'F' stamp rate."{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The [[Great Americans series]] and the [[Transportation coils]] began appearing in 1980 and 1981, respectively. The transportation coils were used steadily for some 20 years, while Great Americans was replaced by the [[Distinguished Americans series]], which began in 2000.<ref name=arago>{{cite web|title=Distinguished Americans Issue (2000-2012)|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=1&tid=2037600|work=Arago: People, Postage & the Post|publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum|accessdate=2014-01-15}}</ref>

The increasing use of [[email]] and other technologies during the 1990s led to a decline in the amount of first-class mail, while bulk mail increased. A large variety of commemorative stamps continue to appear, but more of them just go to collectors, while the stamps of the average person's daily mail are non-denominated types issued specifically for businesses.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}}

The first US postage stamp to incorporate [[microprinting]] as a security feature was the American Wildflower Series introduced by The United States Postal Service in 1992. It was also the first commemorative stamp to be wholly produced by offset lithography. The USPS has since issued other stamps with more complex microprinting incorporated along with dates, words, and abbreviations such as ''USPS'' and even entire stamp designs composed of microprint letters.<ref name=chenevert>{{cite journal|url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/blog/Chenevert_page_1.pdf|format=PDF|title=Security Features of United States Postage Stamps 1974-2009|page=1|last1=Chenevert|first1=James|accessdate=2015-10-07}}</ref>

In 2005, after 111 years of producing American postage stamps, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ended its involvement with the postal service.

On April 12, 2007, the [[Forever stamp]] went on sale for 41 cents, and is good for mailing one-ounce First-Class letters anytime in the future—regardless of price changes. In 2011, the Post Office began issuing all new stamps for First-Class postage—both definitives and commemoratives—as Forever stamps: denominations were no longer included on them.

On February 25, 2010, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit]] ruled 2-1 that [[Frank Gaylord]], sculptor of a portion of the [[Korean War Veterans Memorial]], was entitled to compensation when an image of that sculpture was used on a 37 cent postage stamp because he had not signed away his [[intellectual property]] rights to the sculpture when it was erected. The appeals court rejected arguments that the photo was [[Transformativeness|transformative]].<ref name="amlawdaily.typepad.com">{{cite web|url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2010/02/frankgaylordip.html|title=An 85-Year-Old Sculptor vs. The Government|publisher=Amlawdaily.typepad.com|date=2010-02-25|accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> In 2006 sculptor Frank Gaylord enlisted [[Fish & Richardson]] to make a [[pro bono]] claim that the Postal Service had violated his [[Intellectual property]] rights to the sculpture and thus should have been compensated. The Postal Service argued that Gaylord was not the sole sculptor (saying he had received advice from federal sources—who recommended that the uniforms appear more in the wind) and also that the sculpture was actually [[architecture]]. Gaylord won all of his arguments in the lower court except for one: the court ruled the photo was [[fair use]] and thus he was not entitled to compensation. Gaylord appealed and won the case on appeal. The case can now either be appealed to the [[United States Supreme Court]] or damages can be assessed by the lower court.<ref name="amlawdaily.typepad.com"/>

Later in the 2010, automated stamp and bank automatic teller machines began dispensing thinner stamps. The thin stamps were to make it easier for automated stamp machines to dispense and to make the stamps more environmentally friendly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbs6albany.com/template/cgi-bin/archived.pl?type=basic&file=/news/top-stories/stories/archive/2010/12/BMN0pC2cc.xml|format=XML|title=Are stamps getting thinner?|publisher=WRGB CBS6 Albany |date=2012-10-22|accessdate=2012-12-01}}</ref>

On January 26, 2014, the postal service raised the price of First-class postage stamps to 49 cents. Rates for other mail, including postcards and packages, also increased.<ref name="Rate">{{cite web|title=Postal Rate Basics |url=http://www.pb.com/Postal-Information/Postal-Rate-Basics/index.shtml/|publisher=PitneyBowes|accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref>

===New stamps===
Twelve criteria for new stamps and postal stationery<ref name=SAC>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/leadership/stamp-advisory-committee.htm|title=Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee|publisher=USPS |date=September 2011|accessdate=2011-09-29}}</ref> include that "events of historical significance shall be considered for commemoration only on anniversaries in multiples of 50 years." For many years, these included the restriction that "no postal item will be issued sooner than five years after the individual's death," with an exception provided for stamps memorializing recently deceased U.S. Presidents. In September 2011, however, the postal service announced that, in an attempt to increase flagging revenues, stamps would soon offer images of celebrated living persons, chosen by the Committee in response to suggestions submitted by the public via surface mail and social networks on the Internet. The revised criterion reads: "The Postal Service will honor living men and women who have made extraordinary contributions to American society and culture."<ref name=SAC/>

On June 14, 2008, in Washington, DC, the Postal Service issued the first set of 10 designs in the 42–cent Flags of Our Nation stamps. The stamps were designed by Howard E. Paine of Delaplane, Virginia. Five subsequent sets of ten stamps each had appeared by August 16, 2012, bringing the total of stamp designs to sixty. Sets nos. 3 and 4 were denominated 44-cents, while the final two sets appeared as Forever stamps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shop.usps.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10001&storeId=10052&productId=10001337&langId=-1 |title=Flags of Our Nation Set 1 |publisher=United States Postal Service|date=2011-03-28 |accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shop.usps.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10001&storeId=10052&productId=10007917&langId=-1 |title=Flags of Our Nation (Forever) Set 5 |publisher=United States Postal Service|date=2011-03-28|accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref>

In August 2014, former Postmaster General Benjamin F. Bailar complained that the USPS was "prostituting" its stamps by focusing on stamps centered on popular culture, not cultural icons. He claims that this is a move aimed at making up for the USPS' revenue shortage at the expense of the values of the stamp program.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rein|first1=Lisa|title=Former postmaster blasts USPS stamp choices|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2014/08/07/d5d95122-1e79-11e4-ab7b-696c295ddfd1_story.html|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=2014-08-08}}</ref>

==Timeline==
[[File:US Postage History.svg|thumb|First-class [[History of United States Postal Service rates|postage rate history]]]]

* 1639: First American Post Office set up in [[Boston]]
* 1672: [[New York City]] mail service to Boston
* 1674: Mail service in Connecticut
* 1683: [[William Penn]] begins weekly service to Pennsylvania and Maryland villages and towns
* 1693: Service between colonies begins in Virginia
* 1775: First postmaster general appointed: [[Benjamin Franklin]]
* 1799: U.S. Congress passes law authorizing death penalty for mail robbery
* 1813: First mail carried by [[steamboat]]
* 1832: First official railroad mail service
* 1847: First U.S. postage stamps issued
* 1857: Perforated stamps introduced
* 1860: [[Pony Express]] started
* 1861: Mailing of post cards authorized
* 1873: Prestamped "postal cards" introduced
* 1879: [[Postage due]] stamps introduced
* 1885: [[Special delivery (postal service)|Special Delivery]] service introduced
* 1893: First commemorative event stamps: [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in [[Chicago]]
* 1913: Domestic parcel post delivery began
* 1918: First airmail stamps introduced
* 1920: Transcontinental mail between New York City and [[San Francisco]]
* 1955: [[Certified Mail]] service introduced
* 1958: Well-known artists begin designing stamps
* 1963: 5-digit [[ZIP Code]]s introduced
* 1983: ZIP + 4 code introduced
* 1989: Priority Mail introduced
* 1992: Microprint introduced and first commemorative stamp developed entirely by [[offset printing|offset lithography]]
* 1997: Special Delivery discontinued
* 2007: [[Forever stamps]] introduced

==See also==
{{colbegin|2}}
* [[w:Template:US stamp locator|U.S. Postage stamp locator]]
* [[Airmails of the United States]]
* [[Artists of stamps of the United States]]
* [[William Goddard (US patriot/publisher)#The Constitutional Post|Constitutional Post]]
* [[Federal Duck Stamp]]
* [[History of United States postage rates]]
* [[List of people on stamps of the United States]]
* [[Pony Express]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States]]
* [[Revenue stamps of the United States]]
* [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps]]
* [[US Regular Issues of 1922-1931]]
* [[US space exploration history on US stamps]]
* [[Washington-Franklin Issues]]
* [[Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps]]
* [[Pony Express bible]]
* [[Women on US stamps]]
{{colend}}

==References and sources==
;References
{{reflist|30em}}
;Sources
* Lester G. Brookman, ''The Nineteenth Century Postage Stamps of the United States'' ([[H. L. Lindquist|Lindquist]], 1947).
* John N. Luff and Benno Loewy, ''[[commons:File:The Postage Stamps of the United States (1902).djvu|The Postage Stamps of the United States]]'' (New York, Scott Stamp & Coin Co., 1902).
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523234545/http://www.askphil.org/b25.htm |date=May 23, 2011 |title=AskPhil – Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010153223/http://www.jl.sl.btinternet.co.uk/stampsite/home.html |date=October 10, 2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Postal History }}
* [[Stanley Gibbons]] Ltd: various catalogues.
* Max Johl, ''The United States Postage Stamps of the Twentieth Century'' (Lindquist, 1937).
* [[Scott catalog]].
*[[Stuart Rossiter|Rossiter, Stuart]] & John Flower. ''The Stamp Atlas''. London: Macdonald, 1986. {{ISBN|0-356-10862-7}}

==Further reading==
* Fuller, Wayne E. ''American Mail: Enlarger of the Common Life'' (University of Chicago Press; 1972)
* John, Richard R. ''Spreading the news: the American postal system from Franklin to Morse'', Harvard University Press, 1998.
* Juell, Rodney A. and Steven J. Rod. ''Encyclopedia of United States Stamps and Stamp Collecting''. Minneapolis: Kirk House Publishers, 2006 {{ISBN|978-1886513983}}, 730p.
*Phillips, David G. et al' American Stampless Cover Catalog: The standard reference catalog of American Postal History" Vol. 1, 1987 454p David G Phillips Publishing Co.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Stamps of the United States}}
* [http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/welcome.htm USPS Official web site (history section)]
* [http://www.1847us.com/ 1847USA]
* [http://alphabetilately.org/G2.html Chart of value of Undenominated Stamps]
* [http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/ Smithsonian National Postal Museum]
* [http://www.rfrajola.com/exhibits.htm Richard Frajola, Exhibits and Presentations]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}
{{United States Postal Service}}
{{United States topics}}
{{PostalhistoryAmericas}}
{{Postal system}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Postage Stamps And Postal History Of The United States}}
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States| ]]
[[Category:United States Postal Service]]
[[Category:Postal history of the United States]]
[[Category:Inventions by Benjamin Franklin]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-09-12T15:17:22Z

BFolkman: new info

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly. In 2017, the [[New York Public Library]] acquired Ramey's archive of manuscripts, scores and recordings of his music, which will be catalogued and made available for scholarly research.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-09-12T15:05:27Z

BFolkman: correction

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he has summered regularly.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [https://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [https://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [https://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Inverted Jenny

2017-06-29T19:29:54Z

BFolkman: /* A famous stamp */ correction of updating

{{Infobox postage stamp
| common_name = Inverted Jenny
| image = [[File:US Airmail inverted Jenny 24c 1918 issue.jpg|frameless]]
| country_of_production = United States
| location_of_production =
| date_of_production = {{Start date|1918|05|10}}
| depicts = [[Curtiss JN-4]]
| nature_of_rarity = [[Invert error]]
| number_in_existence = 100
| face_value = 24 [[United States dollar|US¢]]
| estimated_value = [[United States dollar|US $]]977,500<ref name="siegal sale">{{cite web |title=The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" |work=Sale 946a |publisher=[[Robert A. Siegel]] |date=2007-11-14 |url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2007/946a/s946a.htm |accessdate=2014-11-13 }}</ref>|
}}

The '''Inverted Jenny''' (also known as an '''Upside Down Jenny''', '''Jenny Invert''') is a United States [[postage stamp]] first issued on May 10, 1918 in which the image of the [[Curtiss JN-4]] [[airplane]] in the center of the design appears upside-down; it is probably the most famous error in American [[philately]]. Only one pane of 100 of the [[Invert error|invert stamps]] was ever found, making this error one of the most prized in all philately.

A single Inverted Jenny was sold at a [[Robert A. Siegel]] auction in November 2007 for $977,500.<ref name="siegal sale"/> In December 2007 a [[Mint stamp|mint never hinged]] example was sold for $825,000. The broker of the sale said the buyer was a Wall Street executive who had lost the auction the previous month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20071227/odd-rare-stamp/ |title=Rare 'Jenny' Stamp Sells for $825,000 |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2014-03-08 |last=Weber |first=Paul J. |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> A block of four inverted Jennys was sold at a Robert A. Siegel auction in October 2005 for $2.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siegelauctions.com/2005/901/901.pdf |title=Inverted "Jenny" Plate Block Sells for $2.7 Million hammer! |format=PDF |date=2005-10-19 |page=32 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref> In the wake of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial meltdown]], prices fetched by Inverted Jennys have receded. Between January and September 2014, five examples offered at auction sold for sums ranging from $126,000 through $575,100.<ref>''The New York Times'', September 15, 2014, p. A13.</ref> Prices seem since to have recovered, for on May 31, 2016, a particularly well-centered Jenny invert, graded XF-superb 95 by Professional Stamp Experts, was sold for at a Siegel Auction for a hammer price of $1,175,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/inverted-jenny-stamp-upside-plane-sells-1m-article-1.2656004 |title=Rare ‘Inverted Jenny’ stamp featuring an upside down plane sells for over $1 million at auction |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |accessdate=2016-08-03 |last=Sandoval |first=Edgar|date=2016-05-31 }}</ref> The addition of a 15% buyer’s premium raised the total record high price paid for this copy to $1,351,250.

==Background==
During the 1910s, the [[United States Post Office]] had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air. These were shown by the first stamp in the world to picture an airplane (captioned as "aeroplane carrying mail"), one of the [[U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912–13]].<ref>[http://www.1847us.com/ByYear/1912.htm Postage Stamps of the United States First Issued in 1912]</ref> The Post Office finally decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], and [[New York City]]. The Post Office set a controversial rate of 24 cents for the service, much higher than the 3 cents for first-class mail of the time, and decided to issue a new stamp just for this rate, patriotically printed in red and blue, and depicting a [[Curtiss JN4|Curtiss Jenny]] JN-4HM, the [[biplane]] especially modified for shuttling the mail. The stamp's designer, [[Clair Aubrey Houston]], apparently troubled to procure a photograph of that modified model (produced by removing the second pilot seat from the JN-4HT to create space for mailbags, and by increasing the fuel capacity). As only six such aircraft existed, there was a 1-in-6 chance that the very plane engraved on the stamp by Marcus Baldwin—Jenny #38262—would be chosen to launch the inaugural three-city airmail run; the plane on the stamp was indeed the first to depart on May 15, taking off from Washington at 11:47 A. M.<ref>Trepel, Scott ''Rarity Revealed: The Benjamin K. Miller Collection'' (2006, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington D. C. and The New York Public Library, New York, N. Y.), p. 155.</ref>

The job of designing and printing the new stamp was carried out in a great rush; [[engraving]] began only on May 4, and stamp printing on May 10 (a Friday), in sheets of 100 (contrary to the usual practice of printing 400 at a time and cutting into 100-stamp panes). Since the stamp was printed in two colors, each sheet had to be placed into the [[Flat bed press|flat-bed]] printing press twice, an error-prone process that had resulted in invert errors in stamps of [[1869 Pictorial Issue|1869]] and [[Pan-American invert|1901]], and at least three misprinted sheets were found during the production process and destroyed. It is believed that only one misprinted sheet of 100 stamps got through unnoticed, and stamp collectors have spent the ensuing years trying to find them all.

Many collectors long thought the blue plane portion was printed first, thus it was actually the red frames that were inverted. However, research by noted philatelic authors [[Henry M. Goodkind|Henry Goodkind]] and George Amick shows this to be incorrect; in fact, the frames were printed first and it is the planes that are upside down. In examples where the plane is so far off center that it overlaps the frames, it can be seen that the blue ink used to print the plane lies atop the red ink used to print the frames. The Smithsonian's National Postal Museum offers two explanations for how this might have occurred: either a sheet of printed frames was placed in the press upside down for the printing of the plane; or the printing plate used to print the planes was mounted inverted within the printing press.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2013/01/usps-unveils-inverted-jenny-stamp.html |title=USPS Unveils Inverted Jenny Stamp |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2013-01-18 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref>

Initial deliveries went to post offices on Monday, May 13. Aware of the potential for inverts, a number of collectors went to their local post offices to buy the new stamps and keep an eye out for errors. Collector William T. Robey was one of those; he had written to a friend on May 10 mentioning that "it would pay to be on the lookout for inverts". On May 14, Robey went to the post office to buy the new stamps, and as he wrote later, when the clerk brought out a sheet of inverts, "my heart stood still". He paid for the sheet, and asked to see more, but the remainder of the sheets were normal.

Additional details of the day's events are not entirely certain—Robey gave three different accounts later—but he began to contact both stamp dealers and journalists, to tell them of his find. After a week that included visits from [[United States Postal Inspection Service|postal inspectors]] who tried to buy it back, and the hiding of the sheet under his mattress, Robey sold the sheet to noted Philadelphia dealer [[Eugene Klein (philatelist)|Eugene Klein]] for $15,000. Klein placed an advertisement on the first page of the May 25, 1918 ''Mekeel’s Weekly Stamp News'' offering to sell copies of the invert ($250 for fully perforated examples, $175 for stamps with one straight edge), but announced in his following week’s ad that the entire sheet had been purchased by an individual collector. The buyer, who paid $20,000, was "Colonel" [[H. R. Green]], son of [[Hetty Green]].

Klein advised Green that the stamps would be worth more separately than as a single sheet, and Green went along. He donated one invert to the Red Cross in support of its war efforts (which was auctioned off for $300), while retaining forty-one of the stamps in his own collection, including the plate-number block (initially eight stamps) and several blocks of four.<ref name="Sundman">Donald Sundman, ''The Jenny Invert Plate-Number Block'' [Kindle Edition], Mystic Stamp Company 2012, ASIN: B008MAOPUG</ref> The remainder of the inverts were sold off at steadily increasing prices through Klein, who kept a block of four for himself.<ref name="siegal sale"/> Green had one copy placed in a locket for his wife. This gold and glass locket displayed the inverted Jenny on one side, and a "regular" Jenny stamp on the other. This locket was offered for sale for the first time by the Siegel Auction Galleries Rarity Sale, held on May 18, 2002. It did not sell in the auction, but the philatelic press reported that a Private Treaty sale was arranged later for an unknown price.

The philatelic literature has long stated that seven of the stamps have been lost or destroyed through theft or mishandling. However, in 2007 a copy came to light that had not been seen since Eugene Klein broke up the sheet, and was offered for auction that June. The number of lost stamps then became six. Several others have been damaged, including one that was sucked into a vacuum cleaner. Apparently Green's wife mailed one which, while recovered, is the only cancelled sample. Indeed, no Jenny invert is in pristine condition, because Klein lightly penciled a number on the back of each stamp (from 1 through 10 in the top row to 91 through 100 in the bottom row) so that its original position on the sheet could be identified.<ref>[http://www.kenmorestamp.com/the-inverted-jenny-error The Inverted Jenny]</ref><ref>[http://www.siegelauctions.com/lot_grd.php?btnSubmit=Search&sale_no=&lot_no=&fastsale=on&sdate1=01%2F01%2F1930&sdate2=10%2F11%2F2011&lotclass=All&majgroup=United+States&cat_supgroup=U.S.+Stamps&subgroup=All&lot_catfk=All&catselect=eq&srtorder=c3a&pfoper=gt&pfgrade=&gandor=or&pseoper=gt&psegrade=&symbol%5B%5D=All&realized1=&realized2=&keyword=&recsperpage=10&sea_name=&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp&sea_emailflag=on&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp Siegel power search]</ref> Only five examples survive, in fact, in never hinged condition.<ref name="Siegelrec"/> One of these is the locket copy, which, however has another condition problem: a corner crease at the bottom right probably inflicted while it was being enclosed behind glass.<ref name="locket">2002 Rarities of the World (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 846, May 18, 2002), p. 158.</ref>

==A famous stamp==
[[File:Benjemin K Miller 2305 xl.jpg|thumb|upright|Benjamin K. Miller, whose inverted Jenny stamp was stolen in 1977]]
Aside from having the biplane printed upside down, the inverted Jenny has become famous for other reasons as well. [[Benjamin Miller Collection|Benjamin Kurtz Miller]], one of the early buyers of these inverts, 10 in all, bought the stamp for $250. Miller's inverted Jenny, position 18 on the sheet, was stolen in 1977 but was recovered in the early 1980s though, unfortunately, the top perforations had been cut off to prevent it from being recognized as the stolen Miller stamp. This mutilation made the stamp appear as if it had come from the top row of the sheet, and Klein's numbering on the back was accordingly tampered with to disguise the stamp as position 9—an astute piece of misdirection founded in the knowledge that position 9 had never appeared on the market: in fact, the real position 9 emerged decades later as the locket copy.<ref name="locket"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/topical-reference-pages/inverted-jenny.html|title=The Inverted Jenny|publisher=[[National Postal Museum]]|accessdate=2014-11-10}}</ref>(A genuine straight-edged copy would have cost Miller only $175.) However, that stolen and missing stamp served to drive the value of the other 99 examples even higher. That inverted Jenny was the main attraction in the Smithsonian [[National Postal Museum]]'s 'Rarity Revealed' exhibition, 2007–2009. The "Inverted Jenny" was the most requested postage stamp for viewing by visitors at the museum.<ref>{{cite web|first=Cheryl |last=Ganz |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=191014 |title=24c Curtiss Jenny invert single |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date=2008-09-26 |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the mass media renewed long-dormant public attention to the 1955 theft of an even more spectacular Jenny specimen. This was a block of four (positions 65, 66, 75, 76) with a vertical red guide-line through its center, owned by the collector [[Ethel Bergstresser McCoy|Ethel McCoy]], which was stolen from a stamp show at a Norfolk hotel where it was being exhibited. The top right stamp from this block has never been found; the two left stamps surfaced in the 1970s as single copies offered in auction catalogues and were recovered by the FBI, although they had been camouflaged by minor mutilation: the portions of the right-edge perforations on which parts of the guide line were originally visible had been trimmed off or abraded to remove the red ink. Mrs. McCoy’s will had made the American Philatelic Research Library the legal owner of all four stamps in the block. In 2014 Donald Sundman of the Mystic Stamp Company offered $100,000 in reward money—$50,000 for the two stamps that were still missing—to anyone who could bring them to their rightful owner. The offer was publicized in ''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/15/us/100000-reward-for-missing-inverted-jennies-stamps.html|title=$100,000 Reward for Missing 'Jennies'|date=2014-09-14|accessdate=2014-11-12}}</ref>
and on national network news.

In April 2016, a third stamp from the stolen McCoy block turned up for auction at the Spink USA auction house. The seller was a British citizen in his 20s who claimed to have inherited it from his grandfather and knew little about the stamp's provenance. Examination revealed that the stamp came from position 76 in the pane of 100. The American Philatelic Research Library said it will work to take possession of the stamp once an FBI investigation is complete and other legal matters settled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Laura|title=Rare 'Inverted Jenny' Stamp Turns Up 60 Years After Theft|work=National Public Radio|date=April 15, 2016|accessdate=April 17, 2016|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/15/474441619/rare-inverted-jenny-stamp-turns-up-60-years-after-theft}}</ref> The only stamp that remains missing is position 66.

It should be noted that philatelic forgers have mutilated at least four additional inverted Jennys, (positions 4, 5, 6 and 8) disfiguring them with false perforations at the top (these were copies from the first horizontal row of the sheet, all of which originally had a straight edge at the top. The spurious perforations on position 4 have been trimmed away, but traces of them are still discernable along the narrow margin that remains).<ref name="Siegelrec">The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 1010A, June 18, 2011, p. 18: photographic reconstruction of the Inverted "Jenny" Sheet [six stamp-images missing])</ref>

==A rare swap==
[[File:Inverted jenny400.jpg|thumb|The Inverted Jenny plate block of four (note that the blue plate number is inverted as well). As of June 2015, it was owned by shoe designer and collector [[Stuart Weitzman]].<ref name=Barron4June2015>{{cite news | title=Stuart Weitzman to Display Rare Stamp That Fulfilled Boyhood Dream | work=New York Times | first=James|last=Barron|date=4 June 2015 | accessdate=4 June 2015| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/nyregion/stuart-weitzman-to-display-one-cent-magenta-stamp-that-fulfilled-boyhood-dream.html}}</ref>]]

At an auction of the Green estate in 1944, the unique plate number block of eight stamps was sold for $27,000 to the collector Amos Eno, who had four stamps removed from it. The reduced block fetched only $18,250 when Eno’s estate was sold off ten years later. By 1971, however, its price had risen to $150,000.<ref name="Sundman"/> Eventually, in late October 2005 this plate number block of four stamps was purchased by a then-anonymous buyer for $2,970,000. The purchaser was revealed to be U.S. financier [[Bill Gross (mutuals)|Bill Gross]]. Shortly after purchasing the Inverted Jennys he proceeded to trade them with [[Donald Sundman]], president of the [[Mystic Stamp Company]], a [[stamp dealer]], for one of only two known examples of the USA 1c [[Z Grill]]. By completing this trade, Gross became the owner of the only complete collection of U.S. 19th century stamps.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501464.html |date =2005-05-25 |title=Rare and Costly Stamps to Go on Display
|accessdate = 2006-08-08 |publisher =Washington Post |last=Schmid |first=Randolph E. }}</ref>

==2006 find==
[[File:Invertedjenny stamp ballot.jpg|thumb|The forgery on cover]]
In November 2006, election workers in [[Broward County, Florida]] claimed to have found an Inverted Jenny affixed to an [[absentee ballot]] envelope. The sender did not include any identification with the ballot, which automatically disqualified the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/12/04/stamp-fake-061204.html |title=Expert stamps out hopes of rare postage find |publisher=cbc.ca |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=2006-12-04 }}</ref> Peter Mastrangelo, executive director of the [[American Philatelic Society]], observed that the stamp was at variance with known copies, due in part to its perforations, although the colors had been reproduced accurately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061115/NEWS/611150462/-1/xml |date=2006-11-15 |title=Stamp with ballot may be a fake 'Jenny' |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher = Herald Tribune |last=Zaloudek |first=Mark }}</ref> Further investigations, published in the following month, confirmed that the stamp was a [[Philatelic fakes and forgeries|forgery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0421829620061205 |date=2006-12-04 |title=Stamp used on Florida ballot a fake |accessdate=2007-01-15 |publisher=Reuters }}</ref>

==95th anniversary souvenir sheet==
On September 22, 2013 the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[souvenir sheet]] illustrating six examples of the inverted stamp denominated $2 instead of the original 24 cents.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 New U.S. Stamp Issues |publisher=[[American Philatelic Society]] |date=9 September 2013 |url=http://stamps.org/userfiles/image/newissues/13-invertedjenny.jpg|accessdate=2015-05-15 }}</ref> The sheets were sold at face value, $12 (the issue was sold only as souvenir sheets of six, and not as individual $2 stamps). Various special packagings for collectors were also offered for a premium.<ref>[http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_074.htm Rarest Stamp Error in U.S. History, Inverted Jenny, Flies Again]</ref>

In addition to the 2.2 million sheets printed with the plane inverted, the Postal Service announced it also printed 100 "non-inverted Jenny" souvenir sheets, with the plane flying right side up. All sheets are individually wrapped in sealed envelopes to recreate the excitement of finding an inverted Jenny when opening the envelope and to avoid the possibility of discovering a corrected Jenny prior to purchase. Individuals purchasing one of the 100 non-inverted Jenny sheets find a congratulatory note inside the wrapping asking them to call a phone number to receive a certificate of acknowledgement signed by [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] [[Patrick R. Donahoe|Patrick Donahoe]].<ref>http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_079.htm</ref> A non-inverted sheet purchased by Gail and David Robinson of Richmond, Virginia was sold in June 2014 by Siegel Auctions "Rarities of the World" for $51,750, with the 15% buyer's premium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rarities of the World Sale 1075: Upright Jenny Souvenir Sheet |work=Auction catalog |publisher=Robert Siegal Auction Gallaries |date=26 June 2014 |url=https://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2014&lot_name=Inverted%20Jenny%20%28C3a%29%20and%20Upright%20Jenny%20Souvenir%20Sheet&start_lot=1182&stop_lot=1183&sale_name=2014%20Rarities%20of%20the%20World&sale_no=1075&sale_date=Thursday,%20June%2026,%202014 |accessdate=16 January 2015 }}</ref>

In 2015 the Postal Service's [[Inspector General]] called the issuing of a few right side up Jenny airmail sheets improper because regulations do not allow the deliberate creation and distribution of stamp errors. The Service's general counsel was aware of the plan but formal approval by the legal department did not occur. It was also found that the Service's stamp fulfillment center in [[Missouri]] had accidentally failed to distribute 23 of the 30 sheets it was supposed to randomly mix in with orders (the other 70 went to local post offices). Thus not even the promised 100 were made available to the public.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2015/07/21/usps-botched-plan-to-make-money-off-the-most-famous-stamp-error-in-history-watchdog-says/ Postal Service’s reprinting of famous stamp error broke agency rules]</ref>

==StampWants giveaway==

As covered in ''Linn's Stamp News'', on January 12, 2008, StampWants.com (an online marketplace for stamps, now known as bidStart.com) gave away an inverted Jenny, after a year-long promotion the company ran. This represented the most expensive stamp ever given away in any sort of promotion. The winner of the giveaway was John Shedlock, of California, and the stamp was presented to him by the then-current Miss New Jersey, [[Amy Polumbo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-new-jersey-to-present-giveaway-of-rare-400000-stamp-by-stampwantscom-at-aps-ameristamp-expo-58761607.html |title=Miss New Jersey to Present Giveaway of Rare $400,000 Stamp by StampWants.com at APS Ameristamp Expo |publisher=PR Newswire |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Inverted Jenny}}
*[[Airmails of the United States]]
*[[List of United States airmail stamps#1918–1919|List of United States airmail stamps]]
*[[CIA invert]]
*[[Invert error]]
*[[List of notable postage stamps]]
*[[Philatelic investment]]
*[[Stamp collecting]]
*[[Pan-American invert]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Amick, George. ''The Inverted Jenny: Mystery, Money, Mania''. Scott Pub Inc Co (May 1, 1987). {{ISBN|0-89487-089-0}}
*[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/issues/1996/july/object_july96.php Smithsonian Institution article on the Inverted Jenny on display at the [[National Postal Museum]]{{dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}]] (archived version {{date|2010-10-19|mdy}})
*[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061115/ap_on_re_us/rare_stamp "Yahoo News 'Jenny' Stamp on Ballet Is Likely a Fake"] November 14, 2006 Date accessed: 2006-11-15 (Link dead as of 05:02, 15 January 2007 (UTC))
*Roy, Ron. ''The Empty Envelope''. Random House Children's Books, 2000.

== External links ==
*[http://www.invertedjenny.com Topic-specific website]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}

[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Curtiss-Wright Company]]
[[Category:Airmail stamps]]
[[Category:1918 works]]
[[Category:1918 in the United States]]
[[Category:Postage stamp invert errors]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-06-05T21:45:33Z

BFolkman: /* Recordings */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he took up permanent residence in 2017.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD AF1704. ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

2017-04-14T17:11:02Z

BFolkman:

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}




[[File:George Washington2 1861 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|280px|<center>- [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#George Washington|George Washington]] - Issue of 1861 Engraving modeled after the Gilbert Stuart portrait</center>]]

'''Presidents of the United States''' have frequently appeared '''on U.S. postage stamps''' since the mid–1800s. When the [[United States]] [[United States Post Office Department|Post Office]] released its first two postage stamps in 1847, George Washington, along with Benjamin Franklin, were the two subjects depicted on these [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States#First national postage stamps|premier issues]]. The advent of [[President of the United States|presidents]] on postage stamps has been definitive to U.S. postage stamp design since the first issues were released and set the precedent that U.S. stamp designs would follow for many generations.

The paper [[postage stamp]] itself was born of utility (in [[England]], 1840), as something simple and easy to use was needed to confirm that postage had been paid for an item of mail. People could purchase several stamps at one time and no longer had to make a special trip to pay for postage each time an item was mailed. The postage stamp design was usually printed from a fine engraving and were almost impossible to forge adequately. This is where the appearance of presidents on stamps was introduced. Moreover, the subject theme of a president, along with the honors associated with it, is what began to define the stamp issues in ways that took it beyond the physical postage stamp itself and is why people began to collect them. There exist entire series of stamp issues whose printing was inspired by the subject alone.{{huh|date=May 2016}}

The portrayals of Washington and Franklin on U.S. postage are among the most definitive of examples and have appeared on numerous postage stamps. The presidential theme in stamp designs would continue as the decades passed, each period issuing stamps with variations of the same basic presidential-portrait design theme. The portrayals of U.S. presidents on U.S. postage has remained a significant subject and design theme on definitive postage throughout most of U.S. stamp issuance history.<ref name="Scotts">{{cite book |title=Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps and Covers|year=2010 |publisher=Scott Publishing Company |ISBN=978-0-89487-446-8  |editor1-first=James E. |editor1-last=Kloetzel |author=Jones, William A.}}</ref><ref name="Kenmore" />


Engraved portrayals of U.S. presidents were the only designs found on U.S. postage from 1847 until 1869, with the one exception of Benjamin Franklin, whose historical stature was comparable to that of a president, although his appearance was also an acknowledgement of his role as the first U. S. Postmaster General. During this period, the U.S. Post Office issued various postage stamps bearing the depictions of George Washington foremost, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, and Abraham Lincoln, the last of whom first appeared in 1866, one year after his death. After twenty-two years of issuing stamps with only presidents and Franklin, the Post Office<ref>References are made to ''U.S. Post Office'' for history prior to 1971</ref> in 1869 issued [[1869 Pictorial Issue|a series of eleven postage stamps]] that were generally regarded by the American public as being abruptly different from the previous issues and whose designs were considered at the time to be a break from the tradition of honoring [[Founding Fathers of the United States|American forefathers]] on the nation's postage stamps. These new issues had other nonpresidential subjects and a design style that was also different, one issue bearing a horse, another a locomotive, while others were depicted with nonpresidential themes. Washington and Lincoln were to be found only once in this series of eleven stamps, which some considered to be below par in design and image quality. As a result, this pictographic series was met with general disdain and proved so unpopular that the issues were consequently sold for only one year where remaining stocks were pulled from post offices across the United States.<ref name="Kenmore">''Kenmore'' Collectors Catalogue, #906, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspcs.org/uspcs1869.html |title=The U.S. Philatelic Classics Society |publisher=Uspcs.org |date= |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Alexander T. Haimann, National Postal Museum |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2029277 |title=The 1869 issues, National Postal Museum |publisher=Arago.si.edu |date=2006-05-16 |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref>

In 1870 the Post Office resumed its tradition of printing postage stamps with the portraits of American Presidents and Franklin but now added several other famous Americans, including Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Alexander Hamilton and General Winfield Scott among other notable Americans.<ref name="Scotts" /><ref name="Kenmore" /> Indeed, the balance had now shifted somewhat; of the ten stamps issued in 1870, only four offered presidential images. Moreover, presidents also appeared on less than half of the denominations in the definitive sets of 1890, 1917, 1954 and 1965, while occupying only a slight majority of values in the definitive issues of 1894–98, 1902 and 1922–25.

Presidential images did, however, overwhelmingly dominate the definitive sets released in 1908 and 1938: on the former, 10 of the 11 stamps offered the same image of Washington, while in the 1938 "prexies" series, 29 of the 32 stamps presented busts of presidents. The 1975 Americana Series marked a clear end to this tradition, being the first U.S. definitive issue on which no presidential portrait appeared; and presidents played only a minor role in the subsequent Great Americans series.

{{As of|2016}}, every U.S. president who is deceased has appeared on at least one U.S. postage stamp, and all but Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford have appeared on at least two.

{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}

==First appearances==
The portrayals of various American presidents made their first appearances on U.S. postage at different times for very different reasons. Among the most definitive is [[George Washington]], whose engraving (along with that of [[Benjamin Franklin]]) appeared on the [[commons:File:First US Stamps 1847 Issue.jpg|first U.S. Postage stamps]] released by the [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Post Office]], on July 1 of 1847. [[Thomas Jefferson]] first appeared on U.S. postage in March 1856, nine years after the first issues were released. Fifteen years of stamp issuance would pass before [[Andrew Jackson]] would appear on a U.S. postage stamp. However, by this time, Jackson had already been presented on two Confederate stamps (both 2-cent values), making him the only U.S. president introduced to postage by the Confederacy rather than the U.S. Post Office. [[Abraham Lincoln]] appeared for the first time on a U.S. postage stamp with the issue of 1866, released on April 14, 1866, the first anniversary of his death. Up until this time only the portrayals of Washington, Franklin, Jefferson and Jackson were found on U.S. postage.<ref name="Scotts" />
<center>
{|
| [[File:George Washington 1847 issue.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>[[George Washington]] Issue of 1847</center>]]
| [[File:Jefferson3b 1856-5c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>[[Thomas Jefferson]] Issue of 1856</center>]]
| [[File:Andrew Jackson2 1862 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>[[Andrew Jackson]] [[Black Jack (stamp)|Issue of 1863]]</center>]]
| [[File:Lincoln 1866 Issue-15c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>[[Abraham Lincoln]] Issue of 1866</center>]]
|}</center>
* The First Washington postage stamp. The 5-cent Franklin and the 10-cent Washington postage stamps issued in 1847 were the first postage stamps issued and authorized for nationwide postal duty by the U.S. Post Office. The firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson of New York City were given a four-year contract to print the first U.S. postage stamps in 1847. The initials: "RWH&E" are clearly engraved at the bottom of both stamps. The engraving of Washington is identical to the one by the portrait engraver Asher Brown Durand on a Bank-Note issued by Fairfield County Bank of Connecticut, during a period when many banks issued their own forms of paper currency.<ref name="1847usa" /> Both the Washington and Franklin issues were reprinted in 1875 from re-engraved images subtly different from the originals.<ref name="Kenmore" />
* In March 1856 the Post Office issued the first postage stamp to feature [[Thomas Jefferson]]. The exact date of issue is not clear. ''Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps and Covers'' establishes the release date with the first known use of this issue, March 24, 1856. The first issue of this stamp was in imperforate form, engraved and printed by Toppan, Carpenter, Casilear & Co. The Jefferson issue saw postal duty from the spring of 1856 to the summer of 1857. The engraving of Jefferson was modeled after a portrait of the President by [[Gilbert Stuart]]. By mid-1857 the stamps were issued with the top and bottom design projections omitted and with perforations. This printing was issued in at least six major color variations.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* On July 1, 1863 the Post Office issued the 2-cent Jackson stamp, commonly referred to by collectors as the '[[Black Jack (stamp)|Black Jack]]' stamp. Printed by the [[National Bank Note Company]], it was released on the same day the new drop letter rate (the fee for mail delivered within city limits) was raised to two cents.<ref>Scotts United States Stamp Catalogue: Domestic Letter rates</ref> Jackson is the third U.S. president to be honored on U.S. postage.<ref name="Kenmore" />
* On or near April 14, 1866, one year after Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the U.S. Post Office issued its first postage stamp honoring the fallen president. The engraving of Lincoln was rendered by Joseph Ourdan after a photograph by C.S. German.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />



==George Washington==
[[File:Washington Head2 W-F.jpg|thumb|240px|<center>''Washington''</center>
----
This engraving was modeled after a bust of Washington by renowned French sculptor [[Jean Antoine Houdon]].]]
[[George Washington]] (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797, and before this, served as the commander of the [[Continental Army]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]] from 1775 to 1783. The [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] elected Washington unanimously in [[United States presidential election, 1789|1789]], and again in the [[United States presidential election, 1792|1792 election]]; To this day George Washington remains the only American president to have received 100 percent of the electoral votes. Washington took his oath of office while standing on the balcony of [[Federal Hall]] on Wall Street in New York City.<ref name="WhiteHouseArchives">{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/presidents/ |title=White House, Washington D.C., Presidential Archives |publisher=The White House |date=October 1, 2010 |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/wash |title=George Washington |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=June 17, 2010}}</ref>

The chronology of presidents on U.S. postage begins with George Washington. Near the end of Washington's second term as president, [[Martha Washington]] commissioned the well-known portrait artist [[Gilbert Stuart]] to paint both her portrait and the [[commons:File:Gilbert Stuart 003.jpg|president's]]. Stuart was known for the length of time it took him to complete a painting, and consequently neither the president nor his wife ever saw the finished paintings. The two portraits remained unfinished and tacked to a door in Stuart's Boston studio until his death in 1828. In 1860, artist [[Rembrandt Peale]] [[commons:File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|finished Stuart's work]], filling in where this artist had left off. Stuart's portrait of Washington<ref>This is Stuart's most famous and celebrated portrayal of Washington, known as 'The Athenaeum', which, was used to model the engravings on the U.S. one dollar bill and various postage stamps of the 19th and 20th centuries.</ref><ref>[http://www.gilbertstuartmuseum.com/ Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum] ''Gilbert Stuart Biography''</ref> became the model image for a good number of postage issues of the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|author=Alexander T. Haimann |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2027665 |title=Smithsonian National Postal Museum, 1861 Issues |publisher=Arago.si.edu |date=May 22, 2006 |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref>

George Washington remains the central figure found on U.S. postage. The first president appears on the face of U.S. postage more than any other president. The engraved images of Washington found on the early issues set the precedent that all U.S. postage issues would follow in the following decades. Indeed, in virtually every U.S. definitive stamp series offered between 1851 and 1932, Washington appeared on the normal letter-rate value (the only exception being the short-lived 1869 pictorial issue); other presidents, statesmen and famous Americans were confined to the less commonly used denominations. Since the first U.S. postage stamp was issued by the U.S. Post Office, there have been more examples of George Washington appearing on U.S. postage than all other American presidents combined, including [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[Abraham Lincoln]] and even the frequently honored [[Benjamin Franklin]] (who was not president).<ref name="Scotts" /> Examples of all the various Washington stamps are too numerous to include in this section, as many of the issues are very similar with only differences in color and denomination, such as the [[Washington-Franklin Issues|Washington-Franklin issues]]. Featured below are the issues that are unique in their designs and the most definitive.

===Pre-history===
When the U.S. Post Office issued its 10-cent Washington value of 1847 as part of the first U.S. national postage stamp release, Washington's image had already been appearing for five years on postage stamps printed in the U.S. by private letter-carrying services and by local postmasters. Indeed, the first postage stamp ever produced in the Western Hemisphere was a 3-cent issue bearing a somewhat crude engraving of Washington, introduced in 1842 by the City Despatch Post in New York City. [[File:NYPostProv.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>N. Y. Postmaster's Provisional, 1845</center>]] In 1845, the New York Postmaster issued a [[New York Postmaster's Provisional|provisional stamp]] for local use which offered a far more elegant image of Washington, engraved by the firm of Rawdon, Wright and Hatch (the same company that, two years later, would produce the first National U.S. postage stamps). That year, Washington also appeared on a very rare [[:File:Stamp USA, MILLBURY Mass.jpg|5-cent provisional issue]] offered by the post office in Millbury Massachusetts. Washington was the only president depicted on any of the postmasters' provisionals released during this period.

===Classic period===
Postage stamp designs of this period were typically taken from paintings and other works by famous artists that set the precedent for stamp designs in the ensuing years of American stamp production. Engravers from this period typically used the works of [[John Trumbull]], [[Gilbert Stuart]] and [[Jean Antoine Houdon]] as models for their engravings.<ref name="Smithsonian">[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2028276 Smithsonian National Postal Museum]</ref>
<center>
{|
| [[File:Washington 1851 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1851/57</center>]]
| [[File:Washington 1851 Issue-12c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1851</center>]]
| [[File:Washington 1855 Issue1-10c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1855</center>]]
| [[File:Washington1860issue24c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1860</center>]]
| [[File:Washington 1860 Issue-90c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1860</center>]]
|}</center>
* On July 1, 1851, the U.S. Post Office issued a 3-cent postage stamp. Because of die recuts, double transfers from die to plate and different paper used for its printing, this issue comes in numerous varieties. The authoritative book on the issue, 'Classic U.S. Stamps 1845–1869' was written by Carroll Chase, published in 1962. Engraving of image taken from a sculpture by [[Jean Antoine Houdon]]. The Post Office did not produce perforated versions of this stamp until 1857.
* The Post Office released the 12-cent Washington on August 4 of 1851. The engraving of Washington is modeled after a portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]]. When the 12c issue was printed the stamp was the highest U.S. denomination ever issued. The issue was printed by Toppan, Carpenter, Casilear & Co. A perforated version appeared in 1857.
* In 1855 the postal rate for mail bound for destinations over 3,000 miles was increased from 6 cents to 10 cents, a change that prompted the issue of the 1855 10-cent Washington stamp. This 10-cent green issue was printed by Toppan, Carpenter, Casilear & Co. who reused the engraving of Washington (the vignette) of the 12-cent Washington 1851 Issue for this 10-cent postage stamp. The engraving was modeled after Gilbert Stuart's portrait of Washington. A perforated version appeared in 1857.
* In 1857 printing plates were made for a 24-cent Washington issue, but the stamp itself was not produced until 1860; the earliest known date of usage is July 7.
* On August 13, 1860 the Post Office issued the Washington 90c issue. Washington's engraving was modeled after a portrait by [[John Trumbull]], titled ''[[George Washington before the Battle of Trenton]]'', painted in 1792. It was only issued in the year 1860 and because of its high denomination only 29,000 copies were made and surviving examples are scarce. There were very few occasions where the amount of postage required to mail an item cost as much as 90c and as a result, genuine postally used examples of this issue are worth about twice as much as unused specimens.<ref name="Scotts" /><ref name="Kenmore" />

===Civil War era===
[[Abraham Lincoln]] assumed office in March 1861 and just one month later the Confederate forces fired on [[Fort Sumter]] which marked the beginning of the [[American Civil War]]. Issued only months after the [[Battle of Fort Sumter]], no other series of stamps issued during the Classic Period has such an important connection to [[American history]] as the 1861 National Bank Note Company Issues. As in the series issued between 1851 and 1860, Washington occurs five times in the 1861 group while Franklin occurs twice and Jefferson once.<ref name="Scotts" />
<center>
{|
| [[File:George Washington2 1861 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|180px|<center>Issue of 1861</center>]]
| [[File:Washington Pair22 1861 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|330px|<center>Issue of 1861</center>]]
|}</center>
* The Post Office released the 10c Washington green issue on August 20, 1861. Washington's portrayal was engraved by [[William Marshall (engraver)|William Marshall]] who employed [[Gilbert Stuart]]'s unfinished portrait of the first American president for his model.<ref name="1847usa">[http://1847usa.com/ByYear/1861.htm 1847USA]</ref>
* The 3c Washington of this series was issued on August 19, 1861. The engraved imagery was modeled after a bust of Washington by French sculptor [[Jean Antoine Houdon]].
<center>
{|
| [[File:George Washington 1861 Issue-12c.jpg|thumb|170px|<center>Issue of 1861</center>]]
| [[File:Washington 1862 Issue-24c.jpg|Issue of 1862|thumb|175px|<center>Issue of 1862</center>]]
| [[File:Washington 1861 Issue-90c.jpg|thumb|170px|<center>Issue of 1861</center>]]
|}</center>
* 12c Washington issue of 1861. The National Bank Note Company was founded in 1859, and William Marshall was one of the first portrait engravers hired. By early 1860, Marshall was given the task of engraving Washington's portrayal for the 1861 Issue. He was sent to Boston to use Gilbert Stuart's portrait painting of George Washington as his model for the new engraving.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Birkinbine |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2027672 |title=Smithsonian, Washington issue of 1861 |publisher=Arago.si.edu |date=May 22, 2006 |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref>
* The 24c lilac was issued January 7, 1862. The engraving was taken from same Gilbert Stuart painting, although the image was reversed. The engraver was William Marshall, the same artist who produced the 10 and 12 cent Washington 1861 Issues. William D. Nichols and Cyrus Durand (inventor of the machine used to produce intricate lathe work in engravings) was the engraver of the stamp's frame work.<ref>[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&img=&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2027719 , 1862 issues, National Postal Museum]</ref>
* The 90c Washington stamp was issued in the last two weeks in August 1861 to only several post offices. The earliest known use on cover is November 27, 1861. The engraving of Washington was taken from the same John Trumbull portrait as was the issue of 1860.

[[File:Washington 1869 Issue22-6c.jpg|thumb|170px|<center>Issue of 1869</center>]]
* In 1869 the ill-fated 'pictorial issue' was released. Most of the stamp issues from this series featured scenes of various sorts. The Washington stamp of this series was criticized as much as the others but for its plain graphic features, like the checker background surrounding the vignette. The stamp format was designed by E. Pitcher while the engraving was modeled after a Gilbert Stuart portrait of Washington.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* George Washington is also found on an 1863 [[Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States|Civil War issue]] of the Confederate States.
{{clear}}

===Post–Civil War===
[[File:Bust of George Washington by Houdon.jpg|thumb|175px|<center>Bust of Washington''by Jean Antoine Houdon''</center><center>This sculpture served as the model for Washington engravings on a variety of postage issues of the late 19th century</center>]]
The ending of the American Civil War marked a beginning in U.S. stamp subject and design change. The Union victory brought with it a strong American nationalism among the populace throughout the north and much of the country. This national sentiment was largely responsible for the various Civil War figures to appear on U.S. postage. Until 1869, with the one exception of Benjamin Franklin, only American presidents were found on U.S. postage. In April 1870, however, the images of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Winfield Scott, Alexander Hamilton and Oliver Hazzard Perry appeared on new the 12¢, 15¢, 24¢, 30¢ and 90¢ stamps, and the following year [[Edwin M. Stanton]], the [[U.S. Secretary of War]] under Lincoln, appeared on a [[:File:Stanton 1871-7c.jpg|7-cent postage stamp]].<ref name="Scotts" /><ref name=" Post Civil War Nationalism">{{cite web |url=http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/symposium2010/abstracts.html |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |title=Post Civil War Nationalism and the Designs of United States Stamps in the Nineteenth Century |author=Steven R. Boyd|accessdate=December 18, 2010}}</ref>

'''1870s'''

The postage issued in the US during this time was printed by the [[National Bank Note Company]] (NBNCo) on white wove paper. The first printing was issued with [[Grill (philately)|'grills']], tiny cuts in the paper to absorb ink. Later reprintings were issued without grilling. The [[National Bank Note Company]]'s contract expired in 1873, and the [[Continental Bank Note Company]] (CBNC) won the contract to continue printing the series and took over some of the dies and plates used by NBNCo. The new company employed secret marks on the lower-value stamps to distinguish its work from the first printing.<ref name="Scotts" /><ref name="Smithsonian" /> The green Washington 3¢ issue was printed in such large quantities that postally used examples remain inexpensive to this day, from pennies to a few dollars, depending on type of cancellation and condition. (The green variety was reprinted again by the [[American Bank Note Company]] (AmBNC), also in very large quantities, and issued on July 16, 1881.) The 3-cent Washington design was printed yet a fourth time, in vermillion, in 1887. The 3-cent issues paid the domestic letter rate for a half-ounce letter.<ref name="Scotts" />

The profile image of George Washington found on various postage issues of the late 19th century and early 20th century is modeled after a bust of Washington by the renowned sculptor [[Jean-Antoine Houdon]]. Several engravers of presidential portraits on U.S. postage have modeled their engravings after Houdon's sculptures.

{| style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"
|+ '''Large Bank Notes of the 1870s'''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[File:George Washington 1870 Issue33-3c.jpg|thumb|175px|<center>Issue of 1870 NBNCo</center>]]
| Engraving taken from bust by [[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Washington3 1870 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|175px|<center>Issue of 1887 (reprint of 1870 issue)</center>]]
|-
| Jean Antoine Houdon's portrait sculpture of Washington was the result of a specific invitation from Benjamin Franklin to come to the United States so that Washington could model for him. Washington sat for wet clay life models and a plaster life mask in 1785.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mountvernon.org/visit/plan/index.cfm/pid/238/ |title=Mount Vernon Estate : archives |publisher=Mountvernon.org |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref> These models served for many commissions of Washington and eventually were used as models for the engravings of Washington on several US Postage issues of the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s.
|}

'''1880s'''

In 1883 the Post Office reduced the first-class letter rate from 3 cents to 2 cents for a half-ounce letter mailed within the continental United States, which Congress approved on March 3, 1883, effective October 1, 1883.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stamps.org/directories/dir_qnausrates.htm |title=American Philatelic Society |publisher=Stamps.org |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref> The Post Office immediately issued a 2-cent Washington stamp, so that the first president's image would remain visible on normal letters.

{| style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"
|+ '''American Bank Note Company'''
|-
| colspan=3 | Engraving taken from bust by [[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
|-
| [[File:Washington4 1883 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|165px|<center>Issue of 1883</center>]]
| [[File:Washington CV 1883 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|147px|<center>Issue of 1883</center>]]
| [[File:Washington2 1887Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|147px|<center>Issue of 1887</center>]]
|}

'''1890s'''

Stamp issues during the 1890s were first printed by the [[American Bank Note Company]] in 1890 and then by the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] in 1894. The image for both issues was produced by an engraving that was modeled after a bust of Washington by sculptor [[Jean Antoine Houdon]].<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />

[[File:George Washington 1890 Issue Lake-2c.jpg|thumb|left|155px|<center>Issue of 1890</center>]]
[[File:Washington 1895 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1895</center>]]
* The American Bank Note 1890 issue, 2c, lake variety, Washington stamp (left) was issued on February 22, 1890, becoming the first stamp to be issued on a president's birthday.
* Bureau of Engraving and Printing issues, struck from the same dies as the ABN 1890 issues with minor changes in the frame work, three different styled triangles, known to collectors as the 'Bureau Triangles'. The 2c Washington paid the letter domestic letter rate and was printed in such large quantities that numerous color variations exist.<ref name="Smithsonian" /><ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
{{clear}}

===Start of the 20th century===
At the start of the 20th century, [[George Washington]] continued to be the most prominent subject depicted on the face of U.S. postage stamps. Washington would remain the most prevalent figure on U.S. postage for most of the 20th century. Only [[Benjamin Franklin]] is second to Washington, in part because Franklin is depicted on the numerous denominations of the Washington-Franklin series almost as often as Washington.<ref name="Wash'Frank-Armstrong">Washington Franklins 1908–1921, 1979 by Martin Armstrong</ref> Ironically, George Washington did not appear on a [[Commemorative stamp|''commemorative'' issue]] until 1925 when he was featured on a [[commons:file:Washington at Cambridge 1925 Issue-2c.jpg|stamp]] commemorating another historical event.

[[File:Washington stamp 2c 1903 issue.JPG|thumb|175px|<center>Issue of 1903</center>]]

* Issued on January 17, 1903, the 2c carmine red Washington postage stamp featured an engraving of Washington inspired and modeled after a painting by [[Gilbert Stuart]] which features a one quarter left image of Washington. R. Ostrander Smith designed the stamp. The vignette with its two American flags is often referred to as the Washington "Flag" stamp. Washington's portrait was engraved by George F. C. Smillie who engraved a variety of stamp images for the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]. The 1903 issue is one among the second series of stamp issues that were produced that year by the Bureau.

[[File:George Washington2 1903 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|175px|<center>Issue of 1903</center>]]
* On November 12, 1903, because of public dissatisfaction with the 1903 2-cent Washington "Flag" stamp, the Post Office issued a new 2-cent stamp featuring Washington's portrait within a shield of stars and stripes. Often referred to as the 2-cent Washington "Shield" stamp, this issue was released on November 12, 1903. Along with the shield background, the left numeral is enclosed with laurel leaves while the number on the right is surrounded with oak leaves, symbolizing Washington's role as president in peace time and as general in times of war. Unlike the first 2c stamp of 1903, this issue was designed by [[Clair Aubrey Huston]] from a painting by [[Gilbert Stuart]].<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> The engraving of Washington was done by George F. C. Smillie. The Washington "Shield" stamp is recognized for its many shade varieties, as collectors have distinguished over a hundred shades of this particular issue.<ref name="Scotts" />

{{clear}}

===Washington-Franklin Issues===
{{Main|Washington-Franklin Issues}}
[[File:Washington-1c and Franklin-1c.jpg|thumb|300px|<center>''The Washington – Franklin Issue''</center>]]

The Washington-Franklin Issues were unique in the sense that these subjects were the only ones found on definitive stamps for more than a decade. Beginning in 1908 the Washington-Franklin definitive stamps were issued over a twelve-year period in denominations ranging from one cent to [[commons:file:Benjamin Franklin 2-Big-Bens 1918 Issue.jpg|five dollars]], with different colors for each denomination, all with the same engraved profile of Washington or Franklin. While both Washington and Franklin occur on the 1-cent values, both in green, only one of them appears in a given series (Franklin on the issues until 1912, Washington on the subsequent releases).<ref name="Wash'Frank-Armstrong" /> In the first issue, Franklin appeared only on the one-cent value, while the same Washington image graced the remaining eleven denominations, which ranged from two cents to one dollar. In later issues, Washington was present only on the seven denominations between one cent and seven cents, and all the higher values were assigned to Franklin. The engraving of Washington was modeled after a bust by the renowned sculptor [[Jean Antoine Houdon]].<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> The few examples exhibited here are largely representative of this greater series. Franklin is displayed once here for general reference to the Washington-Franklin issues.

<center>
{|
| [[File:Wash Frank 1908 Issue-Two-Cent.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1908</center>]]
| [[File:Washington WF 1917 Issue-7c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1917</center>]]
| [[File:Wash Frank 1909 Issue-$1.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1909</center>]]
|}</center>
* On January 29, 1909, the Post Office issued the 1-dollar Washington Head stamp. It was the last of the first issue of Washington-Franklin stamps to appear. The stamp remained on sale at Post Offices for more than three years before being replaced by a Franklin head 1-dollar stamp in 1912.<ref name="Wash'Frank-Armstrong" /> The one-dollar stamp is the highest denomination on which Washington appears in this series. Franklin is honored on the two- and five-dollar denominations.<ref name="Scotts-WF">Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps, Washington – Franklin Issues</ref>

[[File:WF Washington 1911 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|272px|center|<center>[[Washington-Franklin Issues#Coil stamps|Washington on coil stamps]]</center><center>issue of 1911</center>]]

<center>The various denominations found on postage for a given year issue can be viewed on the '''[[Template:Washington-Franklin Issue|''Washington-Franklin'' issues chart]]'''.</center>

===Washington on commemorative issues===
Until the end of World War I, the Post Office, as a rule, issued commemorative stamps for only one reason: to promote a significant national exposition mounted by a U.S. city (the solitary exception to this practice was the Lincoln Memorial issue of 1909). The limited range of stamp subjects suitable to these trade fairs left no room for Washington's image on such commemoratives -- even though he was the central subject of U.S. definitive stamps during these years. It was only after this restriction had been abandoned, in 1925, that Washington first appeared on a [[commemorative issue]]. This was twenty-one years after the Louisiana Purchase Exposition series, which had included the first three American commemoratives to honor specific presidents: [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Monroe]] and [[William McKinley]].<ref name="Scotts-Commemoratives">Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps: Commemorative Index</ref>
<center>
{|
| [[File:Washington at Cambridge 1925 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|250px|<center>Washington at [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|Cambridge</center>]]<center>Issue of 1925</center>]]
| [[File:Washington at Prayer 1928 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>[[Valley Forge|Washington at Prayer</center>]]<center>Issue of 1928</center>]]
| [[File:Washington at Brooklyn 1951 Issue-3cjpg.jpg|thumb|250px|<center>Washington at [[Battle of Long Island|Brooklyn]]</center><center>Issue of 1951</center>]]
|}</center>
* On the 1-cent stamp portraying the [[Battle of Lexington and Concord|Lexington – Concord issue of 1925]], Washington is shown leading the Massachusetts Militia at Cambridge against [[Thomas Gage|General Gage]] and the [[British regulars]]. This series was the first of many commemoratives celebrating the 150th anniversary of important events of the [[American Revolution]]. Like all issues of this period, this stamp was produced by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.

[[File:Washington taking Oath 1939 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>Washington takes [[George Washington#Presidency|Oath]]</center><center>Issue of 1939</center>]]
* This [[commons:file:Two Cent Reds 150th Anniv.jpg|2-cent red]] postage stamp was issued on May 26, 1928. This commemorative honored the 150th anniversary of George Washington at Valley Forge and depicts him kneeling in prayer before the battle.
* The Post Office issued a 3-cent commemorative stamp, on December 10, 1951, at Brooklyn, New York, to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the [[Battle of Brooklyn]]. The stamp portrays the evacuation of General Washington's troops from Brooklyn at the site of the Fulton Ferry House, with an accurate depiction of the house and the flat-bottomed ferries used to cross the East River.
* On April 30, 1789, President Washington took the oath of President of the United States. On the 150th anniversary of his inauguration, April 30, 1939, the Post Office issued a 3c commemorative stamp celebrating this event. The engraving depicts Washington standing on the balcony of the [[Federal Hall#Historic building|Federal Hall]] in New York reciting the oath of office.<ref name="WhiteHouseArchives" />
{|
| [[File:Yorktown 1931 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|240px|<center>Battle of Yorktown Issue of 1931</center>]]
| [[File:Washington Green2 Army Issue 1937-1c.jpg|thumb|240px|<center>Washington Green Issue of 1937</center>]]
| [[File:Washington and Lee Univ 3c 1949 issue.JPG|thumb|240px|<center>Washington, Lee & University Issue of 1949</center>]]
|}
* The 2-cent stamp issued on October 19, 1931, marked the 150th anniversary of the [[Siege of Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]] (1781). This issue depicts Washington with Count de Rochambeau and Count de Grasse at his right and left, leaders of the French forces that aided in the victory of the [[American Revolution]].
[[File:Washington Valley Forge2 1977-13c.jpg|thumb|148px|<center>Christmas Issue, 1977</center>]]
* The 1-cent Army Issue of December 15, 1936, features George Washington's home at [[Mount Vernon]] as its central design. Portraits of Washington and [[Nathanael Greene]] appear on either side of the image of Mount Vernon. Greene was one of Washington's most valued generals in the Revolutionary War.
* The 13-cent stamp Christmas Issue commemorates the 200th anniversary of Washington's army at [[Valley Forge]], and was based on the [[J. C. Leyendecker]] painting ''George Washington at Valley Forge''. Leyendecker's painting first appeared on the cover of the [[Saturday Evening Post]] on February 23, 1935. The stamp was designed by Steven Dohanos. The stamp was first available on October 21, 1977, at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> {{clear}}

===Washington's 200th anniversary===
{{main|Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932}}
On January 1, 1932, in celebration of [[George Washington]]'s 200th anniversary of birth, the U.S. Post Office released its Washington Bicentennial Issue, a series of twelve postage stamps each with a different portrait of Washington. Each engraved portrayal was modeled from a different painting by an early American artist and the images present Washington at different periods in his life.<ref name="Scotts" /><ref name="Smithsonian" /> Engravings of Washington often depict his profile. In the 1932 Bicentennial anniversary series there are two issues that show Washington in profile, one facing left, the other facing right. Information regarding quantities issued can be found on the [[1932 Washington Bicentennial|Washington Bicentennial Issue]] page.
[[File:Washington Bicentennial 1932 Issue2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|<center>Washington Bicentennial issue of 1932</center>]]

The Washington Bicentennial issues of 1932 are the first commemorative postage stamps ever issued by the Post Office that honor and depict George Washington by himself, and not in conjunction with other people, places, or events as is the case with the [[commons:File:Washington3commemorative.jpg|three commemoratives]] with Washington's image issued before 1932.<ref name="Kenmore" /> There were 4.2 billion copies produced of the 2-cent Washington value in this series, a total that remains the largest stamp printing of a single issue ever to occur in U.S. postal history.<ref>[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2033008 Washington Bicentenial, Smithsonian National Postal Museum]</ref>

===Washington issues, middle 20th century===
<center>
{|
| [[File:George Washington 1923 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|137px|<center>Issue of 1923</center>]]
| [[File:George Washington 3c 1932 issue.JPG|thumb|133px|<center>Issue of 1932</center>]]
| [[File:Washington 1938 Issue2-1c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
|}</center>
* On January 15, 1923, the Post Office issued another 2c red Washington postage stamp as part of its new definitive series, thus continuing the tradition of honoring Washington on everyday-use postage. An existing engraving of Washington made for use on the Washington-Franklin issue was used. That engraving, done by Marcus Baldwin, was modeled from a bust made by Clark Mills in 1853, which, in turn, was a reproduction of a bust sculpted by [[Jean Antoine Houdon]] at Washington's [[Mount Vernon]] home in 1785. [[Clair Aubrey Huston]] designed the stamp's frame, which was engraved by Edward M. Hall and Joachim C. Benzing.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* After the increase of the normal letter rate from 2 cents to 3 cents was announced in 1932, the Post Office acted to ensure that public would not be deprived of a definitive Washington stamp for its daily correspondence, a tradition that dated back more than sixty years. Rather than converting the 1923 definitive stamp to the new rate, the Post Office redesigned the 2 cent Washington Bicentennial value as a 3 cent regular-issue stamp, removing the original design's most conspicuous commemorative feature: the birth- and death-date ribbons flanking the portrait. This issue appeared on June 15, 1932, three weeks before the rate increase went into effect.<ref name="Johl3">{{cite book |title=The United States Postage Stamps of the Twentieth Century, Volume III|year=1934 |publisher=H. L. Lindquist |first=Beverly |last=King |author2=Johl, Max}}, a) p. 159, b) p. 71-72.</ref>
* On April 25, 1938, the Post Office issued a green 1-cent [[George Washington]] stamp. It was the first stamp of the [[Presidential Issue]] of 1938, an issue that placed all of the deceased presidents in numerical order and thus represented a break with the long-standing tradition of reserving the normal letter-rate definitive stamp for Washington. Instead, this Washington issue saw postal duty carrying postcards and letters through the late 1950s. The 1938 Presidential Issue was [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s idea. An avid stamp collector, Roosevelt suggested a set of stamps that would pay tribute to the various past American presidents. In 1937, after much debate, a new definitive series was issued using Roosevelt's ideas. A national contest was held, with over 1200 entries submitted, the entry of a young New York City art student, Elaine Rawlinson, was chosen for the Washington stamp design.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
<center>
{|
| [[File:Washington 1954 Issue2-1c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1954</center>]]
| [[File:Washington 1962 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|127px|<center>Issue of 1962</center>]]
| [[File:Washington 1966 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1966</center>]]
|}</center>
* The Post Office released the 1-cent Washington stamp on August 26, 1954, in Chicago, Illinois. The engraving of George Washington was modeled from a portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]] (1755–1828). It was designed by [[Charles R. Chickering]], who produced his own drawing from a photograph he obtained from the National Gallery. The portrait of Washington was engraved by Richard M. Bower of the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]].
* On November 23, 1962, the Post Office issued the 5-cent Washington stamp, first issued through the New York, New York, post office. Designed by William K. Schrage, the engraving of Washington, like several other engravings of this president, is based on a bust of Washington sculpted in 1785 by Jean Houdon.
* On February 22, 1966, the Post Office issued the 5-cent blue Washington stamp. Bill Hyde designed the stamp after a portrait by [[Rembrandt Peale]]. Critics described Washington's appearance on this stamp as "pockmarked" and "unshaven", and a smoother-looking re-engraved version was issued on November 17, 1967.<ref>http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2041084</ref>

===Washington, recent issues===
[[File:George Washington 1982 Issue3-20c.jpg|thumb|left|140px|<center>Issue of 1982</center>]]
[[File:Washington Purple Heart 2001 Issue-44c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>Issue of 2001</center>]]
In recent years, Washington has appeared much less frequently on stamps than he did during the 19th and early 20th centuries.{{clear}}
* On the 250th anniversary of George Washington's birth, a 20-cent commemorative stamp was issued February 22, 1982, at Mount Vernon, Virginia. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held in the Mount Vernon Inn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&img=&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2038313 |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |title=George Washington 1982 Issue |accessdate=February 11, 2011}}</ref> The designer, Mark English, of Kansas City, Missouri, based his design on a stylistic portrait depicting the distinctive Washington profile.
* The Postal Service issued a stamp on April 16, 1984, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]], and including silhouettes of Washington and Abraham Lincoln in the design.<ref name=nationalarchives1984>{{cite web|title=50th Anniversary National Archives Issue|url=http://arago.si.edu/category_2038697.html|website=Arago|publisher=National Postal Museum|accessdate=2016-06-11}}</ref>
* Washington also appears on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX Presidential issue]] of 1986.
* On August 19, 1994, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 5-dollar Washington-Jackson stamp in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the American Philatelic Society's annual stamp exposition. The stamp was modeled after a design created in 1869 by the [[National Bank Note Company]], which was originally prepared but never was used for the 1869 postage series. The central image or vignette features a portrait of George Washington and Andrew Jackson. The portrayals of Washington and Jackson were engraved through the intaglio process by Stamp Venturers, Inc., and issued in small sheets of twenty stamps.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* In 2001, Washington appeared on a red-brown 20-cent definitive stamp, and the same Washington image was used that year for a 23-cent definitive stamp in dark green.
* The original [[Purple Heart]], designated as the [[Badge of Military Merit]], was established by [[George Washington]], then the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Continental Army]], on August 7, 1782.<ref>[http://www.mountvernon.org/visit/plan/index.cfm/pid/767/ Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens]</ref> The actual order includes the phrase, "Let it be known that he who wears the military order of the purple heart has given of his blood in the defense of his homeland and shall forever be revered by his fellow countrymen." Washington's profile adorns the modern Purple Heart medal, and the U.S. postage Purple Heart issue honors them both. Designed by Carl T. Herrman of Carlsbad, California, the stamp depicts an image of the Purple Heart medal with Washington in profile.<ref>USPS Postal Bulletin (April 10, 2008)</ref> The Purple Heart stamp was first issued in 2003 with a 37-cent denomination. It was later reissued in 2006 as a 39-cent stamp, in 2007 as a 41-cent stamp, in 2008 as a 42-cent stamp, and on April 28, 2009 as a 44-cent stamp. Another Purple Heart stamp was issued on May 5, 2011 as a "forever" stamp.
* On April 11, 2011, the Postal Service issued a 20-cent stamp bearing a color reproduction of the famous Washington portrait by Gilbert Stuart.

==John Adams==
[[File:John Adams 1938 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[John Adams]] (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was the second President of the United States, serving from 1797 to 1801.
* The engraved portrayal of Adams (1735–1826) appears on the 2-cent value of the [[Presidential Issue]], issued on June 3, 1938. [[Daniel Chester French]]'s marble 1889 bust of Adams displayed in the U.S. Capitol's Senate Gallery was the model used for the engraving of Adams.
* Adams also appears on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX Presidential issue]] of 1986.

==Thomas Jefferson==
[[File:Jefferson 1861 Die Proof2.jpg|Issue of 1861|thumb|245px|<center>Jefferson[[Die proof (philately)|Die Proof]] 1861]]</center>Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) served from 1801 to 1809.

[[Thomas Jefferson]]'s likeness over the years has been finely depicted on the face of the various postage issues that honored him. The first issue to depict Jefferson was issued in 1856, [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#First appearances|(displayed above)]] nine years after the Post Office issued its first two stamps of [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States#First stamps|Washington and Franklin]] in 1847. (Before this time hand-stamps were used to mark and confirm payment of postage.) Almost as popular and famous as [[George Washington]], Jefferson appears comparatively less often on U.S. postage issues, and unlike Washington and [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]], appears on just two commemorative issues, one in 1904, displayed below, the other on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]] of 1986. His remaining depictions are confined to [[Definitive stamp|regular issues]].<ref name="Scotts-Commemoratives" />
* On August 19, 1861, while the American Civil War was wreaking havoc across Virginia and elsewhere, the Post Office issued a 5-cent buff (yellow-brown) colored stamp that honored Thomas Jefferson. The engraving used to produce the image was modeled after a portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]]. The engraver for this issue was William Marshall, who also engraved Washington's image for several issues of this period.<ref name="1847usa" /> This Jefferson issue occurs in several distinct shades of brown. This image was again [[:File:Jefferson 1863 issue-5c.jpg|reprinted]] on February 3, 1863 in a dark brown color.<ref name="Scotts" /> Also in 1861, Jefferson became the first U.S. President to appear on a Confederate stamp: a 10c value in blue, reissued in 1862 with its color changed to rose-pink.
{{clear}}
<center>
{|
| [[File:Thomas Jefferson 1861 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|140px|<center>Issue of 1861</center>]]
| [[File:Thomas Jefferson 1870 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|138px|<center>Issue of 1870</center>]]
| [[File:Thomas Jefferson33 1890 Issue-30c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1890</center>]]
| [[File:Thomas Jefferson 1894 Issue-50c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1894</center>]]
|}</center>
* On April 12, 1870, the third stamp issued by the Post Office to honor Thomas Jefferson was released. The 10c stamp issue was printed by the [[National Bank Note Company]]. In 1859 the renowned sculptor [[Hiram Powers]] was commissioned by the US government to create two life-size marble statues to be placed in the United States Capitol building. One was of Benjamin Franklin; the other was of Thomas Jefferson, completed in 1863. This was the image Powers used to model his engraving of Jefferson on the 10c issue of 1870.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Sculpture_21_00008.htm |title=United States Senate : Art and History |publisher=Senate.gov |date=March 26, 2009 |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref>
* On February 22, 1890 the Post Office released a 30c postage stamp that once again honored Thomas Jefferson. The engraver and artist [[Alfred Jones (engraver)|Alfred Jones]] (1819–1900) created the image of Jefferson that appears on the issue. Jones was noted for his engraved portraits and historic scenes during his time at [[American Bank Note Company]].
* On November 1, 1894, the first 50c definitive Postage stamp was issued. It appeared in the first definitive series printed by the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]. Its design is based on that of the 30c black issue of 1890, and employs the same engraved image of Thomas Jefferson by [[Alfred Jones (engraver)|Alfred Jones]]. While largely identical in design, it is readily distinguished by its orange color, and by the triangles in the upper corners.
<center>
{|
| [[File:Jefferson 1903 Issue-50c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1903</center>]]
| [[File:Thomas Jefferson 1923 Issue-9c.jpg|Issue of 1923|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1923</center>]]
| [[File:Thomas Jefferson 1938 Issue-3c.jpg|Issue of 1938|thumb|136px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
|}</center>
* The second 50-cent orange stamp depicting Thomas Jefferson was issued March 23, 1903. The stamp was designed by R. Ostrander Smith from the 1805 a portrait of Jefferson by Gilbert Stuart. Jefferson's portrait was engraved by George F. C. Smillie.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* Absent, of course, from the Washington-Franklin series, Jefferson returned to U.S. postage in the next definitive series (1923), depicted on a nine-cent stamp designed by [[Clair Aubrey Huston]]. Huston reused George F.C. Simille's engraving of Jefferson, which had appeared on the 2-cent value of the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition Series. (The model for Simille's engraving was a portrait of Jefferson painted by [[Gilbert Stuart]] in 1805). Simille's engraving was transferred to a new die and restored by Bureau engravers John Eissler and Leo Kauffmann for use on the 1923 Jefferson issue.
* Jefferson appears on the 3-cent [[:File:Presidential issue of 1932.jpg|Presidential issue of 1938]], which satisfied the normal letter rate. This was the first definitive U.S. series designed to place any president other than Washington on the normal-letter denomination.

<center>
{|
| [[File:Thomas Jefferson Regular Issues 1954-2c.jpg|Issue of 1954|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1954</center>]]
| [[File:Thomas Jefferson Regular Issue 1968-1c.jpg|Issue of 1968|thumb|140px|<center>Issue of 1968</center>]]
|}</center>
* On September 15, 1954, the 2-cent Jefferson stamp from the [[Liberty Issue]] was issued in San Francisco, California. The postcard rate went to 2 cents on the day of this issue was released so the stamp was very common among the mail for that reason. The engraving of Jefferson was taken from a portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]] which hangs in the [[Bowdoin College Museum of Art]] in Brunswick, Maine.
* The 1-cent green stamp was issued January 12, 1968, at Jeffersonville, Indiana. The issue was designed by Robert Geissmann, modeled after an 1800 portrait of Jefferson by [[Rembrandt Peale]] which now hangs in the Blue Room of the White House. Edward R. Felver crafted the engraving of Jefferson.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* The U.S. Postal Service issued the 29-cent Thomas Jefferson definitive stamp on April 13, 1993, in Charlottesville, Virginia. The stamp engraving features a portrait of Jefferson and is part of the [[Great Americans series]]. The stamp issue was designed by Christopher Calle while the die for the stamp was engraved by Stamp Venturers, Inc.

===Jefferson on commemorative issue===
[[Thomas Jefferson]] has only appeared on two U.S. commemorative issues, the first of which was released in 1904 and was one of the first three commemorative issues ever to honor U.S. Presidents (along with Monroe and McKinley).<ref name="Scotts" />
<Center>'''The First Presidential Commemorative'''</center>
[[File:Thomas Jefferson 1904 Issue-4c.jpg|thumb|center|280px|<center>Classic engraving of Jefferson [[Louisiana Purchase]] Exposition Issue of 1904.</center>]]
* The first commemorative stamp depicting Jefferson was the 2-cent Louisiana Purchase Exposition issue of 1904. (By contrast, although Washington had appeared on numerous definitive stamps, he never appeared on a ''commemorative'' stamp until 21 years later, when the Post Office portrayed him on its [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|Lexington-Concord]] issue of 1925.<ref name="Scotts-Commemoratives" />)
* The only other issue to honor Jefferson to date was a 22-cent commemorative [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]] released in 1986.

==James Madison==
[[James Madison]], fourth President of the United States, served from 1809–1817. Madison appears on three [[definitive issue]]s.<ref name="Scotts-Commemoratives" />
<center>
{|
| [[File:James Madison 1894 Issue-2$.jpg|thumb|165px|<center>Issue of 1894</center>]]
| [[File:James Madison 1903 Issue33-$2.jpg|thumb|165px|<center>Issue of 1903</center>]]
|}</center>
* On December 10, 1894 the Post Office issued a 2-dollar Madison stamp. The engraving of Madison was modeled after his portrayal by [[Gilbert Stuart]], who painted a total of four portraits of the president. The painting used to model the engraving is now owned by the Colonial Williamsburg Association<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=55 |title=Museum Syndicate |publisher=Museum Syndicate |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref> (In 1994, four images of this stamp appeared on a souvenir sheet commemorating the hundredth anniversary of stamp production by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.)
[[File:James Madison 1938 Issue-4c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
* The dark blue 2-dollar stamp was issued June 5, 1903. The stamp image was designed by R. Ostrander Smith from a painting by an unknown artist, and Madison's portrait was engraved by George F. C. Smillie. Both the 1894 and 1903 2-dollar stamps were often used by the Post Office for internal transferring of funds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Roger S. Brody |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2029916 |title=Smithsonium Postal Museum / James Madison |publisher=Arago.si.edu |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref>
* The Post Office issued a 4c Madison stamp on July 1, 1938, part of the [[Presidential Issue]] that was issued that year. The engraving of Madison on this issue was modeled after a bust by [[Frederick William Sievers]] on display in the [[Virginia State Capitol|State Capitol building in Richmond, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Shapiro |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2033238 |title=Smithsonium, James Madison, 1938 issue |publisher=Arago.si.edu |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref>
{{clear}}

[[File:James Madison3 2001 Issue-34c.jpg|thumb|left|265px|<center>1st Madison Commemorative</center><center>Issue of 2001</center>]]
Despite having appeared on definitive stamps, Madison never appeared on a U.S. commemorative stamp until he was included along with the other past presidents on a 22-cent commemorative [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]] released in 1986.

In 2001, the Postal Service finally honored James Madison with a single commemorative stamp, issued for the 250th anniversary of his birth, first released in New York, N.Y., on October 18, 2001. The stamp was designed and illustrated by John Thompson.<ref name="Smithsonian" />{{clear}}

==James Monroe==
[[James Monroe]] (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831), fifth President of the United States, served two terms from 1817 to 1825.
<center>
{|
| [[File:James Monroe 1925 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1925</center>]]
| [[File:Monroe 1904 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|235px|<center>First Monroe Postage stamp Issue of 1904</center>]]
| [[File:James Monroe 1938 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
|}</center>
* The first U.S. postage stamp to honor Monroe was the [[Louisiana Purchase]] Expedition commemorative 3c issue of 1904. Monroe's image was engraved by George F.C. Simille, modeled after a painting by [[John Vanderlyn]] which now hangs in City Hall, New York City. The five stamps of this set -— three of which presented the first presidential images ever to appear on U.S. commemorative issues -— were sold only during the seven months of the Exposition.<ref name="Kenmore" />
* The 10c "orange" (yellow) regular issue was printed and issued in 1923, 1925 and 1927, and was the first [[Definitive stamp|definitive issue]] to honor Monroe.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> [[Clair Aubrey Houston]] designed the Monroe stamp, choosing the image of the president previously used on the 3-cent issue of the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition Series. Edward J. Hein transferred George Simille's engraved portrait to a new die and restored it for the new stamp.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /><ref name="10-cent Monroe">{{cite web |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2033927 |title=10-cent Monroe |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |accessdate=March 27, 2011}}</ref>
* The 5c [[:File:Presidential issue of 1932.jpg|Presidential issue of 1938]] depicts Monroe in profile, as do all of the images of that series. The engraving of Monroe was modeled after a Congressional Medal designed by [[Moritz Fuerst]] and struck by the U.S. Mint.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
<center>
{|
| [[File:James Monroe 1958 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|180px|<center>Issue of 1958</center>]]
| [[File:James Monroe 1954 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1954</center>]]
|}</center>
* On April 28, 1958, at Montross, Virginia, the Post Office issued a 3-cent stamp to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the birth of James Monroe. The issue was designed by Frank Conley and was modeled after a portrait of Monroe by [[Gilbert Stuart]].
* The image of the 5c 1954 issue was modeled after a portrait by [[Rembrandt Peale]] displayed at James Monroe Law Office and Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia, the building in which James Monroe practiced law.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* Monroe is honored on a 22-cent commemorative [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]] of 1986.

[[File:John Quincy Adams 1938 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|140px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]

==John Quincy Adams==
[[John Quincy Adams]] (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States from March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1829. He has appeared on the following two U.S. postage stamps:
* The engraved image of Adams appears on the orange 6-cent denomination of the 1938 Presidential Series. The engraving was modeled after a bust of Adams displayed in the U.S. Capitol.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* The next postage stamp presenting Adams was part of the [[US Presidents on US postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|Ameripex '86 issue]], which honored all past deceased American Presidents.<ref name="Scotts" />
{{clear}}

==Andrew Jackson==
[[Andrew Jackson]], seventh President of the United States, served from 1829–1837. He was the commander of the American forces at the [[Battle of New Orleans]] in 1815. Jackson died in 1845, and the Post Office first released a stamp in his honor 18 years after his death, with the issue of 1863 (displayed in [[US Presidents on US postage stamps#First appearances|First appearances)]] above).<ref name="Scotts" /> At that time, as aforesaid, he had already appeared on two different Confederate 2c stamps.
<center>
{|
|+ '''Regular issues of the 19th century'''
|-
| [[File:Jackson44 1870-2c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1873</center>]]
| [[File:Andrew Jackson2 1883 Issue-4c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>Issue of 1883</center>]]
| [[File:Andrew Jackson2 1894 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|162px|<center>Issue of 1894</center>]]
|}</center>
* [[Hiram Powers]] (1805–1873) was considered one of the greatest American-born neoclassical sculptors. In 1834, Andrew Jackson posed many times for Powers as he sculpted a bust of the president. The bust was completed in January 1835. Thirty-five years later, it inspired the image of the 2-cent Jackson stamp from the [[National Bank Note Company]] 1870–1871 Issue.
* The 3c issue of 1894 features an image of Jackson similar to those on the issues of 1873 and 1883, taken from a bust by Hiram Powers.
<center>
{|
|+ '''Regular issues of the 20th century'''
|-
| [[File:Andrew Jackson 1903 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1903</center>]]
| [[File:Andrew Jackson 1938 Issue-7c.jpg|thumb|135px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
| [[File:Andrew Jackson2 1963 Issue-1c.jpg|thumb|135px|<center>Issue of 1963</center>]]
| [[File:Andrew Jackson2 1967 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|135px|<center>Issue of 1967</center>]]
|}</center>
* The 3c issue of 1903 was engraved by A. Sealey who modeled his image after a portrait of Jackson by the American artist [[Thomas Sully]]. In 1824 Sully painted a study portrait from life of Andrew Jackson. By this time Jackson was a senator and a candidate for the upcoming presidential election of 1824. Two decades later, Jackson's ill health prompted Sully to repaint his 1824 study portrait from this image. The painting was completed shortly before Jackson's death in April 1845. The Sully portrait was the model for the engravings used on the postage issues of 1903 and 1967. The Sully painting is currently hanging in the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC.<ref name="Scotts Identifier">''Scotts Identifier of U.S. Definitive Issues''</ref>
* The 7-cent 1938 Presidential issue features Jackson's profile. The image of Jackson's was modeled after the Belle Kinney and Leopold F. Scholz bronze statue of Jackson which stands in the [[United States Capitol rotunda|US Capitol's Rotunda]].
* The 1c 1963 issue of Jackson was designed by William K. Schrange. Jackson's image was modeled after a medal created by [[Moritz Fuerst]] in 1829.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* The engraving of Jackson on the 10c issue of 1967 is taken from the same Thomas Sully painting that was used to model the engraving in the 1903 issue. Lester Beal designed the overall stamp image and design.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />

===Andrew Jackson on commemorative issues===
Andrew Jackson appears on the following commemorative issues:<ref name="Scotts" />
<center>
{|
|[[File:Jackson Scott 1937 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|205px|<center>Jackson Scott</center><center> Issue of 1937</center>]]
|[[File:Tennessee Statehood 1946 Issue3c.jpg|thumb|205px|<center>Tennessee Statehood</center><center>Issue of 1946</center>]]
|[[File:Battle of NewOrleans 1965 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|205px|<center>Battle of New Orleans</center><center>Issue of 1961</center>]]
|}
</center>
* The 2-cent Army issue, released on January 15, 1937, features portraits of Andrew Jackson and [[Winfield Scott]] on either side with Jackson's home, [[The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)|the Hermitage]], depicted in the background. Jackson was a hero of the War of 1812, his troops having defeated the British in the [[Battle of New Orleans]]. Scott served as a general in the U.S. Army longer than any other person.
* On June 1, 1946, the 150th anniversary of Tennessee statehood was commemorated by the issue of a 3-cent purple stamp depicting Andrew Jackson on the left and [[John Sevier]] on the right with the image of the Tennessee State Capitol in the center of the design. Jackson was the first U.S. President from Tennessee.
* The 5c "Battle of New Orleans" issue depicts then-General Jackson defeating an invading British army which was intent on seizing and taking control of New Orleans and the vast territory America had acquired with the [[Louisiana Purchase]].<ref>Reilly, Robin (1974). ''The British at the gates – the New Orleans campaign in the War of 1812''. New York: Putnam.</ref>
* Jackson appears on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]] of 1986.
* On August 19, 1994, the Post Office issued a [[:File:Washington Jackson 1994 Issue2-$5.jpg|5-dollar Washington-Jackson stamp]] in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the American Philatelic Society's annual stamp exposition. The stamp was modeled after a design created in 1869 by the [[National Bank Note Company]] It was originally prepared but never was used for the 1869 US postage series. The central image or vignette features a portrait of George Washington and Andrew Jackson. The portrayals of Washington and Jackson were engraved through the intaglio process by Stamp Venturers, Inc., and issued in small sheets of twenty stamps.<ref name="Smithsonian" />{{clear}}

==Martin Van Buren==
[[File:Martin Van Buren3 1903 Issue-8c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[Martin Van Buren]] (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. Before his presidency, he served as the eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the 10th Secretary of State under [[Andrew Jackson]]. Van Buren was the first U.S. President to be born an American citizen.<ref>[http://www.hoover.nara.gov/exhibits/cottages/middleclass/vanburen.html NARA.gov], Martin Van Buren</ref>
* Van Buren appears on the 1938 issue, the 8-cent olive green denomination of the 1938 [[Presidential Issue|Presidential Series]], a series of stamps whose denominations corresponded with the number of the given President's term. A sculpted bust of Van Buren on display in the U.S. Capitol's Senate Gallery was used as the model for the engraving of the President's image for this issue.
* Van Buren is honored on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]] of 1986.{{clear}}

==William Henry Harrison==
[[William Henry Harrison]] (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States, and served in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] as an officer. A hero in the [[War of 1812]], he was the first president to die in office.<ref name="WH Harrison">[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison White House Archives]</ref> The oldest president elected until [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1980, and last President to be born before the [[United States Declaration of Independence]], Harrison died on his thirty-second day in office.<ref>He served as President for 30 days, 12 hours and 32 minutes, but this was spread over 32 different calendar days; part of a day upon inauguration, 30 full days, then part of the day on which he died.</ref> Harrison's grandson, [[Benjamin Harrison]] of Indiana, was the 23rd president, from 1889 to 1893, making them the only grandparent–grandchild pair of presidents.<ref name="calhoun">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Calhoun|2005|pp=43–49}}</ref>
<center>
{|
| [[File:William Henry Harrison2 1938 Issue-9c.jpg|thumb|left|140px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
|  
| [[File:William H Harrison 1950 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|260px|<center>Issue of 1950</center>]]
|}</center>
* Harrison appears on the 9-cent pink 1938 Presidential Series issue. The image of Harrison is taken from a bust displayed in the Rotunda of the Virginia State Capitol building.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> The issue was designed by William Schrage and the master engraver was C. A. Brooks.<ref>[http://1847usa.com/ByYear/1938.htm 1847 U.S.A., Postage Stamps of the United States First Issued in 1938]</ref>
* On July 4, 1950, the US Post Office issued a 3-cent Indiana territory commemorative celebrating the 150th anniversary of Indiana statehood, releasing the stamp at the [[Vincennes, Indiana]] Post office. The central design of the stamp is a portrait of William Henry Harrison who was the first governor of [[Indiana Territory]]. Behind him is an image of the First State Capitol building.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* Harrison appears on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential]] commemorative issues of 1986.

==John Tyler==
[[File:John Tyler 1938 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[John Tyler]] (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the tenth President of the United States (1841–1845) and the first to succeed to the office following the death of a predecessor. Tyler assumed office when President [[William Henry Harrison]] died only 32 days into his term as President.<ref name="WH Harrison" />
* Tyler's image appears on the orange-brown 10-cent denomination of the 1938 [[Presidential Issue]], modeled after a bust by John Keck on display in the Rotunda of the Virginia State Capitol.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> The Tyler postage issue of 1938 was used primarily in combination with other denominations. Examples of solo usage are most often found on outgoing international mail.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* The only other postage stamp honoring Tyler (to date) was issued in 1986, a 22-cent stamp in the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]], where each President up to and including Lyndon Johnson appears on his own stamp.<ref name="Scotts" />

==James K. Polk==
[[File:James K Polk 1938 Issue-11c.jpg|thumb|left|150px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[File:James KPolk 1995 Issue-32c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1995</center>]]
[[James Knox Polk]] (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th President of the United States (1845–1849). Polk was born in North Carolina. He later lived in and became Governor of the state of Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as Speaker of the House (1835–1839) and [[Governor of Tennessee]] (1839–1841) before becoming president. Polk was an ardent supporter of [[Andrew Jackson]]. Polk was considered the last strong pre-Civil War president.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}{{clear}}
* The image of Polk appears on the 11-cent denomination of the 1938 [[Presidential Issue]]. Polk's profile on the stamp was modeled after a medal struck by the US Mint.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> This issue was printed in ultramarine and was printed only as a sheet stamp, first issued in Washington, D.C. on September 8, 1938.<ref name="Scotts" />
* Polk is honored on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]] of 1986.
* The Postal Service honored Polk on the 200th anniversary of his birth with the issue of a 32-cent commemorative stamp, first issued on November 2, 1995, in [[Columbia, Tennessee]], where Polk spent his adult life. The issue was engraved by the intaglio process, printed in red-brown by the [[Banknote Corporation of America]]. This stamp is one of the few issues after the 1950s that spells out the full phrase "UNITED STATES POSTAGE". It is also one of the very few modern-day regular issues with the years of birth and death of the subject inscribed on the face.<ref>Trend can be noted with the aid of any illustrated US postage stamp catalog.</ref>

==Zachary Taylor==
[[File:Zachary Taylor 1875 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|left|150px|<center>Issue of 1875</center>]]
[[File:Zachary Taylor2 1938 Issue-12c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[Zachary Taylor]] (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States and an American military leader. Taylor ran as a [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] in the 1848 presidential election, defeating [[Lewis Cass]] and becoming the first man elected to the Presidency without having held any previous elected office. He served in the Army for over forty years, had a reputation for never losing a battle, and was nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready". During the [[Mexican-American War]] (1846–1848) Taylor became a national hero, and with this fame he was elected to the presidency.{{clear}}
* Zachary Taylor is honored on three U.S. postage stamps, regular issues. The first Taylor stamp was issued in 1875. This first issue was printed by the [[Continental Bank Note Company]] on yellowish wove paper. When the [[American Bank Note Company]] received the federal contract to print postage stamps in 1879 it printed the second Taylor issue (identical in appearance to the 1875 issue) on soft porous paper, using the original dies of Continental Bank Note Company. The engraving of Taylor was modeled after a [[daguerrotype]] of Taylor by Civil War photographer [[Mathew Brady]].<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* Taylor also appears on the 12-cent denomination of the 1938 Presidential Series. A bust displayed in the Rotunda of the [[Virginia State Capitol]] inspired the image depicted on this issue.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* The only commemorative issues dedicated to Taylor was issued in the [[:File:AMERIPEX 1986.jpg|1986 AMERIPEX]] Presidential issue.<ref name="Scotts-Commemoratives" />

==Millard Fillmore==
[[File:Millard Filmore Issue of 1938-13c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[Millard Fillmore]] (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853. He became the second Vice President to assume the presidency after the death of a sitting president when he succeeded [[Zachary Taylor]], who died in office in July 1850. As such Fillmore was never actually elected president, and was the last member of the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] to hold that office.
* Fillmore appears in the 1938 [[Presidential Issue]] on the 13c denomination in that series. The engraved image of Fillmore was modeled after a bust by [[Robert Cushing]]<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> displayed in the Senate Gallery of the US Capitol. This was Fillmore's first appearance on a U.S. postage stamp.<ref name="Scotts" />
* Fillmore also appears in the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential series]], issued by the Post Office on May 22, 1986.

{{clear}}

==Franklin Pierce==
[[File:Franklin Pierce 1938 Issue-14c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[Franklin Pierce]] (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869), a politician and lawyer, was the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857, and is the only President from New Hampshire. Pierce enlisted in the volunteer [[U.S. Army]] during the [[Mexican-American War]] and rose to the rank of colonel. In March 1847, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and took command of a brigade of reinforcements for [[Winfield Scott]]'s army marching on Mexico City.<ref name="Hawthorn4">{{cite web |url=http://www.eldritchpress.org/nh/fp04.html |title=The Life of Franklin Pierce, 1852, Chapter 4 |author=Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804–1864|publisher=Eldritch Press |year=2010 |accessdate=October 3, 2010}}</ref>
* Pierce appears on the 14c issue of the 1938 Presidential Series. A medal struck by the U.S. Mint served as the model for the engraved image of Pierce. The stamp was issued on October 6, 1938.
* Pierce did not appear on a commemorative stamp until the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]] on May 22, 1986.{{clear}}

==James Buchanan==
[[File:James Buchanan 1938 Issue2-15c.jpg|thumb|140px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[James Buchanan]], Jr. (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th President of the United States, serving from 1857 until 1861. The last President to be born in the 18th century, Buchanan served as a congressman (1821–1831), Senator (1834–1845), Minister to Russia (1832–1834) and Secretary of State (1845–1849) before ascending to the presidency in 1857. Opinions by historians of Buchanan's presidency vary, as some credit him for keeping a divided nation together for so long while others fault him for failing to avert a civil war. To date he is the only president from the state of Pennsylvania and the only one never to have married.
* The engraved portrayal of James Buchanan appears on the 15-cent issue of the 1938 Presidential Series. The image was modeled after a sculpted bust by Henry Dexter which is now on display in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in Washington, DC.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> This was Buchanan's first appearance on a U.S. postage stamp.
* Buchanan also appears on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]] of 1986.<ref name="AMERIPEX '86" />

==Abraham Lincoln==
[[File:Lincoln Plate proof 1890-4c.jpg|thumb|<center>Abraham Lincoln</center><center>[[Die proof (philately)|Die proof]] of 1890 issue</center>]]
[[Abraham Lincoln]] (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 to 1865. He successfully led the United States through its [[American Civil War|Civil War]], thus preserving the Union and bringing an end to slavery. Lincoln was the first Republican president, elected in 1860. Lincoln issued the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] in 1863 and promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]].

Second only to the number of times [[George Washington]] has been featured on the face of U.S. postage, Lincoln's appearances on U.S. postage are more numerous than those of all the remaining presidents. His first appearance on U.S. postage came on or near the one-year anniversary of his death.<ref name="Scotts" />
<center>
{|
| [[File:Abraham Lincoln 1869 Issue22-90c.jpg|thumb|205px|<center>Issue of 1869</center>]]
| [[File:Lincoln NBN 1870 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|165px|<center>Issue of 1870</center>]]
| [[File:Lincoln2 1882-6c.jpg|thumb|165px|<center>Issue of 1882</center>]]
|}</center>
* The first postage stamp to honor Abraham Lincoln [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. Postage stamps#First appearances|displayed above]] was issued either on April 14, 1866, one year to the day after his death in 1865, or about a week thereafter (experts and U.S. Postal records disagree). The engraving of Lincoln was modeled after a photograph taken by [[Mathew Brady]].
* The 90c issue of 1869 displays an engraving of Lincoln that was fashioned after the same photograph taken by Mathew Brady used as a model for the 1866 issue. A total of only 47,460 stamps were printed by the [[National Bank Note Company]].
* The 6c 1870 issue depicts an engraving of Lincoln, modeled after a sculpture by [[Thomas Dow Jones]].<ref>[https://arago.si.edu/category_2029281.html Arago:6-cent Lincoln]</ref>
<center>
{|
| [[File:Abraham Lincoln 1890 Issue-4c.jpg|thumb|133px|<center>Issue of 1890</center>]]
| [[File:Lincoln2 1895-4c.jpg|thumb|133px|<center>Issue of 1894</center>]]
| [[File:Abrahan Lincoln2 1898 Issue-4c.jpg|thumb|138px|<center>Issue of 1898</center>]]
| [[File:Abraham Lincoln 1903 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1903</center>]]
|}</center>
* There are several other prominent artists behind the designs of Lincoln stamps. The 1890 issue was printed by the [[American Bank Note Company]]. Alfred Jones engraved the portrait, modeling it after a photo of Lincoln taken by Mathew Brady, arguably the most important photographer of the Civil War era. Among the most notable postage stamp designer-artists is [[Clair Aubrey Huston]] who designed the Bureau stamps using an existing engraving for the vignette.
* The 4c issue of 1898 was engraved by [[George F.C. Smillie]], an engraver at the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]], who had made the earlier engraving in 1898. Smillie also based his work on a photograph of Lincoln taken in 1864 by [[Mathew Brady]].
* The 5-cent blue stamp was designed by R. Ostrander Smith. The engraving was done by Marcus W. Baldwin, also taken from the photograph by Mathew Brady.<ref name="Smithsonian" /><ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
{{clear}}

<center>
{|
| [[File:Abraham Lincoln 1923 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|137px|<center>Issue of 1926</center>]]
| [[File:Lincoln 1938 Issue-16c.jpg|thumb|134px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
| [[File:Lincoln 1954 issue.JPG|thumb|134px|<center>Issue of 1954</center>]]
|}</center>
* The 3c issues of 1923, 1925 and 1927 depict Abraham Lincoln. [[Clair Aubrey Houston]] designed the stamp using an existing engraving of Lincoln used by the Bureau in 1894 for the vignette. George Smillie, an engraver at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, had made the earlier engraving in 1898. Smillie based his work on a photograph of Lincoln taken in 1864 by [[Mathew Brady]].<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> The issued was first released on Lincoln's birthday, February 12, 1923, in Washington, D.C., and in Hodgenville, Kentucky, near Lincoln's birthplace.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> With the postal rate increase from 2 cents to 3 cents in 1932, Lincoln became the first president other than Washington to be featured on a definitive stamp for the normal letter rate. Since two Washington 3-cent stamps were also available by then, the Post Office discontinued the production of the 3-cent Lincoln, ceasing deliveries of it in July 1933 and canceling all printing plates for it. Owing to popular demand, however -- particularly from collectors who wished to have examples of the stamp postmarked February 12, 1934 (the 125th anniversary of Lincoln's birth) -- the 3-cent Lincoln was reissued from new plates in February 7 of that year.<ref name="Johl3" />
* Lincoln appears on the 16c issue of the 1938 Presidential Series. A bust displayed in the Senate Gallery, sculpted by Sarah Fisher Ames, was the model that inspired Lincoln's likeness on the engraving for this issue.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> First issued in Washington, D.C. on October 20, 1938.
* The next definitive series, the [[Liberty Issue]], featured Lincoln on its 4c stamp, released on November 16, 1954. This issue paid the 1st class mail rate until 1963. Designed by [[Charles R. Chickering]], the design was modeled after by an original drawing from a photograph of a [[Douglas Volk]] portrait. During its use it was considered the most popular postage stamp in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=4-cent Lincoln |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2028964 |accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref>
<center>
{|
| [[File:Abraham Lincoln Airmail 1960 Issue-25c.jpg|thumb|236px|<center>Airmail Issue of 1960</center>]]
| [[File:Lincoln 1965 Issue-4c.jpg|thumb|125px|<center>Issue of 1965</center>]]
|}</center>
* Lincoln is the only President to ever appear on the face of a [[Airmails of the United States|U.S. Airmail]] postage stamp, first issued on April 22, 1960, in San Francisco, California.<ref name="Scotts – Airpost">Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps – Air Post Stamps</ref>
* On November 17, 1965, the U.S. Post Office issued the 4-cent black stamp featuring Lincoln's profile with the "log cabin" background, first issued in New York City. It is the first issue among the Prominent Americans series. Though Lincoln had very little formal education, his speeches and writings are today considered masterpieces. This is the theme of the design with the log cabin which has become synonymous with Lincoln's humble beginnings. The engraving for this issue was modeled after a photo taken by [[Mathew Brady]].<ref name="Smithsonian" />

===Lincoln on commemorative issues===
[[File:Abraham Lincoln3 1909 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|120px|<center>Issue of 1909</center>]]
[[File:Chinese Resistance Issue 1942 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Chinese Resistance</center><center>Issue of 1942</center>]]
* The 2-cent Lincoln stamp of 1909 -- the first U.S. single stamp commemorative issue -- had the same dimensions as a definitive stamp. This is not surprising, for it was, in effect, cloned from the 2-cent Washington definitive issue of the previous year. Using a photostat of that stamp as a template, the designer Claire Aubrey Huston inserted an image of Lincoln into the wreath-surrounded oval occupied by Washington, and then superimposed the date ribbons in wash, turning the composite over to the engravers.<ref name="Johl">{{cite book |title=The United States Postage Stamps of the Twentieth Century, Volume I |year=1937 |publisher=H. L. Lindquist |first=Beverly |last=King |author2=Johl, Max}}, p. 312.</ref> Lincoln had appeared on at least one denomination of every regular issue since 1866. When the definitive issues of 1908 featured only the portraits of Washington and Franklin, there was considerable public disappointment at Lincoln's exclusion. The 100th anniversary issue of his birth created an opportunity to mollify the situation. The engraving of Lincoln on this issue by Marcus Baldwin is modeled after a statue by sculptor [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]].
* On July 7, 1942, the U.S. Post Office issued a 5c postage stamp commemorating the fifth anniversary of Chinese resistance to Japanese oppression as a tribute to China and its struggle to preserve a free government. The design of this issue depicts a map of China with an image of the sun, national symbol of China, superimposed on the map. Portraits of Abraham Lincoln and Sun Yat-sen, first president of the Republic of China, are on either side of the stamp.

[[File:Lincoln Of the People-3c.jpg|thumb|left|260px|<center>Gettysburg Address</center><center>Issue of 1948</center>]]
* On November 19, 1948, eighty-five years to the day after President Abraham Lincoln delivered his most famous speech, the U.S. Post Office released the commemorative Gettysburg Address issue. Lincoln delivered the [[Gettysburg Address]] at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on November 19, 1863, four and a half months after Union armies defeated those of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], the turn of the [[American Civil War]].{{clear}}
<center>'''Lincoln Sesquicentennial Issue'''</center>

The U.S. Post Office issued a series of four commemorative stamps during 1958 and 1959 in honor of the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth in 1809. The four stamps were modeled after various famous works of art.
<center>
{|
| [[File:Young Lincoln-1c.jpg|thumb|130px|The Young Abe Lincoln, Issue of 1959]]
| [[File:Lincoln Douglas debates of 1858 1958 Issue-4c.jpg|thumb|185px|Lincoln Douglas debates of 1858, Issue of 1958]]
| [[File:Lincoln Memorial Issue 1959-4c.jpg|thumb|185px|<center>Lincoln Memorial</center><center>Issue of 1959</center>]]
| [[File:Lincoln 1959 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|130px|Issue of 1959]]
|}</center>
[[File:Lincoln bust Gutzon Borglum.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Bust of Lincoln, 1909</center><center>by Gutzon Borglum</center><center>Used as model for engraving of 1959 issue.</center>]]
* The 1c green Lincoln issue was first released to the public on February 12, 1959, the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth in 1809, in Hodgenville, Kentucky, near the place of Lincoln's birth. The engraving is modeled after a painting by [[George Healy]]. Robert L. Miller of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing modeled the overall stamp design. The 1-cent Lincoln stamp features the famous "Beardless Lincoln" portrait painted by Healy from life in 1860 in Springfield, Illinois, shortly after Lincoln was elected president.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* The 4c Lincoln-Douglas debate postage stamp was first issued on August 27, 1958, at Freeport, Illinois. This issue was the first in the series and was first released on the 100th anniversary of the Lincoln-Douglas debates. The engraved image is modeled after a painting by Joseph Boggs that portrays Lincoln addressing an outdoor crowd with Douglas standing behind him. Artist William K. Schrage of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing based the stamp design on work done by Ervine Metzl of New York City.
* The U.S. Post Office issued the blue 4-cent Lincoln stamp on May 30, 1959, at Washington, D.C. The issue features a portion of a famous statue sculpted by [[Daniel Chester French]], which sits in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.
* On February 27, 1959, at New York, New York, the Post Office issued the 3c Lincoln Birth Sesquicentennial commemorative stamp, the third in the series of four. The stamp features a sculptured bust of Lincoln by Gutzon Borglum. Done in marble in 1906, it now stands in the [[United States Capitol rotunda|rotunda of the Capitol]] in Washington, D.C.
<center>
{|
| [[File:Lincoln Nation of Readers2.jpg|thumb|left|155px|<center>Issue of 1984</center>]]
| [[File:Lincoln 1995 Issue-32c.jpg|thumb|right|190px|<center>Issue of 1995</center>]]
|}</center>
* The Postal Service issued a stamp on April 16, 1984, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]], and including silhouettes of Lincoln and George Washington in the design.<ref name=nationalarchives1984/>
* On October 16, 1984, the Postal Service issued its 20c commemorative postage stamp commemorating the theme "A Nation of Readers". The First Day Ceremony took place in Washington, D.C., in the Coolidge Auditorium of the Library of Congress. The issue was designed by Bradbury Thompson of Riverside, Connecticut, who based the design on a photograph by [[Mathew Brady]] which shows Abraham Lincoln reading from a book to his son Thomas.
* The Postal Service issued a 20-stamp sheet of 32-cent Civil War stamps on June 29, 1995, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Designed by Mark Hess of Katonah, New York, the stamps are the second installment of the Classic Collection. This issue depicts Lincoln with the Capitol under reconstruction in the background. Text about Lincoln is on the back of this issue. Issued as part of this collection was a 20 stamp sheet of 32-cent stamps, also designed by Hess, depicting Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]]. Text about Davis is on the back this issue. This is the only U.S. stamp depicting Davis. (Davis did appear on [[Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States#Postage stamps|Confederate postage stamps]].)
* Lincoln also appears in the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential series]], 36 commemorative stamps, issued by the Post Office on May 22, 1986.

<center> '''Lincoln 200th Anniversary of birth commemorative issues'''</center>
[[File:Lincoln 2009 Anniversary 4-Issues.jpg|thumb|center|700px|<center>Issue of 2009</center>]]
* On February 9, 2009, in Springfield, Illinois, the 200th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth, the Postal Service first issued a set of four commemorative issues portraying Lincoln at different periods in his life. Lincoln's portrayal and stamp artwork was created by artist Mark Summers of Waterdown, Ontario, Canada. The background depicted in the stamps are taken from famous themes, e.g. the Lincoln-Douglas debates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=1&tid=2051403 |title=National Postal Museum |publisher=Arago.si.edu |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref>

==Andrew Johnson==
[[File:Andrew Johnson 1938 Issue-17c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[Andrew Johnson]] (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States serving from 1865–1869. As a Unionist, he was the only Southern senator who didn't give up his post upon secession. Johnson was the most prominent War Democrat from the South and supported Lincoln's military policies during the Civil War of 1861–1865. Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Johnson presided over the Reconstruction era of the United States in the four years following the Civil War.
* The 17c rose-red stamp from the Presidential Issue was issued on October 27, 1938 and marked the first appearance of Andrew Johnson on a postage stamp. The engraving of Johnson's profile was modeled after by a bust displayed in the Senate Gallery in Washington, D.C.
* Johnson also appears once in the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential series]], issued on May 22, 1986. It is the only commemorative stamp issued in his honor to date.

{{clear}}

==Ulysses S. Grant==
[[File:Grant 1890 Proof2-5c.jpg|thumb|<center>''Ulysses S. Grant''</center><center>[[Die proof (philately)|Die proof]] of 1st Grant stamp</center>]]
[[Ulysses S. Grant]] (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States. A national hero of the [[American Civil War]], Grant was elected president in 1868, the youngest man theretofore elected president. He was re-elected in 1872. Grant began his lifelong career as a soldier after graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1843. Fighting in the Mexican American War, he was a close observer of the techniques of Generals [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Winfield Scott]]. During [[Andrew Johnson|President Johnson]]'s term, Grant was appointed to be the Secretary of War.

Ulysses S. Grant died in 1885 and first appeared on U.S. postage some five years later in 1890 when the [[American Bank Note Company]] first printed the postage stamps that depicted his portrait.<ref name="Scotts" />
{{clear}}
{| style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"
|+ '''The first Grant postage stamps'''
|-
| colspan=3 | ''Engravings were modeled after a photograph by William Kurtz''
|-
| [[File:Grant 1890 2-5c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>Issue of 1890</center>]]
| [[File:Ulysses S Grant 1894 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>Issue of 1894</center>]]
| [[File:Ulysses S Grant 1898 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>Issue of 1898</center>]]
|-
|}
* On June 2, 1890, the Post Office issued a brown 5-cent stamp honoring Grant. It was the first U.S. postage stamp to depict the former President and Civil War General. This issue was released exactly twenty-five years after Gen. [[Edmond Kirby Smith]]'s surrender of the last major Confederate army at Galveston, Texas, on June 2, 1865. The issue was printed by the American Bank Note Company.<ref>[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2032675 Grant, National Postal Museum]</ref>
<center>
{|
| [[File:Ulysses S Grant 1903 Issue-4c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>Issue of 1903</center>]]
| [[File:Uylsses S Grant 1923 Issue-8c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>Issue of 1923</center>]]
| [[File:US Grant 1938 Issue-18c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
|-
|}</center>
* On February 10, 1903, the Grant 4-cent brown stamp was issued. The design is by R. Ostrander Smith and was based on a tintype by Kurtz. The stamp was engraved by George F.C. Smillie.
* On May 1, 1923, the Post Office issued an 8c definitive issue honoring Ulysses S. Grant. [[Clair Aubrey Houston]] designed the stamp image. A photograph of Grant taken by Civil War photographer [[Mathew Brady]] served as the model for Huston's vignette. The die for the vignette was engraved by Louis Schofield.
* The engraved image of Ulysses S. Grant appears on the 18-cent denomination of the 1938 Presidential Series. Grant's likeness was inspired by a statue by Franklin Simmons, housed in the Rotunda of the United States Capitol.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />

===Grant on commemorative issues===
[[File:Sherman Grant Sheridan 1937 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|left|235px|<center>Army Issue of 1937</center>]]
[[File:Ulysses S Grany 1995 Issue-32c.jpg|thumb|180px|<center>General Grant taken from [[Mathew Brady]] photo on Commemorative Issue of 1995</center>]]
Grant has appeared three times on commemorative stamps.
* Grant (along with [[William T. Sherman]] and [[Philip H. Sheridan]]) appears on the 3-cent 1937 Army Issue commemorative stamp issue, one issue out of a set of five stamps among that issue.
* Grant also appears once in the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential series]], 36 commemorative stamps, issued by the Post Office on May 22, 1986.
* The next commemorative stamp to honor Grant was the 32-cent issue of 1995.<ref name="Scotts" /><ref name="Scotts-Commemoratives" /> Designed by Mark Hess of Katona, the image of Grant was taken from a [[:File:Ulysses S Grant, Cold Harbor, VA, June 1864..jpg|photo]] by [[Mathew Brady]] in June 1864 at City Point in Virginia.<ref name="Ulysses S. Grant">{{cite web |url=http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/56gal.html |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |title=Ulysses S. Grant |accessdate=January 13, 2011}}</ref> The colorized photo used in the stamp design depicts Grant wearing his Union General's uniform leaning against a post at the encampment.<ref name="American Civil War Issue">{{cite web |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=1&tid=2043413 |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |title=American Civil War Issue |accessdate=January 13, 2011}}</ref>{{clear}}

==Rutherford B. Hayes==
[[File:Hayes 1922 Issue2-11c.jpg|thumb|left|160px|<center>Issue of 1922</center>]]
[[File:RB Hayes 1938 Issue2-19c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[Rutherford Birchard Hayes]] (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States serving from March 4, 1877 to March 4, 1881. In the years before his presidency he was the Governor of Ohio for two separate terms. Serving in the Civil War as Brigadier General, Hayes commanded the First Brigade of the Kanawha Division of the [[Army of West Virginia]] and turned back several Confederate advances. During his military service he was wounded on five separate incidents.
* An 11c stamp was issued on the 100th anniversary of Hayes' birth, October 4, 1922, in Washington, D.C., and in Hayes' hometown, Fremont, Ohio, and was the first stamp issued in the [[US Regular Issues of 1922–31]]. The stamp was designed by [[Clair Aubrey Houston]]. The engraving of Hayes is modeled after a photograph taken by Civil War photographer [[Mathew Brady]]. John Eissler engraved the die for the vignette.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* Hayes' likeness appears on the 19-cent denomination of the 1938 Presidential Series. Hayes's image was derived from a medal struck by George Morgan of the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> This issue was first released to the public on November 10, 1938, along with the 20-cent Presidential issue of 1938.
* There is only one commemorative stamp honoring Hayes, released in 1986 on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]].<ref name="Scotts" />{{clear}}

==James Garfield==
[[James Abram Garfield]] (November 19, 1831{{spaced ndash}}September 19, 1881) was the [[List of Presidents of the United States|20th]] President of the United States. [[James A. Garfield assassination|An assassin's bullet]] ended his life and presidency and cut his time in office after serving only 200 days.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=381 James Abram Garfield] at [[Find A Grave]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flipkart.com/james-garfield-army-general-president/1599860414-dtx3flmm5f |title=James Garfield – Army General and President |publisher=Flipkart.com |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref> He had a distinguished military background. Garfield served in the [[United States Army]] as a Major General, as a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]],<ref name="wh">{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/presidents/jamesgarfield |title=White House Archives: James Garfield |publisher=The White House |date=October 1, 2010 |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref> and as a member of the highly controversial [[United States presidential election, 1876|Electoral Commission of 1876]]. He was the second U.S. President to be assassinated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/second15.html |title=America's second President to be Assassinated. James Garfield |publisher=Thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref> Garfield was the only sitting member of the House of Representatives to have been elected President.<ref name="ohc170">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=170 |title=ohiohistorycentral.org |publisher=ohiohistorycentral.org |date=July 1, 2005 |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref>

The first issue to honor Garfield was released in 1882, printed by the [[American Bank Note Company]]. The 5-cent Garfield was the second U.S. postage stamp to honor an assassinated president within the year following his death and is also considered a 'mourning stamp' by many. Unlike the first Lincoln issue, released after one whole year after his death the 5-cent Garfield stamp was released only seven months after his death in 1881. The 1882 issues were the first issues produced from engravings completed by the [[American Bank Note Company]] since it began producing postage stamps for the federal government. Before this time the A.B.N.C. used existing dies using slight changes to frames and portraits that were primarily the [[National Bank Note Company]]'s design. The re-engraved issues of 1881–1882 are an example.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
<center>
{|
|+ '''James A. Garfield Memorial Issues'''
|-
| [[File:James Garfield2 1882 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1882</center>]]
| [[File:James Garfield 1882 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1882</center>]]
| [[File:Garfield 1888 issue-5c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Reprinting of 1888</center>]]
|}</center>

Issues depicting Garfield released on and after 1894 were printed by the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]].<ref name="Scotts" />
<center>
{|
|+ '''Late 19th century Issues'''
|-
| [[File:James Garfield2 1890 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|142px|<center>Issue of 1890</center>]]
| [[File:James Garfield2 1894 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|135px|<center>Issue of 1895</center>]]
| [[File:James Garfield 1898 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|142px|<center>Issue of 1898</center>]]
|}</center>

The American Bank note issues of 1890 are almost identical to the Bureau Issues that followed in 1894, with minor differences in the frame design.
* American Bank Note Co.
* Bureau Issues

<center>
{|
|+ '''Early 20th century Issues'''
|-
| [[File:James Garfield 1902 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|142px|<center>Issue of 1903</center>]]
| [[File:James Garfield 1922 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|142px|<center>Issue of 1922</center>]]
| [[File:James Garfield 1938 Issue-20c.jpg|thumb|142px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
|}</center>
* The Regular Issue of 1902–03 stamp was designed by R. Ostrander Smith from a photograph, and was engraved by George F. C. Smillie. It was printed on double-line watermark paper.<ref name="Smithsonian" /><ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* The release of the 6-cent Regular Issue Garfield stamp marked the sixth time Garfield appeared on U.S. postage. Originally slated for release on Garfield's birthday on November 19, a Sunday, when post offices were closed, it was instead released on the 20th in Washington, D.C., as there was no post office in Garfield's hometown of Orange, Ohio at the time this issue was released.<ref name="Smithsonian" /><ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* Garfield's image on the Presidential issue of 1938 was inspired by a medal created by the U.S. Mint. The issue was released to the public on November 10, 1938.<ref name="Smithsonian" /><ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* As of 2011 there is only one commemorative stamp honoring Garfield, released in 1986 on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential issue]].<ref name="Scotts" />

==Chester A. Arthur==
[[File:Chester A Arthur 1938 Issue-21c.jpg|thumb|146px|<CENTER>Issue of 1938</CENTER>]]
[[Chester Alan Arthur]] (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) served as the 21st President of the United States. A Republican, Arthur worked as a lawyer before becoming the 20th Vice President, under [[James Garfield]]. On July 2, 1881, President Garfield was mortally wounded by [[Charles J. Guiteau]], but Garfield did not die until September 19 of that year, at which time Arthur was sworn in as President, serving until March 4, 1885.
* The engraving of Chester A. Arthur appears on the 21-cent value of the [[Presidential Issue|1938 Presidential Series]], first issued on November 22, 1938. The likeness was modeled after a marble bust of Arthur by [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]] in 1891, now displayed in the US Senate Gallery.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Sculpture_22_00020.htm |title=U.S. Senate Archives: Art and History |publisher=Senate.gov |date=March 26, 2009 |accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref>
* There is only one commemorative stamp issued in Arthur's honor, one stamp in a series in the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX Presidential issue of 1986]].<ref name="Scotts" />

==Grover Cleveland==
[[File:Grover Cleveland 1923 Issue-12c.jpg|thumb|left|150px|<center>Issue of 1923</center>]]
[[File:Grover Cleveland 1938 Issue-22c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[Stephen Grover Cleveland]] (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president ever to have served two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) as President and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.


* On March 20, 1923, the Post Office issued the 12-cent Cleveland issue, first released both in Washington, D.C., and in Caldwell, New Jersey, Cleveland's hometown. [[Clair Aubrey Huston]] designed the stamp and John Eissler engraved the portrayal of Cleveland. The model for the engraving is listed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing as "unknown." The 12-cent Cleveland was reprinted and issued again in 1931.
* Cleveland appeared on a 22-cent Presidential Issue stamp released on November 22, 1938, the same day as the 21-cent Garfield stamp of that series. The engraving of Cleveland's portrait was modeled after a medal struck by Charles Barber of the U.S. Mint.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* The 22-cent Cleveland stamp was issued on May 22 of 1986 as part of a series of stamps honoring US Presidents, first issued during [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX '86]], the international philatelic show held in Rosemont, Illinois. Artist Jerry Dadds of Baltimore, Maryland, designed the four sheets containing thirty-six stamps. Dadds also executed the designs in the woodcut style.

==Benjamin Harrison==
[[File:Benjamin Harrison 1903 Issue-13c.jpg|thumb|268<center>The 1st Harrison stamp</center><center>Issue of 1902</center>]]
[[Benjamin Harrison]] (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. Harrison was born in North Bend, Ohio, and at the age of 21 moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he became involved with Indiana state politics. During the [[American Civil War]], Harrison served as a Brigadier General in the [[Army of the Cumberland]].

Under Harrison and his Postmaster General [[John Wanamaker]], the nation's first [[commemorative stamp]]s were made available and were first issued at the [[World Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago, Illinois, in 1893. Wanamaker originally introduced the idea of issuing the nation's first commemorative stamp to Harrison, the Congress, and the Post Office. Contrary to the general opinion of Congress at the time Wanamaker predicted that [[commemorative stamp]]s would generate needed revenue for the country. Shortly thereafter, the [[Columbian Issue|nation's first commemorative stamps]] were issued in conjunction with the World Columbian Exposition, both of which were in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of America. To demonstrate his confidence in the new commemorative stamp issues Wanamaker purchased $10,000 worth of stamps with his own money. Harrison was also present at the World Columbian Exposition and ceremony and delivered a speech<ref name="Columbian Exposition">{{cite web |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2027851 |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |title=Columbian Exposition Issues (1893) |accessdate=January 19, 2011}}</ref> where he said. "In the name of the Government and of the people of the United States, I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of an event that is pre-eminent in human history, and of lasting interest to mankind." The exposition lasted several months and by the time it was over more than $40 million had been generated in commemorative postage stamp sales alone.<ref name="Columbian Exposition" /><ref name="JOHN WANAMAKER PMG">{{cite web |url=http://www.usps.com/postalhistory/_rtf/PMGWanamaker.rtf. |publisher=United States Postal Service |title=JOHN WANAMAKER, Postmaster General |accessdate=January 19, 2011}}</ref> From that point onward, the U.S. Post Office would issue commemorative postage on a regular basis. Harrison appears on four regular issues and on two commemorative issues.<ref name="Scotts" />
<center>
{|
| [[File:Benjamin Harrison 1926 Issue-13c.jpg|thumb|190px|<center>Issue of 1926</center>]]
| [[File:Benjamin Harrison 1938 Issue-24c.jpg|thumb|190px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
| [[File:Benjamin Harrison 1959 Issue-12c.jpg|thumb|190px|<center>Issue of 1959</center>]]
|}</center>
* The 1902 13-cent postage stamp was the first issue to honor Benjamin Harrison, issued on November 18, 1902, less than two years after his death. It was the first 13-cent stamp issued by the Post Office,<ref name="Scotts" /> and the first of 14 stamps to be released to the public in the 1902–03 series. The stamp was designed by R. O. Smith from a photograph supplied by Mrs. Harrison. The image was engraved by Marcus W. Baldwin.
* The 1926 issue of Harrison was engraved by [[Clair Aubrey Houston]] who based the image design on the same photograph of Harrison that was used to model the 1902 stamp.
* The 24-cent 1938 issue of Harrison image was inspired by a bust by [[Adolph A. Weinman]], on view at the John Herron Art Institute.
* Harrison's image on the 12-cent 1959 issue was taken from a photograph taken by Charles Parker.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* The 22-cent Harrison commemorative stamp was issued on May 22, 1986 as part of a series of stamps honoring US Presidents, first issued during [[US Presidents on US postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX '86]], the international philatelic show held in Rosemont, Illinois. Artist Jerry Dadds of Baltimore, Maryland, designed the four sheets containing thirty-six stamps. Dadds also executed the designs in the woodcut style.
* In 2003 the Postal Service issued a 37-cent Old Glory commemorative stamp on April 3, 2003, at the Mega Stamp Show in New York, New York. The stamp was designed by Richard Sheaff. The stamp depicts an 1888 presidential campaign badge with a photograph of Benjamin Harrison at its center.<ref>[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2045720 Benjamin Harrison at the Smithsonian national Postal Museum]</ref><ref>[http://www.umass.edu/rso/umassdx/dxabout.html Delta Chi] – [http://www.ccudeltachi.com/page.php?pageid=2 The Delta Chi Fraternity at Coastal Carolina University]</ref>

==William McKinley==
[[William McKinley]] Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, and the last veteran of the [[American Civil War]] to be elected to the office of the President. He was the last American president to serve in the 19th century and was the first President to serve in the 20th century. He spent much of his adult life in politics and was a six-term congressman, and was also the governor of Ohio before defeating [[William Jennings Bryan]] for the Presidency (1897–1901). McKinley was assassinated early in his second term while attending the [[Pan-American Exposition]] in Buffalo in 1901.
<center>
{|
| [[File:McKinley 1923 Issue-7c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Issue of 1923</center>]]
| [[File:McKinley1904-7.jpg|thumb|240px|<center>Issue of 1904</center>]]
| [[File:William McKinley 1938 Issue-25c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
|}</center>
* McKinley first appeared on U.S. postage in a commemorative issue, the [[Louisiana Purchase]] series of 1904. McKinley is depicted on the Louisiana Purchase issue as he was the president who signed the legislation giving federal sanction to the Exposition and would have presided over the Exposition had he lived. This issue also served as a tribute and memorial to the assassinated leader, as it came out less than three years after his death, in what would have been nearing the end of the second term to which he was elected in 1900.<ref name="Scotts" />
* William McKinley appears on three [[Regular Issues of 1922–1931|Regular Issues]] of 1923, 1926 and 1927, the design, color and denomination of which are the same, and on the 1938 Presidential issue.<ref name="Scotts" />
* The [[Presidential Issue]] of 1938 features McKinley on the 25-cent issue, released 1938.
* The [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|22-cent McKinley]] commemorative stamp was issued on May 22 of 1986 as part of a series of stamps honoring U.S. Presidents, first issued during AMERIPEX '86, the international philatelic show held in Rosemont, Illinois. Artist Jerry Dadds of Baltimore, Maryland, designed the four sheets containing thirty-six stamps. Dadds also executed the designs in the woodcut style. It is one among only two commemorative stamps that honor this president.

==Theodore Roosevelt==
[[Theodore Roosevelt]] (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States. He served as President from September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated, and Roosevelt became president at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any US President in history at that time. Roosevelt was a hero of the [[Spanish–American War]] and the [[Battle of San Juan Hill]] for which he received the [[Medal of Honor]] and was the commander of the legendary [[Rough Riders]]. He negotiated an end to the [[Russo-Japanese War]] which later won him the Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>Frederick W. Marks III, ''Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt'' (1979); Greg Russell, "Theodore Roosevelt's Diplomacy and the Quest for Great Power Equilibrium in Asia," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 2008 38(3): 433–455</ref> Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
<center>
{|
| [[File:Theodore Roosevelt 1925 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|170px|<center>1st Roosevelt stamp</center><center>Issue of 1925</center>]]
| [[File:Theodore Roosevelt stamp 30c 1938 issue.JPG|170px|thumb|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
| [[File:Theo Roosevelt 1955 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|170px|<center>Issue of 1955</center>]]
|}</center>
* [[Clair Aubrey Houston]] designed the 5c blue issue of 1922 and 1925 stamp issues (identical except for perforations). The Roosevelt image was engraved by John Eissler, and was modeled after a photograph taken of Roosevelt by the firm of Harris & Ewing in Washington, D.C., in 1907.
* The Presidential Issue of 1938 presented Roosevelt on the 30c stamp. The engraving of the president was modeled on a bust displayed in the Senate Gallery US Capitol in Washington, D.C.
* The 6c stamp issued in 1955 was designed by Victor S. McCloskey, Jr. and [[Charles R. Chickering]] of the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]].<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* Roosevelt oversaw the construction of the [[Panama Canal]] and consequently he later appeared on two [[Panama Canal Zone|Canal Zone]] postage stamps, printed by the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] and issued by the U.S Government administration offices in the Canal Zone for domestic mail and for outgoing mail. The first Canal Zone stamp to depict the 26th president was issued in [[commons:File:Roosevelt Canal Zone2.jpg|1949]].
[[File:Roosevelt Canal Zone111.jpg|thumb|230px|<center>Issue of 1958</center>]]
* A Canal Zone stamp honoring Roosevelt was issued in November 1958, the 100th anniversary of his birth. Theodore Roosevelt is the only American president to be honored on a Canal Zone postage stamp.<ref>Scotts U.S. Stamp Catalogue, Canal Zone Postage</ref>
* The 22-cent Roosevelt commemorative stamp was issued on May 22, 1986 as part of a series of stamps honoring US Presidents, first issued during [[US Presidents on US postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX '86]], the international philatelic show held in Rosemont, Illinois. Artist Jerry Dadds of Baltimore, Maryland, designed the four sheets containing thirty-six stamps. Dadds also executed the designs in the woodcut style.
* On February 2, 1998, the USPS issued a 32 cent stamp honoring Theodore Roosevelt as part of its Celebrate the Century series.{{clear}}

==William Howard Taft==
[[File:William H Taft 1938 Issue-50c.jpg|thumb|152px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
[[File:William Howard Taft 1930 Issue-4c.jpg|thumb|left|152px|<center>Issue of 1930</center>]]
[[William Howard Taft]] (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Taft is the only person to have served in both offices. Born in 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, into the powerful Taft family, Taft graduated from Yale College [[Phi Beta Kappa]] in 1878, and from Cincinnati Law School in 1880.
* The 4c Taft stamp was issued on June 4, 1930 in Taft's hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio, less than three months after Taft's death that year on March 8. This issue of Taft is based on the same design as are the regular issues of 1925–32, designed by [[Clair Aubrey Huston]]. The engraving of Taft is modeled after a photograph taken by Harris & Ewing.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /><ref>[http://broadway.cas.sc.edu/index.php?subaction=dbPage&action=About%20Us Harris & Ewing was a photographic service company founded in 1905 by George W. Harris (1872–1964) and Martha Ewing to give Washington DC a studio of photography worthy of being of service to national and worldly dignitaries for producing official and civic portraits and for photojournalism. Dr. David S. Shields]</ref>
* The 50c Taft on the Presidential issue of 1932 was released on December 8, 1938. The engraved profile of Taft was modeled after a bust sculpted especially for the stamp.
* Taft is honored on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX]] presidential issue of 1986.

==Woodrow Wilson==
[[File:Woodrow Wilson 1925 Issue-17c.jpg|thumb|left|190px|<center>The 1st Wilson stamp Issue of 1925</center>]]
[[File:Woodrow Wilson2 1938 Issue-$1.jpg|thumb|170px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]

[[Thomas Woodrow Wilson]] (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. First known by the slogan "he kept us out of the war", Wilson was finally pressured into asking Congress to declare war on Germany who was attacking U.S. vessels at high sea.
* Less than a year after the death of Woodrow Wilson, the Post Office issued the black, 17-cent stamp in his honor, on December 28, 1925. Issued in such a timely manner, the 1925 issue can be considered a memorial to Wilson. President Wilson's widow provided the photograph which designer [[Clair Aubrey Houston]] used for the overall stamp design and which John Eissler of the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] used as the model for the engraving of Wilson.
* On August 29, 1938, the Post Office issued the $1 Wilson stamp as part of the Presidential Issue. The engraved image of Wilson was modeled after a medal struck by George Morgan of the U.S. Mint.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" />
* Wilson is honored on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX presidential series]], issued in 1986.
* On February 2, 1998, the Postal Service included a Woodrow Wilson stamp as part of its Celebrate the Century series.

==Warren G. Harding==
[[File:Warren G Hardiing 1923 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|175px|<center>Warren G. Harding</center><center>Memorial Issue of 1923</center>
----
Issued only one month after death on Sep 1, 1923 in Harding's hometown of Marion]]

[[Warren Gamaliel Harding]] (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his sudden death from a heart attack in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was once an influential newspaper publisher at the ''[[Marion Daily Star]]''. He served in the Ohio Senate (1899–1903) and later as the 28th [[Lieutenant Governor]] of Ohio (1903–1905) and as a U.S. Senator (1915–1921).

<center>
{|
| [[File:Warren G Hardiing 1925 Issue-1+half-cent.jpg|thumb|143px|<center>Issue of 1925</center>]]
| [[File:Warren G Hardiing 1930 Issue-1+half-cent.jpg|thumb|140px|<center>Issue of 1930</center>]]
| [[File:Warren G Harding 1938 Issue-$2.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]
|}</center>
* Harding's unexpected death prompted the issue of 1923, 2c black, unofficially referred to as the Harding Memorial issue, which [[Clair Aubrey Houston]] managed to design in one day. The engraving of Harding was modeled after an etching by artist F. Pauling.<ref name="Scotts Identifier" /> Amazingly, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing was able to print over one and one half billion of these stamps in a three-month period.<ref name="Scotts Quantity Issued">Scott's Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps: Quantities issued</ref>
* Two years later on May 19, 1925, the Post Office issued a similar Harding stamp, using the same die used for the 1923 Harding Memorial issue and whose color this time was brown and whose denomination was now at 1-1/2 cents. This stamp was one in a series of [[US Regular Issues of 1922–1931|regular issue stamps]] of the time.<ref name="Kenmore" /> Both of these two similar stamps were also issued in imperforate form.<ref name="Kenmore" />
* In 1930, at the request of the widowed [[Florence Kling Harding|Mrs. Harding]], the Post Office issued a new Harding 1-1/2c issue whose full faced portrait replaced the 1-1/2c issue with his profile.<ref name="Kenmore" />
* The image of Harding also appears on the 2-dollar issue of the 1938 [[Presidential Issue|Presidential Series]]. The engraved image of Harding's likeness was modeled after a medal struck by George Morgan of the U.S. Mint.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* Harding was also honored on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX commemorative stamp]] issue of 1986, along with all other American presidents up to and including President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].

==Calvin Coolidge==
[[File:Calvin Coolidge 1938 Issue-$5.jpg|thumb|168px|<center>Issue of 1938</center>]]

[[John Calvin Coolidge]], Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) from Plymouth, Vermont, was the 30th President of the United States serving from 1923 to 1929. Coolidge became president upon the death of [[Warren G. Harding]]. On February 22, 1924, he became the first President of the United States to deliver a political speech on radio, and his 1925 inauguration was the first to be broadcast on radio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldradioshows.org/02/22/calvin-coolidge-the-first-us-president-to-do-a-radio-address-2-22-08|title=Calvin Coolidge, the first President to do a radio address 2-22-1924|date=February 22, 2008|publisher= Old Radio Shows.org|accessdate=November 5, 2009}}</ref> He was known as "Silent Cal" for being a man of few words in private while known for being an excellent orator at the pulpit.
* On November 17, 1938, the Post Office issued the 5-dollar value of the Presidential Issue, featuring Coolidge.<ref name="Scotts" /> The model for this engraving was taken from a medal struck by John R. Sinnock of the U.S. Mint. Among the Presidential Issues this stamp is the most difficult to find on cover.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* Coolidge along with all other presidents up to and including President Lyndon Johnson is honored on the 1986 [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX commemorative issues]].

Up through Coolidge, every president (with the two exceptions of Monroe and McKinley) had made his first appearance on U.S. postage in a definitive series, only later being honored by a commemorative stamp. With subsequent presidents, the reverse is true: all have made their first appearances on commemoratives.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} For all of the later presidents, a commemorative stamp has been issued no later than one year and four days after the president's death.

==Herbert Hoover==
[[File:Herbert Hoover 1965 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1965</center>]]
[[Herbert Clark Hoover]] (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States serving from 1929 to 1933. Hoover was a professional mining engineer and author. A son of a Quaker blacksmith, Hoover brought to the Presidency a reputation for public service as a humanitarian.<ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/presidents/herberthoover White House Archives]</ref> After World War I, Hoover had massive shipments of food sent to feed starving millions in central Europe. He also provided much needed aid to Soviet Russia in 1921 which was then plagued with famine.

In spite of Hoover's many humanitarian efforts, he is ranked less than favorably as a president among many historians for his failure to bring the country out of the great depression that beset the country in 1929, the year Hoover assumed office. Hoover has never appeared on a U.S. definitive stamp.
* Issued on his birthday, the 5-cent commemorative issue honoring President Herbert Hoover was first placed on sale on August 10, 1965, at West Branch, Iowa, the place of Hoover's birth. The issue was released less than one year after Hoover's passing in 1964. This is the first U.S. postage issue Herbert Hoover has appeared on.
* Hoover appears again on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX series]]<ref name="AMERIPEX '86">Four souvenir miniature stamp sheets, with nine 22-cent stamps each, honoring deceased US presidents were first issued on May 22, 1986, during AMERIPEX '86, the international philatelic show held in Rosemont, Illinois.</ref> of presidents issued in 1986.<ref name="Scotts-Commemoratives" />

==Franklin D. Roosevelt==
[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a leading figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Roosevelt was the only American president elected President for more than two terms. He forged a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. In his first "Hundred Days" in office, beginning March 4, 1933, Roosevelt launched a variety of major social programs. In his first term (1933–36), Roosevelt led Congress to enact the New Deal, a large, complex interlocking set of programs designed to produce social and economic relief.

Only two months after Roosevelt's death, the Post Office issued a series of four commemorative (or memorial) stamps in honor and memory of the deceased President.

[[File:FDR Set4 1945 Issue.jpg|thumb|center|800px|<center>FDR Memorial issues of 1945</center>]]
* The 1-cent green Franklin D. Roosevelt memorial stamp was issued on July 26, 1945, at the Post Office at Hyde Park, New York. The design depicts an image of the Roosevelt home in Hyde Park, New York.
* The 2c red was issued on August 24, 1945, in Warm Springs, Georgia, the site of Roosevelt's favorite retreat, known as the "Little White House".
* Of the four issues in the Franklin memorial series, the 3c value was actually the first to be released. The 3c purple Roosevelt memorial stamp was issued on June 27, 1945. The design features the White House in the background.
* The 5c blue issue is the last of the Roosevelt memorial series, issued on January 30, 1946. The design depicts a portrait of Roosevelt on the left and a globe showing the Americas on the right, both images surrounded by clouds. Inscribed across the globe is an expression of the Four Freedoms — "Freedom of Speech and Religion, From Want and Fear".
 
<center>
{|
| [[File:FDR33 1966 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|185px|<center>Issue of 1966</center>]]
| [[File:FDR 1982 Issue2-20c.jpg|thumb|203px|<center>Issue of 1982</center>]]
|}</center>
* The 6c issue of 1966 was designed by Richard Lyon Clark and was modeled after a photograph of Roosevelt taken with Winston Churchill during the signing of the Atlantic Charter. This gray brown 6-cent sheet stamp was issued on January 28, 1966, at the Post Office in Hyde Park, New York, the town where the family home is located.
* On January 30, 1982, on the 100th anniversary of his birth a 20-cent commemorative stamp honoring Roosevelt was issued, first released to the public at his birthplace, Hyde Park, New York. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held at the Roosevelt estate, where he and his wife, Eleanor, are buried.
* On September 10, 1998, a [[:File:FD Roosevelt 1998 Iaaue2--32c.JPG|32-cent commemorative]] was issued in Roosevelt's honor. The issue depicts Roosevelt at a microphone during one of the "fireside chats" for which the President was famous.
* Roosevelt was honored on the AMERIPEX commemorative stamp issue of 1986 along with all other presidents up to and including Lyndon Johnson.

==Harry S. Truman==
[[File:Harry S TRuman 1973 Issue-8c.jpg|thumb|145px|<center>Issue of 1973</center>]]
[[Harry S. Truman]] (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States serving from 1945 to 1953. As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice-president and the 34th Vice President of the United States, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his historic fourth term. Truman began his political career in politics as a county judge in 1922. He was Franklin D. Roosevelt's running mate in 1944.
* The 8-cent Harry S. Truman postage stamp was designed by Bradbury Thompson and first placed on sale at the Post Office at Independence, Missouri, on May 8, 1973.
* The 20-cent Truman definitive stamp was issued on January 26, 1984, in Washington, D.C., honoring the centennial of his birth.
* Truman appeared on a 22-cent stamp as part of the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX commemorative stamp]] issue of 1986.
* On September 2, 1995, the Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp showing Truman announcing Japan's surrender as part of its World War II 50th anniversary series.
* Truman was depicted on a 33-cent stamp issued on February 18, 1999, as part of the Celebrate the Century series.

==Dwight D. Eisenhower==

[[Dwight David Eisenhower]] (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was a five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe and planned the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.

<center>
{|
| [[File:Eisenhower 1969 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|155px|<center>Issue of 1969</center>]]
| [[File:Eisenhower 1970 Issue-6c.jpg|thumb|115px|<center>Issue of 1970</center>]]
| [[File:Eisenhower 1971 Issue-8c.jpg|thumb|130px|<center>Issue of 1971</center>]]
| [[File:Eisenhower multi 1971 Issue-8c.jpg|thumb|125px|<center>Issue of 1971</center>]]
|}</center>
* On October 14, 1969, the Post Office issued a 6-cent commemorative stamp honoring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, introduced at Abilene, Kansas, the city where he spent his youth and was eventually buried. Uncommonly larger than the standard commemorative sizes of 1-1/2" x 1", this issue's size was 2" x 1-1/4". The Eisenhower commemorative issue was designed by Robert J. Jones of the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] and was fashioned after a photograph taken by Bernie Noble of the Cleveland Press.
* On August 6, 1970, the Post Office began releasing the Regular issues of 1970–1974. President Eisenhower is depicted on the 6c denomination of these issues.<ref name="Scotts" />
* On May 16, 1971, the domestic first-class letter rate increased to 8 cents, so the 6-cent Eisenhower stamp was re-engraved with the new 8-cent denomination. The stamp was issued in sheet, coil, and booklet formats. The red and black stamp was the only multicolored stamp of the Prominent Americans Issue. The coil and booklet issues were mono-colored claret stamps printed on the Huck/Cottrell web mono-color intaglio presses.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> Two varieties exist, one with a dot between "Eisenhower" and "USA" and one without. Both were issued in large numbers.
* Eisenhower, along with all other presidents up to and including Lyndon Johnson, was honored on the [[U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX commemorative issue]] of 1986.
* The Postal Service issued a 25c stamp on October 13, 1990, in Abilene, Kansas. The central image is taken from the official White House portrait, while background depicts a younger Eisenhower as a general, speaking to Allied troops on the eve of D-Day, the Normandy invasion in 1944. The stamp was designed by Ken Hodges of the [[American Bank Note Company]]<ref name="Smithsonian" />{{clear}}

==John F. Kennedy==

[[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination on November 22, 1963. Few American Presidents have quotes that are remembered long after their deaths, and Kennedy was among those few for saying to the nation, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." He was the second-youngest President (after [[Theodore Roosevelt]]). Kennedy was faced with a number of important events during his term as President which include the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]], the [[Space Race]] and the [[Berlin Wall]] crisis.
<center>
{|
| [[File:John F Kennedy 1964 Issue-5c.jpg|thumb|220px|<center>Issue of 1964</center>]]
| [[File:John F Kennedy 1967 Issue-13c.jpg|thumb|220px|<center>Issue of 1967</center>]]
| [[File:John F Kennedy 2017 Dedication-forever.jpg|thumb|220px|<center>The dedication of a new Forever stamp to honor what would be President John F. Kennedy's 100th birthday.</center>]]
|}</center>
* On May 29, 1964, the Post Office released the [[Five cents John Kennedy|5c John F. Kennedy memorial stamp]] on what would have been Kennedy's 47th birthday. The issue was designed by Raymond Loewy/William Snaith, a New York firm, based on a sketch by the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] artist Robert L. Miller. Jacqueline Kennedy made the final selection from the many postage stamp designs that were submitted.<ref name="Smithsonian" />
* The 13-cent issue of 1967 was first issued in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29 of that year, on what would have been Kennedy's 50th birthday. The issue was designed by Stevan Dohanos, modeled after a photograph by Jacques Loew in the book ''The Kennedy Years''. The 13-cent Kennedy stamp paid the rates for both foreign surface letters and air postcards.
* Kennedy, like all other presidents up to and including President Lyndon Johnson, was honored on the AMERIPEX commemorative issue of 1986.
* On February 20, 2017, the USPS introduced a new [[Non-denominated postage#Forever stamps|forever stamp]] dedicated to the 100th anniversary of John F. Kennedy's birth. The stamp is a black-and-white photograph taken by [[Ted Spiegel]] during a campaign stop in [[Seattle]] during the [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Flint |first=Katelyn |last2=Prim |first2=Alexandra |url=http://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/New-Stamp-to-Commemorate-100th-Birthday-of-JFK-414234823.html |title=New Stamp Commemorates 100th Birthday of JFK |work=[[WBTS-LD]] |date=2017-02-20 |accessdate=2017-02-22 }}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Lyndon B. Johnson==
[[File:L B Johnson 1973 Issue-8c.jpg|thumb|156px|<center>Issue of 1973</center>]]
[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973) served as vice president during the Kennedy administration. When Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963, Johnson assumed the presidency. He won re-election in 1964 with 61 percent of the vote and served until January 20, 1969.
* On August 27, 1973, the US Post Office issued the 8-cent Lyndon B. Johnson memorial postage stamp, first placed on sale at the Post Office in Austin, Texas. The stamp was designed by Bradbury Thompson.
* Johnson's last appearance (to date) on a U.S. postage stamp occurred in 1986 when he was honored on one of the [[US Presidents on US postage stamps#AMERIPEX issues of 1986|AMERIPEX issues of 1986]].{{clear}}

==Richard M. Nixon==
[[File:Richard M Nixon 1995 Issue-32c.jpg|thumb|158px|<center>Issue of 1995</center>]]
[[Richard Milhous Nixon]], (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the thirty-seventh president of the United States. Nixon's political career started as a California congressman. He was Dwight D. Eisenhower's vice president for two terms and was defeated in 1960 by John F. Kennedy for the presidential election. In 1968, Nixon won the presidency and was overwhelmingly re-elected in 1972. Nixon was the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency. He was also the only U.S. President to resign the office. Nixon was instrumental in ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and establishing U.S. relations with communist China.
* On April 26, 1995, one year and four days after his death, the Postal Service honored Richard Nixon with the issuance of a 32-cent commemorative stamp, first released in Yorba Linda, California, the place of his birth, to date the only U.S. stamp depicting Nixon. The issue was designed by Daniel Schwarz, and printed in combination offset-intaglio process by the [[Banknote Corporation of America]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard M. Nixon Issue |url=http://arago.si.edu/category_2043370.html |website=Arago |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |accessdate=2016-07-24}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Gerald Ford==
[[File:Gerald Ford2-41c.jpg|thumb|left|160px|<center>Issue of 2007</center>]]

[[Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr.]] (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. Ford was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, filling the vacancy left by [[Spiro Agnew]]'s resignation. He became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974.
* A 41-cent Gerald Ford memorial commemorative stamp was issued on August 31, 2007, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Palm Springs, California. The stamp featured a portrait of Ford painted by Michael J. Deas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stamp Announcement 07-38: Gerald R. Ford |url=https://about.usps.com/postal-bulletin/2007/html/pb22212/info.4.13.html |website=USPS.com |accessdate=2016-06-04 |date=2007-08-02}}</ref> {{clear}}

==Ronald Reagan==
[[File:Ronald Reagan 2005 Issue-37c.jpg|thumb|160px|<center>Issue of 2005</center>]]
[[File:Ronald Reagan stamp 2011.jpg|thumb|left|180px|<center>Issue of 2011</center>]]
[[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Wilson Reagan]] (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States and served two terms from 1981 to 1989, and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). Born in [[Tampico, Illinois]], Reagan was an actor before going into politics. He has been honored on three commemorative stamps.
* The U.S. Postal Service issued a 37-cent Ronald Reagan commemorative stamp on February 9, 2005. The first day of issue occurred in [[Simi Valley]], California. The stamp design is by Howard E. Paine of [[Delaplane, Virginia|Delaplane]], Virginia. The image of Reagan was modeled after a portrait painted by award-winning artist Michael J. Deas.<ref name="Scotts" /> On June 14, 2006, this stamp was reissued with a 39-cent valuation to match the new first-class postage rate.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-postal-service-reissues-president-ronald-reagan-stamp-in-39-cent-denomination-56136597.html U.S. Postal Service Reissues President Ronald Reagan Stamp in 39 Cent Denomination]</ref>
* To mark the centennial of Reagan's birth, the U.S. Postal Service issued a "forever" commemorative stamp to be officially released at the [[Reagan Presidential Library]] in Simi Valley on February 10, 2011. Texas artist [[Bart Forbes]] created the portrait, based on a 1985 photograph of Reagan taken at Reagan's ranch, [[Rancho del Cielo]], near [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/dec/13/reagan-birth-centennial-stamp-debuts/ |work=The Washington Times |title=Postage stamp to honor Reagan |date=December 13, 2010 |accessdate=January 2, 2011}}</ref>{{clear}}

==AMERIPEX issues of 1986==
[[File:AMERIPEX 1986.jpg|thumb|400px|<center>AMERIPEX issues of 1986</center>]]

On May 22, 1986, the Postal Service released a series of postage stamps with a portrait of a past U.S. President inscribed upon each one. The series of 36 stamps were issued in a set of four separate mini-sheets, with nine stamps to the sheet, each stamp having a denomination of 22 cents. All of the presidents who were deceased at the time were included (the first 35 men who served as president, through [[Lyndon Johnson]]), and several of the issues honor presidents who had never appeared on a U.S. [[commemorative stamp]] before. On 'sheet IV' the stamp in the middle depicts the White House entrance.<ref name="Scotts" />{{clear}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|cols=2|
* [[:File:1 Marken USA.jpg|First US Postage stamps]]
* [[Washington-Franklin Issues]]
* [[Template:Washington-Franklin Issue|Washington-Franklins chart]]
* [[US Regular Issues of 1922–31]]
* [[Gilbert Stuart]]
* [[1932 Washington Bicentennial]]
* [[Clair Aubrey Houston]], American stamp designer.
* [[Bicentennial Series]]
* [[Presidential Issue]]
* [[Great Americans series]]
* [[Liberty Issue]]
* [[List of Presidents of the United States]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States]]
* [[Prominent Americans series]]
* [[:File:Stamp US 1873 3c official war dept.jpg|Washington on official War Dept stamp, 1873 issue]]
* [[Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps]]
* [[History of Virginia on stamps]]
}}
<center>[[w:Template:US stamp locator|'''U.S. Postage stamp locator''']]</center>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=The American Philatelist|year=1890 |publisher=American Philatelic Association, Philadelphia |ref=APA |editor=The Literary Board of the American Philatelic Association, 1890}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=KtFBAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Url]
* {{cite book |ref=Scotts |title=Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps and Covers|year=2010 |publisher=Scott Publishing Company |ISBN=978-0-89487-446-8  |editor1-first=James E. |editor1-last=Kloetzel |author1=Jones, William A. }}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Presidents of the United States on stamps}}
* [http://www.americantopicalassn.org/ American Topical Association]
* [http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/symposium2010/abstracts.html Smithsonian National Postal Museum]
* [http://stamps.colnect.com/en/stamps/tags Topical worldwide stamps catalog]
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Presidents Of The United States on U.S. postage stamps}}
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:People on postage stamps]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-04-08T16:41:55Z

BFolkman:

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, Ramey was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], where he took up permanent residence in 2017.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD (forthcoming). ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-04-08T16:28:37Z

BFolkman:

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, he was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]] where Ramey took up permanent residence in 2017.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works, including three piano concertos, along with chamber music and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. (The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday," episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts.)<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> Ramey's music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Phillip Ramey: Music for French Horn. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD (forthcoming). ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-03-23T20:10:22Z

BFolkman:

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. [[Morocco]]. Thomson honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard," and Copland dedicated two piano pieces to him: "Midsummer Nocturne" and "Proclamation." For many years, he was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], where he currently resides.

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works including three piano concertos, along with chamber music, and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday" (episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts).<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> His music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters, and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Music for French Horn by Phillip Ramey. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD (forthcoming). ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-03-23T19:50:12Z

BFolkman: /* Recordings */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. For many years, he was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]]. [[Virgil Thomson]] honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard"; it has been recorded by pianists Jacquelyn Helin<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000030HK/ref=dm_ws_ps_cdp?ie=UTF8&s=music ''Virgil Thomson: Portraits and Other Works'' (Jacquelyn Helin, pianist), at Amazon.com]</ref> and Bennett Lerner,<ref>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Drilldown?name_id1=17193&name_role1=2&bcorder=2&name_id=12072&name_role=1 ''American Piano Music'' (Bennett Lerner, pianist), at ArkivMusic.com]</ref> and is analyzed in Anthony Tommasini's book [http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386958022&sr=8-1&keywords=tommasini+virgil+thomson%27s+musical+portraits ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits''].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386851402&sr=1-2&keywords=anthony+tommasini+thomson ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits'' by Anthony Tommasini, at Amazon.com]</ref>

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works including three piano concertos, chamber music, and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday" (episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts).<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> His music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters, and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Music for French Horn by Phillip Ramey. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affetto Records (Naxos) CD (forthcoming). ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-03-23T19:48:18Z

BFolkman: /* Recordings */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. For many years, he was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]]. [[Virgil Thomson]] honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard"; it has been recorded by pianists Jacquelyn Helin<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000030HK/ref=dm_ws_ps_cdp?ie=UTF8&s=music ''Virgil Thomson: Portraits and Other Works'' (Jacquelyn Helin, pianist), at Amazon.com]</ref> and Bennett Lerner,<ref>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Drilldown?name_id1=17193&name_role1=2&bcorder=2&name_id=12072&name_role=1 ''American Piano Music'' (Bennett Lerner, pianist), at ArkivMusic.com]</ref> and is analyzed in Anthony Tommasini's book [http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386958022&sr=8-1&keywords=tommasini+virgil+thomson%27s+musical+portraits ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits''].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386851402&sr=1-2&keywords=anthony+tommasini+thomson ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits'' by Anthony Tommasini, at Amazon.com]</ref>

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works including three piano concertos, chamber music, and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday" (episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts).<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> His music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters, and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Music for French Horn by Phillip Ramey. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affeto Records (Naxos) CD (forthcoming). ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - ''Symphonic Song'' for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-03-23T19:47:53Z

BFolkman: /* Recordings */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. For many years, he was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]]. [[Virgil Thomson]] honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard"; it has been recorded by pianists Jacquelyn Helin<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000030HK/ref=dm_ws_ps_cdp?ie=UTF8&s=music ''Virgil Thomson: Portraits and Other Works'' (Jacquelyn Helin, pianist), at Amazon.com]</ref> and Bennett Lerner,<ref>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Drilldown?name_id1=17193&name_role1=2&bcorder=2&name_id=12072&name_role=1 ''American Piano Music'' (Bennett Lerner, pianist), at ArkivMusic.com]</ref> and is analyzed in Anthony Tommasini's book [http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386958022&sr=8-1&keywords=tommasini+virgil+thomson%27s+musical+portraits ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits''].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386851402&sr=1-2&keywords=anthony+tommasini+thomson ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits'' by Anthony Tommasini, at Amazon.com]</ref>

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works including three piano concertos, chamber music, and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday" (episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts).<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> His music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters, and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Music for French Horn by Phillip Ramey. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affeto Records (Naxos) CD (forthcoming). ''Trio Concertant'' for Violin, Horn and Piano; ''Elegy'' for Horn and Piano; ''Gargoyles'' for Solo Horn; ''Two Duos'' for Violin and Horn; ''Dialogue'' for Two Horns; ''Sonata-Ballade'' for Two Horns and Piano. (Booklet notes by the composer.)
*2017 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2017-03-23T19:45:03Z

BFolkman: /* Recordings */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. For many years, he was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]]. [[Virgil Thomson]] honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard"; it has been recorded by pianists Jacquelyn Helin<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000030HK/ref=dm_ws_ps_cdp?ie=UTF8&s=music ''Virgil Thomson: Portraits and Other Works'' (Jacquelyn Helin, pianist), at Amazon.com]</ref> and Bennett Lerner,<ref>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Drilldown?name_id1=17193&name_role1=2&bcorder=2&name_id=12072&name_role=1 ''American Piano Music'' (Bennett Lerner, pianist), at ArkivMusic.com]</ref> and is analyzed in Anthony Tommasini's book [http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386958022&sr=8-1&keywords=tommasini+virgil+thomson%27s+musical+portraits ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits''].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386851402&sr=1-2&keywords=anthony+tommasini+thomson ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits'' by Anthony Tommasini, at Amazon.com]</ref>

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works including three piano concertos, chamber music, and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday" (episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts).<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> His music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters, and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Music for French Horn by Phillip Ramey. Philip Myers, horn; Howard Wall, horn; Elmira Darvarova, violin; Virginia Perry Lamb, piano. Affeto Records (Naxos) CD (forthcoming). Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano; Elegy for Horn and Piano; Gargoyles for Solo Horn; Two Duos for Violin and Horn; Dialogue for Two Horns; Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano.
*2017 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics CD (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Columbian Issue

2017-02-16T18:53:32Z

BFolkman: /* History */

[[Image:US stamp 1893 3c Landing of Columbus.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The 2¢ ''Landing of Columbus'' is the most common stamp of the Columbian Issue.]]

The '''Columbian Issue''', often known as simply the '''Columbians''', is a set of 16 [[postage stamp]]s issued by the [[United States]] to commemorate the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. The finely-engraved stamps were the first [[commemorative stamp]]s issued by the United States, depicting various events during the career of [[Christopher Columbus]] and are presently much valued by collectors.

==History==
The Columbian stamps were supplied by the [[American Banknote Company]], which had a four-year contract for the production of United States postage stamps beginning December 1, 1889. However, where previous contracts had required printing companies to provide designs and plates at their own expense for any new stamps required by the Post Office, the 1889 contract specified that the Post Office would pay those costs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brookman |first=Lester G. |title=The 19th century Postage Stamps of the United States, Vol. III |publisher=H. L. Lindquist |year=1947}}, p. 23</ref> Indeed, Postmaster John Wanamaker (of department store fame) executed a new contract with American Banknote specifically for the Columbian stamps without any competitive bidding process, which allowed the company to charge 17¢ per thousand stamps, in contrast to the 7.45¢ per thousand it had been collecting for stamps of the 1890 definitive series. This arrangement prompted considerable public criticism—- not allayed by American Banknote’s argument that the Columbians’ size (double that of normal stamps) warranted a higher price—- and Wilson Bissel, who became Postmaster General after Grover Cleveland reassumed the Presidency during March 1893, attempted to renegotiate the stamp contract on terms more favorable to the Post Office.<ref> ''The New York Times'', October 3, 1893.</ref>

Fifteen denominations of the series were placed on sale by post offices on Monday, January 2, 1893. They were available nationwide, and were not restricted to the Exposition in any way. This was a larger number of stamps than the United States Post Office had ever offered in a definite series, thanks to the unprecedented inclusion of stamps denominated $1, $2, $3, $4 and $5: no U. S. postage stamp previously issued had cost more than 90¢. A sixteenth stamp—- 8 cents, to provide for the newly lowered registered letter fee—- was added during March. As a result, the face value of the complete set was $16.34, a substantial sum of money during 1893. In approximate 2009 dollars,<ref>[http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/faculty-research/sahr/cv2009.xls ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308001952/http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/faculty-research/sahr/cv2009.xls |date=March 8, 2010 }}</ref> the set would cost almost $390. As a result, of the most expensive stamps, especially the dollar values, only a small number were sold. Unsold stamps were destroyed after the Columbian Issue was removed from sale on April 12, 1894. In all, the American Banknote Company printed more than 2 billion Columbian stamps with a total face value exceeding $40 million.

Opinion regarding the Columbian Issue at the time was mixed. The set sold well and did not have the sort of criticism that resulted in the withdrawal of the [[1869 Pictorial Issue]]. However, approval was not universal. An organization known as the [[Society for the Suppression of Speculative Stamps]] (sometimes called the Society for the Suppression of Spurious Stamps) was created in protest of the creation of this set, deeming the Exposition in Chicago insufficiently important to be honored by postage, while some collectors balked at the [[Post Office Department]]'s willingness to profit from the growing hobby of [[philately]]. Ridiculing the $5 stamp, the Chicago Tribune stated that it could be used for only one purpose: mailing a 62½-pound package of books at the book rate.<ref>[http://www.ashleystamp.com/the-controversial-columbian-exposition-stamps/ ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904121240/http://www.ashleystamp.com/the-controversial-columbian-exposition-stamps/ |date=September 4, 2011 }}</ref> The Columbians did not immediately increase in value after being removed from sale, due partly to substantial [[speculation]] resulting in a glut of stamps on the [[secondary market]]. However, {{As of|2006|lc=on}}, depending on condition, a full set might be valued at $100,000 or more.<ref>Dead Link: See markup. </ref>

It was not only in design and commemorative purpose that this issue proved a watershed in U. S. stamp history. The Columbians, like all previous U. S. stamps, had been produced by private security printers on limited-term contracts periodically presented for bidding. They proved, however, to be the last U. S. stamps printed by a private company for many years. For during early 1894, the American Bank Note Company failed to secure a renewal of its stamp contract because the U. S. [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] submitted a lower bid; and the Bureau then enjoyed a monopoly on U. S. stamp production for decades thereafter. Not until 1944 would a private company again produce U. S. stamps (the [[Overrun Countries series]], which required special multicolor printing) and the Bureau subsequently resumed its exclusive role in production, only gradually relinquishing it over the next sixty years (U. S. stamp operations at the Bureau ceased entirely during 2005). Scholars believe that the Bureau's first task during 1894 was to finish some Columbian sheets printed by American Banjnote; what makes this theory plausible is that, while many Columbian stamps are perfectly perforated, others are distinctly substandard in this regard, with partially punched chads and/or holes that are missing, ragged or misplaced-- flaws that would also mar the stamps of the first Bureau definitive issue, released later during 1894.<ref>''The World’s Fair Collection: 1893 Columbian Issue'', Sale 1055, Siegel Auction Galleries, Inc., 2013.</ref>

==1¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian230-1c-2.jpg|thumb|left|The 1¢ Columbian]]
Entitled "Columbus in Sight of Land", this lowest value in the set was based on a painting by [[William Powell (artist)|William Powell]] and was one of several to be engraved by [[Alfred Jones (engraver)|Alfred Jones]]. This stamp was used primarily to pay postage on [[mail|third-class]] mail.<ref name="Haimann">{{cite web |last=Haimann |first=Alexander T. |title=Columbian Exposition Issues (1893) |date=2006-05-16 |url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=&tid=2027851 |accessdate=2006-12-14}}</ref>

Because the images in the series were not based on the works of a single artist, Columbus's appearance changes dramatically between this stamp, where he is clean-shaven, and the 2-cent value, where he sports a full beard, despite the depicted events occurring only a day apart.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brookman |first=Lester G. |title=The 19th century Postage Stamps of the United States, Vol. II |publisher=H. L. Lindquist |year=1947}}</ref>
{{-}}

==2¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian2c.jpg|thumb|left|The 2¢ Columbian]]
[[John Vanderlyn]]'s painting "The Landing of Columbus", originally commissioned by Congress, and already used on $5 banknotes and the 15-cent stamp from the 1869 Pictorial Issue, was again pressed into service. By a substantial margin, this is the most common stamp of the Columbian Issue. More than 1 billion copies were printed, more than 70 percent of the total number of Columbian Issue stamps, in part because it paid the [[mail|first-class]] rate for domestic mail.<ref name="Haimann" />

Damage to one transfer roll resulted in a chevron-shaped notch in the hat of the third man on Columbus' right on some copies of this stamp. This variety, known as the "broken hat", is no longer considered significant enough for the [[Scott catalogue]] to provide it with its own [[Stamp numbering system|minor number]] listing, although the catalogue still tracks separate, slightly greater, prices for the variant, which is popular with collectors.
{{-}}

==3¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian232b-3c.jpg|thumb|left|The 3¢ Columbian]]
Entitled "Flag Ship of Columbus", this value depicts the ship [[Santa Maria (ship)|Santa Maria]]. It is generally believed that a Spanish engraving was the model for this stamp, but the source remains unknown. Regardless of its original source, [[Robert Savage (engraver)|Robert Savage]] performed the engraving used. Although more than 11 million were printed, this stamp also did not pay any standard postal rate during 1893. Instead it was considered a "make-up" stamp, meant to be used in combination with other small denomination stamps to pay higher rates.<ref name="Haimann" />
{{-}}

==4¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian233b-4c.jpg|thumb|left|The 4¢ Columbian, ultramarine]]
There is some dispute regarding the origin of the design of "Fleet of Columbus". Like the previous value, it is widely attributed to an unknown Spanish engraving. However, a similar image also appeared in an American book some six months before the Exposition. There are significant differences, however, and philatelic authors researching the issue have stated that it is not possible to conclusively determine the origins of the design with the information known. The stamp itself paid the first-class rate for double-weight mail.<ref name="Haimann" />

[[Image:Columbian4cblue.jpg|thumb|right|The 4c Columbian, blue, error of color]]
The most significant collectible variety of the set also occurs on this value. The normal color of this stamp is a shade known as ultramarine. A very small number of 4-cent stamps were printed erroneously using the wrong color ink, a significantly darker shade that more closely resembles the blue of the 1-cent stamp. At least two error sheets, totaling 200 stamps, are thought to have been produced, although significantly fewer copies are known to have survived. The "4-cent blue" is thus considered a great rarity, selling for thousands of dollars; $15,750 in 2003<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.siegelauctions.com/dynamic/lots.php?year=2003&lot_name=1893%20Columbian%20Issue%20(Scott%20233a%20to%20245)&start_lot=505&stop_lot=517&sale_name=2003%20Rarities%20of%20the%20World&sale_no=863&sale_date=Saturday,%20May%2031,%202003 |title=2003 Rarities of the World: Sale 863 |publisher=Robert Siegel Auctions |date=2003-05-31 |accessdate=March 10, 2011}}</ref> but only $9,000 in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.siegelauctions.com/lot_grd.php?btnSubmit=Search&sale_no=983&lot_no=143&fastsale=on&sdate1=01%2F01%2F1930&sdate2=03%2F08%2F2011&lotclass=All&majgroup=United+States&cat_supgroup=U.S.+Stamps&subgroup=All&lot_catfk=All&catselect=eq&srtorder=&pfoper=gt&pfgrade=&gandor=or&pseoper=gt&psegrade=&symbol%5B%5D=All&realized1=&realized2=&keyword=&recsperpage=10&sea_name=&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp&sea_emailflag=on&pscolumn=default&sortord=DESC&calledfrom=lkp |title=The "Hampshire" Collection of United States Stamps: Sale 983 |publisher=Robert Siegel Auctions |date=2010-02-23 |accessdate=March 10, 2011}}</ref>
{{-}}

==5¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian234-5c.jpg|thumb|left|The 5¢ Columbian]]
[[Alfred Major]] created the design for this stamp, entitled "Columbus Soliciting Aid of Isabella", basing it off an 1884 painting by [[Václav Brožík]] called "Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella". This value was primarily used to pay the half-ounce [[Universal Postal Union]] international rate.<ref name="Haimann" />
{{-}}

==6¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian235-6c.jpg|thumb|left|The 6¢ Columbian, purple]]
During 1857, [[Randolph Rogers]] was commissioned to produce a number of door panels depicting Columbus's voyages, to be hung at the [[United States Capitol]] building. The 6-cent value in the Columbian Issue, "Columbus Welcomed at Barcelona", was taken from one of those door panels, the seventh of Rogers's chronology. The framing figure on the left is [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|King Ferdinand]] of Spain. The one on the right is [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]], a Spanish explorer inspired by Columbus's return. Robert Savage was the engraver for the printed design.<ref name="Haimann" />

Slight variations are known in the purple color of this stamp. The most dramatic, a color called red violet, is considered significant enough to be given a minor number listing by Scott. However, this variation is not considered to be an error like the 4-cent blue and so does not command substantial premiums.
{{-}}

==8¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian236-8c.jpg|thumb|left|The 8¢ Columbian]]
When originally issued, there were only 15 stamps in the Columbian Issue. However, when the fee for registered mail was lowered on January 1, 1893, it necessitated the introduction of 8-cent stamps. A design was prepared based on a painting by [[Francisco Jover Casanova]], and this stamp, titled "Columbus Restored to Favor", was added to the Columbian Issue in March.<ref name="Haimann" />
{{-}}

==10¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian237-10c.jpg|thumb|left|The 10¢ Columbian]]
The design for this stamp, "Columbus Presenting Natives", was modeled after one of the paintings created by [[Luigi Gregori]] for the administration building at the [[University of Notre Dame]] after it was rebuilt after an 1879 fire, and was one of five designs engraved by Robert Savage. This denomination was originally intended to pay the fee for registered mail. However, the change in registered mail fees that necessitated the introduction of the 8-cent Columbian also changed the most common purpose of this value; it instead paid the full postage for registered first-class mail, rather than just the additional fee.<ref name="Haimann" />
{{-}}

==15¢ stamp==
[[Image:238c-15c.jpg|thumb|left|The 15¢ Columbian]]
"Columbus Announcing His Discovery" depicts his return to court from his first voyage. The original painting by [[Ricardo Baloca y Cancico]] is lost and is believed to have been destroyed during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Originally intended to pay postage for international registered letters, the change in the registered mail fee left this stamp with fewer direct uses. Although it would pay the cost for a triple-rate international letter, it was most commonly used in combination with other stamps to meet more expensive heavyweight charges.<ref name="Haimann" />
{{-}}

==30¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian239-30c.jpg|thumb|left|The 30¢ Columbian]]
The title of painter [[Felipe Maso]]'s work, "Columbus before the Franciscans at La Rabida" was shortened to "Columbus at La Rabida" when it was adapted for use in the Columbian Issue. This value was most commonly used to pay for mail to expensive foreign destinations.<ref name="Haimann" />
{{-}}

==50¢ stamp==
[[Image:Columbian240-50c.jpg|thumb|left|The 50¢ Columbian]]
A painting by [[A. G. Heaton]] was the basis for "Recall of Columbus",<ref name="JP">{{cite web |last=Bird |first=Gayland |title=Columbian Series of 1893 |url=http://www.junior-philatelists.com/USStampsHistory6.htm |accessdate=2006-12-14}}</ref> the first 50-cent stamp issued by the United States. Like all high-value Columbians, it was primarily used in combination to meet the needs of heavyweight or international shipments.<ref name="Haimann" />
{{-}}

==$1 stamp==
[[Image:Columbian241-1$.jpg|thumb|left|The $1 Columbian]]
This design was based on a painting by [[Antonio Muñoz Degrain]],<ref name="JP" /> and, like many others in the Columbian Issue, engraving for this design was done by Robert Savage. Prior to the printing of "Isabella Pledging Her Jewels", no United States postage stamp, as aforesaid, had been issued with a value above 90 cents. This stamp, like all stamps equal to or greater than a dollar in value in the set, paid no specific rate at all. Although all five are known to have been used for heavy international shipments, there is speculation that they were intended primarily as Exposition advertising and as revenue for the Post Office Department. Most uses of the dollar-value Columbians were on [[philatelic cover]]s.<ref name="Haimann" />
{{-}}

==$2 stamp==
[[Image:Columbian242-2$.jpg|thumb|left|The $2 Columbian]]
"Columbus in Chains", its image derived from a painting by [[Emanuel Leutze]],<ref name="JP" /> is one of only two stamps in the series to depict Columbus on land in the [[New World]] (along with the 2-cent). Here, he is shown facing charges of administrative misconduct after his arrest in [[San Domingo]] by [[Don Francisco de Bobadilla]].<ref name="Haimann" />
{{-}}

==$3 stamp==
[[Image:Columbian$3.jpg|thumb|left|The $3 Columbian, yellow green]]
"Columbus Describing Third Voyage" was one of five designs engraved by Robert Savage. All of these were his sole work, engraved without collaboration with either of the other two engravers working on the Columbian Issue. Engraving was based on a painting by Francisco Jover Casanova, the same artist whose work was adapted for the 8-cent stamp's design.<ref name="JP" /> The three highest value Columbians were printed in much smaller quantities than less expensive members of the set, 27,650 in the case of the 3-dollar value.<ref name="Haimann" />

As with the 6-cent Columbian, a color variety exists that is awarded minor number status. While this stamp is normally described as yellow green, the variant is considered to be olive green.
{{-}}

==$4 stamp==
[[Image:Columbian244b-4$.jpg|thumb|left|The $4 Columbian, crimson lake]]
"Isabella and Columbus" was the first United States stamp to bear the portrait of a woman. [[Isabella I of Castile|Queen Isabella]]'s place on U.S. postage in that regard would not be equalled until [[Martha Washington]] was depicted on a 1902 [[definitive stamp|definitive]]. The portrait of Columbus on the right was adapted from one by [[Lorenzo Lotto]].<ref name="JP" /> Only 26,350 were printed, the least of any of the Columbians.

As with the 6-cent Columbian, a color variant exists that is awarded minor number status. While this stamp is normally described as crimson lake, the variety is considered to be rose carmine.
{{-}}

==$5 stamp==
[[Image:Columbus 1892 Issue-$5.jpg|thumb|left|The $5 Columbian]]
Alfred Jones engraved the "Columbus" portrait, which faced the opposite direction from his similar engraving work on the [[Columbian Exposition half dollar]]. The two framing figures were engraved by [[Charles Skinner (engraver)|Charles Skinner]]. Some 27,350 were printed, of which 21,844 sold.
{{-}}

==Related releases==
===Envelopes===
[[Image:ColumbianEnv1.jpg|thumb|left|Close-up of design from 1¢ Columbian envelope]]
A series of four [[envelopes]], or preprinted [[postal stationery]], was issued along with the stamp set. This series included 1-cent, 2-cent, 5-cent, and 10-cent values depicting the heads of Columbus and [[Liberty (goddess)|Liberty]].

===Postal cards===
A [[postal card]] was also issued to commemorate the Exposition. There were 10 different designs related to the Exposition. The cards were sold individually or as a set in a paper wrapper. One, depicting the Women's Building, is known in two slightly different versions. The preprinted stamp was not specifically designed for the Exposition, and was the same on all versions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stendel |first=Robert C. |title=Koehler-Girsch Expo Views & Plating UX10 |year=1994}}</ref>

===Special delivery stamp of 1893===
The stamps used to pay the 10-cent [[Special delivery (postal service)|special delivery]] fee were printed in blue. There were concerns that the 1-cent Columbian, also printed in blue, might be too similar for post office employees to distinguish quickly, resulting in confusion or underpayment for services. It is not clear if this problem ever actually occurred; no [[Cover (philately)|covers]] are known using a 1-cent Columbian to pay for the special delivery charge.<ref>Removed dead link (404 Page not found)</ref> However, the Post Office Department issued a new special delivery stamp, colored orange, to remedy the potential problem. Although not officially part of the Columbian Issue, this stamp is sometimes referred to as the "Orange Columbian" by collectors due to its origin.

==Commemoratives Commemorated==
During 1992, in an international postal endeavor of unprecedented scope, the United States, Italy, Spain and Portugal—- the four nations most closely associated with Columbus—- each issued a set of six souvenir sheets on which all sixteen of the 1893 U. S. Columbian stamps were replicated. The sets of all four countries had been designed jointly and proved largely identical, differing only in details relating to language and national postal usage. The American issues reproduced the original stamps almost exactly but altered the date in the upper right corner from 1892 to 1992.

Three stamp-images appeared on each of the sheets except for the sixth, which was devoted entirely to the original $5 Columbian. The American and Italian sets each offered sixteen perforated stamps, denominated in sixteen values. The Spanish and Portuguese sets, by contrast, included many imperforate images, for only one stamp on each sheet was perforated, and in each of these two sets, all the perforated stamps bore the same denomination—- respectively, 60 Spanish pesetas and 260 Portuguese escudos (no denominations appeared on the imperforate images).

On each of the first five sheets, the overall title "The Voyages of Columbus" is followed by an individual subtitle that ostensibly characterizes the sheet’s background art and the trio of the stamp-subjects included on it:
* 1. First sighting of Land (U. S. 1¢, 4¢, $1)
* 2. Claiming a New World (2¢, 3¢, $4)
* 3. Seeking Royal Support (5¢, 30¢, 50¢)
* 4. Royal Favor Restored (6¢, 8¢, $3)
* 5. Reporting Discoveries (10¢, 15¢, $2)
(It can not be said every stamp-image is consonant with its sheet’s subtitle). The final sheet is titled simply Christopher Columbus and its single stamp is accompanied by text that cites the 500th anniversary of Columbus’s first voyage and the upcoming 100th anniversary of the first commemorative United States Stamps.

In all four countries, these sheets were offered for sale only between May 22 and September 27, 1992.
<ref>{{cite web|url= http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=1&tid=2048163|title=Columbian Exposition Souvenir Sheets}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Columbian Exposition Issue}}
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]
[[Category:Christopher Columbus]]
[[Category:World's Columbian Exposition]]

Trans-Mississippi Issue

2017-02-16T18:47:35Z

BFolkman:

{{refimprove|date=April 2014}}
[[Image:Stamp US 1898 1c Trans-Miss.jpg|right|200px|thumb|<center>The 1-cent value depicted [[Father Marquette]] on the [[Mississippi River]].</center>]]

The '''Trans-Mississippi Issue''' is a set of nine [[commemorative stamp|commemorative]] [[postage stamp]]s issued by the [[United States]] to mark the 1898 [[Trans-Mississippi Exposition]] held in [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. The finely engraved stamps depict various scenes of the West and are presently valued much by collectors. This was only the second commemorative issue offered by the U.S. Post Office and closely followed the pattern of its predecessor, the [[Columbian Issue|Columbian Exposition series]] of 1893: both sets appeared in conjunction with important international world’s fairs; both offered a wide range of stamp denominations; both adopted the double-width stamp format to accommodate pictorial tableaux.

An important factor in the creation of this series was that the Director of Publicity for the Exposition—- [[Edward Rosewater]], publisher of the ''[[Omaha Daily Bee]]''—- was something of an expert in stamps. Rosewater, nationally prominent in Republican politics, had been selected by President McKinley to preside over the U.S. delegatation at the 1897 Congress of the [[Universal Postal Union]] (the international convention responsible for securing efficiency in the flow of mail from country to country, tasked that year with securing cheaper international postage). On December 13, 1897, Rosewater suggested that the Post Office issue special stamps commemorating the Trans-Mississippi Exposition (as it had for the Columbian Exposition), and 10 days later Postmaster-General James A. Gary agreed, promising a series with five denominations ranging from one cent to one dollar. Gary asked Rosewater for his ideas about stamp subjects, and the latter, in response sent handsome wash drawings on tracing paper for the five values: 1¢, bison herd (dusky orange); 2¢, Indian on horseback (deep orange-red); 5¢, ploughman and plough horse (dark yellow); 10¢, train rounding a steep mountain pass (dusky blue); $1, torchbearing goddess (Columbia) perched upon a globe (deep orange yellow).<ref>Clarence W. Brazer ''Essays for U.S. Adhesive Postage Stamps'' (1941, American Philatelic Society) pp. 170-172</ref> These stamps would have been of the large Columbian size but rotated in orientation, with the short sides at the top and bottom. (Curiously, the U.S. would not issue a "vertical commemorative" of this sort until 1926, when the Erickson Memorial appeared.)

Gary’s announcement of the series prompted protests from stamp collectors, who were still unhappy about the high price of the Columbian Issue of 1893 ($16.34, a princely sum at the time), but the Postmaster said he decided on the issue "because I wanted to help the people of the West." Indeed, Gary subsequently made the set even more expensive by adding four more stamps to the series, including a $2 denomination, raising its price to $3.80.

[[Image:Flag cancel 1898.jpg|left|300px|thumb|<center>Flag cancel used on a 2¢ Trans-Miss</center>]]
[[Image:Cancelled Trans-Mississippi Issue Stamp- Farming in the West.jpg|right|300px|thumb|<center>"Farming in the West" with cancellation stamp from D.C.</center>]]
[[File:293Essay.jpg|left|thumb|<center>Bi-color essay for the $2 stamp (note: the Harvesting in the West vignette was ultimately reassigned to the 2¢ stamp and retitled "Farming in the West").</center>]]
Design concepts solicited from various artists won out over Rosewater’s suggestions; indeed, the officials of [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] deemed it imperative for their institutional reputation to produce a series of unquestioned artistic distinction, given that their only previous stamp release, the definitive issue of 1894, had merely been a utilitarian revamping of the 1890 series designed by the American Banknote Company. The new set would have to compare favorably with—- or even better—- the preceding, privately produced Columbian commemoratives. The resulting plan—- more ambitious than the Columbians in one respect—- was to print the Trans-Mississippi stamps with colored frames and black centers, which would have required two separate stages of printing (the Columbians had all been monocolored). During April 1898, however, the [[Spanish–American War]] began, and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing—- now required to produce large numbers of [[revenue stamp]]s—- chose to save labor and press time by printing the Trans-Mississippi designs in single colors after all. This, however, meant that the dies designed for two-toned production had to be retooled (white space surrounding the vignettes had to be filled in with shading that reached the edge of the frames),<ref name="Neil">Randy L. Neil with Jack Rosenthal, ''The Trans-Mississippi Issue of 1898'' (Andrew Levitt, Danbury Connecticut, 1997) p. xii.</ref> a process that delayed the release of the stamps until June 17, more than two weeks after the Exposition opened.

Philatelic protests notwithstanding, they were received favorably by the general public. They were sold until the end of the year, and postmasters were directed to return unsold stock, which was then incinerated. (Although the numbers printed are known, the numbers returned were not recorded, and so the numbers of existing stamps are unknown.)

[[File:US stamp 1898 4c Indian Hunting Buffalo.jpg|right|200px|thumb|<center>The "Indian Hunting Buffalo"</center>]]
[[Image:Stamp US 1898 5c Trans-Miss.jpg|right|200px|thumb|<center>"Fremont on Rocky Mountains"</center>]]

The stamps, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith, all have the same shape of frame (a legacy of the bicolor plan); the numerals of value and "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" at the top; and "POSTAGE" with a spelled-out value at the bottom up through the 50c denomination, the dollar values being in numerals. Ears of [[wheat]] and [[maize|corn]] appear in odd corners of the frame. Each center design is inscribed with its title:
* 1¢ dark green – "[[Jacques Marquette|Marquette]] on the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]"
* 2¢ copper red – "[[Farming]] in the West"
* 4¢ orange – "[[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] Hunting [[American Bison|Buffalo]]"
* 5¢ dark blue – "[[John C. Fremont|Fremont]] on [[Rocky Mountains]]"
* 8¢ violet brown – "Troops Guarding [[Wagon train|Train]]"

[[Image:Stamp US 1898 1dollar Trans-Miss.jpg|right|200px|thumb|<center>The "Black Bull" or ''Western Cattle in Storm''</center>]]

* 10¢ slate – "Hardships of Emigration"
* 50¢ olive – "Western Mining [[Prospecting|Prospector]]"
* $1 black – "[[Western Cattle in Storm]]"
* $2 orange brown – "Mississippi River Bridge" (the [[Eads Bridge]])

The designs were adapted from various photographs, drawings, and paintings; both the 8¢ and 50¢ values reproduced drawings by [[Frederic Remington]]. While all have been praised for their quality, the $1 value, commonly called the "Black Bull", stands out from the rest. Ironically, it does not reproduce a Western American scene, but was taken from a painting of cattle in the Scottish Highlands by [[John MacWhirter|John A. MacWhirter]] (see also [[Western Cattle in Storm]]).

The vignettes of the issue were executed by three engravers: Marcus Baldwin (2¢, 5¢, 10¢, $1), George Smillie (1¢, 4¢, 50¢, $2) and Robert Ponickau (8¢). Baldwin also engraved all the frames except that of the 2¢ stamp, which was the work of Douglas Ronaldson—- who in addition engraved all of the numerals and lettering of the Trans-Mississippi series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Siegel Auction Catalogue, Sale 1056: 1898 Trans-Mississippi Issue, p. 8|publisher=Siegel Auction galleries| url=http://www.siegelauctiongalleries.us/2013/1056/1056.pdf|accessdate=2015-01-06}}</ref>

Interestingly, the 2¢ stamp violates the convention of the time that no living person could be depicted on a U.S. Postal issue. In the photograph of North Dakota harvesting that served as the basis for the engraved vignette, the three figures in the foreground have been identified as the farm worker Ed Nybakken, the field boss Elihu Barber and the foreman Sam White.

During 1998, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the issue, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[miniature sheet]] of the nine, each printed in two colors, and a sheet of nine of the "Black Bull". In most of the images, the original color scheme was preserved, but for the "Black Bull" the hue of the frame was changed from violet-brown to bright red. The designs are reproductions; each has a small "1998" in the lower left corner. In a revival of the original designs, the pictures in the 2¢ and $2 stamps were swapped, and "Farming" was changed back to "Harvesting."

==See also==
* [[Trans-Mississippi]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
* [[Lester George Brookman]], ''The Nineteenth Century Postage Stamps of the United States'' (Lindquist, 1947) pp. 207–228

== External links ==
* [http://arago.si.edu/category_2028273.html Trans-Mississippi at National Postal Museum]
* [http://www.deskpicture.com/DPs/Art/Stamps/TransMississippiStamp_2.html Image of the bi-color re-issue of 1998].
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]

Trans-Mississippi Issue

2017-02-16T18:44:38Z

BFolkman:

{{refimprove|date=April 2014}}
[[Image:Stamp US 1898 1c Trans-Miss.jpg|right|200px|thumb|<center>The 1-cent value depicted [[Father Marquette]] on the [[Mississippi River]].</center>]]

The '''Trans-Mississippi Issue''' is a set of nine [[commemorative stamp|commemorative]] [[postage stamp]]s issued by the [[United States]] to mark the 1898 [[Trans-Mississippi Exposition]] held in [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. The finely engraved stamps depict various scenes of the West and are presently valued much by collectors. This was only the second commemorative issue offered by the U.S. Post Office and closely followed the pattern of its predecessor, the [[Columbian Issue|Columbian Exposition series]] of 1893: both sets appeared in conjunction with important international world’s fairs; both offered a wide range of stamp denominations; both adopted the double-width stamp format to accommodate pictorial tableaux.

An important factor in the creation of this series was that the Director of Publicity for the Exposition—- [[Edward Rosewater]], publisher of the ''[[Omaha Daily Bee]]''—- was something of an expert in stamps. Rosewater, nationally prominent in Republican politics, had been selected by President McKinley to preside over the U.S. delegatation at the 1897 Congress of the [[Universal Postal Union]] (the international commission responsible for securing efficiency in the flow of mail from country to country, tasked that year with securing cheaper international postage). On December 13, 1897, Rosewater suggested that the Post Office issue special stamps commemorating the Trans-Mississippi Exposition (as it had for the Columbian Exposition), and 10 days later Postmaster-General James A. Gary agreed, promising a series with five denominations ranging from one cent to one dollar. Gary asked Rosewater for his ideas about stamp subjects, and the latter, in response sent handsome wash drawings on tracing paper for the five values: 1¢, bison herd (dusky orange); 2¢, Indian on horseback (deep orange-red); 5¢, ploughman and plough horse (dark yellow); 10¢, train rounding a steep mountain pass (dusky blue); $1, torchbearing goddess (Columbia) perched upon a globe (deep orange yellow).<ref>Clarence W. Brazer ''Essays for U.S. Adhesive Postage Stamps'' (1941, American Philatelic Society) pp. 170-172</ref> These stamps would have been of the large Columbian size but rotated in orientation, with the short sides at the top and bottom. (Curiously, the U.S. would not issue a "vertical commemorative" of this sort until 1926, when the Erickson Memorial appeared.)

Gary’s announcement of the series prompted protests from stamp collectors, who were still unhappy about the high price of the Columbian Issue of 1893 ($16.34, a princely sum at the time), but the Postmaster said he decided on the issue "because I wanted to help the people of the West." Indeed, Gary subsequently made the set even more expensive by adding four more stamps to the series, including a $2 denomination, raising its price to $3.80.

[[Image:Flag cancel 1898.jpg|left|300px|thumb|<center>Flag cancel used on a 2¢ Trans-Miss</center>]]
[[Image:Cancelled Trans-Mississippi Issue Stamp- Farming in the West.jpg|right|300px|thumb|<center>"Farming in the West" with cancellation stamp from D.C.</center>]]
[[File:293Essay.jpg|left|thumb|<center>Bi-color essay for the $2 stamp (note: the Harvesting in the West vignette was ultimately reassigned to the 2¢ stamp and retitled "Farming in the West").</center>]]
Design concepts solicited from various artists won out over Rosewater’s suggestions; indeed, the officials of [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] deemed it imperative for their institutional reputation to produce a series of unquestioned artistic distinction, given that their only previous stamp release, the definitive issue of 1894, had merely been a utilitarian revamping of the 1890 series designed by the American Banknote Company. The new set would have to compare favorably with—- or even better—- the preceding, privately produced Columbian commemoratives. The resulting plan—- more ambitious than the Columbians in one respect—- was to print the Trans-Mississippi stamps with colored frames and black centers, which would have required two separate stages of printing (the Columbians had all been monocolored). During April 1898, however, the [[Spanish–American War]] began, and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing—- now required to produce large numbers of [[revenue stamp]]s—- chose to save labor and press time by printing the Trans-Mississippi designs in single colors after all. This, however, meant that the dies designed for two-toned production had to be retooled (white space surrounding the vignettes had to be filled in with shading that reached the edge of the frames),<ref name="Neil">Randy L. Neil with Jack Rosenthal, ''The Trans-Mississippi Issue of 1898'' (Andrew Levitt, Danbury Connecticut, 1997) p. xii.</ref> a process that delayed the release of the stamps until June 17, more than two weeks after the Exposition opened.

Philatelic protests notwithstanding, they were received favorably by the general public. They were sold until the end of the year, and postmasters were directed to return unsold stock, which was then incinerated. (Although the numbers printed are known, the numbers returned were not recorded, and so the numbers of existing stamps are unknown.)

[[File:US stamp 1898 4c Indian Hunting Buffalo.jpg|right|200px|thumb|<center>The "Indian Hunting Buffalo"</center>]]
[[Image:Stamp US 1898 5c Trans-Miss.jpg|right|200px|thumb|<center>"Fremont on Rocky Mountains"</center>]]

The stamps, designed by Raymond Ostrander Smith, all have the same shape of frame (a legacy of the bicolor plan); the numerals of value and "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" at the top; and "POSTAGE" with a spelled-out value at the bottom up through the 50c denomination, the dollar values being in numerals. Ears of [[wheat]] and [[maize|corn]] appear in odd corners of the frame. Each center design is inscribed with its title:
* 1¢ dark green – "[[Jacques Marquette|Marquette]] on the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]"
* 2¢ copper red – "[[Farming]] in the West"
* 4¢ orange – "[[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] Hunting [[American Bison|Buffalo]]"
* 5¢ dark blue – "[[John C. Fremont|Fremont]] on [[Rocky Mountains]]"
* 8¢ violet brown – "Troops Guarding [[Wagon train|Train]]"

[[Image:Stamp US 1898 1dollar Trans-Miss.jpg|right|200px|thumb|<center>The "Black Bull" or ''Western Cattle in Storm''</center>]]

* 10¢ slate – "Hardships of Emigration"
* 50¢ olive – "Western Mining [[Prospecting|Prospector]]"
* $1 black – "[[Western Cattle in Storm]]"
* $2 orange brown – "Mississippi River Bridge" (the [[Eads Bridge]])

The designs were adapted from various photographs, drawings, and paintings; both the 8¢ and 50¢ values reproduced drawings by [[Frederic Remington]]. While all have been praised for their quality, the $1 value, commonly called the "Black Bull", stands out from the rest. Ironically, it does not reproduce a Western American scene, but was taken from a painting of cattle in the Scottish Highlands by [[John MacWhirter|John A. MacWhirter]] (see also [[Western Cattle in Storm]]).

The vignettes of the issue were executed by three engravers: Marcus Baldwin (2¢, 5¢, 10¢, $1), George Smillie (1¢, 4¢, 50¢, $2) and Robert Ponickau (8¢). Baldwin also engraved all the frames except that of the 2¢ stamp, which was the work of Douglas Ronaldson—- who in addition engraved all of the numerals and lettering of the Trans-Mississippi series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Siegel Auction Catalogue, Sale 1056: 1898 Trans-Mississippi Issue, p. 8|publisher=Siegel Auction galleries| url=http://www.siegelauctiongalleries.us/2013/1056/1056.pdf|accessdate=2015-01-06}}</ref>

Interestingly, the 2¢ stamp violates the convention of the time that no living person could be depicted on a U.S. Postal issue. In the photograph of North Dakota harvesting that served as the basis for the engraved vignette, the three figures in the foreground have been identified as the farm worker Ed Nybakken, the field boss Elihu Barber and the foreman Sam White.

During 1998, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the issue, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[miniature sheet]] of the nine, each printed in two colors, and a sheet of nine of the "Black Bull". In most of the images, the original color scheme was preserved, but for the "Black Bull" the hue of the frame was changed from violet-brown to bright red. The designs are reproductions; each has a small "1998" in the lower left corner. In a revival of the original designs, the pictures in the 2¢ and $2 stamps were swapped, and "Farming" was changed back to "Harvesting."

==See also==
* [[Trans-Mississippi]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
* [[Lester George Brookman]], ''The Nineteenth Century Postage Stamps of the United States'' (Lindquist, 1947) pp. 207–228

== External links ==
* [http://arago.si.edu/category_2028273.html Trans-Mississippi at National Postal Museum]
* [http://www.deskpicture.com/DPs/Art/Stamps/TransMississippiStamp_2.html Image of the bi-color re-issue of 1998].
{{Postage stamps of the United States}}
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United States]]

Phillip Ramey

2016-12-11T21:45:03Z

BFolkman: /* Recordings */ update

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. For many years, he was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]]. [[Virgil Thomson]] honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard"; it has been recorded by pianists Jacquelyn Helin<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000030HK/ref=dm_ws_ps_cdp?ie=UTF8&s=music ''Virgil Thomson: Portraits and Other Works'' (Jacquelyn Helin, pianist), at Amazon.com]</ref> and Bennett Lerner,<ref>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Drilldown?name_id1=17193&name_role1=2&bcorder=2&name_id=12072&name_role=1 ''American Piano Music'' (Bennett Lerner, pianist), at ArkivMusic.com]</ref> and is analyzed in Anthony Tommasini's book [http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386958022&sr=8-1&keywords=tommasini+virgil+thomson%27s+musical+portraits ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits''].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386851402&sr=1-2&keywords=anthony+tommasini+thomson ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits'' by Anthony Tommasini, at Amazon.com]</ref>

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works including three piano concertos, chamber music, and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday" (episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts).<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> His music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters, and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2017 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra; Paul Mann, conductor; Toccata Classics (forthcoming)
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2016-12-11T21:39:43Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */

'''Phillip Ramey''' (born September 12, 1939 in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. For many years, he was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]]. [[Virgil Thomson]] honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard"; it has been recorded by pianists Jacquelyn Helin<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000030HK/ref=dm_ws_ps_cdp?ie=UTF8&s=music ''Virgil Thomson: Portraits and Other Works'' (Jacquelyn Helin, pianist), at Amazon.com]</ref> and Bennett Lerner,<ref>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Drilldown?name_id1=17193&name_role1=2&bcorder=2&name_id=12072&name_role=1 ''American Piano Music'' (Bennett Lerner, pianist), at ArkivMusic.com]</ref> and is analyzed in Anthony Tommasini's book [http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386958022&sr=8-1&keywords=tommasini+virgil+thomson%27s+musical+portraits ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits''].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386851402&sr=1-2&keywords=anthony+tommasini+thomson ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits'' by Anthony Tommasini, at Amazon.com]</ref>

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works including three piano concertos, chamber music, and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday" (episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts).<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> His music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters, and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Two Duos for Violin and Horn
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramey, Philip}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]

Phillip Ramey

2016-10-28T16:08:49Z

BFolkman: /* Compositions */ update

'''Phillip Ramey''' (b. [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]], September 12, 1939) is an American composer, pianist, and writer on music.

He studied composition with the Russian-born composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] from 1959 to 1962, first at the [[International Academy of Music]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], then at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago. He later studied composition with [[Jack Beeson]] at [[Columbia University]] (1962–65). Ramey has had professional associations with [[Aaron Copland]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[William Schuman]], [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]] and [[Vladimir Horowitz]]. For many years, he was a close friend and a neighbor of [[Paul Bowles]] in [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]]. [[Virgil Thomson]] honored him with a musical portrait for piano titled "Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard"; it has been recorded by pianists Jacquelyn Helin<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000030HK/ref=dm_ws_ps_cdp?ie=UTF8&s=music ''Virgil Thomson: Portraits and Other Works'' (Jacquelyn Helin, pianist), at Amazon.com]</ref> and Bennett Lerner,<ref>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Drilldown?name_id1=17193&name_role1=2&bcorder=2&name_id=12072&name_role=1 ''American Piano Music'' (Bennett Lerner, pianist), at ArkivMusic.com]</ref> and is analyzed in Anthony Tommasini's book [http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386958022&sr=8-1&keywords=tommasini+virgil+thomson%27s+musical+portraits ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits''].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Thomsons-Musical-Portraits-Thematic-Catalogues/dp/0918728517/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386851402&sr=1-2&keywords=anthony+tommasini+thomson ''Virgil Thomson's Musical Portraits'' by Anthony Tommasini, at Amazon.com]</ref>

Ramey is the composer of orchestral works including three piano concertos, chamber music, and many works for solo piano, among them ten sonatas. In 1993 his ''Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra'', commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to celebrate its 150th Anniversary, was premiered by that orchestra under [[Leonard Slatkin]], with [[Philip Myers]] as soloist.<ref>[http://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/archives/Commissions.pdf Works Commissioned by or Written for the New York Philharmonic]</ref> On Nov. 14, 1985, ''Proclamation for Orchestra'', Ramey's orchestration of Copland's ''Proclamation for Piano'', received an unusual bi-coastal premiere: by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/78859b6c-4260-48a8-a05d-02a6b8be88fe Nov. 14, 1985 in New York Philharmonic Digital Archives]</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. The [[New York Philharmonic]] concert was telecast as "Aaron Copland's 85th Birthday" (episode 61 of the ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]'' telecasts).<ref>[http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=Live+from+Lincoln+Center&p=1&item=T:69361 GREAT PERFORMANCES: LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER: AARON COPLAND'S 85TH BIRTHDAY, Paley Center for Media]</ref><ref>[http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/programs/program-lflc/program-lflc-history/program-lflc-past-telecasts Past Telecasts of Live from Lincoln Center]</ref> His music has been published by Boosey & Hawkes, G. Schirmer, C. F. Peters, and Edward B. Marks, among other firms.

Ramey is the author of several hundred liner notes and interviews with American composers, and served from 1977 to 1993 as the annotator and Program Editor for the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He is also the author of [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time''], which received the 2006 [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] [[Deems Taylor]]/[[Nicolas Slonimsky]] Award for Outstanding Musical Biography.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/press/2006/101606_deems_taylor.html 39TH ANNUAL ASCAP DEEMS TAYLOR AWARDS ANNOUNCED]</ref>

Ramey appeared in the 1998 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Let-Come-Down-Life-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7F/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1386597386&sr=1-1&keywords=phillip+ramey ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'']<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168950/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Full cast & crew of ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|5N1uC62NEJg|Excerpt from ''Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> and the 2000 documentary [http://www.amazon.com/Night-Waltz-Music-Paul-Bowles/dp/B0000AOV7C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386861641&sr=8-1&keywords=night+waltz%3A+the+music+of+paul+bowles ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239716/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3 ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles'' at imdb.com]</ref><ref>{{YouTube|e1yzqLMgA7k|Excerpt from ''Night Waltz: The Music of Paul Bowles''}}</ref> In 2010 he completed his autobiography, and he currently serves as Vice-President of [http://www.tcherepnin.com/news.htm The Tcherepnin Society].<ref>[http://www.tcherepnin.com/ The Tcherepnin Society website]</ref>

==Compositions==
(Selected, with some titles linked to recorded performances archived at YouTube.com)
*1959 - Three Early Preludes for Piano
*1960-63 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkFa7xkBaF0 Suite for Piano] (revised 1988)
*1960 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJKo3R1e1cg Three Preludes for Solo Horn]
*1960 - Incantations for Piano
*1961 - Piano Sonata No. 1
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=phillip%20ramey%20sonata%20for%20three%20unaccompanied%20timpani&sm=3 Sonata for Three Unaccompanied Timpani]
*1962 - Concert Suite for Piano and Small Orchestra (revised, reorchestrated and expanded 1984 as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra])
*1962 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG9if0_f9I Cat Songs for Soprano, Flute and Piano] (text: T. S. Eliot)
*1965 - Seven, They Are Seven: Incantation for Bass-Baritone and Orchestra (text: Konstantin Balmont)
*1966 - Diversions for Piano
*1966 - Piano Sonata No. 2
*1966 - Capriccio for Percussion
*1967 - Epigrams for Piano, Book I
*1967 - Orchestral Discourse
*1967 - Night Music for Percussion
*1968 - Piano Sonata No. 3
*1968 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM Harvard Bells, Soundpiece for Piano]
*1968 - Toccata Breva for Percussion
*1968 - Commentaries for Flute and Piano
*1969-71 - Piano Concerto No. 1
*1969-72 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dysBk4G1pU Piano Fantasy]
*1971 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhH1WcdLcxA Suite for Violin and Piano]
*1972 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 Leningrad Rag (Mutations on Scott Joplin) for Piano]
*1974 - Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
*1976 - Piano Concerto No. 2
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNKRfsnprug Memorial (In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano]
*1977 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VtyJBPUPM Arabesque for Solo Flute]
*1979 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3VfDLS6Bc4 La Citadelle, Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano]
*1980 - A William Blake Trilogy for Soprano and Piano
*1980 - Autumn Pastorale for Piano
*1981/85 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVfsk0PZ27I Cossack Variations for Piano]
*1981 - Fanfare-Sonata for Solo Trumpet
*1982 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMf-6q2Y-g Canzona for Piano]
*1983 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfAxyV2X_-k Echoes for Piano]
*1982-86 - Moroccan Songs to Words of Paul Bowles for High Voice and Piano
*1984 - Phantasm for Flute and Violin (or Two Violins)
*1984 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2533JokjMg Concert Suite for Piano and Orchestra]
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEyVLuJgt00 Proclamation for Orchestra] (Orchestration of Aaron Copland's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja32GfR-lyQ Proclamation for Piano])
*1985 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH7W623N15A Capriccio (Improvisation on a Theme from Youth) for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo8GrDAa2j8 Toccata No. 1 for Piano]
*1986 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZZs3N1R3FU Epigrams for Piano, Book II]
*1987-88 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2ZbSFGtW2k Piano Sonata No. 4]
*1987-93 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je1rHcsvZ9k Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-gIygrAeW8 Piano Sonata No. 5 (For the Left Hand)]
*1989 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOVgPpTTiIc Tangier Nocturne for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gdrDp2ZXCI Toccata No. 2 for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xBeXZHpZ6M Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster for Piano]
*1990 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du02eAuJa0o Cantus Arcanus (In Memoriam Aaron Copland) for Piano]
*1991-94 - Piano Concerto No. 3
*1991-2013 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ1lzahQreM Twenty-two Tangier Portraits for Piano]
*1992 - Rhapsody for Solo Cello
*1992 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah_0g-zQASw Café of the Ghosts: Fantasy-Trio on a Moroccan Beggar's Song for Violin, Cello and Piano]
*1993 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCu6zk5Ia9Y Trio Concertant for Violin, Horn and Piano]
*1993 - Chromatic Waltz for Piano
*1994 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C45lIcCtdGU Color Etudes for Piano]
*1994 - Praeludium for Five Horns
*1995 - Gargoyles for Solo Horn
*1995 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay-UMMdLtXs Elegy for Horn and Piano]
*1996 - Concertino for Four Horns, Timpani and Percussion
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxL8beBmiPs Sonata-Ballade for Two Horns and Piano]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8en5LBM7C-c Dialogue for Two Horns]
*1997 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiikimlrKPE Phantoms (Ostinato Etude) for Piano]
*1998 - Sonata for Harpsichord
*1998 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwsPLfyHOU Effigies for Viola and Piano]
*1998 - Lyric Fragment for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)
*2001 - Lament for Richard III for Piano
*2002 - Color Etudes for Piano and Orchestra (arranged from Color Etudes for Piano)
*2002 - Orchestral Epigrams
*2003 - Winter Nocturne for Piano
*2004 - Ode for F.D.R. for Piano
*2007 - Primitivo for Piano
*2007 - J.F.K.: Oration for Speaker and Orchestra (text from speeches of President John F. Kennedy)
*2008 - Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)
*2008 - Dream Preludes for Trumpet and Piano
*2008 - Ballade for Clarinet and Horn
*2008 - Blue Phantom for Piano
*2009 - Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation) for Piano
*2009 - Simon Songs: Six Poems for Baritone and Piano (text: John Simon)
*2009 - Simon Songs: Suite for Baritone and Orchestra (text: John Simon)
*2010 - Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night) for Piano
*2010 - Bagatelle on "Dies Irae" for Piano
*2010-11 - Piano Sonata No. 7
*2011 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d79hGgHDpCg Bagatelle on "Panis Angelicus" for Piano]
*2011 - Manhattan Soundings for Piano
*2011-12 - Piano Sonata No. 8
*2012 - Demons of Barsoom (Homage to Edgar Rice Burroughs): Ballade for Trombone and Piano
*2012 - Concerto for Trombone and String Orchestra, Harp and Percussion
*2012 - Hurricane Etude for Piano
*2012 - Bagatelle on Twelve Tones for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle with Thirds for Piano
*2013 - Bagatelle Romantique (on Themes of Alexander Tcherepnin) for Piano
*2013 - Night of the Djinns for Piccolo, Contrabassoon and Percussion
*2013 - Piano Sonata No. 9 (Ballade)
*2014 - Second Rhapsody for Oboe and Piano
*2014 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYdE2ISWbFc Musings: Thirteen Pieces for Piano]
*2014 - Loup-garou: Caprice for Tuba and Percussion
*2014-15 - Piano Sonata No. 10
*2015 - Symphonic Song for String Orchestra
*2015 - Dead End, An Existential Song for Baritone and Piano (text by composer)
*2016 - Noir Nocturne for Piano
*2016 - Concerto-Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

==Recordings==
*2013 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=871649 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Four: 1959-2011]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0153: ''Incantations'', ''Cossack Variations'', ''Three Early Preludes'', ''Piano Sonata No. 3'', ''Epigrams Book Two'', ''Lament for Richard III'', ''Piano Sonata No. 7''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2011 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=616009 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Three: 1960-2010]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0114: ''Suite'', ''Two Short Pieces'', ''Toccata Giocosa'', ''Slavic Rhapsody (The Novgorod Kremlin at Night)'', ''Burlesque-Paraphrase on a Theme of Stephen Foster'', ''Bagatelle on "Dies Irae"'', ''Djebel Bani (A Saharan Meditation)'', ''Blue Phantom'', ''Piano Sonata No. 6 (Sonata-Fantasia)''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*2008 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=198457 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, Volume Two: 1966-2007]. Mirian Conti, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0077: ''Diversions'', ''Epigrams Book One'', ''Leningrad Rag--Mutations on Scott Joplin'', ''Winter Nocturne'', ''Toccata No. 1'', ''Ode for F.D.R.'', ''Toccata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 4'', ''Primitivo''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman, Mirian Conti and the composer.)
*2006 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=135902 Phillip Ramey Piano Music, 1961-2003]. Stephen Gosling, pianist. CD. Toccata Classics, TOCC 0029: ''Color Etudes'', ''Memorial--In Memoriam Alexander Tcherepnin'', ''Chromatic Waltz'', ''Piano Sonata No. 1'', ''Piano Sonata No. 2'', ''Piano Sonata No. 5--for the Left Hand'', ''Piano Fantasy'', ''Four Tangier Portraits'', ''Toccata No. 2''. (Booklet notes by Benjamin Folkman and the composer.)
*1986 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=147741 American Piano Music, Volume Two]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1036. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Canzona'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1984 - [http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=307743 American Piano Music]. Etcetera Records, KTC 1019. CD. Phillip Ramey: ''Piano Fantasy'', Bennett Lerner, pianist.
*1978 - Opus One, No. 37. LP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpbu2TeISB0 ''Leningrad Rag''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdNQZ1PlG_s ''Piano Fantasy''], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnZwmnRNAjM ''Piano Sonata No. 4'' (Subsequently retitled ''Harvard Bells: Soundpiece)''], John Atkins, pianist.
*1975 - Carlos, Wendy (né Walter). ''Walter Carlos, By Request''. LP. Columbia. Re-released as [http://www.amazon.com/By-Request-Wendy-Carlos/dp/B0000E32XC/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1386676925&sr=8-2&keywords=wendy+carlos+%22by+request%22 ''Wendy Carlos, By Request''] on enhanced CD in 2003 by East Side Digital (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Performed by Wendy Carlos, synthesizer; with Phillip Ramey, pianist (4th and 5th works: ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers and ''Episodes'' for piano and electronic sounds).
*1965 - Electronic Music. LP. Vox Turnabout. Carlos, Walter, ''Dialogues'' for piano and two loudspeakers with Phillip Ramey, pianist.

==Books==
*Ramey, Phillip. [http://www.amazon.com/Irving-Fine-American-Composer-Lives/dp/1576471160/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386509400&sr=8-1&keywords=irving+fine+phillip+ramey ''Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time'']. Hillsdale, New York/Washington, D. C.: Pendragon Press, in association with the U. S. Library of Congress, 2005.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Sergei Prokofiev: The Modern Classicist''. [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=prokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Aprokofiev+time-life+%22great+men+of+music%22 Time-Life booklet], 1975.
*Ramey, Phillip. ''Rachmaninoff: His Life and Times''. Funk & Wagnalls booklet, 1975

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/In-Conversation-with-Phillip-Ramey/ Interview with Phillip Ramey] about Irving Fine biography
*[http://www.paulbowles.org/memoir.html Paul Bowles memoir]
*[http://www.tcherepnin.com/alex/bio_alex.htm Biographical article on Alexander Tcherepnin]
*{{YouTube|3iof_Qk63cw|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (1 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 12-Sep-1980
*{{YouTube|4qxjbKlhT_o|David Dubal interview with Phillip Ramey (2 of 2)}}, WNCN-FM, 9-Sep-1983
*{{YouTube|dvQQgd5jQEA|"Phillip Ramey: Thinking Hard" by Virgil Thomson}} (performed by pianist Bennett Lerner)

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[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
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[[Category:Musicians from Chicago]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]